Hindko and Gujari. c - SIL International

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Copyright © 1992 NIPS and SIL Published by National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Summer Institute of Linguistics, West Eurasia Office Horsleys Green, High Wycombe, BUCKS HP14 3XL United Kingdom First published 1992 Reprinted 2003 ISBN 969-8023-13-5 Price, this volume: Rs.300/- Price, 5-volume set: Rs.1500/- To obtain copies of these volumes within Pakistan, contact: National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: 92-51-2230791 Fax: 92-51-2230960 To obtain copies of these volumes outside of Pakistan, contact: International Academic Bookstore 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236, USA Phone: 1-972-708-7404 Fax: 1-972-708-7433 Internet: http://www.sil.org Email: academic_books@sil.org REFORMATTING FOR REPRINT BY R. CANDLIN.
CONTENTS Preface............................................................................................................. vii Maps................................................................................................................. ix Introduction — Clare F. O’Leary.................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... xix The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People — Calvin R. Rensch.................................................................................... 3 1. Setting.................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Geographic and Linguistic Setting of Hindko .............................. 3 1.2 Genetic Relationships of the Hindko Dialects.............................. 9 1.3 Ethnic Affiliations of Hindko Speakers...................................... 10 1.4 Social Features of Hindko-Speaking Communities.................... 11 2. Language Use in the Hindko-Speaking Area..................................... 23 2.1 Language Use in Jammun .......................................................... 23 2.2 Language Use in Singo Di Garhi................................................ 27 2.3 Language Use in Sherpur ........................................................... 30 2.4 Language Use in Balakot............................................................ 33 2.5 Language Use in Wad Pagga...................................................... 36 3. Bilingual Proficiency of Hindko Speakers......................................... 39 3.1 Tests of Bilingual Proficiency .................................................... 39 3.2 Urdu Bilingualism Testing in Singo Di Garhi ............................ 40 3.3 Urdu Bilingualism Testing in Jammun....................................... 44 3.4 Bilingualism Testing in Sherpur................................................. 45 3.5 Panjabi Bilingualism Testing...................................................... 50 4. Dialects of Hindko............................................................................. 53 4.1 Lexical Similarity....................................................................... 53 4.2 Comprehension of Oral Speech.................................................. 58 4.3 Comparison of Lexical Similarity and Dialect Intelligibility Results...................................................................................... 62 5. Attitudes of Hindko Speakers Toward Other Languages and Dialects..................................................................................... 63 5.1 Language Preference .................................................................. 63 5.2 Attitudes Toward Specific Languages........................................ 66 5.3 Attitudes Toward Other Hindko Dialects ................................... 74 5.4 The Vitality of Hindko ............................................................... 77 6. Summary and Recommendations ...................................................... 79 6.1 Use of Multiple Languages ........................................................ 79 6.2 Measuring Bilingual Proficiency................................................ 83 6.3 Hindko Dialects.......................................................................... 85 6.4 Attitudes Toward Hindko and Other Languages ........................ 85 6.5 Directions for Future Research................................................... 87 Dialect Variation and Multilingualism among Gujars of Pakistan — Calinda E. Hallberg and Clare F. O’Leary......................................... 91 1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 91 1.1 Scope of the Study...................................................................... 91
Page 1 and 2: SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF NORTHERN
Page 3: National Institute of Pakistani Stu
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE The northern area of Pakist
Page 9: MAPS
Page 14 and 15: xiv Introduction Dardic and Nurista
Page 16 and 17: xvi Introduction the younger genera
Page 19 and 20: Acknowledgments for the Series ACKN
Page 21 and 22: Acknowledgments xxi Acknowledgments
Page 23: THE LANGUAGE ENVIRONMENT OF HINDKO-
Page 26 and 27: 4 Calvin R. Rensch The term Hindki
Page 28 and 29: 6 Calvin R. Rensch Reflecting these
Page 30 and 31: 8 Calvin R. Rensch Some added that
Page 32 and 33: 10 4. Western Salt Range (N. Shahpu
Page 34 and 35: 12 Calvin R. Rensch Sherpur, a more
Page 36 and 37: 14 (1.2) Adult Population of Jammun
Page 38 and 39: 16 Calvin R. Rensch (1.4) Adult Pop
Page 40 and 41: 18 Men Age (1.5) Adult Population o
Page 42 and 43: 20 Men Age Calvin R. Rensch (1.6) H
Page 44 and 45: 22 Men Age (1.7) Sampling of Male P
Page 46 and 47: 24 Calvin R. Rensch (2.1) Languages
Page 48 and 49: 26 Calvin R. Rensch visited Abbotta
Page 50 and 51: 28 Calvin R. Rensch language used w
Page 52 and 53: 30 Calvin R. Rensch Patterns of tra
Page 54 and 55:
32 Calvin R. Rensch figure is highe
Page 56 and 57:
34 Calvin R. Rensch residents were
Page 58 and 59:
36 Calvin R. Rensch Fewer responden
Page 60 and 61:
38 Calvin R. Rensch In the home the
Page 62 and 63:
40 Calvin R. Rensch the sentences i
Page 64 and 65:
42 Calvin R. Rensch (3.2) Percentag
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44 Calvin R. Rensch Although the nu
Page 68 and 69:
46 Calvin R. Rensch in Sherpur, at
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48 Calvin R. Rensch to travel outsi
Page 72 and 73:
50 Calvin R. Rensch The percentage
Page 74 and 75:
52 Calvin R. Rensch once lived in t
Page 76 and 77:
54 Calvin R. Rensch Word lists were
Page 78 and 79:
56 Calvin R. Rensch city dialects h
Page 80 and 81:
58 Calvin R. Rensch (4.3) Lexical S
Page 82 and 83:
60 Calvin R. Rensch (4.4) Recorded
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62 Calvin R. Rensch below seventy p
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64 Calvin R. Rensch Respondents in
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66 Calvin R. Rensch Garhi or Balako
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68 Calvin R. Rensch (5.3) Responses
Page 92 and 93:
70 Calvin R. Rensch (5.4b) Response
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72 Calvin R. Rensch to the fact tha
Page 96 and 97:
74 Calvin R. Rensch poetry and perh
Page 98 and 99:
76 Calvin R. Rensch (5.7) Responses
Page 100 and 101:
78 Calvin R. Rensch stable bilingua
Page 102 and 103:
80 Calvin R. Rensch From figure (6.
Page 104 and 105:
82 Calvin R. Rensch (6.4) Percentag
Page 106 and 107:
84 Calvin R. Rensch (6.6) Average R
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86 Calvin R. Rensch (6.8) Attitudes
Page 110 and 111:
88 Calvin R. Rensch of a rather con
Page 113 and 114:
DIALECT VARIATION AND MULTILINGUALI
Page 115 and 116:
Gujari 93 1.2 Language Classificati
Page 117 and 118:
Gujari 95 Ephthalites (or White Hun
Page 119 and 120:
Gujari 97 Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh
Page 121 and 122:
Gujari 99 1.6 Socioeconomic Status
Page 123 and 124:
Gujari 101 help to promote Gujari l
Page 125 and 126:
Gujari 103 CHAPTER 2 DIALECTS OF GU
Page 127 and 128:
Gujari 105 1. Kunar Gujari (Kunar P
Page 129 and 130:
Gujari 107 Three word lists were el
Page 131 and 132:
Gujari 109 2.2.3 Other Linguistic V
Page 133 and 134:
Gujari 111 Figure (1) Lexical simil
Page 135 and 136:
Gujari 113 These indicators include
Page 137 and 138:
Gujari 115 2.2.6 Additional Compari
Page 139 and 140:
Gujari 117 definite lexical evidenc
Page 141 and 142:
Gujari 119 Figure (2) Mean Scores o
Page 143 and 144:
Gujari 121 means for the Western di
Page 145 and 146:
Gujari 123 varieties have not been
Page 147 and 148:
Gujari 125 exposure to Urdu was men
Page 149 and 150:
Gujari 127 is clearly some loss of
Page 151 and 152:
Gujari 129 CHAPTER 3 PROFILES OF TW
Page 153 and 154:
Gujari 131 Age in Years (1) Populat
Page 155 and 156:
Gujari 133 There is electricity in
Page 157 and 158:
Gujari 135 eight. The medium of ins
Page 159 and 160:
Gujari 137 (4) Population of Mittik
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Gujari 139 down to Balakot where th
Page 163 and 164:
Gujari 141 students were enrolled i
Page 165 and 166:
Gujari 143 3.5 Summary In this exam
Page 167 and 168:
Gujari 145 CHAPTER 4 MULTILINGUALIS
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Gujari 147 and women will be discus
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Gujari 149 much more difficult to c
Page 173 and 174:
Gujari 151 The significant effect o
Page 175 and 176:
Gujari 153 untraveled groups. In an
Page 177 and 178:
Gujari 155 (12) Peshmal men: report
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Gujari 157 conversation which exten
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Gujari 159 (15) Peshmal female subj
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Gujari 161 identical, there is no c
Page 185 and 186:
Gujari 163 the case that younger me
Page 187 and 188:
Gujari 165 (17) Peshmal male subjec
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Gujari 167 water; business, jobs, a
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Gujari 169 did not exhibit a unifor
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Gujari 171 4.3 Multilingualism in M
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Gujari 173 Education and Urdu Profi
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Gujari 175 4.3.3 Reported Use of Ur
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Gujari 177 Urdu more often, in cont
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Gujari 179 sample of fifty-two men
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Gujari 181 showing a mean increase
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Gujari 183 On the basis of the Hind
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Gujari 185 The frequency reports gi
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Gujari 187 one to five years educat
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Gujari 189 4.4.2 Relative Proficien
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Gujari 191 (29) Mittikot men: Hindk
Page 215 and 216:
Gujari 193 In comparison with women
Page 217:
APPENDICES
Page 220 and 221:
198 Appendix A Methodologies (1) Ca
Page 222 and 223:
200 Appendix A Methodologies A.1.2
Page 224 and 225:
202 Appendix A Methodologies 100. s
Page 226 and 227:
204 Appendix A Methodologies 196. t
Page 228 and 229:
206 Appendix A Methodologies Thus t
Page 230 and 231:
208 Appendix A Methodologies repres
Page 232 and 233:
210 Appendix A Methodologies the re
Page 234 and 235:
212 Appendix B Hindko Survey Data 4
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
238 Balakot Story B.2.2 Hindko, Bal
Page 262 and 263:
240 Appendix B Hindko Survey Data Q
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
246 Peshawar Story B.2.5 Hindko, Pe
Page 270 and 271:
248 Appendix B Hindko Survey Data Q
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
256 Travel Questions Appendix B.3 H
Page 281 and 282:
APPENDIX C GUJARI SURVEY DATA Appen
Page 283 and 284:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 261 13. arm 1
Page 285 and 286:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 263 31. morta
Page 287 and 288:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 265 49. light
Page 289 and 290:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 267 67. mango
Page 291 and 292:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 269 85. fat 8
Page 293 and 294:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 271 103. woma
Page 295 and 296:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 273 121. even
Page 297 and 298:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 275 139. left
Page 299 and 300:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 277 157. seve
Page 301 and 302:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 279 175. same
Page 303 and 304:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 281 190. (you
Page 305 and 306:
C.1 Gujari Word Lists 283 208. we (
Page 307 and 308:
C.2.1 Chitral Gujari Text 285 10. m
Page 309 and 310:
Peshmal Story C.2.2 Swat Gujari, (P
Page 311 and 312:
C.2.2 Swat Gujari Text 289 Question
Page 313 and 314:
C.2.3 Gilgit Gujari Text 291 12. d
Page 315 and 316:
Mittikot Story C.2.4 Kaghan Gujari,
Page 317 and 318:
C.2.4 Kaghan Gujari Text 295 24. jV
Page 319 and 320:
C.2.5 Central Azad Kashmir Gujari T
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
REFERENCES FOR HINDKO 303 Addleton,
Page 327:
References for Gujari 305 Masica, C
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