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V(vj),<br />

the 22nd letter of the modern English<br />

and the 20th of the ancient Roman alphabet,<br />

was in the latter an adoptiofi of the early Greek<br />

vowel-symbol V, now also represented by U and Y<br />

(q.v.), but in Latin vis employed also with the<br />

value of the Greek digamraa (viz. w), to which it<br />

corresponds etyraologically. When not purely<br />

vocalic, it still denoted this sound at the time<br />

when the earliest Latin loan-words were adopted<br />

in the Teutonic languages ; consequently such<br />

words beginning with v appear in Old English<br />

with TV. Under the Empire, however, the semivocalic<br />

sound gradually changed to a bilabial consonant,<br />

and finally became the labio-dental voiced<br />

spirant now denoted by the letter in English and<br />

various other languages. This development did<br />

not take place in Old English ; and no v, whether<br />

bilabial or labio-dental, occurred initially in the<br />

older Teutonic languages, although the sound was<br />

common in other positions (in OE. denoted by /,<br />

in early texts by i).<br />

In OE. dictionaries there is thns no set of<br />

words with initial V, one or two Latin words<br />

adopted at a late period usually appearing withy,<br />

as /ann, fers (but clso vers), from L. vannus,<br />

versus. The first appearance of V-words is found<br />

in those ME. texts which begin to show a distinct<br />

French influence, as the Aruren Riwk ; even early<br />

writers like Orm and Lajamon, while not free<br />

from the use of French words, do not employ any<br />

beginning with v. The number of such words<br />

steadily increases in later texts, and is subsequently<br />

greatly reinforced by direct adoptions<br />

from Latin, by new formations on Latin stems,<br />

and by adoptions from other Romanic languages.<br />

The other sources of initial V are of minor importance.<br />

The change of w to v, which took place<br />

in the middle period of the Scandinavian languages,<br />

is represented in a few words, as Valhalla,<br />

Valkyrie, viking, but otherwise the words with this<br />

initial are chiefly<br />

directly related to<br />

derived from languages not<br />

English. A small number of<br />

words, however, as vat, vixen, exemplify the voicing<br />

of/- peculiar to southern (now only southwestern)<br />

dialects. This change is not indicated in<br />

OE. spelling, and how far it had developed in<br />

speech is uncertain, but in southern ME. texts<br />

all native words (rarely those of French or Latin<br />

origin) beginning with / may appear with v- (or<br />

its equivalent «-); the more important variant<br />

forms due to this cause are entered in their places<br />

below. Conversely words properly having v- are<br />

occasionally written with/, .ind there is evidence<br />

that this is not merely graphic, but represents an<br />

actual pronunciation. ('Enen so onre Englishmen<br />

vse to speake in E^xe, for they say fineger<br />

for vineger, feale for veale, & contrary wyse a voxe<br />

for a foxe, voure for foure, etc' 1546 Langley, tr.<br />

Pol. Vtrg. de Invent, i. vi. 14.)<br />

When not initial, v occurs freely in native words<br />

as well as in those of Latin or other origin. In<br />

the former it represents OE. / when voiced, as in<br />

it/en even, drlfan drive, lufu love. The use of/<br />

(or^) in sncll words was partly retained in ME.<br />

(and especially in Sc. down to the l6th century)<br />

but even in late OE. u is frequently substitute


VACABUNCY.<br />

ymries in Swrttes Misc. (1890) 24 John Bek is a \*acabound.<br />

14^ Ibid. 28 One Wrodyngton, a waykabound. xw-i<br />

AcinHen. yill,c. 12 It shall be leful to the constables..<br />

to ai«st the sayde vacaboundes and ydell persones. 1578<br />

Whbtstonr Promos «f- Cass. i\. iv. i, Fetche me in all ydle<br />

vacaboundes.<br />

p. I4S3 Roiis ef Parlt. V. 270/1 Thomas Waikj-nson .<br />

Yoman and Robert Withes late of Salley in the shire of<br />

York Vacaboude. 1495 CavtMtr^ Leet Bk. 568 All maner<br />

vmcabundes & b^gers myghty in body within k>is Ciiie.<br />

1530 Palsgr. 183 VngxpiegZy a payre of stockes to punysshe<br />

vacaboodes. 1551 Nottinghant Rec. IV. 103 Any \acaboDde^<br />

suspect person, or nowghiy people. 1584 Mirr.<br />

Mmg. z6tsHe commaunded, that vnto a nomber of yong<br />

diseased vacabunds, there shuld be ministred a thin Diet,<br />

an excessioe labor, and cleanly lodging.<br />

y. i47» Preuniments of Juries in Sttrtees Misc. (1890) 24<br />

Thomas Dransfeld .. liffei as a vacabond. « x533 Ld.<br />

Berners Hmoh xxviii. S5 There was no begger, vacabonde,<br />

nor r>'bault..but by grete flockys they came. 1563 in<br />

Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 303 Beggers or vakabondes<br />

do come into the Cytye. 1588 Greene Perimedes<br />

Wks. (Grosart) VII. 39 Hast thou these fourteen yeeres gone<br />

as a vacabonde about the world vnknowen and despised?<br />

1. issfi Nottiftgham Rec, (1889) IV, 113 He dothe harber<br />

wacabones, 1567 Harman Cat'cat 19 Vagarantesand sturdy<br />

vacaboos. 1571 R- Edwards Damon ^ Pithias E iij b,<br />

Betteu with a codgeU like a Slaue, a Vacaboun, or a lasie<br />

Lubber.<br />

2. atirib, or as adj. (Cf. Vagabond a.)<br />

1538 Elyot, Errabundus^ moche wanderynge, or vacabunde.<br />

1550 J. Coke Eng. 4- Fr, Heralds § 190 The true<br />

beginning of the Frenchmen was by a vacabunde captayne<br />

named Marcomyrus. 1551 Huloet, Vacabund parson, erro.<br />

1591 Savile Tadtusy Hist. 11. viii. 57 Adjoining vnto him<br />

certaine fiigitiue and beggerly vacabond persons.<br />

+ Vacabuncy. Obs."^ prreg, f. vacabund<br />

Vagabond. Cf. Vagabcncy.J Vagabondage.<br />

1535 Act 27 Hen, VII[^ c. 25 Euery stronge and valiant<br />

begger and vacabound, after he were whipped for his vacabuncie<br />

and idelnes.<br />

Vacance (v^-kans). Chiefly Sc, Also 6 wacance,<br />

vacans, 9 vacanse. [ad. L. vacantia<br />

(se€ next), or a. F, vacance (1642).]<br />

t L a. A vacant period. Obsr"^<br />

1533 Beixenden Livy\. vii. (S.T.S.) I. 43 This gouernance<br />

.. wascallit the Interregne, That is to say, J?e vacance betuix<br />

the deith of ane king to ^ electioun of ane vtbir.<br />

+ b. Cessation or suspension of laws. Obs.<br />

1553 Bellenden Lizfy 111. iL (S.T.S.) I. 247 J?e vacance of<br />

laWIS [L,yaj//V/K/«] was commandit. Ibid. 249 At the returnyng<br />

of quintius to rome, the vacance of la wis ceissit,<br />

+ 2. The fact of becoming vacant ; the vacation<br />

^an office. Obs,<br />

1579 Re^. Privy Council Scot. III. 177 Upoun the vacance<br />

of ony prelacie the kirkb thairof salbe dlsponit to qualifiit<br />

ministeris in tttilL<br />

3. = Vacation 2. Now rare.<br />

X563-7 Buchanan Reform. St. Andros Wks. (S.T.S.) lo<br />

Heir efter . . thair may be gevin sum vacans on to the first<br />

day of October. 1567 S^. Acts^ Jas. VI (1814) III. 32/2<br />

The Lordis of counsell and sessioun hes bene in vse..to<br />

haue vacance at 5ule, Fastingis euin, Pasche, & Witsonday.<br />

x6og in Seton Life A.Seton (1882) 9 The Yule vacance to be<br />

and continue from the 24th December to the 6th January<br />

inclusivi, 1678 Sir G. Mackenzie Crim. Laws Scot. n.<br />

xii. § ii. (1699) 207 Neither the Sheriff, nor Barrens, can hold<br />

Coiuis inferiati or close, time of Vacance. 169s Sibbald<br />

Auiobiog. (1834) 129, 1 past the Bajonyeer under Mr. James<br />

Wyseman, who died the vacance thereafter. 175a J.<br />

LouTHiAN Fortn of Process (ed. 2) 28 These Letters pass<br />

upon a Bill signed by three Lords in Time of Vacance, and<br />

four in Time ofSession. i8a6 J.Wilson Nod. Aittbr. Wks.<br />

1855 I. 242 The fates o* the laddies at the Edinburgh Military<br />

Academy, on the Saturday before their vacanse. 1835<br />

Blackw. Mag. XXXVIII. 154 We have angled ten hours<br />

a-day for half-a-week (during the vacance). 1901 Trotter<br />

Gall. Gossip 338 Give them vacance to-morrow.<br />

attrib. aijiz Fountainhall Decis. (1759) II. 345 It was<br />

just and necessary to arrest him, and make him answer,<br />

though in vacance-time. a 1774 Fercusson Poems (1789)<br />

II. 46 Their stamack's aft in tift In vacance-time.<br />

•f* 4. In Eng. use : Leisure, relaxation. Obs. rare.<br />

1609 Bible (Douay) Ecclus. xxxviii. 25comm.f The wisdom<br />

of a scribe in the time of vacance. aiy6o J. H. Browne<br />

Poems (1768) i^i Nor thou disdain Fit hour of Vacance with<br />

the Muses* train.<br />

Vacancy (v^kansi). Also 6 vacantie, 7 Sc.<br />

vaccancy. [f. Vacant a. (see -ancy), or ad. late<br />

and med.L. vcuantia (Sp. and Pg. vacancia, It.<br />

vacanza), f. vacant-, vacans vacant. Cf. prec]<br />

I. 1. «Vacatiox 2. Also in pi. Now arch.<br />

C 1580 W. Spelman Dial. (1896) 6 There I contynued my<br />

sutc untill the tyme of ther vacantie in the Lawe. 1633 " •<br />

Robinson in Rigaiid Corr. Set. Men (1841) I. 18 He is to<br />

come this vacancy into Lincolnshire about business of his<br />

own. 1679 Trials of White ff other Jesuits 62 Joseph. He<br />

was [absent] in the time of the Vacancy. . .L. C. J. When<br />

are the Vacancies? Joseph. In August, my Lord, 170a<br />

Marwood Diary in Cat/i. Rec. Sac. Publ. VII. 134 To-day<br />

the Vacancys of the lower Classe began, and end at S' Luke.<br />

1703 in Ritchie Churches of St. Baldred 128 He mast not<br />

frant the vacancie without acquainting the session. 1780<br />

TILES Diary (1901) II. 409 At the End of the Vacancy 1744<br />

Mr. Reed carried his 3 pupils.. lo enter into Harv[ardJ<br />

College. ijh6 Grant Burgh Sch. Scot. n. v. 182 Besides<br />

the half and occasional holiday two annual plays ', or<br />

'vacancies', have of old been granted to the scholar. 1876<br />

in Hare Story Life (1896) IV. 412 They are having their<br />

vacancies.<br />

t b. Without article. Obs. rare.<br />

1643 in Fasti Aberd. (1854) 421 The porter. .shall attend<br />

the colledge for saving the fabrick, both in tyme of play and<br />

vacancie. 1691 tr. Emiliane's Obsetv. Journ. Naples 15<br />

Every year in Autumn they have two Months of vacancy.<br />

\ j6o6<br />

i with<br />

\ (1631)<br />

: (1668)<br />

I desired<br />

j<br />

1 f<br />

[ f<br />

j ness<br />

I 1599<br />

] any<br />

I Civ.<br />

2. Temporary freedom or cessation from bnsi-<br />

or some usual occupation. Also const, from.<br />

Broughton's Let. vii. 21 His assiduous reading in<br />

vacancie from busines. i6oa Segar Honour Mil.


VACANT<br />

NichalHs altar was than yakande. 1513 DoUGUls j^neid<br />

(1710) xlil. X. 119 With this the Kyng Latinus can deceis,<br />

And left the sceptoure vakand to his hand.<br />

B. sb. 1. One who is free to take a mate.<br />

X508 Dunbar Ttta Mariit IVenten 206 5e speik of berdis<br />

on bewch ; of blise may thai sing, That, on sanct Valentynis<br />

day, ar vacandis ilk ;er.<br />

2. A vacant office ; a vacancy.<br />

1567 Burgh Rec. Peebles (1872) 306 Nixt vaken that fallis<br />

within the towne of Peblis, that the said Thomas sones sail<br />

haif the samin.<br />

Vacant (v^kant), a. and sb. Forms: 3-6<br />

vaoaunt (5 vaoavnt), 4- vacant, 5-7 vacante.<br />

[a. OF. (also mod.F.) vacant ( = It, Sp., Pg.<br />

vacanie), or ad. L. vacant-, vcuans, pres. pple. of<br />

vacare to be empty, etc. : cf. pr«c. In early senses<br />

the evidence is scanty until the latter part of the<br />

l6th century or later.]<br />

A. adj. 1. Of a benefice, office, position, etc.<br />

in respect of which<br />

vacant I<br />

state :<br />

Not filled, held, or occupied ;<br />

a successor to the previous incumbent or holder<br />

has not been appointed.<br />

Freq. of ecclesiastical benefices (see first eroup of quots.).<br />

(a) c 1190 .S. Eng. Leg. I. 72/51 pe bischopnche of wiricestre<br />

vaoaunt was and !ere. 1338 R. Brunne Chron. (1810)<br />

no per Steuen..suore, pat if a bisshopriche vacant war be<br />

se, pe kyng, no non of his, suld chalange l?at of fe. 1560<br />

Daus tr. Sleidnm's Comm. 237 b, Many churches lye vacant.<br />

XS77 HoLlNSHED Chrvn. I. 223/1 The Pope had accursed the<br />

english people, bicause they suffred the Bishops seas to ba<br />

vacant so long a time. i6li in 10th Kef. Hist. MSS.<br />

Comm. App. I. 546 There hath fallen vacant a benefice<br />

annexed to y« vicariat. 1671 J. Davies {tUle\ The Cere,<br />

monies of the Vacant See : ora True Relation of what passes<br />

at Rome upon the Pope's Death. 1803 Nbi.son Let. to R,<br />

Suckling 23 .Mar., Mr. Horace Suckling.. is very anxious<br />

that you should trresent him to the vacant living. 1849<br />

Macaulav Hist. Eng. vi. II. 95 The archbishopric of York<br />

was vacant. 1887 New York Independent 8 Sept. 16 One<br />

sixth of its churches are * vacant *, meaning of course, without<br />

pastors.<br />

(b) 1431-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 381 That he my^hte<br />

haue reioycede an oper tetrarchye, beenge vacante l>at tyme.<br />

£1440 Promp. Par:'. 507/2 Vacavnl, not occupyyd, vacans.<br />

1560 Dal's tr. SUidane's Comm. 303 b, Vet hath no man<br />

hetherto desyred the same places.. as common & vacant<br />

to be geven them. 1607 Shaks. Timott v. i. 145 Special!<br />

Dignities, which vacant lye For thy best vse and wearing.<br />

1681 PRrDE/.t;x Lett. (Camden) 87 Vou may be assured y'<br />

as soon as this or any other place is vacant you shall be put<br />

in into it. 1805 Med. Jmt. XIV. 192 Dr. .\rneman . . has<br />

undertaken to superintend the foreign department of the<br />

Medical and Physical Journal, v.acant by the decease of<br />

the late Dr. Noehden. 1849 Macaulav Hist Eng. x. II.<br />

634 If the throne was vacant the Estates of the Realm<br />

might place William in it. 1907 Verney Mem. 1. 115 Three<br />

places had fallen vacant.<br />

t b. Const 0/ (an incumbent or holder), rare.<br />

«»97 R. Glooc. (Rolls) 9697 J>e vifte was t>at bi'^sopriches<br />

& abbeies al so pat vacauns were of prelas in |je kinges bond<br />

were ido. I43*-S f. Higden (Rolls) II. 109 Northumbre.<br />

londe was vacante of a kynge viij"' yeres.<br />

3<br />

howseholdes in the same Towne desolate, vacante, and<br />

decayed. i6to Holland Camden^s Brit, in. Let the old<br />

souldiers..enter upon the vacant lands. 1785 Palev ^/o>-.<br />

Philos. (1B18) II. 383 The new settlers will naturally convert<br />

their labour to the cultivation of the vacant soil. 1847 Helps<br />

Friends in C. (1851) I. 2 .\ house which had long been vacant<br />

in our neighbourhood. 1891 S. C. Scrivener Our Fields<br />

e<br />

of Jtc herte be vacant of a ri^t fundement. 1613 Shaks.<br />

Hen. VIII, V. i. 125 My person, which I waigh not, Being<br />

of those Vertues [truth and honesty] vacant. 1634 Milton<br />

Comus 718 That no corner might Be vacant of her [i.e.<br />

Nature's] plenty. 1663 Bp. Patrick Parai. Pilgr. xxxii.<br />

(1687) 391 A company of select friends, vacant of business,<br />

and full of chearfulness, met together at one table. 1751<br />

Franklin Essays Wks. 1840 II. jig Was the face of the<br />

earth vacant of other plants, it might be sowed and overspread<br />

with one kind only. 1784 R. Bage Barham Do^vns<br />

II. 7 The hour being vacant of business, he got upon his<br />

legs. 184a Tennyson Locksley Hall 175, I, to herd with<br />

narrow foreheads, vacant of our glorious gains ! 1910 Fairbairn<br />

Stud. Ret. ^ Theol. i\. 11. ii. 292 How could men<br />

vacant of good have affinities with Him [etc.]?<br />

ellipt. 1581 N. r. (Rheims) 2 Peter i. 8 They shal make<br />

you not vacant tL. vacuos\ nor without fruite.<br />

tb. Empty-handed; destitute. Ohs. rare.<br />

i43o-4 LvDC. Bochas iv. vi. (.MS. Bodl. 263), They banished<br />

hym neuer to come agayne : And so this tiiaunt, vacant,<br />

wente in veyn Aboute the world as a fals FugityflT. 1576 in<br />

Collier Illustr. E. E. Pop. Lit. No. 16. 44 So that none of<br />

us went vacant away, But of one of the parties had honestly<br />

our paye.<br />

4. Of time : Free from, unoccupied with, affairs,<br />

business, or customary work ; leisure. Also const.<br />

from (an action or occupation).<br />

Freq. from c 1550 to c \^ia ; now Obs. or rare.<br />

(a) 1531 Elvot Gov. I. viii, Puttyng one to hj-m . . in vacant<br />

tymes from other more serious lernynge. Ibid, xviii, Alexander,<br />

in tymes vacaunt from bataile, delyted in that maner<br />

huntinge. a 1548 Hall Citron., Rich. Ill (1550) 34 Such<br />

euyl persones as wyl not leue one houre vacant from doyng<br />

and exercysing crueltie. 1631 BvriELD Doctr. Sabb. 80<br />

Feriarum, that is, dayes vacant from pleading and labour.<br />

{b) 1548 Udall, etc. F.rasm. Par. Luke xiv, He wil with<br />

laisure at a vacaunt time sitte down [etc.]. 1593 G.<br />

food<br />

VACAT.<br />

Baxter Paraphr. N. T. i Tim. v. 13 Those that are taken<br />

up with \ amily Business of their own are not so vacant and<br />

''^°l« to these Crimes. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 1 1 1 r 5<br />

When the heart is vacant to every fresh form of delight.<br />

'7*3. — Let. to Boswell 8 Dec, Vacant to every object, and<br />

senMble of every impul.se. 1838 Siii J. Stephen Eccl. Ess.<br />

JI. 184 bo long as they shall be vacant to record, .contrite<br />

reminiscences of a desire for roasted goose.<br />

t e. At leisure _/ir something. Obs.-'^<br />

1647 Clarendon Hut. Reb. vni. § 147 F^r John Berkely,..<br />

who was the more vacant for that service by the reduction<br />

of Barnstable.<br />

5. Of the mind or brain : Devoid of or unoccupied<br />

with thought or reflection. Chiefly /o«/.<br />

IS79 Spenser Sheph. Cat. Oct too The vaunted verse a<br />

vacant head demaundes, Ne wont with crabbed care the<br />

Muses dwell. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, iv. L 286 The wretched<br />

Slaue : Who with a body fill'd and vacant mind, Gets him<br />

to rest. 1770 GoLDSM. Des. VilL 122 The loud laugh that<br />

spoke the vacant mind. 1781 Cowper Retirem. 624 Absence<br />

of occupation is not rest, A mind quite vacant is a mind<br />

distress d. 1818 Miss Ferrier Marriage xv. The demon<br />

of ennui again took possession of her vacant mind. i8ss<br />

Tennyson Daisy 106 Perchance, to lull the throbs of pain,<br />

Perchance, to charm a vacant brain.<br />

t b. Abstracted or disengaged /yu/w (the body,<br />

etc.) in contemplation or reverie. Obs.~^<br />

T '*?? ? '^'°'"^ Apoeal. Apoc. s, I was in the spirit on the<br />

Lord s day, . . my mind being vacant from this earthly body,<br />

and external senses.<br />

t c. Free from care or anxiety. Obs. rare.<br />

J639 Wotton in Retii/. (1685) 171 The Duke, .even in the<br />


VACATABLE.<br />

1591 Ckiid-Marruiges 160 To thend that the Recognizaunce<br />

thereof may be Adnihilated and voyd, and a vacat<br />

therevpon to be entred. 1643 R. Baker Chrou.., Edw. II<br />

145 The want of his lathers blessing . . without which a Vacat<br />

is set upMi the labours of men. a xbjx Twvsden in S^elmam's<br />

Nisi, Sacrilege (169S) Add. 21, Matt, Paris, .having<br />

written that Marriage to have been CcKtra CoHsilium Episc.<br />

E^mundi, [he] did afterwards niake a Vacat of it.<br />

Vaca*table, a. [f. Vacate v. + -able.] That<br />

may be vacated ; capable of becoming vacant.<br />

189s Jl'cstm. Cox, 16 May 2/1 The number of Liberal<br />

•tats vacatable in England and Scotland.<br />

1'Vacatei A** PP^^' Ods~^ [ad. L, vacdtus^<br />

pa. pple. of vacare : see next,] Annulled, made<br />

legally void.<br />

_ci688 Vind. Proc. HM. Eccl. Comm. 5^ The statute is<br />

Obsolete, . . and must be esteemed as; if it had been vacate<br />

i<br />

and nuIL<br />

Vacate (v^'-k^t, vak^*t), v. [ad. L. vacdt-j<br />

ppl. stem of vacare to be empty, free, etc.]<br />

1. irans> To make void in law; to deprive of<br />

l^al authority or validity; to annul or cancel.<br />

Very common in the i7-i8th c. Now only in legal use.<br />

1643 Pbvnne Sifv. Power Pari. 11. (ed. 2) 53 The King<br />

calling a Parliament at Winchester, utterly repealed and<br />

vacated those former Ordinances. 1677 IVIarveli. Corr,<br />

Wks. (Grosart) II. 538 If any one should spend before the<br />

day of election aljove ten pound, ..it shall be accounted<br />

briberj*, and \'acate his choice. 1709 Land, Cos, Na 4538/1<br />

All Entries.. shall be vacated and cancelled. 1750 Cart<br />

Hist, Etig. II. 158 Her relations.. incited him [Hen. VIII]<br />

to remove the obstacles to his happineivs, by vacating his<br />

marriage with Anne of Cleves. 1790 in Dallas Aftter. Law<br />

Rep. I. 120 The court will confirm the Judgment as to one,<br />

and x-acate it as to the other. 1817 \V. Selwvn Laiv Nisi<br />

Prins (ed. 4) II. 1141 Such omission on the part of the<br />

officer will not \-acate the contract. 1855 Macaulav Hist.<br />

Eng. xxiiL V. 35 The opposition asked leave to bring in a<br />

bill vacating all grants of Crown property which had been<br />

made ance the Revolution. 1883 Laiu Times Rep. XLIX.<br />

'33A» I-. declare the deed to be void, and that it ought to<br />

be cancelled and the registration vacated.<br />

b. trans/. To deprive of force, efficacy, or<br />

value ; to render inoperative, meaningless, or useless.<br />

Now Obs. or rare.<br />

x6s5 GuRNALL CAr. /« Artn. (1669) 584/1 The Christians<br />

Creed doth not vacate the Ten Commandments. 1698<br />

Chilcot Evil Thoughts i. (1851) 4 Endeavouring to vacate<br />

the obligation of the fifth commandment 1711 in 0. Hickes<br />

fwc Treat. Chr* Priesth. (1847) I. 323 A punctilio;., as such<br />

it is vacated by the universal practice of the Church, a X791<br />

Wesley To Sen^ants Wks. 1811 IX. 103 The character of<br />

the master.. does not vacate the duty of the servant. 1801<br />

Paley Nat. Tkeol. i. i. § 3. 6 These superfluous parts.,<br />

would not vacate the reasoning which we had instituted<br />

concerning other parts. 18*7 R. Hall Wks. (1832) VI. 414<br />

They .. inculcated the obligation of circumcision,.. thereby<br />

vacating and superseding the sacrifice of Christ.<br />

O. To remove or withdraw (a record).<br />

1769 Bi^CKSTONE Comm. IV. 128 Imbezzling or vacating<br />

records., is a felonious oifence against public justice.<br />

2. To make or render (a post or position) vacant;<br />

to deprive of an occupant or holder.<br />

1697 J. Lewis Mem. Dk. Giocester (lySg) 80 As a Garter<br />

was \'acated by the death of Lord Strafford. 1751 T. Sharp<br />

in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 375 Some of the Bishopricks<br />

vacated by the deprivation of the Nonjur. Bishops. 1765<br />

Blackstonk Comm. I. 153 Suppose.. that the whole royal<br />

line should at any time fail, and become extinct, which<br />

would indisputably vacate the throne. 1828 Lytton Pelliavi<br />

I. XXV, One of the seats in your uncle's borough, .is every<br />

day expected to be vacated. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq.<br />

(1876) IV. xxi. 678 Hadrian de Castello sought the death of<br />

Pope Leo in order to vacate the throne which, when it was<br />

vacated, was filled by Hadrian of Utrecht.<br />

b. To leave (an office, position, etc.) vacant by<br />

death, resignation, or retirement; to give up, relinquish,<br />

or resign the holding or possession of.<br />

1850 Thackeray Pendennis Ixv, Pen. .promised that he<br />

would give his election dinner there, when the Baronet<br />

should vacate his seat in the young man's favour. 1875 M.<br />

Arnold Ess. Crit. (ed. 3) Pref p. x note^ When the above<br />

was written the author had still the Chair of Poetry at<br />

Oxford, which he has since vacated.<br />

c. absol. To give up an office or position,<br />

i8xa in Examiner^ 30 Nov. 763/1 As soon as the forms of<br />

the House will admit of a MeratJer vacating, in consequence<br />

of a double return.^ 1894 Boase Exeter Coil. ai war til Sancte<br />

Petyr ay Helparis in his lattyr day, Qwhen he gaf his<br />

vacacion Al hail til his deuocion. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm.<br />

Par. yohft viii. 58 A secrete place, or some vacacion is<br />

conuenient for preachers of the gospell. 1570 T. Norton<br />

No^ve^s Catecii. (1853) ^^g When, resting from worldly<br />

business .., and as it were having a certain holy vacation.<br />

1610 Healev5/. Aug, CitieofGodxn. xvii. (1620) 435 His<br />

vacation is not idle, sloathfuU nor sluggish. 1655 Fuller<br />

Ch, Hist, I, iv. 20 The Primitive Confessours were so taken<br />

up with what they endured, they had no vacation largely to<br />

relate their own or others Sufferings.<br />

transf, 1639 Fuller Holy War n. xii. (1840) 66 After the<br />

tempest of a long war,.. king Baldwin had a five years<br />

vacation of peace in his old age.<br />

•j-C. Leisure for, or devoted to, some special<br />

purpose; hence, occupation, business. Obs.<br />


VACATION.<br />

he shall ratifie that wliich was done in the vacation of<br />

thempire, by the countie Palatine. 1614 Ralkigh Hist.<br />

World II. xxii. 475 But we are now arrived at a nicere<br />

vacation, wherein the Crown of Juda lay voyd eleven whole<br />

yeares. 163a Lithgow_ Trav, ill. 89 This commonly they<br />

practise in euery such like vacation, which otherwise, they<br />

durst neuer attempt.<br />

b. A vacant post ; a vacancy. Obs.<br />

f<br />

1535 Cromwell in Merriman Li/c ^ Lett. (1902) I. 39S, I<br />

hertely desyre & pray you.. to graunt vnto the said Robert<br />

the next \'acacion of one of the iiii Clarkes of that your<br />

courte.<br />

t 6. The fact of a house being unoccupied or<br />

untenanted ; loss of rent due to this. Obs.<br />

1479-81 Rec. St. Mary at Hill (15^5) 96 Vacacions, In<br />

primys, syr Rafis chambyr, voyde by ij quarters, the quarter<br />

at ij s iijd. Ibid. 192 Item, ffor theovacacion of the howse<br />

that Wylliam Raynsford dwellyd in, for iij quarters, xx s.<br />

1 7. Empty space ; vacuity. Obs.~^<br />

i;r43 Lond. ff Country Brew, in. (ed. 2) 211, I am of<br />

Opinion nothing less than four or five Feet high Vacation<br />

ought to be allowed - . in order to break the Force of such an<br />

Ebullition, by thus giving it Room enough to expand.<br />

HI. 1 8. The action of voiding or evacuating.<br />

1607 -Mahkham Ca7el. vii. (1617) 33 From fulnes, as from<br />

surfeit of meate or drink, or the want of vacation of humors.<br />

9. The action of vacating, of Iciving (or being<br />

left) vacant or unoccupied.<br />

1876 Clark Russell Is he tlu Manf II, 2 The 'servants<br />

were ignorant of the true reason of old Mrs. Ransome's<br />

sudden vacation of the house. 1884 Manch, Exam. 29 May<br />

5/2 The Viceroyalty of India, .will then be on the point of<br />

vacation by the Marquis of Ripon. 1892 .Sat. Rev. 22 Oct.<br />

465/1 Seats chosen for vacation by the Gladstonians themselves.<br />

Hence Vaoa-tion v. intr., to take a vacation or<br />

holiday. Vaca-tioner, («) f^. 5"., a holiday-maker;<br />

(,/») a vacation-student. Vaca'tionist, = prec. (a).<br />

Vaca'tionless a., having no vacation or holidays.<br />

1896 Advance (Chicago) 27 Aug. 273 Despite hard times,<br />

people will go 'vacationing. 1890 Hid. 28 Aug., The<br />

' swallows homeward fly ' ; and so, by sea and land, do<br />

•vacationers and tourists. 18^ At/antic J/ontAiyL\XXll.<br />

401/1 It did my vacationer's heart good to see men so<br />

cheerfully industrious. 1904 Middle Temple Rec., Min,<br />

Parlt. I. 389 The following vacationers are fined 201. each<br />

for absence from Air. Daston's reading. 1885 yield 18 .'\pr.<br />

511 The 'vacationist in quest of bracing air.. will find in<br />

Tyrol many places to suit him. 189a Ibid, a July 25 /2 Rivers<br />

..attractive to the summer vacationist. 1891 Advance<br />

(Chicago) 25 June, I dislike to go away leaving people<br />

*vacationless who deserve an outing more than I do.<br />

II Vaca'tnr.<br />

Obs, [L. vacatur, 3rd sing. pres.<br />

ind. pass, of vacare : of. V.\cat.] An annulment.<br />

i68a Lond. Gaz. No. 1739/3 Whether Your M.ijesty will<br />

be pleaded to order a Vacatur to be entred upon the ICnrollment<br />

of the Charter now surrendred. 1811 in Rejt. Cotnmis.<br />

PubL Rec. Ircl, (1815) 71 For every Vacatur—(This seldom<br />

happens, not one having occurred these six years back),<br />

1-2. 17. II.<br />

Va'CCarage. rare, [See next and -age. Cf.<br />

also med. L. vaccagium^ = next.<br />

1895 Line, N.frQ. IV. 131 The vaccaria, vaccarages, or<br />

cow.pastures attached to the Abbey.<br />

Vaccary (va;-kari). Now only //ij/. Also 5-6<br />

vaooarie, 6 vaooharie, 7 vacharie. [ad. med.L.<br />

vaccaria, f. L. vcuca cow. Cf. Vachery, and Pg.<br />

vacaria herd of cows.] A place where cows are<br />

kept or pastured ; a dairy-farm.<br />

1471 in Archaeol. XLVII. 195 Th'issues, prouffites. and<br />

revenues coming.. of the ferme of the vaccarie of .Sleig.<br />

holme. IS4S Act 37 Hen, VIII, c. 16 One parcell of lond<br />

called the Vaccharie, conteyninge by estimacioil threscore<br />

Acres. 1594 Crompton yurisd, 194 Without warrant no<br />

subiect may haue within the forest a vaccarie. 1656 Blount<br />

Glossogr,, Vaccary, alias vacharie, seemes to be a house<br />

to keep kine or cowes in. (Hence in Phillips, etc.] 181J<br />

Dickson Lancashire 13 The Forest of Wyersdaie.. being<br />

distributed into twelve different tracts .. which still retain<br />

the ancient title of vaccaries or cow.pastures. [1863 J. R.<br />

Walbban Mem, Fountains Abbey (Surtees) 343 note. To<br />

render annually of the profits, of the vaccary twenty six<br />

stones eight pounds of butter.l<br />

Vaoche(n, southern ME. van Fbtch v.<br />

Vacci- (vte-ksi), combining form of L. vacua<br />

LOW, as in Taoclclde, the killing of a cow;<br />

Vacclmnl^enoe, milking of cows.<br />

Also, in recent Diets., vaccigcnout (for 'vacdmgemrus)<br />

adj., * producing vaccine *.<br />

1796 Coleridge Biog. Lit. (1845) II. 381 Will you try to<br />

look out for a fit servant for us, . . scientific in vaccimulgence 1<br />

That last word is a new one. looo M. C Wilson Irene<br />

Petrit xi. 249 In Kashmir vacciciJe is a capital crime.<br />

tVa'CCin. Obs,—^ [ad. L. vaccin-ium,^ (See<br />

Vaccinium,)<br />

1589 Fleming Virg. Geori^, x, 38 What then, ifAmint bee<br />

Both blacke fand swart) so violets and vaccins too are blacke.<br />

Vaccinable, a. [f Vaccin-ate »,] Capable<br />

of being successfully vaccinated.<br />

18^ in S^yd. Soc. Lex.<br />

Vaccinal (vic-ksinal, vseksai-nal), a. [f. Vaccine<br />

sb, + -AL, or a. F. vaccinal 1 8 1 2).] Of or pertaining<br />

to, connected with, vaccine or vaccination.<br />

1888 Encyct. Brit. XXIV. 2(


VACCINIST.<br />

VaCCiuist (vse-ksinist). [f. Vaccinb si. or a.<br />

+ IST. CI. atUi-zuKciHis/ (,1822).] A vaccinator;<br />

a supporter or advocate of vaccination.<br />

1847 Wkbster, yacciHtsty one who inoculates with the cow.<br />

pox. iW^ ymcdJuMm lxf*irer IV. 189 llie most insolent<br />

and OtnatKal vacdntst on the Metropolitan hench. XS98<br />

Dmily Sews a -Apr. 4 From the point of view of the strict<br />

\lKxuusts and from that of the anti-vaccinists.<br />

iVtecininni (va;ksi"ni/(m). Bot. [L. vacclnium<br />

bilberry (?).] ». A large genns of plants,<br />

chiefly belonging to the northern hemisphere,<br />

many species of which bear edible berries, b. One<br />

or other species of this genns ; sfec. a bilberry.<br />

1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Vaecinium, a Black-berry, a<br />

Biftperr>', or Hurtle-berry ; also a Violet-flower. 17S3 Cliamitn'<br />

Cycl. Suppl.. Vaccinium, in botany, a name by which<br />

some authors have called the great bilberry, or vitis iJxa<br />

magHa of other \iTiter5. 1796 Withebing Brit. PI. (ed. 3)<br />

II. 373 In structure (this islcertainly different from the other<br />

Vacdniums. 1819 Stephens in Shaw's (,>


VACUITOtJS. VACUOUS.<br />

1664 PowFR E.xp. Philos. II. 132 The second Hypothesis 's<br />

of the Vacuists. i68a Creech LttcretUts (1683) Notes 14 Mr.<br />

Hobs adds another Argument, which is of no force against<br />

the Vacuists.<br />

t VaCUitouS, a. Obs.-^ [C next.] Having<br />

the nature of a vacuum ; empty of matter.<br />

1766 G, Canning Antl-Lucreiius m. 172 Where'er a spot<br />

vacuitous is found, There you must own that Matter feels a<br />

bound.<br />

Vacuity (vsek-ifi-iti). Also 6 vacuytee, 6-7<br />

vacuitie, 7 vacuety. [ad. L. vacuitds empty<br />

space, vacancy, freedom, etc., f. vacuus: see Vacuum.<br />

So F. z^a


VACUOUSLY.<br />

yitm Ifai. IV. 3 He contended, that thunder or sound would<br />

not be able to pass through walls, , .unless there were some<br />

\-acuous spaces in ihase bodies. 18x3 T. Busby Lucretius<br />

II. VI. Comm. p. xxiii.He notices many natural circumstances<br />

which, .demonstrate the \-acuous natures of all substances.<br />

x86o Tysdall Giac. 11. xxiv. 356 The water, .is not able to<br />

fill it, hence a vacuous space must be formed in the cell.<br />

b. Empty of air or gas; in which a vacuum has<br />

been produced.<br />

1669 BOYLS CcMtim. Ntw Sa^. 11. (1682) 158, I put Pears<br />

bruised into a vacuous RecJever. 184a E. A. Parnkll C/iem.<br />

Amml (1845) 490The difference between its weight when con*<br />

taiiung the gas, and when \-acuous. i86a Grove Corr. Pkys,<br />

Forces (ed. 4) 59 No air is gi\'en off from the bubbles, so they<br />

seem to be vacuous. iSgj Fkotosr. Ann, 11. 233 In incan-<br />

descent lamps the electric current heals up a carbon filament<br />

inclosed in a \-acuous globe.<br />

O. Bell<br />

21 July, There are objections against a plenum^ and objections<br />

against a vacuum ; yet one of them must . . be true. 1865<br />

J. Grote Plato I. i. 80 Proceeding upon his hypothesis of<br />

atoms and vacua as the only objective existences. 1884 F.<br />

Temple Relat. Relig. ^ Sri. I (1885) 8 The reasons why..<br />

Nature abhors a vacuum were discovered.<br />

b, A space empty of air, esp. one from which<br />

the air has been artificially withdrawn.<br />

sing. 1653 French VorksA. Spa ii. 7 So much air being<br />

spent, there would of necessity follow a vacuum. 1660<br />

Boyle New Exp. Phys. Meek. Proem 2 The Interest of the<br />

Ayr, in hindring the descent of the Quick-silver, in the<br />

famous Experiment touching a Vncuutu. 1713 Dp:rham<br />

Phys..Tfieol. 8 note^ The Ear-wig. .and some otner Insects<br />

would seem unconcerned at the Vacuuir* a good while, and<br />

He as dead; but revive in the Air. 1758 Reid tr. Macguer's<br />

Chym. I. 299 The air contained therein is condensed, and<br />

leaves a vacuum, which the external air. .tends to occupy.<br />

x8j9 Nat. Philos., Heat I. ii. 2 (L.U.K.), Count Rumford<br />

proved the passage of heat through a Torricellian vacuum,<br />

8<br />

that is, the sp.-ice left at the top of a barometer by the<br />

mercury falling, i860 Maury Phys. Geog. i. § 6 At the<br />

height of 80 or 90 miles there is a vacuum far more complete<br />

than any which we can produce by any air-pump.<br />

187a J. P. CooKE Ne7v Chem. 17 Alcohol expands more<br />

slowly into the aqueous vapor than it would into a vacuum.<br />

//. 1777 Phil. Trans. LXVII. 679 That the vacua be a-s<br />

nearly as possible compleat. 183a Brewster Nat. Magic<br />

X. 262 The plates, being raised or depressed by the voluntary<br />

muscles, form so many vacua.<br />

3. An empty space ; a portion of space (left) unoccupied<br />

or unfilled with the usual or natural<br />

contents.<br />

1589 Nashe in Greeners Menaphon (Arb.) 12 The<br />

Scythians, who.. swaddle themselues streighter, to the intent<br />

no vacuutn beeing left in their intrayles [etc.]. a 1635<br />

T. Randolph Poems, Parley ivith his Empty Purse<br />

(1640) 113 Unnatural vacuum, can your emptinesse Answer<br />

to some slight questions? 1700 T. Brown tr. Fresny's<br />

Amusem. viii. He made a Dive into my Pocket, but encountring<br />

a Disappointment, Rub'd off. Cursing the<br />

Vacuum. 1758 J. S. Le Dran''s Observ. Surg. (1771) 141. I<br />

discovered a Vacuum upon the intercostal Muscles, from<br />

whence about a Spoonful of. . Matter was discharged. 1791<br />

H. Walpole in Miss Berry's Jrttl. I. 328, 1 shall fill my<br />

vacuum with some lines that General Conway has sent me.<br />

0x838 C. Morris Lyra Urban. {1840) II. 97 The Dandy's<br />

head, A vacuum dead, Ne'er tries for thought to seek !<br />

b. In various fig, uses.<br />

16x7 MiDDLETON Fair Quar. u. D iij b, I cannot sec that<br />

vacuum in your bloud. 1630 Lennakd tr. Cliarron's IVisd.<br />

vii. 33 It were a vacuum, a defect, a deformitie too absurd<br />

in nature, .that betwixt two extreames.. there should be no<br />

middle, a 16^0 Hacket Alp. IVilliams \. (1692) 10 Commonly<br />

they misspent that triennial probation, and left upon<br />

that place a vacuum of doing little or nothing. 1710 Palmer<br />

Prov. 384 'Tis infinitely pleasing to observe there has been<br />

no Vacuum in our Life. 177a Phil. Trans. LXII. ^17 It<br />

should therefore seem that the larks from the more adjacent<br />

parts croud in to supply the vacuum occasioned by the<br />

London Epicures. 1829 Mabrvat<br />

/•'. Mildmay ix, The.,<br />

vacuum occasioned by my mother's death. X846 Grote<br />

Gr««Ci862) I.xvi.2Q4 They filled up the vacuum of the unrecorded<br />

past. X879 R. H. Elliot Written on Foreh. 1. 140<br />

So Martin Kerr.. was left with a sheer, hopeless vacuum to<br />

fill up as best he could.<br />

4. atlrib. and Comb., as vacuum-brake, cleaner^<br />

cleanser, disk, distillation, engine, -made, -pan,<br />

-pump, -vessel.<br />

Also vacttum.apparatus, -cylinder, -filter^ -gauge, -shunt,<br />

.valve (Knight, 1875-84).<br />

X875 Knight Diet. Mech. 2686/1 * Vacuum-brake, a form<br />

of steam-operated car-brake. 1889 G. Findlav Eng, Railway<br />

168 The train is fitted throughout with vacuum brakes.<br />

1903 Hard'wareman 23 May 395 A decision of. .serious<br />

import as regards the operations of the 'Vacuum Cleaner Co.<br />

1903 Westm. Gaz. 30 May 5/3 There is a machine at work,<br />

called the ' '"vacuum cleanser ', which gives them all, in<br />

turn, a thorough 'spring cleaning '. i860 Tvndall Glac. i.<br />

xxiii. 163 Sometimes the*vacuum disks were parallel to the<br />

veins [of the glacier]. 1899 tr. R. von Jaksch's Clin. Diag.<br />

v. (ed. 4) \^o Still better for this purpose is the method of<br />

•vacuum distillation. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic<br />

670 The application of Mr. Brown's pneumatic, or *vacuum<br />

engine. 1853 Ure Diet. Arts (ed. 4) II. 879 *Vacuum-made<br />

liqueurs. 1839 Ibid. 1208 An apparatus mserted air-tight<br />

into the cover of the *vacuum-pan. 1857 Miller Eiem.<br />

Chem., Org. 66 The syrup.. is boiled down again in the<br />

vacuum pan, and is obtained in the form of. .crushed sugar.<br />

1858 SiMMONDS Diet. Trade, *Vacuum-pump, a pump<br />

attached to a marine steam-engine. 1899 ^din. Rev. Apr.<br />

323 Professor Dewar's coils and *vacuum-vessels.<br />

vad, southern ME. var. Fade a.'^ ; obs.<br />

Wed sb., WoAD.<br />

Sc. f.<br />

tVa'dable, ^> Obs. rare. Also vadeable. [ad.<br />

med.L. vaddbilis (f. vaddre to wade through) or<br />

a. Sp. vadeable (Pg. vadeavely OF. vadable).']<br />

Ford able.<br />

1555 Watreman Fardle Facions'Prcf. 11 To the ende thei<br />

[sc. the rivers] might not onely be vadable, but passed also<br />

with drie foote. 1578 T. N. tr. Conq. IV. India 65 After hee<br />

had iourneyed three leagues, hee came to a faire vadeable<br />

Riuer. i6xx Florio, Vadoso, vadable, or foardable.<br />

Vadam, southern ME. var. Fathom.<br />

Vaddah, obs. form of Veddah.<br />

+ Vade, -f*^. Obs.-'^ [ad.h.vadum.'] A shallow<br />

place in a river.<br />

1538 Leland /tin. (1769) V. 94 Irwel Is not navigable but<br />

in sum Places for Vadys and Rokkes.<br />

t Vade, ^.^ Obs. [var. of Fade v.^, chiefly<br />

used in fig. senses (very common c 1530-1630) and<br />

app. to some extent associated with L. vdd^re to<br />

go : see next, to which some of the quotations<br />

placed under 3-3 c may really belong.<br />

This association may be the real explanation of the form,<br />

but see the note to Fade a.^<br />

1. inlr. Of colour : = Fade 7^.1 4.<br />

1471 Ripley Comp.Alch. Pref in Ashm. (1652) 127 Colour<br />

whych wyll not vade. c IS3» Du \i^?iIntrod, F'r. in Palsgr.<br />

956 To vade, ternir. a 1586 Sidney Astr. 9f Stella (1622)<br />

578 How doth the colour vade of those Vermillion dies. 1594<br />

Plat Jeiuell-ho. iii. 45 As soone as the beautiful hew of the<br />

leaues begin to vade. 1613 Answ. Uncasing Machiai:<br />

Eivb, Whose colours never vade. 1647 C. Harvey Schola<br />

Cordis xvii. 4 The staines of sin I see Are vaded all, or di'd<br />

in graine.<br />

2. Of flowers, etc. : = Fade v^ i.<br />

1492 [see 3 bj. c 1532 Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 894<br />

Rose that can nat vade, rose inmarcessible. 1578 Lvte<br />

Dodoens 1 Small grayish leaves.. the whiche do perish and<br />

vade in winter. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, \. ii. 20 One flourishing<br />

branch of his most Royall roote..Ishacktdowne, and his<br />

summer leafes all vaded. i6ax Lady M. Wroth Urania 22<br />

Do not the flowers vade, and grasse die for her departure?<br />

VADIMONY.<br />

3. To pass away, disappear, vanish ; to decay or<br />

perish; =Fade v^ 6.<br />

495 Trevisa's Earth. De P. R. xvi. xxxvi. 564 Aege that<br />

passylh&vadythchaungyth tymesofthynges. a 1548 Hall<br />

Chron., Hen, /F (1550) 4 When he departed, the only shelde,<br />

defence and comfort of the common people was vadid and<br />

gone. 1568 T. Howell Arb. Amitie {.xZ-^^ 19 Forme is most<br />

frayle,..it vadth as grasse doth growe. 1607 Middleton<br />

Fam. Lave \. \, I know how soon their love vadeth. 1641<br />

Brathwait Eng, Gcntleiv. 324 Where. .beauty never fadeth,<br />

love never faileth, health never vadeth. a 1678 Marvell<br />

Poems, Clorinda fy Damon (1681) 12 Grass withers; and<br />

the Flow'rs too fade. Seize the short loyes then, ere they<br />

vade.<br />

b. Const, from, into, to.<br />

X492 RvMAN Poems Ixxxiv. 2 in Archiv Stud. neu. Spr.<br />

LXXXIX. 253 As medowe floures . . Vadeth to erthe . . Likewise<br />

richesse and grete honoures Shall vade fro euery<br />

creature, c 1537 Thersites Dij, The cowherd of Comertowne,<br />

with his croked spade, Cause frome the the wormes<br />

soone to vade. 1596 Spenser F. Q. v. iL 40 How euer gay<br />

their blossome or their blade Doe flourish now, they into<br />

dust shall vade. 1663 Cane Ep. to A uthor ofA nimad. Fiat<br />

Lux 96 All your talk in this your eighteenth chapter vades<br />

into nothing.<br />

c. With away.<br />

1530 Proper Dyaloge in Roy^s Rede me, etc. (Arb.) 133<br />

Aflfermynge that oure loue shuld a-way vade Without any<br />

memory of them at all. 1587 M. Grove /'^/o/j


VADINQ.<br />

vadimonie. 1654 \VARRE>i Unheliir.'trs 48 His Obligation<br />

was arbitrary and volantary; not arising from the guilt of<br />

. . sin, but by way of vadimony, and susception. 1699 J.<br />

Barry Reviv. Cordial (1802) 80 In this work, ..which he<br />

himself, as vademony and surety for God's elect, hath undertaken<br />

to. .perform.<br />

tVading.i'W.j*. Ohs.-' [f. Vade t/.l] The<br />

action or process of disappearing, declining, etc.<br />

IS70 FoxE A. * M. (ed. 2; I. 254/2 Y= lyke vadyng of<br />

water happened also in the floode of Medewaye.<br />

t Vaaing, ///. 3. Obs. Also 7 vaid-. [f. as<br />

prec] Fading, passing away, fleeting, transitory.<br />

1566 .\dlington Afultius Ep. Ded., The vaine and soone<br />

vadynge beautie of the worlde. 1577 Grange Golden<br />

Aphrod., etc. R j. My Lady fayre whpse shape doth shine<br />

And glyster in ray vading sighte. 1S96 Warner Alb. Eng.<br />

M. Ixv. (1612) 279 What els is Forme but vaiding aire » 161S<br />

Brathwait St-nfpado (1878) S3 Thy form's Diuine, no<br />

fading, vading flower. i66i Sir A . Hasleriff's Last IVill<br />

/f Test. 2 \Vhat a vading breath, or light blast is this flash<br />

of Honour.<br />

Vadlet : see Vadelet.<br />

Vadmal, -mel, varr. (after mod. Scand. forms)<br />

of Wadmal.<br />

[iT^S/al. Ace. Scot. XIV. 326 The old men and women .<br />

contmue to wear good strong black clothes without dying,<br />

called by the ancient Norse, Vadmell.] 1851 THORPa<br />

Northern Myth. 1. 112, I am Kraka, Coal-black in vadmel I<br />

1881 Du Chaillu Land Midnight Sun II. 78 The tent was<br />

made of coarse heavy vadmal.<br />

Vadome, southern ME. variant of Fathom s6.<br />

t VadO'Sity. Ois.~^ [f. L. vados-us, f. vadum<br />

ford.] The fact of being fordable.<br />

1658 BuBTOM Comtii. Itin. Antoninus 224 The word Ford,<br />

by reason of the vadosity of the River there, being added.<br />

Va'dy, a. soulH-w. dial. [Of obscure origin.]<br />

Damp, moist.<br />

1880 SIrs. Parr Adam ^ Eve xiii. 188 The gi:ass was too<br />

' vady ' for him to sit down upon.<br />

II VSB. Obs. Also 6 ve. [L. vse alas !] A denunciation<br />

or threatening of woe.<br />

'5S9 Abp. Parker Corr. (Parker Soc.) 79 We should.,<br />

deserve the wrathful vx and vengeance of God. 1584 1x}dcs<br />

Alarm agst. Usurers V iiij. The Lord shal place you amonz<br />

the goates, and pronounce his Ve against you. 160a Mi^<br />

Watson Quodl. Relig. ^ State 9 With how many vsees and.<br />

woes to you Scribes and Pharisees did he come vpon them?<br />

a 1636 Westcote I'iezu Devonsk. (1845) 61 There was a vM<br />

or woe pronounced against them in these words,— 'Woe<br />

unto you Piltonians, that make cloth without wool *.<br />

V®der,VaBie,VsBlde,Va9le,Vfflren,VaBmo,<br />

Vaex, Vaejer, southern ME. varr. Father, Fet<br />

a., Field s6., Fele a., Febe f.i, Fern sb.. Fax,<br />

Fair a.<br />

Vafand, Vafirand, obs. Sc. ff. waving Wave v.<br />

Vafrovin, var. Waprodn S(. Obs.<br />

+ Vafrons, a. Obs. Also 6 vaCBrous. [f. L.<br />

vafer, vafr- -t- -ous.] Sly, cunning, crafty, shifty.<br />

a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. Vtl, ti Thinkyng surely that<br />

they,. would neuer-.Ionge agree with the Englishmen,<br />

accordyng to their olde vafTrous (1550 crafty! varietie. 1630<br />

R. yohnson^s Kingd. ^ Commiv. 17 Divine providence.,<br />

adjudged it best.. not to bestow.. upon subtle and vafrous<br />

people, Courage, and .Strength of body. 1650 B. Discolliminium<br />

17 These are subtle, and vafrous Men, whoare never<br />

solidly, nor honestly Wise. 1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. 106<br />

This vafrous and bloudy Treason against the holy Majesty<br />

of Christ. 17x1 in Bailev.<br />

sb. Devon, dial. [Cf. Fag sb%'\ Dried<br />

Vag,<br />

tnrf or peat used as fuel ; a piece of this.<br />

1796 W. H. Marshall (K England II. 6 Towards the<br />

Mountains, Turf (provincially<br />

' Vags ") and Peat fprovin.<br />

cially ' Turf ). 1889 Port/olio }:in. 11/2 In the winter he<br />

may turn many an honest penny by the sale of ' vags '. 189$<br />

G. Mortimer Tules Moors 224 Vou can cut as much vag—<br />

or peat, as you calls it up country— as you'm a mind ta<br />

Vajf, V. U.S. slang, [f. vag. abbrev. of Vaoa-<br />

BONDJ trans. To treat or deal with (one) as a<br />

vagabond or vagrant.<br />

1891 C. Roberts Adri/l Amer. 169, I was arrested as a<br />

vagrant As the popular expression went, I got ' vagged *.<br />

Vag, dial. var. Fao v.''-, obs. Sc. f. Wage sb.<br />

Vagabond (vse-gab^md), a. and sb. Forms:<br />

5-6 vagabound(e, -bunde, 5-6, 8 -band, 5-7<br />

-bonde, 7- vagabond ; 6.SV.wagabund, -bond ;<br />

7, 9 dial., vagabone, 9 dial. -bon. [a. OF. vagabond<br />

{\i,i^ c.) or ad. L. vagabund-tis, f. vagiri \.o<br />

wander. Cf. mod.F. vagabond. It. vagabondo, Sp.<br />

and Pg.vagaiundo, vagamundo ; also G. vagabund,<br />

bond, Sw. vagabond, Du. vagebond. As a sb. the<br />

form finally takes the place<br />

BOND.]<br />

of the earlier Vaca-<br />

A. adj. 1. Of persons, etc. : Roaming or wandering<br />

from place to place without settled habitation<br />

or home; leading a wandering life; nomadic.<br />

a. In predicative use.<br />

I4a« LvDG. De Guil. Pilgr. 1684a O tbow blyssed Lady, hyde<br />

bem that flen vnto the for helpe, and they that be vagabonde,<br />

dyscoure hem nat. 1533 Bellenden Livy i. xii.<br />

(S.T.S.) I. 71 MonyofJ>ir pcpill vagabound and ouresett with<br />

pouerte tuke wagis of l?e sabynis. a 1578 Lindesay (Pit.<br />

scottic) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 322 He staw away, .and<br />

5eid wagahund dissagyssit ane lang quhill. 1838 Stephens<br />

/"r«i>. in Russia 96/1 Dbpersed and vagabond, exiled from<br />

tbeir native soil and air, they wander over the (kce of the<br />

earth.<br />

J^g- « '430 LvDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 256 My look,<br />

myn even, unswre and vagabounde. 16*7 Milton P. L.<br />

VOL. X.<br />

9<br />

XI, 16 To Heav'n thir prayers Flew up, nor mlssd the way,<br />

by envious windes Blow'n vagabond or frustrate.<br />

b. In attrib. use (occas. hyphened).<br />

*SS5 Eden Decades i. ix. (Arb.) 97 Owre men suppose<br />

them to bee a vagabunde and wandennge nacion lyke vnto<br />

the Scythians. i6oa Mountjov Letter in Moryson Itin.<br />

(1617) II. 233 How, as a Vagabond Woodkerne hee may preserve<br />

his life, . . I know not. 1640 tr. Verdere^s Rom. ofRom.<br />

III. 31, I have for my brother and Soveraign, the Prince of<br />

Greece, whom but even now I beheld to be a vagabond<br />

Girle. 1691 tr, Emiliane's Observ. Journ. Naples 226 They<br />

become soon weary of it and then turn Vagabond- Hermits.<br />

17»6 Ayliffb Parergon 181 A vagabond Debtor may be<br />

cited in whatever Place or Jurisdiction he is found. 1784<br />

CowPER Task I. 559 A vagabond and useless tribe there<br />

eat Their miserable meal. 1819 Scott Ivanhoe xxix, Those<br />

ballads which vagabond minstrels sing to drunken churls.<br />

1857 Hughes Tom Brown \, We are a vagabond nation now.<br />

trans/. 1606 Shaks. Ant. ^ CI. i. iv. 45 This common<br />

bodie, Like to a Vagabond Flagge vpon the Streame, Goes<br />

too, and backe. 1638 VVilkins Ne-w World xii. (1707) 98<br />

The Concourse of many little Vagabond Stars, by the union<br />

of their Beams. 1868 Lockver GuiUemin's Heavens (ed. 3)<br />

S99 Those vagabond bodi^, the comets,<br />

t c. spec. Of soldiers or sailors. Obs.<br />

1748 LiND Lett. Rel. Navy (1757) ii. 85 If they are to be<br />

set at liberty, who are accused of perjury, how is a vagabond<br />

seaman to be found, when he comes to England '? 18x3<br />

Wellington in Gurw. Desp. C1838) X. 510, I do not know<br />

what measures to take about our vagabond soldiers.<br />

t 2. (See quot. and cf. Extravagant a, 2.) Obs,<br />

1456 StR G. Have i^azw ^rwj (S.T.S.) 258 5it is thare<br />

othir la wis callit tawis extravaganis, that is for to say la wis<br />

vagaboundis, that arnocbt incorporic in othir bukisof lawis<br />

of Lombardy.<br />

3. Inclined to stray or gad about without proper<br />

occupation; leading an unsettled, irregular, or disreputable<br />

life; good-for-nothing, rascally, worthless.<br />

1630 Greeners Fr, Bacon 11. L (Q.'), Where be these vagabond<br />

[1594 vacabond] knaues, that they attend no better<br />

on their Master? i68a Bubnet Rights Princes ii. 66 Some<br />

idle vagabond Clarks that had procured themselves to be<br />

put in Orders. 1741-3 Wesley Jrnl. (1749) 9 A clergyman<br />

came into the.. room, and ask'd aloud, with a tone unusually<br />

sharp, * Where those' vagabond fellows were?' 1777<br />

W. Dalrymflb Trav. Sp.


VAaABONDICAL. 10 VAGARY.<br />

1615 J. H. Wcrids Foily C b, The recollection of the vagabundiall<br />

lewes into the sheepe-fold of lesus Christ.<br />

Va^bo ndical, a, rare. Also 6-7 vagabund-.<br />

[f. as prec. + -ical.] Roaming, wander-<br />

vagabondish.<br />

XS76 Fleming tr.Ce body of<br />

Seynte Cuthberte. 1480 Caxton OvicCs Met. xiv, x, For al<br />

we haue be disparblid & longe haue be vagant on the see.<br />

1483 — Gold, Leg. 407 b/i Thus Josaphat was two yere<br />

vagaunte & erryd in deserte. X517 Watson Shypp'e 0/<br />

Fooles A ij, I am the fyrste in the shyppe vagaunte with the<br />

other fooles. 1578 Sc, Poems 26th C. (1801) II. 170 Thocht<br />

vagant freirs faine wald lie. The trueth will furth,<br />

2. Devious, erratic, rare.<br />

138a Wyclif Prov. v. 6 Bi the path of lif thei gon not<br />

vagaunt ben the goingus of hir, and vnserchable. 1708 Brit.<br />

Apollo No. 50. i/i By so Vagant a Proceedure, it is a Chance<br />

but he must hear some points of Duty ..repeated.<br />

3. Of thoughts : Wandering.<br />

c 1450 Myrr. our Ladye 42 Yt can not sturre vp yt selfe<br />

from wandryng and vagant thoughtes that yt is accustomyd<br />

in. Ibid, 165 Also the harte oughte fuUe besyly to be kepte<br />

from all vagaunte thoughtes.<br />

Vagara(u)nt, -ent, obs. forms of Vagrant.<br />

Vagare, obs, form of Vagary.<br />

Vaga-rian. rare-^, [t as next -i- -an.] One<br />

given to vagaries or whims.<br />

1891 in Cent. Diet,<br />

Vagarious (vage^'rias), a. [f. Vagary sb."]<br />

•\ 1. Variable, inconstant, changing. Obs."^<br />

1798 R. P. Tour in Wales (MS.) 36 Thus life's vagarious<br />

tenure passes on ! And thus, the scenic vision glows with<br />

change<br />

2. Marked or characterized by, full of, subject<br />

to, vagaries ; erratic.<br />

1827 Examiner 70/1 The Travels of Wilhelm Meister,<br />

wild, vagarious, and disconnected as it is. a 1871 De<br />

Morgan Budget Parad. (1872) 153 Mr. Wirgman's mind<br />

was somewhat attuned to psychology; but he was cracky<br />

and vagarious. 1897 Atlantic Monthly LXXIX. 134 The<br />

work.. IS free from the vagarious theorizing.<br />

3. Wandering, roaming, roving.<br />

x88a HarPer^s Mag. April 661 Sharp interruption from the<br />

vagarious homed enemy. 1888 Sat. Rev. 22 Sept. 363/2<br />

The history of the vagarious canary, Kiki.<br />

Hence Vaga'rionsly adv.<br />

x^x Dispatch (Columbus) 17 Nov., An idly planned and<br />

vagarioiisly disposed though always picturesque college<br />

retreat.<br />

Vagarish, a. Now rare or Obs. [f. as prec]<br />

1. Of the eyes: Disposed to wander; wandering.<br />

x8ox Wolcot'(P. Pindar) Tears 9f Smiles Wks. 1812 V. 40<br />

His eyes were oft vagarish. 1823 New Monthly Mag. VII,<br />

230 My people's eyes were all vagarish While striving your<br />

hard phrases to conjecture.<br />

2. Somewhat vagarious or whimsical.<br />

1819 Krats in Ld. Houghton Li/e (1848) II. 26 But you<br />

knowing my unsteady and vagarish disposition will [etcj.<br />

Vaga'risome, a- U- as prec, + -some.] Vagarious,<br />

capricious.<br />

X883 bazaars Sept. 259 Early autumn clothing is slightly<br />

vagarisome, and steady observation is^ necessary in order to<br />

determine what is * worn ' from what is ' put on *.<br />

Vagarist. rare, [f. as prec. + -IST.] One<br />

wlio IS subject to vagaries ; a vagarious person.<br />

1888 The yoice (N. V.1,24 May, The Prohibition party<br />

are now free from , . suspicion of being vagarists.<br />

Vagarity (vage^-rlti). rare""^, [f. as prec. +<br />

-ITY.J Capricious irregularity or variability.<br />

x886 N.^ g. 7th Ser. II. 89/1 Instances of vagarity are<br />

noticeable with each Prince of Wales, many of whom seem<br />

to have ignored . . the title (of Duke of Cornwall].<br />

Vagary (vagee-ri), sb. Also 6-7 vagare, 6<br />

-arte. [prob. ad. L, vagdrl (It. vagare) to wander.<br />

Cf. Fegary.]<br />

+ 1. A wandering or devious journey or tour ; a<br />

roaming about or abroad ; an excursion, ramble,<br />

stroll. Obs.<br />

Freq. in the 17th c, chiefly in verbal phrases as tofetch^<br />

fjtake, or take a vagary.<br />

X577 Stanvhurst Descr. Irel. in Holinshed (1808) VI. 24<br />

The Irish enimie spieing that the citizens were accustomed<br />

to fetch such od vagaries, . . they . . laid in sundrie places for<br />

their commine. 158a — J-Eneis 11. (Arb.) 44 Thee gates vncloased<br />

they skud with a Huely vagare. x6oo Pory tr. Leo^s<br />

Africa 1. 19 These haue often vagaries ouer the deserts vnto<br />

the prouince of Tedgear. c i^i-iSoc.Cond. People Anglesey<br />

(i860) 40 To entice his neighbours wifes..to leave their<br />

husbands, .and to follow him by turns, into other counireys,<br />

and after a long vagare, to return again. 1657 S. Purchas<br />

Pol. Flying Ins. i, v, 12 A hot Sun-shine.. will quickly<br />

prompt them out of their Hives to take a short vagary.<br />

1677 LiiLPiN Demonol. (1867) 320 The like did Dinah, when<br />

she made a needless vagary to see the daughters of the land.<br />

x8a6 W. E. Andrews Crit. Rev. Fox's Bk. Mart. II. 413<br />

Whether.. it is likely that such a person should be permitted<br />

to make a walking vagary throughout all London.<br />

transf. zxiA fig. ^1630 Risdon Surv. Devon §225 (1810)<br />

237 Torridge, after a long vagary, making many meanders,<br />

empiieth itself in the. .sea. X655 Gurnall Chr. in Arm,<br />

xvi. (1665) 359 Our hearts are soon gone away from the duty<br />

in hand, and taken a vagary to the furthest part of the<br />

world. X759 Stebne Tr, Shandy i. xxii. My aunt Dinah<br />

and the coachman, .led us a vagary some millions of miles<br />

into the very heart of the planetary system.<br />

+ b. To play his vagary y of a horse, to leave or<br />

refuse to follow the proper or desired course. Obs.—^<br />

1580 Blundevil Art of Riding i. 11 If he will then play<br />

bis vagarie, beate him forthwith with your wand.<br />

f 2. A wandering in speech or writing ; a rambling<br />

from the subject under consideration ; a<br />

digression ordivagation. Obs, (passing into senses),<br />

X579 G. Harvey Letter-bk, (Camden) 67 Countenaundnge<br />

oute the matter ether with tunge or penne withoute the<br />

same discoursinge vagaries. x^96 R. H. tr. Lavaterus'<br />

Ghostes Sp. To Rdr. aij. His histories seeme not idle<br />

(Jtales,<br />

or impertinent vagaries, but very truthes. x6sx<br />

Baxter Inf. Bapt. Apol. 15 When ever he was at a loss, that<br />

the people might not perceive it, he presently would fall<br />

into a wordy vagary. i68x — Answ. Dodwell iv. 54 You<br />

must talk at other rates than you have done in your tedious<br />

fallacious Vagaries. 176a in Ellis Orig, Lett. Ser. 11. IV.<br />

45! Mr. Beckford..had his vagaries as usual, and gave the<br />

House a little prelude of what they were to expect.<br />

3. A departure or straying from the ordered,<br />

regular, or usual course of conduct, decorum, or<br />

propriety; a frolic or prank, esp. one of a freakish<br />

nature. Now rare or Obs, (passing into sense 4).<br />

1588 Babington Prof. Exp. Lord^s Pr. {1596) 274 A<br />

short vagare.. layde a grinding griefe vpon his conscience<br />

during life. i53 B. Barnes Parth.


VAGABY.<br />

1717 Dennis Remarks Pope's Homer Pref. A, A vagary of<br />

fortune who is sometimes pleased to be frolicsome. 1840<br />

Hood Up Rhine 27 The vagaries of the perspective, originating<br />

in such an arrangement, were rather amusing. i86z<br />

Burton Bh. Hunter (i86j) 17, I must yet notice another<br />

and a peculiar vagary of his malady. 1871 Naphevs Frev.<br />

tf Cure Dis. I. iv. 123 To follow the vagaries of fashion.<br />

5. An erratic play of fancy; a fantastic, eccentric,<br />

or extravagant idea or notion. (Cf. 2.)<br />

. «7S3 Richardson Grandismi (1781) VI. xxxii. 218 These<br />

ideal vagaries, which, for the time, realize pain or pleasure<br />

to us. 1771 Geav in Ctrr. w. NichoUs (1843) '37 But by all<br />

means curb these vagaries and wandering imaginations.<br />

a 1806 H. K. White To Contemplation Rem. (1825) 384, I<br />

alone,^ A wayward youth, misled by Fancy's vagaries,<br />

Remain'd unsettled. 1856 i)ovE Logic Chr. Faith r. § 2. 77<br />

Every system that would land in su*h a conclusion is a mere<br />

logical vagary. 18S2 Faerar Early Chr. II. 270 nete. But<br />

it IS worse than useless to record the vagaries of Apocalyptic<br />

interpretation.<br />

tVaga-ry, v. Ois. [Cf. prec] int>: To<br />

wander or roam. Also trans/.<br />

1598 Florio, Vagare,.. to vagarie, or range, to straie<br />

abroade. 1599 N'ashe Lenten Stuft Wks. (Grosart) V. 224<br />

The marishes and lower grounds lying vpon the three riuers<br />

that vagary vp to her. i6n Cotgr., Vaucrer, to raunge,<br />

roame, vagane, wander, idle it vp and downe. J656 S. H.<br />

Gold. Law 60 Though he might decline Law, yet he vagari'd<br />

not therefrom. 1681 W. Robertson Phraseot. Gen. U693)<br />

1257 To vagary, vagari^ palari.<br />

t Vaea'txon. Obs. Also 4 vagaoyone, 5-6<br />

-oion, -oyon, -tione. [ad. L. vagdtion-, vagalio,<br />

n. of action f. vagari to wander. Cf. OF.<br />

vagation (Godef.), Pg. vagojfao.l The action of<br />

wandering, straying, or departing from the proper<br />

or regular course ;<br />

an instance or occasion of this<br />

a wandering, rambling, roaming; an aberration.<br />

In lit. and fig. use.<br />

CIMO YlKVLvave. Prose Tr. (1866) 14 Whene fce raynde es<br />

sublede sadely with-owtten changynge and vagacyone in<br />

Godd. c i4sa Myrr. our Ladye 42 For this vagacion is<br />

caused of dulnes, and of heuynes of harte. x5oa Atkvnson<br />

Ir.De /mita/iane til. xxvii. 219 Chase fro myn hertall raaner<br />

darkenes, stablysshe the great vagacions of my mynde that I<br />

suffre. IS49 CompL Scot. xiiL 1 1 Ane of his familiar frendis i<br />

inquyrit hym of the cause of his inconstant vagatione, 1597<br />

Harvey /rimming T. Nashe Wks. (Grosart) III. 53 Neuerthelesse<br />

can I accuse you of lazines; for all this time of :<br />

your vagation. with you I thinke the Signe hath been in<br />

Pisces. iSsj Gaui.e .Magastrom. 291 Socrates, offended at<br />

the bold and blind vagations of men, in their di'^putalions<br />

about the measures of the sunne. 1713 Derham /'/ij'r.. yvito^.<br />

IV. ii. 100 By this so curious and exact a Libration, unseemly<br />

Contortions and Vagations of the Eye are prevented. 1<br />

1714 — Astro.Theot. iv. v. (1769) 118 But I have myself<br />

observed a greater vagation in the third satellite,<br />

t Vage, a. Obs. rare-^. [app. ad. It vago. Cf.<br />

Vagisness.] Fine, handsome.<br />

1604 T. Wright Passions v. J 4. 198 The finer gold, the<br />

richer stones,,. the more vage and beautifull iewell.<br />

Vage, southern dial. var. Fage v.\ obs. f. Vaguk<br />

sb. and v.; obs. or dial. f. Voyage; obs. Sc. f.<br />

Wage v., Wedge sb. Vagelt, obs. Sc. f. Waged<br />

fpl. a. VageowT, obs. Sc. f. Waoeb (soldier).<br />

Vager, obs. Sc. f. Vaguer (wanderer), Waoeb<br />

(soldier). Vagging, dial. var. Faqgino vbl. sb.<br />

Vagi- (v? d.5ail, comb, form of L. vagus Vaodb<br />

a., occurring in a few botanical terms, as va-giform,<br />

vaginervose adjs. (see qnots.).<br />

i8m .Mavne £j->«. Lex., yagi/armis,.. xppMcd by de<br />

CandoUe to leaves of cellular plants when their false<br />

nervures are dispersed without order or regularity ; vagi,<br />

form. 1866 Treas. Bot. 1 199 l^aginemose, having the veins<br />

arranged without any order.<br />

t Va'gient, a. Obs. [ad. L. vd^nt-em, pres.<br />

pple. olvagire to cry, squall.] Of infants, in-<br />

Crying, squalling, wailing.<br />

t6>8 Gaul« Pract. Tkto. (1629) 417 There shall be nor<br />

fancy, etc. :<br />

vagient Youngling, nor decrepit Ageling. x&u H. MoRi<br />

^ongc/Soul 11. IV. 111. xlii. But for the cradle of the Cretian<br />

Jove, And guardians of his vagient Infancie, What sober<br />

manbut sagely will reprove? i6u — Immort. .Saul (1662)<br />

142 The vagient cries of the Infant Jupiter amidst the. .dancings<br />

of the Cretick Corybantes.<br />

II Vagina<br />

.vad.53i-na). PI. vaginae (-ai-n/),<br />

vaginas. [L. vagina sheath, scabbard. Cf. F.<br />

vagin (176J), f vagina, Pg. vagina.']<br />

L Anat. and Afed. The membranous canal leading<br />

from the vulva to the uterus in women and<br />

female mammals.<br />

i68jGibson/)»i


VAGRANT.<br />

1. Jig. The action or fact of wandering or digress-<br />

an instance of<br />

ing in mind, opinion, thought, etc. ;<br />

this. (Cf.3.)<br />

x6^ H. More SongofSoul ii. iii. in. Ixxui, Curious men<br />

will judge't a vagrancy To .start thus from my scope. 1778<br />

Johnson in Boswell (1831) IV. 176 Of tliis vacillation and<br />

vagrancy c^ mind, I impute a great part to a fortuitous and<br />

unsettled life. x8o8 Han. More CceUbs 1 1. 200 Poetry . . has<br />

of late too much degenerated into personal satire, . .and cart.<br />

cature;. .it has e.\hibited the vagrancies of genius, without<br />

the inspiration. 1853 G. Johnston Nat. Hist. E. Bard. I.<br />

936 We can all of us apprehend the pretty vagrancy; of the<br />

&ncy. i86iTfLLOCH Eng. Purit. ii. aqi The workings of<br />

conscience helped to check the vagrancies of the heart.<br />

2. The state, condition, or action of roaming<br />

abroad or wandering about from place to place.<br />

rt 1677 Barrow Serm. iv. \Vks. 1686 III. 42 Thereforedid<br />

he spend his da>'S in continual labour, in restless travel, in<br />

endless vagrancy, going about doing good. IHd.-v. S7 Moses<br />

did not lose his affection towards his Countreymen, because<br />

he was by one of them threatned away into banishment and<br />

vagrancy. 1776 Johnson in Bos%vell (Oxf. ed.) II. 40 As<br />

a^epherd..he is answerable for those that stray... But<br />

no man can be answerable .. for vagrancy which he has not<br />

authority to restrain. x8aa-s6 De Quincey Conf. VVks.<br />

1S62 1. 131 Happier life I cannot imagine than this vagrancy,<br />

if the weather were but tolerable, through endless successions<br />

of changing beauty. 1899 Lytton Devereux i. i, Before<br />

terminating for ever his vagrancies. 1889 B. HARTECrwjj'<br />

ij It had b^n the habit of the master to utilize these pre*<br />

hminary vagrancies of his little flock.<br />

trans/. xGB4 Harper's Mag. Dec. 76/2, I was struck by<br />

the wild untutored \'agrancy of every growing thing.<br />

b. Spec. Idle wandering with no settled habitation,<br />

occupation, or obvious means of support ; conduct,<br />

life, or practices characteristic of vagrants or<br />

idle beggars.<br />

1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Vagrancy^ a vagrant, disorderly,<br />

OT ill Course of Life, a 179a Burke Sk. Negro<br />

Cod* ^Vks. (Bohn) V. 544 He shall by office prosecute them<br />

for the offences of idleness.., gaming, or vagrancy. 1857<br />

TouLMis Smith Parish 145 Vagrancy had thus everywhere<br />

a colourable excuse given to it, and soon largely increased.<br />

1876 J. Weiss Wity Hum.


VAGUE.<br />

trastyd..hymself afiir in the desperat handes of the Cardinall.<br />

15*8 Rov Rede me (Arb.) 120 Yf they playe thus<br />

their vages, They shall not escape the plages Which to<br />

theym ofRome happened, a 1548 Hall CkroiU, Hen, VIII,<br />

352 b, The Scottcs had some Icysure to play their vagues<br />

and folowe their accustomed manier. c 1557 Abf. Parker<br />

Ps. civ, There playth his vages Leviathan.<br />

{b) 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de \V. 1531) 80 b, She despyseth<br />

all outwarde vages & vanytees, & is content to fulfyli all y'<br />

her lady commaundeth. iS»6 Skelton Magnyf. 1968 Because<br />

of theyr neglygence and of thej'r wanton vagys, I<br />

vysyte them and stryke them with many sore plagys.<br />

Vague (vtf'g), a.,a£/2'., j(J.2 Alsoyvage. [% F.<br />

vague (13th c.) or ad. L. vag-us wandering, incon-<br />

stant, uncertain, etc. (hence also It., Sp., Pg. vago).'\<br />

1. Of statements, etc. : Cooched in general or<br />

indefinite terms ; not definitely or precisely expressed<br />

; deficient in details or particulars.<br />

1548 VicARY Anat. (18S8) 15 Likewise a Chirurgion must<br />

take heede that he deceiue no man with bis vague promises.<br />

a i66i Fuller Worthiest Durham i. (1662) 298 With<br />

subiilty not light, slight, vage as air, But such as Truth<br />

doth crown. 1750 Johnson RantbUr No. 76 F 8 Men often<br />

extenuate their own guilt, only by vague and general<br />

charges upon others. 1784 Cowper Task \\. 521 Their<br />

answers, vague. And all at random. 184^ Thirlwall Greece<br />

Vin. 179 He remained inflexible, covering his refusal with<br />

the vague pretext, ' that circumstances were not in his<br />

power*. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. ix. U. ^00 He wanted<br />

..to have, not vague professions of good will, but distinct<br />

invitations and promises of support. 1884 Laxu Times Rep.<br />

XLIX. 773/2 The statement of claim is so vague that we<br />

had to go into detail, so as to make the case clear.<br />

2. Of words, language, etc. : Not precise or<br />

exact in meaning.<br />

1690 Locke Hum. Uttd. To Rdr., Vague and insignificant<br />

forms of speech, and abuse of language, have so long passed<br />

for mj-steries of science. 1744 Harris Three Treat. Wks.<br />

(1841)2 So it was., with a thousand words beside, all no less<br />

common, and equally familiar; and yet all of them equally<br />

vague and undetermined, a 1781 R. Watson Philip III<br />

(1793) \. \\\. 306 It was conceived in vague and general terms.<br />

179(5 KiRWAN Elem.^ Min. (ed. 2) L Pref. p. xi. Its descriptive<br />

language was. .arbitrary, vague and ambiguous, 1813 J.<br />

Thomson Led. Inflam. 502 By an indiscriminate use of<br />

vague terms. 1849 Macaulay Hist.Eng. vL II. 152 These<br />

vague phrases were not likely to quiet the perturbed mind<br />

of the minister. 1870 Farrar Fant. Speech iii. (1873) 87 But<br />

the name Chaldee is so vague and misleading that I have<br />

purposely excluded it. 1900 E. Holmes What is Poetry f<br />

79 Vague words, then, stir emotion ; exact terms repress it.<br />

Ifig. 18x3 Shelley Q. i1/*^viii. 23 Like the vague sighings<br />

of a wind at even, That wakes the wavelets of the slumbering<br />

sea, And dies on the creation of its breath.<br />

3. Of ideas, knowledge, etc. : Lacking in defin-<br />

iteness or precision ; indefinite, indistinct.<br />

a 1704 Locke (J.), These vague ideas, signified by the<br />

terms, whatsoever and thin^. 1753 Hogarth Ana/. Beauty<br />

7 So vague is taste, when it has no solid principles for its<br />

foundation. 1791 Mary Wollstonecr. Rights Worn. v. 186<br />

Though prudence of this sort be termed a virtue, morality<br />

becomes vague when any part is supposed to rest on falsehood.<br />

1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 172 The metes and<br />

bounds of property would be vague and indeterminate. 1845<br />

BuDD Dis. Liver 2 To the vague and unsatisfactory state<br />

of our knowledge respecting them. ax88i A. Barratt<br />

Phys. Metempiric (1883) 156 Beyond this we only get a<br />

vague analogy.<br />

b. Similarly of feelings or sensations.<br />

1797 S. & Ht. Lee Cant. T. 1. 106 (He was] trembling<br />

with a new and vague apprehension. 1837 W, \\ci\noCapt.<br />

Bonmvilit HI. 356 Their movements not onlygive a vague<br />

alarm, but,. will even indicate to the knowing trapper the<br />

very quarter whence danger threatens. 1845 Budd Dis,<br />

Liver 3S7 The i>atient*s illness begins with general disorder;<br />

..vague pain"; in the belly, and sometimes with vomiting.<br />

f868 Geo. Eliot F. Holt 15 The vague but strong feeling<br />

that her son was a stranger to her. 188^ £. Clood Myths<br />

I. J 6. Ill Man's sense of vague wonder in the picsence of<br />

powers whose force he cannot measure.<br />

4. ta» Kc-^cts, yas. yf,c. 11QP12 Tbaysall remane within<br />

this realme. .and sail not vaig tbairfra. 1647 Aberd. Rec. in<br />

Aberd. yml. N. 4- Q. (1908) I. 16/1 That all persones..heir<br />

the word of God, and not vaig nor goe to the old toun. c 1657<br />

Sir W. Mure Ps. cix. 10 Still valge, and sharke, and beg<br />

about. Their bounds lay'd waist, they may. z8oa Levden<br />

Compl. Scott. Gloss. 379 To vaig is in common use, as well<br />

as stravaie.<br />

y. 1600 Holland Ziiy xxiii. xlii. 503 To.. suppresse these<br />

robbers that vague about our country. Ibid. xxxi. xxi. 785<br />

They vagued to and fro in scattering wise up and downe the<br />

countrey a foraging, c i6ao Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855)<br />

121 Thou idle boy thus vagueing here and there. X678 Sir<br />

0. Mackenzie Crim. Laws .Scot. 11. xxvi. § iv. (1609) 266 If<br />

they were necessitated to vague up and down at all Courts,<br />

upon alt occasions, 1766 Nichol Poems'i Thus through the<br />

country I went valuing. 1786 in Old Ch. Life Scott. (1885)<br />

320 The profanation of this holy day by idly vaguing<br />

together.<br />

t b. In fig. use. Obs.<br />

1567 Djihsr Horace, Ep. Bj, Should I go« wryte at Randonne<br />

tho, and vage abroade, and raue? 1596 Dalrymple<br />

tr. Leslie's Hist. 5


VAIIi.<br />

Vaifsr, obs. Sc f. Waveb v. Vaig, obs, Sc.<br />

f. Vagl'e, Wage. Vaik(e, later ff. Vakk ». Sc,\ i<br />

obs. Sc ff. Wake r., Weak a. and r.<br />

Vail (v^*l)i J^-^ Now arcA. or dial. Forms :<br />

a. 5 vayUCe, 5-7 vayle ; 5 Sc, waill(e, waile,<br />

6-7 vaile, 6- vail (6 ^^r. vaill), 9 dial, vaail; 6<br />

voyle, 7 Telle, 8 veiL ^. 5-9 vale. [f. Vail vX<br />

Cf. Avail sb^<br />

I, fL Advantage, benefit, profit. Obs,<br />

c 1430 Lydc MiH. Points (Percy Soc) 9 God send also<br />

unto thy most vayle.. A spir>ti a strcnghte, and of good<br />

counsay lie. c 1450 Mirk's Festial 76 For, what maner yertu<br />

^t a man haue, but yf he be yn char>te, bit stondys him in<br />

DO \-ayle. c 1470 Henry l^ailace v. aoi He wyst no waill<br />

thar langar for to bide, ^1500 in Denton En^- in 15th C.<br />

(1888) ^iS He to kepe vnder yowre tenants and haue all the<br />

vayle and thay the burd>-n, li>i(i., [To] destroy the cherch<br />

& the townc for a lytell vayle to yowre place. 1550 Crowley<br />

£^i^' 392 At Par>'se garden.. a man shall not fayle To<br />

*>-ndc two or thre hundredes, for the bearwardes vaile.<br />

b. dial. Advance, progress.<br />

rt 1847 Isle of lyi^At Gloss, (E.D.S.) s.v., Thee dosn't zim<br />

to me>'ak much vaauL<br />

t2. 0/{, ,) vaily of profit, value, or worth, Obs.<br />

Chiefly Sc.<br />

c 1450 3firk*s Festial 262 I>eras he was wont . . to spcke<br />

mony an ydull wordc and of no vayle, aftyr he turnet al<br />

his speche >Tito prof>t. C1470 Henry Waliace i. 167 The<br />

byschopr>-kis, that war of gretast waile, Thai tuk in hand.<br />

H7S in 3'''^ R^p. Hist. MSS, Comm. 418/1 Sayand that the<br />

brocht that Master Thomas . . fand is of vayll, and the brocht<br />

that I ..^d..is of na wayll. 15M Stewart Cre7». Scot. II.<br />

136 Quhen he considderit batUTbe Britis war bot of sa<br />

litUI vaill.<br />

1 3. Sc, Value or worth ; account, estimation.<br />

X471 ActA Audit, ii/i And gif }iai oxin be of mare vale, he<br />

to rcstor again be Remanent. _ x^l^Acta Dom. Cone, (1839)<br />

52/1 Henry to pay to J»e said sir edward sa mekle as Jw said<br />

teind w'as of vale. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot, I. 98 Als<br />

force it is no tyme to him to faill, And lufeall thing ay efter<br />

the awin vaill. 1567 Gtide ^ Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 74 Than<br />

man !..my Goddis name manesweir, And set him at full<br />

lytill vaill.<br />

n. 4. A casual or occasional profit or emolument<br />

in addition to salary, stipend, wages, or other !<br />

r^nlar payment, esp. one accruing or attached to I<br />

an office or position ; a fee or offering of this I<br />

nature. Usu. in pi. Now arch, or Obs, \<br />

The pi. is occas. found construed as a sing. \<br />

c 1450 Godstow Reg, 648 The half of all offeryngcs & j<br />

vayles of the auter. Ibid.., The offrynges & the vaylys of :<br />

fowre days by the yere. cxifim Oseney Reg. 113 A. .chapel- !<br />

eyne, t>e which shall lake all )>e obuencions (or vayles) of J>e<br />

Auter of ^ same chapell. 1550 T. Lever in Strype Eccl. I<br />

Mem, (1721) II. 103 The number of the stock reserved, all |<br />

manner of vails beside. 1563-70 Foxe A. ord Lluellen Prince of Wales, and Robin<br />

Hood of the great mountaines. So vaile your budgettes to<br />

Robin of the mountaine.<br />

2. To doff or take off (a bonnet, hat, crown, or<br />

other head-dress), esp. out of respect or as a sign<br />

of submission. Alsoconst./£7or««/(7 (a person, etc.).<br />

a, (3. c X460 Emare 992 When he mette the emperour, He<br />

valed his hode with gret honour. xsaS Rov Rede me (Arb.)<br />

32 In every place wheare we were presente, They vayled<br />

their bonetis and bowed a kne. 1591 Lyly Endym. 111. iii,<br />

Hee. .sayth, seeing it is the fashion of the world, heewill<br />

vaile bonet to beautie. x6oo Fairfax Tasso 11. xlviii. 29<br />

This said, the virgin gan her beauoir vale. X654 H.<br />

L'EsTRANGE Chas. I O655) 11 His Speech being ended, the<br />

King vailed his Crown, a thing rare in any of his Predecessors,<br />

a 1693 Urguharfs Rabelais in. xlii, Pantagruel<br />

vayling his Cap and making a Leg with such a majestick<br />

Garb,., farewel I'd Trinquamelle the President. 1819 Scott<br />

Leg. Montrose viii, The bonnets, which hitherto each Chief<br />

had worn,.. were now at once vailed in honour of the royal<br />

warrant. 1843 Lytton Last Bar. 11. ii, The earl acknowledged<br />

their greeting by vailing his plumed cap.<br />

y. x6ox Holland ^/iwv II. 305 As for veiling bonnet before<br />

great rulers and magistrals, or within their sight [etc.].<br />

1603 Dekker Wonderfull Year Wks, (Grosart) 1. 138 Into<br />

which [alehouse] as good lucke was, . . veiling his Bonnet, he<br />

strucke in. 1740 Somerville Hobbinolia 11. 279 He spake,<br />

And veil'd his Bonnet to the Crowd. 1825 Scott Talism,<br />

xxiv. The spiritual dignitaries, who in those days veiled not


VAIL.<br />

their bonnets to created being, bestowed on the King, .their<br />

blessing instead of rendering obeisance.<br />

b. fig. with bonnet: To manifest submission ;<br />

to acknowledge oneself overcome or surpassed ;<br />

yield, give way. (Cf. 3 b.)<br />

1579 GossoN Sch. Abuse (Arb.)59 If you giue but a .glance<br />

to j-our beholders, you haue vayled the bonnet in token of<br />

obedience. 1596 K. Ediv. Ill, v. 78 Copland, .with a lowly<br />

minde Doth vale the bonnet of his victory. 1609 Holland<br />

Atnm.Marcell. 360 My heart yerneth.. to thinke how many<br />

right honourable personages in this unseemly . .manner were<br />

debased and brought to vale bonet. i6»6 in Foster Eng^,<br />

Factories India (1009) HI. 138 None is made so happy but<br />

he hath cause to vale the bonnett. 1739 R. Whatley Three<br />

Lett, 14 After the noted rupture in St. James's Square, he<br />

had so remarkably veil'd his bonnet. *<br />

c. (Asprec.) To submit or yield, toshowrespect,<br />

to some person, etc.<br />

1587 HoLiNSHED Ckron, III. 297A All christendome must<br />

veile the bonnet to his holinesse. 1590 Nashe Martin<br />

Marprelate Wks. (Grosart) I. 241 All Schooles of Phylosophers<br />

shoulde haue vailed the bonet vnto God. i6ix<br />

CoRYAT Crudities 266 Shee wil very neare benumme and<br />

captivate thy senses, and make reason vale bonnet to affec-<br />

tion. 1675 J. Smith Ckr. Relig: App. 11. 14 Therefore we<br />

see all the Grecian Pliilosophy that was not founded upon<br />

Tradition . . veil'd the Bonnet to that of Pythagoras, Socrates<br />

and Plato.<br />

t3. Naui. To lower, to let or haul down (a sail).<br />

1553 Bresde ^. CMr/:Vf Cciiij, The waues dyd ryse so<br />

hygh and thicke.-tbat the shipmen beganne to vale their<br />

sayles— 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. I. 351 In the<br />

meane while he taketh the helme into his hande, he vaileth<br />

the fore^aile, and..laboreth to come out of the darke sea.<br />

'634-5 Breretom Trav. (Chetham Soc.) 3 We vailed our<br />

topsail, and. .it being answered that we were of London and<br />

bound for Rotterdam, we were dismissed.<br />

Ae- «589 Greene Menaphon Wks. (Grosart) VI. a8 If he<br />

wilt her to keepe a low sayle, she will vayle al her sheete.<br />

b. esp. To lower as a salute or in acknowledgement<br />

of inferiority. Chiefly with bonnet as object.<br />

Sometimes y?^. (Cf. a b.)<br />

(a) 1509, a x5a9 [see Bonnet sh. 2]. 1560 Daus tr.<br />

Sleidan^s Comm. 365 The french Captaine. .signified vnto<br />

them that for honoure sake, after the olde accustomed<br />

facion, they shuld vaile their bonnets, strike saile, and<br />

hatlse her with shoting of their ordinaunce. 1613 Purchas<br />

Pilgyimage (1614) 730 Mysians, Troyans, Tynans yaile<br />

your bonnets, strike your top-sailesto this Indian- Admiral 1.<br />

1633 Sir J. Burroughs Sov. Brit. Seas (1651) 62 Divers<br />

Ships.. that have constantly kept the Narrow Seas, unto<br />

which all strangers even at this day vaile Bonnet in<br />

acknowlegement of this Superioritie. 1678 Marvell Growth<br />

Popery Wks- 1875 IV. 283 The pretended causes [of war]<br />

were made publick, which were, the not having vailed bonnet<br />

to the English yacht [etc.).<br />

(^) 1631 Hevwood Fair Maid 0/ West i. iv, It did me<br />

good To see the Spanish Carvel vail her top Unto my<br />

maiden flag. 1653 "• Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xix. 68 In<br />

token of joy they gave a great shout, and withall vailing<br />

their top sails in shew of obedience.<br />

•\'^,<br />

fig, a. To abase, humble, or lower (one's<br />

courage, the heart, etc.) ; to submit, subject, or<br />

yield (one thing) to (another). Obs,<br />

158X Stamyhurst /Eneis iv. (Arb.) 98 Also let cure Dido<br />

vayle her hert too bedfeloe Troian. c 159a Marlowe ^ew<br />

0/Malta V. ii, Now vaile your pride you captiue Christians.<br />

160a J. Daviks (Hcref.) Mirutn in Modum Wks. (Grosart)<br />

I. 15/2 Vaile, vaile thy thoughts, th' imaginations vaile,<br />

Vnto the depth of all profundities. 1649 Bp. Hall Cases<br />

Cofisc. i. (1650) 2 There can be no reason why you should<br />

vail your owne just advantage to another mans excesse. 1654<br />

Owen Saints' PersezK iv. Wks, i8_5i XI. an Expressing<br />

much confidence that the world of saints . . will vail their faith<br />

and understanding to his dictates. 18*7 Scott Surg. Dan. v.<br />

When his gold-laced hat veiled its splendour before the<br />

fresher mounted beavers of the 'prentices of Dr. Gray.<br />

b. To strike or cast down, rare-"^,<br />

1590 Greene Orl. Fur. v. i, Then maist thou think that<br />

Mars himself came down To vaiie thy plumes and faeaue<br />

thee from thy pompe.<br />

II. intr. t6. To fall {down)\ to descend. Obs.<br />

c 1400 Rowland e hare on his<br />

eye hdd, Abouen J»e bolnyng.. -Be fore t>e mete, it vale,<br />

fc. Of a storm : To<br />

abate, cease, Obs~^<br />

1606 Sylvester Tropheis 235 Wks. (Grosart) II. 241 The<br />

Stormes that long disturb'd the State arc val'd.<br />

6. Of a bonnet or banner: To be doffed or<br />

lowered in token of respect or submission,<br />

c 1550 A pore helpe 214 m Hazl. E. P. P. III. 260 And<br />

telles them suche a tale As makes theyr bonettes vale. 1743<br />

Pope Dune. iv. 20^ His [i.e. Bentley's] Hat, which never<br />

vaird to human pride, Walker withrev'rcnce took, and laid<br />

aside. i8s6 Mrs. Shelley Last Man II. 15 The inhabit.<br />

ants in thousands were assembled to give him hail,, .the<br />

soldiery presented arms, the banners vailed.<br />

•f* 7. To drop or sail down stream or with the<br />

tide. Also with down. Obs.<br />

1^ St. Papers Hen. VIII, X. 118 Our other shippes,<br />

which be already valed. 1553 in Hakluvi Voy.^x^t^Z) I. 234<br />

We departed from Detford, passing by Greenwich.. and so<br />

valed unto Blackwall. 1598 Hakluyt Ibid. 367 Wee departed.,<br />

before Sunne rising and valed downe the riuer<br />

sometime sailing, and sometime rowing.<br />

to<br />

15<br />

+ 8, To bow or bend down to the ground in<br />

obeisance or salutation. Obsr""^<br />

c_iS93 Marlowe Hero ^ Leander i. 159 There Hero..<br />

Vaild to the ground, vailing her eie-lids close, And modestly<br />

they opened as she rose.<br />

III. absol. 1 9. Naut. To lower the sail, (Cf.<br />

3.) Also in fig. context. Obs.<br />

iSia in Rymer Foedera (1710) XIII. 330 No Vessell of<br />

the Flete vale or plukke doun his Saill unto such tyme as<br />

the Admiral hath valed. c\^^ Marlowe Je^uof Malta \\.<br />

ii. Because we vail'd not to the Turkish Fleet. i6ox B.<br />

}q^s,o-h Poctasterwx.'w^ What, will he saile by, and not once<br />

strike, or vaile to a Man of warre ? 1650 Weldon Crt,<br />

Jos. /, 49 A Dutch Man of Warre comming by that Ship,<br />

would not vail, as the manner is, acknowledging by that,<br />

our Soveraignty over the Sea.<br />

10. To doff or take off the cap or hat {to a person,<br />

etc).<br />

1599 ^' JoNSON Ev. Man out o/Hum. v. iv, xst Cup. The<br />

health of that honourable countess.. .2Mrt?C7am noght again, c 1340 Hampole<br />

Proie Tr. 3 Na thynge . .sa . . dos awaye coryous and vayne<br />

ocupacyons fra vs. 1387 Trevisa Higden {KoWs) VII. 135<br />

Witebal-.men l^at the power of kynges is vayne. C1450<br />

Mirk's Festial 64 To put away all maner worldes vanyte,<br />

and vayn murthe, and reuell. 1484 Caxton Fables offEsop<br />

I. V, For the loue of a vayn thynge men ought not to leue<br />

that whiche is certeyn. 1599 Supplic. to A7«.f (E.E.T.S.)<br />

23 Such wayne, vngodly, and vnprofitable lerninge. 1560<br />

Daus tr, Sleidane's Comm. 102 b, Many wouide judge that<br />

promesse to he vayne. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World u. (1614)<br />

372 After which victorie it is said that Jephta performed the<br />

vaine vow which he made. j66a Stilliscfl. Orig. Sacrx<br />

II. iii. §6 Certainly God.. will never alter the course of<br />

nature, meerly for satisfaction of mens vain curiosities. 1713<br />

Steele En?lishtn. No. 7, Without a natural Talent, all the<br />

Acquirements of Learnmg are vain. 1759 Franklin Ess,<br />

Wks. 1840 III. 525 The remainder of that day. .was wasted<br />

in a vain discussion. i8oj Mar. Edgewobth Moral T,<br />

(1816) I. xiii. 103 It was vain for him to attempt any exflanation.<br />

A1853 Robrrtsom Serm. Ser. in. xiv, (1866) 178<br />

n vain regrets for the past, in vainer resolves for the


VAIW. 16 VAINGLORY.<br />

fittore. 1871 Ri'SKiN £ag/f*s A'. §177 All literature, art,<br />

and science are \'ain, and worse, if they do not enable you<br />

10 be glad.<br />

fi. 1303 R. Brukne Htmdl. Syntu 5350 Y rede J>ou jelde<br />

hyt aien, f^* saluacjnin >-s dies alle veyn. 1390 Gower<br />

Cmf. Prol. i. 1 1 The vein honour was noght desired, Which<br />

hath the proude hene fyred. 14*6 Lydg. De Guit. Pitgr.<br />

1291 Thanne me scmpte yt was but yeyn, Mor for me to<br />

speke ageyn. a 1450 Mankind 846 in Macro Plays 3a<br />

Beware of wej^ confidens of mercy, c 1500 Lancelot 382<br />

Drem>*s..ben thingis weyn, of non affek.<br />

Y. a 1450 Mankind 533 in Macro Plays 20 He xall wene<br />

grace were wane, isoo-ao Dunbar Poems xii. 39 Wirk for<br />

the joy that lestis evir ; For vder joy is all hot vane. 1596<br />

Dalhymplk tr. Leslie's Hist Scot. I. 105 That rathir thay<br />

appeir nocht to be spokne of a vane ostentatione, than of<br />

toe veritie.<br />

t b. Of material things : Useless, worthless. Obs.<br />

1576 LvTE Dodoens 384 C>*claminus altera hath an un.<br />

promable and vaine roote. 1596 Spenser F, Q. iv. ii. 48<br />

Most wretched men, whose dayes depend on thrids so<br />

vaine. 1769 Sir W. Jones Palace Fortune Poems (1777) 20<br />

His spear, vain instrument of dying praise.<br />

C. Trivial, unimportant. rare~^.<br />

1731 Pope Ep. Burlington 29 Imitating-Fools, Who. . Load<br />

some vain Church with old Theatric state, Turn Arcs of<br />

triumph to a Garden-gate.<br />

+ 2. Empty, vacant, void. Also const. ^ Obs.<br />

1381 WvcLiF Gen. \. a The erthe forsothe was veyn withyniw<br />

and void. C1400 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) iv. xxix,<br />

(1859) 62 Alle folke the alouteth and abeyetb, and thou arte<br />

vevDe, and voyde of al maner of vertue. >5i3 Douglas<br />

J^neid 1. Prol. 19 With dull forhede and wane. With ruide<br />

engine and barrand emptive brane. 1544 Exhort, in Priv,<br />

Prayers (1851) 568 Outwardly shewing a ^reat pretence of<br />

holiness, and being vatn of true godliness inwardly. [x8aa<br />

Shellsv tr. Calderon's Mag. Prodig. iii. 166 Such melancholy<br />

. .is Skilful in forming such in the vain air Out of the<br />

motes and atoms of the day.)<br />

8. Of persons: Devoid of sense or wisdom ; foolish,<br />

silly, thoughtless; of an idle or futile nature or<br />

disposition. Now rare or Obs,<br />

tygo GowER ConJ". I. 217 Wherof he wax so proud an^<br />

vein, That he his fader in desdeign Hath take, c 1400 Destr,<br />

Troy 4384 At Vaxor l>e vayn pepuU voidly honourit Bachian.<br />

c 1450 tr. De hnitatione i. vii. 8 He is veyne t>at putti^ his<br />

hope in men or in creatures, 1535 Covkrdale James \\.<br />

30 Wilt thou vnderstonde o thou vayne man that faith<br />

with out dedes is deed? 1568 Grafton Chron. II, 106<br />

Diuerse vaine persons bruted dayly among the Commons of<br />

the realme, that Christ bad twise apered vnto him. 1590<br />

Shaks. Com. Err. 111. ii. 185 This I ihinke, there's no man<br />

is so vaine, That would refuse so faire an offer'd Chaine.<br />

ax63x Donne Poems^ IVomoft's Constancy^ Vaine lunatique,<br />

against these scapes I could Dispute, and conquer,<br />

if I would. 1663 Bp. Patrick Parab. Pilgr. xx. (1687) 210<br />

If it., would make you a medler in other mens matters (as<br />

most of our vain Believers are). 1784 Cowper Ttroc. 754<br />

(Art notl thou at best, and in thy sob'rest mood, A trifler<br />

vain? x8ia J. Wilson Isle 0/ Palms i. 587 Hushl hush!<br />

thou vain dreamer 1 this hour is her last. x8x9 Shelley<br />

Cenci V. iii. 36 So that our hatr should sweep The footsteps<br />

of the vain and senseless crowd.<br />

absol. c 1^50 [see 7 aj. 1^781 Cowper Conversai. 590 Is<br />

sparkling wit . . The nxt fee-simple of the vain and light ? 1817<br />

Shelley Rev. Islam ix. xiv. The peace of slavery, With<br />

which old times. .bad quelled the vain and free.<br />

4. Given to or indulging in personal vanity<br />

having an excessively high opinion of one*s own<br />

appearance, attainments, qualities, possessions, etc.;<br />

delighting in, or desirous of attracting, the admiration<br />

of others ; conceited. Also absol.<br />

x69a Dryden Eteonora loi For to be conscious of what<br />

all admire, And not be vain, advances vertue high'r. 1703<br />

KvELVN Diary Feb., She..! believe carried with her out oT<br />

this vain nation above ^looo. i76a-^x H. Walpole Vertue^s<br />

Anecd. Paint. (i;?86) III. 56 Perceiving the poor man to be<br />

immoderately vain, he piqued him to attempt portraits.<br />

1833 Lytton Eugene A. 1. x, It might teach the vainest to<br />

forswear vanity.<br />

18J7 Buckle Civiliz. I. x. 609 The vain<br />

man, restless, insatiable, and always craving after the<br />

admiration of his contemporaries. 1884 F. M. Crawford<br />

Rom. Sitiger I. 18 The heart of the vain man is lighter<br />

than the heart of the proud.<br />

trans/. 1781 Cowper Cortversat, 366 The vainest corner<br />

of our own vain heart.<br />

b. Const, of.<br />

x6j»7 Drvden y^irg. Past. Pref., We deserve more compassion,<br />

because we are not vain of our Barbarities. 1749<br />

Fielding Tom Jones l viii, A good, honest, plain girl, and<br />

not vain of her face. 18*9 Lytton Devereux \. i, Between<br />

you and me, he was not a little vain of his leg. 1848<br />

Thackeray Van. /"o/rxxiv, The General., sate down to pen<br />

Skpoulet (he was exceedingly vain of his French) to Mademoiselle<br />

Am^naide.<br />

H. 5. In the advb. phrase In vain, to no effect<br />

or purpose; ineffectually, uselessly, vainly.<br />

After L. in vannm^ or OF. en vein (F. en vain, = It, in<br />

varto^ Sp. en vano, Pg. em vaa).<br />

a. a 1300 Cursor M. 16172 Of him he wend ha signes sene,<br />

For noght, al was in vain, ai^ Hampole Psalter xx. i<br />

That.. he spend noght his preciouse blode in vayn on vs.<br />

1375 Barbour Brme iv. 48 Bot J>at trawaill \f^\ maid in<br />

wayne. 142a Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. ig8 Thar Prayer<br />

was not in wayne. c 1470 Henry Wallace 11. 151 The more<br />

thai bad, the mor it was in wayne. 1535 Coverdale Job ii.<br />

3 Yet is it in vayne, for he contjmuetn still in his godly*<br />

Desse. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. \. xviL 20<br />

All was in vain, for there was no remedy but to obey. 1651<br />

HoBBES Levtatk. 11. xviii. 89 It is therefore in vain to grant<br />

Soverai^nty by way of precedent Covenant. 165)7 Dryden<br />

Virf. Georg. in. 394 Nor Bits nor Bridles ci..i his Rage restrain<br />

; And rugi^ed Rocks are interpos'd in vain. 1711<br />

Addison .V/ft/. No. 1 w-j The secret Satisfaction of thinking<br />

that I have not Lived in vain. 1751 Hume Ess.


VAINGLOBY.<br />

o. a 1300 Cursor M. 26933 Noght als intent o waynglori,<br />

Orals ))is ypocrites dos. es, Auauntyng vp-on my veine<br />

glorie for eny vndernymynge. c 1430 tr. De Imitatione m.<br />

xlv. 116 Verily, veyn glory is an euel pestilence & grettist<br />

vanyte. 1484 Caxton Fables 0/Avian vi, He that laketh<br />

within hym self vayne gloiye of that thynge by the whiche<br />

he shold humble hym self is a very fole. 1535 JoYE Apol.<br />

Tindale (Arb.) 22 For he that doth a thing secretly, . , how<br />

seketh he vaynglory ? 1583 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's<br />

Voy. IV. xxxiv. 156 b. Through the. .increase of their power,<br />

they fell into such a vainglory and arrogancy. 1637 in<br />

Foster Eng. Factories India (1909) IH. 174 Their trade. .is<br />

not augmented but deminnished by vayneglorie and unnecessarie<br />

disburcements. 1636 Eaih Monm. tr. Boccalinis<br />

Advis. /r. Parnass. 1. xxxv. (1674) 44 Tamberlan the<br />

Scythian . . had the vain-glory to be called the Emperor of<br />

the East. 1710 Norris Ckr. Prud. vii. 309 Vainglory,<br />

whereby Men affect a great many dry and insipid Studies<br />

..only to please others, and procure from them a blind<br />

Admiration. 178a Miss Burnev Cecilia vii. v. Thus have I<br />

..acknowledged my vain-glory. 1841 Helps Ess., Exerc.<br />

Benevolence (1875) 34 That portion of his thinking time<br />

which he spends upon vain-glory, upon imagining, for instance,<br />

what other people are thinking about him. 1878 B.<br />

Taylor Deukalion lii. ii. 106 The wisdom of the world?<br />

Nay : 'tis vain-glory.<br />

S. 1390 Gower Con/. 1 1. 35 Bot he such veine gloire hadde<br />

Of that he was set upon hyh. c 1415 Wyntoun Cron. iv.<br />

2610 ni vsurpe til hym J>at nayme It war bot wayne glore<br />

or defame, oisoo Rails Raving, etc 3644 To schaw hire<br />

proud, at men may see. Is pryd, wanglore, and vanite. 1500ao<br />

Dunbar Poems ix. iiB, I synnit. . In fals vane gloir and<br />

deidis negligent<br />

b. In the fia. for vainglory.<br />

C1380 Wyclif IVJts. (1880) 3 Men doon t>is nouelrie for<br />

vein gbrie. 1387 Thevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 367 Som<br />

men telle); l>at Anstotil made his bookcs so schortliche and<br />

so hard for cnvie and for vaynglorie. a 1548 Hall Chrou.,<br />

Hen. ly, 23 He .. mervailed that the duke..wolde nowe<br />

for vainglory under colour of doyng dedes of Armcs..<br />

violate the peace.<br />

c. As a personal name, or in personified nse.<br />

c 1400 St. Alexius (Laud MS.) X004 Hou his fader sergeauntz<br />

alle, veyn glorie gonne hym calle. And gorre on hym<br />

gonne browe. 14.. Wky I can't be Nun 228 in E.E. P.<br />

(1862) 144 Dame sclowthe and dame veyne glory. i<br />

•" vaincnes of this life is greater then the profit.<br />

1648 W. Browne Polexena v. i. 284, I knew the vainnesse<br />

of my hopes, and the just cause Alcidiana had to punish my<br />

boldnesse. 1719 D Urfev Pills (.872) IV. 303 Beauty<br />

shew d the vainess of Defence, When Phillis does Invade.<br />

X849 Robertson Serm. Ser. 1. xix. (i86«) 314 Pilate, feeling<br />

the vainness . . of these pretensions. 189a At/uxattm 18 June<br />

790/1 i. he vainness of this and that creed.<br />

b. Vanity, esp. personal vanity or conceit Now<br />

rare,<br />

a iS8« SiDNEV Ps. XXVI. iii, I did not them frequent. Who<br />

be to vainesse bent. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, v. Prol. 20 Free<br />

Irom vain-nesse, and selfe-glorious pride. 160a Palfreyman<br />

Baldwin s Mor. Pkilos. 1. 12 Hee despised .. much all vainnesse<br />

of apparell. 1645 Wither Vox Pacifica 19 The vice*<br />

and the vainnesse of thy tongue. 2815 Coleridge Lett,<br />

Lonvers., etc. II. 179 Mr. Chance is a self.satisfied man, but<br />

of the very best sort... I regard such vainness but as the<br />

overflow of humanity.<br />

t o. Foolishness, stupidity. Obs.-'^<br />

1591 Spenser Vis. Worlds Vanitie vi, O how great<br />

vainnesse is it then to scorne The weake.<br />

t Vainquer. Obs. rare. In 5 vaynquer, Sc.<br />

vainour. [a. OF. vainqu{t)erre , veittqueor, etc.<br />

(mod.F. vaittqueur), f. vaincre to conquer.] A<br />

conqueror, vanquisher, victor.<br />

1456 Sir G. Have Law Arms (S.T.S.) 272 Thare cummys<br />

the vaincur, askand jugment of rycht. 1481 Caxton God/rey<br />

ecu. 296 Ihenne made they.moche ioye & grete, as doon<br />

the vaynquers and conquerours whan they departe ^ thevr<br />

gayne.<br />

t~ 3<br />

tVain^UeresS. Obs.-^ In 6 venqueresse.<br />

[a. OF. vainqueresse, veinq- : see prec] A female<br />

conqueror or vanquisher.<br />

0.S13 Vkwkh Chrou. VI. clxxx. (1811) 178 Elfleda that<br />

shel— heldes.. so . ofte „,.^^ dyd u,u rayse i*ysc Agayne rtgayne her ner enemyes, this tbis noble noble<br />

venqueresse Virago and made, whose venue can I nat<br />

expresse.<br />

vair (ve»j), sb. Forms : 4 velr(e, veyr(o, 5<br />

feyre ; 4, 6-8 vaire, 4, 8- vair, Sc. wayre, 7 vayre,<br />

9 dial, vare, fare, viare, etc. [a. OF. vair,<br />

veir (also nom. vairs) :—L. varium, ace. sing,<br />

masc. of varius parti-coloured. Cf. med.L. varius<br />

also vairus, vayrus, veyrus (from OF.), and vaju's<br />

(from It. vajo), in the same sense.]<br />

1. A fur obtained from a variety of squirrel with<br />

grey back and white belly, much used in the 13th<br />

and 14th centuries as a trimming or lining for garments.<br />

Now only arch.<br />

Colgrave's definition of F. vair as ' a rich furre of Ermines<br />

powdered thicke with blue haires ' is app. unsupported by<br />

1. In a vain or futile manner; without advantage,<br />

profit, or success ; to no effect or purpose •<br />

; in vain<br />

'<br />

uselessly, fruitlessly, ineffectually.<br />

138a Wvci^ip yames iv. 5 Wher weenen ?e, that veynlv<br />

RolE?"vn ' ',^! ,'387 1 "svisA<br />

TV!"'' Higden<br />

''J"" '^i""'-<br />

„ h. llif<br />

3'' "»f'- trowed<br />

'.I /°[*,"^'f"' vaynly for<br />

to -- be -----".«-« defended and -..« helped ...;.p.:u by uy ,oure ^ourc prayers. ' '»"°»'!<br />

LS."t*'^'''"'i*''"v,"'' hope To<br />

"««h" vainly<br />

be invulnerable,<br />

,69s Ld. Preston Boeth. .. ,2<br />

rtion of this vairefyou shall<br />

the very<br />

eiily^disceme<br />

shape of the case or skinne of little beasts in<br />

l6aa Peacham them<br />

C«„//. Gent. xv. (1906) 194 Qu« e'r?<br />

and Vaire. GuS<br />

.637 Camden's Rem. 209 Hubert de Burg?<br />

. who bare for his Armes . in a Shield, Gules seven Lozenfes<br />

"""".' 5' Chambers Cycl. s.v.<br />

3|J- , f'* Furr, The<br />

use two HeraUs<br />

Metals,. .and two Furrs, or hairy Skins Ermin^<br />

and Vaire. 17« Porny Heraldry iii. (j^yfC^l'vJh^'Pn<br />

po.ntoT Vair.e,^tal, is said when the poini o? a Vair U<br />

opposite to the Base of another. 1816 Gentl. Mag March<br />

223 A fesse between two chevrons Vaire. c 1818 Bfrry<br />

Encycl. Her. I. Gloss., Vair cuppa, or Vair TasVy is bv<br />

niost writers upon heraldry, considered a kind of fur 'and<br />

shaped in the form of cups or goblets by divisions potent<br />

counter-potent. 1864 Boutell Her. Hist. ^ Pop iv (ed 3)<br />

20 Vair, Counter Vair,. .are always Argent and Azure,<br />

unless other tinctures are named in the blazon.<br />

t Vair, a. Obs.-^ Sc. In .5 wayre, •wa(i)re.<br />

[a. OF. vair, veir:—I., varium: see prec. and<br />

Vary a.] Varied or variegated in colour<br />

c 14.5 WVNTOUN Cron. i. v. 217 The brukyd bestys and<br />

vS^ '"• K ''"o^' "/'^!) ''= 6"' depart fra quhyt & fayre.<br />

Vaird, obs. Sc. f. Ward.<br />

Vair(e. southern ME. varr. Fair a. and adv.<br />

tdl^rV- ^V J$''-'^^'"^*-] =VAiRTa.<br />

1058 Sir i. Browne Card. Cyrus ii HeraM= ri;c.


VAKE. 18 VALANCED.<br />

wode. $. 6 uai-, 7 vaiuoda; 7 valuod, 7-8<br />

T&irod (7 vavoyd), 7-9 vaivode, 8 vaiwode.<br />

[Ultimately ad, older Magyar vajvoda (now vajda).,<br />

representing the common Slavonic voj{e)voda<br />

VoivoDK. The immediate source is partly mod.L.<br />

vayvoda (cf. Sp., Pg., and It. vaivoda) or F. vay*<br />

vide. See also Waywode.] A local ruler or<br />

official in various parts of south-eastern Europe (in<br />

older use esp. in Transylvania).<br />

«. 1560 Daus ir. SUidatu's Comm, 71 He had an adver-<br />

1590 Sir<br />

sarye John Sepuse, the va>*uode of transsylvania. ^<br />

J. Smyth Disc. !^'ea/ons 44 b, In a great baitaile fought<br />

betwixt him and that (kmous Vayuod luan Huniades<br />

Comino. 1665 Manley Grotius' Lmv C. It 'ars 579 The one<br />

[sister]^ marrj^d to the King of Poland ; the other, to<br />

Sigbmund Battor, Prince or Vayvod of I'ransilvania. 1685<br />

Ltmd. Gms, No. 2070/2 The Vayvode Janco was drawing<br />

toscClier a great Body of Morlacks with a design to attack<br />

aonw pbce in the Province o( Bosnia. 1768 A»ft, Reg, 1. 19<br />

Cooat Potocki. V'aywode of Kiow, had no less than ten<br />

towns, and one hundred and thirty villages, destroyed in<br />

bis own territories.<br />

/ig, 1613 Dbkker DiMth Last Will Wks. (Grosart) 111.<br />

Behemah Dornschweyn,. .cbiefe Vayuode of Vsury,<br />

fjt<br />

ymony, Bribery, Periury, ..etc.<br />

3. 156a J. Shute tr. CambinTs Turk. Wars 7 John<br />

Uaiuoda sougbte to haue al the glorle of the victorietohim<br />

selfe. 1601 K. Johnson Kin^d. 4- Comntw. (1605) 51 The<br />

Vaiuods of Valachia, Moldauia and Transiluania hold their<br />

estates bjj vertue of this bribery. 1696 tr. Du Mont's Voy.<br />

Ltvant xix. 342 The Government of the Cities is manag'd<br />

by Five Kinds of Officers, the Bassa, Sub-Bassa, Vaivode,<br />

Cfadi and Receiver of the Customs. 1771 W, Guthrie's<br />

GeogT, (ed. 3) 114 Their ancient nobility were divided into<br />

koezes, or knazeys, boj-ars, and vaivods. 1776 Ann. Reg.<br />

n. 7 At .-Vihens. .his patrimony had suffered from the extortions<br />

of a tyrannical Vaiwode. 1833 Ellis Elgin Marbles<br />

I. 2 Lord Elgin then received very strongly expressed firmauns<br />

from the Porte, which were carried.. to the Vaivode<br />

of Athens and the Disdar of the Acropolis.<br />

trans/. 1618 BoLTOS Florus 11. xiv. (1636) 132 Andriscus. .,<br />

delivered up into our hand^ by that Vaivod, or petty King,<br />

of Thrace to whom hee had fled for succour.<br />

Vaije, southern ME. var. Fey a, Vak, obs.<br />

Sc. f. Wake v. Vakabonde, obs. f. Vacabond.<br />

tVake, f?. Obs. rare. [ad. L. z'^c-wkj.] Empty,<br />

2600 Holland Liiy i. xxxiii. 24 Whitest it stood void and<br />

vake, the old Latines had surprised and taken it. Ibid. xxiv.<br />

vii. 513 Certeine conspiratours.. possessed themselves of a<br />

vake house, standing over a narrow lane.<br />

t Vake, vaik, v. Sc. Obs. Forms : a. 5 wake,<br />

5-7 vake, 7 veak. ^. 5 wayk, 5-7 vaik, 6 walk,<br />

6-7 vaick, 7 vaike. [ad. L. vaC'dre to be empty :<br />

cf. prec. So OF. and F, vaquer^ Sp. and Pg. vacar,<br />

It. vacare. With the exception of quot. 1543 in<br />

I a the use of the word is entirely Scottish : cf.<br />

Vacand///. a^l<br />

1. inir. Of a benefice, office, or position : To<br />

become or fall vacant; also, to remain vacant or<br />

unfilled.<br />

Freq. from c 1550 to £'1650, esp. of ecclesiastical benefices.<br />

a. c 14x5 Wyntoun ChroH, v. 4110 (Cott.), Qwhen he was<br />

ded, J>an dayis nyne J>at se wakyt [IVeinyss MS. vaikit].<br />

X4s6 Sir G. Have Law Arms (S.T.S.) 223 For and the<br />

Archebtscbopryke of Ranis or Rowan vakit, and the chanouns<br />

wald ches ane Inglisman to be archebischop. 1513<br />

Douglas in IVks. (1874) I. p. ex, The beneficis and grete<br />

prelaceiis that wakts. 1543 Sentlecer in St. Papers<br />

Hen* Villi III. III. 485 Ther is a Statute here [at Waterfordl,..that<br />

when suche rombe shulde vake, ..they shoulde<br />

then electe and chose.. one IngUsheman. 1604 A. Seton in<br />

G. Seton Memoir (1883) iv. 57 Quhen eiuer onye place<br />

sould vake in onye maner.<br />

fr tf 1550 Lyndesav Tragedie 361 Quhen thare doith vaik<br />

ony benefyse. 1558 Kennedy Comp. Treat, in Misc.<br />

Wodrow Sec. (1844) 151 Gyf ane benefice vaick, the gret<br />

men of the realme wyll haue it ts-joSatir. Poems Re/orm.<br />

xviii. I03 Sic [a lord] as . . feiris God now sen the roume dois<br />

waik. 1639 Marq. of Hamilton Expl. Meaning Oath ^<br />

Covenant 16 [It] also declares, that all bishopricks vaick*<br />

ing, or that shall vaick, shall be only disponed to actuall<br />

preachers and ministers in the Kirk, a 1670 Spalding Troub.<br />

Chas. I (1851) U. 204 Thus Oswall cumis bak with this<br />

ansuer, and Doctor Forbes place still vaikis. 1696 in Home<br />

Papers (Hist. MSS. Comm) 271 The Justice Clerk. .dispo^<br />

of the Clerk to the Justice Court bis place when it<br />

vaikes.<br />

b. Of a tack or tenancy.<br />

\^%Rental Bk.Cupar^Angus{^%^


VALANCHB. 19 VALEDICTORY.<br />

«9 Oct. 533/1 A taH-masted schooner rode grandly in between<br />

the Heads, valanced with foam.<br />

t Valanche. Obs, rare. [ad. F. dial, (la)<br />

valatiche ^for F. f avalanche).'] = Avalanche.<br />

1766 Smollett Trav. xxxviiij Scarce a ycar^ passes in<br />

which some mules and their drivers do not perish by the<br />

valanches.<br />

Valanea, obs. f. Valoxia. Valay, obs. Sc. f.<br />

Valley. Vald, obs. Sc. var. would Will v.<br />

Vald(e, ME. var. Field sb. Valdenses, -Ian,<br />

van-. Waldenses, -ian. Valdinge, obs. Sc. var.<br />

Wielding vbi. sb. Valdois, obs. var. Vaudois.<br />

+ Val-dunk. Obs."^ (Meaning obscure.)<br />

1631 Brathwait IVkimzieSt IVine-soaker 102 By this time<br />

his cause is heard, and now this val-dunke growne rampantdrunke,<br />

would fight if hee knew how.<br />

Vale (v


. sun.<br />

VALE-DICTUM.<br />

II Vale-dictiun. Obs, rare, [U vale-dicium,<br />

neat. pa. pple. of vale-dtcere to say farewell.]<br />

= Valediction 2,<br />

1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 23 We have said<br />

enough : let my vaU'dtctum now be this ; the Land mournes<br />

[etc.), Ibid, 14a<br />

Valeie, obs. f. Valley.<br />

+ Valence ^. Obs, rare, [prob. the name of<br />

the French town Valence on the Rhone.] Some<br />

thin woven fabric.<br />

C1381 Chaucer PoH. FouUs 272 The remenaunt was wel<br />

keuerede to m>Ti pay Ryeh[tl with a subtyl couercheif of<br />

valence; Ther nas no thikkerc cloth of no defense, c 1430<br />

Lvoc. Min, Poems (Percy Soc.) 47 Upon hir hed a kerche of<br />

Valence, Noon other richesse of counterfet array.<br />

Valence 2<br />

Valescy.]<br />

(v^'l&is). [ad. L. vaieniia; see<br />

tL An extract or preparation (^/^ some herb)<br />

used in medicine. Obs,<br />

cx4as IT. Ardern/s Treat. /Vr^«/a,etc.69 J>is medicjTie is<br />

called tapsi ualencia . ; in |>e brissing . . putte in litel bi litcl of<br />

.<br />

oilc of rose, or vioteti or camamille, ^>at |>e valence may competently<br />

imbibe it. Ibid, 98 pis medyc[m]e is called Valence<br />

of scabious for )>e valow of it. Ibid.^ Valence of wormode<br />

is )ms made.<br />

t 2. Valour, courage ; = Valiancb i. Obs,<br />

a 1604 Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1633) 172 For his valence, he<br />

was called Coeur de Lyon, the Lyons heart.<br />

3. Ckem, = Valency 3. (See also quot. 1902.)<br />

Cf. Equivalence 2 and Quantivalence.<br />

1884 American VIII. 300 To what extent is the Hypo-<br />

thesb of ' Valence ' or * Atomicity ' of Value in explaining<br />

Chemical Reactions. 190a Foriru Rev. June 1018 Meanwhile,<br />

it is clear that the ' valence ', the ffMrn/'^r of electrical<br />

charges [in poisonsj^ plays an important part.<br />

Valenoe, var. Valance sb,'^<br />

Valencia (vale'nj'a). Also Valentia. [See def.]<br />

L attrib. Of or pertaining to, cultivated in or<br />

obtained from, Valencia, a province and town<br />

of eastern Spain.<br />

1796 KiBWAN Elem, Min, (ed. 2) I. 207 The Stones commoDly<br />

called Valentia garnets are.. of this species. ..They<br />

may be the garnets of Spain, mentioned in..Raab's Catalogue.<br />

x8aa A. T. Thomson Dispensatory 150 The Valentia<br />

almond is a sweet, large, flat almond, pointed at one extremity.<br />

1858 Homans Cycl. Commerce xs^'nl"^ In Europe,<br />

the Valencia oranges are eagerly sought after, on account of<br />

their early appearance, large size, and beautiful color.<br />

2. A mixed fabric mainly employed for waist-<br />

coats, having a wool weft with a warp of silk, silk<br />

and cotton, or linen, and tisually striped. ChieBy<br />

in pi.<br />

1850 in OciLviE. 1851 Caial. GU Exhih, 49o/« Fancy<br />

vesting called valencias or loilinets. Ibid. 11 15/2 Toilinets<br />

and valentias. x88a Caulff.ild & Saward Diet. Needlew,<br />

510/1 Valentias are produced at Spitalfields, and many are<br />

showy in appearance.<br />

3. ellipt. in //. Valencia almonds or raisins ;<br />

raisins similar to those of Valencia.<br />

i867SiMMoNDsZ>/W. Tra^* Suppl. 460/1 Fa/


VALENTINIAN.<br />

1851 Meredith Pastorals^ Poems 104 Shall the birds in<br />

vain then valentine their sweethearts? 1885 — Thrush in<br />

Feb. i, I know him, February's thrush, And loud at eve he<br />

valentines.<br />

2. intr. (See quots.) dial.<br />

1854 Miss Baker Northampt, Gloss. 373 Valentining,<br />

children going from house to house, the morning of St.<br />

Valentine's day, soliciting small gratuities. 1864 Children's<br />

Prize Feb. 22 'Ihe little fellow had cried bitterly till she had<br />

' '.<br />

given him leave to go Valcntining<br />

Valentinian<br />

(vselenti'nian), so. and a. Also<br />

7 -ean. [See def.]<br />

A. sb. A follower of the Egyptian theologian<br />

Valentinus (fl. c 150), founder of a Gnostic sect.<br />

c 1449 Pecock Repr. v, iiL 497 The sect of Valentynyanys,<br />

whiche hclden that Crist took no thing of Maries bodL<br />

1565 Stapleton tr. Staphylus' Apot. 168 b, The conflictes<br />

of Irenee with the Valentinians. 1579 Fulke Heskins' Pari.<br />

2 As the olde <strong>Here</strong>tiques the Valentinians did. x6i6<br />

BuLLOKAR En^. Expos., Valentiniafis^ certaine heretikes<br />

. .who held opinion that our Sauiour receiued not his flesh<br />

of the blessed virgin Mary. 170a tr. Le Clere's Prim.<br />

Fathers 15 The Valentinians .. learned what they said concerning<br />

the Generation of their /Eones, of Hesiod. 1788<br />

Gibbon Decl. cd by mineral acids,<br />

Valereue. Chem, [f. as prec + -ene.] (See<br />

quots.)<br />

18^ W. Gregory Handbk. Org. Ckem. 337 Valerenc.is<br />

obtained as one of the products of the action of zinc on<br />

iodide of amyle. 1863 Watts Diet. Chem, I. 626 Borneene.<br />

VaUrene. Ci'H".—A liquid hydrocarbon, isomeric with oil<br />

of turpentine.<br />

Valereus, obs. Sc. f. Valobous a.<br />

Valerian (van»rian). Also 4-5 valirian^ 5<br />

valariau, 5-6 valeryan(e, 6 valeriane. [ad. OF.<br />

valeriafte (mod.F. valeriane) or med.L. Valeriana<br />

(also It,, Sp., and Pg.% app. the fem. sing, of the<br />

L.adj. ValerianuSti. the personal name Valerius.']<br />

1. One or other of the various species of herbaceous<br />

plants belonging to the widely-distributed<br />

genus l/aleriana, many of which have been used<br />

medicinally as stimulants or antispasmodics.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol.


VALET. 22 VALHALLA.<br />

Studies his master's temper and caprices. 1885 Aihenxum<br />

36 Sept. 393/2 The chief characters in his plays are heavy<br />

fathers and confidential valets.<br />

Jig. 1837 Carlvle /^"r, Etv. 1. 1. i. Which would not end<br />

till * France * (La France, as she named her royal valet)<br />

finally mustered heart to see Choiseul.<br />

2. Afi/. A footman acting as attendant or servant<br />

to a horseman. rar£. (Cf. Varlet i b.)<br />

1591 Garrard's Art Wetrrt 260 There be.. two quarters<br />

for horsemen, the which their vallets are to entrench with a<br />

smal trench. 1831 tr. Sismondis Ital. R*s of Gloria, he had always valeted himself.<br />

absol. 1885 G. Allen Babylon xv. But can he valet, I<br />

wonder ?<br />

Hence Vs'leting vbl. sb.<br />

1857 Hughes To/n Brown i. iii. He would have gone<br />

without nether integuments altogether, sooner than nave<br />

had recourse to female valeting. 1861 Mrs. Carlvle Lett.<br />

III. 77, I have all the valeting to do myself.<br />

II Valetaille (valeta'y). [F., f va/etVALSt sb.1<br />

A number or retinue of valets.<br />

1858 Caklyle Fredk. Gt, vii. iii. (1872) II. 266 No end of<br />

military valetaille, chiePy 'janizaries' in Turk costume.<br />

1863 H. Marryat Year in Siveden 1. 284 The rest of the<br />

valetaille were closely incarcerated.<br />

II Valet-de-chambre (vaU ds Jahbr). Also<br />

7 valett-, 7-8 valette ; 7 vally, 8 vale ; 8 valet<br />

de shamber, 8-9 valet de sham, 9 valley-desham.<br />

[F. , lit. * chamber-valet *.] « Valet sb. i<br />

a. 1646 Chas. I Lett, to Q. Henrietta M, (Camden) 60<br />

One Dubose, valett-de«chambre to the Queen Regent, 1655<br />

Nicholas P. (Camden) II. 291 There finding a valet de<br />

chambre attending, the Marquis wild him to tell the prince<br />

I was there. 1711 Addison Sped, No. 106 r 2 You would<br />

take his Valet de Chambre for his Brother. 1764 Foote<br />

Patron n. 31 It has been said, and I believe with some<br />

shadow of truth, that no man is a hero to his valet de<br />

chambre. 178a V. Knox Ess. No. 32. 147, I dare say, you<br />

remember a shrewd remark of a writer, whose name I cannot<br />

recollect, That no great man ever appeared great in<br />

the eyes of his valet de chambre. 1839 Dickens Nickleby<br />

xxvii), With noiseless tread two valets-de-chambre advanced<br />

into the room. 1862 Aide Carr of C. III. 36 Though our<br />

valets-de-chambre know us to be no heroes, it is clearly<br />

their interest to make us appear such in the eyes of the<br />

world.<br />

p. 1678 in Pollock Popish Plot App. B. (1903) 384 A vally<br />

de chambre to the Lord Bellasis. vjo^ O. Dykes Eng,<br />

Prov. (ed. 2) 135 By the conversation of an illiterate Coxcomb<br />

of a Vale De Chambre. 1776 Foote Capuchin i.<br />

Wks. 1799 II. 384 His old shopman, whom he keeps as his<br />

valet de sham. 1791 O'Keeffe l^Hd Oats \. \, I wish you<br />

hadn't made me your valet de shamber, 1853 W. Irving<br />

Li/e ff Lett. (1864) IV. 124 The door was opened by Mr.<br />

Gray's factotum and valley-de-sham Phil.<br />

Hence Valet-de-chambresliip.<br />

1779 J. Moore View Soc. Fr. (1793) 1. 14 His dexterity and<br />

intelligence in the science of valet-de-chambreship.<br />

II Valet-de-place (vak da plas). [F., lit.<br />

' place-servant .] A man who acts as a[ guide to<br />

strangers or tourists; a cicerone.<br />

1750 Chesterf. Lett. (1774) II. xiii. 52 You will have your<br />

coach,.. your own footman, and a valet de place. 179a C.<br />

Smith Desmond III. 267 A Frenchman, who had formerly<br />

served me as valet de place. x8i8 Gentt. Mag. Nov. 406/2<br />

We chose rather to stroll out alone, than to put ourselves<br />

under the direction of a valet-de-place. x886 Ruskin Time<br />

^ Tidetn, I asked a valet-de-place at Meurice's what people<br />

were cenerally going to [for amusement],<br />

Valetry Cvae-letri). [f. Valet sb.'\ Valets<br />

collectively; the office or quality of a valet.<br />

1806 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. IV. 24^ Hospitals for<br />

decayed valetry and dependents of ministerial land-owners.<br />

'853 James Agnes Sorell. 191 The cutler, .could not forbear<br />

some grumbling observations upon valets and valetry.<br />

1880 Swinburne Stud. Shaks. 97 Work fitter for ushers<br />

and embalmers and the general valetry or varletry of Church<br />

aod State;<br />

tValetude. Obs. rare. Also valitude. [ad.<br />

L. valetiido, valtiudo state of health, f. valere to be<br />

well or strong.] a. Good health, b. Condition<br />

as to health.<br />

ais6oRoLLANDCr/. Venus u. 106 Thair was worschip with<br />

welthand \-alitude.. .Thair was meiknes weil mixt withmansuetude.<br />

1613 Cockeram i, Valetude, health or sicknesse.<br />

1657 ToMLiNSON Renou's Disp. 261 Esula..is frequently<br />

used to the valitude of many, and the death of more.<br />

tl Valetudinaire, a. and sb. rare, [F. valetudinatre.]<br />

= Yaletudinaky.<br />

168a Warburton Nist. Guernsey (1822) 131 One, that is<br />

val^tudinaire, may, in the time of his sickness, contract with<br />

any relation or stranger to take care of him. 1715 Pope<br />

Farew. to Lond. x. Still idle, with a busy air, Deep whimsies<br />

to contrive ; The gayest valetudinaire, Most thinking rake,<br />

alive.<br />

Valetudinarian (vseli'tiKdinea-rian), sb. and<br />

a. [See Valetudinary a. and -ian.]<br />

A. sK A person in weak health, esp. one who is<br />

constantly concerned with his own ailments; an<br />

invalid.<br />

1703 Daupier Voy. III. i. 81 Many of our English Valetudinarians<br />

have gone from Jamaica . . to the I. Caimanes, .<br />

to live wholly upon Turtle that abound there. 1746 R.<br />

James Health''s Improv. Introd. 45 Such who have very<br />

strong Constitutions, are more liable to pestilential Disorders,<br />

and putrid Fevers, than Valetudinarians. 1787 Genii. Mag.<br />

Dec. 1056/2 Every one knows how hard a task it is to cure<br />

a valetudinarian. 1832 J. A. Heraud Voy. ^ Mem. Mid'<br />

shipntan vi. (1837) 102 The hot springs and medicinal<br />

vapours.. must at a very early period have excited the<br />

attention of valetudinarians. 1880 L. Stephen Pope iv. 92<br />

Naturally, he fell into many of the self-indulgent and<br />

troublesome ways of the valetudinarian.<br />

Jig. 1712 BuDGELL sped. No. 395 F 10 These are a kind<br />

of Valetudinarians in Chastity. 1777 Sheridan School for<br />

Scand. I. i, True, madam! there are Valetudinarians in<br />

reputation as well as constitution. 1873 Goulburn Pers.<br />

Reli^. 11. V. 81 The man becomes a valetudinarian in<br />

religion, full of himself, his symptoms, his ailments, the<br />

delicacy of his moral health.<br />

B. adj. = Valetudinaey £?.<br />

1713 Derham Phys.'Theol. iii. iv. (1727) 72 An admirable<br />

Easement, .to the valetudinarian, feeble Part of Mankind.<br />

1740 Chevne Ess. Regimen i. The Scorbutic, Gouty, Consumptive,<br />

or Nervous Valetudinarian-low-livers. 1751<br />

Earl Orrerv Rem. Sivift (1752) 113 His fortune exempted<br />

him from care and solHcitude. His valetudinarian habit of<br />

body from intemperance. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics<br />

(i860) II. 118 The valetudinarian devotee becomes more and<br />

more the puppet of his spiritual doctor. 18^3 Jowett Plato<br />

(ed. 2) III. 283 Asclepius did not instruct his descendants in<br />

valetudinarian arts.<br />

Hence ValetadizLaTianism, the condition of a<br />

valetudinarian ; tendency to be in weak health or<br />

to be much concerned about one's own health.<br />

i8s9 Eraser's Mag. XIX. 52 Those traces of laborious<br />

valetudinarianism and nervous sensibility. 1868 W. R.<br />

Greg Lit.


VALI.<br />

Gladstone (1904)<br />

Walhalla.<br />

56 Neither Pitt nor Peel lives in my<br />

li Vali (vah--). [Turk. (Arab.) ^j valU Cf.<br />

Wall] A cinl governor of a Turkish province or<br />

vilayet.<br />

The form vali^ occurs in thetransl. of Chardin's Coronai.<br />

Solyman (1686) 34.<br />

1753HANWAY yVor. (1762) II. V. iii. 139 Vachtanga.. ought<br />

. .to have succeeded him in the dignity of vaii of Georgia.<br />

187s R. Wilson tr. Figrier^s Hum. Race 284 A vali and<br />

council is at the head of the administration of each government<br />

or ' vilayet '. 1897 Outing XXIX. 387 The Vali, . . like<br />

nearly all Turkish officials, . . had discarded the Turkish costume.<br />

X903 Times 5 Sept. 8 6 The corrupt and inefficient<br />

government of the Vali of Beirut.<br />

Hence Valiship, the office or position of a valL<br />

1907 Times 17 Jan. 3/6 It may have been right to depose<br />

Kiamil from his Valiship.<br />

Valiable, obs. Sc. var. Vailable a.<br />

Valiance (vaelyans). Forms : 5 vailliaiince,<br />

vaylliaunoe, 5-6 valiaunce,-yaunce, 6 -eaunce,<br />

6-7, 9 valiance. [a. AF. valiance (1304), or ad.<br />

OF. vaillance (A F. vayilaunce), f. valiant ^ vaillantx<br />

see Valiant «.]<br />

1, Bravery, valour; = VxtrANCY r.<br />

Very common in the i6th c ; now chiefly as a literary<br />

archaism.<br />

1456 Sir G. Have Lam Arms (S.T.S.) 53 The mekle<br />

vahaunce of schir Cipro consul of Rome. 1475 Bk. Noblesse<br />

23<br />

The comparative valianter, superlative valianlest were<br />

formerly frequent, the latter occurring occasionally in the<br />

i6th and 17th c. in the shortened forms valiamist, valianst,<br />

Talienst.}<br />

1. a. Of persons: Stalwart ^ body, bone, hands.<br />

Prob. with some implication of sense 2. In mod. Sussex<br />

dial, the sense of ' stout, well-built ' is recorded<br />

1303 R. BnuNNE Hand!. Synne 4370 pys Conred had a<br />

seriaunt, .\ wj-s man, and of body vaylaunt. 1338 — Chron.<br />

('?io) 9 So wis he was in dede, of body so valiant. Hid. 144<br />

Richer kyng is non in t)is world bot je, No valianter of bon<br />

"1 Cristendam als he. 1513 Ld. Bernehs Froiss. I. cclxxxiv.<br />

424 Sir Moreau of Fyennes , . was a right valyant man of his<br />

vS" •.<br />

"'*•' ^''"- Citron., Edw. V (1550) V, Antony<br />

Wooduilc,..a wise, hardy and honourable personage, as<br />

valiaunte of handes as politique of counsayll.<br />

t b. Valiant beggar, a sturdy beggar. Obs.<br />

1531 Dial, on Laws Etig, i. xvi. 27b, That no man.,<br />

shuld gyue any almes to any valyant begger that is well<br />

able to laboure. 1334 Nott. Rec. III. 373 Harberor of<br />

valyeant begers and comyn woman. 1369 jf. Sanford tr.<br />

Agiippa's Van. A rtes 104 b, The Emperoure made a streicte<br />

ordinance touching valiant beggers.<br />

I<br />

t o. Of things : Strong, firm. Obs.<br />

IS4» Becon Pathw. Prayer xy\\. H iij, For the name of<br />

the Lorde is a stronge tower & valeaunt Bulwarke. 1603 G.<br />

Owen Pembrokeshire viii. (iSgi) 60 The Wheat and Kie<br />

endureth all the winter stormes & forces as a valiant and<br />

stout grayne. 1607 Topsell Four-/. Beasts 460 A Lyon<br />

hath a most valiant and strong head.<br />

t d. Strong in respect of smell or taste. Obs.<br />

1607 A. Brewek Lingua iv. iii. This, if your breath be<br />

not too valiant, will make you smell as sweet as my lady's<br />

dog. a 1661 Fuller Worthies, Cornwall (1662) i. 194 The<br />

scent thereof (L e. garlicj is somewhat Valiant and Offensive.<br />

2. Having or possessing courage ; esf. acting with<br />

or showing boldness or bravery in fight or on the<br />

field<br />

hearted.<br />

of battle; bold, brave, courageous, stout-<br />

c 1330 R. BiDHNB Ckrmi. IVace (Rolls) 12576 Schame hit<br />

I (1687)<br />

t Carlyle<br />

VALIANTNESS.<br />

were (.at ey(«r 3ede Wijjouten bataille or vaillaunte dede.<br />

1500-10 Dunbar Poems I. 11 He did full mony valjeant deid<br />

00 S'-'^V""'' ^^""=iy 'and. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon Iv.<br />

188 His barons stode styll to beholde his valyaunt dedes.<br />

1568 C.RAFTON Chron. II. 304 Before Winter be past I will<br />

enter into Fraunce, in puyssaunt and valyaunt maner. Ifioo<br />

J. PORY tr. Leo s A/rica 11. 75 The foresaide captaine with<br />

his armie..gaue them such a valiant onset, that the greater<br />

part of them was slaine. 1655-60 Stanley Hist. Philos.<br />

750/1 The valiant Exhortation of an old Man<br />

chang'd the minds and fortune of the whole City. 184s<br />

Cromuiell (r87i) I. 50 Truly with valiant patient<br />

energy.. It carried its Petition of Right. 1907 Trans.<br />

Assoc. 51 The valiant deeds of the great reign of<br />

Devon I<br />

I Elizabeth.<br />

1 4. Of great worth or merit ; worthy. Obs. rare.<br />

1480 Caxton Myrr. i. v. (E.E.T.S.) 25 Other philosophres<br />

ther were.. prudent alle and valyant, seen that they set to<br />

fore alle other thynges clerg>'e.<br />

t5. Marked or characterized by the use of<br />

strength. Obs.~^<br />

i53« Elyot Gov. i. xxvii. (r88o) 289 That some be done<br />

with extending of myght, and as hit were violently, and that<br />

IS called valiaunt exercise.<br />

t6. Worth (a specified sum). Also const, in<br />

(goods or property). Cf. Vail zi.l 4. Obs. rare.<br />

1590 Reg. Privy Council Scot. IV. 557 The said Thomas is<br />

bot ane puir man . . , not valiant in substance and guidis ane<br />

hundreth pundis. 1603 Ibid.Vl. 525 AlL.landit gentlemen,<br />

valiant tuentiechalderisofvictuall. 1608 Middleton Trick<br />

to catchy Old One \. i, A rich country widow, four hundred a<br />

year valiant, in woods, in bullocks, in barns and in rye-stacks.<br />

55 For his gret trouthe, vailliaunce, and manhod . . king Pirrus<br />

..offred to gyve hym the .iiijth part of his roiaurae. 1509<br />

+ b. Sc. As sb. Value or worth. Obs.-'^<br />

Barclay ShyP 0/ Folys (1570) 126 These fooles them boast<br />

i6o65'e danger of the jeirlie violent proffeittis<br />

battayle. 1581 A. Hall /liatt iii. 50 When vpoun<br />

I was yong,<br />

the persones, . . thairby surmounting often tymes thair haill<br />

and valiance had, and prowess. x6a3 Bingham Xenopfum<br />

valient.<br />

44 Let vs not expect, that other come and encourage vs to<br />

be braue and<br />

1 7. Sc. Valid, effective,<br />

resolute, but<br />

decisive.<br />

let vs begin<br />

Obs.-^<br />

to excite other to<br />

163a Lithgow<br />

valiance.<br />

Trav. iv. 143 Their.. definitiue sentence in<br />

J807 G. Chalmers Caledonia I. m. vii.<br />

o.<br />

387 His son exerted<br />

1350 GowER Com/. II. 56 So that these heraldz on<br />

Lawe or Religion is. .absolutely valiant.<br />

many acts of forward valiance. 1841 Thackeray Drum h[m crie, 'Vailant, vailant, lo, wher 1.<br />

he gothl' £1400 8. As sb. One who is valiant ; a brave or cour-<br />

v, In spite of our valiance, The victory lay with Malbrook. I'tvaine ij- . Gaiu. $^i Sir Gawayn, knyght vailant. C1450 ageous person.<br />

1894 Academy 16 June 491/3 Equal to them in business Merlin xxiii. 423 Lepe to horse many a vailaunt knyght. 1609 Bible (Douay) Jer. xlvi.<br />

capacity, superior in persevering energy, in valiance of '474 Caxton Cheese<br />

9 Get ye up on horses, and<br />

iv. v. (1883) 176 And thus is hit of euery tn chariots,and let the valiants<br />

heart and true courage.<br />

man<br />

come forth. x6ii<br />

the more<br />

Bible 2 .Saw.<br />

vaillant the more honoured.<br />

;<br />

xxi. heading, Foure battels against the Philistines,<br />

2. A valiant act or deed S. c<br />

; a feat of valour or<br />

1330 R. Brunnk wherein<br />

Chron. IVace (Rolls) 6952, I haue a foure valiants of Dauid slay foure gyants. a i7aa<br />

bro|)er, sire Constaunt, God<br />

Sewell<br />

werrour,<br />

bravery. Now & man valliaunt.<br />

arck.<br />

1338 Hist. Quakers Pxef. (1735) — Chron. (1810) 9 Many<br />

A 4, For the most eminent Vali.<br />

tymes on Uttred Bretons batmle<br />

1470-85 Malorv Arthur<br />

ants among this<br />

v. viii. 173 Crete<br />

People in the<br />

valyaunces,<br />

Beginning<br />

souht<br />

were not<br />

: Uttred was Men of<br />

so valiant, he gaf of ^am right nouht.<br />

prowesses, and<br />

Note or<br />

appcrtyces of werre<br />

Learning, tho'<br />

were that<br />

of great<br />

day shewed.<br />

Courage.<br />

lanooMorte Arth.<br />

1909 IVestm.<br />

299 Of this grett velany I salle be<br />

1489 Caxtom Faytes o/A. i. vii. 17 By<br />

Caz.<br />

cause<br />

25 May he had founde<br />

4/1 Valiants of the<br />

vengede<br />

wheel who,<br />

ones On<br />

when they<br />

5one venemus mene, wyth valiant<br />

so many valyaunces in the romayns.<br />

cannot drive, will<br />

1589 Puttenham<br />

tramp over the<br />

knyghtes<br />

dreary<br />

! 1470-85 Malory<br />

marshes of<br />

Arthur x. xlii. 482 The good<br />

Eng. Poesie \. xix. (Arb.) 57 Places<br />

Turkestan.<br />

of assembly, where the knjghte Semound the valyaunt. a 1333 Ld. Berners huoii<br />

company shalbe desirous to heare of old aduentures and xcii. 296 For Hence he Is so noble and so valyaunt + Va'llant v. trans., to rendtr valiant.<br />

that he fereth<br />

valiaunces of noble knights in times past.<br />

no man. 1535 Coverdale Esther<br />

i6a8 Feltham Resolves I. Ixxv.<br />

xiii. 9 O Lorde Lorde,<br />

(1647) 231 Sure, Virtue is<br />

1879 Meredith Egoist I. ii. sx Our cavalier's is the poetic thou valeaunt and a Defendress,<br />

allmightie kynge.<br />

and valiants<br />

1578 T. Procter<br />

the heart of man.<br />

leg, a portent, a vahance.<br />

Corg. Gallery M iij b. Wee subiect bee to griefe, eche tValiantise. Obs. Forms : 4 vaillauntise,<br />

Valiancy (vse-lyansi). Forms : 6 val(l)iaun- horror feares The valiaunst harts, when death doth daunt 4, 6 valyauntise, valiantise, 5 Sc. vailliantis,<br />

cie, 6-7 (9) valiancio (7 vaU-), 7 valianaie, the brest.<br />

7-<br />

1600 J. Porv<br />

6<br />

tr. Leo's A/rica iv. 233 The inhabitants<br />

valy-,<br />

are valiant<br />

valiancy<br />

and<br />

valiauntise. [a.<br />

warrelike OF. vaill-,<br />

people.<br />

(7 valiantcy), 6-7 valiencie. 1634 Sir<br />

vallanlise,<br />

T.<br />

[Cf. Herbert Trav. 109 Crocodiles, .cruell and yet valiant. valiandise, etc., f. vaillant Valiant a, ; see -ise ^.]<br />

prec. and -ancy.]<br />

1676 HosBES Iliad VI. t44 Glaucus.., Than whom a fairer 1. Valiancy, valour.<br />

1. The quality or attribute of being valiant or person there was not. Nor valianter in all the Land. 1706 C1330 R. Brunne Chron.<br />

courageous<br />

Maule<br />

Wace (Rolls) 12193 He (Arthur)<br />

Hist.<br />

; bravery,<br />

Picts in<br />

valiantness,<br />

Misc. Scot. I.<br />

valour.<br />

39 He levies a mighty tristed weL.on his grete vaillauntise Ar he durst take J>at<br />

and strong army of the valiantest<br />

Frrq. from<br />

warriors,<br />

c 1575 to c 1600.<br />

1743 Francis emprise. 1338 — Chron. (1810) 168 Now is Ciprcs lorn fro<br />

tr. Hor., Odts 11. i.<br />

*574 J- Jones Beg, Growing ^ Living Things<br />

33 Panting with terror, I survey The<br />

32 Feeble-<br />

Isaac &_hise, & to R[ichard) suorn for his valiantise. c<br />

martial<br />

1400<br />

host in dread array,<br />

nesse of spirit, want of strength, and<br />

The chiefs, how valiant<br />

iacke and<br />

of valiauncie,<br />

Laud Troy Bk. 6800 Philomene sende<br />

how<br />

him vnto hise. For he<br />

just ! 1814 Scott<br />

1590 Sir J. Smyth<br />

Lard<br />

Disc. iVeapons<br />

0/ Isles iv. xviii. It is<br />

23 More<br />

the foe !<br />

to the effect of<br />

him wan with valyauntise. 1456 Sir G.<br />

Each<br />

Have Law Arms<br />

valiant lord Fling<br />

our Archers, than<br />

by his<br />

to anie<br />

bow, and grasp<br />

exiraordinarie<br />

his sword I<br />

valiancie of our<br />

(S.T.S.) 224 For suppos for grete vailliantis and honourable<br />

l8ss Macaulav Hist. Eng. xii.<br />

Nation. 1605 ist Pt. Jeronimo \\. i, That which<br />

UI. 204 The Englishry<br />

they dede of<br />

lost<br />

armes a bonde man war., maid knycht in armes.<br />

generally respected<br />

by base Captmitie, We him<br />

1513<br />

as a valiant, skilful, may redeemc with honored<br />

and generous<br />

valiansie.<br />

Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cccxvii.<br />

enemy.<br />

489 Men of armes proued<br />

1871 Freeman x^ E. JoHNSOM<br />

Norm. \Vonder--ufrkg.<br />

Com;.<br />

Provid. (1876) IV. 68 In all<br />

30 Yet was he<br />

well<br />

not<br />

there their valyantise and prowes. 1598 Bp. Hall Sat.<br />

these castles. .William placed trusty<br />

minded to make iriatl of his peoples<br />

and valiant captains.<br />

valiantcy in<br />

IV. iv.<br />

fight at<br />

31 If brabling Make.Fray, at each Fayre<br />

trans/. Ja<br />

and Sise,<br />

140a Morle<br />

this time. 1661 Morgan Sph. Gentry<br />

Arth.<br />

ui. v. 45 Those<br />

2573 His vesturis ryche. With<br />

prizes<br />

Picks quarrels for to shew his valiantise.<br />

the valyant Mode was verrede alle<br />

and Crowncs they had gained by<br />

ouer !<br />

their Valiancy<br />

1591 Shaks. i<br />

in war. Hen.<br />

2. A VI,<br />

valiant act or deed. rare.<br />

III. i. 171, I gyrt thee<br />

1795 SouTHEV yoan<br />

with the<br />

0/ Arc valiant<br />

vi. 39a Though Sword<br />

Talbot with<br />

of<br />

Vorke.<br />

vain valiancy<br />

1399 — Hen. V,<br />

1513 Li/e Hen. V iv. iii.<br />

Yet urged the war, and stemm'd<br />

98 Those (1911) 11 For these<br />

that leaue<br />

and manie other<br />

their<br />

alone the valiant bones<br />

valiauntises,<br />

in France.<br />

noble feates,<br />

tide Of battle. 1817 Scott Ckron.<br />

1781<br />

Canongate<br />

Hichmore Ramble<br />

and victories, .. the<br />

Coast<br />

Prince was<br />

ii, Cincin-<br />

0/<br />

Sussejr honnored.<br />

iiSy;^) 19<br />

natiLS and the like, who<br />

The beauteous form of<br />

fought not the common enemy<br />

woman., graced with<br />

with<br />

. . her smiles the feats of valiant<br />

the less valiancy that their arms<br />

Arms.<br />

Valiantly (v^-lyantli), adv. [f. Valiant a.<br />

had been exercised ia Comb. i55fs Locrine 11. iii, There<br />

hatding<br />

might we<br />

the stilts of the pleugh.<br />

sec the valiant<br />

1850 T. H. Gill + -LT 2.] In a valiant<br />

Golden<br />

manner ; with valour or<br />

minded knights, Fetching carreers<br />

Chain of Praise (1894) cxxxvi.<br />

along the<br />

viii. Turn spatious<br />

our darkness into<br />

courage ; boldly, bravely, courageously.<br />

plaines. 139* Shaks. i Hen. IV, v. i.<br />

light; Give us valiancy for fear.<br />

90, I<br />

1893 F. Adams New do not thinks<br />

Egypt<br />

«. a<br />

a brauer Gentleman,<br />

164 Would More 1533 Ld. Berners Huon viii. 22 And hys knyghtes<br />

actiue valiant,<br />

that<br />

or<br />

gay valiancy be with him<br />

more valiant<br />

so lone as it waa<br />

folowyde<br />

young,, .is now<br />

hym, . . determynyde to do walyauntly.<br />

aliue.<br />

1568<br />

with Henri IV?<br />

Grafton CArwi. II.<br />

>• f M70 Co/. 4- Gttw.<br />

296 The Erie<br />

243 The<br />

Douglas of Scotland,<br />

king who<br />

.'stude . . maist vailyeb.<br />

Const, ^(the mind, heart, spirit, etc.).<br />

fought<br />

»nd<br />

a season right valiauntly.<br />

to se. ijoo-aa Dunbar i6oa<br />

Poems Ixiii. 7 Men<br />

Marston Ant. *<br />

of armes,<br />

X579 TwYNB Phis. agst. Fortune i. Ep. Ded. 3 Her and Mel v. Wks.<br />

vailjeand<br />

1856 I. 65 He died unforst, I trust,<br />

knychtis. 1563 WinJet<br />

and vali-<br />

IVhs. (S.T.S.) II.<br />

flatteries haue ouercome antly.<br />

that valiencie of mans minde. 3 The 164a Milton Apol. Smect.<br />

wail^eant Wks.<br />

cheiflane<br />

18^1 III.<br />

of God 286 The<br />

. . Nehemia.s. 1396<br />

c 1650 Don Bellianis 18 Truly Prince Don Gatlaneo<br />

Divine right<br />

you Dalrvmple of Episcopacy was then valiantly<br />

tr. Leslie's Hist.<br />

asserted.<br />

.Scot. II. 9 In the weiris thay<br />

have plainly expressed the valiancy of your mind. 1813 war maist valjeant, and in peace maist<br />

169s Ld. Preston ^i7e dewell, & hell.<br />

of this land.<br />

ant (6-7 valient); 6 valeaunt(e, valeant, Sc. td. Of material things : Fine, splendid. Obs. Va'liantneSS. ? Obs. [f. as prec. -I- -NESS.]<br />

vaiU-,waiUeant. 7. (Chiefly .S"c.) 5-6 vail3eand, 1604 Middleton Blaci Boot Diijb, A valiant BufTe 1. The quality or condition of being valiant<br />

Doublet, stuft with<br />

6 vail(l>-,<br />

Points like<br />

wail^eant, a Legge of<br />

-jeand, val(l)-, wal(l)-<br />

Mutton with valiancy, valour. K\%o personif.<br />

Parslye.<br />

jeandj-^eant, Very<br />

-yeanti-ie^eandj-ie^eantj-ieand,<br />

common in the i6th c.<br />

3. Characterized by, performed with, or exhibit- a. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xii. xii. 608, 1 vnderstande<br />

etc. [ad. 0¥,vaiiant{-and^ AF. vaylant), vaillant ing valour or courage; of a thy<br />

valorous<br />

valyauntnesse wel.<br />

character 1:1489<br />

(AF.<br />

or<br />

Caxton Sonnes 0/ Aymon 16<br />

-aunt) pres. J pple. of valoir to be of worth ;—<br />

The whiche . , Charlemagne by hys prowesse<br />

nature.<br />

and valj-auntnes<br />

L, val^re, Cf. It. and Pg. vaiente^ Sp. valiente.<br />

had dyscomfyted. 1513 Li/e Hen. V (ipti) 155 The Englishmen<br />

. . excelled so farr the Frenchmen in there valyantnes,


VALID. 24 VALIDNESS.<br />

that they remaj*ned conquerors in the fietde. 1540 Morysine<br />

Vives' Introd. Uysd. B v, Sirengthe and valiantnesse is» to<br />

suffiseand accomplyshe the exercises of vertu without werj-nes.<br />

1560 Daus tr. SUidane^s Comm. 25 Which honor [Le.<br />

knighthood] in times past.. was the rewardeofvaleauntnes.<br />

1603 Rnolles Hist. Turks (1621) 343 Mahomet seeing this<br />

valiantnesse of the defendants, openly said [etc.]. 167a<br />

Baxter Bagskaw's Scandals 1. 6 They call out for Valiantncss<br />

in suffering. 17*7 P. Walker Life o/R. Cameron in<br />

Biogr. Prtshyt. (1827) I. 237 The Valiantness of the Fourscore<br />

Priests, that withstood Uzziah.<br />

fi. 150S Dunbar Poems vii. 93 B, in thi name, hetaknis<br />

batahus ; . . W, \-alyeantnes ; S, for strenewite. 1549 Compl.<br />

Scotl. Ep. 6 The toune ofsauerne baris vytnes of his delegent<br />

vail^eantnes. a 1560 Rolland CrU Venus iv. 577 Sine<br />

Cheualrie come in with vail^eantnes.<br />

b. Const, ^(courage, heart, mind, etc.).<br />

XS34 Whitinton TuUyes Offices i. (1540) 7 By ryght and<br />

lawe, whereof forse & ^•aIyauntnesse of herte doth ryse,<br />

1539 Tavkrner Gard, Wysd. i. 4 b, It greued moch this<br />

excellent PrjTice, that so stronge an herte and valyauntnesse<br />

of nature was spent in a matter of leudenesse. 1579<br />

Twvnk Phis. agst. Fortune i. xv. 16 The mightinesse of the<br />

Ciiie and Empire, and the valiantnesse of the peoples<br />

myndes. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 400 Much inferi<<br />

our to this great king in wealth and number of men, but not<br />

in hautinesse ofmind and valiantnesse ofcourage. 1736 AinswoRTH,<br />

MagnattimitaSf valiantness of heart and courage.<br />

2. Physical strength ; robustness, sturdiness,<br />

stalwartness ^(body). rare,<br />

JSS3 T. Wilson Rktt. 104 In the Iliades are described<br />

strengthe and valeantenes of the body. 1506 Dalrymplk<br />

U. Leslie*s Hist, Scot. I. 311 Bartholomew Leslie, .. quhais<br />

..ablenes of mynd, ^-al^eantnes of body and fercenes oi<br />

force, king Malcolme meruelet sa mekle.<br />

Valicot, obs. form of walycoat Wyliecoat.<br />

Valid (vae'lid), a, (and 5b.\ Also 6-7 valide,<br />

8 valed. [ad. F. valide {OV,valide^ Sp., It., Pg.<br />

valido) or L. valid-us strong, powerftil, effective,<br />

f. valere to be strong, etc.]<br />

L Good or adequate in law; possessing legal<br />

authority or force ; legally binding or efficacious.<br />

1571 Reg. Priv^ Council Scot. II. 95 Seing his said tak is<br />

valide and sufficient in the self. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. i.<br />

XV, 72 The nature of Justice, consisteth in keeping of valid<br />

Covenants, a x688 Cudworth Immut. Mor. (1731) 2 Whatsoever<br />

is decreed and constituted, that for the time is Valid,<br />

being made so by Arts and Laws. X7«6 in Naime Peerage<br />

Evidence (1874) 36 Declareing if I do not exerce these<br />

faculties in my own time these presents shall remain a valed<br />

evident albeit not delivered by me. 1769 Robertson<br />

Ckas. Vy IX. Wks. 1851 IV. 315 This strange tribunal founded<br />

its charge upon the ban of the empire, which . .was . .destitute<br />

of every legal formality which could render it valid. 1786<br />

Burks Art, agst. IV, Hastings Wks. II. ^ A claim, which<br />

they determined not to comply with but in return for the<br />

surrender of another equally valid. 1844 H. H. Wilson<br />

Brit, India III. 257 Those, who held rent.free lands by<br />

titles that might be declared valid. 1878JEVONS Primer<br />

Pol, Econ, 128 According to law, deeds, leases, cheques,<br />

receipts, contracts, and many other documents are not legally<br />

valid unless they be stamped.<br />

b. Ecd, Technically perfect or efficacious.<br />

X674 J. Owen Holy Spirit (1693) 235 So as that the Call<br />

to Office should yet be valid, c x68o Beveridge Serm.<br />

(1739) I. 28 Not but that the ordination is valid. 1876<br />

Mellor Prtesth, viii, 361 No ordination is valid unless there<br />

be in the recipient of orders what is termed in the Church of<br />

Rome an habitual, or, at least, a virtual intention.<br />

2. Of arguments, proofs, assertions, etc, : Well<br />

founded and fully applicable to the particular<br />

matter or circumstances ; sound and to the point<br />

against which no objection can fairly be brought.<br />

a 1648 Ld. Herbert ^K^tfi^/V. (1764) 138 The whole face<br />

of Affairs was presently changed, insomuch that neither my<br />

Reasons, nor the Ambassadors.., how valid soever cou'd<br />

prevail 1693 Bentlev Boyle Led. iv. 11^ He may admit<br />

of those Arguments as valid and conclusive. 17x7 Prior<br />

Alma u 416 For when One's Proofs are aptly chosen ; Four<br />

are as valid as four Dozen. X766 Pitt in Almon Anecd,<br />

xxix. (1810) I. 432 The excuse is a valid one, if it is a just<br />

one. X803 Wellington in Gurwood Disp. (1835) II. 164<br />

Reasons which I thought valid but which I do not think it<br />

necessary to communicate to him. 1859 Mill Liberty iL<br />

36 An objection which applies to all conduct, can be no<br />

valid objection to any conduct in particular. i88x Westcott<br />

& Hort Grk. N. T. Introd. § 46 A generalisation obtained<br />

from one book would be fairly valid for all the rest.<br />

b. In general use : Effective, effectual; sound.<br />

xfifix HoBBEsCtfp/.houses, be<br />

counted of greater validitie in all these infirmities. 163X<br />

Lenton Charact, B 10 b, Shee hath lately.. giuen her selfe<br />

out a brace of hundreds more then ere his estate was worth,<br />

besides bis debts and legacies, wheras her validity proportionable<br />

can scarce absolue those. 1788 Franklin A utooiog,<br />

Wks. 1840 1. 189 He had too high an opinion of the validity<br />

of regular troops. X793 Smeaton Edystone L. § 195 The<br />

most certain index of the validity of a limestone for Aquatic<br />

Buildings. 1809 Med. Jrnl. XXI. loi The character and<br />

history of the most celebrated quacks, the ground of their<br />

popular fame, and the validity of their various pretences.<br />

+ 6. //. Valid powers or capacities, Obs.<br />

1586 Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 41 \yhose spirits caried<br />

with greater efficacie of aspiring eternitle then those whose<br />

duller conceits are adapted to more terrene and grosse<br />

validities. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. Ixii. §13 Nature as<br />

much as is possible incHneth vnto validities and preseruations.<br />

1607 Nobden Surv, Dial. 11.<br />

J. 67 You may indeede<br />

call these things secrets, because their validities are not<br />

suddainly apprehended or found.<br />

Va'lidleSS, a. or adv, rare-^. [f. Valid a.]<br />

Without strength or force powerless(ly).<br />

;<br />

1866 J. B. Rose tr. Ovid's Met. 346 The shield and helm<br />

were cloven by the steel, Vet on the body validless it fell.<br />

Validly (vae'lidli), adv. [f. as prec. + -ly 2,]<br />

In a valid manner; with legal validity.<br />

1637, Gillespie Eng.-Pop. Cerent, m. viii. 173 One simple<br />

Presbyter, .can not validly give Ordination. x68x Baxter<br />

Answ. Dodweli iv. 45 May a man be validly a Bishop,.,<br />

that believeth not that there is a God ? 1767 Chauncv Lett,<br />

(1768)32 They may be validly commissioned to propagate<br />

the Gospel. 1791 Boswell Johnson I. 137 A Highland<br />

gentleman.. once consulted me if he could not validly purchase<br />

the chieftainship of his family from the chief. X863<br />

H. Cox Instit, I. V. 25 The Court of Exchequer decided<br />

that impositions on exports and imports might be validly<br />

made by proclamation, X883 Weekly Notes 17 Nov. 170/a<br />

He held that the Rule Committee were validly constituted<br />

and their power validly exercised.<br />

Comb. 1848 Soames Latin Church i. 16 note. Nor does the<br />

tale itself necessarily imply transubstantiation.. whenever a<br />

validly-ordained consecrator intended it.<br />

Va'liduess. rare. [-NESS.] Validity,


VALIDOUS.<br />

i7»7 Bailey (vol. II), Vaiidness, Ability, Power; also<br />

Authentickness, &c. x88a Arnold in igih Cent. No. 69.<br />

718 Lucidity is the perception of the want of truth and vaiidness<br />

in notions long current.<br />

t Va'lidouSy a. Obs. [f. L. valid-us Valid a.<br />

+ -ous.] Valid, in various senses.<br />

1603 Harsnet Pop. Impost. 98 Because the Consequence<br />

is so Validous wee will looke a little into these holy fireworks.<br />

Ibid. loo This ranke savor was so Validous and<br />

strong that it seated through the glasse. i6iz Speed Hist.<br />

Gt. Brit. IX. viii. §37. 553 The other [side urged} against<br />

Norwich, that no second election could be validous, vnlesse<br />

the former were first annulled. 1635 R. N. tr. CavtderCs Eliz.<br />

Introd,, In the first Parliament which Queene Mary held.,<br />

the marriage . . was judged to be . . validous and available.<br />

Valienoie, obs. form of Valiancy.<br />

Valient, obs. form of Valiant.<br />

t Va'lienton. Obs,~^ [a. Sp. vaUnion, f.<br />

valiente valiant.] A bully, braggart.<br />

1681 RvcAUT tr. Gracian's CHttck 185 The Couragious,<br />

and Valientons of the World, after some few bravadoes and<br />

blustering words, . . submitted . . to the loss of Liberty.<br />

Valinch(er, veliiiche(r : see quots. and<br />

Valentia.<br />

1843 E. Moor Suffolk IVds. s.v. Valentia^,. \ have met<br />

with the word in print, spelled Vaiinch. 1847 Wehster,<br />

Valinch, a tube for drawing liquors from a cask by the<br />

bung-hole. x868 Loftus' Catal. Hydrometers^ etc. 6<br />

Velinchers for samphng casks. 1875 Knight Diet. Meek,<br />

2553 7"A/*y^/w^^,..asampling-tube; avelinche. X899A''. i^Q-<br />

4 Feb. 97/1 The nearest approach to a Mong' measure is<br />

the valincher, or valinch, used in sampling * from the bting'.<br />

Valise (vaUs, valrz). Forms: 7 vallies,<br />

valice, 8 valize, valaise, 9 *SV-. wal-, walliBe,<br />

vallise, 7- valise, [a. F. vaiise (1568), ad. It.<br />

valigia (Sp. balijd)y corresponding to med.L. vaiisia<br />

(1407), vaiixia, valesia (1398), of doubtful<br />

origin.<br />

Id Sandys Trfweis {\6i^) 115 the form valeisa is used.]<br />

1. A travelling case or portmanteau, now usually<br />

made of leather and of a size suitable for carrying<br />

by hand, formerly also for strapping to the saddle<br />

of a horse. Now chiefly C/.S.<br />

1633 B. JossoN Tale o/Tub 11. i, I promise To keep my<br />

master's privities seald up In the vallies of my trust, lock'd<br />

close for ever. 1644 D. Hume Hist. Douglas 95 The<br />

Country people.. sometimes robbed them of their horses,<br />

sometimes of their valises and luggage. 1660 F. Brooke tr.<br />

Le Blanc's Trav. 317 Poor Alari Tost above two thousand<br />

franks which he had in his Valice, i7I3C'tess Winch elsea<br />

Misc. Poems 130 Bringing their Noddles, and Valizes pack'd<br />

With Mysteries, from Shops and Taylors wreck'd. 1785<br />

A rab, Nts. Entert. 576 Having brought a valaise along with<br />

him, he put as much gold into it as his horse could carry.<br />

"797, Jeffrrson WV//, (1859) IV. 156 Your impatience to<br />

receive your valise and its key was natural. 1815 Scott<br />

Guy i\f. xxii, He drew the girths of bis saddle, adjusted the<br />

walise, and put on the bridle. 1839 Dickf.ns Nickleby xiii.<br />

He packed up a few clothes in a small leathern valise. 1884<br />

E. Yates Rec. 4- Exp. I. 46 The letters being enclosed in<br />

leather valises, which were strapped behind the post-boys.<br />

b. MiL A cylindrical cloth or leather case<br />

adapted for carrying the kit or outfit of a soldier,<br />

esp, of a cavalryman or artilleryman.<br />

1833 Re^. ff Instr. Cavalry i. 83 The valise being, .lightly<br />

BtuScd with hay. 1851 Ord.^ ff Regul. R. E. xxvii. 124 The<br />

Boxes of the Non-Commissioned Officers, and the Valisesof<br />

the Men, to be placed under the foot of the Bedstead. 1877<br />

Field Exerc. Infantry 410 The Officer Commanding a<br />

piqtiet win decide if patrols are to wear Valises or not.<br />

2. attrib, in valise dce^ equipment^ -lock, saddle^<br />

strap t etc<br />

185s BuRM Miiit. Did. if, s.v.. Valise or bagg&ge-straps.<br />

1875 Knight Diet. Meek. 2688/1 Valise-lock, a small trunklock.<br />

Ibid., A valise-saddle is placed on each oflf-horse of<br />

an artillery-carriage. 1898 Allbutt's Sysi. Med, V. 853 The<br />

modern valise equipment is less injurious to the young<br />

soldier than the ola knapsack. 1898 Daily News 12 Dec.<br />

9/2 The greatcoat straps will be passed downwards, through<br />

the valise dees.<br />

Valk, obs. Sc. form of Wake v.^ Walk v,<br />

Valkin, -yne, obs. Sc. forms of Waken v,<br />

Va'lkyr, abbreviated form of Valkyrie,<br />

s8^x Cablyle Heroes L (1904) 31 Of the Valkyrs and the<br />

Hall of Odin. Ibid.^ The Valkyrs are Choosers of the Slain.<br />

Valkyrian, a. rare — ^ [f. next.] Of or<br />

concerning the valkyries.<br />

1847 Tennvson Princ, iv. 121 Ourself have often tried<br />

Valkyrian hymns,<br />

Valkyrie (vae-lkiri, vxlki'ri). Forms : a. 8-9<br />

valkyria (//. -iur, 9 -iae), ^, 8-9 valkerie (9<br />

-kery), 9- valkyrie. [a. ON, valkyrja (pi.<br />

-kyrjur)^ f. val^r those slain in battle -^-kyrja<br />

chooser, f. kur- (:—>6«2-), ablaut stem of kjSsa to<br />

choose. Cf. OE, wm/cyrie (-^^, 'ige), 'kyrie Wal-<br />

KTRIE.] In Scandinavian mythology, one or other<br />

of the twelve war-maidens supposed to hover over<br />

battlefields and to conduct the fallen warriors to<br />

Valhalla.<br />

o, 1768 Gray Fatal Sisters Note, The Valkyriur were<br />

female Divinities, Servants of Odin (or Woden) in the Gothic<br />

mythology. 1778 Mrs. Grant of Laccan Lett. Mount,<br />

(1807) II. \x. ^5 The prophetic Valkyria may once more say<br />

[etc.]. 1806 W. Herbert Set. Icef. Poetry i. 119 Two of<br />

the Valkyrix or virgins of slaughter, a x8« Mrs. Hemans<br />

Sword 0/ the Tomb Poems (1875) 339 Ihe £ar*renown'd<br />

Whom the bright Valkyriur's warning voice Had call'd to<br />

the banquet where gods rejoice.<br />

^. X770 Percy tr. Mallet's Northern AtUiq. I. 102 There<br />

Vol. X.<br />

25<br />

are other virgins in Valhall; .. they are called Valkeries.<br />

Ibid. II. 99 These Goddesses are called Valkyries. 1784<br />

Jerningham Rise Scand. Poetry Advt. p. iii, The Valkeries<br />

are a female troop whom Odin sends to the field of<br />

battle upon invisible steeds. i8oi M. G. Lewis Tales 0/<br />

Wonder, Sword ofA r^gantyr xxxiii, Tis the Valkyries who<br />

sing, While they spin thy vital thread, a 1843 Southev<br />

Death o/Odin, No virgin goddess him shall call ; . . No Val.<br />

kery for him prepare The smiling mead. i88i Do Chaillu<br />

Land ofMidnight Sun 1 1. 420 Are you Scandinavian valkyries<br />

who travel through the air ?<br />

t ValL Ois.-^ [ad. L. va/l-is.'] A valley.<br />

1611 Chapman /Had iv. 479 As from hils, raine waters<br />

headlong fall, That all waies eate huge Ruts, which, met, in<br />

one bed, fill a vail With such a confluence of streames.<br />

Vail, southern dial. var. Fall v. ; obs. Sc. f.<br />

Wall si., Waw si., Well si.<br />

Vallal, southern dial. var. Fal-lal si.<br />

tValla'llcy. Ois.-^ [prob. the surname Fa/lancej/.']<br />

Used aitrii. to designate a form of wig.<br />

1674 Dryden Epii. ojxningtfe^ House 8 Criticks in plume<br />

and white valiancy Wig, Who lolling on our foremost<br />

Benches sit.<br />

Vallax (vse-laj), a. Roman Antiq. [ad. L.<br />

valldr-is, f. vall-um or vall-us rampart. Cf. It.<br />

vallare, Sp. valar, F. vallaire.l Ol a crown or<br />

garland: Bestowed as a distinction on the first<br />

soldier to mount the enemy's rampart. (Cf.<br />

Moral a.i i b.)<br />

154* Udaix Erasm. Apoph. 255 Augustus used to geve<br />

golden trappour muche sooner . . then garlandes, vallares,<br />

and muralles. 1600 H0LI.AND Ptiny II. 115 The Vallare<br />

and Murall Chaplets bestowed upon brave knights and<br />

valiant souldiers, who. .mounted the wals in the assault of<br />

a citie. a i66o Contemp. Hist. Irel. (Ir. Archjeol. Soc.) II.<br />

62 To whom shall be given now the ciuicke, murall, vallare,<br />

and naualls garlands, that the Romaines were wont to<br />

graunte theire respectiue conquerours? 1706 Phillips (ed.<br />

Kersey) s.v., Vallar Crown. 1725 [see Garland sb. 3 c].<br />

f i8ad Berry Encycl. Her. i. Gloss.<br />

So Va'llary a. Also f VallaTlal a. Ois.<br />

s6S8 Holme Armoury iv. iv. (Roxb.) 294/2 He beareth for<br />

his crest, a Greyhounds head sable, out of a crowne Vallariall.<br />

Or. 1777 PoRNV Heraldry (ed. 3) 207 The Vallary or<br />

Castrense-Crown was of gold, formed like a circle with Pales<br />

or Pallisadoes on the top of it. 1863 Burke Viciss. Families<br />

Ser. HL 143 His famous attack on the. .Earl of Desmond, at<br />

Kilmailock, where be won bis gold spurs, and bis vallary<br />

crown.<br />

Vallate (voe-l/t), a. rare~^. lad.L.va//dl-us,<br />

pa. pple. of vallare to circumvallate.] Having a<br />

raised outer edge.<br />

1878 Ann. Nat. Hist. 5th Ser. II. 37 In its compressed<br />

vallate character, proliferous growth, and marginal aper.<br />

tures, it is identical with many of the siliceous sponges.<br />

Va'llated, a. ran—^. [f. as prec. +-ED.]<br />

Surrounded by or as by a wall.<br />

1888 Science XII.^ 305 The favorite but not vallated<br />

domain of literature is aesthetics in its true meaning.<br />

Valla'tion. rare. [ad. late L. vallatio, f. L.<br />

vallare (see Vallate a.), f. vallum rampart.] A<br />

ridge, wall, or bank of earth thrown up as a defence<br />

or protection ; an earthwork or fortification of this<br />

nature.<br />

1664 EvKLYM Sylva 112 Two hedges, with their Vallations<br />

and Trenches, will be requisite in all the Round j viz. one<br />

next to the Enclosure, the other about the thicket, to fence<br />

it from Cattle. 1781 Warton Hist. Kiddington 70 The<br />

vallation . . called Dyke-Hills, consisting of two ridges or<br />

borders with an intermediate trench,, .is not Roman. 1799<br />

R. Warner Walk (1800) 12 He may. .please his fancy with<br />

discriminating between the vallations of the Celtic aborigenes,<br />

and the huge mounds of their Saxon invaders.<br />

t Va'llatory, a. Ois.—^ [f. L. vall-um rampart.]<br />

Used or adapted for measuring a wall, etc.<br />

a i68s Sir T. Browne Misc. Tractsi. (1683) 82 With such<br />

differences of Reeds, Vallatory, Sagittary, Scriptory, and<br />

others they might be furnished in Juda:a.<br />

Valle, southern ME. variant of Falli".<br />

(vsele-kitfla). PI. -lilsB. [Late L.<br />

II Vallecula<br />

vallecula, var. of L- vallicula, dim. of vallis, vallis<br />

Valley si. Cf. F. valUcule.'\<br />

1. Anat. A furrow, fissure, or fossa; spec. =<br />

Valley si. 6.<br />

1859 Todd's Cycl. Anat. V. 883 Valley, or vallecula, of<br />

Haller. 1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 871/2 This lobe forms a welldefined<br />

inferior vermiform process, which lies at the bottom<br />

of a deep fossa or vallecula. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV.<br />

782 The spaces between these fglosso-epiglottic] folds are<br />

named the valleculx.<br />

2- Bot. A groove or channel ; a sulcus or stria.<br />

1856 Henslow Bot. Terms 211 Vallecula, a depressed<br />

space (interstice) between the primary ' Ridges * on the fruit<br />

of Umbelliferse.<br />

Hence Talle'onlar a.<br />

1875 Bennett & Dyer Sachs's Bot. yj(t The vallecular<br />

canals, which correspond to the furrows, arise in the fundamental<br />

tissue by separation.<br />

t Vallentie. Ois.-^ [app. ad. med.L. valenlia<br />

Valenxy.] Power, might.<br />

1475 Bk. Noblesse (i860) 7 (There are] v. causes principalle<br />

[for making war]: three of them bene of righle: and the<br />

other tweyne of valiente.<br />

Valler, obs. Sc. form of Waller.<br />

t Va'Uet. Ois.-^ [Irreg. dimin. of Valley si.<br />

Cf. Vall.] A small valley.<br />

a 1647 Habincton Surv. Wore. (Worcs. Hist. Soc.) I. in.<br />

450 In the myddest of thys vallet onalittell hylL.standetbe<br />

the Churche with the Manner bouse.<br />

VALLEY.<br />

Vallew, obs, form of Value.<br />

Valley (vse*li), sb, Fonns : a. 4-5 valeie (4<br />

ualeie), 4-6 valei (5 Sc. walei, wale, vale), 4<br />

valee;4-5 valeye (4ualeye), 4-7 valey (4waley);<br />

4 valleie, 4, 6 Sc.y valle, 6 vallei, 6- valley; Sc,<br />

and north. 4 valaye, 4-6 valay, 5 wala, wallay,<br />

6 vallay. ^. 7 vally, vallie, pi. 6- vallies. [a,<br />

OF. vaiee (AF. pi. valeys\ vallee (mod.F, valUe\<br />

early OF, vallede, = Prov. vallada. It. vailaia, f.<br />

L. vallis ^ valles', see Vale sb."]<br />

1. A long depression or hollow lying between hills<br />

or stretches of high ground and usually having a<br />

river or stream flowing along its bottom.<br />

In ordinary use a z'alley is distinguished from a vale by<br />

having less width and a steeper slope on either side.<br />

a. i»97 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 1277 po he com nei kaunterburi<br />

In a valeie biside He sei t>e emperours ost, 13 . . Guy IVar^v,<br />

3876 Smerteliche he dede him in J?e ways, Ouer Jjc dounes &<br />

|)e valeys. c 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 4796 For hiltes and<br />

valeis sal turned be In-til playn, and made even to se, 1375<br />

Barbour Bruce vn. 4 In-iill J^e wod soyn enterit he, And<br />

held doun toward a vale, Quhar throu J>e vod a vattir ran,<br />

£'1450 Merlin xiiL 195 He shewde hym the valey be the<br />

wode side. 1490 Caxton Eneydos xv. 56 The reyne russhynge<br />

doun from the mountaynes descended in to the valeyes.<br />

1S3S CovERDALEZ,K^at Crist snal come into<br />

be valey of Josaphath or [etc. J. 1535 Coverdale Ps. lix. 6,<br />

I wil deuyde Sichem, & mete out the valley of Suchoth,<br />

x6ii Bible Ps. Ixxxiv. 6 Who passing through the valley of<br />

Baca, make it a well. 1667 Milton P, L, i. 40^ The pleasant<br />

Vally of Hinnom. X7«6 Gordon///* Sept. 55 That eminent<br />

Ground, which bounds the Valley of Kilsyth to the Southward.<br />

1833 Lyell Princ, Geol. III. 30^ The valley of<br />

Kingsclere, ..in Berkshire, is about five miles long and two<br />

in breadth.<br />

O, Without article.<br />

c X470 Henry Wallace iv, 684 Thai maid To rype the<br />

wood, bath wala, slonk, and slaid. 1667 Milton A L. ix.<br />

116 Sweet interchange Of Hill and Vallie, Rivers, Woods<br />

and Plaines. 1784 Cowper Task i. 322 A spacious map Of<br />

hili and valley interpos'd between. 1859 Tennyson Marr.<br />

Geraint 247 Out of town and valley came a noise. 1865<br />

H. H. Dixon Field ^ Fern 233 Wood and valley backed up<br />

by a Cheviot bill compose a pleasant landscape,<br />

d. The extensive stretch of flattish country<br />

drained or watered by one or other of the larger<br />

river-systems of the world.<br />

c 1790 Encycl, Brit. (ed. 3) VI. 393/2 In those early ages<br />

..a certain people descended from the mountains near the<br />

cataracts into the valley overflowed by the Nile. 1843<br />

Penny Cycl. XXV. 472/1 Dividing the valley of the<br />

Euphrates from the rivers which flow into the Black Sea.<br />

1876 Eneyel.Brit. IV. 223/2 Surface 'drift' deposits.. occur<br />

. . in the valley of the Amazon westward to . . Peru*<br />

e. Geol, (See quot. 1839.)<br />

i8« Lyell Princ, Geol. III. 305 Dr. Buckland on Valleys<br />

of Elevation. 1839 G. Roberts Dict.^ GeoL.,^ Valleys of<br />

elevation^ those which seem to have originated in a fracture<br />

of the strata, and a movement of the fractured part upwards.<br />

2. In figurative uses.<br />

see Shadow sb, i b.<br />

Valley 0/ the shadow {ofdeath) ;<br />

138a Wvclip Isaiah xxii. i The charge of the valey of<br />

viseoun. x^ix~a Hocclevb De Reg. Princ. 4444 The swete<br />

venym of his tonge gydeth His lord vnto J>e valeie of dirknesse.<br />

1436 Lvdg. De Guit, Pilgr. 17447, 1 was engendryd<br />

fjTst in heUe;..in that Valey Infernal 1 was begete, 1781<br />

CowpER Conversat, 636 Youth has a sprightliness and fire<br />

toboast, That in the valley of decline are lost. i8aj Shelley<br />

Triumph Life 397 If . .Thou comest from the realm without<br />

a name Into this valley of perpetual dream. 185X Robertson<br />

Serm. Ser. 11. i. (1864) 18 You must be content with the<br />

quiet valleys of existence. 1881 J. Parker Apostolic Life<br />

I. 78 Thou knowest how much we are in the valley, and<br />

how often we pass through dark places.<br />

b. Valley of tears : see Vale sb^ 3 b, ^ ^<br />

[x38a Wyclif Ps. Ixxxiii. 6 In the valei of teris, in the<br />

place that he sette.] a 1400 Prymer (1891) 51 To the we<br />

syjen gronynge and wepynge in this ualeye of teeres, irx45o<br />

tr, De Imitatione in. xxiii. 92 In |>is valey of teres Jjero


VALLEY. 26 VALOBOUS.<br />

comefy many euell J>ingcs. 1894 J- H. S, (tUleX The Valley<br />

of Tears... The Consolations of God.<br />

3. transf. A depression or hollow suggestive of<br />

a valley ; esp, a trough between sea-waves.<br />

z6ii Shaks. iVint. T, 11. iii. 100 His Fore-head, nay, the<br />

Valley, The pretty dimples of his Chin, and Cheeke. 1691<br />

Ray CreattOK 11. (1704) 298 The Eyes are sunk in a Convenient<br />

Valley. 1845 Gosse Oaan iv. (1849) 164 The little<br />

Petrel flits hither and thither, now treading the brow of the<br />

watery hill, now sweeping through the valley. 1888 Stevenson<br />

Blmck A rntw 1 76 The Good Hope swooped dizzily down<br />

into the valley of the rollers.<br />

4u techn. The depressed angle formed by the<br />

meeting (at the bottom) of two sloping sides of<br />

a composite roof, or by the slope of a roof and a<br />

wall ; a gutter.<br />

1690 Leybourn Curs. Math. 901 The Bricklayer sometimes<br />

will require to have running measure for Hyps and Valleys.<br />

1703 (R. Neve] City 1 he lower seats ; and these in the middle of the<br />

ball of the Assembly.<br />

6. Anai. (See quots. and cf. Vallecula i.)<br />

184a EncycL Brit. (ed. 7) II. 807/3 A large hollow between<br />

the hemispheres [of the cerebellum].. is the small valley<br />

(roi//^«/a)ofHalley. c iZ^% Tod^s CycL Anat. III.688/2<br />

A deep fissure which proceeds . . backwards along the median<br />

line. .IS called the valley.<br />

7. attrib. and Comb, in sense i (freq. denoting<br />

* situated in a valley *), as valhy-botiom^ -cottage^<br />

-fountain^ -gate, -glacier, -glade, etc. ; valley-like<br />

adj., -ward adv.<br />

1905 A. R. Wallace My Life II. 153 The little *valleybottoms<br />

were complete flower gardens. 1859 Meredith<br />

Poet. Wks. (1912) 92 For me yon *valley-cottage beckons<br />

warm, f 1600 Shaks. Sonn. cliii, In a could *vallie-fountaine.<br />

1535 Coverdalb 2 Ckron. xxvi. 9 Osias buylded<br />

towres. . vpon the cornerporte, and on the *vaUey gate. 1874<br />

Geikie6^/. /ci'.t^^f?' (1894) 512 The *valley-glaciers becoming<br />

confluent in their lower reaches. 1820 Keats Ode Nightingale<br />

viii. Now 'tis buried deep In the next *val ley-glades.<br />

1878 HuXLKV Physiogr. 28 Along the banks of the Thames<br />

and its tributary streams there is a bed of *valley-gravel.<br />

1894 Geol. Mag. Oct. 466 The amphitheatre form of terraced<br />

land is always a *valley head. 1871 B. Taylor Faust in.<br />

(1875) II. 184 The *valley-hills That in the rear of Sparta<br />

northwards rise aloft. 1852 Thoreau Lett. (1865) 66 The<br />

vast *valley-like *spore * .. of some celestial beast. 1859<br />

CoRNWALLis iVlfw IVorld I. 172 A soUtary moorland with<br />

valley-like undulations. 1894 Geol. Mag. Oct. 466 The<br />

outflow of the stream—the *valley-niaker—marks ordinarily<br />

the base of the amphitheatre. 1655 Moufet & Bennet<br />

Health's Improv, (1746) 86 Contrariwise the *VaIley People<br />

..are ever heavy spirited, dull, and sickly, 1B69 Tozer<br />

Highl. Turkey I, 363 The four great *valley-plains . . divided<br />

by lateral spurs. 1876 T. Hardy Etheiberta (iSgo) 243 A thin<br />

young man. .who arrived at the castle by the *valley-road<br />

from KnoUsea. c 1550 Rolland Cri. Venus i. 30, I walkit<br />

furth on be ane *valay syde. 1872 Ingraham Pillar ofFire<br />

578 Moses and the Israelites pursued their way up the cliflfs<br />

of the valley-sides. 1841 Av, C. Bryant Walk at Sunset<br />

Wks. 44 Oh, let me, by the crystal *valley-stream, Wander.<br />

1871 Palcrave Lyr. Poems 80 Joining then the *vaUeystreamlet<br />

1894 <strong>Book</strong> News Mar. 274 Dark belts of woodland,<br />

with *valleyward the white gleam of the Froom.<br />

1883 Science I. 326/1 These lakes are perhaps formed by a<br />

local depression of the *valley-way.<br />

b. Valley-lily, the lily of the valley.<br />

1507 Gerarde Herbal 11. Ixxxvii. 332 The flowers of the<br />

Valley LilHe. 1766 M. Bruce Lochleven Wks. (1914) 206<br />

Her breast was fairer than the vernal bloom Of valley-lily.<br />

x8i8 Keats Endymion \. 156 Wild thyme, and valley-lilies<br />

whiter still Than Leda's love, a 1850 Beddoes Poems^ Lily<br />

ofthe i^alley 201 The birthday-hours Of the valley-lily.<br />

c. Valley of death tree^ the Upas-tree,<br />

x888 in CasselVs Encycl. Diet.<br />

8. attrib. in sense 4, as valley-board, -gutter,<br />

-piecey -rafter.<br />

1823 P. Nicholson Pract. Builder 230 The valley-rafters<br />

of a roof. 1833 Loudon Encycl. Arckit. § 852 Proper valley<br />

boards are to be put for the lead valleys. Ibid. § 1350 A<br />

valley-gutter between two roofs. 1843 Gwilt Encycl. Arch.<br />

1049 The rafter which supports the valley is called the<br />

vcUley rafter or valley piece, and the board fixed upon it<br />

for the leaden gutter to rest upon is called the valley board.<br />

Hence Va-Ueyfol, the fill of a valley; Va'lleyite,<br />

an inhabitant of a valley ; VaUeyletf a small<br />

valley.<br />

1866 G. Greenwood Rain ^ Rivers 188 Its infinite ramification<br />

of stream and valley, streamlet and valleylet. 1890<br />

Longman's Mag.}y\y -x^x A whole valleyful of appropriate<br />

plants. 1893 Outing XXII. 136/1 While I roamed about<br />

the burying-place oithe valleyites.<br />

Va'lley, v. rare. [f. the sb.]<br />

1. intr. To form a hojlow or hollows resembling<br />

a valley.<br />

a 155a Leland Itin. (1769) V. 51 A Peace of this Roke is<br />

fallen, and valleith \v.r. valleyethl after a strange fa


VALOROUSLY.<br />

him into her wages as souldyour. i6€X» Hamilton in Cath.<br />

Tract. (S.T.S.) 221 Al the noble successeurs of this Godlie<br />

and valereus king. 1680 Debates in Part. (1681) 174 A King<br />

on their side, endowed with a vallarous Spirit.<br />

Comb. 1642-4 Vicars God in Mount (1844) 56 This piously<br />

valerous-hearted Gentleman.<br />

0. 1577-87 HoLiNSHKD Chron. III. 22/1 In which voiage<br />

his valorous hart at all assaies..was most manifestlie perceiued.<br />

1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. /K, 11. iv. 236 Thou art as<br />

valorotis as Hector of Troy. 1627 Lisander ff Cal. i. i<br />

Henry, the valorous Father of our invincible Monarch,<br />

1717 Swift On cutting down the thorn at Market<br />

Hill Wks. 1755 IV. I. 88 Sir Archibald, that val'rous<br />

knight. 1807 G. Chalmers Ca/^^/i^ma I. iii. vii. 418 William<br />

invaded Scotland, .with design, perhaps, to chastise, rather<br />

than subdue, a valorous people. 1879 Sat. Rev. 13 Sept.<br />

324 As the valorous Swiss were som« twenty in number the<br />

position of the travellers was hopeless.<br />

Comb. x6oz Weever Mirr. Mart. D vii. They answered<br />

me I was too valorous bold.<br />

y. 1600 Holland Lizy xxiv. xlvi. 541 Certaine Tribunes<br />

and marshals, valourous and doubtie good men. 1647 F.<br />

Bland Souldiers March 39 A token of a mJnde truly noble<br />

and valourous. 1807 0. Chalmers Caledonia I. it. ii. 244<br />

The Valourous Arthur of history, or the redoubtable Arthur<br />

of romance. 1841 James BHgand xxxiii, 1 am about.. to<br />

give you as a bride to this valourous prince.<br />

2. Of actions, etc. : Marked or characterized by<br />

valour, courage, or bravery.<br />

1^90 Caxton Eneydos Prol. 10 This present booke, . . in<br />

whiche may alle valyaunt prynces and other nobles see<br />

many valorous fayttes of armes. 1590 Spenser F, Q. ii. x.<br />

18 (She) gathering force, and courage valorous, EnCountred<br />

him in battell well ordaind. z6ia North's Plutarch^ Epaminondas<br />

1125 Not able any longer to defend themselues<br />

against the valorous force of himselfe and his followers^<br />


VALUABLENBSS.<br />

married to a very \-aluable person. 1730 Southall Treat.<br />

Bitggi 3 The late Learned and truly Valuable Dr. Wood*<br />

ward, .approv'd the Design.<br />

+ 3. That can be valued ; capable of having the<br />

value estimated. Ois. rare.<br />

x6a7 Sanderson Serm. (1682) I. 363 That sin ..from which<br />

he hath once escaped without shame, or so much as valueable<br />

loss. 1690 Locke Ge value of a grote ! c 1386<br />

Chaucer Frankl. T. 845 He .. broghte gold vn-to this<br />

Philosopbre The value of fyue hundred pound I gesse<br />

x4xa-3o Lydg. Chron. Troyu. 124 We trewfy may aduerten<br />

..pat 'for the valu of a ^ing of nou^t, Mortal causes and<br />

werris first bygonne. c X450 Merlin vii. 120 Of all the<br />

barneys that thei hade brought thider, thei hadde not with<br />

hem the valew of iji*. a 1533 Lo. Berners Huon xliiL 145<br />

Thou shalt not lese the valew of one peny. Ibid. Ixviii. 234<br />

They left not in y^ abbey the valew of a floren. X613<br />

PuRCHAS Pilgrimage (1614) 652 A Bason, wherein each puts<br />

the value of twelue pence in Gold. 1771 Encycl. Brit. III.<br />

260/2 If. .the new guineas are below the value of a pound<br />

sterling in silver. 1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 322/2 A gold coin<br />

of the assayed value of 5A i8j. Zd. 1887 IVhitaker's Aim.<br />

183 Bronze coinage.. to the value of;£57,563.<br />

b. In contemptuous comparisons. Now rare,<br />

c X380 Sir Ferumb. 124 Ne doutet? he kyng ne Emperour<br />

)>e value of a ryssche. Ibid, 5441 pat i'e Amerel ne drede]>


VALUE. 29 VALUE,<br />

hym no^t . . jtg value of a kerse. c 1386 Chaucer Shipman's<br />

T. 171 He is noght worth at al In no degree the value of a<br />

flye. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 17506, I 3eue right not of alle<br />

\\\& tene, Not the value of a bene. cx4as Wyntoun Crt;;*.<br />

VI. xviii. 2170, I cowntyt noucht )« xo^xc twa Wicis be<br />

walew of a stra. 1798 Wordsw. P. Bell 239 But not the<br />

value of a hair Was heart or head the belter.<br />

c. The extent or amount of a specified standard<br />

or measure of length, quantity, etc. Now only dial,<br />

itioo SuRFLET Countrit Famte 111. vi. 433 They must be<br />

sharpened like a stake for the value of the length of halfe a<br />

foote. 173X P. Miller Card, Diet, s.v. Sap^ Flowing out<br />

very plentifully, .to the Value of several Gallons in a few<br />

Days. 1764 Museum Rust. II. i. 10 Give each of them the<br />

value of three large table spoonfuls of the mixture for a<br />

dose. 179X Mrs. Radcliffe Rom, Forest (1820) 1. 67, I<br />

jogged on, near the value of a leaguA, I warrant, and then<br />

I came to a track. 1794 — Myst. Udolpho lii. They stood<br />

in the same posture for the value of a minute. 1818<br />

WiLBRAHAM Ckesk. Gloss. S.V., When you come to the value<br />

of five feet deep. 1S54 Miss Baker Northampt. Gloss. 374<br />

There was only the vally of a bushel of apples in all the<br />

orchard. Ibid. , Dig down to the vally of seven or eight feet.<br />

II. t5. Worth or worthiness (of persons) in<br />

respect of rank or personal qualities. 'Ods.<br />

c IJ30 R. Bkvssk CArort. Jf'at* (Rolls) 491 1 Alleofvalow,<br />

moste & leste, Suld com to London to his feste. 1338 —<br />

Chron. (1810) 100 f>erfor be duke himdight, as man ofgrete<br />

value. C1386 Chaucer ParsotCs T. F398 Insolent is he l>at<br />

dispisith in his lugement alle o^r folk as to regard of his<br />

vaheu. c 1400 Bntt 248 Eueryche of ham hade ful riche<br />

5iftes, euery man as he was of value and of State, c 14*5<br />

WvsTOUN Cron. iL viii. 721 pai ^at duelt that ile wi> in<br />

War sottis wylde of na walew. 1483 Caxton Caio Aiiij,<br />

Thou oughtest to gyue place to hym that is gretter and<br />

more of valewe than thou arte. 1590 Greene Mourn.<br />

Garm. Wlcs. (Grosart) IX. 154 Some were Caualiers, and<br />

men of great value, a 1639 Wotton in Relig. (1651) 484 A<br />

young Widow of value : Who lately dying.. left order by<br />

Will that her body should be buried in her dwelling Pariso.<br />

t b. Worth or efficacy in combat or warfare<br />

manliness, valour. Obs,<br />

1590 Spenser F. Q, m. vi, 29 Who.. his sword forth drew,<br />

And him with equal! value counteruayld. X59X Harington<br />

OrL Fur. xxxiv. xii, Alceste by his value brought My father<br />

and his friends to such distress. x6x4 Lodge Seneca 7 The<br />

Emperour. .giveth a chaine of gold to some one souldier of<br />

hb that approved his valew in some difficult enterprise.<br />

6. The relative status of a thing, or the estimate<br />

in which it is held, according to its real or supposed<br />

worth, usefulness, or importance.<br />

£1380 Wyclif i'^/. IV^ks. I. 195 Oure bilcve techij? as J?at<br />

God kepij? Hngis after her valu, for if ony )»ing be bctere,<br />

God makijf it to be betert c X385 Chaucer L. G. ly. 602<br />

Cleapatra, Loue hadde brought this man in swich a rage..<br />

That al the world he sette at no value. 1470-85 Malory<br />

A riAur II. u.j8 Your bounte. .may no manpreyse half to the<br />

valewe. 1584 B. R. tr. Herodotus 1. 68 These words with<br />

Cyrus came in at one eare and went out at the other, lighter<br />

in value then the wynd in waight. 1(^1 Hobbes Leviath,<br />

I. X. 42 [Let men] rate themselves at the highest Value they<br />

can ; yet their true Value is no more than it is esteemed by<br />

others. X779 Mirror No. 5. 33 It unfortunately happen*:,<br />

that we are very inadequate judges of the value of our own<br />

discourse. iSaS Duppa Trav. Italvy etc. 21 These landscapes<br />

have no value but as being the earliest attempts to<br />

represent scenes from nature. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit,<br />

India I. 217 Attaching to its commerce and alliance more<br />

value than belonged to either. X884 J. Gilmour Mongolt<br />

xvii. 205 Buddhism . . tells him that each prayer repeated has<br />

a certain value in cleansing away sin.<br />

attrib. X899 Garvie Ritschlinn Thiol. 176 The theoretical<br />

judgments cannot give an intelligible unity to the worta><br />

whole, but the value-judgments can.<br />

b. In the phr. o/{,.) value, (Cf. 3.)<br />

1375 Barbour Brttce i. 372 Quhar it fail^eys, na wertu<br />

May be off price, na oflf valu. 1396-7 in Eng. Hist, Rev,<br />

(1907) XXII. 209 pe correlari is be preyere of ualue springand<br />

out of parfyth charite. 1423 Yonge tr. Secreia Secret,<br />

171 That appartenyth to a feynte herte to lowe myche a<br />

thynge of lytill walue. 1555 EoEN Decades (Arb.) 133 Vf<br />

this opinion bee of anye value. 1849 James IVoodmeut \\\j<br />

There may be news of value indeed. X855 Brewster Life<br />

0/ Newton II. xviii. 166 Obser\-ations of such value, that<br />

without them they could not proceed in their researches.<br />

c. To set a . . value on or upon^ to estimate at<br />

a specified rate.<br />

xeji Hobbes Leviath. n. xviii. 92 Considering what values<br />

men are naturally apt to set upon themselves. 1693 Locke<br />

Ediic, 563 But the Backwardness Parents shew in divulging<br />

their Faults, will make them set a greater Value on their<br />

Credit themselves, a 1763 W. King Pol. if Lit, Amcd.<br />

(1819) 101 My Lord Hardwick..who is said to be worth<br />

800,000/. sets the same value on half a crown now as be did<br />

when he was only worth one hundred. X78a Burke Corr.<br />

(1844) III. 7 You set too much value on the few and slight<br />

services, that I have been able to perform. lZ^^CoM^T. Diges*<br />

tioH 260 No one who sets any value on the lives of his horses<br />

or dogs ever allows it to be disregarded. x868 J. H. Blunt<br />

Re/. Ck. Eng. I, 64 Wolsey set much value upon the study<br />

of Greek. 1890 Comhill Ma^. Oct. 365, I must see what<br />

value the kahr sets on his services.<br />

t d. Estimate or opinion of^ likingy^/-, a person<br />

or thing. Obs,<br />

(a) X65J LovEDAY tr. Calprenedc's Cassandra in. 232 Thus<br />

parted those two great men, preserving in their soules such<br />

a value of one another as you may easily imagine. 1677 in<br />

Clevelancts Poems Ep. Ded., Such competent Judges,.. in<br />

whose ju5t value of bun Cleveland shall live. .the pattern<br />

of succeeding Ages.<br />

ib) x686 tr, Chardin*s Trav. Persia 204 He has a very<br />

great Value for her by reason of her great Estate. 1709<br />

Steele Taller "So, j-i F5 Nay, child, do not be troubled<br />

that I take Notice ofit 1 my Value for you made me speak it.<br />

X749 Fielding Tom Jones xiv. v. 1 must esteem one for<br />

whom I know M*^. Allwortby batli so much value. 1773<br />

Life N. Froiude 182 In a few days she conceived a Value<br />

for me, which she expressed in the warmest Terms, 1794<br />

Mathias Purs. Lit. (1798) 434 Men of learning have always<br />

had a proper value for the Greek language.<br />

fe. ellipt. Esteem, regard. Obs.—^<br />

1700 Drvden Fables Anc. 4- Mod. Ded., I am not vain<br />

enough to boast that I have deserv'd the value of so<br />

Illustrious a Line.<br />

7. a. Math, The precise number or amount<br />

represented by a figure, quantity, etc.<br />

iS4a Recorde Or, Artes (1575) 43 Euery Figure hathe<br />

two values ; One . . which it hath of his Forme, and y° other<br />

. .whiche he taketh of his Place, a 1680 Butler Remaitis<br />

(1759) IL 80 A huffing Courtier is a Cypher, that has no<br />

Value himself, but from the Place he stands in. 17x5 tr.<br />

Gregorys Astron. (1726) 1. 477 The Resolution whereof will<br />

give the Value of the Root. 1737 Genii. Mag. VII. 134/2<br />

That he can get a Value of z/ to substitute in the first Equation,<br />

to bring out the Value of z tiue. 1833 H. J. Brooke<br />

Inlrod. Crystallogr, 255 As the value of p increases, the<br />

planes b incline more and more on the primary planes. 1867<br />

J, Hogg Microsc. i. i. 2 The values of these angles. .prove<br />

that the glass of the ancients differed very little from that<br />

manufactured in our ownJimes. 1881 Nature No. 618. 417<br />

So boron in the crystalline salt.. has a higher atomic value<br />

than in its fluoride.<br />

b. AIus. The relative length or duration of a<br />

tone signified by a note.<br />

x66a Playford Skill Mus. \, vii. (1674) 25 The Semibreve<br />

..is called the Master-Note. All the other Notes.. are<br />

measured or Proportioned to its value. 1738 Chambers<br />

Cycl. s.v. Measure^ The Measure is regulated according to<br />

the different Quality or Value of the Notes in the Piece.<br />

1840 Pentipf Cycl. XVI. 333/2 The valuej or length in time,<br />

of the Semibreve may be considered as unity.^ 1869 Ouseley<br />

Counterp, xix. 157 It is not allowed, in making the answer,<br />

to change the value of the notes of the subject.<br />

0. Of cards, chessmen, or the like: Relative rank<br />

or importance according to the conventions of the<br />

game ; the amount at which each (or each set) is<br />

reckoned in counting the score.<br />

1670 Cotton Gamester (1680) 76 The value of the_ Cards<br />

[in CribbageJ is thus : Any fifteen upon the Cards is two.<br />

Ibid. 87 The rest of the Cards are best according to their<br />

value in pips. 174J Hovle IVhist 27 Suppose you have.,<br />

four other Cards of no Value. 1850 Bohn^s Hand-Bk. Games<br />

(1S67) 152 If in cutting there be two lowest cards of a like<br />

value, the holders cut again for the deal. 1874 H. Gibbs<br />

Ombre ( 1 878) 5 * French R uff,' * Five-cards ' and other games<br />

in which the cards have the same value or nearly the same<br />

value as in Ombre.<br />

d. Painting, Due or proper effect or importance<br />

; relative tone of colour in each distinct<br />

section of a picture ; a patch characterized by a<br />

particular tone.<br />

1778 Sir J. Revnolds Disc. viii. (1876) 453 A certain<br />

quantity of cold colours is necessary to give value and lustre<br />

to the warm colours. xS^a Mrs. H. Ward David Grieve<br />

IL 312 Working [at a pamting] now in the forest, now at<br />

home, the lights and values had suffered. 1896 Daily News<br />

10 Feb. 3/4 The new French stamp.. is printed in two impressions<br />

full and mezzo-tint, white spaces furnishing a third<br />

value.<br />

attrib. i^oz Academy 12 Apr. 392/t Replace it in the<br />

picture, it is still a vase, but quite without value relation to<br />

the other parts of the picture.<br />

Value (v3e*li«), V, Forms: 5-6 valow, 6-7<br />

valewe, 7 vallew; 7 Sc. walow, wallow; 6-7<br />

vallue, 6- value,<br />

valutare,'\<br />

[f. the sb. Cf, Sp. valuar^ It.<br />

1, 1. trans. To estimate or appraise as being<br />

worth a specified sum or amotmt.<br />

or with inf.<br />

Const, a/, 'f to,<br />

i4Ba Caxton Trtvisas Higden viii. i, They hadde as<br />

moche good and Jewellys, as was valewyd to fyve bonderde<br />

thousand motons of Gotde. X535 Coverdale Lev. xxvii. 16<br />

It shalbe valued at fiflye Sycles of syluer. 1548 Elyot s.v.<br />

AestimOfHc valewed it at iii. pence. x6a7 ReP. ParisJtesScotl.<br />

(Bann. CI.) 2 We wallow it to be worth sex boHis off wictuall.<br />

Ibid. 3 Quilkis we walow at sex bollis. 163a Lithgow Trav.<br />

VIII- 355 Their Rings. .were valued to a hundred Chickens<br />

of Malta. 1686 tr. Chardtn's Trav. Persia 339, I valued it<br />

at Ten Pounds. 1731^ R. Seymour Compl. Gamester i. 27<br />

(In the game of Codillel a Fish is generally valued at Ten<br />

Counters, 1760-71 H. Brooke Foot 0/ Qual. (1809) I. 151<br />

The appraisers . . valued the same to four pounds. 1835<br />

Tomlius' Law Diet. (ed. 4) s.v. Insurance, After stating that<br />

the goods should be valued at so much.<br />

t b. To equate in value -witA something. Obs,<br />

1560 Bible (Geneva) Job xxviii. i6 Wisdome. .shal not be<br />

valued with the wedge of golde of Ophir, nor with the<br />

precious onix. Ibid. 19.<br />

2. To estimate the value of (goods, property,<br />

etc.) ; to appraise in respect of value,<br />

1509-10 -4c/ I //«•«. y///, c. 20 § I Merchaundisez..to be<br />

valued after that ihey coste at the firate byeng or achate.<br />

15J3 FiTZHERB. BA, Survey, j b, To value what the grasse of<br />

tlie gardens.. be worth by the ycrc. 1535 Coverdale Lev,<br />

xxvii. 12 Y" prcst shal value it, whether it be good or bad,<br />

& it shal stonde at the prestes valuynge. 16^ J. Davies<br />

tr, Olearins'' Voy. Ambass, 19 The Presents had not yet<br />

been valu'd, among which was the Cabinet.., which could<br />

not be valu'd but by them. 1755 Magens Insurances I. 197<br />

For Labour and Wood, .which has not been valued, but put<br />

at least at 25 Rixdollars. X780 Burke CEcon. Reform. Wks.<br />

III. 272, I propose to have those rights of the crown valued<br />

as manerial rights are valued on an mclosure. 187a Morley<br />

Voltaire{\%W) 206 Voltaire got bis bill back, and the jewels<br />

were to be duly valued.<br />

edssol. X667 Milton P. L. viii, 571 Weigh with her thy<br />

self; Then value.<br />

t b. To rate for purposes of taxation. Obs.—^<br />

iSf^ TxiADAL& Luke ii. 1 All the woorlde shulde be valued.<br />

o. With immaterial object. \ Also absol, with of,<br />

1593 Greene Upst. Courtier Wks. (Grosart) XL 228 The<br />

country swaines cannot value of my worth. 1643 Heming<br />

& CoNDELL Ded. Shaks. Folio^ When we valew the places<br />

your H. H. sustaine, we cannot but know their dignity<br />

greater, then to descend to the reading of these trifles. 1670<br />

Halk Contempt. 1. 513 The Lord, who can best try, And<br />

value what is best, did pass it by.<br />

3. To estimate or regard as having a certain value<br />

or worth : t a. With various constructions. Obs,<br />

1589 Warner Alb. Eng. vr. xxix. 129 And all their Styles<br />

together Are lesser valewed than to Hue beloued of my<br />

Tuder. 1599 Shaks. ^/Kc/i^(/f» in. i. 53 And her wit Values<br />

it selfe so highly, that to her All matter else seemes weake.<br />

? 1634 Earl Stirling Anacrisis P 2, I value Language as a<br />

Conduit. . : I compare a Poem to a Garden. _ 1661 Glanvill<br />

Van. Dogm. xxiv. Apol. Philos. 247 The Swine may see the<br />

Pearl, which yet he values but with the ordinary muck.<br />

az66^ Jer. Taylor Serm.{,\tT^ 124 He must by it regulate<br />

his life, and value it above secular regards. 1736 Leoni<br />

AlbertVs Archit. I. 26/1 In India the Cypress is valu'd<br />

almost equal with the Spice Trees.<br />

+ b. With complementary predicate. Obs.<br />

'593 Shaks, 3 Hen. VI, v, iii. 14 The Queene is valued<br />

thiriie thousand strong. 1619 in Eng. ^ Germ. (Camden)<br />

107 His Master is here valued to be but a silly Jesuited<br />

soule. 1638 R. Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II) 138 He<br />

valewes himself to be worthy of an informer, and of commissioners.<br />

X737 Franklin Ess, Wks. 1840 II. 286 Caligula<br />

valued himself a notable dancer.<br />

C, Const. (2^ or f ^(a specified amount). Also<br />

without prep. Usually in negative clauses.<br />

X614 Raleigh Hist. World iv. i. § i To value at little the<br />

power of the Macedonians. 1667 Dryden Sir Martin<br />

Mar-all \. i, I will not value any man's fortune at a rush,<br />

except he have wit. 1751 Lavington Enikus. Meth, ^^<br />

Papists itr. (1754) 42 They don't value Ignatius of a Hair.<br />

"754 Richardson Corr. (1804) III. 218 If I am angry, you<br />

can't help it (as much as to say you value it not a farthing).<br />

1848 J. Grant Aide-de-C. xxiv, He would not value bis<br />

ducats.. a rush. 1891 R. N. Bain tr. Jdkai's Pretty Michal<br />

iv. (1897) 50 He cares not a fig for muskets, and does not<br />

value bis life at a boot-lace.<br />

II. 4. To consider of worth or importance ; to<br />

rate high; to esteem ; to set store by.<br />

1549 J- Cheke in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 8 Your sight is<br />

ful of gai things abrode, which I desire not, as things suffi*<br />

cientli known and valewd. x5oa Greene Upst. Courtier<br />

Wks. (Grosart) XL 227,'Though I am disdained of a few<br />

ouerweeningfooles, I am valued as well as thy selfe with the<br />

wise. x6oo Shaks. A. Y. L. 1. iii. 73, 1 was too yon^ that<br />

time to value her, But now I know her. 1656 in Vemey<br />

Mem. (1907) 1 1. 50, I hope., that you will pries that which<br />

is most to be valewd, which is virtue. 1703 De Foe in xstk<br />

Rep. Hist, MSS.Comm. App. IV. 62,! value theesteem of one<br />

wise man above abundance of blessings. 1771 Junius* Lett.<br />

liv. (1778) 293 Perhaps the example might have taught him<br />

not to value bis own understanding so highly. x8a8 Scott<br />

F. M, Perth xii. Stir not your tongue, . .as you value having<br />

an entire tooth in your bead. x8^ Lincard Anglo-Sax,<br />

Ch. (1858) II. 195 Instead of despising, he will approve and<br />

value their exertions. x88o L. SrEfHEN Pope iv. 94 He<br />

valued money, as a man values it who has been poor.<br />

t b. To commend or praise {po another) ; to<br />

vaunt. Obs,<br />

1670 R. Montagu in Buccleuck MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.)<br />

I. 473 That your Lordship may value it to their Ministers<br />

in England, if ^ou find them complaining. X67S I6id. 513,<br />

I have not omitted to value to them the business of the<br />

Banquiers. a 1700 Evelyn Diar^ 23 Apr. 1646, In this<br />

room stands the glorious inscription of Cavaliero Galeazzo<br />

Arconati, valueing his gift to the librarie of severail drawings<br />

by Da Vinci.<br />

f6. With negatives : To take account of ; to heed<br />

or regard ; to be concerned about ; to care. Obs.<br />

Freq. c 1630-1730 with various constructions.<br />

XS9X Greene Maidens Dr. xix. But like to Scauola, for<br />

countries good. He did not value for to spend his blood.<br />

1634 Sir T. Herbert Travels 10 The foolish quality of<br />

which Bird [the booby] b to sit still, not valuing danger.<br />

166 X in Extr. St, Papers Friends S^r. ir, (1911) 125 My<br />

opinion is thay will not vallew their Oath. 1722 De Foe<br />

Plague (1754) 84 People infected.. valued not who they<br />

injur'd, 17*6 Shelvocke Voy. round IVorld itjsy) 423 You<br />

are in a condition of not valuing whether the coasts are<br />

alarm'd or not. 1765 Earl Haddington Forest Trees 19<br />

They do not value what soil they are set in.<br />

6. re^, a. To pride or plume (oneself) on or t4pon<br />

Also to a person,<br />

a thing, "t*<br />

1667 Pepvs Diary 27 Alay, He.. values himself upon<br />

having of things do well under his hand. 1699 Bentley<br />

Phal. 332 Mr. B. was not ashamed to write it, nay to value<br />

himself upon *t. ax7i5 Burnet 0%vn Time (1766) I. 20<br />

Pierpont valued himself to me upon this service he did his<br />

country. 1748 Anson's Voy, iii.x. ^13 The calm and<br />

patient turn of the Chinese, on which^ tney so much value<br />

themselves. 1838 Lytton Alice 11. ii, A sensible and fre«<br />

quent . . speaker, . . valuing himself on not being a party man.<br />

1855 Motley Dutch Rep. 11. v. (1866) 224 Moreover.., the<br />

learned Doctor valued himself upon his logic<br />

b. To think highly of (oneself)^*?/' something.<br />

1687 T. Brown Saints in Uproar Wks. 1730 I. 75 What<br />

sort of an animal was the dragon, which thou valuest thyself<br />

so much for slaying ? 17*5 Portland Papers (Hist. MSS.<br />

Comm.) VI. n8 They value themselves nere for making<br />

very fine kid gloves for ladies. 1743 J, Morris Serm. ii.53<br />

Those extraordinary gifts, for which the Corinthians so<br />

highly valued themselves. 1837 J* H* Newman Par. Serm,<br />

I. xvii. 251 Everyone is in danger of valuing himself for<br />

what he does.*<br />

+ 7. To give greater value to ; to raise the estimation<br />

of, Obs, rare.<br />

X614 Raleigh Hist. fVorldv, iii. § z; 431 Hanno. .and his<br />

Partisans, being neither able to taxe the vertue of their<br />

enemies, .. nor to pcrforme the like sexuices vnto tha<br />

Common


VALUED.<br />

sdnes, exc^ing the general! reprehension of Warre. a 1635<br />

Naunton Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 16 U valued her the more,.,<br />

and it took wst with the people. 1673 Templk United<br />

Prmf, Wks. 1720 I. 54 The same Qualities and Dispositions<br />

do not value a private Man and a State.<br />

TTT ( 8. To equal in value ; to be equivalent<br />

to. Obs,<br />

1561 T. HoBY tr. Casiigiione's Courfyer i. (1577) G j, Seeming<br />

unto them no golde nor situer was inough to value them.<br />

x^ MiDDLETOM Game at Cfuss 111. i, This goodness Whose<br />

worth no transitory piece can value, a 164a Rowley BiriU<br />

M*rUn IV. ii. What articles or what conditions Can you<br />

expect to value half j-our wrong ?<br />

t b. esp. To have the value of (so much money).<br />

isn Hamme« Anc. EccL Hist. (1663) la In the Greek he<br />

wnteth


VALVE. 81 VAMOSE.<br />

Valvule (vse'lvi?/!). [Anglicized f. Valvcla or<br />

a. F. valvule.'] A small valve, in various senses,<br />

(ed. 4) I. no The ears are short, and have each a very small t "Valve, j^.2 Obs. [perh. an error for ^volve,<br />

inner valve. 1835-6 TodtCs Cyci. A not. 1. 322/1 The by confusion with<br />

pyloric orifice of the gizzard is gxiarded by a valve in many<br />

prec] A turn of a bandage.<br />

birds. 1863 A. M. Bell Princ. speech 192 When the<br />

1689 J. MovLE Abstr. Sea Chymrgery \. vi. 45 Then a soft ^755 in Johnson. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. i. vL (1765) 13<br />

Stammerer has brought the valve of the<br />

Rouler to come several<br />

throat—the<br />

turns about it, and every valve as it The Inclosure of the Capsule, which surrounds, .the Fruit<br />

glottis<br />

comes over the wound cut . . in the middle. Ibid. 46.<br />

externally, is called a Valvule. 1831 T.<br />

—under due<br />

Hope Ess. Orig.<br />

control.<br />

ftg. 1871 R. H. HuTTON Ess, (1877) I. 74 Animals.. have, Valve, V. rare. [f. Valve sby\<br />

Man II. 62 Their weight, pressing backwards on the parietes<br />

of the vessels, scoops these<br />

so to say, fewer valves in their moral constitution for tlie 1. trans. To out at certain distances into<br />

furnish with a valve or valves ; to<br />

bags or valvules.<br />

entrance of divine guidance.<br />

1870 tr. Poucket's Universe 126 In the<br />

govern or check, to hold back, by a valve or similar interior of this lengthened heart larger valvules., are folded<br />

t 5. A supposed check (similar to above) to the<br />

device.<br />

back against the wall to let the blood pass forward. 1879<br />

reflux of sap in plants. Obs.<br />

1861 Smiles Engineers II. 160 Whilst the fresh waters Trans. Linn. Soc. II. i. 31 The edge.. is not straight, but<br />

1664 Fhih Trans. I. 30 About the Pores of bodies, and a should be allowed freely to escape, the sea should be valved cut into a series of minute valvules, the crescentic or respir-<br />

kind of Valves in wood. 1673-4 Grew Anat. PL, Anat. back, and prevented flowing in upon the land. xZy^ AUbutt's atory leaves.<br />

Trunks UtZi) 126 Which.. plainly shews. That in the Sap. Syst.Med.Vl. 512 It is probable that by these synapses the<br />

II Valvuli'tis. Path. [f. Valvcla + -itis.]<br />

Vessels of a Plant, there are no Valves. 01704 Locke circuiisof the nervous system.. are.. securely valved against<br />

Elem. Nat. Phil. ix. (1754) 35 The htot dilating, and Inflammation the<br />

of the valves of the heart.<br />

regurgitation.<br />

cold contracting those little tubes ; supposing there be valves<br />

1891 in Cent. Diet. tZ^ AUbutt's Syst. Med. III. 43<br />

2. intr. To<br />

A<br />

make use of a valve or valves ; spec.<br />

in them, it is easy to be conceived now the circulation is<br />

grave sign indicative of serious and generally persistent or<br />

performed in plants. 1807 Vancouver Agric. Devon in ballooning, to open a valve<br />

(1813)<br />

in order to descend. recurrent valvulitis. 1898 Ibid. V. 866 Endocarditis affects<br />

435 These valves possess a contractile force,, .whereby the 1906 ll^estm. Gaz. 3 Oct. 8/i All we could do was to un- principally the valves of the heart, hence the name valvulitis.<br />

regress of the moisture is prevented, and of course it is taken dulate, alternately valving and ballasting.<br />

Vaiwe, southern ME. var. Fallow sb. and v.^<br />

up by the tree.<br />

Valved (vas-lvd), a. [f. Valve sb.'\<br />

Valx, obs. Sc. form of Wax sb.<br />

6. Aleck. A device of the nature of a flap, lid, 1. With limiting terms: a. Of a door : Having Valyaunce, obs, form of Valiance.<br />

plug, etc., applied to a pipe or aperture to control (so many) leaves, rare.<br />

t Valyl(e. Chem, Obs, [f. Val-ebian sb. +<br />

the passage of air, steam, water or the like, usually 1676 HoBBES Iliad 375 In the pale a high two-valved door<br />

-yl(e.] = Butyl.<br />

For chars<br />

acting automatically by yielding to pressure in one<br />

and waggons to go in and out.<br />

1850 Daubeny Atofn. The. viii. (ed. 2) 249<br />

b. Bot., etc. Having<br />

The previous<br />

(so many) valves.<br />

direction only.<br />

discovery made by Dr. Kolbe, of a compound of car Don and<br />

See also tivo-valved s.v. Two a.<br />

Many classes and varieties of valves are in use, and are<br />

hydrogen derived by electrolysis from the valerianic acid,<br />

1771 Ettcycl. Brit. I. 637/2 Siliqua, is a double-valved<br />

distinguished by special epithets denoting form or purpose,<br />

and hence called valyle. %%$•] }AiLi£.V(. Elem.Chem ,^Org. 195<br />

pericarpium, 1796 Withkring Brit. Plants (ed. 3) III. 867 Tetryl, Butyl, or<br />

as ball-, clack-, cane-, disk',flap-vah>e\ air-^escape'^feed-,<br />

Valyl.<br />

Capsule 4-valved : seeds roundish. 1831 South C?//oV/'aM.<br />

inject'um-valve, etc. See also Safei^'-valve.<br />

Valylene. Chem. [f. asprec. + -ene.] (See<br />

Anat. 74 There are some which, .live for protection.. even<br />

1659 Leak IVaierwks. 13 Of the Value or Suspiral. It<br />

in the double- valved muscles. 1847 W. £. Steele Field quots.)<br />

will be also necessarie . . to demonstrate the manner of the<br />

Bot. 73 Fruit mostly a dry or fleshy capsule, i or many- 1868 ^yATTS Did. Chem.W. 982 Valylene. . .This hydro-<br />

value of Copper which openeth itself by intervals. 1667 celled and valved.<br />

carbon is found .. among the products of the action of<br />

Pht'l. Trans. II. 447 A Square Woodden Bucket. .on the<br />

ends of which are the moveable bottoms or Valves £E.<br />

2. Provided with a valve or valves, in various alcoholic potash on dibromide of valerylene. 1868 Pownes'<br />

CItem. (ed. 10) 564 Quintone or Valylene.<br />

170a Saverv Mimr^s Fr. 63 Will not these Brass Valves. senses.<br />

in your Engine speedily ware out t 1800 Vince Hydrost. ix. 1793 Mart\'k Lang. Bot,, Valvation petalitm, a valved Vambrace (vacmbr^is). Now only Arckeeol.<br />

(1S06) 91 Each sucker has a valve opening upwards. 1839 peul. 184a Francis Diet. Arts, Valved, anything that Forms : a. 4 vaumbras, 4-6 vambras (-braae,<br />

R. S. Robinson Naut. Steatn Eng. 11 The pressure shuts opens upon hinges or to which a valve of any kind is 5 uambras, 6 Sc. wambraiss), 7 vambrasse (8<br />

the valve in the neck of the air vessel, and opens the valve attached. 185* I'li. Ross tr, Humboldfs Trav. 1. i. 12 We<br />

-brass). ^. 4- vambrace<br />

in the piston. 1889 Welch Naval Archit. 133 Self-acting made several experiments by means of a valved thermo-<br />

(5 warn-, 7 van-).<br />

or automatic valves are fitted where watertight bulkheads., metrical sounding lead, on the temperature of the ocean. [var. oi vaunt- Vantbrace, through elision of ^ and<br />

are pierced for ventilation purposes.<br />

iSfj'iRoutiedgii's VoungGcntl. Mag. Feb. 170/1 A complete change of nb to mb by assimilation.] Defensive<br />

fig. 1830 Gen. p. Thompson Exerc. (1842) I. 295 The set of valved instruments, consisting chiefly of cornets, armour for the (fore-) arm.<br />

slightest degree of popular interference which can act as a clavicors, and trombones. 1899 AUbutt's Syst. Med. VII.<br />

a. c<br />

valve to the great boiler, and prevent the whole from blow- 254 The blood is returned to the heart by means of muscular<br />

1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 10030 Vaumbras<br />

6 rerbras, wyt> coters of stel. 1385-6 Durham Ace. Rolls<br />

ing up. 1847 De Quincev Seer. Soc. Wks. 1863 VI. 236 movements acting on the valved veins.<br />

(Surtees) 133, ij palets, j brestpiat, vambras. 139a Test,<br />

There was a valve in reserve, by which your perplexity Valveless (vse'lvles), rt. [f. Valve i^.] Having Ebor, (Surtees) I. 171 Unum bonum par cerotecarum de<br />

could escape.<br />

no valve ; destitute or devoid of valves.<br />

plate, cum vambrase et rerebrase. 1461 Will of Benney<br />

7. attrib. and Comb, a. In sense 6, as valve-<br />

1830 LiNDLEV Nat. Syst, Bot. 219 Capsule.. sometimes (Somerset Ho.), j salett garnisshed cum argento, legharnes,<br />

board^ -box^ casingy cJust^ engine face, etc.; valve valveless, j or dehiscing transversely. 1851 Woodward vambras, & rerebras. a 1548 Hall Chron,, Hen. /K, 12<br />

governor y lifter \ valve-like^ -slta/>etl adjs. ; also in Moilusca (1856) 69 Animal and pen like Loligo in most One sorte had the vambrases, the pace gardes, the grand-<br />

respects;.. funnel valveless. 1881 Mivart Cat 216 The gardes . .parted with golde and azure. 1581 Styward Mart.<br />

collocations used attributively, as vahe-guide stem,<br />

hepatic veins are valveless. 1884 Knight ^L>ict. Mech. Discipi, 11. 165 To naue good..poldrones and vambrases<br />

valve-rod end.<br />

Suppl. 9 19 The 'Wardweir valveless engine. .is horizontal. for their shoulders & armes. 1627 Drayton Agincourt 8<br />

The number of attributive uses is very great, esp. in recent Valvelet. rare. Also 9 valvlet. [f. Valve [Whether] The Vambrasse, or the Pouldron, they should<br />

technical works.<br />

prize.<br />

sb.<br />

1869 Eng. + -LET.] A small valve,<br />

Meek. 24 Dec. 352/5 There is a board screwed<br />

(3. 1411 E, E. Wills (1882) iQ A pare of vambrace and<br />

down on the top of A. That is the ^valve-board. 1885 1793 Martym Lang. Bot.^ Valvula^ a . . Valvelet, or<br />

rerebrace. C1450 Metham Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 37 Thys<br />

C.G. W. Lock Workshop Receipts Ser. iv. aoo/a The valve-<br />

Valvule. [Hence in later Diets.) 1870 tr. PoucheCs Uni- knyghtys vambracys in coloure Alle depeyntyd with red<br />

boards are next hinged on to the feeder-boards. 1797 Encycl.<br />

verse 125 Two large openings, each furnished with two<br />

were. 1513 MS. Papers 5 Hen. VIII, No. 4101 (P. R. O.),<br />

Brit. (ed. 3) XVII. 766/3 Above. .is the<br />

valves<br />

seat of the lower<br />

or valvlets Intended to prevent the reflux of the blood.<br />

His vambraces, polvorines, ij Salettes [etc.]. 1581 Styward<br />

steam valve, opening into the *valve box. 1869 Eng. Va'lvifomi, a. rare, \^^»mod.h.valviformis Mart. Discipi. \. 44 A fayre Corslet, with all the peeces<br />

Mech. 3 Dec 282 a Take the high pressure valves out of or F. valviforme.'] Valve-shaped.<br />

appertaining to the same, that is the curats, y" collers, the<br />

the valve-box. 1839 R. S. Robinson Naut. Steam En». 1819 Samouelle Entomol. Compend. 268 Valviform parts poldrens with the Vambraces. 1634 Capt. Smith Virginia<br />

44 The flange to which is bolted the *valve casing. 1887 of oviduct. 1859 Mavne Expos. Lex. 111. ii. 1321.<br />

47 On his armc.an Otters skinne, or some such<br />

D. A, Low Machine Drain. (1892) 74 An elevation of the<br />

II Valvnla (vae-lviwla). Anat. PI. valvulaa. matter for his vambrace. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's<br />

valve casing with the cover and the valve removed. 1830<br />

Trav. iif. 44 They have likewise the Coat of Mail, the<br />

R. S. Robinson Naut. Steam Eng. 62 The blow-througn [med. or mod.L., dim. of valva Valve sb. Cf. L. Cuirats, the Head-piece, and a Vambrace fastened to the<br />

pipe, terminating in a *valve chest. 1889 Welch Naval valvolx pod of legumes.] A valve or valvule. Sword. X734 tr. Rollin's Rotn. Hist. (1827) II. 379 The<br />

Archit. xi. 124 In the former, a suction-box or valve chest Usually with Latin qualifying term, as valviUa coli, val- vambraces or greaves which covered the arms, thighs, and<br />

V is fitted beneath the pump. 1797 J. Cubr Coal yiciuer ^^ vula conniventes.<br />

legs of the horsemen. 1829 Scott Anne ofG. xxxii, Among<br />

The plug floor in all the common engines falls 17^ inches 161S H. CitooKE Body ofMan (1631) 853 Some men had gauntlets, boots, vambraces, and such like gear. 1850<br />

below the top of the boiler, and in the 'valve engine it falls rather call them(j


VAMP.<br />

2. trans. To decamp or disappear from ; to quit<br />

hurriedly. Freq. in phr. io vamose the ranch.<br />

185a F. Marrvat Gold Onartz Mining 8 On the old<br />

Califamtan principle of * making a *' pile " and vamosing the<br />

ranche*. 1857 in 1\iQxut.on Amer. Gioss., Another pair of<br />

jail-birds have vamosed the \os jail at Jacksonville. x888<br />

K B. CfSTER Tenting on Plains i. (1803) 32, I got that far<br />

when the eyes of the old galoots started out of their heads,<br />

and they vamoosed the ranche.<br />

Vamp (v?emp), sbS Forms : 3 vaumpe, 3, 5<br />

uaiunps, 5 vawmpe ; 4-5 wampe, 5 vampe, 6<br />

vamppe, 7- vamp. [ad. AF. *vamp4, *vanpi<br />

(Palsgrave wintpU) , « OF. avanpii ( 1 2th c. ; later<br />

F. mnmipud), f. auanif) before +/;V foot. The<br />

final syllable is preserved in the variant Vampet.J<br />

1. That part of hose or stockings which covers<br />

the foot and ankle ; also, a short stocking, a sock.<br />

Now dial,<br />

a xaaS Ancr, R, 4*0 Ine sumer ?e habbeS leaue uorto gon<br />

and sitten baruot, and hosen wiSuten uaumpez, and Itgge<br />

ine ham hwoso likefl. 13. . Seuyn Sages (W.) 843 He dede<br />

his schon of-drawe. And karf his vaumpes, fot-hot. And<br />

wente him forht al barfot. 1376-9 DurJmm Ace. Rolls<br />

(SorteesJsS; Pro..j pare botarum et Wampes de Dubelsols.<br />

C t4*S ^^' *n Wr..WuIcker 654 Hecpedana^ wampe. c 1440<br />

Pr^mp. Parv* 508/1 Vampe, of an hoose . pedana, a X56a<br />

. ,<br />

G. Cavendish U^olsey (1^3) 923 A!lthoughe..that our predecessors<br />

went uppon clothe right somptiously, we do<br />

entend..to goo a footc frome thence, without any suche<br />

glory, in the vamppes of my hosyn. 1676 Coles, Krt«//*,<br />

a sock. (1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Vamps or Va/npays,<br />

an odd kind of short Hose or Stockings that cover'd the<br />

Feet, and came up only to the Ancle, just above the Shooe. J<br />

1880 in £, Comw, Ghss.<br />

2. The part of a boot or shoe covering the front<br />

of the foot; U.S.y that part between the sole and<br />

the top in front of the ankle-seams.<br />

1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. iv. 192 Her Grace when she<br />

had victuall'd that grand Camp, Gave me a piece of Cheese<br />

tuffasavamp. 16W Holme /4r?«(7«rj'"'' 14/1 Of a Shooe:<br />

. . the Vamp, is all the piece that covers the top of the foot.<br />

1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Vamp, the Upper Leather of a<br />

Shoe. 1770 T. Hazard Son 0/ Robi. {18^3) 288 One pair<br />

of vamps for shoes. 1785 Belknap in M, Cutler's Li/ey etc.<br />

(i838) II. 234 This bathing vessel.. is in the form of a<br />

slipper. He sits in the Heel, and his legs go under the<br />

Vamp- ifloo Mar. Edgeworth Parent's Assist, (1854) 347<br />

The last-maker made a last for her, and over this Mary<br />

sewed the calico vamps tight. 1845 Whittier Shoetmikers<br />

ii. Now shape the sole ! now deftly curl The glossy vamp<br />

around it. 1885 Harper's Mag. Jan. 280/1 The upper is<br />

' found to consist, . . in the case of a button boot, of a vamp<br />

to cover the front part of the foot [etc].<br />

Vamp (v3emp), j*.2 [f. Vamp v.^] Anything<br />

vamped, patched up, or refurbished ; a patchwork;<br />

a book of this nature.<br />

1884 J. F. HoDGETTS Old^r Englandn. 61 This name was<br />

no vamp or hybrid mixture of Xatin and English. 1897<br />

Academy 6 Mar. 274/1 Such vamps as the one I have<br />

analysed from Mr. Henley's notes can only be credited to<br />

him as brilliant luck brilliantly used.<br />

b. A vamped or improvised accompaniment.<br />

i88a in Imp. Diet. IV. 539.<br />

Vamp (vsemp), v^ Also 8 vaump. [f. Vamp<br />

r 1. trans. To provide or furnish with a (new)<br />

vamp ; to mend or repair with or as with patches ;<br />

to furbish up, renovate, or restore. Also with up.<br />

Some further developments in dial, use are illustrated in<br />

the Eng. Dial. Diet.<br />

(«) XS99 [see Vamping vhl. j3.'J. x6.. Middleton, etc.<br />

Old Law II. i. What a time did we endure In twopenny<br />

commons, and in boots twice vamped ! 1639 Shirley GentL<br />

Venicexw. ii, Giovanni. In the mean time ouy thee a sword<br />

and belt, And what is fit. (Gives him money). Georgia. No<br />

more: I'll be a soldier, .. l"his will Suffice to vamp my body.<br />

a X700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Creiv, To Vamp^ to new Dress,<br />

LJcker, Refresh, or Rub up old Hatts, Boots, &c. 1844<br />

Alb. Smith Adv. Mr, Ledbury xiv. (1886) 42 Varioiis new.<br />

footed boots .. vamped and polished to the last pitch of<br />

ingenuity, i860 Emerson Conduct ofLife ix. Wks. (Bohn)<br />

II. 446 Plod and plough, vamp your old coats and hats,<br />

weave a shoestring. 1884 A. Griffiths C^r(j«. Newgate I. L<br />

33 Blankets vamped in foreign parts with the hair of oxen.<br />

(*) »7S5 Johnson Connoisseur No. 77 P i The woman<br />

of the town, vamped up for shew with paint, patches,<br />

plumpers, and every external ornament that art can ad<<br />

minister. 1796 Mme. D'Arblav Camilla V. 189 The apparel<br />

..would do well enough for herself, when vamped up, as<br />

she knew how. 1837 Disraeli Venetia v. viii. Old furniture<br />

. . re-burnishea and vamped up. 1864 C. Knight<br />

Passages Work. Life I. v, aio Our old fabric . . was in danger<br />

of falhng, ..although we had spent large sums in vamping<br />

it up. 1875 Chambers* Jml, 30 Nov. 749 Old boots and<br />

shoes are sold to men who vamp them up in such a style<br />

that their former owners would not know them.<br />

b. trans/, a.ii^Jig, (Freq. with reference to literary<br />

compositions.)<br />

(a) 163a Song in Lyly Sappho 11, iii, 109 To th' Tap-house<br />

then lets gang, and rore, Cal hard, tis rare to vamp a<br />

score, 1640GATAKEB IVhiiaker'vci Fuller ^^^/i?^i/rw. (1867)<br />

II. Z17 Let them strive to vamp Their wasted memories<br />

by another lamp. 1682 N. O. Boileau's Lutrin i. i The<br />

Argument? what needs a Proeme, To vamp a Three-half.<br />

penny Poeme? 1706 Swift Baucis


VAMPIBABCHY. 33 VAN.<br />

soul to ih' kingdom? 1737 M. Green Spleen 163 Whose<br />

easy vamping talent lies, first wit to pilfer, then disguise.<br />

1765 Sterne Tr. Skandy vn. xxix, A pert, vamping chaiseundertaker,<br />

.demanded if Monsieur would have his chaise<br />

refitted.<br />

Vaxupirarchy. [f. next.] A set of ruling<br />

persons comparable to vampires.<br />

i8a3 New Monthly Mag. VII. 144 A sceptical critic has<br />

pretended, with a decree of malice prepense against the<br />

Vampyrarchy,..that his imperial Majesty's surgeons-major<br />

and counsellors of war might perchance be deceived in some<br />

respects.<br />

Vampire (vae'mpaisj), sb. Also vampyre.<br />

[a. F. vampirCy ad. Magyar vaptpir^ a word of<br />

Slavonic origin occurring in the same form in<br />

Russ., Pol., Czech, Serb., and Bulg., with such<br />

variants as Bulg. vapir^ vepir, Ruthen. vepyr, vopyr^<br />

opyr^ Russ. upir^ ^py^y Vo\, upior ; Miklosich<br />

suggests north Turkish uber witch, as a possible<br />

source. Cf. G. vampir, vatupyr^ Da., Sw. vampyr^<br />

Dn. vampir, It, Sp., Pg. vampiro, mod.L.<br />

vampyrtis,']<br />

1. A preternatural being of a malignant nature<br />

(in the original and usual form of the belief, a reanimated<br />

corpse), supposed to seek nourishment,<br />

or do harm, by sucking the blood of sleeping<br />

persons ; a man or woman abnormally endowed<br />

with similar habits.<br />

a. 1734 Trav. three English Gent, in Harl. Misc. (1745)<br />

IV. 358 These Vampyres are supposed to be the Bodies of<br />

deceased Persons, animated by evil Spirits, which come out<br />

of the Graves, in the Night-time, suck the Blood of many of<br />

the Living, and thereby destroy them. 1760-a Goldsm. Cit.<br />

IV, Ixxx. P 8 From a meal he advances to a surfeit, and at<br />

last sucks blood like a vampyre. z8i9[Polidori] The Vam-<br />

/^J'rr p. XX, He had been tormented by a vampyre, but had<br />

found a way to rid himself of the evil, by eating some of the<br />

earth out of the vampyre's grave. 1847 Mrs. Kerr tr.<br />

Ranke's Hist. Serbia iv. 7 1 Speedy death was the inevitable<br />

consequence of such a visitation, and any one who so died<br />

became himself a vampyre.<br />

^. 1796 Pegck Anonym. (1809) 18a The accounts we have<br />

of the Vampires of Hungary are most incredible. They are<br />

Blood- suckers, that come out of their graves to torment the<br />

living. x8i3 Eyron Giaour Note 38, The freshness of the<br />

face, and the wetness of the lip with blood, are the neverfailing<br />

signs of a Vampire. 1846 T. Wright Ess. Mid. Ages<br />

\. ix. 301 Walter Mapes. .gives some curious stories of English<br />

vampires in the twelfth century. 1886 Sat, Rev. 9 Jan.<br />

55 We would welcome a spectre, a ghoul, or even a vampire<br />

gladly, rather than meet [Stevenson's] Mr. Edward Hyde.<br />

2. iransf. A person of a malignant and loathsome<br />

character, esp. one who preys ruthlessly upon<br />

others ; a vile and cruel exactor or extortioner,<br />

»74X C. FoRMAN Obs. Revol. 11 These are the vampires<br />

of the publick, and riders of the kingdom. 1814 Harriet<br />

Shslley in Lett. Shelley (1909) 11. App. i. 992 In short, the<br />

man 1 once loved is dead. This is a vampire. His character<br />

is blasted for ever. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India 11.<br />

1 74 There appeared to be no prospect of shaking oflF the<br />

vampires that had fastened themselves on the princes of<br />

Rajputanx 1899 F. T. Bullen Log 0/ Seawat/it^ The<br />

vampires who supplied them with liquor had somehow<br />

obtained a claim upon all their wages.<br />

b, slang. An intolerable bore or tedious person.<br />

i86s B. Taylor /^


VAN.<br />

BsAtTMONT Psyeke xvi. Ixxii, The gallant Paeans of His<br />

vocal Van To all the Orbs proclaim'd the Spectacle. 1674<br />

yacks&iCs Rtceuttations ig in Hindley <strong>Book</strong> Collector's<br />

Misc. ni, I..wascommonly in the van, upon any desperate<br />

exploit, having the knowledge of my weapon [etc.]. 18*4<br />

W. Irving T. Trai'. I. 48 My aunt led the van with a red.<br />

hot poker ; and, in my opinion, she was the most formidable<br />

of the party. 1850 Merivale Rom. Emp. v. (1865) 1. 220<br />

ITie GauU.. formed the van of the great Celtic migration.<br />

1874 BuRXASD My Time xxvi. 240 After the van of the<br />

procession had marched into the dining-room.<br />

b. esp. in the phrases to Uad{\ beary f have)<br />

fig*-,<br />

the van, and in the van,<br />

(a)«i66x Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 115 Ratclifle<br />

Church esteemeth it a greater grace to lead the van of all<br />

parochial, than to follow in the rear after many Cathedral<br />

Churches in England. 1683 tr. Erasm, Morix Encom. 9<br />

Why may not I justly bear the Van among the whole troop<br />

of Gods? a X708 Beveridge Thes. TfuoL (1710) I. 234 The<br />

Apostle gives us a chain of all Christian graces : wherein .<br />

faith leads the van. 177a Fletcher Lo^ca Genev. 198 As<br />

Moses led the van of these testimonies.. and St. Paul the<br />

main body, permit St. James to bring up the rear. 1838<br />

Stephens Trm*. Greece I. vii. 125, I could not follow them<br />

in their long and repeated kneelmgs and prostrations; but<br />

my young Greek . . led the van.<br />

(^) 1771 yunius Lett. IviL (1788) 306 The natural resources<br />

of the crown are no longer confided in. Corruption glitters<br />

in the van. i8»o Keats Hyperion i. 343 Be thou therefore<br />

in the van Of circumstance. 1843 Carlyle Past if Pr, in.<br />

viii. The chief of men is he who stands in the van of men.<br />

1879 Lubbock Addr. Pol.


VANDALIAN.<br />

Ajf. xli. IV. 146 The certain intelligence that the Vandal<br />

[sc Gelimer] had fled to the inaccessible country of the<br />

Moors. 184a Penny Cycl. XXIV. 366/1 The Slavonian<br />

tribes were subject to the Teutonic Vandals, who are often<br />

confounded with the Wends. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV.<br />

58/a There does not seem to be in the story of the capture<br />

Sf Rome by the Vandals any justification for the charge of<br />

wilful and objectless destruction of public buildings.<br />

85<br />

tended barbarians—Gothic, Vandalish, Lombard,.. were in<br />

reality the restorers and regenerators of the effete Roman<br />

intellect.<br />

Vandalism (vse-ndaliz'm). [a. F. vandalisme,<br />

first used by Henri Gregoire, Bishop of Blois,<br />

2. trans/. One who acts like a Vandal or barbarian<br />

; a wilful or ignorant destroyer of anything<br />

beautiful, venerable, or worthy of preservation.<br />

1663 Gerbier Counsel 50 For who would Rob them but<br />

Goths and Vandalls. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 696 At length<br />

Erasmus.. Stemm'd the wild torrent of a barb'rous age,<br />

And drove those holy Vandals [i.e. monks] off the stage.<br />

1780 CowpER On Burning Ld. Mausfitiii's Library i The<br />

Vandals of our Jsle..Have burnt to dust a nobler pile Than<br />

ever Roman saw! 1801 Helen M, Williams Matin. ^<br />

Opin. Fr. Rep. II. xxxv. 177 The monuments.. which have<br />

escaped the fury of our modern Vandals [i.e. Jacobinsl.<br />

a 1839 PRAED Points (1864) II. 189 A horrid Vandal,— but<br />

his money Will buy a glorious coat of arms. 1895 Suffling<br />

Latui of Broads 85 Stained glass, which those narrowminded<br />

Vandals, the Puritans, took great pains to destroy.<br />

B. adj, 1. Of or pertaining to the Vandals (or<br />

a Vandal),<br />

Vandal war^ the war waged by the Roman Empire against<br />

the Vandals in Africa, 532-546.<br />

1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage (1614) 98 Procopius, in the<br />

fourth booke of the Vandale Warre. 1781 Gibbon Decl. ^<br />

F. xxxiii. ^1787) III. 346 The warlike tyrant is supposed to<br />

have shed more Vandal blood by the hand of the executioner,<br />

than in the field of battle. 1788 Ibid. xli. IV. 152 The<br />

chariots of slate which had been used by the Vandal queen,<br />

184a Penny CycL XXIV. 266/1 All the names of the Vandal<br />

kings are Teutonic. 1879 Lumbv Introd. to ///;f(/^« (Rolls)<br />

VII. p. XX, Gregory [VI] appealed to the emperor for help,<br />

and when an excuse of the Vandal war was made by him,<br />

the pope took the field himself against the robbers. i888<br />

Encycl, Brit. XXIV. 58/2 The Vandal occupation of this<br />

great city [i.e. Carthage], .lasted for ninety-four years.<br />

2. Acting like a Vandal in the wilful or ignorant<br />

destruction of things of beauty or historic interest;<br />

recklessly or ruthlessly destructive; barbarous,<br />

rude, uncultured,<br />

1700 Drvden Prol. [FietcAer^s Pilgrim] 35 Our bold<br />

Britton.. Invades the Psalms with Rhymes, and leaves no<br />

room For any Vandal Hopkins yet to come. 1798 W. T.<br />

Fitzgerald A/isc. Poems (1801) 99 Though Europe suffers,<br />

to her foul disgrace, This second Inroad of the Vandal<br />

Race. 1889 Science-Gossip XXV. 34 Vandal naturalists.<br />

189a T. A. Cook Old Touraine (1894) II. 39 A certain<br />

vandal senator .. irreparably destroyed a great part of the<br />

old buildings.<br />

3. Characterized by vandalism or lack of culture<br />

vandalic, vandalistic.<br />

175a H. Walpole Lett. (1846) 11. 443 Some good tombs<br />

..,and a very Vandal one. 1857 Ld. Gkanville in Life<br />

(1905) I. X. 260 They.. are against any Vandal destruction<br />

of towns, palaces, eta 1865 Mary Howitt tr. /*. Bremer's<br />

Greece ff Greeks II. xii, 24 Masses of marble fragments and<br />

stones show what a work of Vandal desolation has been here;<br />

Hence Vaiidalled pcu ppU.j over-run or devastated<br />

by the Vandals.<br />

1648 WiNVARD Midsummer.Mocn 4 The whole University<br />

resembles Greece over-run by Turkes, or Italy Gotb'd and<br />

Vandald.<br />

Vanda'lian, a. rarg~\ [Cf. Vandal sd. i,<br />

quot. 1842.] Wendish.<br />

1730 /list. Litt. I. 435 We have now an entire Translation<br />

of the Bible in the Vandalian Tongue.<br />

Vandalic (vaend^'lik), a. Also 7 Vandallique.<br />

[ad.L. Vandalic-us^i, Vandalus Vandal.<br />

So F. vandaiique. In the 15th cent, translation of<br />

Higden the form Wandalicai occurs.]<br />

1. Characteristic of, resembling that of, the<br />

Vandals ; barbarously or ignorantly destructive<br />

vandalistic.<br />

1666 Waterhousb Fir€ LotuioH 66 This late barrass of us<br />

by a more than Gottish and Vandallique fire. 176J War*<br />

BURTON Doct.Grace m. \\. Wks. 1788 IV. 704 Rash Divines<br />

might be apt to charge this holy man.. with a brutal spite<br />

to Reason,— and with more than Vandalic rage against<br />

human Learning. x8oz Helen M. Williams Mann. 4-<br />

Opin. Fr. Rep. I. xviiu 226 The vandalic fury that em*<br />

ployed itself not only on the mutilation of statues, but<br />

destroyed the paintings of the first masters. 1865 Ecclesiologist<br />

XXVI. 371 Deliberate, we might say Vandalic demolition.<br />

1887 F. R. Stockton Hundredth Matt xv, In his<br />

vandalic operations Enoch had shown . . fiendish ingenuity.<br />

b. Of persons : — Vandal a. 2.<br />

184s Blackw. Mag. LI. 88 The cathedral itself is ordered<br />

to be repaired, and unfortunately * c i793>] 1'he conduct or spirit characteristic of,<br />

or attributed to, the Vandals in respect of culture ;<br />

ruthless destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful<br />

or venerable ; in weakened sense, barbarous,<br />

ignorant, or inartistic treatment.<br />

1798 Helen M. Williams Lett. France IV. 179 (lod.),<br />

Those barbarous triumphs are passed and anarchy and vandalism<br />

can return no more. x8oo W, Taylor in Monthly<br />

Mag.Vlll. 68^ The writers, who bring against certain philosophic<br />

innovaiionists a clamorous charge of Vandalism. 1848<br />

Gallenga Italy 497 After several hours of that unavailing<br />

Vandalism, which set houses and palaces on fire, they were<br />

compelled to beat a retreat, a 1878 Sir G. Scott Led.<br />

Archit. (1879) I, 35 Monuments, through the lapse of time<br />

and the barbarous hand of modern Vandalism, become in<br />

many cases.. decayed and mutilated.<br />

b. An instance of this ; a vandalistic act.<br />

i8Sa Sergt. Ballantine ExPer. xxii. 218 The vandalisms<br />

that have changed the fair scene.. into its present shape.<br />

Vandalistic (vsendali'stik), a. [f. Vandal j^.<br />

+ -ISTIC.] Characterized by, given to, vandalism.<br />

1854 Eraser's Mag. L. 205 The authorities are Vandalistic<br />

enough to prohibit the sport. 1897 Naturalist 45 The<br />

most vandalistic plant-grubber. xj)oo Westm. Gaz. 8 May<br />

jo/i The natives.. betray a vandalistic disposition towards<br />

the tablets and inscriptions,<br />

Vandalization. [Cf. next.] The action of<br />

rendering barbarous.<br />

1800 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag.^ VIU. 684 Events<br />

thicken to accelerate the entire Vandalization of Europe.<br />

Vandalize (vae-ndabiz), V, [f. Vandal sb, +<br />

-IZE.] trans. To render Vandal in respect of culture<br />

; to deal with or treat in a vandalistic manner.<br />

1800 W. Taylor in Monthly Ma^, VIU. 684 To vandalize<br />

Europe then can have no other signification than to introduce<br />

eastern Slavonian barbarians to domination over the<br />

actual feats of culture and improvement. x8«i New Monthly<br />

Ma^, U. 353 They are not only vandalized in style, but in<br />

sentiment. 1S45 Ford Handbk. Spain i. 90 The noblest<br />

monuments of art and piety have been vandalized.<br />

Hence Va'ndalizing///. a,<br />

1804 Fessenden Democracy l/nveiled (1B06) I. 123 Direct<br />

their vandalizing ravages To make men like themselves,<br />

mere savages. 183a Blackw. Mag, XXXI. 581 No. .vigilance.,<br />

could disarm their rude followers of ferocious and<br />

Vandalizing habits.<br />

Vandalously, adv. rare-^, [f. Vandal s&.^<br />

In a vandalistic manner.<br />

1890 Tablet 6 Sept. 374 They were scandalously and<br />

vandalously wrong when they reviled the Mother of God.<br />

+ Vandelas. Obs. Forms: 6 vandelas, 7<br />

-alas, -olose, -ulose. [See def.] A kind of strong<br />

coarse canvas, used esp. for sails, manufactured in<br />

the district of Brittany formerly called LeVendelais.<br />

1571 in Feuillerat Revels Q. Eliz. (1908) 137 For vandelas<br />

Ixvij ells di.—Ixvij" vj*. 1573 Ibid. 167 For xx"« peeces of<br />

Vandelas to cover the Banketting howse. i6ia Ledger A.<br />

Halyburton (1867) 319 Vandolose or Vitrie canves the eln,<br />

xs. 1640 in EntickZ,tf«


VANDYKED.<br />

oW Bordeaux, and, staggering to a bye lane, vandyked to<br />

Famingham. 1845 Alb. bMiTH Fort. Scatter^ood Fam, xv,<br />

Foreign gentlemen . . vandyked with indecision about the<br />

quay, a^ they tried to recollect the name of the hotel.<br />

Vandyked (-vsendai'lct), ppl. a. [Cf. prec.]<br />

Provided with Vandykes ; cut or shaped at the edge<br />

into deep indentations ; zigzagged.<br />

x8oo ffuii Advertiser 32 Nov. 3/3 A broad border, or<br />

rather flounce, of vandyked velvet. 183a T. Brown £k.<br />

Butitrfties ^ M. (1834) I. 169 The wings are of an intense<br />

black, denticulated with a vandyked border of white, i860<br />

Sala Lady Ckcsterjield v. 80 The vandyked morocco<br />

valance. 189a E. Reeves Homezvard Bcmnd 139 The<br />

roadway is bordered by a massive stone wall.. with a vandyked<br />

top, like a piece of lace.<br />

vandyking, »e buk of be wangele.. he gef hyme frely in l>at place.<br />

c 1410 Wycliffite Bible (1850) IV. 297 <strong>Here</strong> endith vangelis,<br />

and bigyneth a prologe on the Romayns. c 1425 Wvntoun<br />

Cron, VI. X. 70 (Laing), He made a tysstyre in that qwhylle,<br />

Quhare-in wes closyd the Wangylle. 1473 Rental Bk.<br />

Cu6ar-AngHs (1879) L 199 Sworn apon the haly wangyl<br />

be/or the Abbot and conuent. 1533 Gau Richt Vay 27 To<br />

prech his halie vangel to al creatur. Ibid., The wangel of<br />

lesus Christ, a 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron, Scot,<br />

(S.T.S.) L 239 Ather of vther was sworne in the haly<br />

vangell.<br />

attrib. £1450 Maitl. <strong>Club</strong> Misc. IIL 201 Item ane buke<br />

for the vangell lettrin.<br />

t Vangelie, aphetic form of Evangely. Obs.<br />

a 1390 Wycliffite Bible, 1 Tim. i. ji Vp the euangelie \v.r.<br />

uangelie] of the glorie of blessid God. a 1^50 Lovelich<br />

Grail Hi. 969 Piers.. the holy vangelye gan him vndo.<br />

t Vaugelist. Obs. Also 4 -wangelyst, 4-6<br />

-ist(e. [Aphetic f. Evangelist.] An evangelist.<br />

a 1330 Roland^ V. 153 lames l>e apostel hi crist, lones<br />

broker, J>e wangelist. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxvii, (MacAor)<br />

1295 pe wark of wangeliste \>\i do, 1533 Gau Richt Vay 39<br />

And syne the wangelistis hes thairof writine. Ibid., The<br />

prophetis, apostlis, and the vangelistis. 1567 Gude^ Godlie<br />

B. (S.T.S.) 200 Wolues, quhome of my Vangelistis wryte.<br />

Vangle, dial, variant of Fangle sb,^<br />

II Vanglo. (See quots.)<br />

1756 P. Browne Jamaica (1789) 270 The Vanglo or Oilplant.<br />

1829 Loudon Encycl. Plants (1836) 515 Sesamum..<br />

These plants were introduced into Jamaica by the Jews,<br />

and are now cultivated in most parts of the island. They are<br />

called vanglo or oil-p^ant. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade,<br />

Vanglo, a West Indian name for the teel seeds of the East<br />

{Sesamum orientate).<br />

Vanguard (vse-ngajd). Also Sc. 5 vandgard,<br />

6 vandgarde, -gaird; 6 wangard(e, -guard,<br />

-gaird, vangart, -gard(e, -gaird. [ad. OF, avangarde,<br />

var. of avantgarde : see Vantgdabd. Cf. It.<br />

and Sp. vanguardia, Pg. vnnguarda.']<br />

1. Afil. The foremost division of an army ; the<br />

forefront or van.<br />

The Scottish examples are placed first.<br />

(a) J487 Barbour's Bruce xi. 164 Till renownyt erilis twa<br />

..He gaf the vandgard in ledyng. 1513 Douglas ^neid<br />

XII. V. 210 Alsus..ruschis abak for feir..In the vangart<br />

[ed. 1553 vandgarde] throw mony a poyntit glave. 1535<br />

Stewart Cron. Scot. II . 224 This gude schir Loth the wangard<br />

led that da. a 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot.<br />

(S.T.S.) I. 270 The wandgaird was neir mearchant togither.<br />

1596 Dalrymple Kr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 313 He. .obteynet<br />

the name and honour of Capitane of the kingis Vangaird.<br />

{b) 1503 Lett. Rich. Ill * Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 208 The<br />

Souchy vars whiche [werejappoyncted tokepe my vanguarde<br />

avaunced tha[ym forjwardes without my knowlege. 1598<br />

Barret Theor. Warres 111. ii. 63 Let the Officer of the Vanguarde<br />

draw out three rankes of the armed pikes. 1622 F.<br />

Markham Bk. War iv. viii. 151 As soone as the head or<br />

Vanguard beginneth, that in the same time the Reare bee<br />

ready to follow. 1665 Manlev Grotius" Low C. Wars 389<br />

Villars, the Commander of the Van-Guard . . , being circumvented,<br />

and taken by Fontains Army. 1693 Luttrell Brief<br />

Ret, (1857) 111. 5 The landgraves vanguard pursued their<br />

rear. 1788 Chambers Cycl. s.v., Every Army is compos'd<br />

of three Parts, a Van-guard, Rear-guard, and Main Body.<br />

1780 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 2)V. 3423 Van Guard. See Advanced<br />

Guard. 1838 Lytton Leila iv. i, Winding along the steeps<br />

of the mountain were seen the gleaming spears and pennants<br />

of the Moslem vanguard. 1851 Longf. Gold. Leg,<br />

i. Castle of Vautsberg, As when the vanguard of the<br />

Roman legions First saw it from the top of yonder hill I<br />

187^ Clery Mvt. Tact. vi. (1877) 76 The advanced party,<br />

which may be conveniently termed the Vanguard, is composed<br />

of cavalry and infantry,<br />

b. In fig. use.<br />

183X Carlvle Sart. Res.\.m, At length .. Germany and<br />

Weissnichtwo were where they should be, in the vanguard<br />

of the world. 1856 Stanley Sinai Sf Pal. ii. 116 Palestine<br />

. .was then the vanguard of the eastern, and therefore, of the<br />

civilised world. 1878 Maclear Celts i. 12 They were to<br />

form the vanguard in the Missionary history of Europe.<br />

attrib. 188S Century XXXVI. 657 All day his vanguard<br />

spirit, flaming bright. Bore up the brunt of unavailing fight.<br />

2; ellipt. The name of a variety of peach.<br />

1786 Abercbombie Arr. 14 in Gard, Assist.^ Peaches...<br />

Vanguard. 1802 W. Forsyth Fruit Trees 28 To the foregoing<br />

may be added, . . Smooth-leaved Royal George,<br />

Steward's late Gallande, Vanguard, i860 Hogg Fruit<br />

Man. 147 Vanguard.—This is a variety of the Noblesse...<br />

The only apparent difference is in the habit of the trees,<br />

which in Vanguard is much more robust and hardy than in<br />

the Noblesse.<br />

Vanhap, Sc. form of Wanhap.<br />

f Vanil, error for Anil 2.<br />

1599 WiLLES in Hakluyt V^oy. IL 11. 78 Many Tartars and<br />

Mogores, that brought into China certaine blewes of great<br />

value : all we^thought it to be Vanil of Cambaia wont to be<br />

sold at Ormus.


VAWILLA. 37 VANISH.<br />

Vanilla (vani-la). Also 7 vaynilla. &. 7<br />

vinello-, 8 vanello, 8-9 vanelloe (8 -eloe) ; 8<br />

vauilio, -illio, 8-9 vanillo-. [In earlier use a.<br />

and ad. older Sp. vayniUa, now vainilla, dim. of<br />

vaina (:—L. vagina Vagixa) sheath. Subsequently<br />

a. mod. botanical L. Vanilla^ from the same<br />

source. Cf. It. vainiglia^ Pg. bainilha^ baitnilhaj<br />

F. vanille Vanille.]<br />

1. A pod produced by one or other species of the<br />

genus Vanilia (see sense 3), esp. F. planifolia.<br />

Chiefly in pi.<br />

a. i66x H. Stubbe Indian Nectar \\. 1 1 They added . . the<br />

Vaynillas [to the chocolate] for the like ends, and to<br />

strengthen the brain. Ibid. 17 Afterwards to mix the<br />

Vaynillas, cut into pieces, and dryed. 1673 Ray Joum.<br />

Lmv C. 485 Vanillas which they mingle with the Cacao to<br />

make Chocolate.<br />

/3. 1699 Dampier Voy. 38 There grow on this Coast<br />

Vinelloes in great quantity, with which Chocolate is perfumed.<br />

1731 Arbuthnot Alitnents vi. v. (1735) 150 When.<br />

mix'd with VanilHos, or Spices, it [chocolate] acquires likewise<br />

the good and bad Qualities of aromatick Oils. 1757 A.<br />

Cooper Distiller iii. H. (1760) 220 Angelica- Seed, Vanellos<br />

and Mace, of each one Ounce and a half 1758 Elaboratory<br />

laid open 318 Cut the vanilloes into small pieces. i8ia J.<br />

Smyth Pract. ofCustoms (1821) 26;^ Vanelloes are long flat<br />

pods, containing a reddish pulp, with small shining black<br />

seeds,.. but seldom imported. 1854 Mavne Expos. Lex.<br />

311/2 The vanelloe is a long flattish pod [etc.].<br />

2. The climbing orchid Vanilla planifolia, or<br />

other species related to this; the tropical (American)<br />

genus to which these belong.<br />

et. 1698 T. Froger Voy. 129 The Vanilla is a plant that<br />

creeps up along other trees, in the same manner as Ivy does,<br />

1756 P. Browne Jamaica (1789) n Nor does the vanilla.<br />

grow any where.. in greater perfection. 1783 Justamond<br />

tr. RaynaTs Hist. Indies 111- 340 The vanilla is a plant<br />

which, like the ivy, grows to the trees it meets with. ci8ao<br />

Waterton IVand.S, Amer. (1825) 182 In some parts of these<br />

forests I saw the Vanilla growing luxuriantly. 1843 Penny<br />

Cycl. XXVI. 116/2 The reason of the vanilla not producing<br />

fruit in Europe when it has flowered. 1879 Cassell's Techn.<br />

Educ. I. 91/2 The vanilla is an epiphyte, or air-plant.<br />

^. 1703 Propos. Effectual War in Amer. icj Cacao-Trees<br />

and the Vanilio grow there [Granada in America] naturally.<br />

1748 Phil, Trans. XLV. i6o The Vanelloe. With the Fruit<br />

of this Plant the Spaniards perfume their Chocolate. 1760<br />

J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 330 Vanilla, or Vaneloe, Epiden.<br />

drum. 1772-84 Cook's Voy. (1790) IV. 1323 The known kind<br />

of plants to be found here are . . a shrubbery speedwell, sowthistles,<br />

virgin's bower, vanelloe.<br />

b. With pL One or other species of this genus.<br />

1817 O. W. Roberts Voy. Centr. Anur. 87 Their country<br />

abounded in vanilloes and sarsaparilla. 1839 Loudon<br />

Encycl. Plants {i%-^6] 765 The Vanilla shoot out roots at<br />

every joint like the Ivy. 1855 Kingsley IVest^v. Ho I xxiii,<br />

One hanging garden of crimson and orange orchids or<br />

vanillas. 1874 Athenxum 10 Oct. 488/1 La Liberti states<br />

that a wild vanilla has been introduced into commerce.<br />

o. With distinguishing terms.<br />

i8j9 Loudon Encycl. Plants ( 1 836} 764 Vanilla aromatica^<br />

aromatic Vanilla. \V.\ piani/olia^ fragrant Vanilla. 1843<br />

Penny Cycl. XXVI. 116/1 V. claviculata. Tendril-bearing<br />

Vanilla. . . V. graiidifloray Large-flowered Vanilla. x866<br />

Treas. Bot. 1204/1 Cuba Vanilla, Critonia Dalea,<br />

3. The aromatic substance composed of, or obtained<br />

from, the slender pod-like capsule of Vanilla<br />

planifolia or related species, much used as a flavouring<br />

or perfume.<br />

I7a8 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Chocolate, To have the better<br />

market for their Cacao Nuts, Achiott, Vanilla, and other<br />

Drugs. 1753 Chambers' Cycl. SuppL s.v., The pods , . of the<br />

simarona, which is also called bastard Vaiiilla, are the<br />

smallest of all the kinds. The ley kind is the only goocj<br />

Vanilla. 1830 Lindley iVit^ Syst. Bot. 26^ The aromatic<br />

substance called Vanilla is the succulent fruit of a climbing<br />

West Indian plant of the order [Orchidea].; xSsa Th. Ross<br />

tr. Humboldt s Trav. II. xvi. 63 The English and the Anglo-<br />

Americans often seek to make purchases of vanilla at the<br />

port of La Gua>Ta. 1870 Yeats Nat, Hist. Comut. 152 As<br />

an aromatic, vanilla is much used by confectioners for<br />

flavouring ices and custards.<br />

b. A kind or variety of this. (See also quot.<br />

1866.)<br />

x-j^Chambers' CyiZ-SuppI. s.v., The smell of the Vanillas<br />

ought to be penetrating and agreeable. 1843 Penny Cycl.<br />

XXVL 113/2 It does not appear that any of the Brazilian<br />

vanillas form the substance Icnown in trade. 1866 Treas.<br />

Bot. 1204/1 Chica Vanilla-, the Panama name for the fruit<br />

of a species of Sobralia. 1884 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 67/3<br />

None of the South American vanillas appear to be usea in<br />

Great Britain for flavouring purposes.<br />

4. aitrib, and Comb.y as vanilla bean, ice, orchid,<br />

pod, sugar, worker', vanilla grass (see quot.);<br />

vanilla plant (a) « sense 2 ; (^) an American<br />

species of Liatris.<br />

1886 American XII. 318 The aromatic principle of the<br />

*vani1ta bean. t8^ igth Cent. April 644 Spices should be<br />

added, such as. .cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, and vanilla<br />

bean. 1856 A. Gray Man, Bot. (i860) 574 Hietochloa<br />

borealis. *Vanilla or Seneca Grass. 1846 Sover Cookery 553<br />

Garnbh with a custard made as for *vanilla ice, 1883 R. B.<br />

Whitb in Proc, R. Geog. Soc. (N.S.) V. 260 A forest. .in<br />

which the trees are literally over-burdened with the *vanilla<br />

orchid. 1753 Chambers* Cycl. Suppl. s.v., The leaves of the<br />

•Vanilla plant are about a foot long, and three fingers<br />

breadth wide. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts, etc. 1263 The vanilla<br />

plant Is cultivatecf in Brazil,.. and some other tropical<br />

countries. 1854 Maynk Expos. Lex. 311/2 Eptdendrum<br />

Vanilla, the systematic name of the vanelloe plant. 1856<br />

A Gray Man. Bot. {i860) 185 Liatris oaoratissim-3.<br />

Vanilla-plant. . . Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when<br />

bruised. 1887 .Moloney Forestry W* Africa 421 Tho<br />

source of the *vanilla pods of commerce. x888 Encycl.<br />

Brit. XXIV. 66/2 The best varieties of vanilla pods are of<br />

a dark chocolate brown or nearly black colour. 1846 Sover<br />

Cookery 569 Serve with whipped cream flavoured with<br />

*vanilla sugar under it. 1899 Allbtitt's Syst. Med. VIII.<br />

923 'Van ilia-workers sometimes manifest lichen-erythema<br />

of the face and hands.<br />

Vanille (vanf-l). Also vanile. [a, F. vanille<br />

ad. mod.L. Vanilla', see prec]<br />

1. = Vanilla 3. Also^^.<br />

a 184s Syd. Smith in Lady Holland Mem. {1855) I. 262<br />

Ah, you flavour everything ; you are the vanille of society.<br />

x86x Bentley Man. Bot. 667 Their fragrant odoriferous<br />

fruit, .constitutes the Vanilla or Vanile of the shops. 1871<br />

Kingsley At Last vii, And what is this delicious scent<br />

about the air ? Vanille 7 Of course it is.<br />

2. Vanille ice, ice cream flavoured with vanilla<br />

essence. Also ellipt.<br />

1846 Mrs. Gore Eng. Cliar. (1852) 38 She accepts the<br />

offer of some vanille ice, which she receives over the head of<br />

a squat lady. 1856 Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh vii. 1184<br />

Each lovely lady.. holds her dear fan while she feeds her<br />

smile On meditative spoonfuls of vanille. 1863 Miss Braddon<br />

Eleanor's Victory IIL 235 Vanille and strawberry ices were<br />

in constant demand at Tortoni's.<br />

Vani'llic, a. Ckem. [f. Vanill-a + -10 i b.]<br />

Vanillic cuid, vanillin, or an oxidized form of this.<br />

1868 [see next]. 1876 Harley Royle's Mat. Med. 3B5<br />

Vanillin.. has, in fact, acid properties, and is therefore<br />

appropriately called vanillic acid. 1885 Remsen Or^. CJtem.<br />

(1888) 304 Vanillic acid., is formed by oxidation of vanillin,<br />

which IS the corresponding aldehyde.<br />

Vani'llin, Ckem, Also -ine. [f. as prec. +<br />

IN.] * The neutral odoriferous principle of vanilla *<br />

(WatU).<br />

x868 Watts Diet. Chem, V. 904 Vanillin . . was first recognised<br />

as a peculiar substance by Bley .., further e,\amined<br />

by Gobley,.. and afterwards by Stokkebye,..who designates<br />

it as vanillic acid, x888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 66/2 The<br />

peculiar fragraiice of vanilla is due to vanillin. Ibid., The<br />

amount of vanillin varies according to the kind. 1897 Allbutt's<br />

Syst. Med. Ill, 289 A solution composed of phloroglucine,<br />

2 parts ; vanilline, i part ; absolute alcohol, 30 parts.<br />

Vanillism. Path. [f. as prec. + -ism.] a<br />

diseased condition (of the skin and general system)<br />

characteristic of workers in vanilla.<br />

X884 St. James's Gaz, 29 April 5/x Dr. Layet has just<br />

published the results of his inquiries into the nature of a<br />

singular malady known as_ * vanillism *. x886 American<br />

XII. 269 That class of diseases in which morphinism,<br />

caffeism, and vanillism are found.<br />

llVanillou. [F., f. vanille Vaitille.] (See<br />

quots.)<br />

[X83Q Ure Diet. Arts, etc. 1264 A third sort, which comes<br />

from Brazil, is the Vanillon, or large vanilla of the French<br />

marketj 1884 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 67/1 In Brazil, Peru,<br />

and other parts of South America a broad and fleshy vanilla<br />

is prepared, which has an inferior odour... This variety is<br />

often distinguished as vanillon in commerce.<br />

VaniToquence. rar€~^, [ad. L. vdnilo-<br />

t/ttenlia."] (See quots.) Also VanMoquent a.;<br />

Vani'loquy [ad. late L. vdni/oquium.']<br />

i6a3 CocKERAM I, Vanilo^uence, much talke or babling.<br />

Ibid. II, Much Bablifig, Dicacity. Vaniloquie. X656 Blount<br />

Glossogr., Vaniloguence, vain talk, vain babling, (Hence in<br />

Phillips and Bailey.] 1717 Bailey, Vaniloquent, talking<br />

vainly.<br />

Vanish (vacnij), sb. [f. the vb.]<br />

1. Disappearance ; vanishment.<br />

X650 T. Vaughan Anthrofosophia 58 This Vanish, or<br />

ascent of the inward Ethereall Principles doth not presently<br />

follow their separation.<br />

2. spec, A gradual cessation of a sound; a slight<br />

sound in which another ends ; a glide.<br />

X833 Rush Human Voice (ed. 2) 319 The Drift of the<br />

downward Vanish.<br />

Vailisll(v3eniJ), V. Forms: a. 4-5 vanysche<br />

(4 -yjache, 5 -yssche, -yche, 6 -ysch), 4-6 vanysshe<br />

(5 -yssh, wanyssh-) ; 4 vanyshe, 5-6<br />

vanysh ; 4, 6 Sc, vanisch (6 .5V. wanische,<br />

wenisch), 5-7 vanishe (6 -isshe), 6- vanish (6<br />

vannish, Sc, wanish) ; 4-5 vanesche (5 -essche,<br />

-eashe, -esce, -ecbe). j3. 4-5, 6 Sc.y vanys, -yss<br />

(5 vaynyss-, 5-6 Sc. wanys-), 5 wanyse, 6 Sc,<br />

vaxxyse; 4-5, 6 Sc,, vanis(8)-, 6 Sc, wam8(s)-;<br />

5 Waynes-, Sc, wanes-, 6 Sc. waneis. 7. 4<br />

vansch-, 5 vanshe, wansh-, wanse. [Aphetic<br />

ad. OF. evaniss' : see Evanish ».]<br />

1. intr. To disappear from sight, to become invisible,<br />

esp. in a rapid and mysterious manner<br />

a. With away ; occas. with addition of out of<br />

Qx from sight, etc. Now rare,<br />

a. 1303 R, Brunne Handl. Synne 8195 Wy^j )>c croys she<br />

gan here blys, Jwin t?ey vanysshed aweyc as swy^. 1387<br />

Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 435 Whanne )>\s was i-seide he<br />

vanysshed awey. c 1400 Rom. Rose 2955 He vanyshide<br />

awey alle sodeynly. And I alloone lefte alle soole. c 1450<br />

Mirk's Festial 11 pen anon t>ys fend vanechet away wyih<br />

an horrybull stenche. x47a-8s Malory Wr/A«r 11. viii. 85<br />

Therwith merlyn vanysshed awey sodenly. 1545 Udall,<br />

etc. Erasm. Par. Luke 182 b, .^fter these woordes spoken,<br />

the Aungels vanished awaye from theyr sight. X706 Phillips<br />

(ed. Kersey), To Disappear,, .to vanish away, to go out<br />

of sight. x8og Shelley For my dagger^ 17 Where the<br />

phantoms of Prejudice vanish away. 1890 Doyle IVhite<br />

Company x\\v,^htin I seethe last sail, .vanishing away<br />

against the western sky.<br />

p. c 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 2269 And when («; devel<br />

herd hym J»us say, Alle skomfit he vanyst oway. ^ c 1375 Sc.<br />

Leg, Saints x\\\. {Agatha) 280 Away son t'ai vanist but coy<br />

hone, Of ^ar sicht wanest away, & neuire ware sene to J)is<br />

day. c X440 Aipk. Tales 516 When he had done, sodanlie<br />

he vanyssid away. X456 Sir G. Have Law A rms (S.T.S.) 42<br />

Na man . . mycht se him, nor na bit of his body, bot vanyst fra<br />

thair sicht away. X513 Douglas .f^««V/in. vi. 109 'ihe strait<br />

soundis of the mont Pelory Wanysis away pece and pece.<br />

y- 1375 in Horstmann Altengl. Leg. (1878) 128/1 Anon be<br />

deuel vanschede awaye. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V.<br />

177 Mercurius.-stiked hym in ^e myddel of his body, and<br />

vansched awey. 14.. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 581 Euaneo, to<br />

vanshe a wey.<br />

b. Without away,<br />

a. 1377 Langl. p. Pl.\B.xn. 293 Ri^t with J>athevanesched.<br />

c 1385 Chaucer L. G. IV. 1001 Dido, To Cartage she bad he<br />

shuld hy [ft dyght And vanysshed anon out of hys syght. 14 .<br />

Tundale's Vis. 519 The angell vaneschyd and he stod stylle.<br />

1530 Palsgr. 765/1 A spyrite wyll vanysshe and come agayne<br />

in the twynkelyng of an eye. 158a Stanyhurst ^Eneis 11.<br />

(Arb.) 68 Fare ye wel, 6 husband, oure yoong babye charely<br />

tender. This sayd, shee vannisbt. 1609 Dekker Gulls<br />

Hom-bk. 20 [This] notable Act being performed, you are to<br />

vanish presently out of the Quire. 1638 Sir T. Herbert<br />

Trav. (ed. 2) n She againe deluded us, after two houres<br />

chase as a phantasma vanishing towards Goa. 1662 J. Davies<br />

tr. Olearivs' Voy. Ambass. 261 We had hardly alighted, but<br />

our Pistols were taken away, and what was not lock'd up<br />

immediately vanish'd. 1757 Gray Bard 104 They melt,<br />

they vanish from my eyes. 179;^ Mrs. Radcliffe Italian<br />

xi. Whose dark figures, passing without sound, vanished like<br />

shadows. 1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. I. 11 That land, now<br />

vanishing from my view, which contained all that was most<br />

dear to me in life. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. xviii. 225 Its<br />

curved face .. vanished into unknown space.<br />

^. CX375 Sc. Leg. Saints xix. ^Christopher) 267 With J?at<br />

criste fra hyme wanyst, & hame he passit til his bewist.<br />

a 1400-50 Alexander 1113 (Ashm.), J)an waynest him Hs<br />

vayne god & voidis fra t>e chambre. c 1480 Henrvson<br />

Fables, Lion ^ Mouse xliii, And with that word he vanist,<br />

and I woke. 1490 Caxton Eneydos xvi. 64 Mercuryus, yet<br />

spekynge, vaynyssed oute of eneas sight.<br />

y. X37S in Horstmann Altengl. Leg. (1878) 132 pe addre..<br />

vanschede out of here sijt. 1393 Langl. P. PL C. xvi. 24<br />

Whanne he hadde seide so how sodeynlich he vanshede.<br />

i"C. In perfect tense with be, ts^. was vanished<br />

= had vanished. Obs,<br />

X390 Gower Conf. II. 259 Thus it befell.. Sche was<br />

vanyssht riht as hir liste, That no wyht bot hirself it wiste.<br />

ax4oo Partonope (Univ. Coll. MS.) 826 (2568), With that<br />

worde sodenly they be Vanesshid a-way, that trewly he<br />

Woteneuer where they be become, c 1425 Lydg. Assembly<br />

of Gods 1188 So sodenly As they were vanysshyd saw I<br />

neuer thyng with ey. c 1480 Henrvson Orpheus ^ Eurydice<br />

113 And quhen scho wanyst was and Invisible, Hir<br />

madin wepit. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huoh xxiii. 68 By that<br />

tyme they had gone a lytyll by y^ ryuer syde they loste y*<br />

syght of y* castell, it was clene vanysshyd a way. a 1628 F.<br />

Greville Cslica xli, And I poore Ixion to my luno vowed,<br />

With thoughts to clip her, dipt my owne desire : For she<br />

was vanisht, I held nothing fast. X648 Hexham 11, Het is<br />

verstaven, ..it is Vanished away as dust.<br />

d. In fig. use,<br />

1560 Daus tr. Sleidane^s Comtu. 116 Those spirites by<br />

lytle and lytle, vanyshed cleane out of syght [i.e. in pofjular<br />

belief]. 1642 D. Rogers Naaman 7 He that reads it as .<br />

a bare miracle will onely vanish in a wondering humor.<br />

1737 Gentl. Mag. VII. 292 The Epick Poets not only. .immediately<br />

shew the Effects of the Inspiration they pray for,<br />

. .they actually vanish from our View. 1843 Carlyle Past<br />

e akyng for to be cesed. 1490 Caxton<br />

Eneydos vii. 32 Their auncyent customes . . vanysshed awaye<br />

as thei neuer had be vsed. X530 Palsgr. 765/1 And a<br />

woman be ones fourty, her heautye wyll vanisshe awaye.<br />

XS35 Coverdale Isaiah Ji. 6 The heauens shal vanish awaye<br />

like smoke, aitoo in Montgomerie's /'t7p/«(S.T.S. Suppl.<br />

Vol.) 241 Bott quhat so ever waxis auld, it wcnischis away.<br />

1648 Hexham 11, Verd-wijneu, to Vanish away as smoake.<br />

1804-6 Syd. Smith Mor. Philos. (1850) 407 You will linger<br />

on.. after the blood, and the taste, and the sweetness are<br />

vanished away. X839 Fr. A. Kemble Resin, in Georgia<br />

(1863) 32 If the mind and soul were awakened, instead of<br />

mere physical good attempted, the physical good would<br />

result, and the great curse vanish away. 1859 Fitzgerald<br />

Omar Ixxii, Alas, that Spring should vanish with the Rose !<br />

$, c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. in. pr. iv. (1868) 74 Her honours<br />

vanissen awey and J>at on oon. 15x3 Douglas ^neid i. ix,<br />

13 The elude about thame swith was brokin. And wanist<br />

lyte away amang the air.<br />

>. xs^Tbevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 157 But fal[s]nes<br />

i-feyned vanschel? awey in schort tyme. c 1^30 Lydg, Min.<br />

Poems (Percy Soc.) 226 His bestys dyeden in yche dycbej<br />

His katelle wanshed alle away.<br />

b. Without adverb,<br />

a. C1350 Will. Palerne 639 Hit schal veraly J?urth vertue<br />

do vanisch ^our soris I c X386 Chaucer Pardoner s T. 404<br />

Lo how I vanysshe, flessh and blood and skyn. X560 Bible<br />

(Geneva) 7^nxlix.7 Is wisdome no more inTeman?..istheir<br />

wisdomo vanished ? 1576 Fleming PanopL Epist. 211 The<br />

benefite of the same will utterly decay and vanish. 16x7<br />

Moryson Itin. 11. 124 The fortifying of the Spaniards at<br />

Sligo vanished with the rumour. X695 Wood Ltfe (O.H.S.)<br />

13 April, The cold began to vanish and the north-east wind<br />

change, 1740 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. IV. 439 The Bill for<br />

Raismg of Money for the use of (he Crown is vanished.<br />

X778 AIiss Burney Evelina xxvii, I own my objections have<br />

almost .wholly vanished. 1820 W. Invwo Sketch Bk. I. 42 A<br />

little while, and the smile will vanish from that cheek. x8S2<br />

H. Rogers Eel. Faith (1853) »66 Very much, indeed, that<br />

I wished to remember has vanished. X874 Carpenter Mcnt.<br />

Phys. I. vi. (1879) 285 Even those who had previcusly been<br />

most successful.. found all their success vanish.


VANISHED.<br />

j3. v. 1393 Langl. p. PL C XVI. 8 So mj'ghle happe, J?at .<br />

vim^ie (should] alle myne vertues and myne faire lockes.<br />

C1440 Capgrave Li/e St. Kath. i. 487 It wyll wanyse &<br />

wast, roten & be brent. 1533 Gau Richt Vay 31 Quhen he<br />

gettis ony aduersite or persecutione, thane it[si. his faith]<br />

wanis^is and \%-auers as ane dreyme. 1596 Dalryhple tr.<br />

Lestie's Hist. Scot. II. 239 How sune vanisses that plesure,<br />

quhilke mortal! man callis felicitie.<br />

C Const, into (air, smoke, etc.).<br />

1590 Marlowe and Pt. Tamhurl, v, iii, Weepe heauens,<br />

and vanish into liquid teares. 1600 Dekker Gulfs Horti'<br />

6k. 27 Plauditics, and the Breath of the great Beast, which<br />

(like the threatnings of two Cowards) vanish all into aire.<br />

i6«7 Morton ///«. 11. 44 The ill successe of the Queen^<br />

affaires (whose great expences and Royall Army they had<br />

scene vanish into smoke). 1697 Drydes TVr^. Georg. iv.<br />

575 Surprize him first,.. Then all his Frauds will vanish into<br />

Wind. 1807 Hogg Mountain Bard, Mess yoAn xxiv, U<br />

the cock be heard to crow, The charm will vanish mlo air.<br />

184a LoNCF. BiZ/ry of Bruges iv, Wreaths of snow-white<br />

smoke ascending, vanished, ghost-like, into air.<br />

d. Maik, Ofnumbers or quantities: To become<br />

zero.<br />

1715 tr. Gregory's Astron. (1726) 1. 190 Because the Orbits<br />

of Mercury and Venus. .do almost vanish in respect of the<br />

Orbit of Saturn. 1789 Phii. Trans. LXXIX. 175 This<br />

series . .only differs from it by the last term S o not vanishing,<br />

that is, being = 0. 18J3 H. J. Brooke introd. Crysiaiiogr.<br />

aoi The axis must vanish, before the planes P and P'<br />

would reach 180°. 1840 Lardner Geom. 290 The distance<br />

between them decreasing without limit, but never vanishing.<br />

1885 AVatson & BuRBURY Mutk. EUctr. ff Magn. I. 42 AH<br />

the terms will vanish except those in which the multiples of<br />

^ are the same.<br />

3. To become worthless or vain. Obs.<br />

•f*<br />

cx38oWvcLiF I^j&^. (1880)419 ^if salt vany^che awey it is<br />

not wor)> aftir but to be castun out. 1382 — Luke xiv. 34 If<br />

salt scbal van^-sche [L. €vanuerit\ in what thing schal it<br />

be sauerid ? — Roin^ \. 21 Thei vanyscheden [L. evanuerunt]<br />

in her thou^tis. 1387TRF.VISA Higden (Rolls) III. 347<br />

Pe apostelsei]> t>at suche philosofres vansched away in here<br />

)>ou)tes.<br />

4. irafis. To cause to disappear ; to remove from<br />

sight. Now rare,<br />

c X440 AlpK Tales 45 And with {^at he vanysshid his enchawntement,<br />

& ^er was oght nott lefte of all Jjat hym<br />

J>oght he saw. 1590 Marlowe znd Pt. Taniburl. v. iii, Thus<br />

are the villaines..fled for feare. Like Summers vapours,<br />

vanisht by the Sun. 1604 Meet. Gallants at Ordinarie 5<br />

Say thou'st slaync Foure hundred Silkweauers, . .vanisht As<br />

many Tapsters, Chamberlaines, and Ostlers. 1633 Bp. Hall<br />

Hard TextSt N. T. 47 Whose bodies have been vanished<br />

into all the Elements. 1679 Penn Addr. Prot. n. 93<br />

And were Liturgies . . so framed, . . Schisms on Opinion were<br />

utterly vanished. X709 Mrs. Manley Seer. Mem. (1736) III.<br />

74 Whilst she was going to enquire who had sent it, the<br />

Child was dextrousTy vanish'd from the place. x^6&-74<br />

Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 656 You might as well think of<br />

haranguing a man out of a fever, as go to vanish his scruples<br />

arising from that cause by the remonstrances ofreason. 1886<br />

Pall Mall G. 23 Dec 4/1 Then he vanishes a birdcage and<br />

its occupant. . . Finally, he vanishes his wife.<br />

Hence Vanished (vse'nijt) ppl. a.<br />

1593 Shaks. Lucr. 742 He runs, and chides his vanish'd,<br />

loathed delight, f z6oo — ^'iJK/i. xxx. Then can L.mone<br />

th' expence of many a vannisht sight.<br />

x8xa Byron Ch. Har. 11. xl. Oft did he mark the scenes of<br />

vanish'd war. 1867 Morris Jason 1. 394 Strange (questions<br />

of the race of vanished men. Ibid. x. 554 And their hearts<br />

too, with thoughts of vanished years Were pensive. xBoo<br />

Science-Gossip XXVI. 108 Specimens of lifeless and shells<br />

of defunct and vanished univalves and bivalves.<br />

Va'nisher. [f. Vanish z*.] One who, or that<br />

which, vanishes or disappears.<br />

1864 Whittier The Vanishers iii. From the clefts of<br />

mountain rocks. . Flash the eyes and flow the locks Of the<br />

mystic Vanishers.<br />

Vanisbing (vae'nijig), vbL sb. [f. the vb.]<br />

1. The action or fact of disappearing,<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Knt.^s T, 1502 And forth sche wente, and<br />

made a vanysshynge. 1473 Wabkw. Chron. (Camden) 22<br />

Afore the vanyschynge therof, it apperyd in the evynynge.<br />

x6ix CoTGR., £sz'anouissementt..a. vanishing out of sight,<br />

x6x4 Raleigh Hist. World iii. (1634) 7 As where it tels of<br />

Nebuchadnezzar his owne vanishing away. X7XX Addison<br />

Sped. No. 44 p I Thunder and Lightning, .at the Vanishing<br />

of a DeviL x82^ BvRoN Juan xvi. xxiv. There was no<br />

great cause To think bis vanishing unnatural. x886^MfMseum<br />

9 Oct 463/3 Amongst the vanishings and disappearances<br />

of the * unfit ',<br />

2, Vanishing pointy in perspective, the point in<br />

which receding parallel lines, if continued, appear<br />

to meet. Similarly vanishing line^ plane.<br />

1797 Encycl Brit, (ed. 3) XIV. 183/2 Produce CB..and<br />

draw PV parallel to it...V is its vanishing point. 1815 J,<br />

Smith Panorama Set.


VANITY-FAIRIAN.<br />

of the beautiful art of ' vanning '. 1884 Knight Diet. Mech.<br />

Suppl. 920/1 The object throughout is., to imitate the<br />

vanning action of the miner's shovel.<br />

Vanning, vbl. sb,'^ [f. Van 5^.3] a. The<br />

action of conveying in a van. b. Travelling o»<br />

touring in a van ; caravanning.<br />

39<br />

1891 Athenaeum 15 Oct. 509/2 In 1836 came the affair of<br />

Elis, of whose ' vanning ' so much has been made, though<br />

Eclipse had been conveyed in a van.. from Epsom.. about<br />

fifty years before, xgio Times 21 ' July S/s.The Wanderer',<br />

..the pioneer of 'vanning' as a pastime for health and<br />

pleasure,.. is.. to be sold by auction.<br />

Vanplate, obs. form of Vamplate.<br />

Vanquash, z/. nonce-wd. [Jocularly f. Van j^.2<br />

+ Quash z;.] trans. To smash.<br />

c i6s6 Dick of Devon 11. iv. in BuUen O. PL II, Nay, if<br />

you be no better in the Reare then in the Van I shall make<br />

no doubt to vanquish, and vanquash you, too, before we<br />

part.<br />

tVanquer. Obs.—^ [ad. F. vainqueur, f.<br />

vainqzi-j vaincre Vanquish v.'\ Conqueror,<br />

1570 Satir. Poems Reform, xvii. 143 And so this Realme<br />

our public men do eat of this vanity-giving food,<br />

Vanity-bag, etc.<br />

e 1904-<br />

7. Vanity Pair (afterquot. 1678 below), a place<br />

or scene where all is frivolity and empty show ; the<br />

world or a section of it as a scene of idle amusement<br />

and unsubstantial display.<br />

[1678 BuNVAN Pilgr, (1900) 82 The name of that Town is<br />

Vanity ; and at the town there is a Fair kept, called Vanity-<br />

Fair. It..beareth the name of Vanity-Fair, because the<br />

Town where 'tis kept is lighter than Vanity.]<br />

1816 J. Scott Vis. Paris fed. 5) 137 Such is the Palais<br />

Royal ;—a vanity fair—a mart of sin and seduction I 1827<br />

Scott Chron. Canongate iii, Carrying so many bonny lasses<br />

to barter modesty for conceit and levity at the metropoUtan<br />

Vanity Fair. 1857 Trollope Barchester T. III. no But<br />

how preach.. at all in such a vanity*fair as this now going<br />

on at Ullathorne? i86x Th\ck-e.raw Four Georges ji Never<br />

was such a brilliant, jigging, smirking Vanity Fair as that<br />

through which he leads us.<br />

atirib. 1848 Thackeray Ka!«. /^ozV xxv, The last scene of<br />

her dismal Vanity Fair comedy was fast approaching. Ibid.<br />

xli, Assuming that any Vanity Fair feelings subsist in the<br />

sphere whither we are bound.<br />

Hence Vauity-fairian. nottce-wd,<br />

1848 Thacjceray Van, Fair xvii, Even with the most<br />

selfish disposition, the Vanity Fairian.. can't but feel some<br />

sympathies and regret.<br />

Va'UitylesSf «. rare. [f. the sb.] Devoid of<br />

vanity.<br />

1854 H. Strickland Travel Thoughts 47 t^l wonder if<br />

there is any one sane person in the whole world, utterly<br />

vanitiless.<br />

Vanjarrah, variant of ^wn/iatrr^^ Bkinjabbt,<br />

Van John. Univ, slang. = Vingt-un.<br />

1853 ' C. Bede ' Verdant Green xi, 'Van John ' was the<br />

favourite game. i86z Hughes Tom Brcnvn aiOxf. iii,_ We<br />

were plapng Van John in Blake's rooms till three fast night.<br />

1887 Darwin Life 9f Lett. 1. 1 57 A little of Gibbon's History<br />

in the morning, and a good deal cf Van John in the evening.<br />

t Vanlay, v, Obs. [Cf. Vauntlay sb.l intr.<br />

To cast off a vauntlay {to a hart).<br />

CX4IO Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, He.,<br />

shulde take goode heede (>at he vanlay not, if ot>er relayes<br />

be behynde, for dreede of bendynge oute fro )>e relayes.<br />

Ibid.^ When he hath be so wele ronnc to and.. relayed and<br />

vanleyed to,..)>enDe turneth he his heed and stondeth at<br />

abay^<br />

+ Vanlin, variant of Venlin Obs.<br />

1577 HoLiNSHEO Chron. II 1770/2 There were assembled<br />

foureiene Ensignes of the French footemen, .xviii. vanlins<br />

of Almains, [and) four or fiue .C. men at armes of France,<br />

Vanxuost, «• rare — . .Sail now.. As Aiax wes, be vanquer of the sell.<br />

tVan^uerer. Obs.-'^ [Var. ofVAN-couRiEB,<br />

prob. influenced by F. querir to seek.] A scout.<br />

i579DiGGES.9^r/x//(7/. 118 He must give order to the Scoute<br />

Mayster whyche way he shall send his Vanquerers to discover.<br />

^, [f. Van j^.-] Foremost,<br />

t Vanqueror. Obs.-^ [Cf, Vanqdbr and<br />

CONQUEUOB.] Victor.<br />

L^'^ Exec, for Treason (1675) 6 Neither the vanqueror<br />

nor the vanquished can haue iust cause of triumph.<br />

Va'nquish, sb. Sc [f. the vb.] (See quots.)<br />

179a Statist. Ace. Scot. IV. 267 The pernicious quality of<br />

a species of grass to the health of the sheep . . infecting them<br />

with a disease called the Vanquish. 1793 Ibid. VII. 518 In<br />

one or two farms a disease also prevails termed the Vanquish.<br />

1807 Essays Highl. Soc. III. 407 Change of pasture.. is the<br />

best known cure for the vanquish.<br />

Vanq^nislx (v£e*r)kwij), v. Forms : a. 4 vencuse,<br />

4-5 venkus (5 wen-), 5, 6 Sc.^ venous (5 Sc.<br />

wen-), 5 -cows ; 4 venkis, 5 -ke8(s, wenkys<br />

.SV. 5 vincuse, wyncus, 5-6 viuous(s, 6 uin-,<br />

wincua, vincous (wincowa), vincuia (win-),<br />

vancuis. j3. 4-5 renqals (5 -quyse, -quyss, Sc.<br />

wenqnis) ; Sc. 6 venqueia, -ques, vinqueis,<br />

wiuquea, 6-7 winquis, 6 vanques, -quis(e, wanqueia,<br />

-quea, -quia. 7. 5 vencu(a)che, -cuashe,<br />

-cu^sche, -quy8(c)he, -qwysahe, -qwissh,<br />

-quissh, -queash, 5-6 venquysshe, -quiashe ;<br />

6 vanquy(8)she, -quyche, -quishe, -quyah,<br />

Sc. -quhish, 6- vanquish. 8. 5-6 vaynquysahe<br />

(6 vayncq-, veynq-, i*em in pleyn bataille. 1375 Barbour Bruce<br />

1.554 He wan throw bataill Fraunceall fre| Andluciusyber<br />

wencusyt he. 01400-50 Alexander 312a If he be fallen<br />

vndire tote.. And vencust of oure violence, quat vailis him<br />

his hestis? ct^S Wvntoun Cron. 11. xx. 23 To vincus<br />

folk he kennit sa fast That he wes vincust at )>e last. 1456<br />

Sir G. Have La-w Arms (S.T.S.) 48 Thre kingis. .he vencust,<br />

all halely, and put thame to the flicht. 1533 Bellen-<br />

DEN Livy II. xvii. (S. f.S.) I. 105 How J>e equis and Wolchis<br />

war diuidit amang ^ame sei^ and vincust be romanis.<br />

c 1550 RoLLAND Crt. Venus 11. 232 Diners greit Kingis in<br />

feild he did vincus. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot.<br />

I. 301 Malcolme in batlell first vancuist, secundly obteynes<br />

the victorie.<br />

fi. € i«o R. Brunnk Chron. /*' lewes<br />

were venqwiste mihtile. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 10500 For<br />

au^t that he my^t do, ..Thei were put vnto fly5t, Wenkyst<br />

foule, & discomn^t. c 1470 Henrv Wallace \\\. 241 Quhen<br />

Wallace had weyle wcnquist.. The fals terand that had his<br />

fadyr slayne. iSM Cornel. Scott. Prol. 12 Annibal,. .beand<br />

venquest be nobif scipion, past for refuge tyl anthiocus.<br />

15^ Dalrvmplk tr. Leslie s Hist. Scot, I. 339 He vanquisses<br />

the King of Norway. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 17 Gif<br />

2. The action or process of separating ore on a<br />

shovel. Also attrib.^ as vanning-action, shovel.<br />

1671 Phil. Trans, VI. 2098 Vanning.. Is performed by<br />

pulverising the stone, or clay, or what else may be suspected<br />

to contain any mineral body, and placing it on a Vanning<br />

shovel. 1766 Ibid. LVI. 38, I employed a tinner dextrous<br />

in vanning (a way of breaking and trying ores, by washing<br />

them on a shovel gently with water) to try it in his usual<br />

wa^. 1778 Pbyce Miu. Cornub. 223 This must be repeated,<br />

til! it is cleansed from the rough gravelly parts, which nmy<br />

be known by vanning of it on a shovel. 1839 Dk ui Bechr<br />

Rep. Genl. Cormvall, etc. xv. 585 Great dexterity is exhibited<br />

hy the tinners in the operation termed vanning. 1875 J. H.<br />

Collins 3/^/. Mining it Thesame principle is at the bottom<br />

he quha is challenged be overcome and winquised be battel.<br />

y. 1383 Wyclif 2 Sam, x. 19 Seynge alle the kyngis . . hem<br />

to be vencusshid of Yrael. riiSfi Chaucer Man of Law''<br />

T. 194 Thurgh Hanibal, That Komayns hath venquysshed<br />

tymes thre. c 1430 LvDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 97 David<br />

that sloughe Golye, . . That sloughe the here, . . venqwysshed<br />

the lyoune. 11533 Ld. Berners Huon Iv. 185 Yf he can<br />

vanquysshe me, then he shal delyuer to thee thy nece. 1555<br />

Ehen Decades To Rdr. (Arb.) 51 The Moores or Sarasens<br />

and lewes which.. yet coulde neuer before bee cleane vanquysshed<br />

vnlyll thedayes of this nobleand Catholyke prince.<br />

'593 i^HAKs. 2 Hen. VI, iv. viii. 45 Wer't not a shame,..<br />

The fearfull French, whom you late vanquished, Should<br />

make a start ore-seas and vanquish ^ou ? 1635 Quarles<br />

EmbL 1. ii, [To] baffle hell, And vie with those that stood,<br />

and vanquish those that fell, a 17*7 Newton Chronol,<br />

Amended i. (1728) 96 David vanquished the Ammonites.<br />

179X CowpER Iliad III. 517 Me, Menelaus, by Minerva's aid,<br />

Hath vanquished now, who may hereafter him. 1819-50<br />

Alison Hist. Europe VII. xlii. §21. 105 She, vanquished<br />

but not subdued, compelled to yield to necessity, followed<br />

her timid consort 1856 Kane Arct. Expi, I. xxix. 394 They<br />

gnawed her feet and nails so ferociously that we drew her<br />

up yelping and vanquished.<br />

5. 1474 Caxton Chesse 37 For by bataylte he shall not be<br />

ouercome and vaynquysshid. c 1489 — Sonnes of Aymon<br />

J<br />

' Vanquishable<br />

VANQUISHABLE.<br />

xix. 428, 1 am vaynquyshed & overcome wythout ony stroke.<br />

'5o3~4 ^'^t 19 Hen. VII^ c. 34 Preamble, They were rencountered,<br />

vaynquesshed, dispersed, overcome, and dyvers<br />

put to deth. (11533 Ld. Berners Huon xciii. 303 Syr,<br />

thanked be god we haue vaynquysshed the Emperoure. 1565<br />

Cooper Thesaurus^ Debellare^ to vainquish or ouercome by<br />

warre.<br />

b. fig. To overconie by spiritual power.<br />

c 1375 Sc, Leg. Saints xxviii. {Margaret) 34 Vertuysly<br />

scho cane vincuse J)e flesch, |)e warld, >e fend alsa. t;x38o<br />

\W\Qi.l¥ Contr. Tracts Sel. Wks. III. 439 pe fend haj? ben<br />

many day abowte to vencushe Cristen men bi Antecristis<br />

clerkis. c 1440 Lvdg. Hors, Shepe 9f G. 343 Bi his meknesse<br />

he . .venquysshid hath Satan. 1483 Caxton Cato B ij b,<br />

Saynt Johan sayth in the pocalyps who sbal vanquysshe<br />

the world, c 1510 More Picus Wks. 22 He it is, by whose<br />

mighty powre. The worlde was vainquished and his prince<br />

cast out. 1560 Holland Sez'en Sages 44 Than speikis he<br />

to God face to face, Quhen that the Deuill he hes vincust.<br />

1581 BuBNE in Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.) ii8 [That] the craft.,<br />

of the Deuil is vinqueist and cuercum. 1671 Milton P.R.<br />

I. 175 The Son of God Now entring his great duel,.. to vanquish<br />

by wisdom hellish wiles.<br />

t c. To expel or hamsti from a place. Obs.<br />

^53,6 Pilgrym's T, in Thynne's Animadv. (1875) 79Wher<br />

this man walked, ther was no farey ner other spiritis, for<br />

his blessynges. .did vanquyche them from euery buch and<br />

tre. 160X Dolman La Primaud. Fr, Acad. (1618) 374 Con*<br />

spiring the reentrie of Tarquinius race unto the Kingdome<br />

of Rome, from whence they had been vanquished for<br />

wickednes and whoredome.<br />

2. To overcome (a person) by other than physical<br />

means. Also const. of{— in respect of).<br />

c 1366 Chaucer A. B.C. 8 Mercyable Queue, . . Hafe mercy<br />

of my Perilous langoure, Venquist has me my cruelle aduer*<br />

sair. £^1386 — Pars. T. 661 Therfore saith the wise man,<br />

if thou wolt venquisch thin enemy lerne to suffre. 1477<br />

Caxton Dictes lai He that demaundethe but reason is able<br />

to vaynquysshe & ouercome hisennemye. a 1500 Bemardus<br />

de cura rei fam. (E.E.T.S.) 122 For he is nocht ay wen*<br />

custe with i>e sworde. But oft throw lufe. c 1530 Pol.^<br />

Rel.y ff L. Poems (1903) 58 Ofte the enmy is easelyer venquysied<br />

with seruice than with stroke of swerde. c 1550<br />

Rolland Crt. Venus in. 45 Hippolyte and eik Pandora sle<br />

That with hir slicht[i]s al men dois vincous. 1671 Milton<br />

Samson 235, I my self, Who vanquisht with a peal of words<br />

..Gave up my fort of silence to a Woman. 17*5 W.<br />

Hamilton To C'tess Eglinton 22 The Fair One,. .Cur'd of<br />

her scorn, and vanquish'd of her hate. 1770 Goldsm. Des.<br />

Vill. 212 In arguing too, the parson own'd his skill, For e'en<br />

though vanquish'd, he could argue still. 1848 W. H. Kelly<br />

tr. L. Blanc's Hist. Ten K. II. 295 At last, M. Gerard has<br />

got the upper hand ; he has vanquished his colleagues, be<br />

has vanquished the king.<br />

+ b. To convict ^some offence. Obs.~^<br />

X50J Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) iv. xxi. Xiiy,<br />

Whan it is so that he of that was lawfully vaynquysshed or<br />

that he hath that confessed in lugement.<br />

3. With impersonal object : To overcome, subdue,<br />

suppress, or put an end to (a feeling, state . of<br />

things, etc.),<br />

C1380 Wyclif Wks. (18B0) 435 For treujje mut vencusche<br />

al o|Jer bing. c 1386 Chaucer Frankl. T. 46 Pacience . . venquysseth.<br />

.ihynges Jjat rigour sholde neuere atteyne. c:x4oo<br />

Rom. Rose 3546 We se ofte that humilite, Bothe ire, and also<br />

felonye Venquyssheth. tixa-so Lvdg. Chron. Troy i. 3284<br />

Thenfeccioun of hir troubled eyr He hath venquesched.<br />

1474 Caxton Chesse 60 And yf thou canst not vaynquysshe<br />

thyn yre than muste thyn yre ouercome the. 1513 Dolglas<br />

Ai.neid i. xi. 64 The flambe of torchisvincoust the dirk nycht.<br />

1567 Gude * Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 122 O God, sa gude and<br />

gracious, Lat thair. Jugeing vencust be. a 1601 ? Marston<br />

Pasquil ^ Kath. (1878) 11. 154 Euen then m^ loue shall not<br />

be vanquished. x6ax Burton /3«a^. Mel. i. ii. 1. i. (1651) 37<br />

If the cause be removed, the eflTect is likewise vanquished.<br />

1671 Milton P. R. iv. 607 By vanquishing Temptation,<br />

[thou] hast regain'd lost Paradise. 1781 Cowper Expost.<br />

411 To vanquish lust, and wear its yoke no more. x8xq<br />

Shelley Cenci i. iii. 110 Till it thus vanquish shame and<br />

fear. 1833 Ht. Martineau Fr. Wines «f PoL viii. 130<br />

Charles repeatedly vanquished his resentment at the<br />

Marquis" supercilious treatment of him.<br />

+ 0. To excel or surpass. Obs."^<br />

XS33 Bellenden Livy i. Prol. (S.T.S.) I. 7 New authouris<br />

. . be J>are crafty eloquence traistis to vincus the rude<br />

Langage of anciant authouris.<br />

1 4. To win or gain (a battle or other contest).<br />

1x1400 Sir Degrev. 1126 Sone that dou^ty undur sheld<br />

Had y.venkessyd the feld. c X4S0 Merlin iii. 56 Vter venquysshed<br />

the bataile, and ther ne ascaped noon of the sarazins,<br />

X483 Caxton Gold Leg. 11 1/3 Thus as he demanded<br />

he vanquysshid the batayll. a 1548 Hall Chron., Edw. IV<br />

(1550) 43 A gentlemanne . . did demaunde of an Englisheman,<br />

how many baltailes kyng Edward had vanquished.<br />

5. absol. To be victorious; to have the victory.<br />

138a WvcLiF I Sam, xiv. 47 And whidir euer he turnede<br />

hym silf, he venkusede. X483 Caxton Gold. Leg. (1892) 846<br />

He threwe away his swerde, and judged himself better to<br />

vaynquysshe in suffering of deth. X568 Grafton Chron, II.<br />

756 He shall no lesse commend his wisdome where he voyded,<br />

then his manhood where he vanquished. 1596 Dalrymple tr.<br />

Leslie's Hist. Scot. I 349 He..sa stoutlie straik and yaiiquist,<br />

that a noble Victorie he obteynet. 1651 Raleighs<br />

Ghost 213 When he suffered his hands to fall down, Amalek<br />

vanquished.<br />

(vre-rjkwijabn), a. [f. prec. +<br />

-ABLE.] Capable of being vanquished or overcome.<br />

X555 Watreman Fardle Facions App. 309 Ye shal be of<br />

all menne mosle strong and valiaunte in fight, and vanquisheable<br />

to noneenemie. x6oi Marston /!«/. 9f Mel. 11, Bamsht,<br />

forlorne, despairing, ..vanquishable, 1654 Gayton Pleas,<br />

Notes III. iv. 87 That great Gyant. .was only vanquishable<br />

by the Knights of the Well. X736 Ainsworth i, Vanquishable,<br />

vincibiliSt superabilis. X831 Coleridge Table^ T. 25<br />

July, I should not have wished (or a more vanquishable<br />

opponent. x866 Carlyle Remin. (i8Bi) II. 221 In which<br />

she again proved not to be vanquishable.


VANQUISHED.<br />

Vanquished (vae-gkwijt), ///. a. Also 5-6<br />

Sc. vencust, 6 Sc. vincust, vanquest, -queist<br />

6 vanquisshed, 7 vanquisht. [f. as prec] Defeated,<br />

overcome, subdued.<br />

1456 Sir G. Have Z,flw^r?wfCS.T.S.)272 The vencust man<br />

. . suld pay to the vencusour his costis. 1513 Douglas /Eueid<br />

I. ii. 27 Cariand to ItalyThair vincust hammald goddis and<br />

lUon. 1589 Alex. Hume Poetns (S.T.S.) 54 The portrators<br />

c^ euerie vanquest lowne, Of Cittadells tetcj. 1671 Milton<br />

Samson 281 The matchless Gideon in pursuit Of Madian<br />

and her vanquisht Kings. 17x0 W. King Heathen Gods *<br />

Heroes x. {X727) 41 Those [arms] which Marcus Marcellus<br />

took from the vanquish'd Viridomarus. 1781 Gibbon Deci.<br />

* F. xxviii. (1787) III. 103 But the victors themselves were<br />

insensibly subdued by the arts of their vanquished rivals.<br />

1849 Macaulay //ist. Eng. Ii. 44 This plea the King considered<br />

as the subterfuge oi a vanquished disputant. 1884<br />

MarskaWs Tennis Cuts 266 Much more they steep The<br />

vanquished soul in sweet forgetfulness.<br />

b. odsol. The person or persons defeated, etc.<br />

155s Eden Decades (Arb.) 50 Greater commoditie hath<br />

therof ensewed to the vanquisshed then the victourers.<br />

1583 Stockeb Civ. Warres Lowe C. i. 38 That the victors<br />

would sacke the vanquisheds houses. 1651 Hobbes Leviath.<br />

II. XX. 104 It is not, .the Victory, that giveth the right of<br />

Dominion over the Vanquished [etc.]. 1728 Eliza Hevwood<br />

tr. Mme. de Gomez's Belle A. (1732) II. 67 Perhaps, if Tre.<br />

mouiUe had been the vanquish'd, he could not have_ behaved<br />

with the same Temper, as, being Conqueror, he did. x8io<br />

Jane Vq^-^ka Scottish Chiefs Ixxxv, He bade that generous<br />

prince adieu, with the full belief of soon returning to find<br />

him the vanquished of Edward. 1887 Bowen Mneid 11. 353<br />

One hope only remains for the vanquished—hope to resign.<br />

Vanquislier (voe*gkwiJaj). Forms : a. 5 Sc.<br />

vencusour, 6 vanquysser, Sc, -quisser, venquesair,<br />

vinquiesser. /3. 5 vaynquyssheur,<br />

-our, 6 venquosshor, vanquysher, 6- vanquisher,<br />

[f. as prec] A conqueror, subduer.<br />

a. X456 [see prec.^ 'XSSS ^^' Berners Huon xv. 4p Vf<br />

it fortimyd that the vanquysser sle his enymye. 1549 Comph<br />

Scot. xvii. 149 The victorec is ioyful quhen the enemeis are<br />

venqueist vitht out domage to the venquesair. x^88 A. King<br />

tr. Canisius' Catech. 8 That he mycht declair him self<br />

vinquiesser ouir death and sathan. 1596 Dalrymplb tr.<br />

Leslie^ Hist. Scot. I. 302 A certane joung man,., the principal<br />

vanquisser of Cam.<br />

0. X474 Caxton Chesse iii. vH, In suffryng hym thou<br />

shalt be his vaynquysshour. 1490 — Eneydos xi, 4a God<br />

forbede that it may be sayd of Eneas, . . vaynquyssheur<br />

of grete bataylles [etc.]. « 1513 Fabvan Chron. 11. (1811)<br />

20 Dunwallo. .was venquesshor of y» other Dukes or rulers.<br />

1577 tr. Bullingers Decades (1592) 441 The Saints. .are<br />

victorcrs and vanquishers, howsoeuer they are oppressed.<br />

X630 J. Taylor (Water P.) (^/. £a/tfrA>«/ n This inuincible<br />

ale victoriously vanquished the vanquisher. 165a Kirkman<br />

Clerio 4- Lozia 83 This superbe Vanquisher receiving the<br />

Trophies and the Laurels. 1734 Richers Hist. Roy. Geneal.<br />

Speiin 266 The Castle of Zamora soon after surrender'd to<br />

the vanquisher. 1807 G. Chalmers Caledonia I. iii. vii.<br />

400 note^ Combats, wherein they were sometimes the vanquishers,<br />

and sometimes the vanquished. 1863 J. G. Mubphy<br />

Comm,^ Gen. xxxil 27 The secret of his power with his<br />

friendly vantjuisher.<br />

VanquisMng, "vbL sb. [f. as prec] The<br />

action of overcoming or subduing.<br />

a 1315 MS. Rawl. B.J20 fol. 56 pe coniunccion ne uaillejj<br />

no^t, so ase )>e seisede mai repelen, ne J»e venquissinge ne<br />

uaiie^ no^t bote jif hit were aioined t>oru rigt. c 1475 Rauf<br />

Coiiyar 825 For dout of vincussing they went nocht away.<br />

1480 Barbour's Bruce xviii. 206 (E.), Quhen thai of Scotland<br />

had wittering Off Schir Eduuardis wencussing. 1611 Cotcb.,<br />

Victoire, victorie, conquest, a subduing, or vanquishing.<br />

1736 AiNSWORTH I, Debellation a vanquishing, or overthrow.<br />

Vanctuishing, ///. a. [f. as prec] That<br />

overcomes or conquers.<br />

z6ix CoTCR., Vainqueresse, a vanquishing or victorious<br />

woman. 1886 W. J. Tucker E. Europe 258 Such was the<br />

dread of his vanquishing army amongst the nations of the<br />

West.<br />

VanquislimeiLt (vx'rjkwijmfint). [f. as prec]<br />

The act of vanquishing or overcoming.<br />

ip93 Nashe Christ's T. Wks, (Grosart) IV. 42 The vanquishment<br />

of that vglie nest of Harpies, hath beene reserued<br />

as a worke for mee, before all beginnings. 1613-8 Daniel<br />

Coll. Hist. Eng. (1626) 5 He draue Valentinian lo seeke ayde<br />

of Theodosius.. after the vanquishment and death of his<br />

brother. 165a Gaule Mazastrom. 336 This he took to be<br />

an omen or presage of the vanquishment and death of.<br />

Perses. 1697 Potter Antiq. Greece 11. xv. (1715) 328<br />

Appearing in time of War, it signified vanquishment, and<br />

running away. i8$x I. Tavlor Wesley^ ^ Methodism 26<br />

His conversion, taking place, .by successive vanquishments.<br />

x888 B. W. Richardson Son 0/ Star 1. 226 The princess..<br />

had gained a reputation . . for her prowess and skill in<br />

vanquishment.<br />

t Vanqiiissant, a. Obs.—^ [ad. obs. F. vainquissant,<br />

pres, pple. ofvainquir'. see Vanquish vJ]<br />

Victorious.<br />

163a J. Havwasd tr. Biondrs Eromena 105 Congratulations<br />

she received not as a woman in chila-bed, but as a<br />

Captaine vanquissant of a battel.<br />

Vansire. Zool. [a. F. vansire^ formed by<br />

BufTon (1765) from the Malagasy name, given by<br />

him as vohang- or voangskira (otherwise recorded<br />

as vontsira)^ The marsh-ichneumon {Herpestes<br />

^lera) of South Africa.<br />

X774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. III. ix, 362 To the ferret kind<br />

we may add an animal which Mr. BufFon calls the Vansire,<br />

the skin of which was sent him stuffed, from Madagascar.<br />

X785 Smellie tr. Buffon"! Nat. Hist. (1791) VII. 222 The<br />

vansire. . is a native of Madagascar and tlie interior parts of<br />

Africa. X831 Proc. Zool. Soc. Apr. 57^ M. Goudot has<br />

brought a small carnivorous animal, which he states to be<br />

the true vansire.<br />

40<br />

Vanston(e, southern ME. varr. Fontstone.<br />

Vant, southern var. Font shy ; obs. f. VaUNT<br />

sb. and v. \ obs, Sc f. Want v.<br />

Vant-f pr^fi-Xj representing AF. vant', aphetic<br />

{.avanl-AYAtiT- : see Vant-brace, -guard, -ward.<br />

In a number of compounds the I was elided, as<br />

Vanbrace, -chase, -courier, -guard, etc. Before<br />

labials the « by assimilation became tn, as in<br />

and<br />

Vambraoe, Vampey, Vamplate, Vamward ;<br />

a further reduction appears in vamure Vaumure<br />

and Vaward. The AF. variant vaunt- is also<br />

very fully represented in English forms : see<br />

Vaunt-chase, -courier, etc.<br />

Vantage (va'nted^), sb. Also 4-7 vauntage,<br />

6 vauntadge 5-6 Sc. wantage, 7-8 Vantage,<br />

;<br />

[a, AF. vantage (1302), var, of OF. avaniage Advantage<br />

sb, Cf. It. vantaggio, Sp. ventaja^ Pg.<br />

vantagem^<br />

1. Advantage, benefit, profit, gain. Now arch,<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 8015 O ^am Jwu sal haue gret vantage,<br />

Bath to |>e and to t>i barnage. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880)<br />

302 Not of leesyng of worldliche worship ne worldliche<br />

vauntage, . . but of lesyng of vertues. c X440 Promp. Parv.<br />

508/1 Vauntage, (A'., or avauntage), pro/ectus^ proventus.<br />

c X470 Henry IVallace ix. 915 This wantage was, the Scottis<br />

ihaim dantyt swa, Nayn Inglisman durst fra his feris ga.<br />

1536 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W, 1531) 172 b, Repute it for your<br />

singlar vauntage & wynnynge to be exercised & tossed in<br />

dyuerse temptacyons. 1555 Hooper in Coverdale's Lett.<br />

Mart. (1564) 141 Such fleshe as. .had great vauntage by hys<br />

word, are become his very enemies. 1576 Fleming Panopl.<br />

Epist.-jz, I receyued two seuerall letters from you,.. Out of<br />

which.. I reaped double commoditie and vauntage. 1617<br />

Collins Def. Bp. ofEly i. i. 72 What vantage haue you now<br />

of all that is said of Peters ship to countenance Rome ? 1645<br />

Arraignm. Persecution 23 Shalt we that have received<br />

vantage by their rejection, thus recompence them- with<br />

tyranny? [1846 Landor Exam. Shaks. Wks. II. 266 It<br />

would give.. the neighbourhood much vantage, to see these<br />

two fellows good men.]<br />

t b. Pecuniary profit or gain. Obs.<br />

c X430 Freemasonry (Halliw. 1840) 149 The mayster schal<br />

not, for no vantage, Make no prentes that ys outrage, c 1440<br />

Jacob''s Well 43 ludas was wo, bat he had nogt J>at vauntage<br />

of |>o XXX. pens J>at was ^e tythe of Jw iij. hundreth pens.<br />

1526 TiNDALE Matt. XXV. 27 Then at my commynge shulde I<br />

have receaved my money with vauntage. 1555 Eden Decades<br />

(Arb.) 340 He became a master in makynge cardes for the<br />

sea, whereby he had great vantage. 1373 Tusser Husb.<br />

(1878) 90 If one penie vantage be therein to saue, of coast<br />

man or fleming be sure to haue.<br />

t c. A perquisite. Obs. (Cf. Vail sb?- 4.)<br />

ax470 H. Parker Dives 9f Pauper {W. de W. 1496) vii.<br />

XXL 308/2 That he sholde besydes his salarye take annuell<br />

or trentalle, or ony suche other, that they calle vantages.<br />

1481 MS. at St. Nick. Bristol in Clerk's <strong>Book</strong> of jS4Q<br />

(Bradshaw Soc.) 70 Hit was of old vsage that the vantage<br />

of weddyngges was longgynge to the Gierke. xss8 G.<br />

Cavendish Poems (1825) II. 52 First in theprivye councell<br />

was my foundacion, And cheife secretary with all vantages<br />

and fees.<br />

+ d. Printing, (See quots.) Obs.<br />

1683 MoxoN Meek. Exerc.y Printing 393 When a Whitepage<br />

or more happens in a Sheet, the Compositer calls that<br />

Vantage: So does the Press-man, when a Form of one Pull<br />

comes to the Press. [1888 Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 151<br />

Vantage^ an old synonym for the modern one of * fat '.]<br />

+ 2. a. A greater amount ^something. Obs.<br />

X398 Trevisa Bartk, De P. R. xiv. Hi. (ToUem. MS.),<br />

Therfore t?ese places of heremites hauen moche noye and<br />

trauayll ; ne}?eles it hab a vauntage [L. plurimum\ of commodite<br />

and reste.<br />

f b. An additional amount or sum. For or to<br />

the vantage^ in addition. Vantage of bread (see<br />

quot. 161 1). Obs.<br />

X52g More Suppl. Souls Wks. 331 And yet haue we for<br />

the vauntage .. the boke of y" kinges, the woordes of the<br />

Prophete zacharie [etc.]. \^^ Croscombe Ch. Ward. Ace.<br />

(Som. Rec. Soc.) 43 R. Phelyppes for the vantage of bredde,<br />

xxWd. x6o4 Shaks. 0th, iv. in. 86 Yes, [there are] a dozen<br />

[such women] ; and as many to th' vantage, as would store<br />

the world they plaid for. x6xx Cotgr., Le trezain dupain^<br />

vantage of bread ; the thirteenth loafe giuen by Bakers<br />

vnto the dozen. X6X7 Collins Def. Bp. of^ Ely 11. ix. 346<br />

Supererogation there is none, where first all is not done that<br />

ought to be done, and then a vantage too, or surplus oner.<br />

X639 Fuller Holy Wariv. xiii. {1647) 191 The Popes Legate<br />

and Robert Earl of Artois. .would make no bargain except<br />

Alexandria.. were also cast in for vantage to make the conditions<br />

down-weight. X706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Vantage,<br />

that which is given over and above just Weight and<br />

Measure ; Overplus.<br />

t o. And (a or the) vantage ^ with the vantage<br />

and above, and (a little) more. Obs.<br />

"594 Wills ^ 2nv. N. C. (Surtees, i860) 244, xxj stirkes of<br />

yeare old and vantage, 18*., x stirkes, of two yearesould and<br />

vantage, 16'. x6oi Holland Pliny 1. 12 But Venus ascendeth<br />

up to her station in fifteene dales and the vantage. x6ax<br />

Fletcher Pilgrim i. i, She is fifteen, with the vantage, And<br />

if she be not ready now for mannage— . a 1656 Ussher<br />

Ann, (1658) 251 Of a huge stature, and a mind answerable<br />

thereunto, for it is said, that he was five cubids high, and<br />

vantage. 1708 Lond. Gaz. No. 4472/4 Stoln or Stray'd . , a<br />

.<br />

brown bay Gelding,. .14 hands and the vantage high. 1711<br />

— No. 4875/4 A large kindly black Mare,.. two Years old,<br />

with the Vantage. 1754 J. Shebbeare Matrimony (1766) I.<br />

4 In plain English, she had seen One and Thirty Birth-days,<br />

and a 'Vantage, as they say in the West of England,<br />

fd. eiiipt. = prec. Obs.~'^<br />

x6oi Shuttlezvortks' Ace. (Chetham Soc.) 124 A litle<br />

younge styre of towe yeres old vantage.<br />

3. Advantage or superiority in a contest; position<br />

VANTAGE.<br />

or opportunity likely to give superiority ; vantageground.<br />

+ Upon the vantage, at an advantage.<br />

15*3 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xviL 18 The archers.. haue<br />

noo vauntage of hym nor of his company. 1579-80 North<br />

Plutarch, Tlteseus (1595) 3 The cause why they were thus<br />

shauen before, was, for that their enemies should not haue<br />

the vauntage to take them by the hayres of the head while<br />

they were fighting. Ibid. 4 They which by might could<br />

haue vantage ouer others, had nothing to rfoe with.. quiet<br />

qualities. 1596 Dalrvmple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 215 Oft<br />

may meit [in battle] : oft thay parte with lytle vantage.<br />

1600 Holland Livy 1. xxvii. 20 When bee thought bee had<br />

gained vantage ynough, bee mounted up the hill with all<br />

his companies. X627 E. F. Hist. Edw. 11 (1680) 117 Knowing<br />

the weakness, he esteem'd his vantage in suffering them<br />

to land. 1634 Sib T. Herbert Trav. 27 A Castle, strong, and<br />

of white chalky stone, its Ordnance planted high to play in<br />

Mounts upon the vantage. X795 Southev Joan of Arc yii.<br />

345 The exasperate knight.. up the steps advanced, Like<br />

one who disregarded in his strength The enemy's vantage.<br />

1850 Blackie ^schylus II. 160 Though close hedged in by<br />

the foe, The vantage hath been ours. 1867 Trollope Chron.<br />

Barset I. xviii. 156 The bishop found that he would thus<br />

lose his expected vantage.<br />

b. With defining term introduced by of.<br />

X523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I.cxcix. 97/1 The englisshemen<br />

had the vauntage of the hyll, and helde themselfe so cloosc<br />

together that none coude entre into them. 1568 Grafton<br />

Chron. II. 242 Assoone as the king and his Marshalles had<br />

ordered hys battayle, he drewe vp the sayles and came with<br />

a quarter winde to haue the vauntage of the sonne. 1626<br />

Bacon Sylva § 599 It hath been anciently practised to burne<br />

Heath, and Ling, and Sedge, with the vantage of the Wind,<br />

upon the Ground. X805 Scott Last Minstrel v. xviii. To<br />

each knight their care assigned Like vantage of the sun and<br />

wind. i8j8 — F. M. Perth v, Thou wilt have better access<br />

to drive them back, having the vantage of the house. 1855<br />

Macaulay Hist. Eng. xvl HI. 621 James. .consented to<br />

retreat till he should reach some spot where he might have<br />

the vantage of ground.<br />

O. In the phrases coign (see CoiGN sb. \)^place^<br />

point (etc.) of vantage. So also \ dice of vantage.<br />

c 1570 Misogonus 11. iv. 168 (Brandl), The preistes handes<br />

ith mustardpolt; the knave, throwe at an inch. Has some<br />

disc of vauntadge, myne oth I durst take. 1805-6 Gary<br />

Dante, Inf. xvi. 24 Naked champions. .Are wont, intent, to<br />

watch their place of hold And vantage, ere in closer strife<br />

they meet. 1832-4 De Quincey Caesars Wks. i860 X. 55<br />

This adoption would have been applied . . as a station of<br />

vantage for introducing him to the public favour. x86o<br />

Motley Netkerl.x\\i.H^6Z) II. 347 It was unfortunate that<br />

the possession of Sluys had given Alexander such a point of<br />

vantage.<br />

1 4. With a and pi. : An advantage ; a position or<br />

state of superiority. Freq. with at or for, Obs,<br />

Perh. originally a wrong division of avantage.<br />

CX450 Merlin xxxii. 654 Petrius..cowde well fle and<br />

relurne at a vauntage, and well fight with his enmyes.<br />

c 1489 Caxton Blatichardyn liii. 204 They chased Subyon<br />

that was horsed at a vauntage better than they were, a X548<br />

Hall Ckron., Hen. VIJI, 117 Then they issued out boldly<br />

and shot coragiously as men that shot for a vauntage. a 1568<br />

in A. Scott's Poems (E.E.T.S.) 44 Thair is nocht ane winche<br />

^)at I se Sail win ane wantage of me. 1581 J. Bell Haddon's<br />

AnsTv. Osor. 268b, <strong>Here</strong>upon he doth conclude as it were<br />

at a vauntage that the doctrine of these men is not onely<br />

unprofitable, but also pestiferous. x6is W. Lawson Country<br />

Housew. Gard, (1626) 32 Wee may well assure our selues,<br />

(as in all other Ajrts, so in this) there is a vantage and<br />

dexterity, by skill. x6


VANTAGE.<br />

x6ia in Plomer Abstracts fr IVilh of En^. Printers<br />

(1903) 45 To twelve Poore people . .one penny loafe and Twoe<br />

pence a peece and the vauntage loafe to the Gierke there.<br />

1808 Scott Marm. vi. ii, Bulwark,, .bastion, tower, and<br />

vantage-coign, a i86i Clough Relig. Poems ii. 85 Quick<br />

seizure and fast unrelaxing hold of vantage-place. 1865<br />

J. H. Ikgraham Pillar of Fire (1872) 322 Terrace.'!, house-<br />

tops,—every vantage-point—were crowded thickly with<br />

spectators. 1885 J. H. Dell Dawning Grey, Prefatory^<br />

Some last vantage-ditch of wrong. 189a Pall Mall G.<br />

7 July 6/1 The Londoners equalized and made another<br />

'vantage' set necessary, /^i*/., The Irishmen gained the<br />

' vantage ' game every time.<br />

Vantage (va-nted^), V, Also 5 vauntagyn, 6<br />

-age. [f. prec, or ad. OF. vantager (Palsgr,).]<br />

1. trans. To profit or benefit (one). Now only<br />

arch. Cf. Advantage v, 4.<br />

cx^Promp. Part'. (Winch.), Forderyn,. .or vauntagyn.<br />

1530 Palsgr. 765/1 What dothe it vauntage you to go so<br />

often ovdr-see? 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. iv. 49 Needlesse feare<br />

did neuer vantage none. 1596 Edtv. Ill, n. i, Vf nothing<br />

but that losse may vantage you, I would accompt that losse<br />

my vauntage to. a 1618 Sylvester Job Triumphant iv.<br />

227 What will it vantage mee, What shall I gain, if 1 from<br />

sin be free? 1813 Scott Betrothed xxi\. To keep him as a<br />

captive might vantage them more in many degrees, than<br />

could his death. 1891 C. E. Norton Dofite's Purgat. xiii,<br />

66 What hath it vantaged thee to make of me a screen ?<br />

refl. 1581 J.;Bell Haddon's Ansvj. Osor. i86 They vauntage<br />

themselves nothyng by this distinction. 1598 Barret<br />

Theor. Warres i. ii. 13 Thereby to aduance and vantage<br />

bimselfe.<br />

1 2. intr. To make gain or profit, Obs."^<br />

1563 FoxK A.9f M. 11/1 The commen saying of. .naughty<br />

wemen, which say, they vantage more in one holy day, then<br />

in L. other dales besides.<br />

Hence Va-ntag-ed///. a,, f increased, augmented.<br />

1578 Banister Hist. Man Pref. 7 That. .with the testimonie<br />

of a cleare conscience, we may render our vauntaged<br />

talentes vnto the high Auditour.<br />

t Va'Zltaffeable, a* Obs, rare* Also 6<br />

vantish-. Ti. prec] Advantageous, profitable.<br />

1570 FoxE A.


VAPIDLY.<br />

2. A v»pid remark, idea, feature, etc.<br />

1848 Biackw, Mae. LXIII. 266 Their pet historian.,<br />

cannot make a single speech without dragging in.. some<br />

vapidity about the Revolution Settlement. 1877 C. Grikib<br />

Christ IV, (1879) 665 Teaching, .so searching and practical,<br />

compared with the \'apidities of the Rabbis. xS8^ Pall<br />

Mall G. \\ May 7 Those upon whom the crudities and<br />

vapidities of the 'commission ' portraits. .jar.<br />

Vapidly (vce'pidli), cutv* [f. as prec. + -ly 2,]<br />

In a vapid manner.<br />

1847 in Webster. 1880 * Olid a ' Moths xx. She seemed<br />

to herself so useless, so stupidly, vapidly, frivqiously useless,<br />

x888 Th'tes 24 Sept, 9/5 If they were become simply uninteliisible<br />

or \*apidly dull, the wonder would be less.<br />

VajpidneSfl (\TE-pidn6s). [f. as prec. + -ness.]<br />

•« Vapiditt.<br />

i7t7 Bailey, Vapidiuss, deadness, flatness, palledness of<br />

liquors. i8ao Keats in Rosseiti Life (1887) 142 When once<br />

a person has smoked the vapidness of the routine of society.<br />

i8as-9 Mas- Sherwood Lady ofManor IV. xxviii. 392 The<br />

vapidness, . . the languor and vexation, which accompany the<br />

life of an unconverted man. 1907 Daily Chron, 12 Nov. 3/5<br />

Her work.. in one at two instances sinks into vapidness.<br />

Vapo-ffraphy. [In-eg. f. Vapour sb. : cf.<br />

Vaporograph.] (See quot)<br />

1898 Po^. Set. Monthly LIU. 860 The phenomena of<br />

normal physical emanations from certain substances which<br />

have the property of influencing the sensitive plate. These<br />

phenomena have been variously labeled scotography, vapognuphy,<br />

etc.<br />

vapon, obs. So. form of Weapon.<br />

Vapor, variant of Vapour.<br />

Vaporability. Also vapour-, [f. next.]<br />

Capacity of being vaporized.<br />

a 1835 McCuLLOCH Attributes xlv. (1837) III. 184 The<br />

fluidity which its own singular nature communicates and .<br />

the vapourability dependent on that.<br />

Vaporable (v/-p6rab'I).a. AIS04 vapotir(e)-.<br />

[ad. med.L. vaporabilU: see Vapoue sb. and -able.<br />

Cf. OF. vaporabU,']<br />

1, Capable of being converted into vapour.<br />

S39B Thkvisa Barth. De P. R. xi. iv. (Bodl. MS.), Heete of<br />

beuen. .drawi^ it silfe to fuUe sotellich vaporable parlies of<br />

water and of er^e. 1555 Eden Decades {P^vh.) 357 Eyther it is<br />

not of vaporable nature, or to be of smaule quantitie. 1676<br />

PhiL Trans. XI. 614 The first Beings or Embrlons of<br />

mineral salts are nothing but \'apours, or juices not concreted,<br />

totally vaporable. x68x Phil. Collect. XII. 8g By<br />

reason of the fumes Lead usually emits, being a Quick<br />

vaporable Metal. 1857 Gosse Omphalos xii. 355 There<br />

would be no deposition from atmospnere if the water had<br />

not first been carried upby evaporation ; and the vaporable<br />

fluid is obtained from the moistened soil. 1893 Pall Mall<br />

G. 12 Jan. 3/3 The vaporable parts ascending to the clear<br />

ether of heaven.<br />

t2. Capable of converting substances into<br />

vapour. Obs.<br />

i»8 Trevisa Barth. De P. R. xix. xi. (Bodl. MS.), White<br />

comeb of vapoureable aier & watry )>at is in J>e membres .<br />

for wnite comeb of bote aier & vaporable bestes be)> white<br />

vnder be wombe. 1456 Sir G. Have Gov. Princes Wks.<br />

(S.T.S.) II, ti8 The nature is mare vaporable and of better<br />

digestioun to corrump and bray the metis.<br />

tVaporary, sb. [ad. mod.L. vaporarium^ f.<br />

L. vapor vapour. Cf. L. vaporarium a steam-pipe<br />

in a bath.] A medical preparation used in a form<br />

of vapour-bath.<br />

1657 ToMLiNsoM Renou's Disp. 187 A vaporary consists<br />

of the same things a semicupium is made of. i66x Lovell<br />

Hist. Anim,


VAPOROUSLY.<br />

3. Filled with, thick or dim with, vapour; foggy,<br />

misty.<br />

XS93 Shaks. Lucr, 771 O hatefull, vaporous, and foggy<br />

night,..Musterthy mists to meete the Easterne light. 1603<br />

Holland Plutarch's Mor. 998 Considering that mists, fogs<br />

and clouds are no congealations, but onely gatherings and<br />

thickenings of a moist and vapourous aire. 1620 Venner<br />

Wia Recta. Introd. 5 There the aire is..seldome infected<br />

with vaporous blasts. 1665 PhiL Trans. I. 67 Through the<br />

Gross and Vaporous Air near the Earth. 1709 T. Robinson<br />

Nat. Hist. Westmoreld. ii. 16 The magnetick Attraction of<br />

this i^iherial Spirit of Cold, which governs the humid and<br />

vaporous Atmosphere. 1818 Shelley Euganean Hills 92<br />

The waveless plain of Lombardy, Bounded by the vaporous<br />

air, a 1B64 Hawthorne Mother Rigby's Pipe 1, The small<br />

cottage became all vaporous. 1869 J. Phillips Vesuv. iv.<br />

124 The outline of the cone was plain against the illuminated<br />

vaporous atmosphere.<br />

fig. 1600 \V. Watson Decacordon (1602) 334 [The Jesuits!<br />

religious pietie in shew, is but arainebow cloude, of atheall<br />

policie in action, drawne vp in vaporous dewes of cold congealed<br />

deuotions. 41653 J. Smith Sel. Disc. ix. ii. (:82i)<br />

414 To rise above that vaporous sphere of sensual and<br />

earthly pleasures, which darken the mind.<br />

b. Covered or obscured with vapour.<br />

a 1687 Petty Pol Arith. \. (i6po) 12 Holland is a Level<br />

Country, ..and by_ its being moist and vaporous, there is<br />

always wind stirring over it. x8x8 Keats Endym. ir. 19<br />

Wide sea, . . Many old rotten -timber 'd boats there be Upon<br />

thy vaporous bosom ! x86o Tyndall Glac. i. xyi. 115 The<br />

lower cloud field— itself an empire of vaporous hills. 1885-<br />

94 R. Bridges Eros


,<br />

Mathew<br />

VAPOTJB.<br />

always fell backward into this *vapour-pit. i86a G. P.<br />

ScftOPE I'oicafuxs 22 This pillar of white *vapour-puffs.<br />

S864 Spencer BUi, I. 18 The range. .of diffusive mobility<br />

..appears to be as wide as the a^e of "vapour-tensions.<br />

i67a-3 Grew Anai, /'/., Anat. Roots 11. (1682) 67 There<br />

is yet another kind of Sap-Vessels, which may be called<br />

•Vapour-Vessels. x86a Miller EUm. C/um., Org. (ed. 2)<br />

L 5 a, 46Thesimplicity thus introduced into our calculations<br />

of •vapour \-oIume. 1588 Shaks. L. L. L. iv. iii. 70 Then<br />

thou, faire Sun, which on my earth doest shine, Exhalest<br />

this "vapor-vow.<br />

b. With adjs. and pples., as vapour-belted^<br />

-braided, -burdened, -filled, etc. Also vapour-like<br />

adj. and adv.<br />

x8m Shelley Witch AiL Ivii, Many a •vapour-lwlted<br />

pyramid, iftss Tesntoon Letters 42 Sweetly gleam d the<br />

stars. And sweet the "vapour-braided blue. 173*4S<br />

^f^^',<br />

SON Autumn 827 Th' exhaling sun, the «vapour.burden d<br />

air. X894 Outing XXIII. 363 The dark, "vapor-filled night<br />

closed in. iSai in Ld. Coleridge Story Devonsh, Ho, xvu.<br />

(1005) aSo A pair of sleek steeds that are as delicate as a<br />

*Vapour.headed Lady, a 1715 Wycherley Posth. IVks.<br />

(1728) 147 If then so soon the Great and Powerful fail, And<br />

"Vapour-like, almost e'er seen, exhale. 1840 Mrs. SomerviLLK<br />

Conntx. Phys. Set. (ed. 5) 424 A vapour-Uke smoke.<br />

186a Spencer First Princ. 11. ix. § 76 (1875) 227 Each por.<br />

tion of such vapour-like matter must begin to move towards<br />

the common centre of ^vity. xtvj Bailey (vol. II), Vapori/erousness,<br />

an exhaling or *vapour- prod ucingj Quality.<br />

1831 J. Bree St. Herberts Isle 68 At length the impatient<br />

hours the twilight led With "vapour-sandaled feet and<br />

rubied cheek. 1817 Faraday Chem. Manip. viL (1813) 220<br />

The junction being made "vapour-tight.. by some glazier's<br />

putty.<br />

Vapour (v^'*p3j), V, Also 5-6 vapoure, 6vapor,<br />

6-7 vaper (7 vapr-). [f. prec., or ad. L.<br />

vapordre : cf. Vapobate v!\<br />

1. intr. To rise or ascend, to be emitted or<br />

diffused, in the form of vapour. Also with up<br />

and Old,<br />

i4i»-«o Lydc. Chrtm, Troy i. 3921 fe bawme vapoureth vp<br />

a-lofte In-to* J>e eyre of J>e erbes softe. 1614 T, Adams in<br />

Spurgeon Treas. David I. 190 Thick spumy mists, which<br />

vapour up from the dark and foggy earth, a 1647 Habing-<br />

TON Surv* Wcrcs. (Worcs. Hist. Soc.) III. 544 Annoyed<br />

with the contagion vaporinge from the water. 1655 Cuu<br />

pEfpER, etc Rwerius xv. iii. 410 Put it into a new glazed<br />

t or pipkin, closed up . . that nothing may vapor out. x66a<br />

UnL Akh. 138 Lay this lute upon the edge of<br />

thy Funnel, which will bind fast the plate and the Funnel<br />

that nothing can vapor that way.<br />

Jig. 1839 Bailey ^i!;/»f 154 Does not sin pour from my<br />

sold, . . AJnd, vapouring up before the face ofGod, Congregate<br />

there?<br />

b. To pass away, to be dissipated, in the form<br />

of vapour.<br />

1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 357 To take such waters, . . and<br />

, . cause them to boyle and vapoure away vnty U the dregs or<br />

R- Ashlev tr. Lays<br />

residence remayne m the bottome.<br />

"^f^<br />

le Roy 3 When the water is thickne


VAPOURGRAPH.<br />

Orgyia, esp. 0. antiqua, the male of which flies<br />

with a rapid quivering motion.<br />

178a W. Curtis Br&wn-iait Moth. 6 The Phalaena<br />

Antiqna^ or Vapourer Moth, which I have seen to thrive<br />

on -the deadly Nightshade and poisonous Laurel. 183a T.<br />

Brown Bk. ButterJUes ^ M. (183^) I. 49 The following<br />

figure of the female Vapourer Moth. 1871 Kingsley At<br />

Last viii, A crawling grub, like the female of our own<br />

Vapourer moth. 1890 Ormerod Injur, [itsects (ed. 2) 322<br />

The pretty and easily distinguishable caterpillar of the<br />

Common Vapourer Moth.<br />

ellipt, 1819 Samouelle EntomoL Compend. 418 Bomhyx<br />

gonostigmata. The scarce Vapourer. 1861 Morris Brit.<br />

Moths \. 77 Orgyia. antiqua, Vapourer.<br />

Va'pourgraph. = Vaporogbaph.<br />

1903 Sat. Rev. 11 Apr. 457/1 These '<br />

* vapourgraphs show<br />

the deepest stain . . where the object emitting the vapour is<br />

in actual contact with the cloth.<br />

Vapouring (vf'-pariij), vbi. sb. [f. Vapoub ».]<br />

1. Emission of vapour ; evaporation, rare,<br />

1548 Elvot, Respiratioy a breathynge, or vapourynge.<br />

1651 French DistiiL \x\. 64 That Liquor. .may be rectified<br />

by the vapouring away of the flegme.<br />

2. The action of talking or acting in a high-flown<br />

or pretentious manner.<br />

C1630 Sanderson 5tfr;«. (i58i) IL 306 The tongue may<br />

boast great things, and talk high. ..We call it vapouring;<br />

and well may we so call it. 1656 Earl ^Io^M. tr. Boccaiini's<br />

Pol. Touchstone (1674) 269 Spanish Officers, ..with their<br />

vapouring, distaste the good servants of so great a Queen.<br />

1706 Vanbrugh Mistake iv. 293 Take thy satin pincushion<br />

..thou madest such a vapouring about yesterday. 1773<br />

Johnson Lett. 25 March (1788) \. 80 Harry will be happier<br />

now he goes to school and reads Milton. Miss will want<br />

him for all her vapouring. k8i6 Earl Dudley Lett. 22<br />

June {1840) 146 It is really amazing, that after all their<br />

vapouring.. they should not have ventured to assail him.<br />

1840 Carlyle Heroes v. (1904) 176 Consider them, with their<br />

tumid sentimental vapouring about virtue. 1879 McCarthy<br />

O'jjn Times IL 197 The errors of which Lord Derby had<br />

been guilty and the preposterous vapourings of some of his<br />

less responsible followers.<br />

3. jig, in pi. Vain imaginations.<br />

1873 Dixon Ttuo Queens i. vi, I. 44 These stings of con-<br />

•cienccwere not the vapourings of an idle fancy.<br />

VapOnring (v^-parii)),///. a. [f. as prec]<br />

1. Acting or talking in a pretentions or highflown<br />

manner.<br />

1647 R. JossELiK Diary (1908) 45, 25 Troops came to<br />

quarter with us, somewhat bold and vapouring, ctfyjo<br />

0. Ht.vv.ooo ^Biaries (1881) II. 311 To make big of it,<br />

as if it did constitute us righteous before god, as the<br />

vapouring pharisee. 1691 The Bragadocio 33 'Tis that<br />

Fierce, Vapouring, Coward, Bravado, I fancy. 1794 Man^<br />

Hers France 29 Prussia's fame and Glory's fled, And you're<br />

a vapouring fool. 1834 Gentl. Mag. CIV. i. 26 The bustling,<br />

vapouring, chattering Dukeof Newcastle. 184s Thackeray<br />

Contrib. to Punch Wks. igoo VI. 47 It is always a comfort<br />

to read of those absurd vapouring vainglorious Frenchmen<br />

obtaining a beating. 1864 C. Knight Passages l^ork. Lift<br />

1. i. 57 The burly Englishman regarded the vapouring little<br />

man with something like.. contempt.<br />

2. Having a fantastical, pretentious, or foolishly<br />

boastful character.<br />

1649 tr. Boehme's Epistles To Rdr. (1886)2 The frame and<br />

structure of our knowledge, which by our artificial reason<br />

we should build unto ourselves upon that foundation, would<br />

be but a vapouring notion. _ 1711 Stryi-e EccL Mem. xvii.<br />

II. 380 They told Barnaby, in a vapouring sort, (which that<br />

Nation was then much addicted to) how little Harm England<br />

in their Wars was like to do them. 1795 Burke in<br />

Ellis Orig. Lett. Scr. 11. IV. 543 We shall not. .employ a<br />

person capable of writing such miserable, vapouring and<br />

empty stuff. 1806 Slhr IVinter in Lond. Ill, 240 The<br />

vapouring vanity of one struggling against opinion, and<br />

fearing to sink m human estimation. 1859 Green Ox/.<br />

Stud, (O.H.S.) 165 In this burst of vapouring Toryism open<br />

persecution had at last reached its close. 1877 Owen<br />

WellesUy*s Desp. p. xxxiii, Buonaparte's vapouring letter to<br />

TJDpoo and gasconading demeanour in Egypt.<br />

3. Full of vapour ; emitting or giving offa vapour.<br />

1648 Hexham ii, Een domp-gat^ asmoakie or a vapouring<br />

hole. s8oa Coleridcs PiccoTom. 11. i. Now the vapouring<br />

wine Opens the heart and shuts the eyes.<br />

4. Of the nature of vapour ; vaporous.<br />

1811 Clark ViU. Minstr. IL 102 As vap'ring clouds by<br />

summer's suns arc driven. 1854 S. Dobell Balder xxv. iBi<br />

Like some great vapouring cloud Topping a cumuloua<br />

heaven of m>-stcries.<br />

Hence Va'ponrinffly adv,<br />

1653 Lilbttrn Tryed ^ Cast 154 It would make a man<br />

sinilcj to read what bee vapouringly talks. 1767 Sterne<br />

Tr. Shaiidy ix. iii.The Corporal, .gave a slight flourish with<br />

his stick— but not vapouringly. x89a.S'aA Rei\ 20 Aug. 209/2<br />

[HeJ spoke rather vapouringly.. about the House of Lords.<br />

Vapotiriah(v^*pariJ),o. [f. Vapour j^. +-i3h.]<br />

1. Of the nature of vapour; dim through the I<br />

presence of vapour ;<br />

vapoury.<br />

1647 Hkxhah I, Vaporish, dompigh, roockacktigh. 1781 !<br />

Havley Trimuphs 7W///^ri. 287 To drive gross atoms from I<br />

the rays of noon Or chase the halo from the vapourish moon. \<br />

1844 Blackw. Mag. LV. 166 The conception is generally j<br />

vague, vapourish, and metaphysical. 1887 Hall Caine Son<br />

o/Hagar 11. viii, When Greta set out, the atmosphere was<br />

yellow and vapourish.<br />

2. Apt to be troubled with the vapours ; inclined<br />

to depression or low spirits,<br />

i!7lt^ ^^"' -^^"^'^ y*^^- (1722) I- 97 For, aa most other<br />

old Maids, she is exceedingly vapourish and fanciful. 1740<br />

KiCHAKDSOS Pamela II. 315 Everyone sees, that the yawning<br />

Husband, and the vapourish Wife, are truly insupportable<br />

to one another. 178a Sir J. E. Smith Mem. (1833) 1.<br />

48 It made me vapourish to see so many students going<br />

away. 1803 Anna Seward Lett. (1811) VI. 60, I see him,<br />

45<br />

with all his inherent good properties, a vapourish egotist,<br />

1844 Thackeray Barry Lymion xix, Lady Lyndon, always<br />

vapourish and nervous, .. became more agitated than ever.<br />

t). Of the nature of, connected with, arising<br />

from, nervous depression.<br />

1733 Chevne Eng. Malaiiy ii. iv. § 4 (1734) 148 Some<br />

Headachs . . may<br />

properly enough be call'd Vapourish or<br />

Nervous. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) III. 288, I am<br />

in the depth of vapourish despondency. 1703 \V. Roberts<br />

Looker-on No. 4r (1794) II. 107 Be tender of using it in this<br />

torpid and vapourish condition. 1835 Mrs. Carlyle Lett.<br />

I. 22 This 'very penetrating world^—as a maid of my<br />

mother's used to call it in vapourish moods. 1879 Miss<br />

Eraddou Vixen 1 1 1. 85 His pretty, . . middle-aged wife, whose<br />

languid airs and vapourish graces were likely to pall.. after<br />

a year of married life.<br />

3. Apt to produce vapours, rare-^.<br />

1725 Fam. Diet. s.v. Flux^ He must forbear every thing<br />

that IS hot and vapourish.<br />

Hence Va-ponxlshness.<br />

1748 Richardson Clarissa {181 1) IV. 41 You will not<br />

wonder that the vapourishness which has laid hold of my<br />

heart should rise to my pen. i8«o Cockburn Muir Ess.,<br />

Pa^an or Christ. 116 There is a vapourishness about the<br />

design of French Cathedrals and French work generally.<br />

Va-pourized, ///. a. [f. Vapour sb. 3 b.]<br />

= Vapoubed a. 3.<br />

183s Macaulay in Trevelyan Life ^ Lett. (1883) I. 413 Our<br />

masters^ run from station to station at our cost, as vapourised<br />

ladies at home run about from spa to spa.<br />

Vaponrless.o. Also vaporless. [f. Vapoub<br />

si.] Destitute of, free from, vapour.<br />

i8so B. Taylor Eldorado xxxiii. II. 99 The walls of white<br />

rock.. stand out distinctly in the vaporless atmosphere.<br />

i860 Maury Phys. Ceof. xi. § 645 And why should these<br />

winds be almost vaporless? 1884 Q, Rev. April 339 The<br />

deep purple of a vapourless sky.<br />

Vapoury (v^-pari), a. Also 6 vaporie, 8-9<br />

^ ^.5. vapory; 7-8vap'ry. [f. Vapour j4. + -Y.]<br />

1. Of the nature or consistency of vapour ; composed<br />

of, or caused by, vapour.<br />

1598 Sylvester Dh Barlas IL i. Furies 262 The heat,<br />

hidden in a vapoury Cloud, Striving for issue. 1598 Drayton<br />

Heroical Ep., Ros. to Hen. II (1605) M 4, The waxen<br />

taper. .With hisdull vapory dimnesse mocks my sight. 1608<br />

TopsELL Serpents (1658) 748 A vapoury adherency.. which<br />

flyeth from the strokes of hammers upon hot burning iron.<br />

17*7-46 Thomson Summer 1724 They see the blazing<br />

wonder rise anew. . : From his huge vapoury train perhaps to<br />

shake Reviving moisture. 1770 Langhorne Plutarch (1851)<br />

I I. 1030/1 The vapoury steam is diffused over the surface of<br />

the body. 1805-6 Carv Dante, Inf. xxv. 84 One from the<br />

wound, the other from the mouth Breathed a thick smoke,<br />

whose vapoury columnsjoin'd. 1824 Miss Mitfobo Village<br />

Ser. L (1863) 77 The clouds have gathered into one thick low<br />

canopy, dark and vapoury as the smoke which overhangs<br />

London, i860 Tyndall Glac, 1. xvi. 106 The Jungfrau..<br />

had wrapped her vapoury veil around her. 1885 Manch.<br />

Exam. ', hypochondriac, scrofulous, &c. all resort here.<br />

II Va'ppa.<br />

Nov? rare. [L,] Flat or sour wine.<br />

Also yig.<br />

[1601 Holland Pliny I. 424 Whereupon it getteth the<br />

name of Vappa, and is cleane turned to bee dead or soure.]<br />

1619 H. Burton ffaiet no Bethel ^ Rome or Trent hath<br />

made a dead vappa of the word of God. 1631 Massinger<br />

Believe as Vou List iv. i, Your viper wine [is].. But vappa<br />

to the nectar of her lippc. 1666 Boyle Orig. Forms ff Quat.<br />

202 Whether Must, Wine, spirit of Wine, Vinegar, Tartar,<br />

and Vappa. be specifically distinct Bodies? 184a Ue<br />

Quincev Wks. (1862) X. 217 But how that can be, when<br />

you recollect the philosophic Vappa of XenophoD, seems<br />

to pass the deciphering power of Cbdipus.<br />

trans/. 1753 Chambers' Cycl. Suppl., Vappa,. .3. peculiar<br />

state of the blood, when it is in a low, dispirited condition.<br />

t Vappe. Obs. rare. [Anglicized f. prec,] a.<br />

= prec, b, fig. A stupid person.<br />

i6Js7 Reeve Cod's Plea 105 Wilt thou not at last be the<br />

meer underwit, and the grand Vappe? 1660 Jer. Taylor<br />

Ductor 11. iil rule 11 f 14 The Norvegians complain'd that<br />

they could very seldom get any Wine into their Country,<br />

and when it did come it was almost vinegar or vappe,<br />

Vappin, obs. Sc. form of Wkapon.<br />

tVa'ppouS, a. Obs.-^ [f. L. vappa: see<br />

above.] Flat, insipid.<br />

1673 Phil. Trans. VIII. 6021 If the boyled Must by too<br />

violent an Effervescence cast out the Lee (by which it grows<br />

vappous or dead).<br />

vapnlary, a. rare-^. [See next and -aby.]<br />

^ Vapulatoby.<br />

VABANGIAN.<br />

1864 Sat. Rev. 7 May 567 Who but a hoary-headed Etonian<br />

would recur with affectionate fondness to his vapulary<br />

memories of Dr. Keate?<br />

Vapulate (v«-pijJkit), v. rare. [ad. L. vdpulat-,<br />

ppl. stem of vapulare to be beaten. Cf.<br />

obs. F. vapuler, Sp. and Pg. vapular^<br />

1. trans. To beat or strike.<br />

1603 Dekker & Chettle Crissill 1315, 1. .with my pon.<br />

yard vapulating and checking his engine, downe it cut mee<br />

a payre of very imperiall cloth ofgolde hose. 1613 Cockeram<br />

I, Vapulate, to beat, to strike.<br />

b. absol. To administer a flogging.<br />

1818 J. Brown Psyche 198 If they vapulate in vain.<br />

2. inir. To suffer vapulation or flogging.<br />

1783 Parr Let. Wks. 1828 VII. 390 Blunders for which a<br />

boy ought to vapulate,<br />

Vapulation (vxpiwU'-Jan), rare. [ad. L,<br />

*vapuldlio, n. of action f. vapulare: see prec. Cf.<br />

Sp. vapiilacion.'\ A beating or flogging. Also<br />

trans/.<br />

1656 Blount G/(7jj^^n, Fa/»/a/


VARANIAN.<br />

who 6ed from the yoke of the Norman conqueror. 1831<br />

Scott Ct. Rod. u, Ine passengers ob5er>-ed to each other,<br />

that the stranger was a Varangian. 1S36 Partington's Brit.<br />

CfcL^ Lit. etc III. 501/r The Varangians, a race of bold<br />

pirates who infested the coasts of the Baltic. 1889 Baring-<br />

Gould (7nr/^irxliii.379 The company called the Varangians,<br />

who acted as a bodyguard to the Emperor.<br />

2. The language spoken by these. rare~^.<br />

1831 Scott Ct. Rob. iii. Mustering what few words of<br />

Varangian he possessed, which he eked out with Greek.<br />

B. adj. Of or pertaining to the Varangians;<br />

cota posed of Varangians, etc.<br />

1788 GisBON Decl. f( F. Iv. V. 563 The primitive subjects<br />

of the Varangian chief. 1831 Scon Ct. Rob. xxx, They<br />

were to mount on horseback at the sounding of the great<br />

Varangian trumpet, ism Hecto« H. Munro Rist Ruts.<br />

Ewtfirt ii. 17 A Varangian power.. had sprung up among<br />

the tribes of the Slavic hinterland.<br />

b. Varangian Guard, the bodyguard of the<br />

Byzantine emperors, formed of Varangians.<br />

1831 ScoTT Ct. Rob. ii, Thb account of the Varangian<br />

Guard is strictly historical. 184S Encycl. Metrop. XI. 788/2<br />

The valour of the Varangian, or Anglo-Saxon and Danish<br />

guards, ever the firmest support of the Byzantine throne.<br />

1889 Baring-Gol'LU Grtttir:^m. 380 The order came to the<br />

Varangian quard that [etc.],<br />

Varanian (var^'"nian), sb. and a. Zool. [f.<br />

mod.L. Varan-US Varan -h -IAN.]<br />

A. sb. A lizard belonging to the family Varanidm<br />

of scaled sanrians ; a monitor or varan.<br />

i8fi Penny Cycl. XX. 460/2 The Varanians form a<br />

family of scaled Saurians, including the Monitors of the<br />

Old World. 1847 T. R. Jones in TodJ's Cycl. Anat. IV.<br />

288/1 In the Geckos, Agamians, and Varanians, the base of<br />

the tooth is imbedded in a shallow socket.<br />

B. adj. Belonging to or characteristic of the<br />

varans or monitors.<br />

1840 Owr-N Odontogr. I. 263 The Varanian family of<br />

squamate Saurians . . includes the Monitors of the old world.<br />

1841 Penn^ Cycl. XX. 460/2 Allied in the form of the teeth<br />

to the typical Varanian Monitors.<br />

VaTanid. Zool. [ad. mod.L. Varanid-se, f.<br />

Varaniu Vakan.] = Varanian sb.<br />

1896 tr. Boas' Text Bk. Zool. 422 Allied [to the lizards]<br />

are the Varanids {Varanus\ large, tropical, old.world forms<br />

with long bifid tongue.<br />

VarDle, obs. f. Warble sb. Vard, obs. So. f.<br />

Ward sb. and v. Vardan(e, -en, obs. Sc. ff.<br />

Warden. Vardanry, obs. Sc. f. Wardenry.<br />

Varde, southern ME. var. Ferd sb^ Vardel,<br />

-il, obs. Sc. ff. World. Varden, southern dial,<br />

var. Farthing ; obs. Sc. f. Warden. Varder,<br />

southern dial. var. Farther ; var. Verdor Obs.<br />

tVardingale. Obs. Forms: a. 6 verdynggale,<br />

6-7 verdingale, -all, $. 6-8 vardingale<br />

(6 Se. ward-). 7. 6 vardingard. [ad. obs. F.<br />

verdugale, vertugale, vertugade (16th c), ad. Sp.<br />

verdtigado, f. verdugo rod, stick. See also Ver-<br />

DUCAL.] A framework of hoops formerly used by<br />

Vfomen to extend their skirts ; = Farthingale.<br />

a. 155a [see Farthingale). 1597 J. King Oh Jonas (1618)<br />

478 Fashion brought-in the verdingale, and carried out the<br />

verdingale, and hath againe reuiued the verdingale.., and<br />

placed it behinde, like a rudder. 1609 Rowley Search/or<br />

Monty (Percy Soc.) 23 Wee have verdingales to beare up<br />

our tends, as they had to support their loose britches.<br />

fi.}^Acc.Ld.U. Treas. Scot.Xl. 163 Foranewardingale<br />

to hir. 1574 in Feuillerat Revels Q. Eliz. (1908) 240 A hamper<br />

to pack the vard(ijngales in. 1603 Dekkek Wonderful<br />

Yeare Wks. (Grosart) I. 157 The meanest that was there.,<br />

was in.. her vardingale, her turkie grograin kirtle. 1614<br />

Sylvester Bethulia's Rescue v. 219 From Vardingale to<br />

Vardingale, hee fiyes His brave Lievtenant, lest Hee him<br />

surprise. 1673, 1753 [see Farthingale].<br />

y. 1578 Inv.R. Wardr. (1815) 230 Ane vardingard of blak<br />

taffetie the foirskirt of satine pasmentit with gold.<br />

trans/. i.ai/ig. 1590 R. W[ilson) Three Lords * Ladies<br />

London (Roxb.) 295 Thou from Dissimulation art sent. And<br />

bring'st a gown of glosing, . . A vardingale of vaine boast.<br />

iS9a Greene Def. Conny Catching Wks. (Grosart) XI. 96<br />

Blest be the French sleeues & breech verdingales, that<br />

grants them liberty to conny-catch so mightily.<br />

Vardite, -ditt, dial, or obs. forms of Verdict.<br />

Vardle. dial. Also 6 verdoll. [Alteration<br />

of OF. vervelU or vtrt{f)velU in the same sense<br />

cf. Vartiwell, Varvel.] (See later quots.)<br />

JjaS in Archaeologia XXV. 47B For hengells, verdolls, &<br />

hoks, hcspes & staples, for ye same heme, vi s. vij d. 1787<br />

W. H. Marshall Rur. Econ. E. Anglia Gloss., Vardle, a<br />

common eye or thimble of a gate, with a spike only, 1893<br />

Cozens-Hardy Broad Norfolk 86 Vardle, bottom hinge of<br />

agate.<br />

vardlie, obs. Sc. form of Worldly a.<br />

tVardo. Cant. Obs. (Seequot.) Aho allrib.<br />

1811 J. H. Vaux Flash Diet., Vardo, a waggon. Hid.,<br />

Vardo-gill, a waggoner.<br />

Vardour, variant of verdour Verdor Obs.<br />

Vardy. Now dial. Also 8 vardl, 9 vardie.<br />

[CoUoq. or dial. var. of verdit, obs. f. Verdict.]<br />

Opinion, judgement, verdict.<br />

1731-8 Swift />o/,teC««z..i. i^LordSp. Well, I fear Lady<br />

Answerall can t live long % she has so much wit. Nev. No,<br />

she can t live.. .Z-arfy Am. Ol Miss, you must give your<br />

Vardi too I 1796 Grose's Diet. Vulgar T. (ed. 3) s v To<br />

give one's vardy J i.e. verdict or opinion. i8as- in dial,<br />

glossaries (N. Cy., Line, Vorks).<br />

Vardytt, obs. form of Verdict.<br />

tVarel Obs, Also 7 varre. [ad. Sp. i'a;-a<br />

Vara.]<br />

a<br />

uu.<br />

46<br />

1. =Vara.<br />

1545 Rates ofCustoms d iiij b. The Vares of Spayne : . . ix.<br />

Vares makithe .viii. yardes Englysshe. 1588 Parke tr.<br />

Memioza's Hist. China 175 Certain peeces of blacke silke<br />

of twelue vares long a peece. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. i. 273<br />

The other measure is called a vare, . . which measure is of 5<br />

Palmes or spans, and is one code and two third parts, 1604<br />

E. G[rimstoneJ D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. xl. 240 It extendes<br />

above foure score Varres or yardes in length.<br />

2. A rod, staff, or wand, esp. as a symbol of<br />

judicial office or authority.<br />

1578 T. N. tr. Cong. IV. India 357 He tooke the Vares of<br />

Justice from the Judges and Sargeants, and incontinent<br />

restored tbem againe. c 164s Howell Lett. i. in. xxxii, If<br />

an Alguazil. .show him his vare, that is a little white stafTe<br />

he carryeth as badge of his ofiice. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le<br />

Blatu's Trav. 48 Imposing my hand upon a Crosse held<br />

out to me upon the end of a Vare, or wand. x68z Drvden<br />

Abs. sed similitude about<br />

the head to a Weesel, which is denominated Vare.<br />

fVarewort. (?fo.-' In 3 uarewtirt. A plant<br />

of doubtful identity.<br />

c 126s Voc. Plants in Wr.-Wiilcker 557 Eptaphilos, salerne,<br />

uarewurt.<br />

Varge, obs. or dial, variant of Verge.<br />

t Vargeous, a. Obs.—^ [f. F. verge :-L. virga<br />

rod, wand.] Resembling a rod ; rod-like.<br />

1779 Phil. Trans. LXVIII. 988 The same thing holds for<br />

the measure of the vargeous palets [F. palettes de verges],<br />

the balance wheel [etc.).<br />

Varges, -is, etc., variant of Verjdice, etc.<br />

Vargood, dial, variant of Fabgood.<br />

II Vari. [The first part of the Malagasy name<br />

varikandaiia or varianda. Cf. varikosy the broadnosed<br />

lemur.] The ruffed lemur, Lemur varius.<br />

1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 241 The Vari is much<br />

larger than either of the former [i. e. mococo and mongoz] . .<br />

;<br />

it has a kind of ruff round the neck, consisting of very long<br />

hair. 1785 Smellie Buffon's Nat. Hist. (1791) VII. 228 The<br />

vari is larger, stronger, and more ferocious than the<br />

maucauco. 1839 Penny Cycl. XIII. 420/1 The Vari, to<br />

which the name of Lemur MaccKO has been applied by<br />

modern authors, is given by Linnxus as Var[iety] d. of that<br />

species.<br />

Vari, II pi. of Varus.<br />

Variability (ve>riabi-liti). [f. next -^ -ity, or<br />

a. F. variabilis, = It. variabilis, Sp. variabilidad,<br />

Pg. -idade.]<br />

1. The fact or qtlality of being variable in some<br />

respect ; tendency towards, capacity for, variation<br />

or change.<br />

1771 Mrs. Griffith Hist. Lady Barton I. 29 In her outward<br />

appearance there is a variability, that renders it almost<br />

impossible to draw an exact resemblance of her. 1796<br />

Burke Regie. Peace Wks. 1842 II. 355 His protest against<br />

binding him to bis opinions, and his reservation of a right<br />

VARIABLE.<br />

to whatever opinions he pleases, remain in their full force.<br />

This variability is pleasant, and shews a fertility of fancy.<br />

i835> Ladv Lytton Ckeyeley III. 146 It is this atmospheric<br />

vartability..that occasions the thousand little dissensions<br />

that spring from love itself. 1869 Phillips Vesuvius viii,<br />

246 Reasonings on the variability of the relative level of<br />

land and sea. 1885 Contemp. Rev, June 901 They made too<br />

little account of the variability of human nature and circumstances.<br />

2. spec. a. The fact of, or capacity for, varying<br />

in amount, magnitude^ or value.<br />

18x6 tr. Lacroix's Dm. ^ Int. Calculus 157 From this<br />

may be deduced the dinerential coefficient of z, relative to<br />

the variability of :r. 1870 Phipson tr. GnilUmitts Sun 282<br />

The variability of a certain number of stars. 1873 H.<br />

Spencer 5tf«W.vi. 124 The variability of the ratio.. being<br />

duly conceived in terms of lines that lengthen and shorten.<br />

b, Biol, Capability in plants or animals of<br />

variation or deviation from a type.<br />

183a Lyell Princ. Geol. (1835) II. 449 Variability of a<br />

species compared to that of an individual. 1859 Darwin<br />

Orig. Spec, 1. 40 A high degree of variability is obviously<br />

favourable, as freely giving the materials for selection to<br />

work on. 1B80 Wallace Island Life iv. 58 The belief in<br />

the variability of all animals in all their parts and organs.<br />

Variable (ve«Tiab'l), a, and sb. Forms : 4variable<br />

(5-6 varri-, 6 Sc. vareable), 5, Sc, 6,<br />

-abill, Sc. 6 -abil (warieabill), 5-6 varyable, 6<br />

-abul, 5 uaryabyl, veryabyll. [a. OF. vanable<br />

(F., Sp., and Prov. variable^ Pg. variavel^ It. variabile),<br />

ad, L. variabilis^ f. variare to Vary.]<br />

A. cuij\ 1. Liable or apt to vary or change<br />

(readily) susceptible or capable of variation<br />

mutable, changeable, fluctuating, uncertain.<br />

a. Of the course of events, the state of things, etc.<br />

c 1397 Chaucer Lack Stedf. 8 What made this worlde to<br />

be so variable But louste pat folke haue in discencion?<br />

£'1400 Rom. Rose 5424 In a state that is not stable, But<br />

chaungynge ay and variable. 144S-9 J. Metham Wks.<br />

(E.E.T.S.) 54 Thy uaryabyl squel, ..O fortune* brent<br />

myght be With Pluto in helle. 1483 Caxton Cato %\\\\y<br />

For the goodes of thys worlde been varyable; now one is<br />

ryche and now poure. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas. 51 They<br />

nothing thynke on fortune var[i]able. _(ZX548 Hall Ckron.,<br />

Hen. VI (1550) ^4 The Englyshe affaires .. began to wauer,<br />

and waxe variable. z6oq Holland Atitvi. Marcell. no<br />

Some joining in skirmish with the enemies, fought with<br />

variable event. x6xo — Camden's Brit. 696 They had continued<br />

a doubifuU and variable fight a great part of the day.<br />

b. Of feeling, conduct, etc.<br />

c X480 Henryson Orpheus ff Eur. 287 Quhat art thou,<br />

lufe, .. To sum constant, till othir variabil. 1555 Eden<br />

Decades (Arb.) 114 So variable and vnconstant is the nature<br />

of man. 1593 Shaks. Rom. f( Jul. n. ii. in O sweare not<br />

by the Moone, . . Least that thy Loue proue likewise variable.<br />

1596 — Merck. V. ii. viii. 13, I neuer heard a passion<br />

so confusd, So strange, outragious, and so variable. 1667<br />

Milton P. L. xi, 92 His heart 1 know, how variable and<br />

vain Self-left. 1849 Ruskin Seven Lamps vii. § 7. 191 The<br />

decorations . . might be made subjects of variable fancy. x86a<br />

H. Spencer First Princ. i. v. §29 (1875) 102 There begins<br />

to fade from the mind the conception of a special personaUty<br />

to whose variable will they were before ascribed.<br />

Comb. z6i8 Bolton Florus iv. iii. (1636) 293 While<br />

Antonius, variable- witted, ..takes upon him to be a king.<br />

c. In miscellaneous applications.<br />

1509 Barclay Shypo/Folys (1874) 1, 126 By hir iyen dowdy<br />

and varyable vysage. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 442<br />

These beautiful! shapes,.. not varriable in time, not withering<br />

throughe the heate of the sunne. 1590 Spenser F, Q,<br />

m, vi. 38 For formes are variable and decay, By course of<br />

kind, and by occasion. 2609 Wibarne A'ifWw^^^ Old Names<br />

To K.dr. A 4 b, If I haue omitted something in a matter so<br />

variable, 1703 Maundrell Journ. Jems. (1732) 63 Our<br />

Course variable between East and South. 171Z ADbisoN<br />

Sped. No. 98 P I There is not so variable a thing in Nature<br />

as a Lady's Head-dress, 183a Lewis Use variable<br />

and vnstedefast, trecherous and gileful. 1393 Langl. P. PL<br />

C. XIX. 69 Somme of ows [are] sothfast and some variable.<br />

X4oa Hoccleve Min. Poems 78 Al-be-hyt that man fynde<br />

o woman nyce, In-constant, recheles, or varriable. 1474<br />

Caxton Chesseu. iii. (1883) 37 So that they be not founde..<br />

for enuye variable, a xS4a Wyatt in Tottels Misc. (Arb.)<br />

37 My word nor I shall not be variable, But alwaies,.firme<br />

and stable, a 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot.<br />

(S.T.S.) I. 13s The popularie-.ar so warieabill and faccell.<br />

1643 Baker CArtf«. (1653) 504 Lydinglon was..a man of the<br />

greatest understanding, . , but very variable. 1708^9 Pennsylv.<br />

Hist. Soc. Mem. X. 313, 1 am very sensible he is a variable<br />

man, and not.. to be entirely depended on. 1711 Addison<br />

Sped, No. 162 P^ One of the most variable Beings of the<br />

most variable Kind. x8o8 Scott Mann. vi. xxx, Uncertain,<br />

coy, and hard to please, And variable as the shade By<br />

the light quivering aspen made.<br />

trans/. 1484 Caxton Curtail ij b. Them whom fortune the<br />

variable hath most hyely lyfte up and enhaunsed. ^ a 1548<br />

Hall Chron.^ Hen. VI, no b, King Charles did politiquely<br />

consider, what a variable lady Fortune was.<br />

b. Const, in (words, actions, etc).<br />

i^a9 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 145 In thy behestes be nat<br />

variable, a 1513 Fabvan Chron. vii. (1811) 544 See you not<br />

howe varyable the kynge is in his wordis? 1547 Boorde<br />

Introd. Knowl. 214 In vsyng my rayment I am not varyable.<br />

X56a BuLLEiN Bulwarke, Bk. Vse Sickmen 55 Bee


VARIABLE.<br />

47<br />

VARIANCE.<br />

not variable in Religion. 16J3 Jas. I in Ellis Lett. Ser. i.<br />

HI. 139 He is in this busienesse .. as variable and unceriaine<br />

as the Moone.<br />

+ C. Liable to alter or iyxm from (or of) a purpose,<br />

etc. Obs,<br />

C1400 Beryn 752 No mervell i^, J^ou^e Rome be som what<br />

variabill Fro honour & fro wele. X4xa-so Lydg. Chron.<br />

Troy IV. 5120 pei wil holde stable, And finally nat be variable<br />

From t)e ende, platly, t>at J?ei make, c 1450 Cffv. Myst.<br />

(Shaks. Soc.) 216 If we fynde hym varyable Of bis prechynge<br />

that he hath tawth. 1493 Petronylla 31 (Pynson),<br />

From hir enient nat founde variable.<br />

3. a. Of the weather, seasons, etc : Liable to<br />

vary in temperature or character ; changeable,<br />

c X480 Henrvsok Test, Cres. 150 The seuin Planetis. .hes<br />

power,. To reulL.Wedder and wind, and coursis variabill.<br />

1631 Gouge God*s Arrows v. § 15. 428 Peace is not like the<br />

immoveable mountaines, but rather like to the variable skie.<br />

172a De Foe Pia^e (Rtldg.) 14 The Weather was temperate,<br />

variable and cool enough. 1797 Etuycl. Brit. (ed. 3)<br />

XVIIi. 493/2 The great sunshine heats of Florence, which<br />

are too variable and undetermined. x8o8 MetL Jml, XIX.<br />

569 The weather.. was very variable, but upon the whole<br />

mild. x8S4 Poultry CAron. I, 288 Exposed entirely to the<br />

vicissitudes of our ever-variable climate.<br />

b. Of wind or currents : Tending to change in<br />

direction ; shifting.<br />

1665 Boyle Occas. Refl, lii. i. (1848) 146 As variable as<br />

the Wind. 1720 De Foe Capt. Singleton xiii. (1840) 229<br />

We had the wind variable. X774 Goldsm. Nat. HisU<br />

1, 340 He who has been Uught to consider that nothing in<br />

the world is so variable as the winds. X832 De la Bkche<br />

GeoL Man. 95 There is a tendency of the surface waters to<br />

the S.E., being variable in winter. X840 R. H. Dana Be/.<br />

Mast XXV. 84 The wind shifted and became variable. 1854<br />

ToMLiHsos A rago*s A sira». 185 Much less regular in the<br />

temperate regions, they are called variable winds.<br />

O, Of a star : That varies periodically in respect<br />

of brightness or magnitude.<br />

1788 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) II. 471/2 mnrg.. Of the variable<br />

stars. X854 Brewster More IVorlds \.y It appears and disappears<br />

like a variable star, shewing m painful succession<br />

its spots of light and of shade. 1880 Agnes Giberne Sun^<br />

Moon ^ Stars 239 There are numbers of stars called Variable<br />

Stars, the light of which is constantly changing, now<br />

becoming more, now becoming less.<br />

d. Bio/. Liable to deviate from a type ; admitting<br />

of such deviation. (Cf. Variation 10.)<br />

1859 Darwin Orig^. Species v. 149 Beings low in the<br />

scale of nature are more variable than those which are<br />

higher. 1877 Conder Basis 0/ Faith v. 231 Species, it haal vary fra vs and fra cure faith. All<br />

j.aire variaunce ware to mykil to tell, c USD lUyrr. oiir<br />

Ladye iti Ve haue not manychaunges (of service] after the<br />

varyaunce of feastes, . .as the comon seruyce of the churche<br />

vseth. 1S70-* Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 221 So is<br />

there variance between written storie, and common speech,<br />

touching the true place of that building. 1605 Camden Rem.<br />

(1623) 36 Words, that in their original! are Laline, and yet<br />

(saue some small variance in their terminations) fall out all<br />

one with the French, Dutch, and English. 1839 Hallam<br />

Hist. Lit. IV. ii. § 12 It is evident that variance of opinion<br />

proves error somewhere. 1846 Landor Imag. Conv. Wks.<br />

I. 243 The variance of knowledge and will, where no passion<br />

is the stimulant. 189a Law Times XCII. 156/1 Whether<br />

variance between the provisional and complete specification<br />

of a patent.. is still a ground of invalidity,<br />

t b. Variety. Obs.-^<br />

01400-50 Alexander 4632 Mckill variaunce of vertus<br />

enveronis cure saules.<br />

3. a. Law. A difference or discrepancy between<br />

two statements or documents.<br />

1419 Rolls oj Parlt. IV. 346 For whiche diversite and<br />

variaunce of the seide name. C1470 Henry Wallace ym.<br />

1736 Thar may na band be maid so sufficians, Bot ay in it


VABIANCB.<br />

Ukfti fynd a wmrians. a 15^ Greene yas, IF, v. iv, LoTvytr,<br />

This mat^ cnues a variance, not a speech. 1596 Bacon<br />

iimJt,4^ Use Cpm, Law xxv. (1636) 98 20 if I graunt you.,<br />

a way ouer my land according to a plot . . whereof a table is<br />

annexed to these presents, and there be some speciall variance<br />

betweene the table and the originall plot [etc.]. 1706<br />

Pml-Lips (cd. Kersey), l'nriaHie,&x\ alteration of something<br />

formerly laid in a Plea. 1817 Selwvn Law Nisi Prius<br />

(ed. 4) II. 1107 Advantage cannot be taken of a variaiice<br />

between the plaint and the declaration in the superior<br />

court. 18*7 Bentham's Ration, yudic. Evid. V. 598 The<br />

designation.. by the name of St. Ethelburgh, instead of<br />

Saint Eifaelburgha, was held to be {as lawyers term it) a fatal<br />

x'ariance. 1835 Tomlins Lam Diet. (ed. 4) s.v., If there is<br />

a variance between the declaration and the writ, it is error;<br />

and the writ fiiould formerly abate.<br />

b. Iti general use : A difference or discrepancy<br />

a discriminating or divergent featnre.<br />

i497.Y«ti«/ Ace. Hen. VII (1896) 83 The particular variances<br />

betwene the Indentures and book of shipping. 1511<br />

in. to/* Re^ Hist. AfSS. Comw. App. V. 325 There have<br />

bene greate \-ariaunce now of late in taking of principales.<br />

1534 More Dial. agst. Trib. i. Wks. 1153/1 That is a ryght<br />

heauy th>'ng to see suche varyaunces in our belief ryse and<br />

grow among our self. 1815 Nicholson Operat. Mechanic<br />

656 Though in the preceding statements there is an apparent<br />

variance, . . the \-ariations may have arisen [etc.]. i860 Ten-<br />

NEKT Ceylon Introd. xxxix, I have to apologise for variances<br />

in the spelUng'of propernanies. 1884 Law Times LXXVII,<br />

37/1 The variances.. which have arisen between the real<br />

property law of the United States and England.<br />

fc. Divergence from the truth. Oh.<br />

c 1450 LovELicH Merlin 706 How scholde I jeven the ony<br />

penaunce whanne I knowe wel thou makest variawnce.<br />

Ibid. 748, 958.<br />

, . , .<br />

4. The fact of changmg.. altermg, or varymg<br />

from a state, opinion, etc. ; an instance of this.<br />

1415 HocCLEVE To Sir y. OldcastU 253 Holsum to thee<br />

now were a variaunce Fro the feend to our lord god. c \^v><br />

Lvixs. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 45 After variaunce Fro lif<br />

to dcthe. 15*9 More Dyaloge iv. Wks. 271/1 In this point<br />

I assure you faythfully, there is no maner change or varyaunce<br />

from his oppinion. 179J Jefferson Writ. (1850) III.<br />

460 The first and only instance of variance from the former<br />

port of my resolution, I was duped into.<br />

II. 6. The state or fact of disagreeing or falling<br />

out ; discord, dissension, contention, debate. (Cfl<br />

7 and 8.)<br />

^14*5 LvDC, Assembly of Gods 409 In came Dyscord to<br />

haue made varj'aunce. 1477 'Rolls of Parli. VI. 1B4/1 If<br />

\ariance falle betwixt any fynder, afTermyng ayenst any<br />

other persone. 1490 Caxton Eneydos xxiv. 89 [It] maketh<br />

theim to enterteyne well togider wythoute varyaunce. 1535<br />

Act 117 Hen. VIIf^ c.26 § i Great discorde, variance, debate,<br />

..& sedicion hath growen betwene his said subiectes, 1598<br />

R. Bernard tr. Terence^ Hecyra iv. iv, When you seeke<br />

forged matter to cause strife and varience. 1639 G, Daniel<br />

Ecclus. xxvii. 43 Murder attends the variance of the Proud.<br />

1684 BuNVAN Pilg. Prog. II. 192 She makes Variance betwixt<br />

Rulers and .Subjects, l^twixt Parents and Children. 17x1<br />

Bev£Riix:e Thes. Theol. III. 193 What is variance? A sin<br />

opposed to amity. x76o-7« H. Brooke Fool ofQual. (1809)<br />

IV: 65 If any attempted to.. defraud me of my property,<br />

I yielded it without variance. 1838 Thirlwall Greece IV.<br />

293 It would be necessary for a time to keep up a show of<br />

variance between them. 1855 H. Reed Led. En^. Lit. v.<br />

(1878) 159 The bloody variance of a feudal nobility, 1864<br />

Miss Vonge Trial II. 152^1 never saw a child with such an<br />

instinct for preventing variance, or so full of tact and pretty<br />

ways.<br />

Comb. 1551 HuLOET, Variaunce makers, litistonsores.<br />

b. Opposition or antagonism /i? something, rare.<br />

84a Manning Serm. i. (1848) 1. 16 An energetic variance<br />

of will to the mind of God. 1875 — Mission H. Ghost viii.<br />

210 We have used our wills for all manner of conscious<br />

variance to His holy will.<br />

6. A disagreement, quarrel, or falling out; a<br />

dispute.<br />

c X4as LvDG, Assembly ofGods 244 Wyll ye agre that Phebe<br />

your mastresse May haue the guydyng of your varyaunce ?<br />

*453 EolU of Parlt. V. 265/1 To make variaunces and commotion<br />

betwene you.-andf youretrue people. 1473 Warkw.<br />

Chron. (Camden) 6 As thei went togedere. .there felle in a<br />

varyaunce for iher logynge. 1541 Barnes Wk^. (1573) 339/2<br />

Certaine articles, for y« which there is a varience in the<br />

world at this day. 1560 in W. Cotton Elizabethan Guild<br />

(1873) 21 Vf any variance or controversie shall at any tyme<br />

happen to ryse betwene any youre brethren. 1607 Merry<br />

Detnl ofEdmonton Induct. 84 Then thus betwixt vs two this<br />

variance ends. 1673 Essex Papers (Camden) 1. 92 It were<br />

too long a Story to tell, .y* originallsand beginnings of their<br />

variances. 178J J. Brown Vie^v Nat. Sf Rev. Relig. iv, 11. 318<br />

No variance hath ever taken place between God and holy<br />

angels.<br />

+ b. Spec. A difference or dispute leading to<br />

legal action between parties. Obs.<br />

1476 Searchers Verdicts in Surtees Misc. (1890) 21 Award<br />

& jugement..ofa variaunceofa ground betwix John Gilyot<br />

Alderman.. and Ambrose Preston of London. 1498 Cov.<br />

Leet Bk. iil 595 Whereas diuerse discordes a^d wariaunces<br />

were late moved & had bitwen the seid parties. 1529<br />

Snppiic. to King (E.E.T.S.) 51 To here and iudge suche<br />

causes and varyaunces. 15^ Reg. Privy Council Scot.<br />

\. 203 In resf)cct of the variance and debait standand betuix<br />

thame. x Pope Ep. Bathurst 271 Is there a variance?<br />

enter but his door, B:ilk*d are the Courts, and contest is no<br />

more.<br />

m. 7. In variance. +a. Forming a subject<br />

of debate, contention, or legal action. Obs,<br />

1461-3 Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 4 He is agred..to put<br />

all thing t\i3X is in variance betwixt you & him in the said<br />

Sir John & me, 1468 Searchers Verdicts in Surtees Misc.<br />

(18^) 18 Agroande^t stode in variaunce betwix thabbot&<br />

Convent. 1534 5^ar Chamber Cases (Selden Soc.) II. 317<br />

Suche matteres as then were in varyaunce bytwene the seid<br />

Mulsho and the seid Selby. 1559 ^p- Scot in Strype Ann.<br />

j<br />

I professions,<br />

48<br />

Ref. I. App. X. 32 Consider, i besecbe you, the matters here<br />

in Varyaunce. i^ Lambarde Eiren. iv. iv. 438 One that<br />

mooueth pleas or sutes. .to the end to have part of the land*<br />

or other thing in variance. 1713 M. Henry Cone. Meekness<br />

Spirit (1822) 118 If meekness rule, matters in variance may<br />

be fairly reasoned and adjusted.<br />

•f b. At variance ; = 8 b. Ohs.<br />

c 1465 En^l. Chron. (Camden) 64 It happid that with boistez<br />

langage-.he fil in variaunce with thaym, and thay fil on<br />

him. 1513 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cccxix. 493 The realme<br />

of Englanae was as then in great variaunce among tbemselfe.<br />

8. At variance, a. Of persons : In a state of<br />

discord, dissension, or enmity.<br />

X513 AIork in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. ;r57 The Lordes<br />

whome he knew at varyaunce, himselfe in his deathbed appeased.<br />

1598 R. Bernard tr, Terence^ Andria in. ii, Simo<br />

and Davus are at variance about the birth of the child. x6^<br />

T. Bavlev Worcester's Apophth. 4 The Servants of his<br />

house, .were never at variance, in point of Religion. 1683<br />

in Verney Mem. (1907) II. 363 Whielst the Emperor and<br />

Turke are at variance. 1710 Beveridge Thes. Theol, II.<br />

337 God and man naturally are at variance, a 1781 R.<br />

Watson Philip III (1793) I. I. 60 Neither of the courts at<br />

variance seemed.. inclined to prolong the war. 1836 Tiiirl-<br />

WALL Greece II. 77 The rest of the Peloponnesian allies,<br />

seeing the two kings at variance, followed the example of<br />

the Corinthians. 1870 Bryant Homer 1. 11. 34 The powers<br />

who dwell In the celestial mansions are no more At variance.<br />

transf. 1718 Free-thinker No. 73. 126, I heard a violent<br />

Noise, as if the Elements were all at Variance.<br />

b. Const, withf among{st or between, from.<br />

(a) 1528 .S'/rtr Chamber Cases (Selden Soc.) II. 177 James<br />

hath brokyn with. .his Neyburus..and is at gret waryance<br />

with them. 1593 Bacchus Bonntie C 4, Hee falls at variance<br />

with mistris Merigodowne, 1650 Nicholas P. (Camden)<br />

204 And they do their best to set this good Princess at<br />

variance with her Mother in Law. 1671 Milton ^'««/w«<br />

15B5 What cause Brought him so soon at variance with himself<br />

Among his foes? 1736 in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm.<br />

App. I. 454 One.. with whom you were at Variance. 178a<br />

Miss Burnev Cecilia viii. ii. It is with myself only I am at<br />

variance. 1839 Thirlwall Greece VI. 39 On ali matters<br />

as to which he was at variance with the Athenians. 1874<br />

Green Short Hist, iii. § 5. 138 Every year found the Justiciary<br />

at greater variance with Rome.<br />

(/') 1577 HoLiNSiiED C//r(?n. 1.78/1 The Britaynes.,were<br />

at variance amongst themselues. 1656 Milton Lett, of<br />

State Wks. 1851 VIII. 373 We have beheld the Protestant<br />

Princes.. more and more at weakning Variance among<br />

themselves. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1877) I. 214 The<br />

Breton princes were at variance between themselves.<br />

(c) 1885 Times (weekly ed.) 6 Mar. 17/4 A Government<br />

from which.. he is totally at variance on points even more<br />

important.<br />

c. In the phrases to set (or '^fall) at variance.<br />

(«) 1526 TiNDALE Matt. X. 35 For Y am come to sett a man<br />

att varyaunce ageynst hys father. [So in later versions.]<br />

XS3S Coverdale Prov. xvii. 9 He y* discloseth the faute,<br />

setteth frendes at variaunce. 1643 R. Baker Chron. (1653)<br />

^41 The Spaniards set York and Stanley at variance. 1655<br />

m Verney Mem. (1907) I. 557 Pale-faced envye, mixt with<br />

hatred and mallice, hath done there best indeavour to sett<br />

us att variance. 17x3 Addison Cato i. iv. To disguise our<br />

passions. To set our looks at variance with our thoughts.<br />

1755 Young Centaur 1. Wks. 1757 IV. 10^ Prone to.. set<br />

things at variance, which, by nature, are allies.<br />

{b) 1522 More De Quat. Noviss. Wks. 89/1 Now shal ye<br />

se men fall at varyance for kissyng of the pax. a 1578<br />

LiNDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) II. 45 The earle<br />

of Lennox and the cardinall was fallin at warience. a 1635<br />

Naunton Fragm, Reg. (Arb.) 35 Mars and Mercury fell at<br />

variance whose servant he should be.<br />

d. Of things: In a state of disagreement or<br />

difference; conflicting, differing. Usu. const. wM.<br />

(a) 1704 Pope Spring 60 She runs, but hopes she does not<br />

run unseen ; While alcind glance at her pursuer flies, How<br />

much at variance are her feet and eyes ! 1797 S. & Ht. Lee<br />

Canterb. T, (1799) I. 72 His tongue and his countenance<br />

were a little at variance. 1826 Art of Brewing {fid. 2)9 The<br />

opinions and practices of most brewers are completely at<br />

variance upon the subject of mashing. x868 E, Edwards<br />

Ralegk I. ^05 Men's opinions of the worth of what Ralegh<br />

actually did as an historian are much at variance. 19x0<br />

Edin. Rev. J[an. 30 The brow and the mouth are at variance.<br />

{b) 1780 Mirror No. 84, Nature and Fashion are two opposite<br />

powers, that have long been at variance with one another,<br />

1784 CowpER Task IV, 621 Arms, , . in whatever cause. Seem<br />

most at variance with all moral good. x8i6 Singer Hist.<br />

Placing Cards I. 58 An exquisite Chinese painting is at<br />

variance with this assertion. xS^ty Macaulay Hist. En^.<br />

i. I. 246 His conduct was not a little at variance with his<br />

a i88x A. Barratt/'/!^'^-. Metempiric {iZ^-^) 240<br />

With a doctrine, like Kant's, that [etc].. ., my philosophy is<br />

wholly at variance.<br />

Va'riancy. rare, [ad. L. variantia : see Vary<br />

V. and -ANCY.] Changeability; variance.<br />

x888 Macm. Mag. Oct. 475/1 The surprises there are in<br />

man, his complexity, his variancy.<br />

Variand, obs. Sc. and north, f. Varying///, a.<br />

Variant (ve»'riant),a.andjd. Also 5-6 varyant<br />

(5 -te), varyaunt (5 -te), 5 variaunt(e. [a. OF.<br />

variant (F. variant, = Sp., Pg., and It. variante),<br />

a. L, variant-j varianSj pres. pple. of varidre to<br />

Vary.]<br />

A. adj. \. Of persons : Changeful in disposition<br />

or purpose; inconstant, fickle. Also const,<br />

^or in. Now rare.<br />

f X386 Chaucer Can. Yeom. T, 622 On his falshede fayn<br />

wold I me wreke, If I wist how, But he is heer and there,<br />

He is so variant, he byt no where, c 1400 Beryn 1974 Now<br />

J70W wolt, & now tow nolt ; . . Now sey oon, & sith anothir<br />

so variant of mynde ! c 1450 Mankind 274 in Macro Plays<br />

II Be stedefast in condycyon ! se 3e be not varyant ! 1509<br />

Hhv/¥.sPast. Pleas. xxvii.(Percy Soc.) 130T0 bclnstable<br />

love fixt and not variaunt. X550 Bale Image Both Ch. 11.<br />

' Rom.<br />

i in<br />

! (Arb.)<br />

I X536<br />

j varyaunt<br />

i<br />

j and<br />

j cx6xx<br />

:<br />

i of<br />

VABIANT.<br />

G viij, They ftrcno wher stedfast & vmforme, but euery<br />

wher variant & foolish, xdw Lithgow Trav. iv. 145 He was<br />

also deceitfull, variant, and fraudulent. 1890 ' R. BoldrewooD<br />

' Col. Reformer (1891) 360 Calm and resolute, if occasionally<br />

variant of mood.<br />

•|"b. Acting in a changeable or fickle manner.<br />

1387 Trevisa Hidden (Rolls) VIII. 299 He was to large of<br />

^iftes, . . redy to speke and variaunt of dedes.<br />

+ 0. Dissentient, disagreeing. Obs.<br />

14x3-30 hvDG.Chron. Troy 111. 3657 Sethen jealle assenten<br />

and accorde, Fro ^oure sentence I wil nat discorde, In no<br />

wyse to be variaunt<br />

2. Of things : Exhibiting variation or change ;<br />

tending to vary or alter ; not remaining uniform.<br />

C1374 Chaucer Boeth. i. met. v. (1868) 22 pi myjt attemprej?<br />

po variauntz sesons of be 5ere. X387-8 T. Usk Test.<br />

Love II. vi. (Skeat) I. 148 After the variaunt opinion in false<br />

hertes of unstable people, c 1400 Pety yob 472 in 26 Pol.<br />

Poems 136 My thoughtes wandre wyde whare, Fortheyben,<br />

lorde,full variaunte. c 1430 Lvdg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.)<br />

71 God of his grace .. preserve youre variaunt brutilnesse.<br />

1533 Bellendkn Livy iv. xv. (S.T.S.) Ii. 103 pe cry of<br />

romanis was variant, slaw, & but curage. 1671 R. MacWard<br />

True Nonconf. 136 The Ordinances,. therefore were appointed<br />

. . in a variant and mutable forme, c 1674 Ace. Scotland's<br />

Griev. under Lauderdale"*s Min. 10 It was also both<br />

inconstant in its being, and variant in its number and<br />

method. 1751 Wesley Wks. (1872) XIV. 40 Nouns Variant<br />

in their gender are dies undents,<br />

fb. Of fortune, conditions, etc. — : Variable a.<br />

I a, Obs. (In early use partly after sense i.)<br />

c X413 HoccLEVE De Reg. Princ. 66 So flyttyng is sche<br />

[sc. Fortune], and so wariant, Ther is no trust vpon hir<br />

fair lawhyng. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xx. xvii. 827 But<br />

fortune is soo varyaunt, and the whele soo meuable, there nys<br />

none constaunte abydynge. x^oo-ao Dunbar Poems Iviii.<br />

26 So variant is this warldis rent, That nane thairof can be<br />

content. 15x3 Douglas ^««£/ xi. viii. 117 The variant<br />

chance Of our onstabill lyfe. X561 Godly Q. Hester {iBjs)<br />

58 Contente To thinke it no lyghtnes, nor wytteinconstante,<br />

But the necessytie of tymes varyant.<br />

C. Of wind : Changing, shifting. rare~^.<br />

1847 LoNGF. Ev. I. i. 82 Above in the variant breezes Numberless<br />

noisy weathercocks rattled.<br />

3. Exhibiting difference or variety ; diversified,<br />

varied ; diverse, different.<br />

c 1380WVCLIF ff^j.(i88o)3oiThesefrerishabitis,..|>atben<br />

):)us large & variaunt as weren habitis of pharisees. c 1400<br />

Rose 1917 The arwis were so fulle of rage, So variaunt<br />

of diversilee. a 1400-50 Alexander 5651 pai ware visid all<br />

versis in variant lettirs. 1483 Monk of Evesham Ivii.<br />

I [o A variant medelyng of melody sownyd wyth alle.<br />

R. Whvtford Martiloge (1803) 19 He was put to many<br />

turmentes. 1585 Jas. I Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 33 So<br />

lob and Ieremie..Did right descryue their ioyes, their woes<br />

torts. In variant verse of hundreth thousand sorts.<br />

Chapman Iliad 11. Comm., The decorum that some<br />

poor critics have stood upon.. is far from the variant order<br />

nature. 1633 Lithgow Trav. vi. 291 They who would<br />

trauerse earths variant face, a 1817 T. Dwight Trav. New<br />

Eng., etc. (1821) II. 457 The plains are of moderate extent<br />

the surface being almost every where variant, and undulating.<br />

1855 Bailey Mystic 105 The angels . . 'stablishing In variant<br />

countries various roots of men. 1858 H. Bushnell Nat. ^<br />

Supernal, ix. (1864) 260 He can produce variant results<br />

through invariable causes.<br />

f b. Of colours : Varied, variegated. Also of<br />

cloth or an animal in respect of colour. Obs.<br />

ai^oo-^ Alexander 4336 Nouthire..transmitte we na<br />

vebbis lo vermylion ne violett ne variant littis. 1471<br />

Ripley Comp, Alch. vi. viii. in Ashm. (1652) 163 By colors<br />

varyante aye new and new. X473-4 Ace. Ld. High Treas.<br />

Scot. 1. 20, vij elne of tartar of variant hewis to lyneagowne<br />

of blac. X503 Ibid. II, 346 Ane variant hors giffin to the<br />

King, x^j Ibid. III. 260 Taffeti, grene, rede, blew, and<br />

variant. 1575 Bk. Univ. Kirk Scott. 6 Aug., We thmk..<br />

unseemly, .all kindeor..lichtand variant hewis in cloathing,<br />

as red, blew^ yellow, and sicklyke. x6oo Dr. Dodypoll 1. i,<br />

Welcome,bright Morne, that with thy golden rayes Reveal'st<br />

the variant colours of the world.<br />

4. Differing or discrepant/rtJw something ; f also<br />

const. /(J ( = from).<br />

f 1400 Maundev. (1839) X. 122 And alle theise han manye<br />

Articles of oure Feythe, and to othere thei ben varyaunt.<br />

1473-S in CaL Proc. Chanc. Q. Eliz. (i83o).II. Pref. 60 The<br />

matter comprised in the side replicacion is new mater variaunt<br />

from her bill. 1534 Whitinton Tullyes Offices i. (1540)<br />

31 It is no thynge varyaunt fro the dignyte of a wyse man.<br />

1548 Gestk Pr, Masse 134 Thee prieste pryvee Masse. .is<br />

not quadrant but variant to the sayd word fof God]. 1741<br />

T. Robinson Gavelkind ii. 9 Most of the Customs of this<br />

Kingdom variant from the c5ommon Law. xtjo Ann. Reg.^<br />

Chron. 143/2 The publication in the papers was variant from<br />

that which he sent home, i860 J. P. Kennedy Life W.<br />

Wirtl.xxli. 355 His first impressions of him., are singularly<br />

variant from those which [etc.]. x88o Mrs. Whitney Odd<br />

or Even ? xH, Words that were absurdly variant from all her<br />

present mood.<br />

b. Without const. (Cf. Various a. 8 d.)<br />

X586 Ferne Blaz. GentrieTo Gentl. Inner T., They shall<br />

find the interpretation thereof many wayes variant and<br />

diuers. 186^ Strangford Selection (1869) II. 187 With a<br />

variant spelling of the body of the word. 1879 Fabrar St.<br />

Paul I. 3^3 note, One of the numberless instances of variant<br />

readings in the Hebrew. 1897 J. M. Whiton Reconsid. ^<br />

Reinforcem. 23 These.. are definitions not too variant to<br />

stand indifferently for synonyms of spirit.<br />

c. BioL Varying or diverging from type.<br />

x88i Athensum No. 2818. 560 'Angela' is Spielhagen's<br />

variant child. 1896 Advance (Chicago) 23 April 592/1 In<br />

nature a variant minority is liable to be diluted and to disappear<br />

by intermixture.<br />

B. sb, 1. A form or modiBcation differing in<br />

some respect from other forms of the same thing.<br />

1848 Layard Nineveh 11. L (1849) II. 171 note, Many of<br />

these [cuneiform] characters are undoubtedly what are


VARIATE.<br />

termed * variants ' ; that U, merely a different way of forming<br />

the same letter. i86z Rawlinson Anc. Afon. Chaldsa<br />

I. 143 II, of course, is but a variant of El. 1869 Ellis £.£".<br />

Pronunc. i. iv.248 Other variants of course occur from carelessness,<br />

1869 Rawlinson -4 WiT. Hist. 336 The names seem,<br />

however, to be chiefly variants of the general ethnic title.<br />

b. A various reading.<br />

1861 Paley Aeschylus (ed. 2), Agam. 1116 note. The variants<br />

-orro and -ocres only show that a termination was added<br />

to the original -oc. 1881 Westcott & Hort Grk. N. T.<br />

Introd. § 3 The primary work of textual criticism is merely<br />

to discriminate the erroneous variants from the true.<br />

2. A variation of the original work, story, song, etc.<br />

1871 Ralston Songs Russian Peopleynoo There are many<br />

variants of the same song, but they do not differ materially.<br />

1877 ftliss A. B. Edwards Up Nile Pref. p. xiii. Religious<br />

books, variants of the Ritual, moral essays, maxims. 1885<br />

Clodd Myths 9f Dr. r. iv. 70 They are the variants of stories<br />

presumably related in the Arj'an fatherland.<br />

3. Nat. Hist. A variant form or type.<br />

1895 in Funk's Stand. Diet.<br />

tVa'riate,<br />

'i^- Obs. [ad.L. z;ar/(z/-«j, pa. pple,<br />

of varidre to Vary.] a. Diversified, variegated.<br />

b. Varied in nature.<br />

c 1440 Pailcui. on Hush. xii. 52 01>*ue is puld of colour<br />

variate. 1677 Galk Crt. Gentiles iv. 254 The divine effulgence<br />

and operation is one essence, both simple and impartible,<br />

and boniforme in things partible variate (as to<br />

operation).<br />

t Va riate, v. Obs. [a. L. variat-, ppl. stem of<br />

varidre : see prec]<br />

1. trans. To produce a modification, variation, or<br />

change in (something) ; to alter, cause to change.<br />

1566 Painter Pal. Pleas, i. C1569) 105 b, The perfection of<br />

that which thus doth variat and alter bothe my thoughts and<br />

passions. Ibid. 11. 128 The examples also of sutch diversity<br />

do variate and make diverse the affections of men. 1653<br />

GaI'den Hierasp. Pref. 2 Others, .study to variate and<br />

shift the extern forms and models of Religion. X701 Beverley<br />

Praise o/Glory o/Grace 45 Not Variating this Enquiry<br />

into the Multiplicity of the Lesser and more Particular<br />

Causes. 1770 Baretti Joum. Land, to Genoa I. xxi. i6a<br />

Female dress is no where variated so much as.. in this<br />

country.<br />

2. intr. To vary or change.<br />

1591 SYLVEST^iR Dii Bartas i. iL 435 That which we touch,<br />

with times doth variate. Now hot, now cold.<br />

Hence + Va'riated///. a. ;<br />

f Va*riating vbl. sb.<br />

and ppl. a. Obs.<br />

1608 J. Kino Serm. 5 Nov. 33 What was the cause of their<br />

multiplied, variated complotments against hir? 1653 Gauden<br />

Hierasp. 22 Their -shtftings and variatings from one living<br />

to another. Ibid. 28 Who runs like a Badger, with variating<br />

and unequal motions. i6<br />

ing its variating infirmities.<br />

Variation (ve»ri^-j3n). Forms : 5 varyacyoune,<br />

-oio(u)n, 6 -cyon ; 5 variaoioun, 5-6<br />

-cion, 6 -cyon, -tioon, 6- variation, [a. OF.<br />

variation^ -acion (F. variation^ = Sp. variaciorty<br />

Pg. variofdOy It. variazione., a. L. variation-^<br />

varidtio, n. of action f. varidre to Varv.]<br />

I. 1 1. Difference, divergence, or discrepancy<br />

between two or more things or persons. Obs.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer A*«/.'f T'. 1730 In al the world.. So even<br />

withoute variacioun Therneresuchecompanyes tweye. 14*6<br />

I.VDO. De Guil. Pilgr. 20066, I sey also.. That ther be..<br />

Many constellaciouns And many varyaciouns. 1460 Cap<<br />

GRAVE Chrofi. (Rolls) 48 <strong>Here</strong> is for to noten that their is<br />

grete varlacion amongst auctourcs, both of ^eres and of<br />

Kyngis names. 1480 Caxton Myrr. ii. i. 65 This present<br />

fygure is..dcmonstraunce certayne and trewe, without ony<br />

variacion ne doubtaunce. 1553 Edem Treat. Neiu Ind. ( Arb.)<br />

42 A clyme is a porcion ofthe worlde betwene South and<br />

North, wherein is variacion in length ofthe daye, the space<br />

of halfe an houre. i6a8 T. Spescer Logick 68 Health,.<br />

dtssenteth from a man that is sicke, by reason of that distance,<br />

or variatijn, which ariseth from sickncs. a 1637 B.<br />

JoMSON Discoveries Wks. 1640 1 1. 106 There is a great variation<br />

l>etweene him, that is rais'd to the soveraignity by the<br />

favour of his Peeres, and him that comes to it by the suffrage<br />

of the pet^plc.<br />

t2. Discord, variance, dissension ; an instance of<br />

thi?;. Obs. rare.<br />

c 1485 Dighy Myst. (1882) MI. 923 Be-twyx yowand me be<br />

never varj'acyouncs. '5*3 Lt)- Bebnehs Froiss. I. cccxivi.<br />

548 Thus the Christen reaTmes were in vartacyon, and the<br />

churches in great dyfference, bycause of the popes.<br />

+ 3. a. Uncertainty, doubt. Ob5.~'^<br />

1471 Caxton Recuyell (Sommcr) 38 In this sorow and in<br />

this payne and varyacion. .Vesca, Abell and the damoysel<br />

Were a longe tyme.<br />

t b. Inconstancy ; variableness.<br />

1509 Hawes Past, Pleas, xix. (Percy Soc.) 88 My heart<br />

shall be without variacion Wyth you present, in perfite<br />

sykerncs. f 1530 Crt. 0/ Love 1340, L.depely swere as<br />

minepower to bene Faithful deuoide of variacion.<br />

II. 4. The fact of varying in condition, character,<br />

degree, or other quality; the fact of undergoing<br />

modification or alteration, especially within certain<br />

limits.-<br />

I50J Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) v. vi, In shynyngc<br />

vatyac^'on of dyuers coloures. 1513 Bradshaw St.<br />

Werburge 1. 1340 This present lyfe.-rfow drcdefull it is,<br />

full of varyac^'on. 1555 Eden Decades {^Kth.") 45 Parallcles,<br />

are lines whereby the sonne passynge causeth variation of<br />

tyme. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. i. (1599) 15 I^t vs looke<br />

M)mewhat intrj the variation of times and things of the world.<br />

1637 Nabbes Micrpcosmus fi, Two kisses more will cloy<br />

me; nought can relish Bat variation. 1674 Bovle Excell.<br />

Theol. II, V. 214 According to the varying gravity of the<br />

atmosphere: which variation has,. a very considerable in-<br />

VOL. X.<br />

49<br />

fluence on the weather-glass. 1750 tr. Leonardtts' Mirr.<br />

Stones 53 As is held by many learned men wlio have written<br />

of the variation of the air. 1785 G. A. Bellamy Apology<br />

(ed. 3) i. 67 Lest you accuse me of a want of variation in the<br />

conclusion of my letters, I shall end this in the good oldfashion<br />

way. i8z3 Miss M. A. Kelty Osmond I. 36 In this<br />

variation of feeling the morning.. wore away. 184S G. E.<br />

Day tr. SimofCs Anim. Client. I. 246 From these data, it<br />

appears, that, .the variation is the most striking with regard<br />

to the fibrinand globulin. i88s,Watson & Burburv Math.<br />

Tk. Electr. \ Magn. 1. 96 In order to effect this object the<br />

charge upon the conductor must be capable of variation.<br />

b. The action of making some change or<br />

alteration.<br />

a 1704 T. Bhown Satire Antients Wks. 1730 I. 14 They<br />

used in other words the same variation of the letter u into i,<br />

as maxumus, maximus. 1711 in Nairne Peerage Evidence<br />

{1B74) 133 T,he said parties having in order therto agreed.<br />

in the terms of the two former contracts.. without change<br />

or variation. 1885 Latv Rep. 29 Chanc. Div. 542 I'he powers<br />

reserved to Wilson Lomer..to control the variation of investments.<br />

1913 Act 3 Gee. K, c, 3 § I Where a resolution<br />

is passed, .providing for the variation of any existing tax.<br />

5. Variation of the compass^ {f iodestone.,) or<br />

needle, the deviation or divergence of the magnetic<br />

needle from the true north and south line ; the<br />

amount or angular measure of this ; = Declination<br />

8 b.<br />

iSS6BuRR0UGHin Hakluyt (1S86) III. 126, Iwentonshoare<br />

and obserued the variation ofthe Compasse, which was three<br />

degrees. 1571 Digged Pantom. 1, xxix. I ij b, Drawing a<br />

right line making an angle. .equall to the variation of the<br />

compasse in your region. 1613 Plrchas Pilgrimage (1614)<br />

49 Cabot first found out the variation of the Compasse. 1679<br />

AIoxoN Math. Did. 160 Variation o/the Needle, the Turning<br />

or Deviation of the Needle in the Mariners Compass<br />

[etcj. 1687 A. LovELL tr. Thevenoi's Trav. 11. 156 The<br />

variation of the Loadstone. 1774 M. Mackenzie Maritime<br />

Surv. 62 How to find the Sun's Azimuth, and from thence<br />

to find the Variation of the Needle. 1834 Mrs. Somervillk<br />

Connex, Phys. Set. (1840) xxix. 338 The variation of the<br />

compass. 1851 Gv.^E.iiVi¥.ixCoal-tra^ 'Perms^ Nortkumb. ^<br />

Durk. 16 The diurnal variation of the needle being far from<br />

inconsiderable.<br />

b. eliipt. in the same sense.<br />

1594 Davis Searnan*s Secrets{\6oi) 17 If your Compasse be<br />

good and without variation. 15^ W. Barlowe Navigator's<br />

Supply A 2, By the Variation is vnderstood the difference<br />

in the Horizon betweene the true and the magneticall Meri.<br />

dian. x6a7 Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. li. 12 There is<br />

also, .a Compasse for the variation. 1669STURMY Mariner's<br />

Mag. IV. L 138 The Points of the Needle, .are subject to be<br />

drawn aside by the Guns.., or any Iron neer it, and liable<br />

to Variation, and doth not shew the true North. 1703<br />

Dampier I'oy. III. I. 100, 1 found that the Variation did<br />

not always increase or decrease in proportion to the Degress<br />

of Longitude East or West. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine<br />

(1780) S.V., The highest variation.. appears to be i7°i W. and<br />

the least i6°J W. 1846 A. Young Naut. Diet. 81 The variation<br />

is in practice ascertained by comparing the sun's true<br />

and magnetic amplitude or azimuths. 1878 [see Declination<br />

81.<br />

O. Variation of the variation (see last quot.).<br />

1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Variation oftlu Variation^ is<br />

so catl'd, because the Variation of the Needle is not always<br />

the same in the same Place. 1839 Noad Electricity<br />

201 The variation ofthe variation, that is, the fact that the<br />

variation was not a constant quantity, but varied in different<br />

latitudes, was first noticed by the discoverer of America. 1867<br />

Smyth Sailor's IVord-Bk. 710 Variation 0/ the Variation^<br />

is the change in the declination of the needle observed at<br />

different times in the same place.<br />

6. The fact, on the part of the mercury, of standing<br />

higher or lower in the tube of a barometer or<br />

thermometer ;<br />

the extent or range of this.<br />

1719 QuiNcv Phys. Diet. (1722) 11 The greatest Variation<br />

ofthe Height ofthe Mercury being 3 Inches. 1748 Anson's<br />

Voy. II. V. 183 The variation of the thermometer at Petersburgh<br />

is at least five times greater . . than . . at St. Catherine's.<br />

Smith Panormna Sci. ^ Art 1 1. 28 Had the tube<br />

1815 J.<br />

been straight, Q would have been the limit of the scale of<br />

variation. 18^ Laroner Hand-bk. Nat. Phil, 168 A rise<br />

or fall of the mercury in the tube, within the usual limits of<br />

barometric variation.<br />

7. Astr. a. The libration of the moon; = Lib-<br />

BATION 2.<br />

1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Variation is, according to<br />

Tycho, the third Inequality in the Motion of the Moon.<br />

1718 Pemberton Netvton's Philos. 199 This inequality of<br />

the moon's motion about the earth is called by astronomers<br />

its variation. 1813 Woodhouse Astron.i^i^i-^)!. 11. 682 The<br />

Variation is occasioned by the other resolved part, that<br />

which acts in the direction of the tangent to the Moon's<br />

orbit. 1879 Newcomb & Holden Astron. 163 The disturbing<br />

action of the sun [upon the moon] produces a great<br />

number of other inequalities, of which the largest are the<br />

evection and the variation.<br />

b. (See quot.)<br />

1867 Smyth Sailor's IVord-Bk. 43 Annua/ Variation, the<br />

change produced in the ri^ht ascension or declination of a<br />

star by the precession of tnc equinoxes and proper motion<br />

of the star taken together.<br />

8. A/at/l. fa- = PKRMUTATION 3 b. Obs.<br />

1710 J. Harris Lex. Techn. II, Variation, or Permutation<br />

of Quantities, is the changing any number of given Quantities,<br />

Math respect to their Places. 1718 Chambers Cycl. s.v.<br />

Combination, Suppose the Quantities 3, and the Exponent<br />

of Variation 3; the Number of Changes is found 27 — 3'.<br />

b. Change in a function or functions of an equation<br />

due to an indefinitely small increase or decrease<br />

in the value of the constants.<br />

'743 ^' Emerson Fluxions 3 The Velocity, Variation, or<br />

Quickness of Increase (or Decrease) of any Fluxion is called<br />

the second Fluxion. iS^^ Penny Cycl. XXW I. 136/2 Variation.<br />

Under this head comes the explanation of a part of the<br />

VARIATION.<br />

language of proportion which is much used... We refer to<br />

such plirases as the following:—A varies as B.—A varies<br />

inversely as B. 1885 Watson & Hurbury Math. Th. Electr.<br />

Sf Magn. I. 6 Then..« will, on arriving again at C, have<br />

assumed by continuous variation the value ua+H.<br />

c. Variation of curvalttre: (?ee quot. 1842).<br />

a 1727 Newton Meth. Fluxions ^ In/. Ser. (1736) 76 The<br />

Inequability or Variation of Curvature is required at any<br />

Point of a Curve. 184a Francis Diet, Arts, Variation 0/<br />

curvature, the change made on a curve, so as to occasion it<br />

to be flatter or sharper in each succeeding part.<br />

d. Algebra. The following of a + sign after a<br />

— sign, or vice versa, in a row of signs.<br />

1891 in Cent. Diet.<br />

9. Mus. (See quot.)<br />

1730 Treat, Harmony 34 There is another sort of Division<br />

called Variation, which may also be upon a Division.<br />

10. Bioi. Deviation or divergence in the structure,<br />

character, or function of an organism from<br />

those typical of or usual in the species or group.<br />

1859 Darwin Orig. Spec, i. 11 There are many laws<br />

regulating variation, some few of which can be dimly seen.<br />

1867--8 Lyell Princ. Geol. in. xliii. (ed. 10) II. 488 If some<br />

modification of an organ, or instinct, be produced by what<br />

is called ' Spontaneous Variation '. 1871 Tyndall Fragm.<br />

Sci. (1879) !'• '^' 176 No naturalist could tell how far this<br />

variation could be carried. 1883 Vines tr. Sachs' Bot. 925<br />

The characters of many of these varieties are perfectly<br />

hereditary, and all the organs show the greatest degree of<br />

variation.<br />

Ill, 11, An instance of varying or changing<br />

an alteration or change in something, esp. within<br />

certain limits.<br />

Sometimes in specific senses : cf. 5-ro above.<br />

1611 CoTGR., Muance, change, alteration ; and particularly,<br />

a variation, or change of notes in singing. 1659 Pearson<br />

Creed (1839) 525 The natural course of variations in the<br />

creature. 1665 Phil, Trans. I. 31 A Baroscope, or an instrument<br />

to show all the Minute Variations in the Pressure<br />

of the Air. 1719 De Foe Crusoe 11. (Globe) 486 Variations<br />

of the Compass. 1758 Johnson /(//^r No. 11 p 11 The most<br />

variable of all variations : the changes of the weather. 1786<br />

Mrs. a. M. Beknett Jtwenile Indiscr. IV. 231 They.,<br />

contrived to fill a long summer's day, or winter's evening,<br />

by an agreeable variation of female amusements. 183a Hr.<br />

Martineau Weal ^ Woe vii. 94 Seasons are sometimes<br />

stormy and our commerce liable to variations. 1844 Proc.<br />

Philol. Soc. I. 196 We may therefore be disposed to consider<br />

all marked variations of dialect as evidences of difference of<br />

date. 1874 tr. Lomniefs Light 181 The variations of light<br />

and shade are alone visible.<br />

b. A difference due to the introduction or intrusion<br />

of some change or alteration.<br />

1699 Bentley Phal. 36 We have the firmer ground to go<br />

upon for this little Variation. 1787 T. Innes Anc. Inhab..<br />

Scot, (1879) 87 Variations which the negligence as well as the<br />

ignorance of transcribers is ordinarily the cause of. i86t<br />

Paley Mschylns {ed, 2) SuppHces 842 note. The other MSS,<br />

resent only slight variations. 1869 Tozer Highl. Turkey<br />

f<br />

I. 27a The.. stories have evidently come from the same<br />

original, but present curious variations in the form under<br />

which the youth is born. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 192 In<br />

different specimens, .the lava exhibits great variations.<br />

o. Biol, A slight departure or divergence from<br />

a type. (Cf. 10.)<br />

1835 LvELL Princ. Geol. \\\. ii. (ed. 4) II. 428 The phenomenon,<br />

that some individuals are made to deviate widely<br />

from the ordinary type, ..How far.. may such variations<br />

extend in the course of indefinite periods of time? 1859 Darwin<br />

Orig. Spec. Introd. 4 We shall see how great is the<br />

power ofman in accumulating by bis Selection successive<br />

slight variations. 1871 R. H. Hutton Ess. I. 65 An accidental<br />

variation only means a variation of which you cannot<br />

determine the direction. x88a Vines tr. Sachs' Bot. 777<br />

Changes in these hereditary peculiarities, or variations, are<br />

never brought about by direct external influences.<br />

d. Adifferent form or species ; a variety, variant.<br />

1863 Huxley Knmvl. Org.Nat. 99 If, by crossing a variation<br />

with the original stock, you multiply that vari.ition,and<br />

then take care 10 keep that v.-iriation distinct from the original<br />

stock, and make them breed together. x868 Boy's Own<br />

Bk. 593 The Matadore Game.. is a variation of All Fives.<br />

1878 Browning Poets Croisic 5 Try a variation of the game I<br />

12. A deviation or departure y>-tfff; something.<br />

16^7 ClareN£>on Hist. keb. i. §178 Besides that any<br />

Variation from it.. would make the Uniformity the less.<br />

ax66j Hevlin Laud \. 223 It was best to to^ce the English<br />

Liturgie, without any variation from it. 1782 J. Brown<br />

Nat. ^ Rev. Relig. in. ii. 246 There often befalls it a deforming<br />

variation from the original happy constitution. 1818<br />

Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 208 He did not tbink fit to make<br />

any variation from what was then determined.<br />

13. Math. a. (Cf. 8 a.)<br />

1728 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Conibination^ Suppose two<br />

Quantities, a and b\ their VariationswiU be 2; consequently,<br />

as each of those may be combined, even with it<br />

self, to these there must be added two Variations.<br />

b. Calculus of variations^ a form of calculus<br />

applicable to expressions or functions in which the<br />

law relating the quantities is liable to variation.<br />

1810 Woodhouse (title), A Treatise on Isoperimetrical<br />

Problems, and the Calculus of Variations. 1855 Brewster<br />

Neivton I. xiii, 349 The calculus of variations discovered by<br />

Lagrange in 1760, was the greatest step in the improvement<br />

of the infinitesimal calculus which was made in the lastcen*<br />

tury. i86z Todhunter {title), A History ofthe Progress of<br />

the Calculus of Variations during the Nineteenth Century.<br />

14. Mus. A modification with regard to the tune,<br />

time, and harmony of a theme, by which on repetition<br />

it appears in a new but still recognizable<br />

form ; esp. in pi,, embellishments in an air for<br />

giving variety<br />

simple form.<br />

on repetition after playing it in its<br />

7


VARIATIONAL.<br />

s8oi Bushy Diet. Afus. ( 1 8ii), Variations, or Krf, the name<br />

given to certain ornamented repetitions, in which, while the<br />

origiiud ixMes, harmony, and modulation, are. .so far preserved<br />

as to sustain the parent subject, the passages are<br />

branched out in flourishes. i8m Scott Let. in Lockhart<br />

'<br />

(1837) IV. XL 371 She ran a set of variations on Kenmure's<br />

on and awa* ', which I told her were enough to raise a whole<br />

country-^de. S873 H. C. Banister Music 216 In some<br />

Sonatas etc, one of the Movements is a Theme with<br />

Variations.<br />

15. attrib. in sense 5 b, as varicUion-chart^ comfasSf<br />

instrument,<br />

t66o Sturmv Mariner^s Mag, if. vi. 67 The Use of the<br />

Quadrant and Variation-Compass. 1717 Bailey (vol. II),<br />

ranaiioH Chart, a Chart designed by Dr. Halley. 1748<br />

AmsoM's Voy. Introd., A new variation -chart lately published.<br />

1769 Phil. Trans. LIX. 483 The variation compass<br />

. .was. .a very good one. 1837 Lloyd in Kr^. Brit. Assoc.<br />

VI. App. 31 The variation instrument will be placed in the<br />

magnetic meridian, with respect to the theodolite. 1867<br />

S\nTM Sailer's IVord-Bk. y'o The admiralty variation<br />

chart has been brought to great perfection.<br />

, - , ,<br />

Varia-tionalf a. [f. prec. +-al.] Marked<br />

or characterized by, dealing with or concerning,<br />

variation, in various senses.<br />

^<br />

1879 Thomsom & Tait Nat, Phil. I. 1. § 337 Which . . is the<br />

genera) variational equation of motion of a conservative<br />

s>-stem. x888 EncycL Brit. XXIV. 77/1 This succession of<br />

variational theories. 1907 .S"*!/. ^rr'. 5 Oct. 422/1 Man.. is<br />

more %'ariational than woman.<br />

Varia'tionist. [f. as prec. + -ist.] One who<br />

composes musical variations.<br />

1901 j. HuNF.KER .1/^2Ctf//»/j>»fi?(/. Music 2$ BrahmR..is<br />

not only the greatest variationist of his times, but with Bach<br />

and Beethoven the greatest of all times.<br />

Variaiiioas, a. rare-^ [iTcg. f. Varution.]<br />

K Variational a.<br />

187s Jowett Piato (ed. 2) II. 175 The names of Astyanax<br />

and Hector are really the same, for the one means a king,<br />

and the other is a ' holder or possessor Vari'Ciform, a. rare'^. [ad. mod.L. varici'<br />

formiSf f. L. varic- Varix.] Resembling a varix.<br />

1849 in Craig. 1859 in Mavne Expos. Lex. [Recent<br />

Diets, give varicoid in the same sense.)<br />

fVa'ricle. Obs,~^ [f. L. varic- Vabix: see<br />

-CLE.] A varicose tumour or swelling,<br />

1684 tr. Bonefs Merc. Compil, xviii. 600/1 A Nun had a<br />

very pninful Variclc, and.. when I had set fire to it, it was<br />

discussed .It once.<br />

Varicocele (vse-rik^jsi'l). Path. [mod.I.., f. L.<br />

varic- Varix + Gr. «ijAt; tumour. So F. varicocele^<br />

Varicose condition or dilatation of the<br />

spermatic veins.<br />

1736 A. Monro in Med. Ess. «5- Ois. {1742) V. i. 323 In<br />

the Vessels of a Person labouring under the Varicocele.<br />

1846 Brittan tr. Malgaigne's Man. Oper. Sttrg. ^6


VARIEGATED.<br />

of woodlands and of cultivated declivities . . variegates the<br />

prospect in a charming manner. 1855 Macaulay HUt.<br />

F.ng. xviii. IV. 238 Where the British flag, variegated by<br />

the crosses of Saint George and Saint Andrew, hung by the<br />

side of the white flag of France. 1863 HAivxHORSEOKrO/a:<br />

Home (iij/. Philos. 1. 7 Who does not admire the<br />

51<br />

,<br />

'<br />

variegated diversity of colours in her [the butterfly's] expansed<br />

wings? 183S Lyell Princ. Ceol. iil. xvi. (ed. 4) HI.<br />

271 The surface.. was of a variegated colour. 1877 Black<br />

Green Past, xlii, A rich wilderness of flowers, of the most<br />

bountiful verdure and variegated colours.<br />

5. Produced by variation ; variant.<br />

187s Liddon Etetn, Relig. iv. 143 For all that disease is<br />

disease, and not a variegated form of health.<br />

Hence 'Va'rlegatedness.<br />

1668 WiLKiNs Real Char. 215 Variegatedness, motly.pyed,<br />

particoloured, divers colours.<br />

Variegation (ve»ri|eg^''Jan). [f. Vakiegate<br />

V. Cf. Sp. varUgacion, Pg. variegafdo.']<br />

1. The condition or quality of being variegated<br />

or varied in colour ; diversity of colour or the production<br />

of this ; spec, in Bot., the presence of two<br />

or more colours in the leaves, petals, or other parts<br />

of plants ; also, defective or special development<br />

leading to such colouring.<br />

1646S1RT. Browhk Pseud. Ep. 36^ He .. that could content<br />

himselfe . . that the variegation of Birds was from their living<br />

in the Sunne. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Variegation, a<br />

garnishing with divers colours. X758 Johnson Idler No. 64<br />

p 5, I happened to catch a moth of^peculiar variegation.<br />

177s Adair Atner. Indiaits 3 The variegation, .of colours<br />

among the human race. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVI. 142/1<br />

This variegation of the leaves sometimes disappears. 1861<br />

Bentley Man. Bot. 745 Variegation in leaves must be<br />

regarded as a diseased condition of the cells of which they<br />

are composed. i88a G. Allen in Nature XXVI. 323 When<br />

we come to consider the subject of variegation lof colours in<br />

flowers] and of reversion.<br />

b. With a and pi. Also, a variegated marking.<br />

i6


VAKIETY.<br />

1553 T. Wilson XAet. (15S0) 30, I might heape together<br />

the varietie of pleasures, which come by travaile. 1633<br />

Hemingb & CoNOELL in jst Folio Shaks. A 3 heading^ To<br />

the great Variety of Readers. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav.<br />

186 Bdiold Ihc varietie of temporary blessings. 1798 S. &<br />

Ht. Lee Canttrb. T. II. 164 The variety of simple scenes<br />

..made him delight to linger in Swiuerland. 1851 Carpenter<br />

Man. Pkys. (ed. a) 579 The variety of movements of<br />

which the hand of Man is capable.<br />

b. Without article. ? Obs,<br />

iSTS Fenton {titU\ Golden Egistles, contayning varietie<br />

of discourse, ^ih raorall, philosophical 1, and divme,<br />

gathered as well out of the remainder of Guevaraes<br />

workes, and other authors. i6o« Warner AB. Eng. xi.<br />

Ixv. 278 Varietie of Men to court a Woman is her pride.<br />

1680 MoRUEN G:rii)1?-j3n). Med. [f. prec.]<br />

Inoculation with the virus of small-pox.<br />

180S Med. yrnl. XIV. 536 A remarkable coincidence of<br />

failure., of variolation as well as vaccination. i8io Edin.<br />

Kev. XV. 340 It [i. e. vaccination] has been adopted by<br />

millions who never would have submitted to variolation.<br />

1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. 1. 559 The practice of variolation,<br />

which was revived and introduced into Great Britain by<br />

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.<br />

Variole (vea'riff»l). rare. [ad. med.L. variola<br />

Variola.] Something resembling a small-pox<br />

marking or pustule in appearance or formation<br />

a. Ent. A foveole or small fovea.<br />

1826 KiRBV & Sp. Entotml. IV. xlvi. 270 VarioU,..a.<br />

shallow impression like a mark of the smail-pox.<br />

b. Geol. A spherular concretion of a variolite.<br />

1890 Q. Jrnt. Geol. Sac. XLVI. 312 The spherulites or<br />

' varloles ' [of the variolite-diabase] are grouped or drawn<br />

out in bands parallel to the surface.<br />

Variolic (veariplik), s. rare~^. [f. Vamol-a<br />

+ -ic. Cf. F. variolique.'\ Variolar, variolous.<br />

1827 in Baron Life Jenner I. 335 Till I had inoculated my<br />

children again with variolic matter.<br />

Varioline<br />

(ve>*rii>lin). rare. [f. as prec. -K -INK.]<br />

The hypothetical infectious principle of variola.<br />

1864 Fark Rep. Reg. Gen. Suppl. 34 When any zymotic<br />

matter such as varioline, scarlatinine or typhine finds its<br />

way into a village.<br />

Variolite (ve^Ti^ait). Geol. [f. med.L. variol-a<br />

Vakiola + -ITE 1 2. Cf. Y. variolite, G. variolit.'i<br />

A kind of rock embedded with spherulites<br />

which give it the appearance of being pock-marked<br />

(see quots.); esp. the diabase (diorite) of Brongniart.<br />

1796 KiRWAN Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. 368 Variolites. Stones<br />

that have rounded protuberances, of a ditferent nature from<br />

the common mass of the stone. 1811 Pinkerton Petrol. 1.<br />

133 When the crystals, .assume an oval, but particularly a<br />

round shape, the rock may be aptly styled avariolite. Ibid.,<br />

The stones called variolites of Durance, being pebbles rolled<br />

down by that river in Dauphiny. 1879 Rutley Stud. Rocks<br />

xiii. 248 Variolite is an aphanitic diabase of compact texture<br />

and greenish-grey colour, in which there occur little concretions<br />

of a paler colour, ranging up to the size of small nuts.<br />

Va-rioli'tic, a. Geol. p. prec. + -ic] Of the<br />

nature of, or containing, variolite ; spherulitic.<br />

1862 G. P. ScROPE Volcoutoes 365 The clinkstone is usually<br />

variolitic. 1878 Lawrence tr. Cotta's Rocks Classified 139<br />

Diabase.. is sometimes.. variolitic or amygdaloidai.<br />

Variolitiza'tion. Geol. [f. Variolitb -h<br />

-IZATION.] The process of becoming variolitic;<br />

change or conversion into variolite.<br />

1890 Q. yrnl. Geol. Soc. XLVI. 330 As variolitization seems<br />

to have resulted from the same causes that have built up<br />

ordinary spherulites.<br />

Variolization (ve^ri^iz^'-Jsn). Med. [f.<br />

VAR10L-A + -IZATION.] Variolation.<br />

1891 in Cent. Diet. 1910 Edin. Rev. Oct. 276 Variolisation<br />

. . is said to have been known to the Chinese from the commencement<br />

of the eleventh century.<br />

Varioloid (veo-riJloid), a. and sb. Path. [ad.<br />

inod.L. varioloids, -odes (Frank, C1790): see<br />

Variola and -oiD. So F. varioloide, It.vajuoloide.]<br />

A. aaj. Resembling variola or small-pox ; like<br />

that of variola.<br />

In early use ' applied to a supposed special^ disease spontaneously<br />

developed in our climate under certain atmospheric<br />

conditions and capable of being propagated by infection or<br />

inoculation ' (Mayne Expos. Lex.).<br />

1821 W. Stoker (,title), Observations on the Varioloid<br />

Disease. 1825 Good Study Med. (ed. 2) V. 737 Varioloid<br />

eruptions, iii. 88. 1851 Leadam Homoeopathy 354 Varioloid<br />

Diseases. This term is applied to those diseases which<br />

resemble small-po.\, and are more or less dependent upon<br />

the same epidemical constitution of the atmosphere for their<br />

production. 1899 Alllmtt's Syst. Med. VIII. 47^ Sometimes<br />

It [a pathological process] is partial, and a varioloid lesion<br />

results.


VARIOLOUS.<br />

B. sd, A modified form of variola, esp. a mild<br />

variety occurring after vaccination or in those who<br />

have previously had small-pox.<br />

1828-32 in Webster. 1843 R. J. Graves SysL Clin. Med.<br />

xiv. 148 One of the former was attacked by varioloid just<br />

after the crisis of long-continued spotted fever. i8;ro T. W.<br />

HiGGiNSON.'^rwy Life 234 A case or two of varioloid in the<br />

regiment. 1897 Allbittt's Syst. Med. II. 103 A papular<br />

appearance which if the rash be scanty, may resemble the<br />

early stage of varioloid.<br />

fig. i860 Emersom Cond. Lrye,C7i/iure Wks. (Bohn) II.<br />

364 Is egotism a metaphysical varioloid of this malady ? ^<br />

VanOlonS (varai'iHas), a, [f. med.L. variola<br />

Vabiola, or a. F. variohux'. see-ous.]<br />

1. Of the nature of, resembling^ (that of), variola<br />

or small-pox ; of or pertaining to, appearing in,<br />

characteristic of, variola.<br />

X676 PJiiL Trans. XI. 569 The third Epidemical Constitution.,<br />

was that of the Small-pocks, and of a Variolous<br />

Feaver, resembling., the Smal-pocks. 1749 Ibid, XLVI.<br />

235 From the Dissections of those who have died of the<br />

Small- Pox, we find that the Viscera are subject to the variolous<br />

Abscesses. 1780 Ibid. LXX. 139 She was delivered<br />

of a child, as full of variolous pustules as herself. i8os Med,<br />

yrnl. VIII. 170 [TheyJ thought it [an eruption] had a variolous<br />

appearance. 1845 Encycl. Mctrop. VII. 754/3 When<br />

a person has been inoculated with a mixture of the variolous<br />

and vaccine poisons. 1899 Allbutfs Syst. Med. VIH. 639<br />

In these respects its evolution is not unlike that of a<br />

variolous or vaccine vesicle.<br />

Co'nb. \9eare.<br />

0. As cuij. in the sense * obtained or collected<br />

from various books or sources ',<br />

1883 American VII. 170 Outlines of the Chief Political<br />

Changes in the History of the World,.Arranged by Centuries,<br />

with Variorum Illustrations. 1887 Athenjeum 13 Aug. 210/3<br />

In his variorum readings of the name from old records he<br />

has obviously misread t for c in several instances.<br />

2. y??". Variation; a varyinjj or changing scene.<br />

177. Skin.vek Tullochgorum Wks. iSog III. 136 Dull<br />

Italian lays, . .They're dowf and dowie at the best, Wi' a*<br />

their variorum. 1785 Burns Jolly Beggars 8th Air, Life ts<br />

all a variorum, We regard not how it goes.<br />

Variotinted, a. [Irreg. f, L. varius varied.]<br />

Of various tints or colours.<br />

1903 Agnes NI. Clerkk Probt. Astrophysics 44 The<br />

dazzling variotinted fireworks disclosed by the prism.<br />

Various (ve»Ti3s), a. [f. L. vari-us changing,<br />

different, diverse, variegated. Cf. It., Sp., Pg.<br />

vario."]<br />

1. +1. Of things: Undergoing, exhibiting, subject<br />

to, variation or change; variable, changeful . Ods,<br />

1553 HuLOET, Variousc, uacillans, . .uarius. 1570 Levins<br />

Manip. 226 Variousc, varius^ instabilis. i6a3 J. Tavlob<br />

53<br />

(Water P.) Sir G. Nonsence Wks. {1630) 1/2 Most conscript<br />

Vmpire in this various Orbe. 1647 Cotterell tr. Dnvila's<br />

Hist. Fr. I. 13 As the condition of the Court is ever<br />

various and unconstant. a 1676 Hale Prim. Grig, Man.<br />

(1677) 191 The Instances of latter Discoveries which make<br />

evident this various state of the Globe of Earth and Water.<br />

1708 Lond. Gaz. No. 4463/3 The Winds were so various that<br />

we could not make to the Bay of la Hogue 'till the nth.<br />

a 1763 Shenstone Elegies v. n 111 can I bear the various<br />

clime of Love !<br />

177J<br />

Sheridan Rivals Epil, The servile<br />

suitors watch her various face, She smiles preferment, or she<br />

frowns disgrace.<br />

t b. Of fortune, life, etc. Obs,<br />

1633 J. Taylor (Water P.) Discovery by Sea Wks. (1630)<br />

24/1 Whilst we like various Fortunes Tennis ball, At euery<br />

stroake, were in the Hazzard all. 1644 Quarles Jitdgtuent<br />

(J- Mercy 12 Fear not the frowns of princes, or the imperious<br />

hand of various fortune. 1703 N. Rowe Ulysses 1. i, Ev'ry<br />

Change Of various Life. jj^z-zGrw Agrippina 54 Through<br />

various life 1 have pursued your steps.<br />

•f* c. Turning different ways ; going in different<br />

directions. Obs.<br />

i6ai Quarles Argalus ^,P. (1678) 13 There walked she:<br />

and in her various minde, Projects and casts about which<br />

way to finde The progress of the young Partheniaes heart,<br />

1725 Pope Odyss. vi. 134 Forth from her snowy hand<br />

Nausicaa threw The various bail.<br />

t d. Of a war : Marked by varying success. Obs,<br />

1754-8 Bp. Newton Obs. Propk. Daniel xii. 17^ Hence<br />

arose a various war between Antiochus and Epiphanes,<br />

each of them seizing Phoenicia and Coele-Syria by turns.<br />

f 2. Of persons ; a. Changeable in character<br />

inconstant, unstable ; fickle. Obs.<br />

1636 E. Dacres tr. MachiaveVs Disc. Livy 1. 231 A Prince<br />

loosen'd from the law, will bee unthankful!, various, and imprudent.<br />

1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals 111. iv. 328 So Cardinal<br />

Alexandrine dealt with Cardinal di S. Sisto, a various<br />

and unconstant man, 1670 Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart)<br />

II. 330 Truly he seems to me so various and fickle in handling<br />

this businesse all along. 1719 Swift Hist. Eng. Wks.<br />

1841 I. 5H4/2 Robert, who was various in his nature, and<br />

always under the power of the present persuader. 1776<br />

Gibbon Decl.


VAHIOTTSLY.<br />

taken that this report should find its way to Ravenswood<br />

Castle through every various channel. 1819 BVRON Juan I.<br />

iriii, Don Jdse, like a lineal son of Eve, Went plucking<br />

various frait without her leave. 1863 LoscF. iVaysidi Inn<br />

H. Prel. 63 The breakfast ended, each pursued The prompt,<br />

ings of his various mood.<br />

d. In the phrase various readmg\s). ^i-t.<br />

Vabiast sb. 2 and Lectio.v i c.)<br />

i«'S possible to distinguish absolutely between<br />

this sense and 8, as the meaning ireq. merges into ' many<br />

different ': cf. Divers a. 3.<br />

1696 Prior To the King at Arrived m Hot/and 62 In<br />

various Tongues He hears the Captains dwell On their great<br />

Leader's Praise. IMS N. Robinson TA. FAysick 239 By<br />

this Means we shall be able to judge with the greater<br />

Exactness, of all the various Phenomena's of Nature. 176a<br />

I. Reevk in Foley Rec. Eng. Prov. S. J. VII. Introd. p. xlii,<br />

From that period the College of St. Omer began to shine<br />

among the various Seminaries of piety and learning. 1848<br />

Thackeray Van, Fmr\\\, But he heard of the Major's fame<br />

from various members of his society. 1879 Harlan tlyesight<br />

ii. 30 The eyeball is moved in various directions by six<br />

muscles. 1897 Ld. Roberts 41 Vrs. India vii. (1898) 4t<br />

Various acts of incendiarism took place.<br />

10. Comb. With adjs. or pa. pplcs., as variousblossomed,<br />

-coloured, -formed, -measured, etc.<br />

1730-46 Thomson Autumn 5 The *various.blossom'd<br />

Spring, a 17U Ken Preparatives Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 35<br />

Bright 'various colour'd Rays his Wings adorn. 1752 J.<br />

Hill///j/. Anim. 231 The various-coloured Gadus,..The<br />

Cod-fish. 1824 Scott St, Ronan's xxxi. Such triple tiaras<br />

of various-coloured gauze on her head. 1803 Kenny Society<br />

54 In spite of danger *various-form'd, to wrest Nature's yet<br />

hidden secrets. 182a Hortus Anglicus II. 155 L[epidiuiii\<br />

Per/oliatuM. •Various-leaved Pepper WorU 1671 Milton<br />

P, R, IV. 256 *Various-measur d verse, i'Eolian charms<br />

and Dorian Lyric Odes. 1880 Beaconsfield Endymion<br />

Ixv, The intended introduction of grain at *variou5-priced<br />

duties per quarter. 1727-46 Thcmson Summer mo The<br />

fiery spume Of fat Bitumen, steaming on the day, With<br />

*various-tinctur'd trains of latent flame. X788 Coleridge<br />

Sonnet to Autumn,J Moon I Mild Splendour of the<br />

•various-vested Night<br />

Variously, «&. [f. prec. ^ -lt !.]<br />

L In a various manner ; in various or different<br />

ways ; with variation or variety ; differently,<br />

diversely.<br />

1637 May Lucoh vii. 620" The war, that variously had<br />

wantler'd ore The fields, there stucke, there Cesars fortune<br />

suy'd. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Rei. 11. § 87 This stratagem<br />

was never understood ; and was then variously spoken of.<br />

1683 J.NoRRJS Hicroclesi But 'twas the Law of the Creation<br />

which variously order 'd things according to the dignity of<br />

their natures. 1748 Hartley Observ. Man 1. iii. §6. 390<br />

These Circumstances are variously combined in the various<br />

Kinds and Degrees of Madness. 1^79 T. Forrest Voy. New<br />

Guinea 326 Variously do those islands groan under the<br />

tyranny of their masters. 1807 G. Chalmers Caledonia I.<br />

iiL vii. 406 About the lineage, and station, of this celebrated<br />

i860 Tyndall<br />

personage.. writers have written variously. ^<br />

Glac. L xit. 87 The sound commenced again, changing its<br />

note variously. 1880 Geikie Phys. Geog. iv. 199 A ball..<br />

with an exterior crust which has been variously estimated<br />

at from twenty to a thousand miles in thickness.<br />

b. With adjs.<br />

1794 G. Adams Nat.fi Exper, Phil, IV. xlix. 331 It emits<br />

the rays of light in every direction, and those rays are variously<br />

refrangible and colorific 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng.<br />

iii. I. 398 Our prose became less majestic, . .less variously<br />

music^ than that of an earlier age. 1871 Carlyle in Mrs.<br />

Carlyle Lett. I. 378 The consequences for the time were<br />

variously sad. 1871 'Tennyson Last Tourn, :ii.ft So dame<br />

and damsel glitter d at the feast Variously gay,<br />

C. U.S. At different times, rare.<br />

xZoM A. E. Lee Hist. Columbus (Ohio) I. 756 Samuel<br />

Perkins .. kept a barber shop variously under the National<br />

Hotel and the Clinton Bank.<br />

2. Comb. With pa. pples., adjs., or pres. pples.,<br />

as variously-coloured, -conditioned, -shaped, -working,<br />

-wrought, etc.<br />

a 1700 Evelyn Diary 8 Feb. 1645, The mouthes of these<br />

spiracles arc bestrew'd with variously-colour'd cinders.<br />

1768-7^ Tucker Z^. Nat. (1834) II. 171 A long-complicated<br />

succession of variously. working second causes. 1837 Gaunter<br />

Lives Moghul Emp., Bnber ix. 238 The variouslycoloured<br />

page of human life. 1848 Buckley //m^ i93Brass,<br />

gold, and variously-wrought iron. 1855 T. Jones Anim,<br />

Kingd. (ed. 2) p. xvl. Variously-shaped eggs of Insects. 1868<br />

Lockyer Elem. Astron, % 60 The stars shine out with<br />

variously coloured lights.<br />

[f. Various a, + -nebs.]<br />

Va'rioQsness.<br />

fl, Changeableness, inconstancy, .ariability. Obs.<br />

1607 Daniel Cleopatra Wks. (Grosart) III. 9 A Roman<br />

hath but here a Roman quayld. And onely but by Fortune's<br />

varioosnes. 1647 Cotterell tr. Davila's Hist. tr. I. 22 The<br />

Piince had in the war proved the variousnesse of fortune.<br />

t2. Difference, variance. Obs.<br />

x6a8 T. SreMcex Logick 68 This space is the varietie, or<br />

54<br />

variousnes that is belweene seuerall, and distinct arguments,<br />

a i6s3 Gouge Comm, Heb. xiii. 9 <strong>Here</strong> the plural<br />

number is used, which implieth a variousness and disagreement<br />

in false Doctrines.<br />

3. Variety of character or nature ; varied condition<br />

or quality.<br />

1651 BiGGS New Disp. ^98 The variousnesse .. of .. every<br />

single and particular form of the Individuall. 1653 Blithe<br />

Enet, Improver Impr, 55 And a good experienced Millwright.,<br />

is well able to regulate them.. to the incomming<br />

of the Tide, or out-going of the Floods, as the variousness<br />

of opportunities will require. 1834 Wilson in Blackiu. Mag.<br />

XXXVI. 543 His waking thoughts had all the vividness of<br />

visions, all the variousness of dreams. 184S Bailey Festus<br />

(ed. 2) 39 Unimaginable space . . Faileth to match His bound,<br />

less variousness. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. iv. (1875) 163<br />

The religious life is at bottom everywhere alike ! but it is<br />

curious to note the variousness of its setting.<br />

Varisoune, Sc. variant of Wabison.<br />

Varite, obs. Sc form of Verity.<br />

llVarix (ve»Tiks). PI. varices (ve^-risfz).<br />

[L. (stem vaHc-), Cf. Vabick.]<br />

1. Path, An abnormal dilatation or enlargement<br />

of a vein or artery, usually accompanied by a tortuous<br />

development ; a varicose vein.<br />

c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 178 pe blood-letyng of bis veyne<br />

is good, .for varices & for vlcera ))at ben in |)e hipis ou|>er<br />

in^eleggis. 1541 R. Copland Ga^£«'j T'^ro/i. 2 Ciij b. It<br />

may sobe that varix, that is to say a swollen vayne that is<br />

aboue it, may be the cause. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 279<br />

Some writers hold, that this herb.., bound vnto the swelling<br />

veines called Varices, doth allay the paine thereof. i668<br />

Culpepper & Cole Barthol, A nat. 363 For that is easie to<br />

see in a Varix of the Thigh and Foot. 1767 GoocH Treat.<br />

Wounds I. 188 Varices, .sometimes become very large and<br />

painful upon the legs, requiring opening. 17B3 Med, Comm,<br />

1. 181 The dilatation of a vein (commonly called a varix)<br />

takes an oblong shape. 1835-6 Todd:s Cycl. An


VARMENT.<br />

Varlo, obs. Sc. f. Warlock. Varly, obs. Sc.<br />

f. Wabelt adv. Varm, southern dial. var. Farm<br />

I'.i Varme, obs. Sc. f. Warm«.<br />

Vannent, varmint (va-jmant), sty and a.i<br />

dial, .ind I'.S. Also vajmant, -munt, verment,<br />

warment, -mint, etc. [var. of varmin Vermin,<br />

with excrescent -/. Rare before c 1825.]<br />

1. a. collect. Vermin, b. An animal'of a noxious<br />

or objectionable kind.<br />

A large collection of American examples is given by<br />

Thornton Attier. Gloss. (1912) s.v.<br />

a. 1539 in Ellis Orig;. Lett. Ser. it. II. 14S Let me not be<br />

utterly caste away here in prysson, remayening fwll of var.<br />

ment which cawsythe me to hawe no lyste of meytte nor<br />

dryncke. i6te Husnancb Monitor Ep. Ded.. For many who<br />

smell like a Kirkish Verment, Can now, Sir, put on a Lamblike<br />

garment. 1833 E. Moor Suffolk IVds., Varmint,<br />

vermin, not always confined to the verminous class of<br />

animals, but extended to any annoying or troublesome ones<br />

1828 J. Hall Lett. fr. West 297 He gave his foe [a bear-cub)<br />

a mortal shot, or to use his own language, ' I burst the<br />

varment". 183S W. Irvino Tour Prairies xxiii, 'These<br />

beavers, said he, '.. are the knowingest varment as I know'<br />

J854 Miss Baker Northam/it. Gloss., Varment, vermin<br />

18. 18.9 sporting Mag. (N.S.) XXIIL 242 Some of the<br />

followers of the gallant varmint. 1846 T. B. Thorpe Baek-<br />

•moods i66 The idea of a 'man's keeping two varmints in a<br />

grass, when he might shoot a dozen by going a little way<br />

into the woods '. These ' varmints ' were two ^autiful deer<br />

1883 PENNELL-ELMHiRsrCrmm Lcicesterslt. 154 Meanwhile<br />

the varmmt had stolen on in his struggle for Tilton Wood<br />

and life. 1889 Boston (Mass.) Jml. 25 Oct. 2/3 The granger<br />

came out with his rifle and shot the varmint [a panther).<br />

2. An objectionable or troublesome person or<br />

persons ; a raischievons boy or child.<br />

1773 GOLDSM. Stoops to Cong. V. 92 The poor beasts have<br />

smoaked for It Rabbet : me, but I'd rather ride forty miles<br />

^ir^l- ^f"'' '^?" '^" *''' '"'^'' "«"«"'' i8«S Brockett<br />

yv. C. (.loss., Varment, Verment, . .also a term of reproach<br />

particularly to a child. 18^5 C. H. J. Anderson Swedish<br />

Brothers 8 That little varmint Nettop has tickled his heels<br />

for him. 1857 Hughes Tom Brmun 11. iv, ' I've got the<br />

'<br />

young varmint at last, have 1," pants the farmer/ i8sg<br />

Slang Diet. 114 'You young varment, you I ' you bad or<br />

naughty boy.<br />

yarment, varmint, sb.i and a.2 slang (now<br />

dial.). [Oi obscure origin ; there is no obvious<br />

connexion with prec]<br />

A. sb. A sporting amateur with the knowledge<br />

or skill of a professional.<br />

lilt Snorting Mag. XXXIX. 9 Every professional amateur<br />

..IS denominated a Varment. 1813 Evron 7ua>i xi. xvii<br />

fooT Tom was once a kiddy upon town, A thorough varmint,<br />

and a rked<br />

round inqumngly at the smug and varment citizens with<br />

which the room was filled. 1859 WARBtmTOM Hunting<br />

Songs (p A varment looking gemman on a woiry tit.<br />

A. Knowing, clever, cunning.<br />

1819 Brockett AT. C.GUss. 317 Varment.. H also a sort<br />

of cant word for knowing; as a varment chap, a knowing<br />

one. 1831 TRELAWNY^rfr/. Younger Son\.n^-He^m\t\^<br />

there is a varnient and knowing look about her [a ship) which<br />

I like. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales II. 162 None but<br />

a very rarmint dog.. will face one of these water.wea/els a<br />

second time. 1890 ' R. Boldrewood • Col. Reformer (180,<br />

""= '"x^ltya"!<br />

^°ui- v?".'"'" and caught the varmint<br />

ambling black mare 1891 P. H. Emerson East Coast<br />

"''' -'"""y Lod«. Ibe varminlest horse-<br />

\ "1'" I'' ?" dealer about these parts.<br />

Hence Va-rmcntoy j Va-nnentish a.<br />

ifi* ^rting Mag XXXIX. 9 This polite art is desig.<br />

?'''• "° '^y °"8in of<br />

IJf,^';., n ?1"'T, Varmentcy, as of<br />

'" Sciences, is<br />

?/ XT L-<br />

obscure. 1819 liidtH .S 1<br />

V. 54 Nothing under four horses would look '^varraentish '.<br />

Varmin, obs. or dial. var. Vermin. Vam(e<br />

obs. ff. Warn v. Varnasyng. Sc. var. War-<br />

NisHiNo. VamgreiB, obs. Sc. var. Vkrdigris<br />

Vamis, obs. Sc. var. Warnish v.<br />

Vami8h(va-jniJ),ja..fimis, Hw./emissa ]'<br />

L Resinous matter dissolved in some liquid and<br />

used for spreading over a surface in order to give<br />

this a hard, shining, transparent coat, by which it<br />

IS made more durable or ornamental.<br />

'^' ""'^ '•«'"°'« ">»"«' ia' making a solution<br />

this kfn^ of<br />

«:.lV,l-»ElySacr. Rolls IL 121 In vj libr. de albo ver.<br />

'^''J''li<br />

^;f \r, •'^'" PiP'RollT.'2 Edw.ft/uCUJih,<br />

In .uij. Mill de vernisHIe j .v. 16 de vermeillone. 136a LanclI<br />

'° o'.vemisch<br />

Y'""" or vinegre, I trouwe,<br />

W.n.i,-<br />

«r^tth '"V'?r^- M- in R'lk. ^"t. 1. 163 F6rto make<br />

*^°<br />

f^il<br />

."'Kood ale,<br />

f<br />

"r?"'"." and put thereto iii<br />

Ti(Rji;T'"' of A,abyke (etc.). .4M M^n. * Househ'.<br />

e-xf. (Koxb.) 349 My mastyr receyvid of Fynches man of<br />

65<br />

Colchestre a li. of yernyshe, pryse .vj.d. 1501 Ace. Ld.<br />

Ihd. IV. 90 Caddes, verneis, rede lede. 1530 Pal.scr. 28^/2<br />

Vernysshe, uernys ,585 T. Washington tr. NicholayS<br />

Voy. HI. XV. 99 b. They vse by continuall artifice Terebinthe<br />

and vernish, ,598 Barret Theor. Warrcs 135 Aqua vita,<br />

I'^ll^Th '"-'l "";"''?• '*?3 Hart Diet 0/ Diseased i<br />

xyu. 69 Iheoile of w.ilnuts is.. used, .by painters for vernice.<br />

1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 285 Apelles. .did by an<br />

inimitable invention anoint his finished workes with.<br />

thinne<br />

.a<br />

kinde of inke or vernish. 1658 tr. Porta's Mat<br />

"^^'""^<br />

v.r?fl,''''''.?*l>?°"''''J""'P*''-8""'> Scriveners call<br />

Vernish, and add it to the rest. 1706 Stevens Span. Diet.<br />

I, Bamtz, Vernish.<br />

3. 1346 iHV.Ch. Goods Surrey 106 Item for ij lb. of varnysch,<br />

ij s. vu, d iSao Skuttleivorths' Ace. (Chetham Soc.)<br />

244 lliree pound of varnishe for the caroache, xxj''. i6eS<br />

PHILLIPS, \arnisli, is that wherewith a picture is rubbld<br />

over to make it shine and have a glosse; there is also a<br />

ground or varnish which is laid upon a plate that is to be<br />

V^rnf i,<br />

"^,'1? "^T- ^'"- ^\ l*'""'"^^. Let him drop some<br />

yarn sh with a Feather to the bottom. 1773 Cook's Voy.<br />

1777) "• HI. XI. 146 As we had neither pitch, tar, nor rosin<br />

left to pay the seams, thi's was done with varnish of pine.<br />

iBis J. i^mTH Panorama Sci. vemis. Come hyther, spurryer be<br />

my spurres well vernyssbed. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. IV,<br />

12 Some had their .armyng sweardes freshly bumyshed and<br />

-some had them conningly vernished. 1589 Alex. Hume<br />

/ oems (S.T.S.) 55 Corslets of pruif, and mony targe of steill<br />

Sum varneist bright, sum dorred diuerslie. 1604 E. G(rimstone]<br />

D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. xxix. 288 They bringe<br />

likewise from this Province oyle of Aspicke, which . . Painters<br />

vse much.. to vernish the pictures.<br />

1697 J. Potter Antia<br />

Greece in. xv. (1715) 127 Several other Colours were also<br />

made use of, nor were they barely vamish'd over with them<br />

but very often anneal'd by Wax melted in the Fire. 170a<br />

W. J. tr. Bruyn's Voy. Levant xxxvii. 147 Plaistervarnish'd<br />

with a green colour. 175s Did. Arts/j-Sci. s.v. japanning,<br />

With a pencil varnish it over with the finest white varnish.<br />

i8ji Craig Led. Drawing, etc. ii. 112 These pictures, I am<br />

persuaded, were afterwards constantly varnished. 1861<br />

T. A. Trollope La Beata I. vii. 152 The copy., was not to<br />

be sent home till it had been varnished.<br />

absol. isn Art Limming (i^iz) g If you will vernish on<br />

silver, then take the Almon of Bengewyne.<br />

b. trans/. To invest with a bright or glossy<br />

appearance ; to smear or stain with some substance<br />

similar to vamish.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Reeve's T. 229 Wei hath the myller ver-


VARNISHED. 56 VABVICITE.<br />

Dys&hed his heed, Ful pale he was, for-dronken, and nat<br />

reed. £'1430 Lvdg. Afin. Potms (Percy Soc.) 53 Ful pale<br />

dninke, weel vcin>"ssht of visage. Ihid. 54 And whan thou<br />

hast ueel \'em>-ssht thi pate, To take a sleepe in hast thou<br />

woU the dresse. 1589 Gkeene Tulites Love Wks. (Grosarl)<br />

VII. H7, 1 found him in his bed chamber, his wife slaine<br />

And the blade yet varnished with bloud, graiiped in his fist.<br />

a 16x8 SvLVFsrF.R SptctacUs xx.\iii. Wks. (Grosart) II. 300<br />

The Leaves fresh \*amisht lively green, The Blossoms various<br />

to be seen. 1664 Power Rxp. Fhilos. i. 11 Her eyes are..<br />

of a pure golden colour, most admirable to behold, especially<br />

when varnish 'd with a full light, a 1733 Ramsay Tartana<br />

J7 Vou who. .Drain from the flow'rs the early dews of May,<br />

To\'amisii on your cheek the crimson dye. 1841 Maunder<br />

Scuff Lit. Trtas. 11848) s.v. Scarahxns, The colour (of the<br />

Scan$itrus auraivs] is most brilliant, highly varnished, and<br />

of a golden green. 1865 Dickens A/u/. Fr. i. x, Next<br />

moriung, that horrible old I^dy Tippins begins to be dyed<br />

and vamtsbed for the interesting Decision.<br />

2. To embellish or adorn; to improve, trick ont,<br />

furbish 1//.<br />

X4. . Sir BfMts (MS. C.) 3777 Blak sendel and . .rede, Vern)-sched<br />

wi|» ros>*s oflT sylu>T bry^t. 1580 Lylv Euphues<br />

(Arb.) 450 The Elizabeth of Euphues being but shadowed<br />

for others to vemish, but begun for others to ende. 1589<br />

Nashe Martin Marprelate Wks. (Grosart) I. 189 All my<br />

foolerie I bequeath to my good friend Lanam ;. .it. .may<br />

serue (perhappes) for yong beginners, if it be newe varnished.<br />

1639 G. Daniel Vervic 720 My Name, which stood The<br />

Boast of Fame, I N-arnish't with my Blood. 1699 Bentlf.y<br />

PhaL 162 To dress up and to v.arnish the Story of Pausanias.<br />

01715 Burnet dfM Time (1766) U. 154 Which were set off<br />

with all the fulsome Rhetorick that the penners could varnish<br />

them with. 1789 Mrs. Piozzi Jonrn. France II. 374 [<strong>Here</strong><br />

is] old Franck's Seven Acts of Mercy varnished up. 1887<br />

Huxley in Z.iy&(i9oo) II. 154 It will go on and be varnished<br />

into a simulacrum of success,<br />

3. To cover or overlay with a specious or decep-<br />

tive appearance ; to gloss over, disguise.<br />

1571 GoLDiNG Cah'in on Ps. iv. 3 Though they be wylfully<br />

blind & vernish their unryghtuou^nesse with counterfet<br />

colours. 1597 Hooker EccL Pol. v. Ixv. § 15 The church of<br />

Rome hath hitherto practised and doth profess the same<br />

adoration to the sign of the cross,.. howsoeuer they varnish<br />

and qualifie their sentence. 1641 Milton Reform, Wks.<br />

1851 III. II But what doe wee suffer., Prelatisme, as we do,<br />

thus to blanch and varnish her deformities with the faire<br />

colours .. of Episcopacie ? 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Skianmchia<br />

Wks. {1711) 198 Wicked Counsels maybe varnished<br />

with the shining Oil of sly Pretences." 1713 Addison Cato w.<br />

ii, Cato's voice was ne'er employed To clear the guilty, and<br />

to vernish crimes. 1783 Blair^4?Axxv. (1812) II, 160 The<br />

art of \*arnishing weak arguments plausibly. 183^ Woman<br />

II. 241 The female character of this day is varnished, not<br />

polished. 1863 Cowden Clarke Shaks. Char, xx. 520 He<br />

does not varnL'ih—he does not even polish vice, 1874 L.<br />

Stephen Hours in Library {iZg2) I. iii. 134 A corrupt heart<br />

thinly varnished by a coating of affectation.<br />

4. With over (in senses 2 and 3).<br />

164X Milton Ch. Givt. ii. Wks. 1851 III. 103 God. .never<br />

intended to leave the Government, .to be patch 't afterwards,<br />

and varnish't over with the devices.. of mans imagination.<br />

1643 Denhajh Cooper's H. 125 And yet this Act, to varnish<br />

o'r the shame Of Sacriledge, must bear Devotions Name.<br />

. 1694 Addison England's Greatest Poets Misc. Wks. 1726 I.<br />

38 Or had the Poet ne'er profan'd his pen, To vernish o'er<br />

the guilt of faithless men. 1719 Young Susiris in. i, O,<br />

how can you abuse your sacred reason,., To varnish o'er, and<br />

paint, so black acrime ! ? 1773 Macpherson OssiatCs Poems,<br />

Dissert, Concern. /Era o/Ossian (1785) II. 227 When they<br />

\sc. poets) found their themes inadequate to the warmth of<br />

their imaginations, they varnished them over with fables.<br />

1824 SvD. S.MITH Wks. (1867) II. 1^3 He may hide it by<br />

increased zeal and violence, or varnish it over by simulated<br />

gaiety. 1871 R, H. Hutton Theol. Ess. iii, (1888) 49 To<br />

varnbb over these distinctions.<br />

Hence Va-rnishln^ ///. a.<br />

1796 Mod. Gulliver 203 The mischiefs flowing from my<br />

fallacious v.irnishing pamphlet were not thought of,<br />

Vamislied (va-jnijt), ppL a. [f. prec]<br />

1. Coated with varnish ; f painted.<br />

1553 Ace. Ld. H. Treas. Scot. X. 176 Ane pair of warnist<br />

styrrcp irnis. 1596 Shaks. Merck. K. 11. v. 33 Nor thrust<br />

your head.. To gaze on Christian fooles with varnisht<br />

faces. X599 Minsheu S^an. Dial. 3/2 What rapier?..<br />

None but that vamist rapier, least it should raine. 1671<br />

BovLR Use/. Exp. Nat. Philos. 11. v. 29, I am credibly inform'd,<br />

that the Art of making the like Varnish'd Wares, is<br />

now begun to be a Trade at Paris. 1755 Diet. Arts


VABY.<br />

1819 R. Phillips in Phil. Mag. Ser. 11. VI. 282 What you<br />

examined was principally mun^anite, while the mineral<br />

wliich I analysed was the new oxide, and which, should you<br />

agree with me as to its composition, 1 propose to call<br />

Varvicite. 1839 Penny Cyci. XIV. 381/1 Varvicite occurs<br />

massive and in pseudo-crystals. Composed of thin plates and<br />

fibres. x868 Watts Diet. Chtrn., Varvicite, a manganeseore<br />

from Warwickshire.<br />

Varvin, obs. form of Vervain.<br />

VaTy,-f^- Also 7 varie, 8 varry. [f. Vaby v.']<br />

A variation ; + a hesitation or vacillation.<br />

1600 E. B. in Eng^L Helicon Bivb, When the sunshine<br />

which dissolv'd the snow Cullour^d the bubble with a<br />

pleasant vary. 1605 Shaks. Lear 11. ii. 85 (Q.'), And turne<br />

their halcion beakes With euery gale and varie of their<br />

maisters. 1739 Alex. Nicol Nat. ivithout Art 80 I'm at a<br />

varry Whether to keep free, or marry.<br />

tVa'ry,*^. Obs. In4, 6varye. [ad. L. Zfar/'-wj:<br />

see Vauious o.] Particoloured, variegated.<br />

138a Wyclif Gen.yix\\. 10 V..saw^ in sleep the malis.<br />

varye, and spotti, and of dyiicrs colours.<br />

Levins Mcutip. 107 Varye, z'arius.<br />

Ibid. 12. 1570<br />

Vary (ves-ri), V. Forms : 4-7 varie, ,5-6 vary©<br />

(5 varyen, -yn), 5-vary {^-6 S£. wary) ; 6 varrie,<br />

varry, varrey. [ad. OF. (also mod.F.) varier, or<br />

I,, varidre, f. vari-us VabiouS a.<br />

vartar^ It. variare^<br />

Cf. Sp. and Pg.<br />

I. intr. 1. Of things : To<br />

undergo change or<br />

alteration ; to pass from one condition, state, etc.,<br />

to another, esp. with freqnent or ready change or<br />

difference within certain limits.<br />

c 1369 Chaucer Dttke Blauncke 802 For al my werkes<br />

were flyttyng That tyme, and al my thought varyeng.<br />

1412-10 LvDC Chron. Tr0y iv. 1725. I not what doth enclyne<br />

5oure worHnes sodeinly to varie. c 1440 Pallad. on Husb.<br />

III. 116 For they [sc. the vinesj from fruit to bareynesse wol<br />

vary When they be sette. 1508 Dunbar Poems iv. 9<br />

The stait of man dois change & vary, Now sound, now seik,<br />

now biyth, now sary. 1608 Shaks. PericUs in. Prol. 47<br />

Their vessel shakes On Neptune's billow;.. but fortune's<br />

mood Varies again. 16x7 Morysom /tin. iv, v. i. (1903) 461<br />

The first hower after the Sunne is sett, strikes one, the<br />

Noonc or midday varyeth daily as the Sunne doth his setting.<br />

i7»6 Shelvocke Voy. roiind World ^1,6 We met with<br />

black dismal weather, with tempestuous winds, varying all<br />

around the Compass. 1791 Mrs. RAtxruFFE Rom. Forest<br />

vi, La Motte's complexion varied to every sentence of his<br />

speech. i8a8 Duppa Traz'. Italy, etc 21 The view [along<br />

this road] is constantly varying. 1859 Darwin Orig. Spec.<br />

i. 7 When the organisation has once begun to vary, it generally<br />

continues to vary for many generations. 1880 Geikie<br />

Phys. Geog. ii. 46 The quantity of water-vapour in the air<br />

varies from day to day, and, indeed, from hour to hour.<br />

b. Const,from or between (specified limits).<br />

i8a8 DuppA Trazf. Italy, etc. 128 During this week the<br />

thermometer varied only from 60^^ to 62° of Fahrenheit.<br />

1843 Sir C. Scuda-more Med. Visit Crdfenberg 31 The very<br />

large number of patients on his list, varying from two to five<br />

hundred. x8^ H. Rogers Eel. Faith (1853I 380 Men's<br />

Gods have varied between the infinite Creator and a monkey.<br />

o. To break offhy change.<br />

x88i Tylor Antnropol. \. (1904) 10 No other explanation<br />

is possible but that an ancient parent languajj^e ^ave rise to<br />

them ail, they having only varied off from it in different<br />

directions.<br />

2. To differ, to exhibit or present divergence,<br />

from something else.<br />

c X400 Rom. Rose 6213 For varie her wordls fro her dccde<br />

They thenke on giie without dreede. 1490 Caxtos Eneydos<br />

Pro!. 2 And certaynly our langaye now vsed varyeth ferre<br />

from that wliiche was vsed and spoken whan I was borne.<br />

\^^\.x. Littleton's Tenures (1574) 56 b, An other particion<br />

may be made betweene parceners, that varicth from the<br />

particions afores.iyde. 1^98 Gkesrwev Tacitus, Ann, vi.<br />

vii. (1622) 131 That that bird [the Phoenix].. differeth in the<br />

bcake, and varicth of feathers from other birds. 1600 Fairfax<br />

Tasso XIX. Ixxxix, Those feigned armes he forst me to<br />

deuize. So that from yours but small or nought they varrie<br />

[r//«^ Carrie]. x8j3 H. J. Brooke Introd. Crystallogr. 189<br />

Other oblique rhombic prisms, var>-ing from the primary.<br />

1843 Gwii.T Archit. f 2104 Rebate planes vary from bench<br />

planes in having no tote or handle [etc.]. X89X Law Times<br />

aCII. 96/1 This edition varies very little from its predecessor<br />

published in 1887.<br />

b. Without const.<br />

1530 Palsgr. 765/1, I dare promcssc you our bookes vary<br />

nat. 1564 Dav tr. P. Martyr's Comm. Bk. Judges 175 Vet<br />

was not god chaunged, l>ut the condicion of men varyed.<br />

X597 HooKKRi^cc/. /'(?/. v.lxvil 181 Howsoeuer mens opinions<br />

doc otherwise varie, neucrthclcsse touching Baptisme..<br />

we may with consent of the whole Christian world conclude<br />

[etc.]. 1611 Bible i Esdr. v, 9 marg.^ Nehem. 7. 9,<br />

where, .looke for the true numbers:, .here tney vary much.<br />

1815 Stf.phens in Sliaiv's Gen, Zool. IX. i, 17 This bird is<br />

Slid to vary very much, and Marcgravc mentions one which<br />

had the wing-coverts plain brown. 1854 Ronalds &<br />

Richardson C/um. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 8 The specific gravity<br />

of wood has been observed to vary in the same variety ;. .it<br />

is not even the same in different parts of the same tree. 1868<br />

LocKYER Elem. Astron. S 22 The first thing wliich strikes<br />

us when we look at the stars is, that they vary very much in<br />

brightness.<br />

C. ellipt. To deviate from the true North.<br />

1669 Sturmv Mariner's Mag. it vi. 67 The upper Compass<br />

doth represent the true Compass that never varieth, whereby<br />

you have a most necessary Instrument to rcctifie the<br />

Compass.<br />

3. Of persons: To differ, diverge, or depart, in<br />

respect of practice or observance {from some<br />

standard"). Also const, ^of.<br />

CX380 WvcLtF IVks. (1880) 301 pe sccte of macamethe<br />

taki^ mcche of cristis tecte, but it varied* in som rewele &<br />

in cloHs. — SeL IVks. III. 345 (^es newe ordris..varien in<br />

Goddis office fro bat bat Crist baJd bis preestis do. c 1^84<br />

Vol. X.<br />

57<br />

Chaucer //. Fame n. 299 And who so seyth of troutlie I<br />

varye Bid hym proven the contrarye. C1400 Maundev.<br />

(Roxb.) xiii. 60 in many poyntes J>^i vary fra vs and fra<br />

oure faith, c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 131<br />

Suche folke whiche-.Dare to theyr wyfes be nat contrarye,<br />

Ne from theyr lusles dare not varye. 1533 J. Heywood<br />

Pardoner Sf Friar A], Knyfe nor staffe may we none cary.<br />

Except we shulde from the gospell vary, a 1548 Hall<br />

Chron.,Hen. V/If,7i2-j He wasforced. .tolyue inastraunge<br />

lande among people that.. varyed from his maneis. 2621<br />

T. Williamson tr. GoularVs Wise Vieillard \^ b, I hope<br />

I haue hit of his meaning, though I vary from his wordes,<br />

as all Translators must doe, 1680 W. Allen Peace ^ Unity<br />

01 In varying from these [appointments] was the sin of those<br />

Men. 17x3 M. Henry Ord. Serm. Wks. 1857 II. 498/2 As<br />

God never varies from himself, so he never wavers in himself.<br />

i7a3 Chambers tr. Le Clerc's Treat. Archit. I. g<br />

Scamozzi is the only Author who varies from the rule. 1809<br />

RoiAND Fencing 123 Many persons. .are very apt, when<br />

parrying carte and tierce, to vary from the usual parades<br />

made upon this occasion.<br />

fb. To be deprived ^something. Obsr~'^<br />

X387-8 T. UsK Test. Love i. ii. (Skeat) 1. 194, I shal him<br />

cntourme of al the trouthe in thy love, with thy conscience<br />

so that of his helpe tliou shalt not varye at thy nede.<br />

f C. To depart from the truth. Obs.—^<br />

rx430 Lydg. Miit, Poems (Percy Soc.) 131 But my foode<br />

and my cherisshynge, To telle plainly and not to varye, Is<br />

of suche folke.<br />

d. Sc. To wander in mind ; to rave. ? Obs.<br />

iSoo-to Dunbar /'(?tfwjlxxxi. 12 This isane felloun phary.<br />

Or ellis my witt rycht woundrouslie dois varie. xfioi<br />

Douglas Pal. Hon. Prol. loi My febiU wit I wary, Sly<br />

desie heid quhome laik of brane gart vary. ? a 1550 Droichis<br />

Part Play in Dunbar s Poems {iSg^) 314 Bot ait I trow that<br />

I vary, I am bot anc Blynd Hary, That lang lies bene with<br />

the fary. 18*5 Jamieson, To vary, vairie, applied to one<br />

who exhibits the first symptoms of delirium, as the effect of<br />

bodily disorder ; as, ' I observed him vairyin' the day,' £ttr.<br />

For[est].<br />

i* 4. To differ in respect of statement ; to give a<br />

different or divergent account, Obs,<br />

1387 Trevisa Higdin (Rolls) V. 425 <strong>Here</strong> take heed [)at<br />

auctors varie):», for William sei^.., but Marianus and Beda<br />

tellel> [etc.]. XAia-ao Lydg. Chron. Troy 11. 187 Nat purposyng<br />

to moche for to varie. Nor for to be dyuerse nor<br />

contrarie Vn-to Guydo. c 1450 Mirk's Festial 207 And<br />

scho onswerd..and toide hym all J>yng, and varyet yn no<br />

poynt. A 15x3 Fabvan Chron. v. (1533) 33 b, Of the firste<br />

commyng of these Saxons into great Britayn, authours in<br />

party varrey. X529 More Dyaloge 1. Wks. 175/1, I wil<br />

beleue him muche better than hym . .if thei varyed in a tale<br />

and were contrary. X607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts 477 We<br />

will . . adde thereunto (the account of] Oppianus : for he doth<br />

vary in both of them.<br />

D. Const, from (another or each other). In later<br />

use, to depart yV^w an author by some change of<br />

statement.<br />

a 15x3 Fabvan Chron. 11. (i8ii) 29 The wryters of the<br />

Story., wryten dyuersly, so that the one varyeth greatly<br />

from the other. 1577 Holinsh ed CAr


VABYINQ.<br />

irregularly vasa as sing.] A vase.<br />

1651 Evelyn Char. Eng. (1659) 36 One of their Spurs<br />

engaged in a Carpet.., drew all to the ground, break the<br />

Glass & the Vasas in pieces. 1698 M. Lister Journ. Paris<br />

188 <strong>Here</strong> also were great F^Mrt'Jof Trelliage upon Pedestals.<br />

1699 Evelyn Acetaria Pref. b i/b, Busts, Obeh.sks, Columns.<br />

Inscriptions. Dials, Vasa's, Perspectives, at-joo ~ Diary<br />

14 Nov. 1643, A vasa of onyx. Ibid. 29 Nov. 1644, An<br />

antiq vasa of marble neare6 foote high.<br />

Vasa ^ (v^* sa, ¥/• -za). Also vaza. [Malagasy<br />

vaza.] One or other of several Madagascar p.irrots<br />

belonging to the genus Coracopsis. Usu. attrib.<br />

1811 Shaw Gen. Zool, VIII. 538 Vasa Parrot. Ibid. 529<br />

Smaller Vasa Parrot. Ibid., The .Smaller Vasa measures<br />

about fourteen inches in length. 1904 Times 30 Jan. 10/2<br />

The collection of foreign birds, . .among others of. , macaws,<br />

a black v.-isa parrot, and a hoopoe.<br />

VaBal (vi?''sal), a. [{.L. vHsWah."] Connected<br />

with one or other of the vasa of the body.<br />

1891 in Cent. Diet. 1899 AUbiilt's .Syst. Med. VIII 493<br />

Auspitz concluded that the wheal is produced by a reflex<br />

irritation from sensory to vasal nerves.<br />

t Vaseay, V erron. variant of Vasquine.<br />

i6o9MARKHAM/-'a«/o»i (fA«« (i8«8) M Perfumed gloues,<br />

gowDes, kirtles, vascaies, muffcs.<br />

I x8i8<br />

' lumps<br />

58<br />

Cooper & Travers Surg. Ess. l. (ed. 3) 79 Several<br />

of lymph efi*used in the anterior chamber, are under.<br />

going vascularization. 1847-9 Todds Cycl. Anat,^ IV. loi/i<br />

.\scertaining the fact of vascularization of scorbutic coa^ula.<br />

1896 Allbutt's .Syst. Med. I. 195 Likewise inflammation or<br />

(lisea.se of cartilage may be followed by vascularisntion and<br />

ossification.<br />

Vascularize (v£eski«lar3iz),w. [f. Vascular<br />

a. + -IZE. Cf. next.] trans. To render vascular.<br />

1893 A. S. EccLES .Sciatica 47 To_ increase^ the surfacetemperature<br />

and thoroughly vascularize the skin and superficial<br />

tissues. 1898 .Allbuit's Syst. Med. V. 3 The terminal<br />

tubes being va.scularised by the pulmonary artery.<br />

Vascularized, ///. a. [Cf. prec] Rendered<br />

I<br />

vascular ; converted into a vascular form.<br />

1858 J. H. liKNKF.r Nutrition 1. 10 [The] mucous membrane<br />

of the stomach .. becomes highly vascularized. 1874 Jonks<br />

& SiEVEKiNG Path. Anat. 17 The occurrence of a vascularized<br />

coagulum in a tuberculous cavity in the lungs. iBj^St.<br />

George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 429 The growth consisted of small<br />

cells, and was highly vasculariscd.<br />

Vascnlarly, adv. [f. Vasculah a] In a<br />

j<br />

vascular manner.<br />

1890 Nature 26 June 215/2 Multiple bud.s, one springing<br />

VASE.<br />

iMBies, may be owing lo ihc fancy of some Author, .[who]<br />

|<br />

ordered them to be distinguished by difTerent characters<br />

from the Te:tt. i»is Caklvlk SckilUruAiSts) 97 Those<br />

Vascular (voc-skiKlaj), a. [ad. mod.L. vas- from another and being vascubrly connected therewith.<br />

1894 IVestm. Gaz. 31 Aug 3/1 When it has become vascucular-is,<br />

f. L. vascul-uiii, dim. of vas V.\s. So F.<br />

larly attached to the tissues around the area.<br />

careless felicities, those varyings from high to low. iBag<br />

vasculaire, It. vasculare, Sp. and Pg. vascular.]<br />

Va'SCnlated, ///. a. [I. L. vnscnl-»m Vas-<br />

Scott Axnt o/G. xxiv, Had my plighted vows .ever per- 1. Bot. Of fibres, tissue, etc. : Having the form<br />

CULUM.] Provided with small vessels.<br />

mitted me to entertain a thought of varying, or of deleclioii. of tubular vessels ; consisting of continuous tubes<br />

1744 Phil Trans. XLIII. 187 The Wings arc finely<br />

1901 Wresch H'i>uhester lyard-lk., I'aryiiig, a vulgus<br />

of simple membrane.<br />

vasculated, and the Pod is lined with fine silky Down.<br />

done up to books, (obsj<br />

1671-3 Grew Anat. PI., Anat. Roots (1682) 69 The Vasoule, Anglicized form of VasCulum.<br />

Yaryinff (ve»Ti|ii)), ///. a. [f. as prec]<br />

Va.scular Rays are not equally extended in all Roots. 1756 1859 in Mayne Expos. Lex. 1323/2<br />

L That raries, in senses of the verb ; tendinj; to C. Lucas Fss. Waters I. 156 The solids are all vascular, Vasculi'ferons, a. [f. L. vdscuh-, combining<br />

vary or change, t Also const. /row.<br />

and consist of elastic fibres. 1791 Hamilton ISertlwllct's<br />

c 1340 Hampols Pr. Co»sc. .4.3 ^ (.is «.rld es ful Dyeing I. 1. i. iii. 52 The vascular fibres of the bark. form ol vasculum, + -FEiiOUS.] (Sec quots.)<br />

1837<br />

\i\f<br />

unstaWe, And ful variand and chaungeable. 1398 1 Bsv.s* P. Keith Bot. Lex. 68 The membranous tissue of the plant, 1704 J. Harris Le.r. Techn. I, Vnsculiferous Plants, are<br />

R^lh. hi P. R. xvir. .xcviii. (Bodl. MS.), pe apple tre is whether cellular or vascular, is uniformly colourless. 1847 according to the Botanists, such as have besides the common<br />

rounde diuers and varying fro oW^r trees of wodes. « Mo»- H. Miller Test. Rocks (1857) 31 Its mass of soft cellular Calyx or Flower Cup, a peculiar Vessel or Case to contain<br />

So AUxanJ^^ 4637 Of alT (.e frutis on W fold we fange at tissue is strengthened all round by internal buttresses of their Seed. 1731 P. Miller Card. Diet, s.v., Vasculiferous<br />

Sure will, Bath v^in-son & volatile & variand fisches. c 1480 dense vascular fibre. 187S Dawson Dawn Life ii. 32 Plants Plants are such whose Seeds are contain'd in Ve.ssels which<br />

HlKuvsON FatUs, Pnd.li^k f, Moust x. With mynd Incon- existed at that time having true woody or vascular tissues. are sometimes divided into Cells.<br />

stanl? fJs. aT-ilirUnd. Full of desait. .joj-.? Dunbar b. Of Structure: Characterized by the prevalence VaSCnliforiU, a. [f. as prec. + -form.]<br />

Pttuis xlviii. I Quhen Mercl.e wes with variand windis past.<br />

Having the shape of a small vase.<br />

of tubular vessels.<br />

TJX A. SCOTT^/-*';" (S.T.S.) xxvii. 48 Glf scho steidfast<br />

1718 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Vegetable, The vascular Structure 1887 W. Phii.lips Brit. Discomyceics 120 Cup vasculiform,<br />

standi And be not wariand, I am at hir comm.-ind 16..<br />

of Vegetables, is render 'd very apparent, by an Experiment margin erect or incurved.<br />

Shaks. l^iHt. r.l.ii. 170 He. .with his varying child-nesse,<br />

of Mr. Willoughby. 1807<br />

rares in me Thoughts, that would thick my blood. « J. E. Smith PItys. Bot. 13 From Va'SCulose, sb. [f. Vascui.-ar a. -h-cseS.J<br />

1704<br />

preceding writers we had learned the general tubular or The principal constituent of the vascular tissue in<br />

r. Brown Sat. agil. Ii;„nan Wks. 1730 I- 57. I .'^'"ve in<br />

vascular structure of the vegetable body. 1842 Loudon<br />

vain the var>ing crimes to trace, Of this salacious and<br />

jilants.<br />

Suburban llort. 9 Endogens are flowering plants with a<br />

destructive race. i7S« Gkav .WnV 37^In fortune s vary-<br />

1883 Science 1. 80/1 Vasculose is not easily soluble in con-<br />

vascular structure.<br />

ing colours drest. 1798 S. & Ht. Lkr Cantcri. T. II. 11<br />

centrated sulphuric acid. 1885 Goodah: Physiol. Bot (1892)<br />

With a varying complexion, and timid air, [he] enquired lor 0. Vascular system, the aggregate of tubular<br />

35 note, Vasculose increases in amount with the density of<br />

her mother. iSiJ Shelley ^/


VASECTOMIZED. 59 VASSAL.<br />

o. A calyx cr other growth resembling a vase.<br />

1728 Chambers Cyc/., l^ase is alsosotnetiines used among<br />

Florists, for what they otherwise call the Calyx. (Hence in<br />

Bailey, etcj a 1811 Lkydkn Ou Spring Remains (1819)<br />

258 The tulip's v.i>e with dew-pearl sheen And icy crystal<br />

gleams afar. 1885 C. F. Holder Maneis Anim. Lt/c 15<br />

Graceful stalked vases of the Campanularia appear.<br />

3. attrib. and Comb, (in sense i),^^ vase-carriage,<br />

-handle, -like adj., -maker, -painter, -painting,<br />

-shaped adj., -work,<br />

183a LiNDLEY Ititrod. Bat. 380 Vase-ska^fd^. Joxmtd like<br />

a flower-pot. 1840 Civil En^. ^ Arch. Jml. III. 96/2 The<br />

two winged boys who dtp into a vase-Hke fountain. 1843<br />

Penny Cycl. XXVI. 149/2 The numerous names of vase<br />

painters. /^V„Themosiantiei]t slyleorvasepainting. 1865<br />

Li/BBOCK Preh, Times 48 Two curious vase-carriages, one<br />

found in Sweden and the other in Mecklenburg. 1870 G. J.<br />

Chester in RecmKjerus. (1871)47:? Six vase-handles found<br />

..on a bed of rich earth. 1893 Westm. Gaz. 25 Feb. 5/3<br />

The best vase-work in the period 570 to 470 b. c. 1894 S.<br />

Smiles j. Wed^voodyXv. 157 Where, amongst our potters,<br />

could I get a complete Vase-maker?<br />

Hence Va-sefol, Ta'selet.<br />

1856 R. F. Blbton Pilgr. Ei-Medinah III. 202 A present<br />

to ttie Sakkas, or carriers, . .who distributed a large earthen<br />

vaseful in my name to poor pilgrims. 1889 M. M. Macmillan<br />

Lett. {1893) 250, I will present the vaselet to the British<br />

Museum. 1894 IVestm. Gaz. 14 June 3/3 A vaseful of<br />

Iceland poppies.<br />

Vasextomized, ///. a- [Qf. next.] Tliat<br />

has liad the vas deferens removed.<br />

1900 R. Harrison in Lancet 14 July 96/1 There are good<br />

reasons for believing that a vasectomised or castrated male<br />

is not liable to undergo hypertrophy of the prostate.<br />

V&se'ctoiuy. ^^w*,?* [f- L. vas- Vas i a.]<br />

Excision of the vas deferens or a portion of this.<br />

18^ R. Harrison in Lancet 5 Aug.331.Vasectomy and castration<br />

in relation to prostatic enlargement.<br />

Vased, a. rare~^, [f. Vask.] Ornamented or<br />

provided with vases.<br />

1806 W. I'avlor in Robberds Mem. (1843) II. 144 The<br />

stately yew-hedge walks, and vased and staiued terraces.<br />

Vaseline (vcesel/n, -in), sb. [Irreg. f. G. wasser<br />

water + Gr. i\-atov oil + -INE.J A soft, greasy<br />

substance used as an ointment or lubricant, obtaiheeds]..is propelled by a dorsal vasiform heart. 1839-<br />

47 Ibid. Ill 365/2 The systemic heart first appears in the<br />

sessile Tunicaries as a va^ifQrm undivided ventricle. i86«<br />

HuLME tr. Moquin-lantion 11. v. iL 261 The secreting<br />

glands are.. vasiform tortuous tubes. 18^ Rolleston<br />

Anim. Lift 98 The more elongated and vasiform heart<br />

b. Bot. 1839 LiNDLEY Iftlrod. But. {ed. 3) 21 Of Pitted<br />

Ti^i-iue. or Bothrenchyma. . . Vasiform Tissue, Dotted Ducts.<br />

1866 Treas. Bot. 1 205/1 Vasiform tissue^ ducts, that is<br />

tubes having the appearance of spiral ve.ssels and bothrenchyma.<br />

1885 Ooodale Physiot. Bot. (1892) 87 Vasiform<br />

elements.<br />

2. Shai)ed like a vase.<br />

1846 Dana Zooph. (1848) 433,<br />

1. The mode of growth:,.<br />

spreading each way from a centra! pedicel, and concave<br />

alwve (vasiform, or vase shape). i88> Garden i Apr. 212/2<br />

The flowers, .form a vasiform tuft,<br />

Vaskene, variant of Vasquine Obs.<br />

VasO- (v^'-si?), combining form, on Or. types,<br />

of L. vas Vas, employed in terms of Phys, and<br />

Path, relating to the vascular system or parts of<br />

this, as vaso-cellular a., -constriction, -constrictive<br />

a., -constrictor, -dentinal a,^ -dentine,<br />

-dilatation, -dilator, -ganglion, -inhibitory<br />

a., -motive a.<br />

1847 TodtTs C^'ct. A»at. III. 1026/2 *Vaso-ccll'ilar structure<br />

(of the pcnisl. iS^gAitSuti'sSyst. Med. VII. 249 The<br />

velocity of the blood flow is increased, whenever the arteri.il<br />

pressure b raised by general 'vaso-constriction. 1890 W.<br />

JAMES Princ, Psychol. I. 97 Slowing and quickening of the<br />

eart..are independent of the *vaso-constrictive phenomenon,<br />

18^5 Rolleston Dis. Liver 271 To obtain the local<br />

vasoconstrictive effect on the bleeding vessels. 1877 M.<br />

Foster Physiol. 259 Stimulathig a number of *vaso-conslrictor<br />

nerves.^ 1896 Atlinttt's Syst. Med. I. 112 When<br />

the vaso-constrictors alone are acting, the process is retarded.<br />

1851 G. A. Mantell Petrifactions iii. $ 5. 254 The<br />

softer *vaso-dentinal tract of the tooth opposed to it below.<br />

1849-5* Todd's Cycl. A fiat. IV. n. 878 The tubes which convcy<br />

the capillary vessels through the substance of the osteoand<br />

*vaso-dentine of the teeth of fishes 1880 GUnihkr<br />

Pishes 365 Numerous fissures radiating from the central<br />

mass of vasodentine. 1896 AllbutCs Syst. Med. I. 344 When<br />

one lower Hmb was heated, *vaso-dilatation. .and sweating<br />

were observed in the other lower limb. 1881 A'a^«r^ XXIII.<br />

236 The nerves which act as "vaso-dilators on the mucous<br />

membrane of the buccal ca\ity. 1880 GuNTHtB Pishes 155<br />

At the bottom of this sac there is a small *vaso«gangHon, . . by<br />

which the urine is secreted. iWz Nature XXV I. 411 Nerves<br />

. . which,when stimulated, occasion . . the dilatation ofarteries<br />

—the so-called ' *vasoinhibitory ' or ' vaso-dilator ' nerves.<br />

1865 Intell. Observ. No. 47. 390 Excitation of *vaso-motive<br />

action.<br />

Vaso-motor, a, and sb, Phys. [f. prec]<br />

A. odj. 1. Acting upon the walls of the bloodvessels,<br />

so as to produce constriction or dilatation<br />

of these and thus regulate or affect the flowof blood.<br />

Chiefly with nerve and centre.<br />

(a) 1868 Spencer Piinc. Psycliol. i. vi. (1870) I. 115 The<br />

feelings that go along with discharges into the vaso-inotor<br />

and sympathetic nerves, are the predominant ones. 1871<br />

Hammond Dis. Nervous Syst. 65 Certain medicines ate<br />

causes of cerebral aiixmia, ..by their action on the vasomotor<br />

nerves. 1876 liuiSTOWE Th. ^ Pract, Med. (1878) 41<br />

The muscular tissue of the vascular system, .is under the<br />

dominance of. .the nerves of the vaso-motor system.<br />

(b) 1865 Intell. Obserr. No. 47. 390 The vaso-motor centres,<br />

1875 H. C. Wood Tkerap. (1879) 355 1" large doses lobel a<br />

seems to paralyze the vaso-motor centres. 1897 Allbutfs<br />

Syst. Med. IV. 641 It also excites the vaso-motor centre,<br />

and thus leads to rise in the blood -pressure.<br />

2. Affecting the vasomotor nerves or centres.<br />

1879.9/. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 677 'Ihe ophthalmoscope<br />

. .yielded evidence of arterial relaxation, pointing to slight<br />

vaso-motor paralysis. i88t Trans. Obstet. Soc. Land. XXII.<br />

23 Were the phenomena due lo peripheral irritation reflected<br />

from the cord in the form of motor and vaso-motor disturb*<br />

ance? 1897 Trans. Amer. Pediatric Soc. IX. 195 Marked<br />

vaso-motor symptoms, and optic-nerve atrophy.<br />

B. sb, A vaso-motor nerve.<br />

1887 A. M. Brown Anim. Alkaloids 47 Marked heat and<br />

injection of the car helices from paralysis of vaso-motor,<br />

1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII, 726 Hydrotherapeutic<br />

methods,,. directed primarily to the cutaneous vaso-motors.<br />

Hence Vaso-moto-rial a.^ Taso-moto-rially<br />

adv,, Vaso-mo *tor7 a.<br />

1877 M. Foster Physiol. 145 The vaso-motorial functions<br />

of the cervical sympathetic. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med, IV.<br />

282 The eff'ects of the latter experiment may be explained<br />

as a result of vaso- motor ial influence. 1899 Ibid. VI. 28 A<br />

considerable number of instances of the purest vasomotory<br />

angina. 1901 Lancet 8 June 1627/1 The most efficacious<br />

way of increasing the urinary flow vaso- motor tally.<br />

va'sotribe. Surg. [f. Vaso- 4- Gr. rpl^tiv to<br />

crush.] An instrument used to arrest hemorrhage.<br />

1903 Lancet 30 May 1520/2 Even Kocher's powerful<br />

forceps, .d ..es iiut stop the circulation like a vasotribe.<br />

tVasq^uine. Sc. Obs, Also vaskene, waskyne,<br />

wasqwene. [a. F. vasquine, obs. van basquine,<br />

ad. Sp. basquiha, Cf. Basqcike.] A petti-<br />

coat.<br />

1553 ^^^- i-d. High Treas. .Scot. X, 202 Item, half ane elne<br />

blakwclwotc to bordour ane wa-.kyne of quhite dalmes.<br />

1561 Inv. R. li'ardr. (1815) i32 0f Doublettis, Vaskenis, and<br />

Skirtis. Item, ane doublett of btak velvot and the vaskene<br />

of the same. 1567 in Hay Fleming Mary Q. ofScots (1897)<br />

511 Item to lyne ane vasquine of blak tanatis of ihe four<br />

treid v elle, [i8ao Scott Abbot xxxi, I shall endure her<br />

presence without any desire to damage either her curch or<br />

vasquine.]<br />

Vassal (vse'sdl),^^. and a. Forms: 4vassale,<br />

6 wassale ; 5-7 vassall (6 phasalle, Sc, wassail),<br />

5- vassal (8 vasal) ; 5 vayssal, vaysall<br />

5 vasseyll-, 6-7 vassaile, 7 vassail(l ; 6-7<br />

vassell, Sc. wassell-. [a. OF. vassal, vasal {V.<br />

vassal, = It., Pg. vassallo, Sp. vasallo) :— med.L.<br />

vassall-zts man-servant, domestic, retainer, a word<br />

of Celtic origin : the simpler form vassus (used in<br />

the same senses) corresponds to Old Gaulish<br />

-vassus, vasso- (in personal names), OBreton uuas<br />

(MBret.^aj, hxcX. goaz),'^.gtvaSy Ir.ybjj servant,<br />

serf. Cf. Vavasouk,]<br />

1. In the feudal system, one holding lands from<br />

a superior on conditions of homage and allegiance<br />

a feudatory ; a tenant in fee. Now Hist.<br />

13.. Coer de L. 3365 They are doughty vassales, Kynges<br />

sones and amyrales. c 1489 Caxton Sonnes o/Aymon iii. 69<br />

The emperour Charlemayne called to hym his goode vasscylles.<br />

15J3 (Covicsdale] Old God 9f Ncm (1534) I, John .<br />

ye xij. pope of y' name, .dyd prescribe an othe vnto Otho,<br />

in whiche Otho sbold acknowtege him self to be y* poi>es<br />

phasalle (as we do nowcal it). ai578LiNDESAv (Pitscottie)<br />

Chron. Scot. (S.T.S,) I. 32 It becummeth ane prince to leiwe<br />

frielie..nocht subiecttt to ane vassellis correctioun or chas.<br />

tisment. s6oi [Bp. W. Barlow] Serm. Paules Crosse 62<br />

The Queene mured vp with her owne vas-alles, 1665 in<br />

Extr, S. P. ret. PriendsS^x. ml (1912) 234 The foreman and<br />

Chiefe thereof [jc, the jury) being all Tennants and vassalls<br />

to the Major and Aldermen. 1683 Temple Mem. Wks. 1720<br />

I. 453 The Emperor made an invincible Difficuliy,declaiing<br />

he would never treat with a Vassal of his own, a 1781 R.<br />

Watson Philip III, iv. (1783) 293 It was enacted, that<br />

all their effects should belong to the lords whose vassals<br />

they were. 1817 Byron Matured 11. i. 13 To lask by the<br />

huge hearths of those old halls. Carousing with the vassals.<br />

i860 AoLKR Prov. Poft 196 Princes having under them as<br />

their vassals other chiefs as renowned and valiant as themselves,<br />

1871 Freeman Norju. Cong. (1876) IV, xvii. 29 All<br />

was trusted to the loyalty of William's new-made vassals.<br />

b. Used in addressing persons of this class.<br />

c 1489 Caxton Sonnes o/Aymon vti. 172 Tell me, vassall,<br />

knowest thou nootidyngesof Reynawde,thesone of Aymon ?<br />

— Btanchardyn xxviii. 104 Vasi^all ! vassal ! to whom I<br />

haue taken in hande that ihynge most dere to me in this<br />

world, a 1533 ^^' Bernkks tJuon ix. 23 Wassale, who art<br />

tliou that hath slayn my brother? 1591 Shaks. i Hen. K/,<br />

IV. i. 125 Presumptuous vassals, are you not asham'd..'lo<br />

trouble and disturbe the King, and Vs? i8»alivKON Werner<br />

n. ii. 329 March, vassals! I'm your leader, and will bring<br />

The rear up.<br />

c. In Scottish legal use.<br />

\A,1^ Sc. Acts Parlt. (1814) II. 107/1 Anent ourlordis l»at<br />

in defraude & skaith of jiair vassalis & tenentis deferris<br />

till enter to |)air landis and superioriteis. 1581 Reg. Privy<br />

Council Scot. 407 In respect tliat thay nor nane of thame ar<br />

nather frehalders, va.sseilis, subvassellis, bot ar fewaris only.<br />

1609 iiKE^E. Reg, Maj., Stat. King Robt. /,28Gif itsall happen<br />

that ouer Lords poynd and distrenzie their vasselles contrare<br />

the constitution forsaid. iti^'xu Acts Partt. Scot.{\^Ts\<br />

XII, 74 The forfauiturs of vassells and crc[dito]rs,wlio sliall<br />

be innocent of t>air superiors or debitors crynies. 1739 Morison's<br />

Diet. Decis. (1806) XXXllI. 14^07 The vassal is not<br />

bound to accept of a new charier, di.sconform to his former<br />

rights. 1765-8 Erskine Inst. Law Scot.n. iii. §13 A vassal<br />

. . may make over his property to a subvassal by a subaltern<br />

right. Ibid., The vassal who thus subfeus (etc.). 1815 R.<br />

Bell Convey. Land 2^8 The consent of both superior and<br />

vassal must be adhibited by those forms whicli practice has<br />

prescribed. 1853 H. Barclay Digest Law Scot, 964 Vassal<br />

IS he who has the right of fee or property dominium utile<br />

—distinguished from the light of superiority, or dominium<br />

directum. 1896 W. K. Morton Man. Law Scot. 11. iii. 84<br />

The law held the feu to transmit to heir of vassal, but<br />

superior could reject a stranger.<br />

2. transf. One who holds, in relation to another,<br />

a position similar or comparable to that of a feudal<br />

vassal.<br />

1563 GoLDiNG Caesar 23 b. To bynd theyr Citye by othe,<br />

that they shoulde neyther requyre their hostages agayn, .<br />

nor yet refuse to be their subiectes & vassales for euer. 1578<br />

T. N. tr. Cong. /F. India (1596) 47 The Lorde of that town<br />

and other foure Lords , , came vnto Coriez with a good ti ayne<br />

of their vassals and seruitours. 173a Lediard Sethos II.<br />

VII. 51 The king of Phcenicia, who^e vassal I declare myself<br />

to be. 1807 J. Robinson Archxol. Grxca \\. iit. 148<br />

From the time of their [the Helots] lirst reduction these<br />

va^sals, impatient of their servitude, often endeavoured to<br />

break their yoke. i836Thirlwall Greece (1839) II. i73The<br />

death of Cyrus is speedily avenged by one of his vassals,<br />

Amorges king of the Sacians. 1909 J. Stuart Burtna<br />

thro. Cent. iv. 42 The King of Bengal determined to restore<br />

the exiled King, and did so, the restored King becoming<br />

a vassal of Bengal.<br />

b. esp, A humble servant or subordinate ; one<br />

devoted to the service of another.<br />

c 1500 Melusine xxiv. 163 Damoyselle, ..as to my part,<br />

your vassall & seruaunt shal I euer be. 1591 Spenser<br />

Daphnaida i8i For rare it seemes..That man.. Should to<br />

a beast his noble hart embase. And be the vassall ol his<br />

vassatesse. 1596 J. Melvill Diary (Wodrow Soc.) 370<br />

Mr. Audio [MelvillJ. .calling the King bot * God's siilie vassall<br />

'. £^1600 Shaks. Sonn. Iviii, Being your vassail bound<br />

to stale your leisure. 1651 in Nicholas Papers (Camden)<br />

254 Lord Digby is a vassal of the Louvre. 1667 Milton<br />

P. L. II. 90 The Vassals of his anger, when the Scourge<br />

Inexorably.. Calls us to Penance. 1757 Keene in loM<br />

Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. I. 220 !>•* Carlos does not<br />

care to make the Figure of a Sort of Vassal. 178* J. Brown<br />

View Nat. Rev. Relig, vi. i.<br />


VASSAL.<br />

thanoer roll Along her vas-^al deep, 1817 Moobe Lalla<br />

Rff^k Wks. (1910) 42a I As if ihe loveliest plants and trees<br />

Had >-assaI breezes of ilieir own. a 1854 H. Reed Lett,<br />

Eng. Lit. iii. (1S55) 93 Britain was a kind of vassal nation<br />

of the Roman Empire. 1868 Freeman Xortu. Conij. (1876)<br />

II. App. 636 A title most commonly given to vassal princes.<br />

b. In predicative use. Also const, to or unto.<br />

tssa Noh^y 4- Someb. (1878) 28+ lie be no longer vassaile<br />

To such a tirannous rule. i6o» J. Rhodes Ahs7V. Romish<br />

Rime E, And now the other Bishops three . .Were first made<br />

\-assal vnto Rome. 1671 Miltos P. R. iv. 133 That people<br />

victor once, now vile and base, Deservedly made vassal.<br />

1848 W. H. Kelly tr. L. Blanc's HisU Ten Years \, 325<br />

It would have been to make Belgium vassal to the hve<br />

powers. 1864 Lowell Fireside Trav. 215 The eye that saw<br />

the whole earth vassal<br />

O. Of or pertaining to, characteristic of, a vassal.<br />

scSS Smkks. L.L.L. IV. iii. 23* Who sees the heauenly<br />

Rosaline, That . . Bowes not his vassall head. 1607 Middi^e.<br />

TON Michlelmas Term 1. i. 57 With what a vassal-appetite<br />

they gnaw On our reversions. 1898 Atlantic Aionthly<br />

LXXXII. 562/1 The oath of vassal loyalty constraining<br />

him to stand at his post<br />

Vassal (vae-sal), v. Now rare. Also 7 vas-<br />

8ail(e, -ayl, -all. [f. prec]<br />

1. trans. To make subject or subordinate to some<br />

thing or person.<br />

1613 Drumm. of Hawth. Cypress Grave Wks. 1913 II. 98<br />

Celestiall thinges fauour him, earthly ihinges are vassaled<br />

vnio him. 1615 G. Sandvs Trav. 77 Whose posterity in<br />

part remaineth to this day, though va^saled to the often<br />

changes of forraine Govcniours. i6a8 Feltham Resolves u.<br />

Ixxi. 205 It vassailes him to the world, to beasts, and men.<br />

r<br />

to t»e tournament She..byt hym do for hys lemman Yii<br />

vasshelage alle Jjat he kan, 1338 — Chron. (1810) 188<br />

Gentille of norture, & noble of lynage, Was non )?at bare<br />

armure, )>at did suilk vassalage. c\-^ Sir Ferumb. 1671<br />

Ri^t as he wil let it be do, for pat is vassalage. ^ 1400 Laud<br />

Troy Bk. 12873 Kyng Sarpedoun Was in his tyme a stalworth<br />

man, A noble kny^t of vasselage. 1456 Sir G. Have<br />

Laxv A rms (S.T.S.) 54 To count all the vasselage that thare<br />

was done on ayther syde, it war mervaile to here, c 1477<br />

Caxtom 7(Zj£?»34b, Our defendour. .whiche bath only in<br />

him self more of vaUselage than is in alle Esclauonye. 1508<br />

Dunbar Poems vii. 10 Welcum. .incomparable knight, The<br />

fame of armys, and fioure of vassalage. 1565 in Ellis Orig.<br />

Lett. Ser. i. II. 204 And maynie made knightes that never<br />

showde anye greate token of their vasellage. x^y Sntir,<br />

Poems Reform, iv. 141 Deianira hir husband Hercules..<br />

Brocht to mischeif, for all his vassalage, xSaj Scorr Betr.<br />

xxi, Were I to choose some knight of name, . . he would be<br />

setting about to do deeds of vassalage upon the Welsh.<br />

ironical, c 1385 Chaucer L. G. IK 1667 (//jyPsi/yle), And<br />

of lason this is the vassellage That in hise dayis nas ther non<br />

i-founde So fals a louere goinge on the grounde.<br />

fi, X37S Barbour Bruce 1. 290 He had a sone . . pat wes h^n<br />

hot a litill page; Bot syne he wes off gret waslage. /bid.<br />

X. 268 He knew his worthy wassalage. c 1500 Lancelot<br />

2708 lliar schcw the lord sir ywan his curage, His maiihed,<br />

& his noble wassolage. f 1550 Rolland Crt, Venus i. 171<br />

He.. in the Net of wanhoip had bene tane, Quhilk causit<br />

him want baith welth & wassallage. a 1578 Lindusay<br />

(PitscottieJ Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 153 He was of tender<br />

aige and could not wse no wassaledge nor feit of weiris,<br />

fb. A brave or chivalrous act ; a noble or gallant<br />

exploit. Obi.<br />

f X330 R. Bru.vnb Chron. Wnce fRolIs) 12331 Me J>ynkel><br />

hit were no vasselage, f>re til on; hit were outrage! 1426<br />

Lyoc. De Guil. Pilgr. 10606 Record off folkys that be sage,<br />

Sclaundere ys no vasselage. £'1470 Henry Wallace i. 158<br />

Thus be conteynde tn till hys tendyrage; In armys syne<br />

did mony hie waslage. c 1475 Rau/Coil^ear 887 For that<br />

war na wassalage, sum men wald say. a 1578 Lindesay<br />

(Pitscottie) Chron, Scot. (S.T.S.) M. n8 Ane gret navie..<br />

landit in orknay and thocht to haue done sum wassallage<br />

thair. 41670 Spalding Troub. Chas. I C1840) I. 23 The<br />

Erll of Morray. .rejoisit tnichtelHe at this vassalage done be<br />

his men. Ibid. 182 The barronis..left the houss, thinkingit<br />

no vassalage to stay whill thay war slayne.<br />

60<br />

transj. iST© Satir, Poems Reform, xiii. 132 His Fatheris<br />

murther also 56 cleirly knew, Myschantly hangit, ane wlckit<br />

vassalage.<br />

to. Pre-eminence, supremacy. Obs.~^<br />

c 1430 LvDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 176 Is noon so greet<br />

encress Off world tresour, as for to live in pees, Which<br />

among vertues hath the vasselage.<br />

2. The state or condition of a vassal ; subordination,<br />

homage, or allegiance characteristic of, or<br />

resembling that of, a vassal.<br />

1594 Nashk Terrors of Night Wks. (Grosart) III. 266<br />

Much more may I acknowledge all redundant prostrate<br />

vassailage to the royal! descended FamiUe of the Careys.<br />

1605 Camden Rem. 4 Acknowledging no superiours, in no<br />

vassalage to Emperour or Pope. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. iv.<br />

182 He was a worthy mail in his generation, had not his<br />

vassalage to the Pope ingaged him in cruelty against the<br />

poor professors of the truth. 1667 MiLTON P.L. 11. 252 Let<br />

us not then pursue.. our state Of splendid vassalage. 1709<br />

Steele Taller No. 46 P 2 The only Part of Great Britain<br />

where the Tenure of Vassalage is still in being. X756<br />

Nugent Gr. Tour, Germany II. 15 The peasants are all in<br />

a state of vassalage to the nobility. 1774 Pennant Tour<br />

Scot, in 1772, 294 Tyranny more often than protection was<br />

the attendance on their vassalage. 1807 G. Chalmers<br />

Caledonia 1. 111. iv. 347 They acknowledged their vassalage<br />

. .by receiving rulers, from the Scandian peninsula. 1844<br />

H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 46* That they had no right<br />

. . to reduce to vassalage the native Princes, who had always<br />

been treated, .as independent. 1869 Freeman Norm. Conq.<br />

(1876) III. xiii. 312 William's vassalage for England will be<br />

still more nominal than his vassalage for Normandy.<br />

attrib. 1791 Paine Rights of Man 82 Submission is wholly<br />

a vassalage term, repugnant to the dignity of Freedom.<br />

b. In semi-personitied use.<br />

1606 Shaks. Tr. ^ Cr. in. ii. 40 Like vassalage at vnawares<br />

encountring The eye of Maiestie. s6i6 J. Lane Contn.<br />

Sqr.'s T. ix. 410 For trewe kinges this inscribe of sover*<br />

aigntie, that vassalage backe startes at maiestie.<br />

C. In the phrase to hold (glands) in vassalage.<br />

X747 Carte Hist. Eng. I. 195 Who being tired with beating<br />

Cerdic consented at last that he sliould hold a great part<br />

of the west of him in vassalage, 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. 1.<br />

ix. 186 The prince.. offered, .to hold his kingdom in vassalage<br />

under the Crown of England. 1791 Newte Tour En^.<br />

/f- Scot. 284 Several ^ood families held their estates m<br />

vassalage of feudal Chiefs.<br />

3. Subjection, subordinntion servitude ; service.<br />

Freq, const, to. a. To a person or persons.<br />

'S9S T. P. GoODWiNE Blanchardyn \\. Ded., [A] most<br />

worthy Patrone; to whose vasselage,. bountifull rewardes<br />

haue bound me during life, in all obseruancie. 1604 T.<br />

Wright Passions v. § 4. 231 Man is bound both by nature,<br />

grace, gratitude, vassaladge..to loue, honour, and blesse<br />

thee. 162a Wither Philarete (1633) Kj b, Who, beforetime<br />

held in scorne, To yeeld Vassalage, or Duty, Though unto<br />

the Queen of Beauty. 1793 Burke Obs. Conduct Minority<br />

Wks. 1S42 I. 626 This insolent claim of superiority on their<br />

part, and of a sort of vassalage to them on that of other<br />

members. 1849 Macaulav Iliit. Eng. i. I. i How our<br />

country, from a state of ignominious vassalage, rapidly rose<br />

to the place of umpire among European powers. 1878 N.<br />

Amer. Rev. CXXVII. 100 The revelation it makes of the<br />

condition of the solid South ; its continued vassalage to the<br />

reckless and dangerous class.<br />

b. To some influence, esp. of a detrimental kind.<br />

x6ia T. Taylor Comm, Titus W, 14 It must worke in vs a<br />

..watchfulnes against all sinn, which bringeth .such vassaledge<br />

vpon vs. 1665 Glanvii.l Def. Van. Dogm. 13 An<br />

attempt to redeem the free-born spirits of Men, from an<br />

unworthy vassailage to so stigmatiz'd an Authority, 174a<br />

Blair Grave 598 Human Nature groans Beneath a Vassalage<br />

so vile and cruel. 1767 Dr. Dodd Poems 8 Princes .<br />

unfortunately great, Born to the pompous vassalage of state.<br />

1833 LvTTON Godolphin 24 All round bore the seal of vassalage<br />

to Time. 1849 Coleridge Shaks. Notes (1875) 126 The<br />

subservience and vassalage of strength and animal courage<br />

to intellect and policy. 1871 Lowell Pope Pr. Wks. 1890<br />

IV. II English literature.. showed the marks..of an artistic<br />

vassalage to France.<br />

4. t a. The authority of a superior in relation to<br />

a vassal. Obs.<br />

1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. ^ Commit}. 140 lK>ts, Sales,<br />

Homages, rights of Vassalage, Forrests, Ponds, Rivers.<br />

x^yo Devout Commun.{\tZZ) 81 How manyslaves under tiie<br />

vassailage of an enemy fare better than thou ! 1681 H,<br />

Nevile Plato Rediv. 37 This Vassailage over the People,<br />

which the Peers of France had, being abolisht,<br />

b. An estate or fief held by a vassal,<br />

1855 MiLMAN Lat. Chr. ix. viii. IV, 190 The Countship of<br />

Foix, with six territorial vassalages.<br />

6. A body or assemblage of vassals,<br />

1807 WoRDSw. White Doe 11. 30 But now the inly-working<br />

North Was ripe to send its thousands forth, A potent vassalage,<br />

to fight In Percy's and in Neville's right, xQz6 Blackw,<br />

Mag. XX. 416 The assembled vassalage were all still as<br />

death. 1849 }. Grant Kirkaldy xx. 230 Kirkaldy, whose<br />

garrison was probably recruited from his own vassalage.<br />

Hence t Va'ssalagre v.j = Vassal v. Obs.<br />

16^ Royalist's Defence ^8 Refusing to acknowledge it His<br />

duty to bee governed by them His Subjects, and . . to vassalage<br />

unto those Rebels Himselfe, His Royall Posterity, and<br />

all the rest of the people. i66a R. Mathkw C/nl. Alch. 59<br />

What man Ial>ouring to fulfil liis desire, is not ten times<br />

fuither off by being vassalag'd more thereunto?<br />

t Va*ssalate, ». Obs.—^ [f. Vassal sbJ] =<br />

Vassal v. So t Vassalation, vassalage, subjection.<br />

Obs."^<br />

1648 W. MouNTAGUK Devout Ess. I. XV. § 2. 271 Thus God<br />

suffereth things which have no true goodness, to work upon<br />

our imagination ;. .and this vassaltation is a penalty set by<br />

the true Judge of all things, upon our attempt to design of<br />

our own heads, the forms of good and evil. 1659 Gauof.n<br />

Tears Ch. 496 Conventions, where either X^y-men shall<br />

over-number and over-awe the Clergy, or Clergy-men shall<br />

vassalate their consciences to gratifie any potent party.<br />

VAST.<br />

Vassaldom.<br />

= Vassalage 2.<br />

rare-K [f. Vassal sb. + -dom.]<br />

1876 BuRNABv Ride to Khiva xxvii. 262 The khanate [of<br />

Khiva] was reduced to a stale of complete vassaldom.<br />

Va'SSaless. rare. [t. Vassal sb. t -ess.]<br />

female vassal.<br />

A<br />

>S9« [see Vassal sh. 2 b]. 1842 Agnes Stujcklasd Queens<br />

Eng. II. 41 He could have forbidden his fair vassaless to<br />

marry the subject of King Philip.<br />

Vassalic (vaesaelik), a. [f. Vassal sb^ Of<br />

or pertaining to vassals or vassalage.<br />

1897 ^ • ^ ' Maitland Domesday Bk. i^ Beyond 75 The<br />

very highest storeys of the feudal or vassalic edifice. 1898<br />

— Townsh. 4- Borough 45 There are feudal or vassalic distinctions.<br />

Va'Ssalism, [f. Vassal j^.] Tendency to<br />

accept a position of vassalage.<br />

1854 Eraser's Mag. L. 600 That obsequious compliance.,<br />

whicli indicated the shameful vassalism (if we may coin a<br />

word) of a German government.<br />

Vassalize (vae-sabiz), v. [f. Vassal sb^<br />

1. trans. = Vassal v. 1.<br />

^599 ^' LiNCHE Ane. FictionC ijh. Since Asia was vassalized<br />

and subiugated to the Romanes. 1648 Cromwell Z,f^/.<br />

^ sp. 20 Nov., The former Quarrel was that Englishmen<br />

might rule over one another, this to vassalise us to a foreign<br />

nation. 1653 Chisenhale Cath. Hist. 36 Their, .close practises<br />

against all that will not. .vassalize themselves to their<br />

impious Lord and Master. 1670 in E. B. Jupp Carpenters'<br />

Co. (1887) 308 All other workemen depending on the same<br />

must lye adle [sicj and bee vassalized to their rudenes and<br />

exorbitances.<br />

2. = Vassal v. 2.<br />

1641 March Act. for Slaunder 7 He might seize all his<br />

estate, .and vassalize his person at pleasure. 1654 Sfittle-<br />

HOUSE Vind. Eifth-Mon. Men 5 Against all arbitiary or<br />

absolute power, .vassalizing the Saints and People of God<br />

in this Commonwealth. 184S Lowell Fablefor Cfitics 1506<br />

To vassalize old tyrant Winter.<br />

Hence Va'ssalized///. «., Vassalizing vbi. sb.<br />

1647 Maids" Petition 3 Till then, wee'le remaine your<br />

*Vassalized Virgins. 1841 T. MacQueen in Poets Ayrsh.<br />

216 It marked tlie deep bondage of vassalised man. 1607<br />

Wai.kington opt. Glass 80 The "vassalizing of the rebellious<br />

affections. x66j J. Chandler Van Helmont's Oriat, 215<br />

Therefore the meat is not yet fully transchanged, unless<br />

when its own Archeus being subdued, our vital one is introduced<br />

with a full vassalliziiig of the former.<br />

Va'SSalry. Also 5 vasselry, 6 vassalrie,<br />

-rey. [f. Vassal sb. •¥ -ky, Cf. med.L. vassekria<br />

(1238) fief, OF. vassellerie warlike exploit.]<br />

1. « Vassalage 5.<br />

01470 Harding Chron. xcix, Thei reigned vpon the<br />

vasselry That were out castes of all Britany. x8o6 W. Taylor<br />

in Ann. Rev. IV. 67 Something could be done., to facilitate<br />

the acquisition of a peculium. .by the negro vassalry. 1831<br />

TvTLER Hist. .Scot. (1864) II. 209 The Earls of Ross and<br />

Huntly, whose dominions and vassalry embraced almost the<br />

whole of the Highlands. 188a E. Arnold Pearls 0/Faith<br />

xxiii. (1883) 84 Queens were his slaves, and Kings his<br />

vassalry.<br />

2. = Vassalage 3.<br />

"594 O. B. Quest. Profit. Concern, 13 b, The olde bondajge<br />

and vassalrie men of your condition were wont to be in.<br />

c 1600 in E. E. Wills (1882) 117 This beast .. disdainetb<br />

vassairey and subjection.<br />

Vassal's grass. (Seequots.)<br />

a 1818 M. G. Lewis Jrtil. W. Ind. {1834) 251 Many years<br />

ago, a new species of grass was imported into Jamaica, by<br />

Mr. Vassal.. .This nuisance, which is called' Vassal's grass ,<br />

..has now completely overrun the parish of Westmoreland.<br />

1885 Ladv Brassev The Trades 262 The greater part of it<br />

was a coarse- looking but sweet herbage, called Vassal's<br />

grass.<br />

Vassalsliip. [f. Vassal sbi\ Vassalage.<br />

1578 T. N. tr. Long. W. India 50 These generally gave<br />

their vassalship to the King of Spaine into the handes of<br />

Hernando Cortez. 1841 W. Spalding Italy


VAST.<br />

1793 Piper 0/ Peebles 14 A vast o* fouk a' round about<br />

Come to the feast, c i8ao Hogg Sheph. Wedding i, They<br />

couldna get them \sc. leisters] sindry, else there kad been a<br />

vast o bludeshed. a 1825- in dialect glossaries (E. Anglia,<br />

Yks.,Leic.,etc.). 1853 K.S. SuRTEEs6"f7a/eth. i860 Tyndall Glac. it. xvii.<br />

315 On the ice ca?;cades. .the river glacier has piled vast<br />

blocks on vaster pedestals. 1867 Lady Herbert Cro///^/..<br />

vi. 155 It is not a single building, but rather a vast collection<br />

of chambers and galleries.<br />

ahsol. 1784 CowpFR Task v. 811 A ray of heav'niy light,<br />

gilding all forms Terrestrial in the vast and the minute.<br />

180S V\:!iuLKiE.v. Agric. Surv. Peebles. 18 The mountains,,,<br />

too much upon the vast for beauty, are yet too tame for the<br />

sublime.<br />

2. Of great or immense extent or area; extensive,<br />

far-stretching.<br />

159a Shaks. Mids. -V. V. i. 9 One sees more diuels then<br />

yaste hell can hold. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa vii. 290<br />

Betweene which two Kingdomes lieth a vast desert being<br />

much destitute of water. 1615 \V, Lawson Country Houseiv.<br />

Gard* (1626) 23 The top hath the vast aire to spread his<br />

boughs in. 1663 Butler Hud. i. i. 327 Thorough Desarts<br />

vast And Regions Desolate they past. 1697 Drydkn Virg.<br />

Georg. III. 531 Such an extent of Plains, so vast a Space Of<br />

Wilds unknown . . Allures their Eyes. fjz* Wollaston<br />

Relig. l^at. v. (1724) 79 What a vast field for contemplation<br />

is hereopened ! 1774 Coidsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) 1. 100 The<br />

river, .overflowed the adjacent country, like a vast lake.<br />

ifiifi J. WiLSo.** City 0/ Plague 11. iii. 29a Another month,<br />

and I am left alone In the vast city. 1865 W. G. Palgrave<br />

Arabia I. 391 The circle of vision here embraces vaster<br />

plains and bolder mountains. 1871 Free.man Norm. Cong.<br />

{ 1876) I V. xvii. 70 Ruling over vast territory which bad been<br />

held by the Earls.<br />

Comb. i86x Ld. Lyttom & Fase Tannhauser 85 The sun,<br />

About him drawing the vast-skirted clouds. 1888 F. Hume<br />

Mme. Midas r. Pro!,, From thence it spread inland into vastrolling<br />

pastures.<br />

b. Qualifying nonns of dimension,<br />

1677 MifeGE Fr. Diet., i. s.v. Vaste^ A Country of a vast<br />

extent. 1688 Prior A n Ode i, The mysterious Gulph of vast<br />

Immensity, a 1731 — To C tess Dowager 0/ Devonsh. i,<br />

'i'hat Both, their Skill to this vast Height did raise, Be ours<br />

the Wonder, and be yours the Praise. i7»5 De Foe P'oy.<br />

round lyorIJ {iZ\o) 345 A pit or hole of a vast depth. 1774<br />

Ff-NNakt Tour. Scot, in iij2 6 The church stands at a vast<br />

height above the town. 1809-14 Worosw. Excurs. iv, 1161<br />

A temple framing of dimensions vast, And yet not too enormous<br />

for the sound Of human anthems. 1865 Kimgsi-ey<br />

Htrew. X, His vast breadth of shoulder.<br />

c. In transf. or fig. uses.<br />

1736 Butler Anal. 11, ii. Wks. 1874 I. 173 The scheme of<br />

nature.. is evidently vast, even beyond all possible imagination.<br />

1738 Wesley Ps. c. iv, Vast as Eternity thy Love.<br />

X784 CowpF.x Task VI. aiS But how should matter.. satisfy<br />

a law So vast in its demand.s, unless impell'd [etc.]. x8o6<br />

R. Cumberland Mem. (1807) I. 160 lime whelms us in<br />

the vast Inane. 185a H. Rogers Eel. Faith (1853) 142 It<br />

must be accomplished in a cycle vast as those of the geological<br />

eras. 1A69 Kingslev Lett. (187b) II. 292 Science Is<br />

grown too vast for any one head. 1884 Congregational<br />

Vear Bk. 56 Mightier wonders and vaster problems,<br />

3. Of tile mind, etc. : Unusually large or comprehensive<br />

in grasp or aims.<br />

1610 Holland Camden's Brit, 464 Cardinall Wolsey, ..<br />

whose vast minde reached alwayes at things too high. 1650<br />

R. irriMWios Stradas Loxv-C, Wars ii. 38 But tlie Prince<br />

of Orange and Count Egmont. .were of vaster spirits then<br />

the rest. 169a Urvden St. Euremont's Ess. 373 Her Spirit<br />

is extensive without being Vast, never rambling so far in<br />

general Thoughts, as not to be able to return easily to<br />

singular Considerations. 1710 Stefle Tatter No. 209 Fi<br />

The Account we have of his vast Mind. 1743 Fkancis tr.<br />

Horace, Odes 1. xxxvii. 12 Vast in her Hopes, and giddy wiili<br />

Success, 1815 Shelley Alastor 287 With voice far sweeter<br />

than thy dying notes, Spirit more vast than thine,<br />

4. Very great, immense, enormous, in respect of<br />

amount, quantity, or number.<br />

i6w Veruey Mem. (1907)" I. 114 Vet what is alt this but a<br />

small part of those vast treasures left him by his father.<br />

fzi66t Fuller Worthies (1840) II. 571 Sir Thomas Cooke,<br />

late lord mayor of London, one of vast wealth. 1681 Flavel<br />

Metk. Grace xix. 341 No wi-;e man expends vast sums to<br />

bring home trifling commodities. 1730 A. Gor[x>n Maffei^s<br />

Amphith. 64 The vast Rain which fell at that Time. 1760<br />

R. Brows CtJw///. Farmer n. 62, I have known vast crops of<br />

rye upon barren lands that have been old warrens, and well<br />

cfunged with rabbits. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St -Pierre's Study<br />

Nat. (1799) I. g^Themcmliersofthe vast family of Mankind.<br />

1838 Thirlwall Greece IV. 369 Carrying away vast herds of<br />

cattle. 185s Macaulay Hist. Eng. xii. III. 210 The same<br />

tyranny.. had robbed his Church of vast wealth, 1871<br />

Raymoso Statist. Mines ^ Mining 724 The Colorado River<br />

. .sends a vast body of water to the Gulf of California.<br />

b. With nouns of quality, action, etc.<br />

61<br />

1595 Shaks. yohn iv. iii. 152 Vast confusion waites. .The<br />

iminent decay of wrested pompe. c 1600 Life ^ Death<br />

Long Meg 0/ Westm. ii, On this Sir John de Castile, in a<br />

bravado, would needs make an experiment of her vast<br />

strength, x^t Hamilton /*a^trrj (Camden) 148 Soe unequal!<br />

..where there is so vast a disproportion in the knowledge,<br />

abilities, and interests of the persons. 1718 Rowe tr. Lucan<br />

I. 89 Vast are the thanks thy grateful Rome shou'd pay To<br />

wars, which usher in thy sacred sway. 1765 Museum Rust.<br />

IV. 166 The same vast superiority will be found in every<br />

article of employment to which these waggons can be put.<br />

1796 BuuKE Regie. Peace Wks. VIII. 393 Most of them<br />

engage, for a short time at a vast price, every actor or actress<br />

of name in the metropolis. 1833 ^t. Martineau Fr. Wines<br />

e. . fleschly .sawle in-to<br />

behaldyngof ^e godhede is not rauischyd bot if it be gostely,<br />

ail fleschly lettyngis vastyd.<br />

'Vast, Vast, apheticff. Avast,<br />

1841 R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. ii-^A^'asl^ or 'I'ast^ an<br />

order to stop. 1894 Outing XXIV. 72/2 ' Vast ! ' yells the<br />

coxswain, as the pier of the railroad bridge flies by,<br />

t Va'Stacy. Obs-"^ [f. Vast «,] Vastness.<br />

1607 Tiberius Claudius Nero M 2, What Lidian desart,<br />

Indian vastacie? What wildcrnesse in wilde Arabia, So<br />

hateful! monster euer nourished?<br />

t Va'Statei //''. «• Ods-"^ [ad. h. vastdl-uSf<br />

pn. pple. oi vasldre,"] Laid waste; devastated,<br />

1619 T. AuAMS Serm.^ Taming of Tongue Wks, 152 'Ihe<br />

vast.itt: mines of ancient monuments.<br />

Va'State, v* rare, [Cf, prec. and Vastatio.v<br />

3.] trans. To render unsusceptible,<br />

189s Harper's Mag. LXXXIV. 608/1 That long passion<br />

of his early youth, which seemed to have vastated him<br />

before he came there. He was rather proud of his vastation.<br />

Vastation (vsest^'Jan). Also 6 vastacion.<br />

[ad, L. vastdtion-f vastdtio, n, of action f. vastdre^<br />

{.vastus waste. So It. vastazione^ Pg. vastafdo.']<br />

1 1. The action of laying waste, devastating, or<br />

destroying. Also freq., an instance of this. Obs.<br />

(very common i6ro-i66o),<br />

1545 Joye Exp. Dan. vii. 120 b, Howe greate vastacions<br />

and destruccions in the chirche arc there prophecied I 1614<br />

Raleigh Hist. World iv. i. $ i The Greekes..doc still, as in<br />

former times, continue the inuasion and vastation of each<br />

other. 01639 Si-OTTiSwooD Hist. Ch. Scot. in. (1677) 175<br />

Thereupon insued a pitiful vastation of Churches and<br />

Church-buildings. 1663 J. Spencer Prodigies (1665) 383<br />

No war, no sedition, . no vastation,. .made so great a waste<br />

upon the religion, .of that place.<br />

t 2. The fact or condition of being devastated or<br />

laid waste, Obs.<br />

VASTLY,<br />

1578 Banister Hist. Man v. 64 The whole masse of man<br />

..must needes haue runne in perpetuall ruine, and vastation.<br />

X617 Collins D^f Bp. Ely 11. x. 458 We lament their<br />

desolation and vastation. 1639 Fuller Holy War in. xxiv.<br />

(1840) 162 The sad spectacle of their country's vastation<br />

would distuib their nnnds. 1653 Galijen Hierasp. To Rdr.<br />

24 It may be through the Lords mercy, this winters floud<br />

shall be for their mendment or fertility, and not for their<br />

utter vastation and mine.<br />

3, The action of purifying by the destruction of<br />

evil qualities or elements. Also transf,<br />

1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Swedenborg Wks. (Bohn) I.<br />

328 He was let down through a column that seemed of<br />

brass, ..that he might descend safely among the unhappy,<br />

and witness the vastation of souls. 1888 J. Ellis New<br />

Christianity xii. 290 Spirits preparing for heaven, or undergoing<br />

vastation. 1892 [see Vastate v,\.<br />

t Vastative, a. Obs.—^ [f. L. vast-dre : see<br />

-ATlVE.] Devastating.<br />

1667 Waterhouse Fire London 34 Circumstances, benign<br />

to, and corresponding with a vastative event.<br />

t Vastator. Obsr^ [a. L. vastdtor, agent-n. f.<br />

vastdre.'\ Devastator.<br />

1659 Gauden Tears Ch. 86 The cunning Adversaries and<br />

Vasiators of the Church of England drive a lesser trade.<br />

Vaate, southern ME. var. Kast a., adv., and v.-y<br />

obs. Sc. f. Waste sb. and v. Vastell, obs. var.<br />

Wastel. Vastering (obs. Sc.) : see W'astering.<br />

tVastidity. Obs. [Irreg. var. Vastity,]<br />

Vastness, vastitude.<br />

1603 Shaks. Mcas, for M. in. i. 68 A restraint, 1 hoUgh<br />

all the woilds vastiuiiie you had To a determin'd scope.<br />

[i8ia W. Tennant Anster F. 11. xvii, Their heads with<br />

curl'd vastidity of wig.]<br />

Va'Stily, adv. [f. Vasty «.] In a vast manner.<br />

1844 Mrs. Browning Drama of Exile 972 A few Distinguishable<br />

phantasms vague and grand Which sweep out<br />

and around us vastily.<br />

Vastitude (va-stiti«d), [ad, L. vastUudo^ f.<br />

vastus Vast a.'\<br />

fl. Devastation; laying waste, Ohs.~^<br />

1545 JoYE Exp. Dan. \x. 162 And afiir the balaill their<br />

shalbe an vtter perpetuall vastitude and destruccion of them.<br />

2. The quality of being vast ; immensity.<br />

i6»3 CocKERAM I,' yastitude, greatness, exceeding largenesse.<br />

1790 H. Boyd Rttins Athens in Poet. Reg, (1806-7)<br />

75 The woodland orator,. .Mute and benumb'd, a theatre<br />

surveys Whose vastitude appalls him. 1825 T. HoOK Sayini>s<br />

Ser. ii. Passion


VASTNESS.<br />

15*3 Shaks. Lucr. 1740 Who. like a latesackd island,<br />

vastly iXood Bare and unpeopled in this fearful flood.<br />

2. Immensely; to an exieut or degree not readily<br />

graspetl or estimated.<br />

1664 Power Ejc^. Pkiios. Pref. 17 Tbough these hopes b«<br />

v.istly hyperbohad. 1676 E rw:RiiDGK Man 0/ Madt i. i,<br />

Why, first she's an Heiress vastly rich. 1708 J. Chamber-<br />

1_\VXK St. Gt. Bt-it. (1710) 7 It hath many safe and commodious<br />

Ports and Havens, as Falmouth vastly spacious.<br />

X73» Berkeley Alcipkr. iiu IsThis vastly great, or minute<br />

power and wisdom. 186a CornhiU Ma^. Jan. 73 Popular<br />

power has increased vastly during the last half-century in<br />

our own country. xWsManch. Exam. 4 April 4/6 A pohcy<br />

which will add so vastly to its influence and power.<br />

b. Freq. with words or phrases denoting com-<br />

p.irison.<br />

1665 Gi.ANViii Def. I'aJi. D^^tfi. 25 When the Actions<br />

whereby ihey are produced are so vastly diverse. 1693<br />

AjM, Clersy Scat, us In a sense vastly different from what<br />

was intended by Mr. Rule. 1710 J. Clarke tT,A0Aau/ts<br />

Xat. PJki/os. (1729) I. I. ii- S3 The Bullet will be carried<br />

vastly further than the small SIioL 1778 Sheridan Cainp<br />

IL iii. To be sure, a circus or a crescent would have been vastly<br />

better. xSso Hazliit TabU-T. Ser. ii. xvi. {1869) 322 You<br />

have got on vastly beyond the point at which you have set<br />

out. 1846 Greener Scu Gunnery 229 It is of trifling censequence<br />

. . that the explasion of sporting powder is vastly more<br />

rapid and powerful. 1879 Tourgee Foots^ Err. xxii. 134 The<br />

Union people liere are vastly in a minority.<br />

3. In weakened sense as a mere intensive : Exceedingly,<br />

extremely, very. (Cf. Vast a. 5.)<br />

Common in fashionable use in the 18th cent., chiefly with<br />

adjs. \a\ but occasionally with vbs. ih) or advs. (c). The<br />

abuse of vast and vastly is commented on by Lord Chester-<br />

field, Lett. No, 195 and 196.<br />

(a) 1664 Vermy Mem. (1907) II. 204 She putts on and<br />

assumes much, very much of the vastly extravagant humor^.<br />

i7» De Foe Piague {\jsi) 219 The City.. was vastly full of<br />

People. 1733 T. Burnet MS. Let. 30 Jan,, Believe me most<br />

affectionately, though vastly peevish, Yours T. B. 178a<br />

Miss Burney Cecilia vi. xi, This is all v.istly true; but I<br />

have no time to hear any more of it just now. x8a6 J.<br />

Foster in Life ff Corr. (1S46) II. 78 A vastly acute and<br />

doggedly intellectual fellow. 1850 Thackeray Pendennis<br />

xxn, Mrs. Portman..was vastly bitter against Pen. .since<br />

his impertinent behaviour to the Doctor. 187a Black Adv.<br />

Phaeton vi. 68 That small person.. was becoming vastly<br />

indignant<br />

{b) 1750 H. Walpole Lett. (1846) II. 358, 1 laughed vastly.<br />

X766 GoLDSM. I'icar xii, I prote.st I like my Lady Blarney<br />

vastly. ci83o Arab. Nts. (Rtldg.) 234, I should vastly like<br />

to examine this little hunchback a Utile more closely. 1879<br />

Mrs. Macquoid Berksh. Lady 182 That will please me vastly.<br />

(c) 1756 Mrs. Calderwood in Coltness Collect. (Maitland<br />

<strong>Club</strong>) 127 He.. sung vastly fine. 1799 Sheridan Piznrro<br />

Prol., An't yon come vastly late? 18x4 Jane Austen Lady<br />

Susan XV, She talks vastly well. 1837 Lvtton E. Maltravers<br />

5 .\s for bed, this chair will do vastly well.<br />

Vastnesa (vastnes). [f. Vast a.]<br />

1 1. Desolation ; waste. Obs. rare.<br />

1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. \\. vii. §7 Because their excursions<br />

into the limits of phy^cal causes hath hied a vastness<br />

and solitude in that tract. 1643 Sir E. Bering Sp. on Relig.<br />

87 This Bill doth seem to me an uncouth wilderne.sse, a l<br />

dismall vastnesse, |<br />

2. The quality of being vast ; immensity.<br />

1607 Beaum. & Ku Woman Hater \\\. iii, Could the Sea<br />

throw up his vastness, And offer free his best inhabitants.<br />

1867 Milton P. L. vn. 472 Scarse from his mould Behemotli<br />

biggest born of Earth upheav*d His vastness. 1698 Fryer<br />

Ace. E. India ^ P. 12 The swelling Surges menace the<br />

lowering Skies, leaving a Hollow where they borrowed their<br />

Gigantine Vastness. 1794 Mrs. Uadclifke Myst, Udolpho<br />

vi, Emily gazed with enthusiasm on the vastness of the sea.<br />

1838 De Morgan' Eis. Probab, 24 When we speak of tlie<br />

vastness, the regularity, and the permanency of the solar<br />

system. i886 RuSKiN Proeterila I. vi. 199 The vastness of<br />

scale in the Milanese palaces.. impressed nie..at once.<br />

fig. 1601 B. JoNSON Poetaster v. iii. The open vastnesse of<br />

a tyrannes eare. 1873 Helps Anint. ^ Mast. i. 8 You will<br />

be able to appreciate the vastness of this area of cruelly.<br />

b. Of immaterial things.<br />

i6aa Fletcher Prophetess 11. i. You have bloA-n his swoln<br />

pride to that vastness, As he believes the Earth is in his<br />

fathom. 1638 Vertiey Mem. (1907) II. 77 The vastnesse of<br />

my affection. 1850TESNVSON In Mem. xcvii. I look'd on<br />

these and thought of thee In vastness and in mystery. 1889<br />

KusKiN Prgeterita IIL 146 The vastness of Scott's true<br />

historical knowledge.<br />

3, A vast or immense space.<br />

1674 N. Fairfax Bulk


VATICAN. 63 VATINIAN.<br />

lawrell vaticall Enobled hast, (high signall of renowne).<br />

1634 Bp. Hall Coutempi., N. 'J', iv. xxv. 238 Neither couldst<br />

thou have made up those vaticall predictions, without this<br />

conveyance. 1641 Brii^k-'mans Predictions 3 Now as Mr.<br />

Brightman vatically observeth, the Chuith of Tliyatira<br />

[etc. J.<br />

Vatican (vjc'tikan). Also 6-7 Vaticane. [a.<br />

F. Vatican ( = It., Sp., Pg. U'aticano\ or ad. L.<br />

Vditcdn-us (sc. coiits, mons) : see def.]<br />

1. (With initial capital, and now always witli ike.)<br />

The palace of the Pope built upon the Vatican<br />

Hill in Rome.<br />

Also, in recent use, the papal authorities or the system<br />

which they represent ; the papal power ; the Papacy.<br />

15SS Eden Decades (Arb.) 100 As wee are accustomed to<br />

goo on Pylgramege to Rome or Vaticatie. 1607 H. Bakn^s<br />

Diz'iU Charter 11. i. K i, Heere leaue we Charles with<br />

pompous ceremonies, Fexsting within the Vaticane at<br />

Rome. 1611 Bible Transi.Prc/.fx^ The Laiiiie edition.,<br />

printed in the Printing-house of Vatican, a 1700 Evelyn<br />

Diary 18 Jan. 1645. I wtnt to see the Pope's Palace, the<br />

Vatican, where he for the most part keeps his Court. 1777<br />

R. Watson Philip II, 11. (1839) 29 He expressed his dread<br />

that ere long the Vatican itself would be in the hands of the<br />

enemy. i;^9 J. Jay in Sparks Corr.Amcr, Kez: (1853) II.<br />

284 There is as much intrigue in this State-House as in the<br />

Vatican. 1866 Gladstonk in Lett. Ch. ff Rcli^. (1911) II.<br />

395, I repaired to the Vatican in household uniform. 1909<br />

j. M'Cabb Decay Ch. Rome vi. 128 England is regarded<br />

as substantially won for the Vatican.<br />

b. Used with reference to the artistic or literary<br />

treasures preserved here ; the Vatican galleries or<br />

library.<br />

1600 Holland /./ly App. 1386 The statue of Laocoon..<br />

now at this day.. is to be scene at the Vaticane. 1610<br />

Bolton EUm. Armories 54 Such a hbrarie as. .they had<br />

rather tosse then to bee Deipnosophists in Athenseus, or<br />

glowe-wormes in the Medicaean, or Vatican, the most renowned<br />

armaries of booke in all the world. 1694 J. Norris<br />

Curs. Refl. Locke's Hum. Underst. 43, I.. would not part<br />

with his <strong>Book</strong> for half a Vatican. 1756^7 tr. Keysier's Trari.<br />

(1760) IV. 34 This picture resembles that which is to be seen<br />

in the Vatican at Rome. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St..Pierres<br />

Stud. Nat. (17^) I. 70 The man of the woods.. has, certainty,<br />

a very imperfect resemblance to the Apollo of the<br />

Vatican. 1841 W. Spalding Italy ff It. Is/. I. 166 Of these<br />

two copies (of a statue] one . . is in the Vatican.<br />

>^. 1649 G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. /r, cclxv, A Wellbought<br />

Treasure from his Vatican ; Whose Volumes<br />

Numberless Nature doth Summe In one Compendious<br />

Abstract; Well-bound Man! 1854 Thoneau Waldt-n iii.<br />

(1886) 102 When the vaticans shall be filled with Vedas and<br />

Zendavestas and Bibles. 1868 M. Arnold in Life Ld.<br />

Coleridge (io Bvron<br />

Lett, to Murray 24 April, I vaticinate a row in Italy. 1831<br />

T. L. Peacock Crotchet Castle (1887) 178, 1 vaticinate what<br />

will be the upshot of all his schemes of reform. 1886<br />

SvMONDS Renaiss. It.,Cath. React. VII. xiv. 412 To vaticinate<br />

a reign of socialistic terror fur the immediate future.<br />

trans/. i678Cut>woRTH Intell. Syst. 378 My soul seemeih<br />

to vaticinate and presage its approaching dismission and<br />

freedom from this its prison, 1877 A. B. Alcott Tetl'le-t.<br />

133 Instinct, intuition, volition, embosom and express whatsoever<br />

the Spirit vaticinates.<br />

Hence Vati'cinating vbi. sb. and ///. a.<br />

1634 Sir T. Hkhbkrt Trav. 207 These vaticinating boyes<br />

who with tlieir long spread hair fall flat afore the Idoll.<br />

Ibid. (1638) 356 Virgil., from some vaticinating Notion<br />

seenies to point at it, in the 6 lib. .itlnead. n 1693 Urquhart's<br />

Rabelais ni. xxv. 210 The Cock Vaticinating and Alectryomantick,<br />

ate up the Pickles. 1791-1823 D'Iskaeli Cur, Lit.<br />

(1858) III. 278 George Withers, the vaticinating poet of our<br />

civil wars.<br />

Vaticination (vatisin^^Jan). [ad. L. vdticindlion-i<br />

vdticindtio^ 11. of action f. vdlicindri; see<br />

prec, Cf. obs. F. vaticination (Cotjjr.).]<br />

L A prediction of an oracular or inspired nature ;<br />

a prognostication or prophecy, a prophetic utterance<br />

or forecast.<br />

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1198 Sibylla, and Aristonice,<br />

or such as published their vaticinations and prophesies<br />

in verse. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iir. 63 The Law<br />

has appointed a sort of Prophets as Judges over these<br />

divine Vaticinations. 1759 Sterne TV. Shandy r. xii, Yorick<br />

scarce ever heard this sad vaticination of his destiny read<br />

over to him, but.. that he [etc.]. 1815 Scott Guy M. xlvii,<br />

The Dominie .. had just that moment parted from Meg<br />

Merrilies, and was too deeply wrapt up in pondering upon<br />

her vaticinations, to make any answer. 1850 Merivale<br />

Rom. Emp. iii. (1865) I, 113 The frightful vaticinations of<br />

fire and slaughter with which Cicero had kept the ears of<br />

the people tingling. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John Bapt. iv.<br />

§6. 266 The 'Sibylline Oracles', .contain many vaticinations,<br />

inextricably mingled, from Jewish, heathen, and<br />

Christian sources.<br />

trans/. 1836 Emerson Naiure'^V^, (Bohn) II. 170 Every<br />

surmise and vaticination of the mind is entitled to a certain<br />

respect.<br />

2. The action or fact of vaticinating ; the utterance<br />

of predictions or prophecies ; also, the power<br />

or gift of this.<br />

1613 CocKKRAM I, Vaticination^ a prophesying. 1699<br />

Bentlev /*//a/. iv. 147 Unless we dare ascribe to the Tyrant<br />

a Spirit of Vaticination, we cannot acquit the Author<br />

of the Letters of so manifest a cheat. x8i8 Scott Br. Lamm.<br />

xxiii, He despised most of the ordinary prejudices about<br />

witchcraft, omens, and vaticination. 1874 H. R. Reynolds<br />

John Bapt. iii. § 3. 206 The ambiguous vaticination of the<br />

heathen oracles.<br />

treats/ X744 Berkeley Siris § 252 He that foretels the<br />

motions of planets, .. may be said to do it by natural<br />

vaticination.<br />

tb. Divine or inspired apprehension or knowledge<br />

; intuition, insight. Obs.<br />

1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. Pref., Whether this Assurance<br />

be called a Vaticination or Divine Sagacity, (as it is by<br />

Plato and Aristotle) or Faith, as in the Scripture. Ibid. 409<br />

That Vaticination, which all men have in their minds concerning<br />

the Gods.<br />

Vatixinator. Now rare or Obs. [a. obs. F.<br />

valtcinatt'ur (Cotgr.) or ad. L. vaticinator^ agentnoun<br />

f. vdlicindri to Vaticinate.] One who<br />

writes or utters vaticinations : a piognosticator or<br />

prophet.<br />

165a Gaule Magastrom. 335 Cicero derided the Boeotian<br />

vaticinaiors for predicting victory to the Thebanes from the<br />

crowing of cocks, a 1693 Urquhart's Rabelais 111. xiii, The<br />

Owner of that Soul deserveth to be termed a Vaticinator or<br />

Prophet. 1791-1823 D'Israeli Cur. Lit. (1859) !'• 4^3<br />

Poetical vaiicinators are propliets only while we read their<br />

verses. 1828 — Chas. /, \. iv. 59 What vaticinator would<br />

have ventured to predict.. that his Queen was then before<br />

him? 1841 — Amen. Lit. (1867) 500 That mystical vaticinator<br />

of past events, a conjectural historian.<br />

Vaticinatory, a. rare-^, [f. Vaticinate v. :<br />

see -CRY 2.] Vaticinal, proplietic.<br />

1883 S. Wainwright Sci. Stphisms viii. 169 The vaticin.<br />

atory character of these opinions is their least remarkable<br />

feature.<br />

t Vati'ciuatress. Obs,—^ [f. Vaticinator +<br />

-E3S 1, after F. vaticinatrice. Cf. L, vdticindlrix^<br />

a prophetess.<br />

A female vaticinator ;<br />

a 1693 Urquhart's Rabelais ui. xvii. 137 The House of the<br />

Vaticinatress.<br />

t Vaticinatric, a. Obs.—^ [in-eg. formation<br />

on Vaticinate z;.]<br />

vaticination.<br />

I'ertaining to, connected witli,<br />

X7»9 Evelyn's Sylva 111. iv. 228 As in the temple Dcspoenc<br />

..where tliey were prohibited the burning of Olive-wood,<br />

or the ^UTOi/ MofKcoc, the Vaticinatric Laurel, or the Thxkrind<br />

Oak [etc.].<br />

t Vaticine, variant of Vaticin y. Obs,<br />

1586 J. Hooker Hist, Irel. in Holinshed II. 43/2 Thus<br />

(accorcfing to this vaticine) twise it was left, but the third<br />

time it shall be kept. Ibid. 52/2 Then was fulfilled the<br />

vaticine or prophesie of old Merlin.<br />

t Vaticlnian, a. Obsr^ [f. L. vdticini-us prophetic]<br />

Vaticinal. (Blount, 1656.)<br />

tVaticiliy. Obs. rare, [ad. \^. vaticin inm^ f.<br />

t/^//Vi««j prophetical : cf. Vaticine.] A vaticination<br />

or prophecy.<br />

1615 R. Byfield Comm, Coloss, i. 6 The certain event of<br />

the vaticiniesor prophecies. 1654 \ \\.\'ws Chrouog raphy 14<br />

Seek not to wrest a connexion of sacred Chronology from<br />

Daniels Vaticiny. 1656 in Blount Glossogr,<br />

tVati'nian, a. Obs. [ad. L. Valinidn-rtSf<br />

f, Vatinius 'a Roman, whom all men hated for<br />

his odious behaviour* (Blount, 1674).] Of hatred:<br />

Bitter, intense, violent.<br />

After L. odium Vatinianum (Catullus xiv. 3).<br />

1607 Walkington Opt. Glasse 2 The viperous and vatinian<br />

deadly hate. 1631 R H- Arraigmu. Whole Creature xvi.<br />

284 King Philip of France hating King Richard the first of<br />

England ; with a vatinian deadly hatred. 1654 Whttlock<br />

Zootomia 256 The Vatinian hatred of <strong>Book</strong>s and Authors in<br />

Religious and Politick Differences.


VATTED.<br />

Vatir, obs. Sc. f. Water. Vatt(e, obs. ff. Vat<br />

sh. Vatte, southern ME. \ar. FATa.ipa. t. Fet z'.<br />

Va'tted, ///. a- [f- Vat r.] Placed or stored<br />

in a vat ; said esp. of wine. Also /f^'., mellow.<br />

1843 TllAKD Bn^inr 46J Old and vatt^d H«r. 1873 Sat.<br />

Rtv, 19 Nov. 694 I Tnc forged wine of Hamburg, which is<br />

variously known as Elbe siierry, vatted sherry, and Hamburg<br />

sherry. 1897 Pall Mitll ^fag. Feb. ajj A considerable<br />

company, . . most of us fine old vatted English Tories.<br />

Vatton, obs. southern var. Fatten- v. Vatter,<br />

-ir. -yr, obs. Sc ff. Water. VattiU, obs. f.<br />

Wattle.<br />

Va-tting, vbl. sb. [f. Vat p.] The action or<br />

process of placing beer or other liquor in a vat or<br />

vats. Also aitril.<br />

l««3T«»RDSr»t.»jV 444 Vatting of Porter. igssOciLVlE<br />

SnSl. S.V., Vatting charges at the docks, i860 Bagshot<br />

Let a man question<br />

A-«rr. StHdus, GladttOHt (.881) 93<br />

the fees on vatting, or the change in the game-certificate.<br />


VAULT.<br />

t=pewsl in lo )>e vavtt. 1511 Cuyl/orile'i Pilgr. (Camden)<br />

31 A very fayre churche,. .wherein we descendyd into a<br />

wonder fayre vaught.<br />

b. A burial chamber (originally with arched<br />

roof), usually altogether or partly under ground.<br />

a 15^8 Hall Chrou,, Edw. /K, 223 After he was remoued<br />

to Winsore and there in a new vawte newly intumilate.<br />

1599 Shaks. Rojii.^ ^ Jul. V. iii. 86 <strong>Here</strong> lies luliet, and her<br />

beautie makes This Vault a feasting presence full of light.<br />

iMi BiHNEE Kirk'BuriallXy For some there was that to the<br />

imitation of .Abraham, made vp little caucs or voltes, for<br />

buriall vse. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. I. 379 Hee purposed<br />

. . that his bones should bee bestowed in an arched<br />

vault made under the chancell of Saint Peters Church in<br />

Oxford. 17M Lond. _ Caz. No. 6084/7 The Body was deposited<br />

in the Vault. 1749 in Nairne I'eerage Evidence<br />

(1874) 81 .Mrs. Jeau .Mercer. .lyes, .opposite to the Duke of<br />

Roxburghs vault. 1790 Burke Fr. Rci>. Wks. V. 172 In as<br />

few years their successors will go to the family vault of ' [<br />

all<br />

the Capulets '. 1831 W. Irving Alhambra I. 187 'Now,'<br />

said the priest, ' you must help me to bring forth the bodies<br />

that are to be buried in this vault '. li^^PennyC^cl. XXV.<br />

37/1 A vault cannot properly be made either in the church<br />

or churchyard, without the consent of the ordinary. Ibid.^<br />

A vault may be attached by prescription to a mansion. 1870<br />

F. R. Wilson Ck. Lindisf. 6t The vaults beneath the<br />

Chancel, sometimes called the dead-house,<br />

+ 4. a. A covered conduit for carrying away<br />

water or filth ; a drain or sewer. Ol>s.<br />

c\^fiB Drstr. Troy 1607 The water .. Gosshet through<br />

Godardys & other grete vautes. And clensit by course all \^<br />

dene Cite. 1553 MS. Rami. D. 776 If. 131 b, Makyng of new<br />

vawtis of bryk to Conevaye the water Commyng frome the<br />

leades of the said Cistell vndcr the said new wharff. 1567 in<br />

Vkary's Anal. (1888) App. In. ii- 154 The gouernors.. shall<br />

viewe the cumen sewer or vawt at the seid house. 1596<br />

Harixgton nfelam. Ajax (1814) 53 A goodly Jakes within<br />

the town with a vault to conevey all filth into the Tiber.<br />

est voultis the<br />

hight of the tolbuilh fluir. a 1656 R. Gordon Contin. Hist.<br />

Earls Sutherl.{.ii\-^yi^'Y\x Earl .. finished the great tour<br />

the same yeir, wowling it to the top.<br />

S. isii-« in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) 1. 478 They<br />

can.. vawte the chirch. .after the fourme of a platie therfor<br />

devised. 1577 B- GoocB <strong>Here</strong>sbach's Husb, 1. (1586)<br />

42 b. They doo vaute the floore with Bryckes. 1577<br />

Holinshed Chron, II. 1714/1 Sir William Chester. .and<br />

John Calthrop-.couered and vauted the towne ditch from<br />

Aldcrsgate to Newgate.<br />

y. i6as K. Long tr. Barclay's Argenis 1. v. 12 The first<br />

builders of this house vaulted under the ground a secret<br />

way unknowne to any but my selfe. 165a Earl Monm. Ir. -<br />

!<br />

;<br />

I<br />

Senault's Man bee. Guilty 303 The Concavity of Trees hung<br />

in the aire, hath taught our Architects to vault buildings.<br />

I7»6 Leoni AlberlCs Archil, I. 73/2 Whateversort of Arch<br />

you vault your Bridge with. i8m Bowles Da^s Departed<br />

8 Ask of the Geologist How Nature, vaulting the rude<br />

chamber, scoop'd Its vast recesses. 1848 G. S. Hillard in<br />

Z.yiZ.o>i£/: (1891) II. Ill But to combine them all, to vault<br />

them with such a sky,., this is not easy. 1894 Baring-Gould<br />

Deserts S, France U, 104 The various attempts made to<br />

~\<br />

vault the naves.<br />

b. In pa. pple. used predicatively.<br />

///.«•)<br />

(Cf. Vaulted<br />

o. 1387 Charters F.dinb. (1671)351116 fyfte chapel woutyl<br />

with a durre. c l^ Maunuev. (1839) iii. 17 And undie<br />

theisc Sugcs ben Stables wel y.vowted for the Emperours<br />

Hors. l4la-io Lvdg. Chron. Troy 11. 689 Fresche alures<br />

with lusty hije pynacles,..Vowted aboue like reclinatories.<br />

iSil Guyl/orde's Pilgr. (Camden) 26 There is a fayre large<br />

Chapelt, well voughted and lyghted by many lampes brennyngc.<br />

1538 Leland llin. (1769) II. 53 A right fair and<br />

costely peace of Worke.. made al of Stone and curiusly<br />

voultid.<br />

?• •414 Iniienlure Fotheringhey in Dugdale Monast.<br />

(18^6) VI. 1414/2 Three strong and mighty arches vawlhid 1<br />

with stoon. 1448 H»N. VI in Willis & Clark Cambridge<br />

(1886) 1.356, .ij.chambres aboue, vauted. 15*5 Ld. Berneks<br />

Froiss. II. Ixxxix. 99/1 The bouses within were well vawted<br />

with stone, so that the engynes nor spryngalles dyd the men<br />

but small domage. 1584 B. R. tr. Herodotus 11. 105 b, He<br />

caused an oxe to be made of wood, inwardly vauted and<br />

hollow within. i6ia Selden Illustr. Drayton's Poly,olb.<br />

Note to iii.^ 338 Chedder Cleeues, rocky and vauted, by<br />

continual distilling, is the fountain of a forcible stream.<br />

y. 1591 Sylvester Du Barlas 1. iii, Narrow Vales vaulted<br />

about with Hils. iSij tr. De Mimt/arfs Surv. E. Indies<br />

10 The said place is all vaulted about with Porches. 1686<br />

WodD Li/e 10 July, Buried. .in a grave brickt and vaulted \<br />

over with bricks. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 165<br />

Theinside is vaulted, and is large enough for the reception<br />

of eight or ten beavers. 1815 Elphinstone Acc. Caubul<br />

(1842) I. 19 It was rainwater, preserved in small reservoirs,<br />

vaulted over with brick and mortar. 1831 Scorr Cast, Dang.<br />

viii. The study. .was vaulted with stone. 1873 Tristram<br />

Moab V. 77 Long ranges of buildings, .most solidly vaulted.<br />

C. Of things: To form a vault over (something)<br />

; to cover like a vault ; to overarch.<br />

i6«7 Milton P. L. vi. 214 The dismal hiss Of fiery Darts<br />

in flaming volies flew. And flying vaulted eilher Host with<br />

fire. i«8a Wmei er yourn, Greece l. 70 The wall beginning<br />

to bend forward. Arch-wise, as if it were to vault a Portico. !<br />

1719 VouNG Busiris IV. i. Have I not seen whole armies<br />

vaulted o'er With flying javlins? 1734 Wesley 7rnl. 23<br />

Jan. (1829) I. 21, 1 was vaulted over with water in a moment.<br />

1777 G. Forster Voy, round IVorld II. 187 The tufted ;<br />

VAULTED.<br />

arbours which vaulted over the paths, are hung with beauti.<br />

ful flowers of all kinds. 1807 J. Harlow Columb. vii. 231<br />

lilaze-trailmg fuses vault the night's dim round. And shells<br />

and langrage lacerate the ground.<br />

2. absol. To construct a vault or vaults, rare-".<br />

c 1440 Promp, Pan. 512/1 Vowtyn, or make a vowte,<br />

arcuo,testudmo. 1552 HuLOET, Vaulten or make vaultes<br />

or arches, /ormco. 1570 Levins Manip. 16/40 To valte<br />

arcum ducere.<br />

3. To bend, arch, or raise (something) after the<br />

m.mner of a vault.<br />

iSS» HuLOET, Vaulten or makebente lyke a ho\ve,arcuor.<br />

CI58S C'tess Pembroke Ps. cxxxvi. iii, Whose skillfull<br />

art did vault the skies. 1616 Bacon i>/z/a §376 You must<br />

Vault the Earth, whereby it may hang over them, and not<br />

touch them. 1753 Chambers' Cycl. Snnpl. s.v., To vault a<br />

horse-shoe, is to forge it hollow, . .that the shoe, thus hollow<br />

or vaulted, may not bear upon the sole that is higher than<br />

the hoof. 1833 Tennyson Lotos Eaters 85 Hateful is the<br />

dark-blue sky, Vaultedo'er the dark-blue sea. 1877 J. Bryce<br />

Transcauc. », Ararat 35 Looking, .across the vast expanse,<br />

with the wide blue sky vaulted over it.<br />

1 4. To make vaults or cavities under (something).<br />

•599 Hakluyt Voy. II. 1. 77 Wee shall vault and vndermine<br />

your foundations in such maner that they shatbe torhc<br />

vpside downe,<br />

5. inlr. To curve in the form of a vault.<br />

•80s Eugenia de Acton Nims 0/ Desert II. 166 The<br />

spangled arch, which vaulted to the footstool of the Throne<br />

of Mercy. 1807 J. Barlow Columb. v. 30 A dusky deep,<br />

serene as breathless even, Seem'd vaulting downward like<br />

another he.iven. 1844 Emerson Misc., Tantalus Wks.<br />

(Bohn) III. 323 Her mighty orbit vaults like the fresh rainbow<br />

into the deep.<br />

Va'Olt (vglt), r.2 Forms: a. 6 vaute, 6-7<br />

vaut ; 6 vaught. P, 6- vault, [app. ad. OF.<br />

valler (voulter, etc) logambol, leap, assimilated in<br />

form to prec]<br />

1. trans, a. To mount (a horse) by leaping.<br />

rare—^.<br />

'53* Elyot, DesuUor, he that can vaute \pr. vaunte;<br />

•545 vaulte] a horse, and leape frome one horsbacke vnto<br />

an other. [Cf. Vaulting vbl. sb.^ 1, quot. 1531.<br />

tb./^. (Cf. Leap I/. 9.) Obs.<br />

1611 Shaks. Cymb. i. vi. 134 Should he make me Line like<br />

Diana's Priest, betwixt cold sheets. Whiles he is vaulting<br />

variable Rampes In your despight.<br />

O. To get over, surmount, by vaulting.<br />

1884 Kendal Mercury t, Times 3 Oct. 5/1 The gate.. has<br />

been locked, .. so that foot passengers have to vault the gate.<br />

1901 .Munscy's Mag. XXIV. 550/1 Rodgers vaulted the<br />

boxwood and seated himself on her veranda.<br />

2. intr. To spring or leap ; spec, to leap with the<br />

assistance of the hand resting on the thing to be<br />

surmounted, or with the aid of a pole.<br />

o. a 1568 AscHAM Scholem. i. (Arb.) 64 To vaut lustely, to<br />

runne, to leape, to wrestle. 1591 Lodge Hist. Dk. Normandy<br />

GV), He was actiue of bodie, & vaughted exceed<br />

ingly well. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, v. ii. 142 If I could winne<br />

a Lady at Leape-frogge, or by vawting into my Saddle, with<br />

my Armour on my backe. 1618 Bolton Florus (1636) 170<br />

King Theutobocchus . . was wont to vaut over foure or five<br />

horses set together. i6ai G. Sandys OviiCs Met. 11. (1626)<br />

25 The generous and gallant Phaeton, All courage, vaut's<br />

into the blazing Throne.<br />

3. 1609 B. JoNSON Sil. IVom. 11. i, Such a delicate steeple,<br />

i' the towne, as Bow, to vault from. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt.<br />

Exemp. II. Disc. xi. 155 When we addresse ourselves to prayer<br />

. .let us., when we have done, not rise from the ground as if<br />

we vaulted, or were glad we had done. 1699 Bentley Phal.<br />

268 In his Dances he leap'd up, and vaulted, like Phrynichus,<br />

who was celebrated for those Performances. 1734 tr.<br />

Rollins Anc. Hist. (1827) I. 84 Vaulting from one to the<br />

other. 1791 CowpER Iliad vii. 285 In standing fight adjusting<br />

all my steps To martial measures sweet, or vaulting light<br />

Into my chariot, thence (I] can urge the foe. 1814 Scott Ld.<br />

0/ Isles VI. xxii, Vaulting from the ground. His saddle every<br />

horseman found. 1830 Tennyson Mermaid y^,\ would..<br />

lightly vault from the throne and play With the mermen in<br />

and out of the rocks. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 220 Can<br />

he vault among swords, and turn upon a wheel.<br />

fig. 1809-10 Coleridge Friend (1665I 63 Ignorance seldom<br />

vaults into knowledge, but passes into it through an intermediate<br />

state of obscurity. 1836 Emerson Nature viii.<br />

Prosiecls'^y.s. ('&o\n) II. 171 As if a banished king should<br />

buy his territories inch by inch, instead of vaulting at once<br />

into his throne. i88a J. H. Blunt Re/. Ch. Eng. II. 212<br />

note. He was ordained priest a day or two only Lcfore he<br />

vaulted into the Archbishopric of Canterbury.<br />

+ b. = Leap v. 9. Obs.<br />

Cf. fig. uses of Vaulter ' and Vaulting vbl. sb.*<br />

•S76 Turberv. Vencrie 44 Harts do commonly beginne to<br />

Vault about the middest of September. 17J5 New Cant,<br />

Did,, To Vault, to commit Acts of Debauchery.<br />

Vaultage (vg-ltid;!). [f. Vault sb.^ A<br />

vaulted place o{ area ;<br />

a series of vaults.<br />

•599 Shaks. lien, V, 11. iv. 124 Hee'le call you to so hot<br />

an Answer of it, That Caues and Wonibie Vaultages of<br />

France Shall chide your Trespas. 1605 Heywood //you<br />

know not me Wks. 1874 I. 290 D, Naiu, What is this vaultage<br />

for..? Gresh, Stowage for merchants ware, and<br />

strangers goods, a 1839 Galt Demon Destiny 11. 12 Hell<br />

rebellowing through her vaultages. 1863 K. H. DiGBY<br />

Chapel 0/ St, "yokti (ed. 2) 38 It might be well for you to<br />

cast one look back towards this sepulchral vaultage. 1863<br />

East London Observer 27 June, To be let, the vaultage of<br />

a large chapel in the Commercial Road.<br />

Vaulted (vjlted),///. a. [I. Vault rf.l or z;.i]<br />

1. Having the form of a vault; arched or rounded.<br />

ta. Of the chin. Obs.-^<br />

a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon cxlvi. 549 Her skynne was as<br />

whyte as y* floure in the niede, . .her tnrote smoth and clere,<br />

her chyne vauted {printed vaunted ;<br />

Fr. voltis\,<br />

b. Of a roof or ceiling, etc,<br />

9


VAULTEDLY.<br />

ijji HoLOET, Vaulted rowffe, itstudinaium ttcium.<br />

1579-80 North Plutarch^ Lycurgus (1895) I. 126 The fayer<br />

embowed or vawted roofes. or . . fretised seelings. 1635 Swan<br />

S^c. -V. iv. § r ^1643) 54 The world being mans house, the<br />

Firmament is as the vaulted roof of it. 1^7 Dryden Vhg.<br />

Gtorg, IV. 536 Now to the Court arriv'd, th' admiring Son<br />

Beholds the vaulted Roofs of Pory Stone. 1703 Rows<br />

Ulysses tit. i. Raging Mirth With peals of Clamour shakes<br />

the \-auIted Roof. 1789 Smyth u. AidncKs Archit, (1818)<br />

lis Terms applied without distinction to all raulted ceilings<br />

whate\-cr. 1844 ^* ^* '^^ Lisle in E. Purcell Life {1900J I.<br />

vii, 12a It contains fine stained glass, and a ^•aulled ceiling<br />

fainted with scmi-Gothick patterns. 1879 Dixon Windsor<br />

11. xii. 100 A vaulted arch supported an upper chamber.<br />

0, Of the sky. (Cf. Vault sby i c.)<br />

CIS90 MoNTGOMERiK SoHUits Ivi, Vnderncth the hcumly<br />

vauted round. «S9S Spenser Cot. Clout 611 The fume..<br />

mounts fro thence In rolling globes vp to the vauted skies.<br />

1611 Shaks. Cymb. I. vi. 33 Hath Nature giucn them eyes<br />

To see this vaulted Arch, and the rich Crop Of Sea and<br />

Land? 1700 Drvden /^a/. Sf Arc.wx. 524 The vauhed Fii mament<br />

With loud Acclaims, and vast Applause is rent, a 1763<br />

Shesstone Elegies vi. 26 Pale Cynthia mounts the vaulted<br />

sky. 1804 J. Grahame Sabbath 97 K temple, one not made<br />

with hands. The vaulted firmament. 1871 B. Taylor Famt<br />

(1875) !• "• 4* Lost in the vaulted azure The lark sends down<br />

his flickering lay.<br />

d. In miscellaneous uses.<br />

xtfSi Grew Musatum i. vi. i. 140 The Vaulted- Limpet.<br />

PaJella coticamerata. 1793 M artvn Lang. Bot, s.v., Vaulted,<br />

/oriiicatus; arched. 179(5 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3)<br />

III. 514 Blosstom] upper lip vaulted. i8a8 Stark Eten/,<br />

Nat. Hist. IL 47 Umbilicus large, armed with smalt vaulted<br />

scales. 184a Prichard Xat. Hist. Man 47 Wild horses have<br />

larger heads than domestic horses, with more vaulted forebeads.<br />

1858 Birch Anc. Pottery IL 75 A vase, .havin? a<br />

vaulted cover. 1870 Rolleston /i«iw. Li/e p. Ivi, The skull<br />

[in reptiles] is less vaulted and less capacious than in Aves.<br />

2. Constructed or furnished with an arched roof<br />

covered in or roofed by a vault.<br />

1601 Holland Pliny IL 243 The artificiall baines and<br />

vaulted stouves and hot houses, which then were newly come<br />

vp. 1633 P. Fletcher Purple 1st. v. H, This vaulted Tower's<br />

half built of massie stone. 1687 A. Lovei.l tr. T/ievenot's<br />

Tr/tT'. H. 26 In this Court there are Lodging- rooms under a<br />

vaulted Gallery that runs all round it. 1717 Berkeley jfr/il.<br />

'Pour Italy Wks. 1871 IV. 520 Below stairs we saw several<br />

vaulted chambers. 1794 Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udoipho<br />

xxxi, I have only to go.. along the vaulted passage and<br />

across the great hall. 1830 Whewell Archit. Notes 5 In a<br />

vaulted church, we have in general one vault which runs<br />

longitudinally along the church. 1865 W. G. Palgrave<br />

Arabia IL 320 The heavy winter rains supply the vaulted<br />

cisterns. rti878 Sir G. Scott Led, Archit. (1879) '•247<br />

Viollet le Due says, the design for a vaulted building has<br />

to be commenced at the top and worked downw.irds.<br />

trans/. 1730-46 Thomson Autumn 78 To dig the mineral<br />

from the vaulted earth, 1810 Shelley Prometh. Unb. \\. v,<br />

104 A paradiseof vaulted bowers. 1878 B. Taylor Dcuknlion<br />

I. i. 15 At the bases of the mountain's lofty vaulted entrances<br />

of caverns.<br />

3. Immured as in a vault,<br />

1863 R. S. Hawker in Li/e xx. (1905) 450 Very few could<br />

stand this vaulted life of mine.<br />

Hence Vau'ltedly iJ


VAUNCIUa.<br />

Par. Pr. 1636 5ef hyt (/>. contrition] be gret, 5eue luyle<br />

penautice. ^^f hyt be luyte, i>ow moste hyt vaunce [t'.r.<br />

haunce]. 1489 Caxton Faytes o/A. l. xviii. 54 The wyse<br />

captayne ought not to putte nor vaunce forth hym and hys<br />

men lyghtly to a bataylle, xs8a Stanvhl'rst .^iteis{Arh.)<br />

85 Al thogh.. winds vaunce fully thy sayls with prosperus<br />

huffing. 1594 R. Carew Tassa (1881) 21 This hardie speech<br />

..Gaue ech one care, and vaunst his courage hie. i6t6<br />

J. Lane Contn. Sqr^s T, ix. 379 Which embleams hee bid<br />

\aunce, for foes to reede of mercie, iustice, death, how hee<br />

decreed.<br />

b. rejl. c 1489 Caxton' St}Hnes 0/ Aynion xiv. 350 He<br />

vaunced hym selfe forthe, and caught the kynge wylh bothe<br />

hysarmes. ^ Blanchardyn xxiii. 77 As blanchardyn. .perceyued<br />

t^" noble pucelie, he dyde vaunce him self toward<br />

her. a 1548 Hall Chron. (1805) 616 A uicture of an armed<br />

Knight on a courser barded Vauncyng himself upon that hill.<br />

1573 Tl'sser Hush. (1878J 207 But marke the chance, my<br />

self to vance, By friendships lot, to Paules I got. 1587<br />

TuRBKRV. Tri^f. Tales (1837) 41 They vaunst themselves,<br />

and stood mee bolt upright.<br />

C. intr. 1544 BErHA.M Precepts War i, cxcvii. I vj b, The<br />

hoste vauncyng towarde battayl, the capltayne ought to<br />

speake these wordes. 1595 Spesser F. Q. iv. iv. 17 Sir<br />

Satyrane..vauncing forth from all the other band Of knights.<br />

Hence t Vau'noing vbl. sb. 06s.<br />

c\^/M Apol. Loll. 56 A how bitter luf and vauncing [L.<br />

promi}tiing. 1416 AUDELAV Poems (Percy Soc.) 33 Clerkys that<br />

hatl cunnyng, Schuld have monys soule in kepyng, Bot that<br />

mai get no vaunsyng Without symony.<br />

Vauaoe-roof, variant of Vavce-roof.<br />

VaUQchaoe, variant of Vanchase Obs.<br />

t Vanneant. Obs.-^ [a. older F. vau-, vaiitneant,<br />

f. vatit 3rd pers. sing. pres. of valoir to be<br />

worth + neant nothing.] A good-for-nothing person.<br />

i6ji T. WiLLiAMsox tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard 109 We<br />

can doe no other then blame these vau-neantes, vaine &<br />

vitious persons.<br />

Vaunplate, obs. form of Vamplate.<br />

Vaunt (vg:it, U.S. vaiit), sb.\ Now rhet. or<br />

arch. Also 5-6 vaunte, 6-7 vant. [Aphetic f.<br />

AvADNT shy Cf. Vaunt f.]<br />

1. Boasting, bragging ; boastful or vainglorious<br />

language or utterance; arrogant assertion or<br />

bearing.<br />

a 1400-50 AlexaniieriBSo Bot (>of (xju )x victor a vaile na<br />

vaunte sail arise. 14 . Sir Beues (S.) 3963 + 87 Kyng Vuor !<br />

swoor with grete vaunt Be hys god Tirmegaunt. 1500-10 i<br />

DusBAR Poems xiv. 41 Sic vant of wostouris with hairtis in<br />

smfull slaturis 1577 B. GooGE <strong>Here</strong>sbach's Husb. 1. (rj86) i<br />

4 For my part (without vaunt be it spoken,) I haue seruice<br />

euery day at certaine appointed houres. I59i5 Spinser F. Q. '<br />

(*) a 1533 Ld. Berners HuonXn. 177 Make no vaunt of<br />

ony th>-nge without thou canst do it in dede, for in euery<br />

thynee I wyll proue thee. 1548 Udall Erasm. Par. Luke<br />

5t Many make vauntes and crakes of hauing visions of<br />

Aungels, whiche they yet neuer sawe. 1687 MitcE Gt. Fr.<br />

Diet. II. S.V., I'o make a vaunt of a Thing, to boast of it.<br />

(c) 1586 G. Whitnev Embl. 228 Then, let him not make<br />

vaunt of his desert. i8at men wende<br />

ich were..Riche,..Bostynge and Braggynge wyth meny<br />

bolde ot>es, Auauntyng vp-on [llchester MS. Vtuntyng vp]<br />

my veine glorie for eny vndernymynge. ^1440 Promp.<br />

Parv. 508/1 Vaunton, or a.vaunton or booston, jacto,<br />

osteitto. 1515 Barclay Egloges iv. (i 570) C vj/i They laude<br />

VI. iv. 29 A great Gyant .Whom their verses,<br />

he did<br />

they boast,<br />

ouerthrow.<br />

they vaunt, they iel.<br />

..\nd in<br />

1570 Levins<br />

three baitailes did so deadly daunt, That<br />

Manip.<br />

he dare<br />

25 To vaunt, glorinri.<br />

not returne<br />

1579 Lvlv Euphues (Arb.)<br />

for all his daily vaunt. 1838 Prescott 198 But I will not vaunt, before the victorie.<br />

J^o-rf. '<br />

* /j. 11. i. (1846) 1603 J.<br />

1 1. 256 With all the vaunt and insolent port of a conqueror.<br />

tersonified. a 1510 IJouglas A'. Hart u. 523 To Vant and<br />

Voky 3e beir this rowm slef. I<br />

trans/. 155. T. Wilsos R)ut. (158J) 14 (Certain orators] 1<br />

would so muche saie as their witte would giue, not weighyng<br />

the state of the cause, but mindyng the vaunt of their braine. ;<br />

2. To make {one's or a) vaunt, to boast or brag. !<br />

Also const, o/' something. Now rare.<br />

\<br />

'<br />

(1) 1S30 Palsgr. 619/2 He made his vaunte that hewolde<br />

beate me. 1555 Eden Decades ( Arb.) 147 The christians .<br />

whom thou haste .. threated to drawe by the heare of their<br />

heades to the nexte ryuer, .. as thou haste often tymes made<br />

thy vaunte emonge thy naked slaues. 1573 G. Harvey<br />

Letter-bk (Camden) 5, [I] am an inch beneath him, as he \<br />

ons made his vaunt. I<br />

Davies<br />

(<strong>Here</strong>f.) Microcosmos Wks. (Grosart) I. 31/1 For Southward,<br />

men are cruell, moody, madd. Hot blacke, leane,<br />

leapers, lustfuU, vsd to vant. 1630 R. fohnson's Kingd. H<br />

Comnnv. 476 All this (as the drunkard will vaunt,) for the<br />

honour of. .the Prince. 1699 Temple Hist. Eng. 583 He<br />

talk'd little, never vaunted, ooserv'd much, was very secret.<br />

1700 Drvden Oviifs Met. xv. ^42 In lime be vaunts among<br />

his youthful Peers, Strongbon d, and strung with Nerves, in<br />

Eride of Years. 1791 Cowper Iliad x\. 462 Transported from<br />

is ambush forth he leap'd With a loud laugh, and, vaunting,<br />

thus exclaim'd: Oh shaft well shot ! it galls thee. 1803<br />

Eugenia de \csoh Nuns ofDesert 1. 145 Sometimes vowing<br />

nevcr.ceasing affection, then vaunting in bis power, threaten,<br />

ing revenge for her disdainful repulsion of ofh;rs. i8s6 .-Vndh.<br />

ScoTT Poems 97 He could vaunting tell, 'I'hat he wad face<br />

the ghaist.<br />

b. Const, ^(or \ on).<br />

«54*-77 VicARY Anat. (1888) i. 17 A cunning and skilful<br />

Chirurgion neede neuer vaunt of his dooings. 1584-7<br />

Greene Moraitdo Wks. (Grosart) III. 67 'They thinke no<br />

man so able to atchiue any enterprises as he, vanting of his<br />

victories. 1605 Camden Rem., Efigr. 12 The vaniiie of them<br />

which vaunt of their auncient nobility. 1634 W. Tirwhvt<br />

tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. I) 394 He. .blusheth not at Christian<br />

venues, nor vanteth of moral ones. 1663 Gerbier Counsel ^^<br />

The Hollanders.. Vant of iheir scarcity of iheeves. 1718 Pope<br />

Hind XIII. 82 <strong>Here</strong> Hector. .Vaunts of his gods, and calls<br />

high Jove his sire. 179J Boswell Johnson an. 1775, He<br />

did not vaunt of his new dignity, but I understood he was<br />

highly pleased with it. 180a Mrs. E. Parsons Myst. Visit<br />

IV._53 who, like the proud Pharisee, .. proudly vaunt on<br />

their own virtue.s. x8i8 Byron Juan 1. i. Of such as these I<br />

should not care to vaunt. i8ai Joanna Baillie Metr. Leg.,<br />

Wallace v, The meanest drudge will sometimes vaunt Of<br />

independent sires.<br />

O. With other preps.<br />

1549 CoVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. 2 Peter II. 19 They are<br />

rather filthe and spottes, who in their filthie glotonous<br />

bankettings vaunt against you, as though you were madde<br />

mcnne. 1591 Spenser Virg. Gnat 559 And all that vaunts<br />

in worldly vanitie Shall fall thtough fortunes mutabilitie.<br />

c 1600 Shaks. Sonn. xv. When I perceiue that men as plants<br />

increase, Cheared and checkt euen by the selfe.same skie<br />

Vaunt in their youthfull sap, at height decrease. 1605<br />

ij/ Part leroiiimo III. ii. (Stage direction), Andrea slain,<br />

and Prince Balthezer vanting on him. i6a8 Prynne Lcrvelockes<br />

40 Who vaunts, and Iriumphes, in the length and<br />

largenes.se of his IxKke. 1795 Southev Joan o/A re vil. 86<br />

So erst from earth Antxus vaunting in his giant bulk. When<br />

trraspt by force Herculean, down he fell Vanquish'd. 1805<br />

El'genia de Acton Nuns of Desert II. 254 She vaunted<br />

over the ' humble and meek .<br />

td. With it. k\%o spec, (see quot. 1611). Obs.<br />

1611 Florio, Chiestare,..lo vant it or vie it in gaming.<br />

1614 W. Browne Sheph. Pipe 1. i, Hearke, how yonder<br />

Thrustle chants it. And her mate as proudly vants it.<br />

2. With clause as object, usu. introduced hy that.<br />

5*3 I'D- Berners Froiss. I. ccccxxxviii. 311/2 He had<br />

before sayd and vaunted, howe & the kynge came to rejse<br />

the siege before Ipre, he wolde abyde & fight with hym. \<br />

VAUNT-COUKIEB.<br />

156a WINJET Wks. (S.T.S.) II. 37 Apollinaris in a manere<br />

crakLS and waintis that he consentis in deid to the vnilie of<br />

J„„ ";"l ^- »¥'3 S«*KS. 2 Hen. VI, ,. iii. 87 She vaunted<br />

mongst her Minions t'other day. The very trayne of her<br />

worst wearing Gowne, Was better worili then all mv<br />

bathers Lands. i6ot Holland Pliny I. 171 All others<br />

may vaunt verily, that they have vanquished men: but<br />

Sergius may boast, that he bath conquered. .Fortune her<br />

selfe. 1653 H. CoGAN tr. Pinto's Trav. viii. 25 Prester.<br />

^^^ '*'' Abissins vaunt<br />

'o '.., u*"?^^<br />

they are descended.<br />

1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania zjfinote. The emperor<br />

..vaunting that, with his good sword,, .he could cut a man<br />

111 twain. 1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Si. (1873) II. 1. i.<br />

Attila<br />

33<br />

vaunted that the grass never grew again after his<br />

horse s hoof.<br />

+ 3. re^. To boast, extol, glorify, or praise (oneself).<br />

Usu. const. /tfr, «/; or j«. Obs.<br />

a I4°^S° Alexander 2713 For vertu ne no victori ne vant<br />

l.oght (ji.selfe. a 1500 in Ratis Raving, etc. 81 Thai rus<br />

thaim nocht of done foly,. .Na wantiis thaim nocht of thar<br />

gud deid. 1614 WoTTON Arch. 55 Apelles (did excel] in<br />

Invention and Grace, whereof he doth himself most vaunt.<br />

i8as ScOTT Talism. iii. Thou shouldst know, ere thou<br />

v.nuntest thyself, that one steel glove can crush a whole handful<br />

of hornets. 1876 Swinburne Errchtkeus 1180 Who may<br />

vaunt him as we may in death though he die for the land »<br />

'''"'y^ 1576 Gascoigne Kenilworlh Castle Wks. 1910 II.<br />

119 The Countrey craves consent, your venues vaunt them,<br />

selfe. c 1590 Greene Fr. Bacon 111. i. Fore the morning<br />

sun Shall vaunt him thrice ouer the loftie east.<br />

t b. With infinitive or object clause. Also with<br />

pr ( =as), and double accusative. Obs.<br />

1513 Douglas /Eneid i. ix. 85 Full oft him .self extoll and<br />

vant he wald Of Troiane bluide to be descend of aid isSa<br />

W1N3F.T Wks. (S.T.S.) II. 27 Donatistis..quha craikis and<br />

wanetis thame be the auctorilie of that counsel to baptize<br />

agane. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iv. xxviii.<br />

146 b. Shooting.., whereoflbey do vaunt themseluestohaue<br />

been the first inuentors. l6as Bacon Ess., Friendship (Arb.)<br />

169 Pompey vaunted H imselfe for Sylla's Ouermatch. 1816<br />

Scott Bl. Dmar/x\\, Thou vauntest thyself a philosopher?<br />

t c. To bear (oneself proudly ) or vaingloriously.<br />

1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 236 The Church<br />

that yet vaunteth it selfe with two steeples. 1577 Test, of<br />

12 Patr. (1604) 52 Ve shall be swoln with wickedness in<br />

the priesthood,, .not only vaunting and boasting your selves<br />

against men, but also being puffed and swoln up with pride<br />

against the commandments of God. 1611 Bible i Cor. xiii.<br />

4 Charitie enuieth not : charitie vaunteth not it .selfe, is not<br />

puffed vp. i6«3 S. Patrick Parai. Pilgr. xi. (1687) 67<br />

Hath he not crowned himself with greater glory in notvaunting<br />

himself in those Trophies?<br />

+ 4. /ra/w. To proclaim or display proudly. Obs.<br />

1590 Spenser F. Q. 111. ii. 16 Tell me.. What shape, wh.-it<br />

shield,. .And what so else his person most may vaunt?<br />

159a Kyd Sp. Trag. i. 11. 27 There met our armies in their<br />

proud aray : Both furnisht well, both full of hope and feare,<br />

. . Both vaunting sundry colours of deuice.<br />

6. To boast of (something) ; to commend or<br />

praise in a vainglorious manner.<br />

11591 Greene Alphonsus n. i, And then I meane 10<br />

vaunt our victorie. C1696 Prior Partial Fame 7 He<br />

vaunts His Conquest, She conceals Her Shame. 1718 Free-<br />

. thinker No. 65. 68 A Keeper of Bears may as well vaunt<br />

his Policy, as a Ruler of Slaves. 1761-71 H. Walpole<br />

Vertiie'sAnecd. Paint. ( 786) I. Pref. 1 1 1 This country, which<br />

does not always err in vaunting its own productions. i8ai<br />

^cxtTt Kenitw. xxxvii, He really felt the ascendency which<br />

he vaunted. 1850 Merivai.e Rom. Rcf. viii. (1865) I. 226<br />

The Roman matron was taught indeed to vaunt her ignorance<br />

as a virtue. 1878 Emerson IMisc. Papers, Sov. Ethics<br />

Wks. (Bohn) III. 372 In ignorant ages it was common to<br />

vaunt the human superiority by underrating the instinct<br />

of other animals.<br />

t b. To Utter boastingly. Obs.-'^<br />

'633 P- Fletcher Poet. Misc. 87 'Ihey cut my heart, they<br />

vant that bitter word, Where is thy trust? where is thy<br />

hope?<br />

t Vaunt, int. Obs. rare. [Aphetic form of<br />

AvAUNT int., etc.] Avaunt, away, be off !<br />

1598 Mucedorus Induct. 13 Vaunt, churlish curre, . . Blush,<br />

monster, blush, and post away with shame. 1608 H. Clap-<br />

ham Errour Right Hand 50 Then, vaunt Dogge I damn'd<br />

of thine owne conscience.<br />

Vaunt-, /)r/ir, an AF. variant of Vant-. (For<br />

examples see Vaunt-chase, -coukier, etc.)<br />

Vauntage. rare-^. [f. Vaunt ji^.l] Boasting,<br />

vaunting.<br />

1818M1LMAN Samor in. 374 Frisian and Scandinavian,<br />

Cimbrian rich In ancient vauntage of his sires, who clomb<br />

The Alpine snows, and shook free Rome with dread,<br />

Vauntbrace, -bras(8e, varr. and obs. forms of<br />

Vantbrace.<br />

t Vaunt-chase. Obs. rare. [prob. ad. AF.<br />

*vauntchcue : see Vaunt-.] = Vanchase. (.See<br />

also quot. 1688.)<br />

1576 TuRBERV. Ventrie 113' There he goeth, thats he, . . 10<br />

him, to him,' naming the hound that goth away with the<br />

vautchace(xit:]and hallowing the rest vnto him. 1688 Holme<br />

Armoury in. 189/1 Vaunt.chase is the Hound that leadetb<br />

the rest in the Chase.<br />

Vaunt-COUrier(vg-nt-, vantikOsiriaj). Forms;<br />

a. 6 vantcorrour, -currour, -ouror, 6-8 -ourror,<br />

7 -curreur, -otirrer ; 6 vauntcurrour, 7 -curror,<br />

6-7 vauntcurrer. /3. 6 vaunte-, 6-7 vauntourrier,<br />

7 -currier, 6-7 vantourrier, 7 -ourier.<br />

7. 7 vantcourier, vauntoourrier, 7, 9 vauntcourier.<br />

8. 7 vauntoourer, vantoourrer. t.<br />

erron. 7 vaunt carrier, [ad. F. avant-coureur<br />

AvANT-coURiER,with assimilation to formsin Vant-,<br />

Vaunt-, and to Coueieb. Cf. Van-coukier.]<br />

+ 1. One of the advance-guard of an .iriny or body<br />

9-a


VAUNT-CUKBYING.<br />

of troops ; a soUlier or horseman sent out in advance<br />

of the main body. Usually in pi. Obs,<br />

A. 1560 Daus ir. SUidame^s Comm. 433 b, He by his<br />

vaunioiiTers levied as muche power as he possible migbte.<br />

1569 Stocker Ir. Du^d. Sic. II. X. 55 The vauntcurrers of<br />

eche side gaue intelligence of the approch of one an other.<br />

15^ R. HiCHCOCK QmiMifss. U it 68 b, In the spyes, in the<br />

guides, in the vantcorrours, in the principal! officers. x6oi<br />

R. Johnson Kingd, 4- Comhiw. 184 Vpon the head of the<br />

batiell ranged aoo thousande horsemen in small troupes,<br />

like our vantcunrcrs. 1614 Raleigh Hist. H'arU in. x. II.<br />

1 14 On the sodajne one of their Vaunt-currors brought newes<br />

of the King's apprxxA. 1650 R, Stapvlton Strata's Low<br />

C. lyars IX. 50 Some Vantcuners advancing a little before<br />

the Army.<br />

18. 1579-80 North Plutarch, Puhticolx (1895) I. 275 Lucretins.<br />

.was appointed to make head against the vauntctirriers<br />

of the Sabynes, 1600 Dymmok Irelaiid (1843) 31<br />

The rebel .<br />

.deliveringe some few shott out of the woods and<br />

ditches upon our vaunt-curriers, a 1644 Kvnastom Leoline<br />

4- Sydanis 1265 How as the swift vant-curriers rode about<br />

As sentinel! perdue, a 1670 Hacket -4^. Williams i. (1692)<br />

190 Unless ihe leader look about him in his march and<br />

search ever>- hedge by vant-curriers.<br />

Y. 1609 Dekker Gulfs Hom'.k. Wks. (Grosart) II. 219<br />

Thou dost not only send out the lively spirits, like vauntcouriers,<br />

to fortify and make good the uttermost borders of<br />

thy body.<br />

fi. 1604 R. Cawdrev Table. Alpk.^ Vauntcourers^ forerunners.<br />

1614 Raixich Hist. World v. iii. II. 449 The<br />

Carthaginian Horse, and light Armature, fell vpon the<br />

Roman Vant-courrers.<br />

€. 1677 W. Hubbard Narrative 7^ A party of Indians.<br />

fired upon the front and mortally wounded two of the vaunt<br />

Carriers.<br />

2. transf. One who goes or is sent out in advance<br />

in order to prepare the way or to announce<br />

the approach of another ; a forerunner.<br />

a. 1361 Baus tr. Bullingcr on Apoc. (1573) 177 And this<br />

latter so impugned the supremacie of the Patriarch of Constantinople,<br />

that he sticked not to call hym the vauntcurrour<br />

of Antichrist. 1567 Y>vlk^t Horace^ Ep. iii. cv, And<br />

those that wil vauntcurrers be Not I wil draw theim backe.<br />

1607 Dekker Northward Hoe w.^iV?^ 1873IH.29 He send<br />

my vant-currer presently. 1709 Strvpe Ann. Re/. 1. 11. xliv.<br />

479 All such as had been vantcurrors in private colleges to<br />

enter into this apostasy.<br />

p, >. 1603 Harsnet Pop. Impost. 12 The harbinger, the<br />

host, the Steward, the Vauntcourrier. 1606 Dekker AVa'j<br />

from Hell Wks. (Grosart) II. 137 To all which questions the<br />

vant curier answers briefly. x886R. F. Bwaoii Arab. Nts.<br />

(abr. ed.) I. 4 He despatched vaunt-couriers and messengers<br />

of glad tidings.<br />

b. Of things.<br />

1598 Barkclev Felic. Man v. (1603) 472 The crying and<br />

lamenting of a childe when bee first entereth into this world,<br />

doth seeme to presage his painefuU life, as a vauntcurrer of<br />

his miseries to come. 1605 Shaks. Lear 111. iL 5 You Sutph'rous<br />

and Thought-executing Fires, Vaunt-curriors to<br />

Oake-cleauing Thunder-bolLs. 1639 Chapman & Shirley<br />

Chabot in. ii, I will relate toyour honours his most cruel exactions<br />

upon the subject—the old vantcouriers of rebellions.<br />

x8ji Milman Fall yerusalem 39 And gloom of deepest midnight<br />

the vaunt-courier Of your dread presence. 1849 Longf.<br />

Karana^h xix, These were the vaunt-couriers and attendants<br />

of the hot August.<br />

+ Vaunt-currying, a, Oh.~^ [? f. vaunicurrier<br />

Vaunt-coubibk. Cf. Cobby v.'^I (Meaning<br />

not clear.)<br />

x6o6 Sir G. Goosecappe 1. iii. in Bullen Old Plays (1884)<br />

III, Wili. How will they digest it thinkest thou, when they<br />

shall finde our Ladies not there? la. I haue a vaunt-<br />

Curriing deuise shall make them digest it most healthfully.<br />

Vau"nted,///. fl. Also 7 vanted. [f. Vaunt<br />

z?.] Boasted or bragged of; highly extolled.<br />

1635 A. Stafford Fern. Glory (1869) 123 Whose meanest<br />

Perfection so farre excels all your so long vanted masculine<br />

merits. 1667 Milton P. L. iii. 251 My Vanquisher, spoild<br />

of his vanted spoile. 1789 Mrs, Piozzi Joum. France II.<br />

42, I have seen the vaunted present of porcelain. 1815<br />

Scott Taltsm. xiii, Our cousin Edith must first learn how<br />

this vaunted wight hath conducted himself. 1838 Prkscott<br />

Ferd.ff Is. (1846) II. I. xvii. 124 Their vaunted purity of<br />

blood. 1893 Pember EarilCs Earliest Ages 67 How.. all<br />

our vaunted wisdom in this life is said to be at best but a<br />

knowledge in part.<br />

Vauntegarde, variant of Vantguabd Obs.<br />

Vaunter (v§nt3j). Now arch. Forms : 5-6<br />

vantour, 6 vauntour ; 6 -SV. vantar ; 6-7 vanter,<br />

7- vaunter. [ad. OF. vantere^ vanteor^KP. vanleour)^<br />

vanteur (F. vantenr\ f. vanter Vaunt v.<br />

Cf. Prov. vaniaire, -ador. It. vantatore^ A boaster<br />

or braggart.<br />

1456 Sir G. Havf, Law Arms (S.T.S.) 30 Thai ar..grete<br />

vantouris of litill foredede. 1484 Caxton Chivalry 65 By<br />

surete ben mesprysed many cowardes, vauntours, and many<br />

vaync semblaunces. >5as Ld. Berners Froiss. II. xxxiv.<br />

104 These frenchmen ar great vantours and hyghe mynded.<br />

'SMTvne in CaM. Tract. (S.T.S.) 29 Tratours,..vantars,<br />

luflars of thame selues mair than of God. 1588SHAKS. Tit.<br />

A. V. iii. 113 Alas you know, I am no Vaunter I. a 1610<br />

Healey Theophrastus (1636) 79 A vanter or forth-putter is<br />

he, that boastes upon the Exchange, that he hath store of<br />

bankemony. 1640 Gent A'worrmSr. n. i. Eb, I fit prove not<br />

correspondent' to my word, thinke me an idle vanter. 17x6<br />

Pope fliadv. 347 Mistaken vaunter ! (Diomed replied ;) Thy<br />

dart has err'd, and now my spear be tried. 1718 Hearne<br />

Collect, (O.H.S.) VI. 125 A very pert, conceited Person, full of<br />

himself, and a mere Vaunter. i83i'1rri.awnv^(/z;. Younger<br />

Son HI. 222 De Ruyter's curled lip indicated his contempt of<br />

the vaunter. 1848 Lyttom Harold vii, iii, Now thou shall<br />

see if the Norman is the vaunter thou deemest him. 1888<br />

Doughty Arabia Deseria II. 146 Such is the unmasking of<br />

vaunters, who utter their wishes, as if they were already<br />

performances.<br />

68<br />

trans/ X599 Shaks. Hen. V, 11. iii. 4 Nim, rowse thy<br />

vaunting Veines :<br />

Boy, brissle thy Courage vp.<br />

VAUNTSQUARE.<br />

b. A boastful assertor, extoUer, commcnder or 2. Of a boastful nature or character; indicative<br />

praiser, ^something.<br />

1553 T. Wilson Rhet.^s b, By vocation of life a souldiour<br />

is counted a great bragger.and a vaunter of hyniselfe. 1623<br />

CocKERAM II, A Vaunter of his owne vertues, aretalogon,<br />

1700 Drvden Horner^ Iliad i. 336 Tongue-valiant Hero,<br />

Vaunter of thy Might. 1789 Mrs. Piozzi "jfourn. France I.<br />

222 They are really no puffers, no vaunters of that which<br />

they possess. 1856 Mrs. Browning Aurora Leigh vii. 1079<br />

The large-mouthed frogs (Those noisy vaunte;s of their<br />

shallow streams). 1866 Fortn, Rev. V, 540 The proud<br />

vaunter of universal knowledge had been transformed into<br />

the humble student of the Bible.<br />

Vau'ntery. Now Obs^ or arch. Also 5, 7<br />

vaunterye, o -erie, 7 vanterie, 7-8 -ery. [a.<br />

OF. (also mod.F.) vanterie, f. vanter to vaunt (cf<br />

Avauntby), or in later use f. Vaunt v. -^--eby,]<br />

1. Vaunting, boasting ; boastful or vainglorious<br />

of, proceeding from, boasting or vainglory.<br />

1647 Hexham i. s.v., Vaunting and bragging wordes.<br />

1748 Anson^s Voy. 11. xi. 252 The vaunting accounts given<br />

by the Spaniards of lier size, her guns, and her strength.<br />

1770 Langhorne Plutarch's Lives (1879) 1. 134/1 The<br />

vaunting siiouts and songs of the barbarians. 1802 Med.<br />

Jrnl. VIII. 66 Does not Pyrrho likewise speak in a<br />

bearing or show.<br />

1491 Caxton Vitas Pair. (W. de W. 1495) 11. 272 b/i She<br />

was not so indyscrete for tenhaunce her self by ouer moche<br />

vaunterye. 1592 Couspiracle/or Pretended Reform. 5 [He]<br />

held it vp triumphantly, and shewed it with great vaunterie<br />

and glone. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 303 This vanterie<br />

and glorious boasting of a mans selfe. 1636 in 4M Rep.<br />

Hist. MSS. Commiss. 391/1 In Wentworth's Declaration<br />

..there was much smoke of the vanterie of his own service.<br />

1755 T. H. Croker Orl. Fur.xxxm. Ixxi, They gave themselves<br />

too lofty vantery. That France no knight or Paladin<br />

could shew To stand before the weakest of them three.<br />

1814 SoUTHEY Roderick xxii. 23 She had led The infatuate<br />

Moor, in dangerous vauntery, To these aspiring forms, l^'d.<br />

XXV. 308 The same [horse] on whom The apostate Orpas in<br />

his vauntery Wont to parade the streets of Cordoba.<br />

1 2. A boast, a vaunt. Obs,<br />

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 476 They stood much upon<br />

promises of future prowesse or vanteries of present valour.<br />

1605 Daniel Queen's Arcadia i. iii, That Touch Of deep<br />

Dislike of both their Vaunteries. x6a6 T. H[awkins] tr.<br />

Caussin's Holy Court 432 She shewed to take not much<br />

pleasure in these his vaunteryes.<br />

Vau'ntful, «. and adv. Now ajxh. [f. Vaunt<br />

sb.^ + -FUL.] Boastful.<br />

i5j>o Spenser Muiopot. 54 Vong Clarion with vauntfull<br />

lustie bed After his guize did cast abroad to fare, x6o8<br />

Sylvester Du Bartas \\. iv. Decay 552 Rabsakeh..Thus<br />

braves the Hebrews and upbraids their Prince (Weening,<br />

them all with vaunt-full threats to snib). 1838 Tait's Mag.<br />

V. 707 The English King forthwith entrusted to the vauntful<br />

captain his two sons. 1850 Blacxie ^schylus II. 180<br />

H is lightnings and his thunders Recking no more— so speaks<br />

the vauntful tongue—Than vulgar noonday heat. 2890<br />

Blackzv. Mag. CXLVIII. 513 Invincible men call her [/.*'.<br />

the Armada] :. .Well won that vauntful title by the dread,<br />

That all around is by her coming spread.<br />

b. As ctdv. Boastfully, rare"^.<br />

a 1814 A. Becket Genii i. in New Brit. Theatre I. 490<br />

Albeit the agent only Of him who bears it [a name] vaunifuf,<br />

man's prime enemy.<br />

Vauntgard(e, -guard, varr. Vantguabd Obs.<br />

VaU'ntineSS. rare. [f. Vaunty a.] Boastfulness.<br />

1820 in JoDRELL (citing Bailey, app. in error: see Vauntingness).<br />

1851 Spurgeon Ti-eas. David \\. 2 Peaceful and<br />

joyful notwithstanding the proud and boastful vauiitiness of<br />

his enemies.<br />

VaU'ntinff, vbh sb. Now arch, [f. Vaunt v^<br />

The action ofthe vb. ; boasting, bragging.<br />

c 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 1145 Honours nuryshes, als men<br />

may se, Vayn glory, vauntyng and vanite. 1586 Day Eti^.<br />

Secretary n. (1625) 51, I could alwaies find an Asse by his<br />

braying, and scorne a rascall though he were neuer so full<br />

of vaunting. x6oi Shaks. Jul. C. iv. iii. 52 You say, you<br />

are a better Souldier : Let it appeare so; make your vaunting<br />

true. i6xi Bible IVisdom xvii. 7 As for the illusions of<br />

arte Magicke, they were put downe, and their vaunting in<br />

wisedome was reprooued with disgrace. i8>6 Scott IVoodst.<br />

vii, Be moderate in speech, and forbear oaths or vaunting,<br />

1849 Macaulav Hist. Eftg. iii. I. 349 To our generation the<br />

honest vaunting of our ancestors must appear almost ludicrous.<br />

1864 Burton Scot Abroad I. iii. 112 The Earl of<br />

Flanders.. having, in his vain vaunting, defeated so important<br />

a project.<br />

attrtb. £^1586 C'tess Pembroke Ps, lxiv. v. The hartes<br />

uprightly playn Shall have their vaunting scope.<br />

b. An instance of this ; a boast.<br />

X793 Ld, Auckland Corr. (1862) 111. 27 His vauntings<br />

increase with his disgraces, a z8oo Cowper IHad {fid. 2) xxi.<br />

550 Let me never in my father's courts Such vauntings hear<br />

of thine again. 1838 Dickens Lett. (1880) I. 8 We had many<br />

delightful vauntings of the same kind. 1877 Smithes<br />

Diet. Chr. Biog, I. 133/2 The hypocritical vauntings of<br />

Clytemnestra.<br />

Vau'nting, ppl a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.]<br />

1. That vaunts or boasts ; given or addicted to<br />

boasting.<br />

1589 Nashe Aiiat. Absurdiiie Wks. (Grosart) I. 51 No<br />

matter though such vanting vpstarts., become the scofTe of<br />

a Scholler. 1596 Shaks. i Hetu /K, v. iii. 43 Many a Nobleman<br />

lies starice and stiffe Vnder the hooues of vaunting<br />

enemies. z6oz Holland Pliuy II. 231, I my selfe have<br />

seen these vaunting Mountebanks calling themselves Psylli.<br />

1633 Sherwood, A vaunting woman, ostentatrice. X714<br />

Gay Sheph. Week i. 39 Begin thy carols, then, thou vaunt,<br />

itig slouch. 1730 Bailey (fob), Braggard, a bragging,<br />

vaunting, vain glorious fellow. X8.X9 Scott Ivanhoe xxxix,<br />

AVouId to God, Richard, or any of his vaunting minions of<br />

England, would appear in these lists ! 1853 Lynch Selfhuprov.<br />

ii. 45 An empty, vaunting person who has brass<br />

enough to face the world and to say there is no God in it.<br />

1884 Marshall's Tennis Cuts 195 In the evenings he was<br />

vaunting, boastful, and declared he could play even Renshaw<br />

at evens.<br />

' vaunting<br />

manner' on several occasions? 1855 Macaulay ///j/.<br />

Eng. xxi, IV. 583 Over one gate had been placed a vaunting<br />

inscription which defied the allies to wrench the piize<br />

from the grasp of France. 1897 Sarah Tytler Lady Jean's<br />

Son 205 Rejoicing over him in a vaunting and insolent<br />

manner,<br />

VaU'ntiugly, odv, [f. prec] In a vaunting<br />

manner ; boastfully, ostentatiously, vaingloriously.<br />

X593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 16 Let me speake truely and<br />

not vauntingly. 15^3 Shaks. Rich. II, iv. i. 36, I heard<br />

thee say (and vauntingly thou spak'st it) Tiiat thou wer't<br />

cause of Noble Glousters death. 1611 Cotcr.. Piaffeusement^<br />

braggingly,. .siroutingly, vauntingly. 1636 Prynne<br />

Unbish. /"/?«. Ded. (1661) i Whether seriously or vauntingly<br />

only, let the event determine. 1689 1". Plunkkt Char.<br />

Good Commander, etc. 6 Who threatned vauntingly That<br />

be.. would England Invade. 1798 Ellis in And- Jacobin<br />

1 Jan. (1852)28 And dare you vauntingly decide, 'I'he fortune<br />

we shall meet. 1804 Eugenia de Acton 7'ale without Title<br />

II. 100 Should the scrutiny proclaim your innocence, receive<br />

not vauntingly the clearing verdict. 1836 W. Ihxikg Astoria<br />

1. 91 Upon which Mr. M'Dougal would vauntingly lay down<br />

M r, Asior's letter, . . a document not to be disputed.<br />

t Vau'ntingness. Obs.'~^ [f. Vaunting vbL<br />

sb.'\ Boastfuliiess.<br />

17J7 Bailey (voL II), Ostentatiouiuess^ vauntingness,<br />

bragging, shewiness.<br />

+ Vauntise. Obs."^ [ad. OF.2'i:«//j^vaimting,<br />

vanity, pritle : see -ISE 2.] A vaunt or boast.<br />

c 1477 Caxton JasonA\^\-^ 22 Moche was lason desplaysaunt<br />

whan he had vnderstande the vauntises of bis mortall<br />

ennemy.<br />

Vauntlay. Now a^r^. Alsog (9)vauiitelay.<br />

[f. Vaunt- + -lay as in Relay sb. The compound<br />

may have existed in AF. Cf. Vanlay f.] The<br />

releasing or setting on of a relay of hounds before<br />

the other pursuing hounds have passed ; the relay<br />

of hounds so released,<br />

X486 Bk. St. A Ibans E viij b, Even at his comyng yf thow<br />

lett thy howndys goo While the oder that be behynde fer<br />

am hym froo That is a vauntelay. 16x6 Bullokar Eng.<br />

Expos.^ Vauntlay, a terme of hunting, when they sette<br />

hounds in readynes, where they thinke a chace will passe,<br />

and cast them off before the rest of the kennell come in.<br />

[Hence in Blount (1656), Phillips, Holme, etc.] 01700<br />

_B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Vauntlay, Hounds or Beagles set<br />

in readiness [etc.], 184a Sir H. Tavlok Ed2tnn the Fair 1.<br />

vi, She holds them all together ; Relay or vauntlay 'tis the<br />

same to her.<br />

t Vauntmure. Obs. Also 6 vauntemure,<br />

vauntmire, vautmure. [Aphetic form of Avantmure<br />

: see Vant-, Vaunt-.] = Vaumure.<br />

'S^Sa J. Shute tr. CambinVs Turk. Wars 16 b, Throughe<br />

their lonp..neglygence of the Greekes for want of reparation,<br />

their vauntemures were utterlye decaied in many<br />

places. 1583 Stocker Civ. Warres Lowe C. in, 135 b,<br />

There fell downe a pane of the wall, and vauntmire of the<br />

Towne..sixe and twentie Poles longe. 1596 Danett tr.<br />

Comines (1614) 231 Wherewith the wals, towers, and vant*<br />

mures of the castell and towne were throughly battered.<br />

1605 Camden Rem. (1 623) 206 He with another engine named<br />

the Warwolfe pierced with one stone, and cut as even as a<br />

thread, two Vauntmures.<br />

+ Vauntparler. Cbs. Also vaunt(e)perler,<br />

vauntperlor, -parler, vantperlor, -parlar. [ad.<br />

AF. vaunt-parlour, obs, F, avantparleur * forespeaker<br />

'.]<br />

1. ' One that is too forward to speak ' (Cotgr.),<br />

a 15x9 Skf.lton Sp. Parrot 427 He tryhumfythe, he<br />

trumpythe, he lurnythe all vp and downe. With, skyregalyard,<br />

prowde palyard, vaunteperler, ye prate ! a 1548<br />

Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 36 Then sodainly was ther in y«<br />

counsaill, a vauntparler, a botcher which heryng this, called<br />

a great number of his athnitie and went out ofthe counsayll.<br />

1577 Holinshed Chron. I. 408/1 This Prince .. followed<br />

vpon a wilful I pretence., the councell and aduice of vaunt.<br />

perlors, and suche as (being aduanced from base degree<br />

vnto hygh authorities studyed more to keepe tbem-selues in<br />

fauoure than [etc.}.<br />

2. One who speaks for or on behalf of others; a<br />

spokesman.<br />

1534 .St. Papers, Hen. Vlll (1830) \, 424 It shuld be best<br />

bestowed.. upon Frire Whiiford, and upon Lache, whiche<br />

bee the vauntperlers, and heddes of ihair faction. 1579<br />

Fulke Heskins's Pari. 66 He doeth honestly confesse, that<br />

. .Damascen [was] the first and chiefest of the lower house,<br />

he may make him Vantparlar if he will. 1586 J. Hooker<br />

Hist. Irel. in Holinshed II. 120/1 Their vantparler was sir<br />

Christopher Barnwell knight, who being somewhat learned,<br />

his credit was so much the more, and by them thought most<br />

..worthie to haue beene the speaker for that house.<br />

fVauntpe. Obs.-** [ad, older F. vantpii^ =<br />

Vamp ji^.i i.<br />

1530 Palsgr. 284/1 Vauntpeof a hose, uantpie.<br />

tVauntplate. Obs.'~^ [f. Vaunt- + Plate j^.]<br />

«= Vamplate.<br />

1631 J. Havward tr. BiondVs Eromena 145 He bore him<br />

a thrust under the vauntplate.<br />

t Vauntsquare, v. Obs.'^ [f. Vaunt- +<br />

Square z^.] intr. To face or front squarely.<br />

1563 Phaek ^neid ix. Aaij, Messapus voward helde, the<br />

rerward kept yong princes twayne Of Tirrhus, but himself<br />

king Turnus midst in battaile mayne, Vauntsquaring spreds<br />

his armes.


VAUNTY.<br />

Vauntward(e, variants of Vantward Obs,<br />

Vau'llty,<br />

pular legend that an expert Vauxhall<br />

waiter could cover the entire garden (about eleven acres)<br />

with slices from one ham. ,<br />

Hence Taaxha-llian rz., Vanxlia'lllfy v. trans.<br />

iStj SoUTHRY Lett. (1856) II. 429 There is an illumination<br />

to-night in the Allee Vert, or Green Walk, which is to be<br />

Vauxhallified in honour of the Emperor. 1837 Westm. Rer.<br />

VI U. 353 <strong>Here</strong> follows a description of a very gay festival,<br />

much more VauxhalUan than Attic,<br />

Vav (vsev), variant of Vau. Vav conversive<br />

see Conversive a.i 2 b.<br />

i8j8 Gibbs Cesenius* Hebr. Lex. (1833) 54/1 A prefix..<br />

usually called Vav conversive of the future. 1869 Liddell<br />

& Scott Cr. Lex. s.v. iiyoMfia, But the Lat. F. holds the<br />

same place in the alph[abet] with the Hebr. vav. 1870<br />

J. F. Smith Ewal(CsIntrod. Hebr. Gram. 229 Iheii the calm<br />

regular narration may come In with the Vav of sequence.<br />

Vavasory. Also 7 valuasserie, 9 vavassory.<br />

[ad. OF. vavas' s^orie^ va'^uvasserie, or med.L.<br />

vavasoria^i. vavasor \ see next.] An estate held<br />

by a vav.Tsour.<br />

161 X CoTGR., V'avassoriey a Valuasserie; th'estate, land, or<br />

lerritorie of a Vavassor, Mesne Lord. 1656 Harrington<br />

Oceana (1700) 65 The Middle.Thane. .was also call'd a<br />

Vavasor, and his Lands a Vavasory. Ibid. 67 It cannot be<br />

imagin'd, that the Vavasorys or Freeholds in the People<br />

amounted to any considerable proportion, i7»8 Chambers<br />

Cycl. S.V., I'herc are base Vavasories, .and frank, or noble<br />

Vavasories.according as it hath pleas'd the Lord to make his<br />

Vavasour. 1839 Stonf.house Isle o/Axholme 124 He was<br />

enfeoffed with the vavasories of Camvilte and Wyville. a 1861<br />

SirF. VkiXi9^K\^ Norm.9f Eng. lU. 405lt is not practicable<br />

to ascertain the others who received their rewards by Vava->sortes<br />

or Sul>tenancits,<br />

69<br />

Vavasour (v3e-vasQ»i), Now arch, and Hist.<br />

Forms :<br />

a. 4 vauasour(e, 4, 7- vavasour (4<br />

-cure), 5 favasour, Sc. wawasour, vauesowre,<br />

7 vavesour; 5 vavyssoure, vauyssour, 7 vauessour,<br />

vauassour, 9 vavassour. &, 5 vauaser,<br />

7, 9 vavasor, vavasaor. 7. 6-7 valuasor, 6-8<br />

-vasor, 7-8 valvasour, 9 valvassor. [a. OK.<br />

vavas{s)ourj vavas{s)orj vavasseur (so mod.F.), or<br />

med.L. vavassor^ valvassor, also vasvassor^ app. f,<br />

vassi vassorum * vassals of vassals *. Cf. OProv.<br />

vaiJjVdsory It. varvassore, -oro, barbassore^ •oro.'] A<br />

feudal tenant ranking immediately below a baron.<br />

a. 13.. A'. Alis. 3300 (Laud MS.), Noot ich no tale of his<br />

squyers, Ne of vavasours, ne of Bachilers. c 1330 R. Brunnk<br />

Chron. l^'ace (Rolls) 10996 He gaf gifies of honurs, & landes<br />

& rentes, to vauasours. 61380 S/r Ftrumb. 430 Litel<br />

§rowesse for me it were wit> a vauasour for to meile. 1456<br />

iR G. Have Bk. Knthood. iii. (S.T.S.) 21 All kingis suld<br />

have under thame dukkis and princis, ErlHs and vicountes,<br />

and vauvassouris and barouns. a 1500 Lancelot ijQg Syne<br />

to thi tennandis & to thi wawasouris, If [ = give] essy haknays,<br />

palfrais, and cursouris. 1614 Seldkn Titles Honour<br />

II. v. § 4 Now for the nature of a vavasour;, .it is plain that<br />

he was ever beneath a baron. 1647 N. Bacon Disc, Govt,<br />

Eng. I. xxxi. (1^39) 47 Others served on horseback, and were<br />

called Rad- Knights, . . and these I take to be the Vavasour^<br />

noted in the Conqueror's Laws. 1660 Sheringham King's<br />

Supremacy Asserted {\(i%i) v. 32 There are other great men<br />

under the King which are called Barons, and other which<br />

arecalled Vavasours, men of great dignity. 1756 Connoisseur<br />

No. 102 Pi Upon my accession, .to my elder brother's<br />

estate and title of a Baronet I received a visit from Rouge<br />

Dragon . . to congratulate me upon my new rank of a Vavasour.<br />

iTfieBLACKSTONECff/ww/. IL65 William the conqueror<br />

. .directing., that a certain quantity., should be paid by the<br />

earls, barons, and vavasours respectively. 1831 Scott Cast.<br />

Dang, vii, One or two Scottish retainers or vavasours, .sat<br />

at the bottom of the table. 1848 Lvttom Harold 111. ii, The<br />

..ignominious flight of the counts and vavasours of great<br />

William the Duke. 187S Stubbs Const. Hist. II. xv. 207<br />

It was ordered that the sheriff should be a vavasour of the<br />

County,<br />

^. c 1386 Chauckh Prologue 360 A schirreue hadde he<br />

ben and a counter, Was nowher such a worthi vauaser.<br />

1605 Camden Rem., Surnames (1623) no Baron, Knight,..<br />

Vavasor, Squire, Castellan. 164a Bird Mag, Honour 8<br />

There be others which are called Vavasors,.. men of great<br />

dignity. 1656 Harrington Oceana 35 The Middle-Thane<br />

be was also call'd a Vavasor.<br />

was feudall, but not honorary ;<br />

18x8 Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) I. 194 The vassals of this<br />

high nobility, who., were usually termed Vavassors. 1875<br />

K. E. DiGBV Real Prop. (1876) 41 note. Similar provisions<br />

follow as to the relief to be paid by barons, vavassors, and<br />

villeins.<br />

y, 1577 Habrison England w. v. (1877) i. 113 As for the<br />

valvasors, it was a denomination applied unto all degrees of<br />

honor under the first three. x6io Holland Camden's Brit.<br />

696 The Kings Valvasors in times past they were. 1614<br />

Selden Titles Hon. 289 For a Coroilarie to this Discourse<br />

of Barons, we add.. the ancient title of Vauassours or<br />

Valuasors. 1708 J. Chamberlavne St. Gt. Brit. 1. 111. iv.<br />

(1710) i8d Baronets, .arc constituted in the Room of the<br />

Ancient Valvasours, between the Barons of England, and the<br />

Orders of Knights. 1765 BlacksTdne Comm. I. 403 The first<br />

name of dignity, next beneath a peer, was antiently that of<br />

vidames, vice domini^ or valvasors. 1840 Browning Sordello<br />

1. 768 Lord, liegeman, valvassor and suzerain, Ere he could<br />

choose, surrounded him. 1854 Milman Lat. Chr. III. 57<br />

Heribert refused to admit the valvassors of the Church of<br />

Milan to this privilege.<br />

Vavengeour (obs. Sc.) : see Wavkngeb.<br />

t Vaver, obs. southern variant of Favour j^.<br />

1536 Co/. Anc. Rec. Dublin (1889) 499 That he mythe the<br />

rather bye youre grases mene obtaync the kyng his vaverys.<br />

Vavte, obs. form of Vault sby<br />

Vaward. Obs. exc. arch. Forms : a, 4vaward<br />

(6 va-ward), 5-6 vawarde. 0. Sc, 5<br />

waward(e, waywarde, 5-6 wawart. 7. 5 vau-<br />

5-6 vawe-, 6<br />

warde, fauward, 6-7 vauward ;<br />

vawwarde, 6, 8 vawward. fi. 5 wowarde, 5-6<br />

vowarde, 6-7 voward. [Reduced form oivattui'<br />

ward Vamwabu. See VANT-/r^j:.]<br />

1. Mil. « Vanguaed I.<br />

a. 137^ Bakbour Bruce viii. 48 Thai saw in battale cum<br />

arayit Ihe vaward with baner displayit. a 1400-50 Alexander<br />

3617 pe men out of Medy he mas. .To enverom alle<br />

J>e vaward of all )>e vile yndes. c 1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.)<br />

3554 Abel, Jiis son bold and hard, Bare the baner in the<br />

vaward. c\^^x Arriv. A'. Ediv. It'' (Camden) 29 His<br />

vawarde so sore oppressyd them, with shott of arrows, that<br />

they gave them rignt-a-sharpe shwre. a 1548 Hall Chron.,<br />

Hen. V, 48 Beside this, he appoincted a vawarde, of the<br />

which he made capitayne Edward duke of Yorke. 1579<br />

piGGES Stratiot. 132 To give their attendance at the lodging<br />

of their Chiefes of the .Armie, whether it be of the<br />

Battaile, or Vawarde. 1610 Holland Camden^s Brit. 11.<br />

178 The English were the first that entered with great<br />

vigour upon the front and vaward. 1640 Habington<br />

Edw. /y, 81 The Vaward commanded by the Duke of<br />

Glocester, the Rere by the Lord Hastings. (1706 Phillips<br />

(ed. Kersey), Vaward, an obsolete Word for Van-Guard.)<br />

iBaS Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) I. 116 He intrusted the<br />

command of the vaward, or centre, to the Earl of Moray.<br />

1846 ToRRENS Rem. Milit. Hist. 148 The disposition of<br />

troops seems. .to have been a vaward, or advance, a centre,<br />

and rear.<br />

&• 1375 Barbour Bruce xii. 340 And thai haf tald thair<br />

reboyttng, Thai of the waward, c 14*5 Wyntoun Cron. vi.<br />

xix. 2261 He askyt at )k kynge Til haf {'e wawarde \.v.r.<br />

wawart] of his batale. I5oo-ao[see bj.<br />

y. e fauward Titus toke, ..With<br />

six housand soudiours. C1440 Bone Florence 604 The va\\ewarde<br />

and the myddyll soone, And the rerc-warde owte of<br />

Rome Ihe grete oost removyd and yode. 1529 Rastkll<br />

VEAL.<br />

Pastyme (1811) 222 Havinge the rule of the Fienche kynges<br />

vawewarde. 1570 Foxe A. &f (162 1) 39 The Vauward<br />

of his armie was conducted by lohn and Andronicus. 1791<br />

CowpER Hiad VIM. 119 Then, Diomede, unaided as he was,<br />

Rush'd ardent to the vaw-ward.<br />

5. 1430-40 Lydg. Bocltas ix. xxviii, In his passage to<br />

gouerne the wowarde. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 241<br />

In the vowarde of whom were foote men with bawes. 1526<br />

Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 179 Whiche is more fered of<br />

the feendes than ony vowarde of a batayle. 15435/. Papers<br />

Hen. Vlll (1849J IX. 393 Ihe other galees of thEmperour<br />

appoynted for the vowarde. 1577 Holinshed Chron. II.<br />

1593/1 Forthwith the Lord Lieutenant sent to the vowarde,<br />

commaunding that they shoulde marche towarde the towne,<br />

1631 Chapman Caesar 4- Pompey Plays 1873 III. 162 The<br />

voward of the foe Is ranged already.<br />

b. In fig. context.<br />

X401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 57 It ar 50 that stonden blfore,<br />

in Anticristis vauwarde. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xlii, 58<br />

Than to battell thai war arreyit all, And ay the wawart kepit<br />

Thocht. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. 1. (1634) 10 Aiid<br />

therefore he doubteth not to set their mouthes in the vaward,<br />

as being strongly armed to subdue their madnesse. a 1586<br />

Sidney Wrco/^/rt 1. viii. (1622)30 Her haire being laide at the<br />

full length downe her backe, bare shew as if the voward<br />

fayled, yet that would conquer.<br />

c. Jig. The forefront ; the early part.<br />

In later use only as an echo of Shakspere.<br />

1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. /K, i. ii. 200 We that are in the<br />

vaward of our youth. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe 22<br />

The vaward or subburbes of my narration. 1827 Scott<br />

Jrnl. I. 378 She is not in the vaward of youth. — Chron.<br />

Canongate vi, Those who write tliemselves in the vaward<br />

of youth. 1^4 A. Birrell Obiter Dicta Ser. 1. 208 He..<br />

states that he and his accomplices, .are in the vaward of thetr<br />

youth.<br />

2. atlrib. (Cf. Vanward a.)<br />

1808 ScoiT Marm. vi. xxiv. Myself will rule this central<br />

host, ..My sons command the vaward post. Ibid, xxxiii,<br />

Where's now their victor vaward wing? 1814 — Lord 0/<br />

Isles VI. xii. To centre of the vaward'line Fitz-Louis guided<br />

Amadine.<br />

Vawe, ME, var. Fain a. and adv.^ Few a.<br />

tVawegard, obs. variant of Vanguard (after<br />

Vawarp).<br />

a 1548 Hall Chron.^ Hen. VI, 176 b, The vawegard was<br />

conducted by the erle of Warwytke.<br />

Vawght, obs. form of Vault sb.^<br />

Vawmer, -meiire, -mure, varr. Vaumuke Obs,<br />

Vawraewarde, variant of Vamwaud Obs.<br />

t Vaws-cornice. Obs.~^ (See quot.)<br />

i688 YiohtAE. Armoury \\\. 102/1 Vaws-Cornice, is any small<br />

Cornish lying under a great swelling out peece, as under a<br />

Planchier, or swelling Friese.<br />

Vawt(e, obs. ff. Vault sb.^ and v.^ Vawthe,<br />

obs. f. Vault z/.i Vax, obs. Sc. f. Wax sb. and<br />

V. Vax-cayme, obs. Sc. f. Wax-comb.<br />

t Vay(e, obs. southern variants of Fay sb.^<br />

1586 Ferne Blaz. Gentrie 27 By my vaye, shee looketh<br />

lyke a foule Kite that haunteto our yarde at home. i6oa<br />

Contention bettv. Liberality ^ Prodigality iv. ill, Come on,<br />

suriah, chill make you vast, bum vay.<br />

Vay, southern dial, var. Fay z/.l; obs. Sc. f.<br />

Way. Vayage, obs. Sc, var. Voyage, Vayd,<br />

obs. Sc. f. Wade v, Vaye, obs. Sc. f. Way sb.<br />

Vayk, obs. Sc. f. Weak a. Vayle, obs. f. Veil<br />

sb. Vaylliaunee, obs, f. Valiance. Vayn,<br />

southern Mil, var. Fain a. ; obs. Sc. f. Wain ; Sc.<br />

var. Wane sb. Obs. Vaynd, var. Waind v. Sc.<br />

Vayndis, Sc. var. Wandish v. Vayne, obs. f.<br />

Vein sb. Vayowre, var. Veyour Obs. Vayr,<br />

southern ME, var. Fair a. Vayrd, obs. Sc, f.<br />

Ward v. Vayre, southern ME. var. Fair a. \<br />

obs. f, Vaih. Va5, southern ME. var. Faw a.<br />

Obs, Va^t, southern ME. y^^x. fought Fight z'.<br />

Voh(e, ME. varr. Each a. Vddir, Vder, obs.<br />

Sc, ff. Other a. Ve, obs. Sc, f. \Szpron.j Wee a,<br />

"fVee^t int. Naut. Obs. (See quots.)<br />

i6s6 Capt. Smith Accid. Yttg. Seamen 30 To row a spell,<br />

hold-water, trim the boate, vea, vca, vea, vea, vea. 16*7 —<br />

Seaman's Gram. vi. 27 One and all, Vea, vea, vea, vea, vea,<br />

that is they pull all strongly together.<br />

Veadge, Veage, obs, varr. Voyage sb,<br />

Veak, obs. Sc. form of Vake v.<br />

Veal(v/"l),j^.i Forms: 4vel(5 veil), 5-7Tele;<br />

5 veel (feel), 6 veele ; 5 veylle, 6 veyle {Sc,<br />

veil, Weill) ; 6-7 veale (6 ueale, feale), 6- veal<br />

(.SV. 7 weall, 8 veaU). [a. AF. vel, OF. vcei {vieij<br />

vealy vaelj etc. ; mod.t. veau), vedeij = Prov.<br />

v€del\Ji^ Cat. vcdel. It. and Pg. vitello -.—L. viteil-<br />

uSf dim. of vitulus calf.]<br />

1. The flesh of a calf as an article of diet.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Merch. T. 176 ' Bet is,' quod he, * a pyk<br />

than a pikerell. And bet than olde boef is the tendre vel'.<br />

( 1400 Maundev. (1830) vi. 72 Thei eten but lytille or non of<br />

Flessche of Veel or of'^Beef. c i4ao Liber Cocorum (1862) 28<br />

A sawce hit is For vele and venyson, iwys. C1440 I'romp.<br />

Parv. 508/2 Veel, flesche, vitulina. 1515 Barclay Egloges<br />

n. (1570) B iii/2 Fat porke or vele, & namely such as is<br />

bought For easier price when they be leane & nought.<br />

1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 177 They also coompare the<br />

fleshe of these tortoyses to be equall with veale in taste, 1610<br />

Venner Via Recta iii. 51 Veale is a more odoriferous flesh<br />

then any other. 1653H. Cogan tr./'/«(!


VEAL.<br />

had a delicate Loin of Veal on Wednesday last. 1780 Beck*<br />

FOKD m^g^. AUfft. 1 25 The most perfect fillet of veal thai ever<br />

made the mouth of man to water. 1&46 J. Baxter Lifir.<br />

PracL Agric. (ed.4) II. 127 In the rearing of calves for veal<br />

in HollaiKltit is U5;ual to confine them in. .pens. 1890 SpechUor<br />

4 Oct., What insipid and tasteless cheer does veal<br />

afford<br />

2. A calf, esp. as killwl for food or intended for<br />

this purpose. Now rare.<br />

I4aa YosGE tr. Secreta Secrtt. 244 Flesh of Velis, Vynegre,<br />

hemroU, and Potage of oot-mell. f 1450 Mhour SaiuacioHH<br />

(Roxb.) 71 The ydolatiers of the golden veel. 1466<br />

Pastan Lftt. II. 269 For purveying of all the vely.s, lambes,<br />

certain piggs and polaly. 1513 Douglas JEneid xii.<br />

ProLi185_ T>-dy >-dy ky low>-s, veilys by tliame rynnis. '544 in<br />

Star Chamber Cases (Selden) II. 305 The prices of Flesh, a.s<br />

of Beefes, Muttons, Veales, &: Porkes. 1583 Noitingham Rec.<br />

IV. 199, vj. fatte welhres, at viij s. viij d. a pece, and ij. veyles,<br />

at vj s. viij d. a pece. 1601 R. Johnson Kingd. ff Comnnv, 25<br />

The flesh, .of their swine, oxen, and veales haue the best<br />

relish. 1648 Herrick Hes^er.^ Paneg. Sir L. Petnberton<br />

63 When guests make their abode To eate thy Bullocks<br />

thighs, thy Veales, thy fat Weathers. 1688 Holme -4 rw/ijwrv<br />

III. 315/1 Upon these [drag hooks] are hung two Veals or<br />

Muttons at a time. 1737 Ocktertyre House Bk. (S.H.S.) 13<br />

Killd a Veall. i8ot Farmer^s Mag. Aug. 31Q In selling<br />

veals to butchers, their haggling was extremely disagreeable.<br />

183s Thackrhav Newcomes I. 265 My mother, .would<br />

receive her prodigal and kill the fatted veal for me. 1898<br />

Wkstcott Daind Harttm x^\\^ Yvai brought three or four<br />

veals into town one spring to sell.<br />

coiiect. 17x0 Addison Tatler No, 148 P i The Flesh of<br />

Lamb, Veal, Chicken, and other Animals under Age.<br />

3, iutrib.f chiefly in names of dishes, etc., made<br />

from veal, as veal broth ^ cutlet g''e reared.<br />

fVea-ling, 7^/'/. .f^.2 obs. (See quot.)<br />

x688 HoLMR Armoury \\\. 86/2 Working, is to lay them on<br />

the Beam and with the Fleshing Knife and Vealing Knife, to<br />

scrape off the Lime and cleanse them from their Fleshyness.<br />

Vea-ling, vbl. j^.3 Sc. Mining, [f. Veal j/^^]<br />

1886 J. Barrowman Sc. Mining Terms 69 Vealing, or<br />

vouning, chesting; getting out water by means of veals.<br />

Vealinous, obs form of Villainous a.<br />

Vealy (vfli), a. [f. Veal sb.^]<br />

1. Resembling veal.<br />

1769 Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. {1778) 17 Then put<br />

70<br />

in a few boiled forcemeat balls, which must be mace of the<br />

veally part of your turtle. 1864 Lowell Fireside Trav. 259<br />

When we were fairly at anchor, .they crawled out again,.<br />

their vealy faces mezzotinted with soot.<br />

^.fig. Imperfectly developed ; immature ; characterized<br />

by youthful immaturity.<br />

1890 Columbus (Oliio) Dispatch 17 July, A vealy medicalschool<br />

graduate, whose employment is an insult to intelligent<br />

people. 1907 Outlook 19 Jan. 80/1 The sylvan thief shared<br />

our vealy homage with moonlighters, smugglers [etc.].<br />

Hence Vea'liness, want of maturity.<br />

1895 in Funk's Stand. Diet.<br />

Veand, obs. Sc. variant of Tveig/iing Weigh v.<br />

Veany, variant of Veny2 Obs. Vear, obs. f.<br />

Veer v. ; obs, Sc. f. War sb. ; south-w. dial. f.<br />

Fear v. Veare, southern ME. variant of Fare v.<br />

Vearie, obs. Sc. form of Very at/v.<br />

VeaS6. Now only south-7u. dial. Forms :<br />

4 (9) vese (9 veze) ; 6-7 (9) vease, 7 veaze; 7<br />

veeze (9 veese) ; 9 vaise, vaze, etc. [Southern<br />

var. of Feeze sb.l A rush, impetus ; a run before<br />

a leap. (Cf. Feeze sb. i and i b.)<br />

^1386 Chaucer Knight's T. 1127 And iher out cam a<br />

rage, and such a vese, That it made al the gate for to rese.<br />

1573 Tw^-HK Aineid v.n. Nn4b, This vp in hand he caught,<br />

and trtmblyng at his foe did flyng, Arysing up therwith,and<br />

forth his vease he fet withall. 1614 Gorges Lucan i. 41 In<br />

this flitting whirle-winde vease, I passe the Mountaines<br />

Pyrinees. Ibid. viii. 346 O Marriners stay not my veaze,<br />

Headlong to plunge into the seas, a x6i8 J. Davies (<strong>Here</strong>f.)<br />

Wit's Pilgrimage Wks. (Grosart) II. 31/2 From whence<br />

Loues lightest Kluses take their veeze To leape into those<br />

Seas, which cares destroy. 1646 in Dircks Life Marq.<br />

Worcester x. {1865) 171, I only would retire myself from<br />

further present charge, as a ram doth to take a greater vease.<br />

1678 Ray_ Prov. 78 Every pease hath its ve.ize, and a bean<br />

fifteen, .signifies Pease are flatulent, but Beans ten times<br />

more. iSjJ Jennings Dial. W. En^l. 80 Faa^, ..the distance<br />

employed to increase the intensity of motion or action<br />

from a given point. 1875 Poi*soN Quaint Words S. Wores.<br />

26 What a vese they [sc. the hounds] did go, surely.<br />

Vease, dial, var. Feeze v.^ Veasy, var. Vasya,<br />

Obs. Veaw^e, southern ME. var. Few a. ; obs,<br />

var. View v. Veaze, var. Vease. Veb, obs.<br />

form of Web sb. Vecche, Veohche, southern<br />

M F. varr. Fetch v.<br />

llVecohio. Obs. [It.] An old man.<br />

C1570 Bugbears i. ii. 61 Yet it dothe not content our<br />

pinchefiste, the old vecchio. /bid. 7g 'Jhe three thousand<br />

Crownes that our vecchio dothe require.<br />

Vech(e, obs. ff. Vetch. Vecht, Vechtie, obs.<br />

So. ff. Weight sb., Weighty a.<br />

t Vecke. Obs. Also 5 vekke, wekke. [app.<br />

ad At. veerA ta, fem. olvecckio old.] An old woman.<br />

As direct adoption from Italian would be remarkable in<br />

the 14th cent., it is possible that the word existed in OF.<br />

colloquial use.<br />

X300 GowER Con/. I. g8 This olde wyht him hath awaited<br />

. .: F lorent his wofuU heved uplefte And syh this vecke wher<br />

sche sat. c 1400 Rom. Rose 4495 A rympled vekke, ferre<br />

ronne in age, Frownyng and yelowe in hir visage. x4ix-ao<br />

LvDG. Citron. Troy i. 2795 Sche cleped anoon vn-to hir<br />

presence An aged vekke, fer in ^eris ronne. 14*6 — /)e Guii.<br />

Pilgr, 12752 An olde wekke a-noon I mette. 143&-40 —<br />

Boehas i. xx. (1554) 36 b, Whan these veckes, ferre yronne<br />

in age, Within them selfe hath vaine glory and delite For to<br />

farce and poppe their visaije.<br />

t Vecked,///. a. Obs. = Tkvecked///. a.<br />

i56> Lrgh Armory 11, 56b, Hee beareth Azure, a crosse<br />

formye vecked Argent.<br />

Veoord. rare"^. — next.<br />

1788 tr. Sivedenborg's Wisdom 0/ Angels v. §378. 364<br />

Hence too the Terms Concord, Discord, Vecord (malicious<br />

Madnes>) and other similar Expressions.<br />

Vecordy. rare~^, [ad. L. vecordia, f. vecors<br />

senseless, foolish.] (See quot.)<br />

1656 IJlount Glossogr. [copying Cooper], Vecordy, madness,<br />

trouble of minde, folly, doting.<br />

Vecount, obs. Sc. form of Viscount.<br />

Vecta-rious, fz, rarer-^. {i.h.vectdri-us {eqttus)^<br />

f. vectare to convey.] (See quot.)<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr., Vectarious, belonging to a coach,<br />

waggon or any carriage. [Hence in Phillips (1658) ; in later<br />

edd. (1671-96) Vectorious.]<br />

Veotayllys, obs, variant of Victuals.<br />

Ve*otible, a. rare-^. [f. L. vect-, ppL stem of<br />

vehire to carry.] (See quot.)<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr., Vectible, that is or may be carried.<br />

Vectiffal (vektai-gal), sb.'^ Now only Rom.<br />

Hist. Also 6 vecti-, Sc. victigall. [a. L. vectjgat<br />

a payment to the State, etc.] A payment of the<br />

nature of tribute, tax, or rent, made to a superior<br />

or to the State.<br />

1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 243 Grit tribute and victigall<br />

alsua, Ilk ^eir by 5eir to king Arthure till pa. 1538 Leland<br />

//i«. {1769) IV. Ill Thereupon they give a Fee Farm e or<br />

Vectigall of an 100. 1. yearely. The Vectigall is as it was.<br />

1656 Hlount Glossogr., Vectigal, . .used substantively for<br />

toll, impost-money or tribute it self. 1774 T. West Aniiq.<br />

Furness (1805) 104 His lands and tenants were exempted<br />

from all regal exactions of talliage, toll, passage, pontage,<br />

and vectigal. 1838 Arnold Hist, Rome (1846) I. xvii, 366<br />

J he tribunes demanded . . that the occupiers of the remainder<br />

should pay their vectigal regularly.<br />

t Vectigal, sb.^ and a. Obs. rare. Also 6<br />

Sc. viotogall, [ad. L. vectigal-is^ f. vectigal: see<br />

prec] a. sb. A collector of tribute, b. adj.<br />

(See quot. 1656.)<br />

VECrURE.<br />

"535 Stewart Cron. Scot. \. 18S Mark TerebelL.Hes<br />

constat him hisvictogall that tyde, For to collect his tribute<br />

and his rent. 1656 IJlount Glossogr., Vectigal, that pays<br />

or pertains to paying tribute, subsidy, pension or rent.<br />

tVection, Obs. rare. [ad. L. vection-, vectio^<br />

n, of action f. ve/iire to carry.] The action of<br />

carrying ; vectitation.<br />

(ri6io Sir C. Hkvdon Astrol. Disc. (1650) 42 For whatsoever<br />

moveth another, it doth it either by impulsion, attraction,<br />

volutation, or vection. 1635 Swan Spec. M. (1670) 198<br />

Albertus calls this motion a vection or a carrying. 165^ Z,<br />

Coke Logick 40 Local motion... Traction or drawing.<br />

Vection or carrying.<br />

(ve'ktis). [L. vectis lever, crow-bar.]<br />

II Vectis<br />

1 1. A lever. Obs.<br />

1648 W1LKIN.S Math. Magic i. v. 33 Rather suppose BC,<br />

to be a Vectis or Leaver, towards the middle of which is the<br />

place of the fulciment. 1674 Pettv I^isc. Dupl. Proportion<br />

119 In the Fuze of a Watch, the greatest strength of the<br />

.Spring is made to work upon the shortest Vectis.<br />

2. Sitrg. a. An obstetrical instrument employed<br />

as a lever to free the liead of the child.<br />

1790 Med. Comm. II. 3^7 It is now near forty years since<br />

an account of the vecti-; or lever of Roonliuysen was<br />

published. _ 1822-7 Good Stud^ Med. (1829) V. 190 If, at<br />

the same time, the head be lying clear on the perinseum,<br />

the vectis or forceps should be had recourse to. 1841<br />

Ramsbotham Obstet. Med. erations on the<br />

eye.<br />

i8fib Illustr. to Maw's Price-current 77 lEye instruments.]<br />

Vectis, Taylor's. 1891 /bid. 42 Ophthalmoscope lamp,<br />

operation scissors,, .and vectis. 1895 Arnold


VEDA. 71 VEEE.<br />

three Things, which one Nation selleth vnto another; The<br />

Commodilie. .; The Manufacture; and the Vecture or<br />

Carriage, a 1643 [see Sectube].<br />

Ved, obs. So. form of Wed v., Weed s/>.<br />

II Veda (v^-c?a). Also 8 Beda ; Vidam, "Viedam,<br />

Vedara. [a. Skr. vec/a knowledge, sacred<br />

knowledge, sacred book, from the root vti/- to<br />

know : see Wit zf. The a-forms are from the Skr.<br />

nom. and ace. vei/am, perh. partly through Tamil.<br />

The Urdu form ^^// (Hindi ved) is also represented<br />

in older use by BeaU (1698), BeiJ (1776), and<br />

Bec/e (1789).] One or other of the four ancient<br />

sacred books of the Hindus(called the A"?^-, Yajur-^<br />

Sdnia-y and Atharvaveda) ; the body of sacred<br />

literature contained in these books.<br />

«. 1734 PiCART tr. Roger^s Relig. f Manners Bramins in<br />

Cerem, Sf Relig. Customs Var. Nations 1 1 1. 353 The Vedani<br />

is the <strong>Book</strong> of the Law among these People, and contains<br />

alt they are to believe or practise. 1763 Schafton Indostan<br />

{1770) 4 The Bramins say, that Brumma, their law-giver,<br />

left them a book, called the Vidam, whcih contains all his<br />

doctrines and institutions. 1766 J. Z. ^\o\.fi^\JL Interesting<br />

Hist. Events (ed. 2) I. 12 The great absurdities and im-<br />

ui ilies of the Viedam. 1778 Orme Hist. MHit. Trans, vt.<br />

wI.<br />

5 The Shasier . . they assert to be the genuine scripture of<br />

Bramah, in preference to the Vidam. 1794 R. J. Sulivan<br />

View Nat. IV. 295 The Vedams, or texts of scripture, were<br />

published by Brahma, together with the Shasters, or commentaries,<br />

about six hundred years afterwards.<br />

/3. 1776 JusTAMosD tr. RayimCs Hist. Ind. I. 33 The<br />

Bramin.. promised to pardon him on condition that he<br />

should swear never to translate the Beda-!, or sacred volumes,<br />

1788 Asiatic Researches I. 340 The first four [parts of knowledge]<br />

are the immortal i'iJas evidently revealed by God.<br />

1808 CoLEBROOKE Ibtd. VIII. 387 It may be here proper to<br />

remark, that each Veda consists of two parts, denommated<br />

the Mantras and the Brahmanas ; or prayers and precepts.<br />

1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind, I. 71 The religion taught in<br />

the Institutes is derived from the V^das, to which scriptures<br />

they refer in every page. 1871 Mateer Travancore 35<br />

Accordingly, as a matter of fact, tlie Sudras never do read<br />

the Sanscrit Vedas.<br />

attrib. 1841 Penny Cyd. XX. 40^/1 In like manner, the<br />

Veda-hymns . . led to the consideration of the laws of metre.<br />

1843 Ibid. XXVI. 171 These various schools of the Veda<br />

theology.<br />

Hence Teda'ic<br />

Vedism.<br />

a., = Vedic a. ; Ve'daism, =<br />

1865 Baring-Gould IVerewoIves x. 176 In ancient Indian<br />

Vedaic mythology the upsaras were heavenly damsels who<br />

dwelt in the iether, between Earth and Sun. 1887 L. Parks<br />

Star in Ectst viii. 202 Their religion sprung from the same<br />

root as Ved a ism.<br />

II Veda'Iita.<br />

Also Vedanta, Ved&nta. [Skr.<br />

veddniay f. veJa Veda ^ anta end.] One of the<br />

leading systems of Hindu philosophy. Also attrib.<br />

The Hindi form Vedant has also been occas. used.<br />

18J3 CoLKBHOOKE PkHos. Hindus in Trans. Roy. Asiatic<br />

Soc. (1827) I. ig The latter (Uttara) commonly called Vedinta,<br />

and attributed to Vy.isa, deduces from the text of the<br />

Indian scriptures, a reBned psychology, which goes to a<br />

denial of a material world, 184^ C. S. Hesry tr. £>/'.<br />

Hist. Pkilos. 28 The Vedanta philosophy is an exhibition<br />

of pantheism in its greatest metaphysical strictness. Ibid.<br />

29 The Vedanta system shows us .. how pantheism must<br />

logically result in scepticism. 1895 It-'estm. Cm. 23 Oct. 1/3<br />

The philosophy of Vedanta is the abstract science which<br />

embraces ail these methods.<br />

Hence Vedantic a., Vedantlsm, Veda'ntist.<br />

The Skr. I'edantin and Hindi Vcdanti have also been<br />

used instead of ' Vedani ist ',<br />

1881 Max Muller India vii. 270 The Brabma.Samag..<br />

was 'Vedantic in spirit. 1881 Atfunaeum 8 July 41/1 He<br />

commences his enumeration with that system which is<br />

furthest removed from Veduntic speculation,, .omitting, bowever,<br />

the VedanU itself. 1849 C S. Henry tr. Epit. Hist.<br />

Philos. 29 "Vedantism embraces in its wide comprchcn:»ion,<br />

a multitude of other conceptions, which are common to it<br />

and to the other pbiIoso{}hies of India. 1S80 Birdwood Ind<br />

Arts I. 4 But Vedantism is really nothing eUe than Nihilism.<br />

18^ C. S. Henbv tr. Epit. Hist. Philos. 26 Brahma alone<br />

exists; everything else is an illusion. The *Vedaniistft<br />

prove this capital axiom by [etc J. Ibid, 29 In order (o<br />

avoid misconception of the Vedantist reasoning. 1864<br />

Tkevelvam Compet. lyaiiak (1866) 215 His sect went by<br />

the name of ' Vedanti^ts;* in fact, the 'Evangelicals' of<br />

the East.<br />

Ve'dda. Also 7 Vaddah, 9 Veddah, Wedda.<br />

[Sinhalese veddd archer, hunter.] A member of<br />

a primitive race inhabiting the forest districts of<br />

Ceylon.<br />

x68t R. Ksox /////. Ceylon 6i In this Land arc many of<br />

these wild men, they call them Vaddahs. 1851 Carpenter<br />

i\fan. Pkys. (ed. 2) 289 The Veddahs or wild hunters of<br />

Ceylon. 1875 Jevoss Money iv. 28 Somewhat similar pieces<br />

circulated m Abyssinia, the Soulou .\rchipelago, ., and<br />

among the Veddaiis. i88« Tylor Anthropology vi. (1904)<br />

164 In the forests of Ceylon arc found.. the Vcddas or<br />

'hunters', shy wild men who build bough huts, and live on<br />

game and wild honey.<br />

Vedde, obs. Sc. f. Withv. Vedder, -ir, obs.<br />

Sc. f. AVeather, Wether. Vede, obs. Sc. f.<br />

Weed sb. Vede(n, southern MK. varr. Fekd v,<br />

Veder, southern MK. var. Father, Featheu.<br />

Jl Vedette (v/de-t). Alsogvedet; 7-vidette.<br />

[K., ad. It. vedetta^ prob. f. vedere to see. The<br />

incorrect spelling vidette^ now rare, was common in<br />

the first half of the 19th cent.]<br />

1. Mil. A mounted sentry placed in advance of<br />

the outposts of an army to observe the movements<br />

of the enemy.<br />

[ a. 1690 Da VIES Diary (Camden) 129 And then lay down to<br />

sleep . . without posting any scouts or videttes abroad. 1778<br />

Gouv. MoRKis in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. U853) II. 228 A<br />

few good cavalry may be requisite for the videttes. i8iz<br />

Examiner 7 Sept. 561/2 He fell in with the enemy's<br />

videttes. 1843 Prescott Mexico in. iii. (1864J 152 One<br />

of the videttes perceived.. a large body of Indians moving<br />

towards the Christian lines. x868 Regul. ^ Orders Army<br />

§ 892 Instructions for the guidance of Outposts,, .videttes,<br />

and sentries, i^x R. W. Chambers Maids 0/ Paradise<br />

xxii. 376 The rigid system of patrol which brought death, .to<br />

our sleet-soaked videttes.<br />

p. 170a Milit. Diet., Vedette, a Sentinel of the Horse.,<br />

detached from the main Body of the Army [etc.]- 1746 R^P'<br />

Comi. Sir J. Cope 78 To post the Out-Guard, and see the Vedettes<br />

placed properly. 1786 Gillies Hist. Greece iii. I. ico<br />

The order of their guards and watches was highly judicious<br />

they employed, for their security, out-sentries and vedettes.<br />

1809 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1836) V, 355 note^ The<br />

vedettes of the outposts were within shot of each other.<br />

\^^Queen"s Re^. \ Ord. Army 394 Whether they have<br />

been m the habit of placing piquets, posting vedets, conducting<br />

patrols, &c. 1879 Blachw, Mag. July 23 A vedette<br />

was killed to-day. Half-a-dozen Zulus rushed out on him<br />

soon after he had been posted for the day.<br />

trans/. 1807 Pike Sources Mississ. (1810) 248, I made a<br />

pretext to halt—established my boy as a vedet, and sat<br />

down peacably under a bush and made my noies. tSia<br />

CoL. Hawker Diary (1893) I. 53 An old cock, who was the<br />

vidette. 1878 L. W. M. Lockhart Mine is Thine xxii.<br />

II. 98 The blackcock vedette rolled his burnished plumage<br />

leisurely against the sun.<br />

Jig. 1801 Jkfeebson Writ. (1859) VII. 483 Philosophical<br />

vedette at the distance of one thousand miles, .is precious<br />

to us here. \9io Spectator j-^ Nov. 1439 They cannot bear to<br />

see the landlords, whom they regard as their own vedettes,<br />

terrorized.<br />

2. Vedette boaty a small vessel used for scouting<br />

purposes in naval warfare.<br />

1884 Pall Mall G. 6 Oct. 6/1 Building armour-clads, f;ist<br />

cruisers, vedette and torpedo boats. 189a Times (weekly<br />

ed.) 7 Oct. 7/2 They are vedette boats and not torpedo<br />

boats in the proper sense.<br />

Vedic (v^''dik), a. and sb. [f. Ved-a + -ic]<br />

a. adj. Of or pertaining to, contained or mentioned<br />

in, contemporary with, the Vedas. b. sb. The<br />

language of the Vedas, an early form of Sanskrit.<br />

1859 Max MiJLLER Anc. Sanskrit Lit. 10 The sacred<br />

literature of the Vedic age. Ibid. 11 The.. publication of<br />

all Vedic texts and commentaries. 1864 Pisi v Ltd, Daniel<br />

ix. 558 The old Vedic worship was a libation to the god of<br />

fire. 1873 Whitney Oriental * Ling. Stud, i A general<br />

view of tne whole body of Vedic literature. 1884 American<br />

VIII. 90 There arc still orthodox Brahmans, who. .maintain<br />

old V«iic sacrifices. 189a Schrumpf First Aryan Reader<br />

p. xi. Specimen B ought to have preceded specimen A, as<br />

Vedic is older than Sanskrit.<br />

Vedir, obs. Sc. f. Weather.<br />

Ve'dism, [f. Ved-a-(--ism. Cf. Vedaism.]<br />

The system of religious beliefs and practices contained<br />

in the Vedas,<br />

188a Athenxuvt 29 Apr. 543/3 In this paper he showed<br />

the relationship between the Vaishnava religion and three<br />

other forms of the Hindu religious system, viz., Ved ism,<br />

Brahmanism, and Saivism. 1895 J. KiDD Morality^ Relig.<br />

v. 191 Vedibm, then, generally speaking, was a religion of<br />

nature.<br />

Ve'dist. [f. as prec. + -I8T.] A student of, or<br />

authority on, the Vedas.<br />

1896 Seeley Introd. Pol. Sd. (1903) 364 Not dealing with<br />

ihe new matter introduced by Kgyptologbts or As>yrioIogists<br />

or Vedists.<br />

Vedlaky obs. form of Wedlock.<br />

Vedo(^u, obs. Sc. ff. Widow.<br />

llVedrO. AlsoSwedro. [Russ. Be^po pail.]<br />

A Russian liquid measure equal to 2.7 imperial<br />

gallons.<br />

1753 Hanway Trav, vi. Ixxxi. {1762) I. 371, 8 Krushquos, i<br />

wedro— 13 english quarts. 1799 W. Tookk View Russian<br />

F.mp. II. 523 The greater part was then already podraded<br />

(contracted) for at 148 kopecks for every vedro. 1802-3 "''<br />

Pallas s Trav. (1812) I. 234 Boiled in large kettles contain*<br />

ing from forty to forty.thrce Russian vedros, or eimers, of<br />

water. 1833 R. Pinkerton Russia 77 The. .di^tilleries.<br />

issue about twenty-five millions of vedros. 1907 Edin. Rev.<br />

Jan. 224 The peasants of that province.. drank this year<br />

62,924 vedros of vodka more than last.<br />

Vee. Mining. (See quot.)<br />

1883 Gkesley Gloss. Coal-M, »5g Vee. the junction of two<br />

underground roadways meeting in the form of a V.<br />

II Veedor, Obs, Also 6 veadore, viador. [a,<br />

Sp. and Pg. vteddry Pg. vedor^ veador^ viador, f.<br />

ver to see.] An official invested with inspecting<br />

or controlling power.<br />

" [1555 Eden Z>r


VEER. 72 VEGETABIIiITY.<br />

the vessel or boat gets headway. 1867 Smyth Saiior's<br />

W^rd'ik,, To v€tr attd kaut^ to gently tauten and then<br />

slacken a rope three times before giving a heavy pull, the<br />

object being to concentrate the force of several men. 1875<br />

Bedford Sailors Fockft Bk. viii. 282 By hauling and<br />

veering on it,.. a sufficiently uniform strain on it would be<br />

obtained, „ ,<br />

Jig. 1891 C Roberts Adrifi A/tter. 251 The agents ha\-e<br />

a certain margin to veer and haul on in their commission.<br />

1901 Speaker 27 April 10Q/2 <strong>Here</strong> is a sum on which the<br />

British Go\*ernment may fairly veer and haul.<br />

f 6. »«/r. Of a ship; To sail with the sheet let<br />

out. Ods.<br />

a x6k NowenciaUr Navalis (MS. Harl. 2301) s.v., When<br />

a Shipp sailes, and the Sbeate is veered-oul, wee saie she<br />

goes veering. 1691 Cait, Smith's Seaman's Gram. i. xvl<br />

76 The Ship goes Lasking, Quartering, Veermg, or Large;<br />

are terms of the same signification, viz. that she neither goes<br />

bya Wind nor before the wind, but betwixt both.<br />

veer (v!*i), v,^ Forms : 6 varre (?), 7 vere,<br />

vear e, veore, 7- veer. [ad. F. virer ( = Sp.<br />

virar^ birar^ Pg. virar^ It. virare), to lurn, to veer;<br />

of obscure origin. See also ViRE t^.]<br />

1. intr, a. Of the wind : To change gradually<br />

to pass by degrees from one jwint to another, spec,<br />

in the direction of the sun's course. Grig. Nant.<br />

xjSa N. LiCHKFiELD tr. CastanhedtCs Canq. E. Ind. 73<br />

And after that the winde verred [w] to the Southwest they<br />

bare with the same. 16*7 Capt. Smith SeamatCs Gram, ix.<br />

39 Now the wind veeres, that is, it doth shift from point to<br />

point. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Troj'. (1677) 6 The wind in<br />

one hours space veering about every point of the Compass.<br />

1^6 Goad Ceiesi. Bodies 11. vii. 231 Their Influence may be<br />

separated so far as to suffer a cooler Wind to blow, which<br />

upon their Rising shall vere to a warmer point. 1744 J.<br />

CuiRiDGE Shfph. Banbury's Rules 15 The wind commonly<br />

veers to the South West. 1777 Phil. Trans. LXVIII.a^o<br />

The wind was Easterly. At the instant of the shock it is<br />

said to have veered to the West. 1836 Marryat Midsh.<br />

Easy xxxi, The wind had veered round, and the Aurora was<br />

now able to lay up clear of the island of Maritimo. 1849<br />

Mrs. SoMERVitXE Conmx. Phys. Sci. (ed. 8) xv. 138 When<br />

north and south winds blow alternately, the wind at any<br />

place will veer in one uniform direction through every point<br />

of the compass. 1899 F. T. But-len Log Sea-ivai/ ^i-j The<br />

next night the wind veered to the eastward.<br />

fb. To turn round, revolve. Obs.<br />

thou<br />

1598 Sylvester Du Bartas u. ii. Columnes 459 O !<br />

fair Chariot,, . thou do'stalwaies veer About the North-Pole.<br />

Ibid. 484 .As long as Heav'n's swift Orb shall veer. 161<br />

CoTGR., Virer^ to veere, turne round, wheele or whirle about.<br />

2. Naut, Of a ship: To change course; spec, to<br />

turn round with the head away from the wind in<br />

order to sail on another tack.<br />

£x6ao Z. DoYD ZiotCs Floxvers (1855) 131 The other veres<br />

as slowe, Lar-board and Star-board. 1697 Dryden JEneid<br />

T, io85 .\-head of all the Master Pilot steers. And, as he<br />

leads, the following navy veers, 1761 British Mag. II. 497<br />

The Packet in haste to Beaumaurice was veering, When,<br />

lo ! a large ship towards our vessel was steering. 1798<br />

CotERiE>GE Anc. Mar. m. iii, It plunged and tacked and<br />

veered. 1848 Lytton Harold in. ii. The Earl's fleet after a<br />

brief halt veered majestically round. 1878 Susan Phillips<br />

On Seaboard iig The coble lossed, and veered, and tacked,<br />

As she strove to make the shore.<br />

3. Of things: To turn round or aliout ; to change<br />

from one direction or course to another.<br />

Also in fig. context (quot. 1690); cf. sense 4.<br />

1633 T. James Voy. 12 The water veer'd to a lower ebbe.<br />

1690 Dryden Amphitryon v. 48 Thou Weather-cock of<br />

Government; that when the Wind, .changes for the Soveraign,<br />

veers to Pierogative.<br />

1810 ScoTT Lady o/L. \. xiii, A narrow inlet, . . Lost for a<br />

space, through thickets veering, But broader when again<br />

appearing. i8a3 Byron Island \. iii, No mora at thy<br />

command The obedient helm shall veer, the sail expand.<br />

1865 Swinburne Poems .( Ball.y Rondel 5 Grief a fixeci star,<br />

and joy a vane that veers. 1878 Geo. Eliot Coll. Break/,<br />

P, 8x1 The shadows slowly farther crept and veered Like<br />

changing memories.<br />

b. Of persons or animals.<br />

x76o-7» H. Brooke Foot o/Qual. (1809) HI. 17 Susanna<br />

slipped, .from the side of her mamma, and veering toward<br />

Harry, she went on one side. 1805 Worusw. Preludeiw. 20 '<br />

'Twas but a short hour's walk, ere veering round I saw the<br />

snow'white church. 1815 Cobbett Rur. Rides 322 After ,<br />

passing Bullington, Sutton, and Wonston we veered away<br />

from State-Charity. 1879 Tourgee FooCs Err. xxxvi. 256<br />

The amazed horse veered quickly to one side, and stopped<br />

as if stricken to stone.<br />

4. fig. To change or alter ; to pass from one<br />

state, position, tendency, etc., to another; to be<br />

variable or changeable : a. Of persons.<br />

1670 Dbyoeh Conq. Granaia iii. i, Two Factions turn him<br />

with each Blast of Wind. But now he shall not veer. x68a<br />

S. Pordage Medal Rev. 2 When the Tide turn'd, then<br />

strait about he veers, And for the stronger side he still<br />

appears. 1714 Swift Jacks put to their TrumpsV^ks. 1841<br />

II. 852 Those few at last veer'd quite about. And join'd in<br />

my disgrace, 1734 tr. Rollin's Ane, Hist. vin. §4 (1841)<br />

I. 312/1 Alcibiades was of a pliant and flexiijle disposition,<br />

that would take any impression which the difference of<br />

times and circumstances might require, still veering either<br />

to good or evil with the same facility and ardor. 1821<br />

Pbaed Gog Poems 1865 I. 95 Linda, like many a modern<br />

Miss, Began to veer around at tliis. 1858 H. Bushnell<br />

Nat, ^ Superuat, x. (1864) 308 The infirmity, .shown by<br />

human teachers, when they veer a little from their point.<br />

to catch the assent of multitudes. 1884 F. M. Crawford<br />

Rotn, Singer 1. 56 He is a man to veer about like a weather.<br />

cock.<br />

b. Of feelings, thoughts, conditions, etc.<br />

1669 Dryden Tyrannic Love iv. i, Like a wind it [love] in<br />

no quarter stays ; But points and veers each hour a thousand<br />

ways. X7U Shaftesb. Charac, (1737) I. 296 For as these<br />

passions veer, my interest veers, my steerage varys. 1756<br />

H. Walpole Lett. (1846) III. 198 Madame J*onipadour,<br />

perceiving how much the King's disposition veered to devotion,<br />

artfully look the turn of humouring it. 1813 Scoit<br />

Hokehy I. xxii, While his own troubled passions veer<br />

Through hatred, joy, regret, and fear. 1833 Hr. Martineau<br />

Fr. lilies


VEGETABLE. 73 VEGETABLE.<br />

Vegetable (ve'd^rtab'I), sb. Also 6 vegitable.<br />

[f. the adj.]<br />

1. A living organism belonging to the vegetable<br />

kingdom or the lower of the two series of organic<br />

beings; a growth devoid of animal life ; a plant in<br />

the widest or scientific sense ( = Plant sd.^ a).<br />

158* J. Hester Compendium Ration. Seer, (title-p.), The<br />

Hidden Vertues of sondrie Vegitables, Animalles, and<br />

Mineralls. 1598 R. Haydocke tr. Lomazzo 11. 125 Some oj<br />

them are taken from minerals.., some from the vegetables,<br />

and wme from the animals. 1653 W. Ramesev Astrol.<br />

Restored 12, 1 suppose there is none will .. deny .. the<br />

Heavens and Planets to have influence over Herbs, Corn,<br />

Plants, and all Vegetable?. 1690 Locke Www. Und. iv. vi.<br />

(1695) 337 In Vegetables, which are nourished, grow, and<br />

produce Leaves, Flowers, and Seeds, in a constant Succession.<br />

1737 Gray Lett. Poems (1775) 24 Both vale and hill<br />

are covered with most venerable beeches, and other very<br />

reverend vegetables. 178a V. Ksox Ess, cUi. (1819) \\\. 169<br />

They [/. e. speeches] are like vegetables of a night, or insects<br />

of a day. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. \. 387 After<br />

the rushes or other coarse vegetables have been cut down<br />

and carried away. 1822-7 G(30D Study Med. (1829) L 265<br />

The expressed oils of mild vegetables, as the pistachio, olive,<br />

and almond. 1858 O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf..t. (1883) 205<br />

Both [trees] are pleasant vegetables. 1884 De CandoUe's<br />

Orig. Cultivated PL 4 The Tetragonia^ an insignificant<br />

*<br />

green vegetable.<br />

fig, a 1635 Nauntos Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 44 He was a meer<br />

vegeUble of the Court, that sprung up at night, and sunk<br />

a^ain at his noon. 1709 Steklk Tatler No. 86 p 3, I met<br />

for<br />

him with all the respect due toso reverend a vegetable ;<br />

you are to know, that is my sense of a person who remains<br />

idle in the same place for half a century.<br />

t b. //. in collective sense : Vegetation. Obs,<br />

r 164S Howell Leiti (1650) IL 43, I have bin al wales<br />

naturally affected to woods and groves, and those kind of<br />

vegetables. 169S Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth vi. (1723)<br />

3Q5 June, July, and August, .exhibit a sltU different Shew<br />

of Vegetables, and Face of Things. 1780 A. Young Tour<br />

frei. I. 18 Their only way is to let it cover itself with such<br />

vegetables as may come. 182X Scorr Pirate xxv, Scrubby<br />

and stunted heath, intermixed with the long bent, or coarse<br />

grass, . . were the only vegetables that could be seen.<br />

tc. Applied to the earth or to a mineral<br />

regarded as capable of growth. Obs. rare,<br />

A 1676 Halr Prim. Orig, Man, i. lii. (1677) 96 Though<br />

the Earth be not animated with a Sensible Soul, yet it is<br />

possible that it may be a great Immortal Vegetable. 1716<br />

Chevke Pkilos. Princ, Nat. Relig. i. 278 A hill is nothing<br />

but the Nest of some Mettle or Mineral, either of Stone.<br />

Iron, Tin, Copper or such like lower Vegetables.<br />

2. A plant cultivated for food; esp. an edible<br />

herb or root used for human consumption and<br />

commonly eaten, either cooked or raw, with meat<br />

or other article of food.<br />

1767 A. Vousc Farmer's Lett, to PeopU (1771) I. 461 The<br />

cultivation of the new -discovered vegetables, and all the<br />

modes of raising the old ones. 1796 Mrs. Inchbald Nature<br />

ftf Art xlvi. (1820) 158 At a stinted repast of milk and vegetables.<br />

1840 Loudon Cottagers Man, 4 in Hiisb. III.<br />

(L.U.K.), To supply the cottager's family, .with vegetables,<br />

potatoes, and faggots. 1846 Sover Cookery 450 Where a<br />

dish of vegetables are required for second course. 1873<br />

JowETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 243 Cabbages or any other vegetables<br />

which are fit for boiling.<br />

3. attrib. and Comb. a. Simple attrib. in sense 2,<br />

^%7je^elabU-bastn, dishy food, garden^ -market^ etc.<br />

i7»8 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Vegetation, The common Opinion.,<br />

is, that Water is the great vegetable Food. i8a5 T.<br />

Hook Sayings Ser. 11. III. 15 Two vegetable dishes. 1853<br />

HicKiE Aristoph. (Bohn) 11. 416 In the pottery-market and<br />

the vegetable- market alike, a x86o Alb. SmiYh Med. Student<br />

(1S61) 17 Threading their way through the crowd of<br />

the vegetable-waggons arriving for to-morrow's market.<br />

1898 F. G. Ler Negl. BaSt. 11 A vegetable- basin or a soapdish<br />

was used instead of the font. 1898 Cent. Mag. Jan.<br />

337/1 May I tell him.. about your vegeuble garden?<br />

b. Objective or obj. genitive, as vegetabU-eaier^<br />

vegetable-eatings -feeding adjs.<br />

-feeder^ -seller ;<br />

Also with the names of instruments, as vegeted^U-cfwpper^<br />

cutter, -grater^ -slicer^ctc. (Knight Diet. Meek.)<br />

(a) 179a \. VoUNG Trent, France 28 There are both sorts<br />

[of bears], carnivorous and vegetable-eaters. 1851-6 S. P.<br />

Woodward Mollusca {1858) 12 All the land-snails are vegetable-feeders.<br />

1867 M. Arnold Celtic Lit. 4 Bathing people,<br />

vci^e table-sellers, and donkey boys, 1875 C. C. Blake Zool,<br />

54 The cheiroptera are, however, vegetable- feeders,<br />

{b) 1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 493/5 I" a vegetable-feeding<br />

insect the stomach is very voluminous. 1874 J. W. Long<br />

Amer. Wild-foivl xxv. 262 They are exceedingly expert<br />

divers, and can swim under water to much longer distances<br />

than any others of the vegetable-eating ducks, ittyj Ailhutt's<br />

Syst. Med. III. 966 These stony masses are found in the<br />

inte-^tines of many vegetable -feeding animals.<br />

Vegetable (ve-d.^ftab'!), a. Also 6 vegitabile,<br />

7 -able. [&. 0¥. vegetable {mod,V,v^g^lable,<br />

^It, vegelabile, Sp. vegetable , Pg. vegetavel),<br />

or ad. L. vegetdbilis animating^ vivifying, f.<br />

vegetdre :<br />

see Vkgetate v.<br />

In some instances the adj. cannot be clearly distinguished<br />

from the attributive uses of the sb.]<br />

fl. Having the vegetating property of plants;<br />

living and growing as a plant or organism endowed<br />

with the lowest form of life. (Cf. Vegetal a. i.)<br />

c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret.^ Got*. Lordsh. 90 W^hat ^inge<br />

vegetable ^rat-.tnakys fruyt, to J»e sonne ys apropird.<br />

i4iz-ao LvDC. Ckron. Troy 11. 674 Zephirus, |>at is .so<br />

comfortable For to norysche ^inges vegetable. x4Sx-so tr.<br />

Higden (Rolls) I. 73 Hit may be concludede Panidise not to<br />

be there, sythc noo thynge vegetable may haue lyfe l»er,<br />

CIS3S Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 1053 All thynges<br />

created of God under the moone . , ben elemented vegetables<br />

Vol. X.<br />

and sensytyves.. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alph.^ Vegetable^<br />

springing, or growing as hearbes. 1629 H. Burton TnttfCs<br />

Tri. 197 How far themselues differ from senslesse stockes, or<br />

come short of the vegetable trees, a 1676 Hale Prim. Orig.<br />

Man, III. iv. (1677) 266 Things vegetable, that have simply<br />

Life, with those operations incident to Life.<br />

Jig, 1641 W. Cartwright Lady.Errant I. ii. The other<br />

counts her apricots, .. lays 'em naked And open to the sun,<br />

that it may freely Smile on her vegetable embraces, a 1678<br />

3Iarvell Poems, To coy Mistress 11 My vegetable love<br />

should grow Vaster than empires and more slow,<br />

+ b. Of the soul. Obs,<br />

1412-20 LvDc. Chron._ Troy iii. 5686 Comparysownyd, as<br />

it were semblable, To a sowie l>at were vegetable, I>e whiche,<br />

with-oute sensibilile, Mynystreth lyf in herbe, flour, and<br />

tre. c 1532 Du Wes Introd, Fr. in Palsgr. 1053 in the<br />

whiche [body] our Lorde hath planted the soule vegetable<br />

by the whiche it groweth. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Ciiie of<br />

God XXII. iv. (1620) 821 The earth is full of vegetable soules,<br />

strangely combined with earthly bodies. 1610 Guillim<br />

Heraldry iir, vi. (1611) 101 A vegetable Soul is a facultie or<br />

power that giueth life vnto bodies.<br />

t c. Vegetablepower^A^i^^^TXxm.'^^ of simple life<br />

and growth, Obs,<br />

1601 Dolman La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) in. 672 The<br />

vegetable power common to men and plants. 1625 Hart<br />

Anat. Ur. i. ii. 20 The state of the nourishing or vegetable<br />

power ouer the whole bodie.<br />

f d. Vegetable stone^ one of the three varieties of<br />

the philosophers^ stone, supposed to possess healthpreserving<br />

properties. Obs.<br />

After med.L. lapis vegetabilis'. cf. Cower Conf. II. 86.<br />

165* AsHMOLE Theatr. Ghent. Brit. Proleg. 7 By the<br />

Vegitable [Stone] may be perfectly known the Nature of<br />

Man.<br />

2. Of or pertaining to, composed or consisting of,<br />

derived or obtained from, plants or their parts ; of<br />

the nature of or resembling a vegetable. Freq, as<br />

contrasted with animal or mineral products.<br />

a. Of material substances.<br />

158a Hester Seer. Phiorazu \, xxxiii. 39 You shall giue<br />

them 5j of our Vegitabile Sirrup, 1594 Plat Je^veU-ho. \, 3<br />

All sorts of soyle.-do draw their generatiue & fructifying<br />

vertue from that vegetable salt. 1695 Woodward Nat,<br />

Hist. Earth II. (1723) 101 By Retrenching a considerable<br />

Quantity of the vegetable Matter. 1721 Mortimer<br />

Husbandry II. 207 Statues are a lasting Ornament when<br />

vegetable Ornaments are out of Season. 1715 Pope Odyss.<br />

IV. 320 The direful bane Of vegetable venom. 1755 Diet.<br />

Arts ^ Sci. IV. 2679/1 Almost all concretes that abound<br />

either with mineral or vegetable sulphur. 1800 Hull<br />

Advertiser 31 May 2/2 The superiority of coal to vegetable<br />

tar. 1857 Miller Elem. Clum.^ Org, ii. § 3. 84 The insoluble<br />

pectose contained in the vegetable tissue. 1875 Scrivener<br />

Leet. Greek Test. 18 The ancient ink was purely vegetable,<br />

without any metallic base.<br />

poet. 1667 Milton P. L. iv. 220 And all amid them stood<br />

the Tree of Life, High eminent, blooming Ambrosial Fruit<br />

Of vegetable Gold. tSso Shelley Prometk. Unh, iii, iv.<br />

I to My coursers sought their birthplace in the sun,.. Pasturing<br />

flowers of vegetable fire. 1857 Emerson Poems giThe<br />

zephyr in his garden rolled From plum-trees vegetable gold.<br />

b. Of conditions, actions, qualities, etc.<br />

1690 Locke Hum. Und, 11. xxvii. $ 4 The wood, bark, and<br />

lea\'es. &c. of an oak, in which consists the vegetable life.<br />

1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 178 My Song to flow'ry<br />

Gardens might extend. To teach the Vegetable Arts. 1712<br />

Pope Vertnmnus ^ Pomona 4 None taught the trees a<br />

nobler race to bear, Or more improv'd the vegetable care.<br />

«733 .'Vrbuthnot Ess. Effects Air i. 9 The Heat arising<br />

rom vegetable P^-rspiration is very sensible in a hot Day<br />

near a Field of Corn. 1788 Gibbon Decl. f^ F. C V.^ 172 The<br />

lonesome traveller derives a sort of comfort and society from<br />

the presence of vegetable life. x8o6 Med. Jmi, XV. 571<br />

The learned President begins this paper by a theory of<br />

animal and vegetable processes, deriving them,. from fermentation.<br />

18^2 Loudon Suburban Hort. 25 This short<br />

passage comprehends the essence of all that can be said on<br />

the subject of vegetable development 1874 Spurceon Treas.<br />

David Ps. xcii. 10 The brutish men grow with a sort of<br />

vegetable vigour of their own.<br />

c. Of earth, mould, etc. : (see later quots.).<br />

x;r74 Golusm. Nat. Hist. i. vi. (1776) I. 55 In regions<br />

which are uninhabited, . .where the forests arc not cut<br />

down, . . the bed of vegetable earth is constantly encreasing.<br />

x8ta New Botanic Gard. !. 53 Beds of light vegetable<br />

earth, ibid, Good light vegetable mould. 1830 M.<br />

Donovan Dam. Econ. I. 137 What remains, when the<br />

decomposition has totally broken down the structure of the<br />

vegetable, is a black pulverulent substance. ..This constitutes<br />

what is called vegetable mould, and is also the chief<br />

ingredient in vegetable manure. 18^55 Orr's Circ. Sci.,<br />

Inorg. Nat. 185 Whatever rocks may be composed of, they<br />

are sure to be covered, after a time, with debris,.. until at<br />

last there is a covering of vegetable soil.<br />

3. Vegetable creation^ kingdom^ worlds etc., that<br />

division of organic nature to which plants belong.<br />

1668 Cowley Ess. Prose 9f Verse, Garden (1906) 427 Who<br />

would not joy to see his conquering hand Ore all the Vegetable<br />

World command ? 169a- [see Kingdom 5]. 1718 Prior<br />

Solomon x. 49 The Vegetable World, each Plant, and Tree,<br />

. . ! am allow'd, as Fame reports, to know. 1823 J. Badcock<br />

Dofit. Amusem. 206 This extends in more or fess degree to<br />

every part of vegetable creation. 1843 Penn^ Cycl, XXVI.<br />

180/2 The distinction given between the animal and vegetable<br />

kingdoms is the possession of sensation by the former.<br />

1878 Huxley Pkysiogr, 84 To supply the vegetable world<br />

with its carbon.<br />

4. Of, composed or consisting of, made from,<br />

esculent vegetables.<br />

1746 Francis tr. Horace, Sat. ii. v. 32 What your Garden<br />

yields, . . To him be sacrific'd, and let him taste, Before your<br />

Gods, the vegetable Feast. 1789 W. Buchan Dom. Med.<br />

C1790) 449 A milk and vegetable diet.. will often perform a<br />

cure, 184a Combe Digestion 305 Vegetable food and fruit<br />

might, with propriety, be used by the middle and richer<br />

classes in this country to a greater extent than it U. 1838<br />

SiMMONDS Diet. Trade, Vegetable-soups, soups made with<br />

green pease, turnips, and carrots cut small, cabbages, &c.<br />

5. Resembling that of a vegetable ; esp. uneventful,<br />

featureless, monotonous, dull.<br />

1854 J. S. C. Abbott Napoleon (1S55) II. ii. 46 The<br />

pauper peasantry, weary of a merely vegetable life, were<br />

glad of any pretext for excitement. 1874 Savce Compar.<br />

Philol. vii. 298 They had no occasion to mark the lapse of<br />

time in their monotonous and vegetable existence.<br />

6. ellipt. Living on vegetables ; vegetarian.<br />

1812 Shelley in Hogg Life (1858) II. 197, I continue<br />

vegetable; Harriet means to be slightly animal, until the<br />

arrival of spring.<br />

7. Special collocations.<br />

Vegetable acid^ an organic add derived from a plant.<br />

Vegetable alkali (see quots. and Alkali 3). Vegetable<br />

brimstone (see quot. and Lycopodium 2). Vegetable<br />

butter (see quot. and Butter sb.^ 3). Vegetable camel (see<br />

quot). Vegetable casein^ = Lecumin. Vegetable caterpillar^<br />

eggy ethiopSy fre-craeker^ Jlannely t./y' (see quots.).<br />

Vegetable gelatin : see Gelatin i b. Vegetable gold, t(^)<br />

saffron (Mayne, 1859); (^) an acid derived from the roots of<br />

the plant Trixis Pipizahuac [Treas. Bot. 1866). Vegetable<br />

hair, the long-beard, Tillandsia usneiodes (Ibid). Vegetable<br />

horse-hair, the fibre of the leaves of the European<br />

palm Ckannerops humilis (Ibid. Suppl. 1874), Vegetable<br />

ivory (see Ivory 2) ; also attrib. Vegetable jelly, = Pectin.<br />

t Vegetable lamb : see Lamb sb. 5 c. Vegetable leather, the<br />

plant Euphorbia punicea (Treas. Bot. 1866). Vegetable<br />

inarro7.v\ see Marrow sb} 3. Vegetable tnummy. see<br />

Mummy jiJ.i 2 c. Vegetable oyster \ (a) i/.5"., salsify ; ((5)<br />

scorzonera. Vegetable parchment \ see Parchment j^. i b.<br />

Vegetable pear, the chocho (see Pear sb. 3). Vegetable sheep,<br />

silk (see quots.J. Vegetable sulphur, vegetable brimstone.<br />

Vegetable tallow, vellum (see quots.). Vegetable "wax, a<br />

wax or wax-like substance obtained from plants or vegetable<br />

growths. Vegetable zvool (see quot.).<br />

1728 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Alkaly, Since ^Vegetable Acids<br />

are originally no other than Mineral ones. 18x5 J. Smith<br />

Panorama Set. /c^. ^/^^rA. 2695/1<br />

* Vegetable-^annel, a fabric made of a fine fiber obtained<br />

from the leaves of the Pinus sylvesiris. Pine-wool. 1763<br />

Phil. Trans. LIII. 271 The "vegetable fly is found in the<br />

island Dominica, and (excepting that it has no wings) resembles<br />

the drone both in size and colour more than any<br />

other English insect. In the month of May it buries itself<br />

in the earth, and begins to vegetate. 1842- "Vegetable<br />

ivory (see Ivory 2]. x88o C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark 219<br />

A hut was made among vegetable- ivory palms. 1885 Lady<br />

Brassev The Trades 109 The vegetable-ivory plant (Pkyte-<br />

Uphas «mcr^«a»7>


VEGETABLIZE. 74 VEGETATE.<br />

prepared to imitate \-elIuin. 1815 J. Smith Panorama Set. *<br />

Art 11.495 In China and in Nortn America, wax isobtained<br />

directly from plants, and is then called •vegetable- wax.<br />

tS43 Ptnnf Cyc/.XXVI. 180 i Myrica qutiyi/olia^a. native<br />

oftne Cape of Good Hope, is another species which yields<br />

a vegetable wax. 1853 T. C Archer Pofi. Econ. Bot. 281<br />

Vegetable Wax (South American). Ibid. 282 Vegetable<br />

Wax, or Myrtle Wax (of North America). 1884 Chambers's<br />

yml. 8 March 146/2 The prepared fibre of this plant [Neilgherry<br />

nettle] is sometimes called ^Vegetable wool.<br />

b. In the names of pigments, as vegetable black,<br />

^/w^, etc. _,. _ ,.<br />

1807 T. Thomsom CArw.Ced. 3) H- ^74 This acid reddens<br />

vegetable blues, and gradually destroys the greater number<br />

of them. 1875 Bedford Sailor's Pocket Bf x. (ed. 2) 365<br />

Vtgetable Black.~T\C\s, is the cheapest and best black for<br />

alt ordinarv work.<br />

Ve-getablize, z'. rare. [f. Vegetable j^. or «.<br />

+ -IZK.] trans, and refl. To render vegetable ; to<br />

convert into, or cause to resemble, a vegetable<br />

substance.<br />

A 1843 Encycl. Meirop. VII. 113 Having been vegetablized<br />

..in the leaves, it (the sap] passes into vessels, .in the bark.<br />

z86q in Cosmopolitan 19 Aug. 314 The mineral vegetabliscs<br />

itself, the vegetable animalises itself, a 1891 O'Neill<br />

hyeing Calico Print. 36 (Cent. Dtct), Silk is to be vege


VEGETATED.<br />

appeared from the distance to be well vegetated. 189a Pall<br />

MallG. 25 Nov. 6/1 New Amsterdam . . is densely vegetated,<br />

and consequently more valuable.<br />

Hence Ve'getated ///. a. ; Ve-getating vbl. sb.<br />

1775 Ash, Vegetating, the state or act of growing like<br />

plants. 1804-ao Blake Jems. To Deists, Your Greek Philosophy,<br />

which is a remnant of Druidism, teaches that Man is<br />

righteous in his Vegetated Spectre. 1884 E. P. Roe Nat,<br />

Ser. Story ii. Frequent removal from one part of the country<br />

to another prevents anything like vegetating.<br />

Ve-GTetating, ppl. a, [f. prec. + -ing 2.]<br />

1. Characterized by, associated with, or causing<br />

vegetation.<br />

1704 Ray Creation (ed. 4) i. 95 It's not unlikely, that the<br />

Rain-water may be endued with some vegetating or prolifick<br />

Vertue. 1768 Phil. Trans. LVIIl. 78 Seeds in a vegetating<br />

state. X794 R. J. Sullivan View Nat. II. 48 The vegeuting<br />

power which is operating during the whole year in evergreens.<br />

1800 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 265/1 Root fleshy,.. soon<br />

after taken out of the earth becomes highly scented, which<br />

it retains as long as in a vegetating state.<br />

2. Exhibiting vegetation or growth.<br />

1783 Justamond tr. Raynals Hist. Indies VI. 313 Six<br />

vems of vegetating earth, which were in process of time<br />

discovered, received sugar canes. X796 Withering Brit.<br />

Plants(,ed. 3) II. 152 Mr. Gough informs me that vegetatirig<br />

germs of the viviparous variety,, .planted in his garden in<br />

the year 1790, still continue viviparous. 1801 FarTner's<br />

Mag. April 128 Sheep may occasionally be allowed to take<br />

a walk over the fallow, to pick up any vegetating weeds or<br />

grass roots that may come in their way. 188a Vines tr.<br />

Sachs's Bot. 630 The Lemnaceae consist of small branched<br />

leafless floating vegetating bodies.<br />

Vegetation (ved.:5rt/''Jan). Also 6 vegitacion,<br />

7-8 -tion. [ad. (late and) med.L. vegetatio^<br />

f. vegetdre Vegetate v. So F. vigitatiotit It.<br />

vcgetazione^ Sp. vegetacion^ Pg. vegetofao.<br />

The definitions 'a comforting, making strong', etc., in<br />

Cockeram {1623) and Blount (1656) are merely copied from<br />

Cooper's explanation oivegetatio in Apuleius.]<br />

L Abstract senses,<br />

1. The action of vegetating or growing ; the<br />

faculty, process, or phenomena of growth and<br />

development as possessed by certain organic sub-<br />

vegetal activity or property.<br />

stances ;<br />

a. In general use.<br />

1564 J. Dav ir. Martyr s Comm. Judges xiii. 312 To cate,<br />

is not onely to chawe the meate, . .but moreouer to conuert<br />

it into the substawnce of hys bodye, by concoction thoroughc<br />

the power of vegitacion. 1594 Plat Je^vell-hc. w. 11 Salt.<br />

causeth the vegetation, perfection, maturitie, and the whole<br />

good that ts contained in euery thing that nourisheth. 1605<br />

TtMHE Quersit. I. xiii. 5;^ A most pure and perfect body,<br />

replenished with vital spirits, and full of vegetation. _ 1768<br />

Pennant Brit. Zool. I. Pref. 10 Through every species of<br />

animal life, ..to that point where sense is almost extinct, and<br />

vegetation commences. 1813 Sir H. Davy Agric. Cheni.<br />

(1814) 7 The phenomena of vegetation must be considered<br />

as an important branch of the science of organized Nature.<br />

Jig. «7S5 Young Centaur vL Wks. 1757 IV. aSi The light<br />

of God's countenance is the sun of the human soul, whence<br />

all its vegetation of real felicity.<br />

fb. Of the soul. Obi. (Cf. Vegetative a. i a.)<br />

1613 PuacHAS Pilgrimage (1614) 16 One soul hath those<br />

three essentiall faculties of Vnderstanding, Will, and<br />

Memorie. or (as others) of Vegetation, Sense, and Reason.<br />

i6ao T. Granger Div. Logike 55 Sence, and vegetation is<br />

an effect by emanation of the soule.<br />

c. Of plants or seeds, f Also, vegetative power<br />

(quot, iws).<br />

1661 Sia K. DiGBY (title), A Discourse concerning the<br />

Vegetation of Plants. 1665 Sir T. Hkrbert Trav. {1677)<br />

333 The root where the sap lies constantly conveying vegetation<br />

to the tree in those warm Regions. 1707 Curios, in<br />

Hush. 4- Card. 28 The Operations of each Plant, which are<br />

Nutrition, Augmentation and Propagation,, .we. .express by<br />

the single Word Vegetation, which in Effect includes them<br />

all. i^ J. Lee Introd. Bot. i. vii. (176s) 14 The Seed, .is<br />

a deciduous Part of the Vegetable, the Rudiment of a new<br />

one. quickened for Vegetation by the Sprinkling of the<br />

Pollen. 1789 Mks. Piozzi Journ. France II. In these<br />

15J1<br />

countries vegetation is so rapid, that every thing makes<br />

haste to come and more to go. 1813 Bakewell Introd. Geol.<br />

(1815) 250 The vegetation of perennial grasses in the spring<br />

is at least a fortnight sooner on lime*stone and sandy soils<br />

..than on clayey. i8s3RoBrKrsoN 5^r/«. Ser. iii. (1872) iii.<br />

31 Seeds and germs . . incapable of vegetation in the unkindly<br />

climate of their birth. 1884 Bower & Scott De Bary's<br />

Phofter. 561 The intercellular air.spaces of the cortical<br />

parenchyma are in open communication with the external<br />

air at the time of active vegetation.<br />

t d. Of inorganic substances. Obs,<br />

1676 Phil. Trans. XI. 759 They are prepossest with an<br />

opinion against the vegetation of all Stones. 1748 Earthquake<br />

Peru Pref. 11 As a Proof of the quick Ve^itation of<br />

Silver. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1824) I. 33 This is not a<br />

place for an inquiry into tbc seeming vegetation of those<br />

stony substances.<br />

t 2. An act or instance of vegetating ; a stage in<br />

plant growth or development. Obs.<br />

1671 Grew /l«tf/. Pl.^ Idea {16^-2) i The Method of Nature<br />

her self, in her continued Scries of Vegetations ; proceeding<br />

from the Seed sown, to the formation of the Root.<br />

+ 3. transf. The production of a plant-like formation.<br />

Obs. (Cf. 5 b.)<br />

1707 Curios, in Husb. 4- Card. 305 The Artificial Vegetation<br />

of Silver, commonly called Diana's Tree. 18*3 Ure<br />

Did. Chem. s.v.. The Influence of the Air and Light upon<br />

the Vegetation of Salts. 184a Francis Did. Arts, Vegetation<br />

of Salts, a curious phenomena \sic\, which takes place<br />

when strong solutions of metallic salts are left in glass,<br />

earthenware, or other vessels.<br />

4. fig. Existence similar or comparable to that of<br />

]<br />

75<br />

a vegetable ; dull, empty, or stagnant life spent in<br />

retirement or seclusion.<br />

1797 Godwin Enquirer 1. xiii. 114 His state is rather a<br />

state of vegetation. 1833 T. Hook Parson's Dau. i. xi. In<br />

this state of vegetation he remained until about ten o'clock,<br />

1854 J. S. C. Abbott Napoleon (1855) I. xvi. 390 Hedouville<br />

..went to spend a life of mere vegetation in Spain. i88a Miss<br />

Braddon Mt.'RoyalW. iv. 53 You can't expect to find much<br />

difference in me after three years' vegetation in CornwalL<br />

n. Concrete senses.<br />

a plant.<br />

5. fa. A vegetable form or growth ;<br />

1683 Tryon IVay to Health 518 At which times all Vegitations<br />

are in their flourishing state. 1691 — IVisd. Dictates<br />

no The pleasant Ferment, .of the Stomach can with much<br />

more facility, .disgest Vegitations, than Flesh or Fish. 1707<br />

CuHos. in Husb,


VEGETATIVELY.<br />

All Vegetative Foods are not only wliolsom, but easily<br />

concocted.<br />

6. = Vegetable a, 3.<br />

1677 Plot (>.r/I>n/jA. 175 Having done with the Vegetative,<br />

I proceed to the Animal Kingdom. 1695 Ld. Prkston<br />

B^tk. III. 144, '' casting an E>-e upon the Vegetative<br />

World, consider Herbs and Trees. 17M Wollaston Reitg.<br />

Nmi. ix. ao9, I think 1 may be sure that neither lifeless<br />

muter, nor the vegetative tribe,., have any reflex thoughts.<br />

i77ir-id. 237 This girl led a vegetative<br />

Ufc, but learnt to recognize those around her.<br />

B. sif. fl. Vegetative faculty or power, rare.<br />

t6o5 TiMME QMcrsit. i. xiv. 63 In vegetables there were<br />

only those vegetatiues ; which, in beastes, beside the vegetaticxi<br />

which they retain, .. become also sensatiue.<br />

f<br />

development but devoid of sensation and thought<br />

2. An organic body capable of growth and<br />

ft vegetable or plant. Obs*<br />

1634 W. Wood New Eng. Prosp. i. vi, Having related<br />

unto you the., nature of the Soile, with his vegetatives, and<br />

other commodities, a 1668 Feltham Resolves i. xxviii.<br />

(1677) 152 Even Plants, which are but Vegetatives, will not<br />

grow in Caues, where the. .Air is barred from them. 1668<br />

Clarendon Ess. Tracts (1727) 93 We live rather the Life of<br />

Vegetatives or Sensitives . . than the lives of reasonable men.<br />

171a E. CooKE Voy. S. Sea 210 Having run over the living<br />

Creatures and Vegetatives. 1764 in loM ^c/. //isf. MSS.<br />

Comm. App. 1. 372 We are vegetatives formed byeducation.<br />

Hence Ve-ffetatively adv.^ Vegetativeness.<br />

x886 EncycL Brit. XX. 431/2 In some instances the one<br />

generation may spring *vegetatively from the other without<br />

the intervention of a spore. 1905 Brit. Med. JmL 25 Feb.<br />

442 They develop into one of the three following forms all<br />

of which can reproduce themselves vegetatively. 1717<br />

Bailev (vol 1 1),* yege/ativeness, a vegetative Quality. 1889<br />

Geddes & Thomson EvoI, Sex 48 Superior constitutional<br />

vegelativeness in the females [of Lychnis),<br />

Vegete (v/d^rt), a. Now rare. Also 7 veget,<br />

vegit. [ad. L. vegetus^ f. vegere to be active or<br />

lively. Cf. It. and Pg. vegcto, obs. F. vejete<br />

(Cotgr.).]<br />

L Healthy and active ; flourishing in respect of<br />

health and vigour : a. Of persons, the body, etc.<br />

1639 W. Cartwright Roy. Slave m. i, The veget Artist<br />

and the vigorous Poet, whose braines are full and forging<br />

still. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemi. i. 22 Even her body<br />

was made aery and vegete. 1670 Maynwarince Vita Sana<br />

viL 85 Active stirring people are,. more vegete and lively<br />

in spirit, a 1734 North Lives (1826) III. 350 His face was<br />

always tinted with a fresh colour, and his looks vegete and<br />

sanguine. 1774 J. Bryant Mythol. II. 361 That animal..<br />

was supposed to renew its life, and to become, .vegete and<br />

fresh. 1870 Lowell Study Wind. 380 If I forgot that<br />

ample and vegete countenance of Mr. R—<br />

D. Of age, condition, etc.<br />

X651 Jer. Taylor Holy Dying iv. § i He had lived an<br />

healthful and vegete .\ge till liis last sickness. 1665 Needham<br />

Med. Afedicinx 401 That florid Vegete vigorous condition<br />

which ought to be in the less Vegete, or the Valetudinary<br />

state of Bodies. 1684. tr. Bottet's Merc. Compit.<br />

VI. 230 He that is of a firm habit of body, and has a vegete<br />

heat.<br />

o. Of the faculties, mind, etc.<br />

x66o South Serm. (1727) IV. i. 21 A well radicated habit,<br />

in a lively, vegete Faculty, is like an Apple of Gold in a<br />

Picture of Silver. i66« Ibid. (1697) 1 . 55 The understanding<br />

. . was vegete, quick, and lively, iw Earbery tr. Burnefs<br />

St. Dead 84 Before the organical Construction of the Body<br />

is impair'd, and the Spirits are vegete and vigorous. 1769<br />

Granger Siogr. Hist. Eng. {t&o^) II. 155 His body was firm<br />

and erect, and his faculties lively and vegete. 1846 J.<br />

Hamilton Mount Olives v, 126 If you would possess such<br />

a mind you must keep it fresh and vegete and lifesome by<br />

secret prayer.<br />

2. Of plants or their parts : Healthy, vigorous ;<br />

growing strongly or promoting active growth.<br />

1651 R. Child in HartUb's Legacy (1655) 106 This be<br />

a very necessary management in taller Plants, and serves to<br />

make them much more vegete and lusty. 1670 PkH. Trans.<br />

V, 2069 Whether the Juyce of Trees, whil'st alive and vegete,<br />

can properly be said, .to descend. 1756 Amorv Buncle {.iZ-z^<br />

\\. 120 Active in sending the vegete juices through the<br />

vessels of all plants. 1794-6 E. Darwin Zoon, (1801) \. 137<br />

There are many trees,whose wholeinternal wood is perished,<br />

and yet the branches are vegete and healthy. z8oo — Phytol.<br />

167 Because the lower leaf dies, and the sweet juice is<br />

absorbed, as the upper leaf becomes vegete.<br />

transf. t6si Ashwell Eides Apost. i8g The Nicene Creed,<br />

. . by this meanes become vegete and growen, was afterwards<br />

used in the Greeke Church.<br />

1 3. Lively, bright. 06s.-^<br />

01643 Cartwright Ordinary iv. iii. In troth a stone of<br />

lustre, I assure you It darts a pretty light, a veget spark.<br />

Hence Vecfe'teness.<br />

1727 Bailev (vol. II), Vegetetiess, Liveliness, Quickness,<br />

Soundness, the Quality of having a growing Life,<br />

fVe'ffetist. nonce-word, [Irreg. f. Veoet-able<br />

+ -I8T.J One who is concerned with the growth or<br />

cultivation of vegetable products.<br />

1778 {W. H. Marshall] Minutes Agric. 7 Sept. 1775, The<br />

Vegetbt, perhaps, more than any other man, is subject to the<br />

power, .of the elements. Ibid.,Digeit 25 The Vegetist ought<br />

never to lose sight of this maxim.<br />

76<br />

tVegetity. Obs.-^ in 7 vegititie. [Irreg. f.<br />

Veget-ATE v* + -ity.] Vegetative power or quality.<br />

But perhaps a misprint for vegitivitie.<br />

i6a8 T. Sfencek Logick 43 The soule of Peter hath the<br />

same rationalitie with all other mens soules: no singular<br />

tree differs from other trees in vegititie.<br />

Vegetive (ved^/tiv), a. and sb. Also 6 vegeetyve,<br />

7 vegitiue. [Reduced form of Vegetative<br />

a.t after L. vegel-are or veget-us^<br />

A. adj. 1. Of or pertaining to, characteristic of,<br />

vegetables or plants ; = Vegetative a, 2.<br />

1516 St. Papers Hen. Vlll, VI. 534 The oolde tre for lakk<br />

of vegeetyve sprytis maye nott opteeyne perfect rote fastnesse.<br />

1573 Tusser Husb, (1878) 123 Not rent off, but cut<br />

off, ripe beane with a knife, for hindering stalke of hir veget-<br />

iue life. 1605 Sylvester Du Bartas n. iii. Vocation 1354<br />

The pleasant Soyl . . is all dry'd and dead ; Voyd of all force,<br />

vital!, or vegetive. 1631 W. Saltonstall Pict, Loquent. F ii,<br />

His knowledge consists in the vegetive nature of Plants.<br />

1675 J. Smith Chr. Relig, App. u. 15 Man had not Power so<br />

much as over the green Herb, to deprive it of its Vegetive<br />

Life;.. but by God's Donation.<br />

1830 CoLEKiDGE Church


VEHEMENT. n VEHICLE.<br />

1604 E. GCrimstone] D'Acostas Hist. Indies 11. vii. 96 The<br />

vehemencie of the fire forceth and driveth vp an aboundance<br />

of vapours. 1651 Wittie tr. Primroses Pop. Err. 309<br />

Which if it were Hippocrates his opinion notwithstanding<br />

the vehemency of his remedies [etc.]- i7»5 Fam. Diet. s.v.<br />

Flower, On these they hang a Piece of Cloth.which . .defends<br />

*em from the Vehemency of its \sc. the sun's] Rays.^ 1815<br />

Scott Guy M. iv, Those farther rules by which diviners<br />

pretend to ascertain the vehemency of this evil direction.<br />

3. = Vehemence 2.<br />

1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 120 The vehemencie of the<br />

wynde is not of poure to caste downe those houses. 1569<br />

Stockkr tr. Diod. Sic. iii. ix. 118 Many Barques, .with the<br />

vehemencie of the wether were runne on lande. 1609 Bible<br />

(Douay) Dent, xxviii. 49 In likenes ctf an eagle that flieth<br />

with vehemencie. 1668 Culpepper & Cov^ Barthol. Anat.<br />

II. vi. 105 It is continually forced along with Celerity and<br />

Vehemency.<br />

b. Dsed of sounds.<br />

I5S5 Eden Decades (Arb.l 84 The earth trembeled throwgh<br />

the vehemencie of theyr owtcry. 163a Lithgow Trciv.x.<br />

439 Least the vehemency of chirking frogs vexe the wish'dfor<br />

Repose of his. .body.<br />

4. = Vehemence i. rare—^.<br />

1565 Cooper T/tesattrus, Veheiitencia odorts^ the vehemencie<br />

of, &c.<br />

Velxemeut (vr/ment, vrh/ment), a. and adv.<br />

Also 6 Sc. viement. [a. OF. vekentent (F. v4h^'<br />

ment, ~ Sp. and Pg. vehemente. It. veemente), or<br />

ad. L. vehenunt-, vehemens violent, impetuous, etc.,<br />

usually regarded as i.vehe- (= ve- in vecors) lacking,<br />

wanting + ff;^/M mind.]<br />

I. 1. Intense, severe ; rising to a high degree or<br />

pitch : a. Of pain, illness, etc.<br />

1485 .y/. /f'^wif/^yf&CCaxton) 12 Thelanguourand maladye<br />

was vehement and encreaced dayly. 1553 Eden Decades<br />

(Arb.) 148 Vaschus..fell into a vehement feuer by reason of<br />

excesss of labour. 1563 T. Gale Antidot. 11. 39 It doeth<br />

also cease vehement dolour and payne. 1653 W. Ramesev<br />

AstroL Restored ii^\_k\ Comet, .signifietb. .vehement sicknesses.<br />

1715 N. Robinson Th. Physick z68, I order'd the<br />

following Mixture to be externally apply'd to his Side, .while<br />

his Pain was very vehement. 1804 ABERNEXHy Surg. Obs.<br />

96 Vehement er)'SLpelatous or irritative inflammation took<br />

place.<br />

b. Of heat or cold, etc.<br />

1554 W. Prat Discript. Apkrique C viii b. The earthe,.<br />

is made hote in a lytle space by the vehemente heate of<br />

the ayre. 1576 Newton Lenmie's Complex. (1633) 62 The<br />

fire is vehemcnter, and the he.irth is of heat sometime<br />

extreme, sometime more soft and milde. 1609 C. Butler<br />

Fern. Man. (1623) R 3, The Snow, .causeih them presently<br />

to fall, and with his vehement cold to rise no more. 1666<br />

BovLE Orig. Forms ^ Qual, yio Salt of Tartar requires a<br />

vehement fire to flux it. 1796 H. Hunter tr, St.-Pierre's<br />

Stud. Nat. (1799) I. 564 The action of the Sun would there<br />

have been too vehement.<br />

2. Of natural forces : Operating with great<br />

strength or violence ; esp. of wind, blowing very<br />

strongly or violently.<br />

1531 Elyot Gov. i. ii, The bees may Issue out of theyr<br />

stalles without peryll of rayne or vehement wynde. 1563<br />

YvLKW. ^feteors {16^0) 30 When the lightning is not vehement.<br />

1579 Reg. Prixy Council Scot. HI. 242 Aganis sa sudclane<br />

and viement ane storm. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage (1614)<br />

832 The Land., would be violently hot, if a fresh easterly<br />

breeze did not coole it with vehement breath in the heat of<br />

the day. i6»5 in ElUs Orig. Lett. Ser. i. IT 1. 196 The barge,<br />

windows, notwithstanding the vehement shower, were open.<br />

a ijot Maundrkll Journ, Jerus. (1732) 9 The Rain was so<br />

vehement. 17»8 Morgan Algiers II. v. 299 The succeeding<br />

vehement Deluges of Rain rendered their Incampment<br />

superlatively comfortless. 1837 Bariiam Ingol. Leg. Ser. 1.<br />

Look at Clocky Like a Weather^iock whirled by a vehement<br />

puff, David turned himself round.<br />

b. In general use :<br />

Strong and rapid.<br />

173* Abbuthnot Rules 0/Diet in Aliments, etc. 317 Violent<br />

Sweats proceed from a Laxity of the Vessels and too<br />

vehement a Circulation of the Blood.<br />

C. Of sound : Excessively loud,<br />

tTsa H. Walpole Lett. (1846) II. 415 The two Gunnings,<br />

who have made so vehement a noise.<br />

3. Of actions : Characterized by great physical<br />

exertion ; performed with unusual force or violence.<br />

1531 Elvot Gov. i. xvi, By exercise, whichc is a vehement<br />

motion, ..the helthe of man is preserued, and his strength<br />

increased. 1574 Newton Health Mag. 6 Those persons.<br />

may use vehementer exercise and stronger ambulations, c 1650<br />

Don Bellianis 34 With such vehement vigour he assaulted his<br />

foes, that his men regained their lost advantage. 18x4 W.<br />

Irving T. Trav. I. 191 At the close of each stanza a hearty<br />

roar, and a vehement thrumming on the table. 183^ H r.<br />

Martineau Manck. Strike 92 l"he clapping, .was twice as<br />

long and twice as vehement as usual. 1873 Sf. Arnold Lit.<br />

ff Dogma 309 Who that observes this delighted adoption of<br />

vehement rites.. can doubt, that [etc.].<br />

trans/. 1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 12 They must<br />

secondly, consider what a vehement efficacy there is in<br />

man's wit. 1758 Johnson Idler No. i F 1 1 These vehement<br />

exertions of intellect cannot be frequent. 1865 Trollopk<br />

Belton Est. v. 53 The woman was making a vehement effort<br />

to speak in her natural voice.<br />

1 4. Of remedies, etc. : Having a powerful effect<br />

upon the system, Obs,<br />

1541 R. Copland (To/yrVj Terap. 2Eiij, Allthebodymuste<br />

be emptyed..or that any partye Ije take subiecte to the<br />

stronge and vehement remedyes. 156* Bullein Bulwarke,<br />

Bk. Simples {i$jZ)) 5 b, The longc Onion i.^ more vehementer<br />

then the rounde, and the Redde more then the white. 1607<br />

TopSELL Four./. Beasts 691 The gall of swine is not very<br />

vehement. _ «6ii Woodall .y«r^. ;l/a/^ Wks. (1653) *5t9 In<br />

the beginning over vehement warmings are to be avoided.<br />

1&56J. SMiTH/'rar/. /'A>'«tr>t96Tlie juyceof wild Cucumber<br />

is not so vehement as they commonly report.<br />

+ b. Of taste : Strong, pungent, Obs.<br />

x6oo J. PoRV tr. Leo's A/rica Introd. 42 Being In shape<br />

somewhat like to the Millet of Italy, but of a most vehement<br />

and firy tast.<br />

fc. Vivid; intensely bright. Obs.<br />

1635 Swan Spec. M. v. § 2 (1643) 131 These colours in some<br />

rain-bows are more vehement or apparent. 1692 Rav<br />

Creation (ed. 2) 11. 25 Preserving the Kye from being injured<br />

by too vehement and lucid an Object.<br />

II. 5. a. Of suspicion or likelihood : Very<br />

strong. Now arch.<br />

1S16 Acts Pari. Scot. (1875) XII. 36/2 All Lawis excludis<br />

)pe said governour fra admin istracion and governance for<br />

suspicioun vehement and violent. 1565 in Ellis Orig. Lett.<br />

Ser. I. II. 208 The Quenes howsbaiide beinge entred into a<br />

vehement suspicion of David. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary<br />

\\. (1625) 20 Notwithstanding alt those vehement likelihoods,<br />

yet I will not condemne you till I see how you confute me.<br />

x6io Donne Pseudo-martyr 342 From your Syluester wee<br />

learne, That the Popes precepts binde not, where there is<br />

vehement Ukelyhood of trouble or scandall. 1811 Southey<br />

in Li/e A. Bell {1^^^) II. 644 Mrs. Trimmer's book. .1 much<br />

wish to see, having a vehement suspicion that some parts of<br />

it have been misrepresented.<br />

•j-b. Of proof, etc.: Strong, forcible, cogent;<br />

capable of producing conviction. Obs,<br />

1530T1NDALE lyics. (Parker Soc. 1848) 428 There is not a<br />

better, vehementer, or mightier thing to make a man understand,<br />

.than an allegory. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i.<br />

33 And these vehement demonstrations twice repeted suffer<br />

It to be drawen no other where but to Christ. 1576 Fleming<br />

Panopl. Epist. 61 The valliantnesse, constancie, and sobernesse<br />

of your person, then which nothing can be more<br />

vehement and patheticall. 1731 Chandler tr. LimborchP<br />

Hist. Inquis. II, 215 When these Proofs are vehement or<br />

sufficient for the Torture, it is left for the Judge to<br />

determine.<br />

t c. Very close or intimate. Obs,-^<br />

1596 Bacon Max. ^ Use Com. Law xiv. (1630) 59 The<br />

law is more strong in that case, because of the vehement<br />

relation which the enrolment hath to the time of the bargaine<br />

and sale.<br />

6. Of thoughts, feelings, etc. : Extremely strong<br />

or deep ; ardent, eager, passionate.<br />

iSj6 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 233 Meditacyon is a<br />

vehement or a huge goostly appHcacion of the mynde. 1560<br />

Daus tr. Sleidane's Comtn. 328 The Phisitions. .judged by<br />

and by the disase to come of a vehement thought. 1574 tr.<br />

Marlorat's Apocalips 8 It is a salutation or greeting full of<br />

vehement and hartie good wil. 1604 T. Wright Poisionsy.<br />

% 3. 177 The vehementer passion vcnteth forth the liuelier<br />

action. 1651 HoBBEs Leviath. x. vi. 27 Weeping, .is caused<br />

by such accidents, as suddenly take away some vehement<br />

hope. 1711 Addison SPect. No. 73 F 5 The Passion for<br />

Praise, which is so very vehement in the Fair Sex. 1775 De<br />

LoLME Eng. Const. Adv. (1784) p. xix, Influenced by<br />

vehement prepossessions. i8ia Cary Dante, Farad, v. 107<br />

Vehement desire Possess'd me. 1846 H. Rogers Ess. (1874)<br />

I. iv. 162 Leibnitz.. began to tell his beads with vehement<br />

devotion. 1907 Verney Mem. I. 62 The Queen's vehement<br />

partisanship.<br />

b. Of anger or similar feelings : Violent ; intense.<br />

^1548 Hall Chron., Edw. /f^'dsso) 50b, Ye olde rancor'<br />

betwene them beyng newly reuiued (The which betwene no<br />

creatures can be more vehement then betwene bretherne).<br />

JSSa HuLOET, Vehement anger, excandescentia. 1659<br />

Hammond On Ps. ciL 503 By those is meant a vehement<br />

displeasure and anger.<br />

7. Of language : Very forcibly or passionately<br />

uttered or expressed; resulting frona, and indicative<br />

of, strong feeling or excitement.<br />

1533 Chron. Calais (Camden) 114 The French kynges<br />

mother with very ardente and vehemente wordes sayd [etc.].<br />

1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 176 b, Aboute this time<br />

came forth . .a boke of Martin Luthers very vehement 1596<br />

Ediv. Ill, I. ii, Sharpely to solicit With vehement sute the<br />

king in my behalfe. 16*8 DoSNE6.SVr///. 56 In that remarkable<br />

and vehement place where he expostulates with them.<br />

a 1700 Evelyn Diary 13 Feb. 168;, A vehement speech he<br />

made about the compositions. 1734 tr. Rollins Attc, Hist,<br />

VIII. viL IV. 40 That lively and vehement eloquence which<br />

like a torrent bears down all things on its way. 1836<br />

Thirlwall Cr^^ctfxi. 1 1. 80 The Corinthian deputy Sosicles,<br />

in vehement language, remonstrated with the Spartans on<br />

their inconsistency. 1848 W; H. Kelly tr. L. Blanc's Hist.<br />

Ten KII.92 He., replies with the most vehement protestations<br />

of gratitude and fidelity.<br />

8. Of persons, their character, etc. : Acting, or<br />

tending to act, in a manner displaying passion or<br />

excitement.<br />

1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 29 b, I confess to have<br />

been more vehement then became me. 1575-85 Abp. Sandys<br />

Serm. (1841) 194 Vehement therefore and zealous must we<br />

be for the house of God. 1608 Marston Ant. ^ Alel. i.<br />

Wks, 1856 I. 15 Vouchsafe me, then, your hush't observances,<br />

Vehement in pursuite of strange novelties. 1609<br />

Bible (Douay) Ezekiel xxxviW. 15 Thou and manie peoples<br />

with thee, . .a great companie, and a vehement armie. 1791<br />

Cowpf.r Odyss, xv. 254 Summon thy crew on board. Ere my<br />

arrival notice give of thine To the old King; for vehement<br />

I know His temper. 1847 James y. Marston Hallxx, My<br />

nature was too quick and vehement to take pleasure in vice<br />

without passion. 1848 Clough Amoursde Voy. it. 293 For<br />

the woman .. Ever prcft!rs the audacious, the wilfuf, the<br />

vehement hero. 1876 Mozley Univ. Serm. xiii. 237 The<br />

Pharisees were scrupulou*;, exact, vehement, and eager,<br />

about everything connected with religion.<br />

9. Of debate, strife, etc. : Characterized by great<br />

heat or bitterness.<br />

t6ao Bedell Lett. 26, I would to Christ that of all other<br />

Controuersies this were the vehemente-Jt betweene vs. 1665<br />

Manley Grotius' Lmo C. IVars 93 Nor by this was the-<br />

Warre lessened, onely it was delayed, and not vehement<br />

enough for the time. 184^ Thirlwall Greece VIII. 135<br />

This .. was a sufficiently difficult undertaking,., in which<br />

he had to expect powerful and vehement opposition. 1847<br />

Harris Li/e Ld. Hardwicke III. xii. 44 A very vehement<br />

debate took place in the House of Lords. 1903 W. Bright<br />

Age 0/Fathers I. v. 70 The dissension caused by Arianism<br />

became daily more vehement.<br />

III. 1 10. Sc. As adv. = Vehemently adv. Obs,<br />

X549 Compl. Scot. vi. 52 The tua vintirs that thai hef ar<br />

nocht verray vehement cald. a 1578 Lindesav (Pitscottie)<br />

Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 407 He became so vehement seik<br />

that no man had hope of his lyffe. 1596 Dalrvmple tr,<br />

Leslie''s Hist. Scot. II. 10 Althoch the king prudentlie dissemblet,<br />

thayknew him to be vehement angrie.<br />

Vehemently (vr^mentli, yrh-)^adv, [f. prec]<br />

1. To a very great extent ; in a very high degree.<br />

Now rare,<br />

rt 1513 Fabvan Chron. vir. (1811) 460 In Fraunce this<br />

yere the people dyed.. so vehemently that in the cytie of<br />

Parysdyed..ouev I.M. people. 1563T. Gale Ww^/Vi'o/. 11. 18<br />

This [unguent].. taketh awaye superfluous fleshe, and doth<br />

vehemently excicate and drie. 1586 A. Day Efig, Secretary<br />

I. fi625)46Twoonely that were the conveyers of him, sickned<br />

vehemently, and one of them died. 1658 A. Fox Wfirtz'<br />

Surg.M.'w, ej^ Vomiting is not very dangerous, .unless it<br />

hold the Patient vehemently. 1695 Ld, Pheston Boeth. iv.<br />

172 Whom Wickedness, the most extreme Evil, doth not<br />

only affect, but even vehemently infect. 1753 Chambers'<br />

Cycl. Suppl. s.v. ft^omb, This tumour returned again, and..<br />

in tliree days it became vehemently enraged. 1858 Carlyle<br />

Fredk. Gt. ir. ii. (1872) I. 54 Preussen was a vehemently<br />

Heathen country.<br />

b. Used with reference to suspicion ; cf. prec. 5 a.<br />

1533 More Dcbell. Salem Wks. g8t/i Such thinges..as<br />

maketh him not slightly but very vehemently suspected.<br />

1588 J. Udall Demonstr. Discipline (Arb.) 76 One, .that is<br />

vehemently suspected, to haue haynously offended. i6xx<br />

Bp, Mountagu Diatribae 285 It will be very vehemently<br />

suspected that he is Antichrist indeed. 1684 Lond, Gaz.<br />

No. 1938/4 He is vehemently suspected to be concerned in<br />

these Robberies and Burglaries following. x8ai Southey<br />

Lett. (1856) III. 233 Mr. Wilson's letter. -having led me<br />

vehemently to suspect that the document which impeached<br />

his character was an invention of his wife's,<br />

2. a. With strong or violent language ; in a<br />

manner showing strong feeling or excitement.<br />

1545 Brinklow Compi. xx. 42 Marke what, and how<br />

vehemently the Holy Cost speakyth here in the prophete,<br />

1568 Grafton Chron. II. 97 Polidore had no good opinion<br />

of king John, and therfore wryteth very vehemently against<br />

him in his History. i6ia in \oth Ftp. Hiit. MSS. Comm.<br />

App. I. 610 The Deputies of the Religion have very<br />

vehemently protested against these proceedings. 1665<br />

Glanvill Scepsis Sci. Addr. p. xi, Reckoning it a great<br />

instance of Piety and devout Zeal, vehemently to declaim<br />

against Reason and Philosophy, a 1711 Prior Cromwell


VEHICLE. 78 VEHICULUM.<br />

roost agreeable and beneficial Vehicle for such Medicines.<br />

177J pERCiVAL Ess. (1777) I. 72 A sufficient dose of the<br />

medicine cannot be given on account of the heating nature<br />

of its vehicle. 1816 A. C Hutchison Pract. Obs. Surg.<br />

(i8a6) 169 The Doctor., exhibited tohtnx an ounce of castoroil,<br />

uncovered by any vehicle. 1875 H. C. Wood Thtrap.<br />

(1870)31 The dried petals.. are almost destitute of therapeuue<br />

virtues, but their preparations arc used as elegant<br />

vehicles.<br />

fig. i66< BovLE Occas. Refl, (1S48) 19 Both these pleasing<br />

Vehicles, if I may so call them, and Correctives of Reproofs<br />

(etcj. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 87 p 3 With what<br />

vehicles to disguise the caiharticks of the soul. 1755 H.<br />

Walpole Z^//. (1846) III. i8i The invasion.. I really believe<br />

was dressed up for a vehicle (as the apothecaries call it) to<br />

make us swallow the treaties. 1844 Wardlaw yr^Tr'. (1869)<br />

II. 102 If we have a bitter, .medicine to administer, we are<br />

desirous, .to convey it in a pleasant vehicle.<br />

b. In general use.<br />

1609 Evelyn Acetarja (1729) 149 There ought to be one<br />

of the Dishes, in which to beat and mingle the liquid<br />

Vehicles, and a second to receive the crude Herbs in. 17*5<br />

Fnm. Did. S.V. Malt-Lifuor, The Substance of high dry'd<br />

Malts, which retain many fiery Particles in their Contexture,<br />

and are therefore best lost in a smooth Vehicle. 1831 J.<br />

Davies Mat. Med. 376 It is.. soluble.. in more than 2000 of<br />

cold water, and 9000 of this vehicle when boiling. 1901<br />

Brit. Med. yml. No. 2097. 39 When the crusts [of eczema]<br />

form, acid, salicyl., in a vetiicle of olive oil, is useful.<br />

C. Painting. A fluid (as water, oil, etc.) with<br />

which pigments are mixed for use.<br />

1787 Trans. S&c. Arts V. 10^ The well known disadvantages<br />

that Paintings in Oil he under, have rendered the<br />

discovery of some other Vehicle an object of attentive<br />

enquiry. 1807 J. Opie in Led. Art iv. {1848) 320 Colours.<br />

little muddled by vehicles. _>8^ Gullick & Times Paint.<br />

202 The term ' vehicle ', which is borrowed from pharmacy,<br />

is applied in art to the fluid employed to bring pigments<br />

into a proper working state. 1883 R. Haldane Workshop<br />

Receipts Ser. il 427/1 A perfect vehicle mixes readily with<br />

the pigment.<br />

2. That which serves as a means of transmission,<br />

or as a material embodiment or manifestation, of<br />

something : a. With reference to matter or physical<br />

conditions.<br />

1650 BuLWER Anihropomet. 117 Drink may not be only<br />

esteemed the Vehicle of aliment. 1683 Trvon Way to<br />

Health 265 To_ cleanse and purifie those grosser Excrements,<br />

the Vehickles (or Lodgings) of malignant Spirits.<br />

1749 Fielding Tom Jones x. ii, As fa, la, la, ra, da, &c. are<br />

in music, only as the vehicles of sound, and without any<br />

fixed ideas. 2779 J. Moore Vietv Soc. Fr. (17S9) I. xxvii,<br />

221 If the water be in reality the vehicle of this disease.<br />

i8«3 Sir H. Daw Agric. Chem. (1814I 239 Water, as it is<br />

the vehicle of the nourishment of the plant, is the substance<br />

principally given off by the leaves. 1841 Myers Cath. Th.<br />

in. % 14. 52 There is a considerable portion of all natural<br />

food .. serving rather for the vehicle than for the substance<br />

of our support. 1874 Carpenter Ment. Phys. i. i. (1879) 3<br />

That more advanced Philosophy of the present day, which<br />

regards Matter merely as the vehicle of rorce,<br />

b. In Other contexts.<br />

1786 Mme. D'Arblav Diaiy 8 Aug., To receive a favour<br />

through the vehicle of insolent ostentation—no ! no ! 1796<br />

Morse Amer. Geog. I. 297 They viewed the tea as a vehicle<br />

of an unconstitutional tax. 1870 Dale Week-day Serm. xx.<br />

51 Making the very form of Christian forgiveness the vehicle<br />

of revenge. 1876 Geo. Eliot Dan. Der, IV. llx. 183 It is.<br />

possible to feel gratitude even where we discern a mistake<br />

that may have been injurious, the vehicle of the mistake<br />

being an affectionate intention prosecuted through a lifetime<br />

of kindly offices.<br />

c A substance employed as a material in or on<br />

which some work is executed.<br />

1837 Hallam Hist. Lit. i. i. § 58 The more extended use<br />

of p.iper as the vehicle of writing instead of parchment.<br />

i8«io Mrs. Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. 441 'I'he whole<br />

[picture] has been significantly described as a ' parody of<br />

Divine love". The vehicle, white marble,— its place in a<br />

Christian church,^-enhance all its vileness.<br />

3. A means or medium by which ideas or impressions<br />

are communicated or made known ; a<br />

medium of expression or utterance.<br />

a 165a J. Smith Sel. Disc. iv. 123 A spiritual kind of<br />

vehicle, whereby corporeal impressions are transferred to<br />

the mind. 13^09 T. Robinson Vindic. Mosaick Syst. Intiod.<br />

7 Philosophical Mythology, .a more agreeable Vehicle,<br />

found out for the conveying to us the Truth and Reason of<br />

Things. 176a in \oth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. I. 347<br />

It might not be improper to contradict it by some vehicle<br />

of the publick papers. 1836 Thirlwall Greece xii. II. 138<br />

But a metrical vehicle did not so well suit Zeno's dialectic<br />

Itenius. 1887 Saintsburv Hist. Elizah. Lit. x. (1890) 378<br />

Quarles was a kind of journalist to whom the vehicle of<br />

verse came more easily than the vehicle of prose.<br />

b. Const, of.<br />

1687 Dryden Hind ^ P. in. 106 And alms are but the<br />

vehicles of pray'r. 1688 J, H. Stevenson Mr. Bays<br />

Pref. A 2, Rhyme (which he very Judiciously somewhere<br />

calls the Vehicle of Nonsense). 1751 Johnson Rambler<br />

No. 121 p i^ Allegory is perhaps one of the most pleasing<br />

vehicles of mstruction. 1781 Cowper Charity 625 Did<br />

charity prevail, the press would prove A vehicle of virtue,<br />

truth, and love. i8» Hazlitt Table-T. Ser, 11. xv. (1869)<br />

305 Music is not made the vehicle of poetry, but poetry of<br />

music. 1856 Merivale Ros/r. Rmp. xxii. (1865) III. 40 In<br />

the common intercourse of life Greek became a fashionable<br />

vehicle of expression. 1885 Clodd Myths 9f Dr. i. iv. 77<br />

The myths . . yielded themselves with ease as vehicles of new<br />

ideas.<br />

o. Const, to or for.<br />

17*1 Wollaston Relig. Nature v. 123 Words seem to be<br />

as it were bodies or vehicles to the sense or meaning.<br />

?7S3-4 Richardson Grandison I. xii. 67 You consider skill<br />

in Languages then as a Vehicle to Knowledge—Not I pre.<br />

same as Science itself, 1836 Thirlwall Greece xii. (1839)<br />

II. 141 It is extremely doubtful how far they were ever used<br />

I as a vehicle for the exposition of theological doctrines differing<br />

from the popular creed, c 1850 Kingsley Misc. (i860) I.<br />

385 Which makes it. .afar better vehicle, .for many forms of<br />

thought. 1877 DowDEN Shaks. Primer xv, 45 In the same<br />

play, rhyme is often employed as a vehicle for generalising<br />

reflections.<br />

4. The form, the material or other shape, in which<br />

something spiritual is embodied or manifested.<br />

Fretj. News 26 Dec. 5/2 Vehicular traffic was almost<br />

entirely suspended.<br />

e. Of the nature of, serving as, a vehicle.<br />

1807 Byron Lei, to Miss Pigot Aug., Places inaccessible<br />

to vehicular conveyances. 1844 Emerson Ess., Poet, All<br />

language is vehicular and transitive, and is good, .for coo.<br />

veyance, not as farms and houses are, for homestead. 1871<br />

Lvtton Coming Race xiv. They prefer their wings, for<br />

travel,, .to vehicular conveyances.<br />

1 2. Invested with a vehicle or special form ;<br />

embodied. Obs.<br />

1656 S. Holland Zara (1719) 29 That every Grove, Grot<br />

and Stream has its tutelar and vehicular Deity, a 1774<br />

Tucker Lt, Nat, 11. xxi. 47 We may gather that the<br />

rational soul is compleatly formed, .before entrance into the<br />

human body, and that the fashion and lineaments it afterwards<br />

takes.. are not necessary for iis subsistence in the<br />

vehicular state. Ibid. xxvi. 140 To behold the wonders of<br />

the vehicular state, and boundless glories of the mundane<br />

soul.<br />

Hence Tehi'ctQarly adv.<br />

i88a Sala Amer. Revis. x. 130/1 Pullman the beneficent<br />

did not fail., to be vehicularly manifest on the train which<br />

conveyed us from Washington to Philadelphia.<br />

Vehi'OUlary, fl. rare-^, [7id.\^itL.veki€t{idri-<br />

«j.] «= Vehicular a. i c.<br />

183s J. Knowles Diet., Litter^ a kind of vehiculary bed.<br />

Vehi'cnlate, v, rare. [f. L. vehicul-um VE-<br />

HICLE sb, : see -ATE 3.] a. trans. To carry or<br />

convey in, or as in, a vehicle. In quots. fig. b,<br />

intv. To travel, to ride or drive, in a vehicle.<br />

1660 Waterhouse Arms ff Arm. 27 Giving.. a document<br />

to mortal menageries, which are then only vehiculated to<br />

their central point. Ibid. 195 For this courage which<br />

vehiculates his attempts, and occasions his glory, is God's<br />

royal donative. 1843 Carlvle Past ^ Pres. ii. i, The<br />

vehicle for truth, or fact of some sort,— which surely a man<br />

should first try various other ways of vehlculating, and<br />

conveying safe.<br />

Vehiculated, ///. a. rai-e-'^. [Cf. prec]<br />

Invested with form; embodied.<br />

a 1727 J. Revnolds View o/Death (1735) 89 There may<br />

be vehiculated Spirits, of very different orders.<br />

Vehicula *tion. [f. as Vehiculate v. : see<br />

-ATION, and cf. med.L. vehicnlatio.'\ Conveyance<br />

by means ofa vehicle or vehicles ; vehicular activity<br />

or traffic.<br />

1834 Gen. p. Thompson Exerc. (1842} III. 148 By a sort of<br />

parallel to the Game Laws, certain modes of vehiculation<br />

were to be peculiar to the magnificos. 1851 Carlvle in Ne%v<br />

Review Dec. (1891) 482 Boulevards very stirring, airy, locomotive<br />

to a fair degree, but the vehiculation very light. x866<br />

— .£. Irving in Remin, (1881) 11. 212 The New Road with<br />

its lively traffic and vehiculation. 1895 Daily Chron. 12<br />

Nov. 4/4 We know of nothing more handsome or inviting in<br />

the literature of vehiculation.<br />

Vehi'CUlatory, a, [f. as prec. : see -dry K'l<br />

Of the nature of, pertaining or relating to, vehicles.<br />

1851 Carlyle Sterling i. viii, He would accumulate.,<br />

logical swim-bladders, . . and other precautionary and vehiculatory<br />

gear, for setting out. 1865 — Fredk.Gt. xix. v. (1872)<br />

VIII. \-]j To cart from Bohemia such a cipher of human rations<br />

daily . . will surpass all the vehiculatory power of Daun.<br />

t Vehicule. Obs.-'^ [a. F. vihicule or ad. L.<br />

vehiculum : see next.] = Vehicle sb. i.<br />

1541 Copland Galyeu^s Terap. 2 H ij b. Of theyr sodayne<br />

passynge as a vehicule, with y' there is hunny it noyeth nat<br />

the viceie.<br />

Now rare or Obs. PI. vehi-<br />

II Vehiculum.<br />

cxUa ; also 7 -aes. [L. : see Vehicle sb^<br />

1. ^ Vehicle sb. i. Also^^. and trans/.<br />

1614 Bedell Lett. x. 143 <strong>Here</strong> is.. some truth mingled<br />

among, to giue the better grace, and to be as it were the<br />

Vehiculum of a lie. 1655 Culpepper, etc. Riverius 1. vii. 33<br />

The Dose is one dram in any proper Liquor or Vehiculum<br />

to swallow it down with. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. L<br />

§ 8. 12 We doubt not but to make a Sovereign Antidote<br />

against Atheism, out of that very Philosophy, which so many<br />

have used as a Vehiculum to convey this Poyson of Atheism<br />

by. 1787 Maty tr. Riesbeck*s Trav. Germ, III. 76 Burgundy<br />

is the standing vehiculum of green pease.<br />

2. = Vehicle sb. 6. In quots. fig*<br />

1633 Prvnne I.J/ Pt. Hisirio-m. 65 Unchast, Obscene.and<br />

Amorous wordes, are but so many vehiculaes, to carrie men<br />

on to Adulterous and Sinfull deedes. 1642 Howell Instr.<br />

Forr. Trav. (Arb,) 59 Speech is the. .Ambassador of the<br />

mind, and the Tongue the Vehiculum, the Chariot, which<br />

conveyeth. .the notions of the Mind to Reasons Palace.<br />

3. = Vehicle sb. 2.<br />

165a AsHMOLE Theat, Chem. Annot. 451 She is the Planet<br />

neerest the Earth, and appointed as it were the Vehxcuiuni


VEHME.<br />

of all Other heavenly Influences unto what is Sublunary.<br />

1668 Howe Blfss. Righteous 325 Are not the exceeding<br />

great and precious promises, the Vehicula, the convcighances<br />

of the Divine Nature ?<br />

4. = Vehicle sb. 4.<br />

1656 Stanley Hisi. Philos. (1687) 189/1 Having imposed<br />

each one his proper Star as a vehiculum. Ibid. 191/1 'Ihe<br />

rest of the body they appointed as a vehiculum to serve this.<br />

1794 R. J. SuLiVAN Vidv Nat, IV. 15 Plato, .supposes, that<br />

into the vehiculum of the soul.. is infused.. a particular<br />

formative virtue, distinct, according to that star.<br />

5, = Vehicle sh. 5.<br />

i668 CuLPF-ppER & Cole BarthoL Anat, i, xvii. 44 The<br />

wheyish. .exceeds the two excrementitious Cholers, by<br />

reason of the Blood, whose vehiculum U was to be.<br />

II Velmie (v^ms, frma). Hist. Also Fehm.<br />

||<br />

[a. older G. Vehme (now Fekme, Feme), MHG.<br />

veme, vHme judgement, punishment.] = next.<br />

z8» ScoTT Antte o/G.xx^ Go hence,.. and let the fear of<br />

the Holy Vehme never pass from before thine eyes. 1836<br />

Shark's Biogr.y Eaton IX. 350 Individual opinions are<br />

restrained by a tyranny as inexorable as that of the Holy<br />

Vehme, the secret tribunal of the Middle Ages. 1879<br />

Encycl. Brit. IX. 63/2 It was necessary that a candidate<br />

for initiation into the Fehm. .should not be a party to any<br />

procc'is before a f'ehmic court.<br />

(I Vehmgericlit (v^-m-, |i ie-m^^nx^i). Hist,<br />

Also Vehme-, Fehm-. [a, older G. Vekm-y now<br />

Fehm-^ Femgericht (pi. -gerichte), f. prec. -k-gtricht<br />

court, tribunal.] A form of secret tribunal which<br />

exercised great power in Westphalia from the end<br />

of the I2th to the middle of the l6th century.<br />

18x9 Scott Anne 0/ G. xx, Men initiated and intrusted<br />

with high authority by the Vehme-gericht, or tribunal of<br />

the bounds. 1839 Loncp. Hyperion i. vi, Two Black<br />

Knights, who pretended to be ambassadors from the Vehm-<br />

Gericht. 1879 Encycl. Brit. IX. 63/2 It was only with the<br />

restoration of public order., that the influence of the Fehmgerichte<br />

gradually waned.<br />

trans/. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair xliv, ' Was Rebecca<br />

guilty or not ? ' The Vehmgericht of the servants' hall had<br />

Eronounced against her. 1880 Edin. Rev. Jan. 143 The<br />

errors of the Karmathtan, the detestable Vehmgericht of<br />

the ' Assassins ',. .all owe their origin to the schism of the<br />

House of 'Ali.<br />

Velxmic (v^*mik, f,?*mik), a. Also Vehmique,Pehniic.<br />

[f. Vehm-e + -ic.] Pertaining to,<br />

connected with, the Vehmgericht.<br />

18*9 Scott Anne 0/ G. xx, Machinations for the destruction<br />

of the Vehmique institutions, fbid.. In the Vehmique<br />

court alt must be Vehmique. 1831 llnd. Introd., The Vchmic<br />

tribunals of Westphalia, a name so awful in men's ears during<br />

many centuries, a 1849 ^' Coleridgk Ess. {1851) I. 276<br />

Invisible as a familiar or agent of the Vehmic association.<br />

1879 [sec VeiimeJ. i88a-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Kmrwl.<br />

III. 245t/t When the State became able to maintain its<br />

laws, the Vehmic Court became superfluous.<br />

Veh'mist. [f. as prec. + -ist.] A member of<br />

the Vehmgericht.<br />

1841 Blackw. Mag. XLIX. 234 [They] thus, like the<br />

Vehmists of Germany, pursued a faithless or refractory<br />

member, even on the throne, with the steel and the cord.<br />

Veht(en, southern ME. varr. Fight sb. and v.<br />

Veiage, obs. var. Voyage sb. Veicht, obs. Sc.<br />

f. Weight sb, Veid, obs. Sc. f. Weed sb. Veie,<br />

southern ME. var. Fay a. Veien, southern ME.<br />

var. Fat v.l Veighor.var. Veyour (viewer) Obs.<br />

Vei'gle, "v. Now dial. [Aphetic f. Invkiolb<br />

p.] trans. To inveigle. Also absoL<br />

1745 Gentl. Mag. 161 Venus may veigle to the grove, To<br />

taste the trifling sweets of love. 1778 Foote Trip Calais<br />

ir. Wlcs. 1799 11. 345, I asked, if they had veigled one Miss<br />

Minnikin into their clutches. 1887 T. Gibson Leg. ^ Notes<br />

IVestm. Gloss. 307 Veigte, to entice.<br />

Veik, obs. Sc. form of Weak a.<br />

Veil (v^l), sb.^ Forms : a. 3 ueile, 4-5 (7)<br />

veile, 5 veylle, 5-7 veyle; 4-5, 7 veyl, 6 veyll,<br />

veill (veil), 3-5, 7- veil. $. 4 uayle, 4-5 vayl,<br />

5-7 vayle, 5-8 vaile, vail (5 Sc. waile, wail), 6<br />

vayel(l)e, 8 vaill, 7. 5 Sc. wale, val, 4, 6-7<br />

vale. [a. AF. and ONF. vei/e {veiile) or veil<br />

(veyl), = OF. voile (voille) and voil :—L. vela (neut.<br />

pi., taken as fem. sing.) and velum sail, curtain,<br />

veil. Cf. F. voile m. (veil) and f, (sail), = Prov.<br />

vely It. and Sp. velo^ Pg. veo. See also Vele.]<br />

I. 1. A piece of linen or other material forming<br />

part of the distinctive head-dress of a nun, and<br />

worn so as to fall over the head and shoulders and<br />

down each side of the face.<br />

a isa5 Ancr, R. 430 ?if 5e muwen beon wimpel-Ieas, beo3<br />

bi warme keppen and t»eruppon blake ueilcs. c 1375 Sc.<br />

Leg. Saints x. {Matthew) ^22 Pc apostil I?ane . . t>ai madynnis<br />

all blyssit, & gefe ^lam waile & pal!, xjfi-j Thevisa Higden<br />

(Rolls) V. 33 He ordeynede ^t a nonne, .schulde nou^t<br />

handle t>c towayles of be awter,, .but sche schal here a veile<br />

on hire heed. ^14x5 Wvntols Cron. v. viii. 1563 He gaf<br />

biddynge to )>aim ay pat ^r wall war na tyme lewide, f^n<br />

^i sulde wcr it on t>ar hcwide. c 1430 Lvdc. Min. Poems<br />

(Percy Soc.) aoo Rympled liche a nunnys veylle. ^1515<br />

Cocke Lorelts B. 14 And many whyte nonnes with whyte<br />

vayles. 1:1530 Crt. 0/ Love 1102 The nonnes, with vaile<br />

and wimple plight 1596 Dalrvmple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot.<br />

I. 228 Eftir her consccrationc, haueng put on the Vale of her<br />

Virginitie.-eftirthe consuetude of the kirkc, 16x0 Holland<br />

Camden's Brit. 699 Heina.. that put on the Vaile and religious<br />

habite of a Nunne. 1631 Townshend Albion's Trivntph<br />

17 Religion, a woman in a short Surplusse of lawne<br />

full gathered about the neck, and vnder it a garment of<br />

watchet, with a short vale of siluer. X7»8 Chambers Cycl.<br />

S.V., The Prelate before whom the Vows arc made, blesses<br />

79<br />

the Veil, and gives it to the Religious. 1753 Diary Blue<br />

Nuns in Caih. Rec. Soc. Publ. VIII. 126 June the 19*^<br />

P«ggy Johnson received the vail of postulante from Mother<br />

Abbess Agnes Howard. 1825 Scott Talisman iv, Six [of<br />

the females], who, from their black scapularies, and black<br />

veils over their white garments, appeared to be professed<br />

nuns of the order of Mount Carmel.<br />

b. To take the veil^ to become a nun ; to enter a<br />

convent or nunnery. (See- also quots. a 1700-56.)<br />

Originally in sense 34 of the verb Take, but in later use<br />

passing into sense 16 c.<br />

c X3a5 Metr. Horn. 78 Thir maydens ware sent thalre<br />

uayies to take Of that bisschope, ot whaim I spake... Thir<br />

maydens come bifore the autere, And toke thaire uayies.<br />

'^'STS ^c- Leg. Saints xxi. (Clement) 661 Throw hyme ^^e<br />

wale has tan a cusing of domycyane. ci^zs Wyntoun<br />

Cron. VI!. iii. 264 Hir systyr J?an dame Cristyane Off religion<br />

t>e wail had tane. xsa6 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 262 b,<br />

She had forsaken the workle and taken the holy veyle and<br />

habyte of religion. x6io Holland Camdens Brit. 395<br />

Taking herself the Vale for opinion of holinesse. a 1700<br />

Diary Blue Nuns in Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ. VIII. 15<br />

Margarite Pigin came from-England to be a lay sister and<br />

took the litle vaile for religion. 1756 Mrs. Calderwoou in<br />

CoUness Collect. (Maitland <strong>Club</strong>) 259 It was the white vaill<br />

she wa^ to take, that is, she was to enter her noviscet, for<br />

there is here no publick ceremony in takeing the black<br />

vaill, and last vows, for that is done within the convent,<br />

after a year's wearing the white. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffi:<br />

Rom. Forest iii, My father intended 1 should take the veil.<br />

1818 Scott Hrt. Midi. Iii, She never took the veil, but<br />

lived and died in severe seclusion, and in the practice of the<br />

Roman Catholic religion. 1867 Lady Herbert Cradle L.<br />

iii. 103 Then it.. became a large and flourishing Convent,<br />

the wife of Baldwin I having taken the veil there.<br />

c. The veil, the life of a nun.<br />

18x1 Gary Dnnte, Parad. iv. 95 And thou mightst after<br />

of Piccarda learn That Constance held affection to the veil.<br />

i8»7 Hood Blanco's Dream 202 By twenty she had quite<br />

renounced the veil. 1831 Scott Cast. Dang, xiv, One who,<br />

..according to the laws of the Church, had a right to make<br />

a choice between the world and the veil.<br />

2. An article of attire consisting of a piece of thin<br />

cloth, silk, or otl^er light fabric, worn, especially by<br />

women, over the head or face either as a part of the<br />

ordinary head-dress, or in order to conceal or pro-<br />

tect the face ; now usually a piece of net or thin<br />

gauzy material tied to the hat and completely<br />

covering the face in order to protect it from the sun<br />

or wind. Also in 6g. context (quot. 1648).<br />

0,3. cxaso Gen. ff Ex. 3616 Dat folc on him [Moses] ne<br />

mi^te sen But a veil wore hem bi-twen. 13.. Gazv. ^ Gr.<br />

Knt. 958 fat ot»er wyth a gorger was gered ouer (le swyre,<br />

Chymbled ouer hir blake chyn with mylk-quyte vayles.<br />

14.. Siege Jerus. (E.E.'i'.S.) 15 5it is ^ visage in J>e vail,<br />

as Vcronyk hym bro^t. 15x3 Douglas yEneid ml viii. 77<br />

Our hedis befoir the altar we aray With valis brown, eftir<br />

the Troiane gise. 1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 255 His<br />

heare long downe to his shulders,..with a vaile of silke<br />

rowled alMwte his head. 1564 Brie/ Exam. ****iiij b, A<br />

B>*shop that suffered a wydowe to syt without a vayle in<br />

the Church among other wydowes. X638 Junius Paint.<br />

Ancients 250 This same wise Tragaedian bringeth in<br />

Agamemnon with a vaile before his eyes. 1648 Crashaw<br />

Delights Muses Poems (1904) 146 How at the sight did'st<br />

Thou draw back thine Eyes, Into thy modest veyle? x688<br />

Holme Annoury in. 240/1 Gipsies.. in the Countrey for a<br />

Vaile use some Durty Clout, having holes only for their<br />

Eyes. X7X8 Free-thinker No. 73. 125 She wore a white,<br />

unspotted Vail. x76o-a Goldsm. Cit. /^. cxviii, They were<br />

covered from head to foot with long black veils. X774<br />

Pennant Tour Scott, in /yjz, 124 Over her face a veil, so<br />

transparent as not to conceal, 18*3 F. Clissold Ascent Mt.<br />

Blanc 17 We all put on our veils, as a protection from the<br />

heat and light. X838 Murray's Handbk. N, Gemt. 139 The<br />

women of the lower orders here [Antwerp] wear a veil,<br />

resembling the Spanish mantilla. 1859 W. Collins Q. 0/<br />

Hearts (1875) 20 A bright laughing face, prettily framed<br />

round by a black veil, passed over the head, and tied under<br />

the chin. X900 J. G. Frazer Golden Bough (ed. 2) I. 313<br />

Amongst the Touaregs..the veil is never put off, not even<br />

in eating or sleeping.<br />

trans/. 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas i. iv. 200 A Peacock .<br />

spreads round the rich pride of his pompous vail.<br />

y. 1580-3 Grkenf, Mamillia Wks. (Grosart) II. 112 Where<br />

cythcr the person or place should haue neede of a vale for<br />

Sunne burning. x6ax Quarles Hadassa Wks. (Grosart) II.<br />

60/1 Haman went home and mourn'd, (His visage muffled<br />

in a moumfull vale).<br />

fb. A loin-cloth. Obs.-"^<br />

16^ Sir T. Herbert Trav. 187 A small vaile ouer their<br />

priuities.<br />

o. Eccl, = Humeral veil^ Hdmeral ct, a. (Cf.<br />

also Offertory 5.)<br />

i^Bi [see 4]. 1905 Ck. Times 3 Feb. 136 The Offertory<br />

veil is worn on the shoulders like a broad scarf, the pendant<br />

ends being gathered up in the hands for holding and covering<br />

the sacred vessels.<br />

3. A piece of cloth or other material serving as a<br />

curtain or hanging: &. Jewish Antiq. The piece<br />

of precious cloth separating the sanctuary from the<br />

body of the Temple or the Tabernacle.<br />

dX3oo Cursor M. 16762+85 Dede men risen out of J>er<br />

graue, J>e temple vayl clef in twoo. 13. . Gos^. Nicod. 660<br />

pe son wex dim ful sone, pe vail rafe in he kirk. X384<br />

WvcLiF Exod. xxvi. 33 The veyle forsothe be it sett yn bi<br />

ccrcles, with ynnc the whiche thou shall put thearkc of testymonye.<br />

i4xa-so Lydg. Chron. Troyx, 1747 In >€ temple ^e<br />

veil was kut on two. X5a8 More Dyalogue 111. Wks. 246/r<br />

¥• veyle of the temple is broken asunder y* diulded among<br />

y» Jcwes. x53sCovERDALE 2 Chron. iii, 14 He madea vayle<br />

also of yalow sylke, scarlet, purple and lynenworke, and<br />

madeCherubinstheron. x6xi Bible i Mace. \. 22 Antiochus<br />

..entred proudly into the sanctuarie, and tookc away, .the<br />

vaile. 1737 Whiston tr. yosepkus, Antiq. in. vii. § 7 The<br />

vails, too, which were composed of four things, they declared<br />

VEIL.<br />

the four elements. 178* J. BROw^J Nat. ff Revealed Relig,<br />

IV. lii. 363 While he expired, an earthquake rent the rocks,<br />

and the vail of the temple. 1842 Penny Cycl. XXIV, 186/2<br />

The inner sanctuary was separated from the holy place by<br />

a rich curtain or veil.<br />

/g. 1382 WvcLiF Heb. X. 20 Bi a veyl, or keuering, that<br />

istoseye.hisfleisch. iS26Tindale Heb. x. 20 Through the<br />

vayle, that is to saye by his flesshe. 1642 Rogers Naaman<br />

Ep. Ded. a2, We are come. .even to the Holy of Holies,<br />

through his flesh that hath broken downe the vaile of<br />

seperation.<br />

b. Eccl. The curtain hung between the altar and<br />

the choir, esp. during Lent. Now Hist.<br />

X427-8 Rec. St. Mary at Hill (1905) 68 For makyng of iiij<br />

polesis of bras & iron werk and lede ^^at serued for )>k<br />

vayl. a 1450 Mirk's Festial 126 Pe vayle >at ha^e be<br />

drawen all Jje Lenton bytwene (le auter and jje qwere. X50S<br />

Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot. 11. 294 For xxvij eine Bertane<br />

claith, to be the vail in the chapel of Halyrudhous agane<br />

Lenterane. 1530 Palsgr. 284/2 Veyle for the church in<br />

lent, custode. iss* Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 67 That<br />

day the vayelle was hongyd [up] benethc the steppes. Ibid,<br />

69 The xxviij. day after was Ester evyne, and then was the<br />

tabulle remevyd, and sette benethe at the vayele northe and<br />

sowthe. 1877 J. D. Chambers Div. Worship 94 A large<br />

Curtain or Veil should be suspended in the Presbytery<br />

between the Choir and Altar.<br />

c. Used fig. or allusively in various prepositional<br />

phrases, as behind^ beyond^ or within the veil,<br />

chiefly after Heb. vi. 19 in Tindale's (1526) and<br />

later versions of the Bible ; now commonly with<br />

reference to the next world.<br />

iS28_TiNDALE Obed. Chr. Man 91 b, Christe hath brought<br />

vs all in into the inner temple within the vayle or forehanginge,<br />

and vnto the mercy stole of God. 172a Wollastom<br />

Relig, Nat, \x. 180 To participate of the mysteries of love<br />

with modesty, as within a veil or sacred inclosure, not with<br />

a canine impudence. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. Ivi, What<br />

hope of answer, or redress ? Behind the veil, behind the veil.<br />

1859 E. FitzGerald Omar xlvii. When You and I behind<br />

the Veil are past. 1877 A. J. Ross Mem. Alex. Kwing<br />

XXX. 521 In March, 1870, Thomas Erskine passed on within<br />

the veil.<br />

t d. A curtain or awning (cf. quots.). Obs.<br />

1781 Gibbon Decl, ^ F. xxi. (1787) II. 277 The master of the<br />

offices stood before the veil or curtain of the sacred apartment.<br />

X790 Bystander 33 To prevent inconvenience from<br />

the heat of the sun, they extended veils., by means of cords<br />

attached to the extremity of the building.<br />

4. A piece of silk or other material used as a<br />

covering, spec, (Eccl.) to drape a crucifix, image,<br />

picture, etc., esp. during Lent, or to cover the<br />

chalice.<br />

(rt) 1399 Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 129 In salario Johannis<br />

Payntour pictantis j magnum vale ad cooperiendum crucem<br />

stantem infra corpus ecclesise in Quadragesima. 1501 Ace,<br />

Ld. High Treas. Scot. II. 64 For xliiij elne lynnyn claith,<br />

that wes antependis and vales in the Kirk of Strivelin. 1570<br />

B. GooGE Pop. Kingd, 1. 11 One vp a lofte the patten<br />

holdes, enclosde in silken vayle. X728 Chambers Cycl. s.v.,<br />

In the Romish Churches, in time of Lent, they have Veils,<br />

or large Curtains over the Altar, Crucifix, Images of the<br />

Saints, &c. X78» in J. H. Harting Hist, Sardinian Chapel<br />

(1905) 25 Burseand veil for the chalice, veils for Benediction<br />

and the desk. ^ 1877 J. D. Chambers Div. Worship 427<br />

There was a similar veil used also for covering over the<br />

Sepulchre on Good Friday.<br />

(/') 178X Gibbon Decl.^F. xix. (1787) 11. 151 He.. respectfully<br />

unfolded the silken veil which covered the haughty<br />

epistle of his sovereign.<br />

h.Jig. Something which conceals, covers, or hides;<br />

a disguising or obscuring medium or influence ; a<br />

cloak or mask. (Common in the 19th c.)<br />

a. Of immaterial things, f Under veil^ sur-<br />

reptitiously.<br />

1382 Wyclif 2 Cor. iii. 15 But til in to this day, whanne<br />

Moyses is radd, the veyl is putt vpon her hertis.<br />

14x2-20 Lydg. Chron. Troy iv, 4542 Daunz Anthenor, and<br />

Pollydamas, pat ban contreued amonge hem outterly, And<br />

vnder veil concelyd secrely, Jiffe [etc.]. 1597 Hooker Eccl.<br />

Pol,y, Iv. §8 Till that hunnlitie which had bene before as<br />

a vaile to hide and conceale maiestie were layd aside. 161 z<br />

Bible Transl. Pre/ r 17 Hee remoueth the scales from our<br />

eyes, the vaile from our hearts. 1619 Sir H. Wotton in<br />

EHg. ^ Germ. (Camden) 51, I have likewise a zeale to the<br />

cause, which I hope wilbe some vaile to myne other infirmities.<br />

x66o Jer. Tavlor Worthy Communicant i. iv. 90 For<br />

Christ in the Sacrament is Christ under a vail, a 1735<br />

Lansdowne Progr. Beauty 242 Hide with a vail those<br />

griefs that none can paint. 1783 W, Thomson Watson's<br />

Philip III, VI. {1839) 337 His indulgence to the reformed<br />

religion covered the violence of his usurpations with a<br />

specious veil, 1820 Shelley Naples 93 From Nature's<br />

inmost shrine, Strip every impious gawd, rend Error veil<br />

by veil. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 1006 The<br />

thickest veil covers the whole of these processes ; and so far<br />

have philosophers hitherto been from removing this veil,<br />

that they have not even been able to approach it. 1898<br />

•Merbiman' Rodents Comer xvii. 182 Tearing aside the<br />

veils behind which human hearts have slept through many<br />

years.<br />

b. Const, ^(with defining term).<br />

1382 Wyclif Wisd. xvii. 3 Bi the derc veil of for3eting<br />

thei ben scatered,. .and with..myche w[o]ndring disturbid.<br />

a 1475 in Contin. Brut 601 Thou, shewyng there a face<br />

ful benygne, Vndyr a veyle of fals decepcioun. 1543-4 Act<br />

35 Hen. yilly c. 1 The vaile of darcknes of the vsurped<br />

power.. of the see and bishoppes of Rome. 1598 Shaks.<br />

Merry W. ill. ii. 42, I will.,piucke the borrowed vaile of<br />

modestie from the so-seeming Mist. Page, a 1639 W.<br />

Whatklev Prototypes i. xi. (1640) 90 To use the mantle or<br />

veile of love to cover a multitude of sinnes. 1681 Wvndham<br />

King's Concealment 86 Striving to cover her trouble with<br />

the vail of chearfulness. 1719 Young Busiris 11. i. That<br />

chastity of look, which seems to hang A vail of purest light<br />

o'er all her beauties. 1769 Robertson C/ias. K, vm. III. 77


VEIL.<br />

Under whattever veil of artifice or secrecy the Emperor still<br />

affected to conceal his designs. 1893 Scott Quentin D.<br />

viii, Qualities which were vl-iible even through the veil of<br />

extreme dejection, with which his natural character was .<br />

obscured. 184^ H. H. Wilson BriU India \\. 150 (He)<br />

dropped the veil of Mahratta diplomacy, and gave utterance<br />

to his opinions. i88a J. Hatton JoumaUsiic London ix.<br />

16a If the veil of anonymity were completely raised, other<br />

. .names would appear m the list.<br />

C. Of material substances, the clouds, etc. With<br />

cfpx other defining addition.<br />

,^q8 Florio, Veloy . . the mort^lvaile, mans carkas or body.<br />

16*9 Milton Hym* b^atw. ii, She woo's the.. Air To hide<br />

her guilty front with innocent Snow, And on her naked<br />

shame . . The Saintly Vail of Maiden white to throw.<br />

1648 J Beaumont Psyciu x. cccxx, He who in his Bodie's<br />

rail till now The Ra>'S of his Divinity hath hid. 1663 Bp,<br />

Patrick Parah. P'igr- "vii. Between us and the invisible<br />

World there is a gross cloud and vail of flesh which interposes,<br />

tf 17^ Bevebidge Priv. Th, i. (1730) i, I am sure,<br />

within this Veil of Flesh there dwells a Soul. x8i6 J.<br />

Wilson City of Plague 11. iii. 45 When the veil Of mist was<br />

drawn aside, there hung the sun. ^1853 Kincslev Misc.<br />

(i860) I. 44 Fifty years of ruin would suffice to wrap them<br />

in a leafy veil. 1871 Br.ACK Adv. Phaeton ix. 121 A great<br />

veil of rain stretches from the sky to the earth.<br />

d. Similarly without specific qualification.<br />

t6o4 E. G[RtMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iii. xxi. 188<br />

They do vsually see as it were two heavens, one cleere and<br />

bright abov'e, and the other obscure, and as it were a graie<br />

vaile spread vndemeath. a 1651 Brome Queenes Exch. n. i,<br />

Imagine now you see break through a Vail Amidst those<br />

Stars... The bright Cynthia in her full of Lustre. 1784<br />

CowfER Ta%k IV. 332 The green And lender blade.. Escapes<br />

unhurt beneath so warm a veil. 1813 Scott Triervt, ni.<br />

xxxvii. Such soften'd shade the hill receives, Her purple<br />

veil when twilight leaves Upon its western swell. 1897<br />

Mary Kingsley \V. Africa 129 The climbing plants.. form<br />

great veils and curtains between and over the trees,<br />

e. To draw or throw (also cast) a veil over^ to<br />

hide or conceal, to refrain from discussing or dealing<br />

with, to hush up or keep from public knowledge.<br />

Also without const.<br />

(o) 1701 De Foe True-born Eng. i. 90 Satyr, be kind ! and<br />

draw a silent Veil ! l*hy native England's vices to conceal.<br />

1744 in lo^A Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. I. 211, I<br />

wished from my Soul that I could draw a Veil over Vice*<br />

Admiral Lcstock's Conduct in the late Skirmish. 1808 Med.<br />

frni. XIX. 55 As far as regards their private characters, it<br />

may . . be the duty of those who are ' liable to other imperfections<br />

', to draw a veil over them. 1858 Greener (7w««fry 351<br />

There was evidence of proceedings having been enacted over<br />

which I would rather draw a veil.<br />

(*) 1711 KxiXi\%o-nSf'ect, No. i6g P 12 The ill-natured Man<br />

..exposes those Failings, .which the other would casta Veil<br />

over. x8o6 Surr Winter in Lond. II. 101 His faithful<br />

attachment to the family caused him to throw a veil over<br />

suspicions that the rest of the world will for ever indulge.<br />

t8a3 Lamb Elia \\. Barbara S—, I must throw a veil over<br />

some mortifying circumstances. 1864 Pusey Led. Daniel<br />

(i8;6) 545 It throws a veil over the grossness of its error.<br />

1875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 109 He throws a veil of<br />

mystery over the origin of the decline.<br />

6- a. A slight tinge or colouring, rarer-^<br />

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 11. i, 40 As for colour,<br />

although Crystall in his pellucid body seems to have none<br />

at all, yet in its reduction into powder, it hath a vaile and<br />

shadow of blew.<br />

b. Mhs. a slight obscuration or want of clearness<br />

in the voice. (Cf. Veiled///, a. 3 b.)<br />

1884 Grave's Diet. Music IV. 235 \kt no student of singing<br />

endeavour to cultivate a veil because some great singers<br />

have had it naturally. A superinduced veil means a ruined<br />

voice.<br />

o. Photogr, An obscure or veiled appearance.<br />

i8g^ Hodges Elem. Photogr, 132 The clear portions of the<br />

negatives should remain unclouded and free from veil or<br />

fog until the last.<br />

7. In various specific uses : A veil-like membrane,<br />

membranous appendage or part, serving as a cover<br />

or screen; a velum: (see quots.).<br />

a. Bot. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. \. ii. (1765)4 Calyptra, a<br />

Veil, in Mosses. 1796 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) III.<br />

811 Polytr\ichunt\ striatum. . .'X\it. veils appear in winter,<br />

and the capsules in Feb. 1822-7 Good Stud. Med. (1829) I.<br />

248 For the most part the smell of these [fnushrooms] is<br />

virulent, and they are covered with a calyptre or veil. 183a<br />

LiNDLEV Introd. Bot. 208 The 7ielum, or veil [in fungi], is a<br />

horizontal membrane, connecting the margin of thepileus<br />

with the stipes. 1887 W, Phillips 5W/. Discomycetes Gloss.,<br />

Veil^ a partial covering of the cup ; a membranaceous,<br />

fibrous or granulose coating stretching over the mouth of<br />

the cup, soon breaking up into fragments.<br />

b. Anat. 1829 Cooper GooPilgr. Lyf Manhode iv. xxviii. (i86g) 191 Aboue<br />

was ^ mast of t>e ship dressed wher vpon heeng t?e seyl<br />

ystreight, whiche oo)?er weys is cleped veyl.<br />

+ Veil, sb.^ Obs, Also 4 veille, 5 veyle. [a.<br />

OF. veille'.—h. vigilia waking, watching.] A<br />

watcher or watchman.<br />

1362 Langl. P, pi. a. v. 223 Sleujje for serwe fel doun<br />

i-swowene Til vigilate J>e veil fette water at his ei^en<br />

\Harl.MS. Til.. vigilate J>e wakere warned him \>o]. 1480<br />

Caxton Myrr. in. viii. (1913) 147 Thus is he [i.e. the sun] the<br />

right veyle and patrone of all the other sterres.<br />

Veil (v^l), V, Forms : a. 4, 7- veil, 4 veyle,<br />

veill-, 5 veyll-, weyll-, 7 veile. j8. 6 Sc. vale,<br />

vaill, 6-7 vayle, vaile, 6-8 vail. [f. Veil j^^.i, in<br />

early use after OF. veler^ voiller (mod.F. voiler) or<br />

L. veldre. Cf. Sp. and Pg. velar, It. velare.^<br />

1. trans. To cover (the person, etc.) with, or as<br />

with, a veil; to conceal or hide (the face, etc) by<br />

means of a veil or other material ; to enveil.<br />

Freq. in the pa. pple., which in some contexts may be<br />

taken as the passive of sense 3.<br />

138a WycLiF Luke xxii, 64 And the! veyliden him, or<br />

hidden, and smyten his face. 1513 Douglas yEneid xii.<br />

xiii. 218 Thus mekill said scho ; and tharwyth bad adew,<br />

Hir bed valit with a haw clayth or blew. 1601 Shaks.<br />

Tivel. N. I. i. 28 The Element it selfe...Shall not behold her<br />

face at ample view : But like a Cloystresse she will vailed<br />

walke. a J700 Evelyn Diary 23 May 1645, A Venus of<br />

marble, veiled from the middle to thefeete. 1725 De Foe Voy.<br />

round IVor/d (1S40) 246 She was veiled till she came into<br />

the room. 1791 Cowper Odyss. viii. 10*3 Then his robe.,<br />

with both handso'er his head Ulysses drew, behind itsample<br />

folds Veiling his face, through fear to be observed. 1816 J.<br />

Wilson City 0/ Plague n. ii. 309 We veil our eyes before thy<br />

light. 1867 Lady Herbert Cradle L. v. 119 The same<br />

women closely veiled,. were toiling down the rugged and<br />

slippery street. 1885-94 ^' Bridges Eros ^ Psyche April<br />

xxii, 'Midst them there Went Psyche, all in lily-whiteness<br />

veil'd.<br />

rejl. 1891 'Annie Thomas' That Affair I. x 171 Miss<br />

Pofthuan hats and veils herself.<br />

trans/, a^niifig. 161^ Sylvester Bethulia's Rescue in. 315,<br />

I ,, Will with my Silence vail their Countenance. 1667<br />

Milton P. L, ix. 425 Eve separate he spies, Veil'd in a Cloud<br />

of Fragrance, a 1699 J. Beaumont Psyche \\\. Ixxix, She<br />

Vail'd in the scarlat of her modest cheek, Reply'd. 1728-46<br />

Thomson Spring 3 Come, gentle Spring, And. .veil'd in a<br />

shower Of shadowmg roses, on our plains descend.<br />

b. transf. with a thing as object. Also, to<br />

enclose or hang with a veil or curtain (quot. 1656).<br />

Occas. passing into sense 4, but with material object.<br />

1582 N. LicHEFiELD tr. Castanheda'sCong. E. Ind. i. xvi.<br />

42 rhis church., was made all of free stone, and couered or<br />

vayled ouer with bricke. 1607 'I'ourneur Rez'. Trag. in, v.<br />

In some fit place vaylde from the eyes a' th' Court. 1656<br />

Smith ^. Pract. Physick 208 The sides of the_ Cradle must<br />

e vailed, that the child may look only straight forward.<br />

a 1700 Ken Ediuund Poet. Wks, 1721 J I. 279 Three Leagues<br />

in Compass they the Ocean vail'd, And press'd the Billows<br />

prostrate as they sail'd. 1750 Gray Long Story 39 With,,<br />

aprons long they hid their armour, And veil'd their weapons<br />

bright and keen, 1837 Disraeli Venetia i. ii, A group of<br />

elms, too scanty at present to veil their desolation. 1847<br />

Tennyson Princ. in. 272 She bow'd as if to veil a noble<br />

tear. 1869 J. Martineau Ess. II. 367 She veils the solar<br />

radiance and brings on the night.<br />

ftg. 1589 Comtnendaiory Verses Spenser's F. Q. S.'s Wks.<br />

(1912) 409 That faire Hands right : Which thou doest vaile<br />

in Type of Faery land, Elyzas blessed field, that Albion<br />

hight.<br />

o. refl. To hide, cover, or wreathe (oneself) in<br />

something. Usuailyy?^.<br />

1799 S. & Ht. Lee Canterb. T. I, 129 [His] grieved and<br />

rankling heart. .veiled itself in smiles. 1840 Dickens Old<br />

C. Shop lix, * Done, I say,* added Sampson, rubbing his<br />

hands and veiling himself again in his usual oily manner.<br />

1850 M^Cosh Div. Govt. in. i. (1874) 286 High truths, like<br />

high mountains, are apt to veil themselves in clouds.<br />

d. absol. To put on or wear a veil.<br />

17x3 Mrs. Centlivre Wonder n, You must veil and follow<br />

him. 183s BuRNES Trav. Bokhara (ed. 2) lU. 24 Their<br />

head-dress is, perhaps, a little large, but., as they never<br />

veil, it becomes them. '<br />

2. To bestow the veil of a nun upon (a woman)<br />

to admit into monastic life as a nun.<br />

X387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 305 Seint Bryde J?at<br />

Patrik veilledcoverlevede him by sixty ^ere. 1390 Gower<br />

Conf. III. 317 Thei-.make a worthi pourveance Ayein the<br />

day whan thei be veiled, c 1420 Chron. Vilod. 623 And<br />

other maydones mony mo also, Weron veylled ho in ^lat<br />

abbay. a 1604 Hanmer Chron. Ireland (1633) 43 The<br />

Nunne Cccubris whom Patricke first vailed of all the<br />

women in Ireland. ai66i Fuller Worthies, Essex {itt"!)<br />

33:j, 1.. conceive she [Matilda Fitz- Walter] had surely t>een<br />

Sainted if vailed. 1886 Canon Monahan Rec. Ardagh Sf<br />

Clonmacnoise 3 Some hold . . that St. Bridget of Kildare was<br />

veiled by .St. Macchilla.<br />

b. reJl. To make (oneself a mm') by taking the<br />

veil. rare~^.<br />

1631 Weever Ave. Fmural Mon. 760 A daughter of his,<br />

vailed herselfe a Nunne.<br />

3. To cover, enshroud, or screen as or in the manner<br />

of a veil ; to serve as a veil to (something).<br />

VEILED.<br />

a. Of a garment, cloth, etc<br />

15x3 Douglas j^neid vin. i. 73 A Iin5e wattry garmond<br />

dyd hym vaill. 1596 Shaks. Merch, V. m. ii. 99 Thus<br />

ornament is but.. The beautious scarfe Vailing an Indijin<br />

beautie. 1703 Pope Thcbais i. 432 His ample hat his<br />

beamy locks o'erspread, And veil'd the starry glories of his<br />

head ! 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xii, Ineir beauty,<br />

softened by the lawn that thinly veiled it 1867 Morris<br />

Jason XIV. 732 Scarlet cloth, and fine silk, fit to veil The<br />

perfect limbs of dreaded Goddesses.<br />

transf. X84S J. Wilson Chr. North (1857) II, 9 Shame<br />

never veiled the light of those bold eyes.<br />

b. Of clouds, vapour, etc.<br />

16x4 Gorges Lucan x. 436 Thus they the time securely<br />

spent. Till mid-night vail'd the Element. X667 Milton<br />

A L, IX. 452 And now from end to end Nights Hemisphere<br />

had veild the Horizon round, /bid. xi. 229 Yonder<br />

blazing Cloud that veils the Hill. 1779 Cowper Olney<br />

Hymns, Submission 23 The next cloud that vails my<br />

skies. 179^ Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xxxv, The<br />

clouds,. veiling the sun and stretching their shadows along<br />

the distant scene. 1820 Lamb E/ia i. My First Play, The<br />

green curtain tliat veiled a heaven to my imagination. 1836<br />

Macgiluvrav T7-av. Humboldt xiv. 178 The heat became<br />

suffocating.. and a reddish vapour veiled the horizon. X87X<br />

T. R. Jones A nim. Kingd. (ed. 4) 134 A cloud veiling thesun<br />

will cause their tentacles to fold, as though apprehensive of<br />

danger from the passing shadows.<br />

4. fig. To conceal (some immaterial thing, condition,<br />

quality, etc.) from apprehension, knowledge,<br />

or perception ; to deal with, treat, etc., so as to<br />

disguise or obscure ; to hide the real natnre or<br />

meaning of (something).<br />

of bad motives.<br />

Freq. with implication<br />

1538 Latimer Remains (Parker Soc.) 399 And in what<br />

case are they in, that hath veiled treason so long ! i6oz<br />

Marston Ant. ^ Mel. i. Wks. 1856 I. 15 Weele not vaile<br />

our names. i6ao-6 Quarles Feast for Wormes Ded.,<br />

1 dedicate.. these few leaues to your truly.Noble Selfe,<br />

hoping your L.ordsbip wil vaile my boldnes in your good<br />

acceptance. 1653 Holcroft Procopius^ Persian Wars i. 30<br />

Tribonianus. .being a faire spoken man, ..able to vail his<br />

Covetousness with abundance of Learning. 17x8 Freethinker<br />

No. 106. 6 Popery does not appear Bare-faced in<br />

England : the Terrours of it are veiled, a 1770 Jortin<br />

Serm. (1771) I. i. 4 note, Pythagoras learned to veil his<br />

precepts. 1841 D'Israeh Amen, Lit. (1867) 311 The<br />

literary delusion.. long veiled the personal history of the<br />

Earl of Surrey. X863 Kinglake Crimea I. 209 That which<br />

had so long veiled his cleverness from the knowledge of<br />

mankind. 1869 Freeman Nonn. Cong. (1875) HI. xii. 145<br />

The real names are veiled under the obsolete titles delighted<br />

in by the Latin writers.<br />

6. To render less distinct or apparent ; to reduce,<br />

soften, tone down.<br />

X843 R. J. Graves Sysi. Clin. Med. xxv. 306 The mucilage<br />

veils the astringent and irritating qualities of the metallic<br />

salt. 1878 Abnev Photogr, xW. 102 The chance of veiling<br />

the image through the reduction of the bromide unacted<br />

upon by light is increased.<br />

6. inir, Photogr. To become dark or obscure ; to<br />

darken.<br />

x89o[see Veiling vbl. sb. 4]. X907 Hodges Eletn. Photogr.<br />

(ed. 6) 127 The high lights.. should be just commencing to<br />

veil.<br />

Veil, obs. f. VAiL.r/i.1; var. Vail 2'.2;<br />

form of Weal sb., Well adv,<br />

Veild, obs. Sc. form of Wield v.<br />

Veildar, obs. Sc. form of Wj elder.<br />

obs. Sc.<br />

Veile, obs. form of Vail ; obs. Sc. f. Well adv.<br />

Veiled (\e^id),pf>l. a. [f. Veil v. or sb.^]<br />

1. Covered with or wearing a veil ; shrouded in<br />

a veil.<br />

X593 Marlowe tr. Lucan i. 5517 The Nunnes And their<br />

vaild Matron, who alone might view Mineruas statue. 1607<br />

Shaks. Cor. 11. i. 231 Our veyl'd Dames Commit the Warre<br />

of White and Damaske In their nicely gawded Cheekes.<br />

X614 J. Davies (<strong>Here</strong>f.) Eclogue 33 Wks. (Grosart) II. 19/2<br />

Than vp (sad swaine) pull fro thy vailed cheeke Hur prop,<br />

thy palme. X815 Shelley Alastor 151 He dreamed a veiled<br />

maid Sate near him. 1820 — Prometh. Unb. \\, iv. i What<br />

veiled form sits on that ebon throne? 1851 Ruskin in<br />

Collingwood Life (1900) 129 Those veiled vestals and prancing<br />

Amazons. . will all be forgotten. X89X Farrar Darkn. ^<br />

Darvn iii. No one recognised the veiled figure.<br />

b. f>oet. Of the eyes.<br />

18x7 Shelley /*?-. Athan. 1. 99 'Tis the shadow of a dream<br />

Which the veiled eye of Memory never saw. 1821 —<br />

Adonais ii, With veiled eyes, 'Mid listening Echoes, in her<br />

Paradise She sate.<br />

c. Bot. Having a velum ; velate.<br />

1793 Martvn Lang. Bot. s.v. Calyptra, In this sense<br />

Euonymus is said to be caljrptred, calyptrate or veiled.<br />

x866 ill Treas. Bot.<br />

2. Concealed, covered, hidden, as if by a veil<br />

ob5cnre, unrevealed.<br />

i6ia T. Taylor Comm, Titus \. i The vailed knowledge of<br />

the Jaw. 1674 BovLE Excell. Theot. i. i. 49 A close and<br />

critical account of the more vailed and pregnant parts of<br />

Scripture. 182X Shelley Epipsych. 26 Seraph of Heaven!<br />

. .Veiled Glory of this lampless Universe ! X858 Hawthorne<br />

Fr. 9f It. Note-bks. II. 119 Returning the inquirer's thoughts<br />

and veiled recollections to himself, as answers to his queries.<br />

1878 J. P. Hopps Rel.


VEILEDLY.<br />

Bimetallism such as that practised under the Bank Act of<br />

1844-<br />

3. t a. Of sight : Dim, indistinct. Obs.<br />

1633 P. Fletcher Purple hi. vi. Ixv, Why do we. .With<br />

curious labour, dimme and vailed sight, Prie in the nature<br />

of this King and Queen t<br />

b. Of sound, the voice, etc. :<br />

Indistinct, muffled,<br />

obscure.<br />

1834 J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 35 It sometimes<br />

also presents a further modification, which 1 call the<br />

veiled puff {si'uffle voile'). In this case, it seems to us as if<br />

every vibration of the voice, .agitates a sort of moveable<br />

veil interposed between the excavation and the ear. 1884<br />

Grme's Diet. Music IV. 235 Veiled Voice... \ voice is said<br />

to be veiled when it is not clear, but sounding as if it passed<br />

•through some interposed medium. 1897 Daily JVe-6 H. D. Bestf. Four Vrs. France 379 The reflection of<br />

a veilletise, or small night lamp.<br />

Veillfair, obs. Sc form of Welfare.<br />

Veil-like, a. [f. Veil jA.I] Like or resembling<br />

a veil, or th.it of a veil ; having the appearance<br />

or character of a veil.<br />

X835 LvTTON Rienzi x. viii. He saw the pale and veil-like<br />

mists that succeed the sunset. 1873 Leland Egypt. Sketchhk.<br />

115 She had a long flowing white veil-like robe. 1887<br />

HissEY Holiday on Road 15^ The air has a perceptible<br />

quality.. .\'ou feel its veil-like influence pervading all.<br />

VouX.<br />

81<br />

Veilme, obs. form of Film sb.<br />

Veily Cvsition is wont to open a veine in the<br />

arme so to divert the current of the blood, c 1673 Traherne<br />

Poet. IVks. {1906) 180 Veins wherein blood floweth. Refreshing<br />

all my flesh. Like rivers. 17J7 De Fok Eng. Tradesm.<br />

vL {1841) I. 44 Being drawn off, like the blood let out of the<br />

veins. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VI. 388 With us<br />

and quadrupedes the blood goes from the veins to the heart.<br />

ifto4 .-Vbernethy Surg. Obs. 21 The superficial veins appear<br />

remarkably large. 1840 Thirlwall Greece Ivi. VII. 197<br />

Demosthenes now felt the poison in his veins._ 1871 T. K.<br />

Jones Anim. Kingd. (ed. 4) 227 All these veins terminate<br />

m two large venous canals.<br />

S. C1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 1908 [If] ilka vayne of (>e<br />

mans body Had a rote festend fast |>arby. c 1400 Destr.<br />

Troy 5829 The gret vayne of his gorge. X42S Vonge tr.<br />

Secreta Secret. 240 The blode rynnyth into the waynys<br />

throgh al the body. 1480 Caxton Myrr. 11. xix. (1913) 109<br />

AUe in lyke wyse as the blood of a man gooth and renneth<br />

by the vaynes of the body. 1513 Fitzherb. Husb. § 50<br />

Some men vsc to let them bloudde vnder the eye in a vaine.<br />

isSa Hester Seer. Phiorav. i. xxiv. 28 When the bloud is<br />

alterated of that putrefaction, it goeth to the vaines. 1603<br />

J. DAViEsC<strong>Here</strong>f.j.WcrocojOTOx Wks. (Grosart) I. 67/1 Seas<br />

of Blood.. Might still haue kept the Chanells of the Vaynes.<br />

1*47 Hexham i, A Vaine, een /(rfer vaynys at<br />

war seke, and he come vnto hym & felid his vaynys. 1547-<br />

64 Baldwin Mot. /'Ai'/m. (Palfr.)3sSeneca.. supposing that<br />

to dye in'a veyne was the easiest kinde of death, desired<br />

to be let bloud in the veynes of his arme.<br />

b. In various fig. uses.<br />

138a Wyclif yob iv. 13 To me is seid a woord hid, and as<br />

theefli myn ere toe the veynes [L. Zfenas] of his gruching.<br />

C1530 TiNDAi.E Prophtte Jonas Prol. Aij, The fleshly<br />

minded ypocrites stoppe upp the Vaynes of life which are<br />

in y" scripture. 1583 .Stubbfs Anat. Abus. 11. (1882) 24<br />

Now the cloth being thus .stretched forth in euery vaine,<br />

how is it possible either to endure or hold out ? x6o6 J.<br />

King Serm. Sept. 47 By all princely meanes to put bloud<br />

into the veines of the Church againe. 1651 in M. Sellers<br />

Eastland Co. (Camden) Introd. 75 In equity and rea.son the<br />

benefitt of trade should be equally disposed into all the<br />

vaines of the Commonwealth. 1719 W. Wood Surv. Trade<br />

73 It is a true Sign, tliat Olir foreign Tralfick has since con-<br />

VEIN.<br />

vey'd*Spirits and Nourishment into each Vein of the Body<br />

Politick. 1831 Carlyle Sart. Res. 11. iii, <strong>Here</strong>, too, as in<br />

the Euphrates and the Ganges, is a vein or veinlet of the<br />

grand World-circulation of Waters. 1864 Lowell Fireside<br />

Trav, 303 Great poets, .crowding the happy veins of<br />

language again with all the life, .that had been dribbling<br />

away. 1866 B. Taylor Poet's Jrnl. 58 As ardent veins of<br />

summer heat Throb thro* the innocence of spring.<br />

O. In miscellaneous fig. phrases.<br />

(a) c X400 Rom. Rose 3450 If he were toucbid on somme<br />

good veyne, He shuld yit rewen on thi peyne. 1589<br />

PasquiCs Ret. C iij b, Veius Comxdia beganne to pricl^e<br />

him.. in the ri^ht vaine. 1677 Gilpin Demonol. (1867) 59<br />

Satan, .makes it his next care, .to strike in the right vein :<br />

for he loves to have his work easy and feasible.<br />

{b) 1587 Stanyhurst Descr. Ireland -n/a in Holinshed,<br />

Let him with all the veines of his heart beseech God. 1589<br />

Cooper Admon. 215 There were many of them that would<br />

haue bene glad with all the veines in tiieir heartes. 1589<br />

R. Harvey PL Perc. (1590) 10, I see the vaine is vp in<br />

the forhead, and Martin shall haue as good as he brings.<br />

i66z Stillingfl. Orig. Sacree in. iv. § 6 A kinde of a breaking<br />

of vein in which the salt water was conveyed up and down<br />

the body of the earth.<br />

3. t a. A sap-vessel in plants. Obs.<br />

4- 1386 Chaucer /"ri;/. 3 Whan that Aprille..halh. .bathud<br />

every veyne in swichlicour. Of which vertueengendred is the<br />

flour. 1398 Trevisa Sarth. De P. R. xvii. i. (Bodl. MS.),<br />

t'ei [trees] haue weyes and veynes in t>e whiche kinde moisture<br />

is ikepte and pa.sse]» Jierbi fro )>e erjje into alle )>e parties<br />

abowte. 13x3 Douglas j'Eueid xii. Prol. 255 Welcum<br />

support of euery rule and vane, Welcum confort of alkynd<br />

fruyt and grane.<br />

b. Bot. A slender bundle of fibrovascular tissue<br />

forming an extension of the petiole in the parenchyma<br />

of a leaf.<br />

In early use less specific in sense. Some botanists have<br />

restricted vein to branches of the midrib, in contrast to<br />

nerves proceeding from the base of the leaf.<br />

15x3 Douglas /Eneid xii. vii. 76 The herb sweit. Of levis<br />

rank, ..With sproutis, sprangis, and vanis our allquhair.<br />

•553 Eden Treat. New Ind. (Arb.) 18 These [leaves] are<br />

somewhat grosser and fatter, with small vaynes running<br />

betwene on the contrarye side. 1731 P. Miller Gard. Diet.<br />

s.v. Z«ar«,'They.. consist of a very glutinous Matter, being<br />

furnished every where with Veins and Nerves. _ X793<br />

Martyn Lang. Bot. s.v. Venosum, When it has no veins,.,<br />

it is called Folium Avenium, a veinless leaf. x8l2 New<br />

Botanic Card. I. 42 The leaves, .. with a network of veins<br />

underneath. xSu Lindley In/rod. Bot. 88 Till within a<br />

few years the distribution of veins in the leaf had not<br />

re'ceived much attention. 1866 Treas. Bot. 1206/2 (Jostal<br />

or primary veins are such as spring from the midrib<br />

external veins are those next the edge. x88o Bessey Bat.<br />

145 The disposition of the veins in a leaf depends largely<br />

upon its mode of growth. Usually several veins form early.<br />

c. Ent. A nervure of an insect's wing.<br />

X817 KiRBY & Sr.Entomol.xxin. II. 347 French naturalists<br />

use this term (nemure) for the veins of wings. 1834<br />

M^Murteie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 326 The wings, are<br />

traversed in various directions by more or less numerous<br />

nervures,..now forming a net-work, and then simple veins.<br />

1855 Orr's Circle Sci., Org. Nat.ll. 336 Each wing is found<br />

to con.sist of a double membrane, between which a variable<br />

number of veins, or nervures, ramify in different directions.<br />

1 4. Sc A slender stripe of a different colour or<br />

material on a garment. (Cf. Vein v. 1 a.) Obs.<br />

1539 Inv. R. IVardr. (1815) 34 Ane coit of fresit claith of<br />

silvir vanit with ane small inset vane of gold. X541 Ace.<br />

Id. High Treas. Scot. VIII. 74 To jeit the cote witht thre<br />

vanis aboute the taill.<br />

5. A marking or an appearance suggestive of a<br />

vein ; esp. an irregular stripe or streak of a different<br />

colour in marble or other stcne.<br />

x64a Fuller Holy 1^ Pro/. St. 111. xiv. 189 The red veins<br />

in the marble may seem to blush at the falshoods written<br />

on it. 1688 Holme Armoury n. 40/1 The Absistos is.,<br />

marvellous weighty and black of colour, bestroked with red<br />

Veins. t7ia Addison Sped. No. 414 r 3 Those accidental<br />

Landskips of Trees, Clouds and Cilies, that are sometimes<br />

found in the Veins of Marble. 1799 G. Smith Laboratory<br />

I. 178 When [the paint is) dry, you may with the point of<br />

a needle open fine veins or other' embellishments, i860<br />

Tyndall Clac. I. vii. 54 The blue veins of the glacier are<br />

beautifully shown. 1861 B. Silliman Physics 378 The<br />

beautiful play of colors seen upon mother of pearl is caused<br />

by the delicate veins with which the surface is covered.<br />

b. A streak or seam of a different material or<br />

texture from the main subst.TUce.<br />

1663 Gerbier Counsel 38 The Mason must work no Stone<br />

with Sandy veines. 18x5 J. Smith Panorama Sci. fr Art<br />

1. 7 Wrought iron may be hardened .. by ignition and plung-<br />

except<br />

ing in water, but the effect is confined to the surface ;<br />

. .the iron contain veins of steel. X831 Brewster Optics x.<br />

85 'The spectrum formed by a fine prism of flint glass, free<br />

of veins. i8«9 Sir E. Reed Ship-build, xviii. 384 Angleirons<br />

have to be free from veins and cracked holes, and<br />

rivet-iron has to be free from cracks and veins when laid up<br />

and finished.<br />

o. A fibre (in metal), rare—^.<br />

171S Leoni Palladia's Archit. (1742) I. 4 It will be a sign<br />

of Its Goodness, if being made into Bars, its veins are continu'd<br />

strait..; because the streightness of hs veins shews<br />

the Iron to be without knots.<br />

IL 6. A small natural channel or perforation<br />

within the earth through which water trickles or<br />

flows; a flow of water through such a channel.<br />

Also transf. (quot. 1598).<br />

C1190 X Eng. Leg. I. 318/639 Wellene comiez of grete<br />

wateres and muche del of be se ^oru? veynes al vnder eortie<br />

. . For bare beoz .Tse it veynene weren onder eor^e mam on.<br />

1197 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 662 In (>e veines of )>e water, as >>e<br />

water deb vp walle He let closy fur in metal. 1390 Gower<br />

Con/. III. 93 For riht as veines ben of blod In man, riht so<br />

the water flod Therthe of his cours makth ful of veines.


VEIN.<br />

S483 Caxton Gcid^ Ltg. 382 /a Lete us al prayc unto our<br />

lorcTthat he openc to us. ."here the vaynes of a fontayn or of<br />

a welle, 15^ Kvd Cornelia ii. 370 Perceiue we not a petty<br />

vaine. Cut fiom a spring by chaunce or arte, Engendreth<br />

fauntaines. 155^ Sylvester Du Bartas ii. i. Handycrafu<br />

492 A burning Mountain from his fiery vain An yron River<br />

rowls along the Plain. 1601 R. Johnson Kingd, ^ Comnvw.<br />

(1603) 12 These mountaines are full of bathes and veines of<br />

warme water. 1667 Milton P. L. iv. 227 The rapid current,<br />

..through veins Of porous Earth with kindly thirst up<br />

drawn. 1789 Brand NenKostU I. 442 1 here is an order of<br />

common-council for cutting oflF a vein of water which had<br />

latdy been discoN-ered and brought into the town. «8s8<br />

Ijvrdner Hand-hk. Nat. Phil. 90 A feeding reservoir placed<br />

abo\-e that from which the invariable vein flows. 1864<br />

Bryant Sflla 487 She taught The skill to pierce the soil<br />

and meet the veins Of clear cold water winding underneath.<br />

fir 138a Wyclif Jer. xvii. 13 For thei forsokcn the<br />

vej-ne of lyu>Tig watris [i^ the Lord, a veyne of quyk<br />

watirs]. c 1430 Lydc, Mitu Poems (Percy Soc.) 62 O welle of<br />

swctnes replete in every veyne, That al mankynd preserved<br />

has fro dcthe. i6o« Marston Antonio's Rev. Prol., Wks.<br />

1856 I. 71 The rawish danke of cUimzie winter ramps The<br />

fluent summers vaine. 1609 Bible (Douay) Jer. xviL 13<br />

They ha^-e forsaken the vaine of living waters. 1640<br />

Gaudes The Lm>e 0/ Trtttk, etc. 7 Then doth the ray or<br />

eyn of truth flow aright from God to us.<br />

+ b. A streamlet or rivulet ; a current. Obs.<br />

1600 PoRY tr. Leo's A/n'ca iii. 158 Through the midst of<br />

these gardens, they deriue some small vaine of the riuer.<br />

16x3 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage (1614) 705^ When bee entred into<br />

the Streits, he encounired a great veine of redde water, extending<br />

it selfe from Aden as farre as they could see from<br />

the Ships tops.<br />

c. Physics, A slender body of water or other<br />

liquid. (Cf. I c.)<br />

1843 Civil £ng-. ^ Arch. JmL VI. 30/2 The impulse of a<br />

* vein ' of fluid falling perpendicularly, is equal to the weight<br />

of a colunm whose base is the area of the vein.<br />

7. Min, A deposit of metallic or earthy material<br />

having an extended or ramifying course under<br />

ground ; a seam or lode ; spec, a continuous crack<br />

or fissure filled with matter (esp. metallic ore)<br />

different from the containing rock.<br />

1387 Trevisa //"i/rf^w (Rolls) H. 15 pe water hat rennej?<br />

ana passej? by veynes of certayn metal takih in his cours<br />

grele hete. c:x46o J. Metham Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 149 The<br />

(ourthe day ys gode. .to seke spryngys for wellys off" water,<br />

to ?eke also veynys off" metel. 1530 Palsgr. 698/2 Al this<br />

j-ertb, so farre as this vayne goth, savoureth of brimstone.<br />

155s Eden DecttdesiXxh,) 211 Although goldebe founde in<br />

maner euery where in these regions of golden Castile.. the<br />

rajme or veyne whiche owghte to be folowed, ought to bee<br />

in a place whiche may stande to saue muche of the charges<br />

of the labourers. 1596 Dalrvmple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot.<br />

II. 247 In Clidisdate war funde in Craufurd mure vndir<br />

the erd sum vanes ful of golde. 1617 Moryson litn. in.<br />

136 'ITie inward parts abound with a rich vaine of Mettals,<br />

where wonderful! quantitie of most pure Tinne is digged up.<br />

1670 Pettus Fodinge Reg. 2 When the Miners by these<br />

Shafts or Adits do strike or threed a Vein of any Metal.,<br />

then the Metal which is digged from those Veins is called<br />

Oar. 1700 T. Robinson Nat. Hist. Westmoreld. 24 These<br />

Fissures, by the Miners, are called Dykes, Rakes, Riders,<br />

or Veins, according to the Nature of those Classes of<br />

Matter they pervade. 1747 HoosoN Miner's Did. O2,<br />

Ore is the very Vein itself, all other Signs of Ore or Vein<br />

are not comparable to it; yet this is allowed, that two Sides<br />

and Soil between them, formes a dead Vein. 1793 [Earl<br />

Dundonald] Descr. Estate Cidross 15 At that time the<br />

vein of Roch Salt in Cheshire had not been discovered.<br />

1813 Bakewell Introd. Geol. (1815) 274 Veins of quartz,<br />

and also of slate and granite, and various earthy minerals .<br />

frequently intersect granitic and schistose rocks. 1836-41<br />

Brandf. Cfum. (ed. 5) 586 Metals are chiefly found in the<br />

earth in veins which traverse the granitic, schistose, and<br />

limestone rocks. 1875 Dawson Dawn Life it. 13 Strata<br />

often diversified with veins.. of crystalline minerals.<br />

fig. a\6^ CowLF.Y Death Mr. Jordan Poems (1905) 22<br />

Like those that work in Mines for others gain. He.. had<br />

much more to do, To search the Vein, dig, purge, and mint<br />

it too. 1875 Whitney Life Lang. ix. 171 These are telling<br />

indications of an original relationship among all the groups<br />

of languages mentioned : outcroppings, as it were, of a vein<br />

which invites further exploration.<br />

8. i"a. A strip or limited stretch of ground or<br />

soil, esp. one having a particular character or<br />

quality. Obs.<br />

1555WATREMAN /Vrrrf/tf^fwr/Vwf ii.ii. iioThewholecontrie<br />

(exceptealitle vaineof sandiegrauelle)is(ertile. 1580TUSSER<br />

Huso. (1878) 48 Each soile hath no liking of euerie graine,<br />

nor barlie and wheat is for euerie vaine. 1611 Coryat<br />

Crudities 49, I saw in divers places very fat and fruitfull<br />

veines of ground as goodly meadowes, very spatious champaigne<br />

fieldes [etc]. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia 144, The<br />

most plantations were placed strasUngly and scatteringly,<br />

as a choice veine of rich ground inuited them. 1693 Evelyn<br />

De la Quint. Comf>l. Card. I. 19 Some Earths are much<br />

better than others in every Climate, nay even sometimes in<br />

a small Compass of Ground, vulgarly term'd Veins of Earth.<br />

b. A channel or lane of water.<br />

1606 S. Gardiner Bk. Angling i He prouideth himselfe a<br />

ship, keele, or cocke-boat, out of which he may lay out and<br />

take in his nets and be in the vaine and way where the best<br />

doing is. zOy-^H. Stvbbk Fttrtiter Vifid. Dutch JVar App.<br />

131 The King of Sweden.. hath also several disfncts,<br />

channels, or veins Royal in his Seas, which are appropriated<br />

to his particular use. 1820 Scorrrby Acc. Arctic keg. I.<br />

229 A lane, or vein, is a narrow channel of water in packs,<br />

or other large collections of Ice. /Idd. 260 Whenever a vein<br />

of water appears in the required direction, it is if possible<br />

attained. 1835 [see Lane **. 2I. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Wordbk..<br />

Vein, the clear water between the openings of floes of ice.<br />

The same as ice-lane.<br />

c. A current of wind ; the track in which this<br />

82<br />

1791 Bklknap Hist. New Hampsh. III. 24 The next day<br />

a whirlwind began.. and directed its course toward the<br />

east, in a vein of near half a mile wide, i860 Maury Ph^s.<br />

Geog. XV. §677 Lieutenant Jansen has called my attention<br />

to a vein of wind which forms a current in the air as remarkable<br />

as that of the Gulf Stream is in the sea. 1867 Smvth<br />

Sailor's Word-bk.y Fein, . .a very limited current of wind—<br />

a cat's-paw.<br />

d. IVhaiiftg, (See quot.)<br />

X851 H.Melville IVhate II. ii. 5 When making a passage<br />

from one feeding-ground to another, the sperm whales,<br />

guided by some infallible instinct, . . mostly swim in veins, as<br />

they are called, continuing their way along a given oceanline<br />

with..undeviating exactitude.<br />

III. Jig, 9. A strain or intermixture of some<br />

quality traceable in personal character or conduct,<br />

in a discourse or writing, etc.<br />

1565 Stapleton tr. Staphylus" Apol. r53 With the like<br />

vaine of euangelicall sincerite. 1587 Holinshed Chron.<br />

III. 1266 I Bicause it is a veine of godlie deuise, and tending<br />

to a verie honorable purpose. 1680 W. Allen Peace fif<br />

Unity 16 ' Let all your things be done with Charity ' : a line<br />

and vein of this should run through all. 1690 C. Nesse<br />

Hist. Myst. O. ^ N. T. I. 117 This is a fear oi faith, which<br />

hath always a vein of love running along with it, 1701 W.<br />

WoTTON Hist, Rome 389 A vein of Superstition ran through<br />

all his Actions. 1773 Burke Corr. (1844} I. 446 I'here is a<br />

vein of natural good sense in him, from which a good deal<br />

might be expected. x8ao Examiner No. 612. 11/2 A fine<br />

vein of sentiment runs through it. 1849 Macaulay Hist.<br />

Eng.vi. II. 20 An English Dominican.. with some learning<br />

and a rich vein of natural humour. 1867 Freeman Norm.<br />

Cong. (1877) I. 331 There is a vein of bitter sarcasm in the<br />

way in which the tale is told.<br />

b. A line or course ^thought, etc. ; a source of<br />

information.<br />

1704 Swift T. Tub ii, I have collected out of ancient<br />

authors this short summary of a body of philosophy and<br />

divinity, which seems to have been composed by a vein and<br />

race of thinking very different from any other systems.<br />

17S1 Johnson Rambler No. 169 P 12 Delay opens new<br />

veins of thought. x8a4 W. Irving T. Trav. I. 217 In the<br />

midst of a vein of thought or a moment of inspiration. 1875<br />

JowETT Plato (ed. 2) II. 6 He professes to open a new veui<br />

of discourse. 1887 Moloney Forestry W. Africa 32 The<br />

many gentlemen who make the Science of Botany a lifelong<br />

study, and who have so many veins of information.<br />

1 10. a. The tenor or general character ^something.<br />

Ohs.-'^<br />

1555 R. Taylor in Coverdale Lett, Martyrs C1564) 171, I<br />

doe belieue that the Religion set forth in King Edwardes<br />

dayes was accordyng to the vayne of the holy Scripture,<br />

t b. A kind or species. Obs, rare.<br />

1368 Bp. CHENvin Strype /}««. i?r/C (1709) I. Hi. 525 These<br />

young men, which are of a lower vein, . . be not men perfect,<br />

as they seem. 1652-6* Heylin Cosmogr. (1673) m. 29/1<br />

Other Commodities of this Island are.. Honey as good as<br />

any the world affordeth ; and a vein of most delicious vines.<br />

11. A natural tendency towards, a special aptitude<br />

or capacity for, the production of literary or<br />

artistic work ; a particular strain of talent or<br />

genius: a. With possessives. (The common use.)<br />

1577 Grange Golden Aphrod. Nijb, If I had Virgilles<br />

vayne to indite, or Homers quill. 1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie<br />

(Arb.) 21 They beeing Poets, dyd exerci.se their delightful<br />

vaine in those points of highest knowledge. 1634 Wotton<br />

Arch. Reliq. (1672) 57 Artizans have not only their Growths<br />

and Perfections but likewise their Vains and Times, 1697<br />

Evelyn Nnmismata viii. 286 Vittoria Colonna, ..whose<br />

extraordinary Vein in Poetry was equal with Petrarchs.<br />

1729 T, Cooke Tales, etc. 63 Indulge, my Friend, thy<br />

modest Vein ; . . Prospects, gay smiling, aid the Strain. 176a<br />

Kamrs Elem. Crit, (1833) 336 The fertility of Shakspeare's<br />

vein betrays him frequently [etc.]. 1837 Lockhart Scott I.<br />

iv. 122 His boyish addiction to verse, and the rebuke which<br />

his vein received from the Apothecary's.. wife.<br />

b. With a, that, etc.<br />

1580 G. Harvey Three Lett. Spenser's Wks. (1912) 628<br />

They sauour of that singular extraordinarie veine and<br />

inuention, whiche I euer fancied moste. xg^ B. Jonson<br />

Cynthia's Rev. in. i. You must prove the aptitude of your<br />

genius; if you find none, j-ou must hearken out a vein, and<br />

buy. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 72 All the fabulous veine, and<br />

learning of Greece, proceedoi out of this quarter. 1656<br />

Bramhall Repiic. ii. 78, I doe not take my self to have so<br />

happy a vein, that all that I utter should be a definition.<br />

X7.. Philips Epistle in Steele's Poet. Misc. (171^) 37 Why<br />

then, in making Verses should I strain For Wit, and of<br />

Apollo beg a Vein? 173J Berkeley Alciphr. iii. § 15 For<br />

the coffee-houses and populace, we have declaimers of a<br />

copious; vein. 1820 Hazlitt Lect. Dram. Lit. 2 To these<br />

might be added others not less learned, nor with a scarce<br />

less happy vein.<br />

12. A special or characteristic style of language<br />

or expression in writing or speech : a. With<br />

possessives.<br />

1548 Udall Erasm. Par. Pref. C j b, Though euerie translatonr<br />

folowe his owne veine of turnyng the Latin into<br />

Englishe. 1579 Spenser Sheph. Cal. Oct. 23 To restraine<br />

The lust of lawlesse youth with good aduice: Or pricke<br />

them forth with pleasaunce of thy vaine. 1507 Returnfr.<br />

Parnass. iv. i. 1166 Lett mee heare Chaucer s vaine firste.<br />

I love antiquitie, if it be not harshe. 1605 Bacon Adv.<br />

Learn, i. iv. § 2 Then grew the flowing and watery vein of<br />

Osorius, the Portugal bishop, to be in price. 1641 Brome<br />

yoviall Crew i, What say, Sir, to our Poet Scribble here ?<br />

spy. I like his vain exceeding well. 1816 Scorr Provinc.<br />

Antiq. Scotl.(j826) 119 After adorning it with an inscription,<br />

somewhat in the vein of Ancient Pistol. 1902 G. Sampson<br />

Ne7vman's Sel. Ess. Introd. p. xxxvi, They [sc. these words)<br />

are not in Blougram's vein,<br />

b. With a, this, etc.<br />

1576 N.R. in Gascoigne^s Steele Glas Wks. 1910 II. 138<br />

Thus divers men with divers vaines did write. But Gascoigne<br />

doth in every vaine indite. 1598 Barret Theor.<br />

VEIN.<br />

Warres ii. i. 29 To haue a sweet vaine in speech. 1620-6<br />

QuARLES Div. Poems, Hadassa Pref., A Sober vaine best<br />

suits Theologie. a 1704 Locke Cond. Underst. Posth. Wks.<br />

(1706) 18 Many a good poetick Vein is burled under a<br />

I'rade. 1746 Francis tr. Horace^ Sat. i. iv. 133 Such Rancour<br />

this, of such a poisonous Vein, As never, never, shall my<br />

Paper stain. 1850 Kingsley A. Locke ix, Is it not noteworthy<br />

also, that it is in this vein that the London poets<br />

have always been greatest? 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I.<br />

276 The answer, Meno, was in the orthodox solemn vein.<br />

C. With ^zV, etc., and qualifying term.<br />

1865 Kingsley <strong>Here</strong>zv. xii, To which hereward answered,<br />

in his boasting vein, that he would bring home that mare.<br />

1873 Dixon 'J 2vo Queens xx, i. IV. 61 Writing a letter in his<br />

smoothest vein to Wolsey. 1877 ' H. A. Page ' De Quincey<br />

I. xi. 213 The following shows bim in his best vein.<br />

1 13. A particular course of action or conduct<br />

a habit or practice. Obs.<br />

1597 MoRLEY Introd. Mus. 124 The composers of that age<br />

..followed only that vaine of wresting in much matter in<br />

small boundes. 1615 Lieut, of Tower s Sp. in Harl. Misc.<br />

(Malh.) ill. 319, I was much addicted to that idle Vein of<br />

Gambling. x6i6 R. C. Times' Whistle (1871) 62 Thus he<br />

runs on his course, til 's drunken vaine Ruines his substance.<br />

c 1725 Swift 6>/v«. x. Wks. 1841 II. 164/1 Hence it is become<br />

an impertinent vein among people of all sorts to hunt after<br />

what they call a good sermon.<br />

fb. An inclination or desire, a tendency, towards<br />

something specified. Obs.<br />

1587 Harrison England 11. iii. (1877) 88, I perceiue the<br />

abbeie lands haue fleshed you and set your teeth on edge,<br />

to aske also those colleges. . . As you loue your welfares ther-<br />

fore, follow no more this veine, but content your selues with<br />

that you haue alreadie. 1625 Bacon Ess,, Of Envy (Arb.)<br />

513 Adrian the Emperour, that mortally Enuied Poets, and<br />

Painters, and Artificers, in Works, wherein he had a veine<br />

to excell. 1673 Temple Ess. Ireland Wks. 1720 1. 109, I<br />

suppose the Vein I have had of running into Speculations<br />

of this kind., have cost me this present Service.<br />

14. Personal character or disposition ; also, a<br />

particular element or trait in this.<br />

1565 Cooper ThesauT^is s.v. Vena, To knov the naturall<br />

disposition and veyne of euery man. x575GAscoiGNEG/(ZJJf<br />

Gozit. Wks. 1910 II. 6 No Terence phrase:.. The verse<br />

that pleasde a Romaine rashe intent, Myght well offend the<br />

godly Preachers vayne. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. iv. iv. 83<br />

It is no shame, the fellow tinds his vaine, And yeelding to<br />

him, humors well his frensie. 1639 N. N. tr. Du Bosq's<br />

Compl. Woman 1. 17 They have need of somewhat more<br />

than a pleasant veyne, and.. at least they have as much<br />

discretion as vertue. a 1660 Contemp. Hist. Irel. (ix.<br />

Archseol. Soc.) IL 145 The veine of those petty Bourkes..<br />

may seeme strange to any that is both well affected and<br />

fully acquainted with them. 1774 Goldsm. Retal. 59 So<br />

provoking a devil was Dick, That we wished him full ten<br />

times a day at Old Nick ; But, missing his mirth and agreeable<br />

vein, As often we wished to have Dick back again.<br />

1819 Shelley Cenci i. ii. 28 Vou have a sly, equivocating<br />

vein. 18*0 Lamb Elia 1. Oxford in Vacation, When the<br />

peacock vein rises, I strut a Gentleman Commoner. 1854<br />

Kingsley Lett. (1878) I. 433. I am afraid I have a little of the<br />

wolf-vein in me, in spite of fifteen centuries of civilization.<br />

b. A temporary state of mind or feeling ; a<br />

humour or mood.<br />

1577-82 Breton Toys Idle Head Wks. (Grosart) I. 28/2<br />

For who continues in this vaine Of setting still,,, in the ende<br />

he shall be faine To leaue it. 1588 Marprel. Epist. (Arb.)<br />

34, I am hardly drawn to a merie vaine from such waightie<br />

matters. 1602 -znd Pt. Return f?-. Parnass. 11. iv. 699 lie<br />

take the Gentleman now, he is in a good vayne, for he<br />

smiles. 1640 Brome Sparagus Gard. iv. vii, Could I get<br />

her In a marriage vaine, but she'll not look Upon a man<br />

not she. 1723 Pope Lett. Wks. 1737 VI. 146 The merry<br />

Vein you knew me in, is sunk into a '1 urn of Reflection.<br />

J760-72 H. Brooke FoolofQual. (1809) IV. 113 Harry was<br />

in no manner of vein., for entertaining. 1825 Scott Talism.<br />

vi, He knew not how to pursue the pleasing theme, so as to<br />

Foothe and prolong the vein which he had excited. _ 1863<br />

Geo. Eliot Romola i. iv, If thou art in a classical vein, put<br />

myrtle about his curls and make him a young Bacchus.<br />

c. In the vein, in a fit or suitable mood for<br />

something.<br />

1593 Shaks. Rich. Ill, iv. iii. 122 Thou troublest me, I am<br />

not in the vaine.<br />

1865 M, Arnold Ess. Crit. iii. (1875) 119 To produce constantly,<br />

to produce whether in the vein or out of the vein.<br />

1879 Meredith Egoist xxxiv, I like to hear them when I<br />

am in the vein. ios R. Bagot Passport xtx. 176 Nobody<br />

can be more amusing when she is in the vein.<br />

+ d. A fit ^laughter. Obsr-^<br />

1734 tr. Rollins Anc. Hist. (1827) VII, 29 He burst into<br />

a loud vein of laughter.<br />

IV. 16. atirib. and Comb. a. In sense i, as<br />

vein-blood (also = blood-letting), -healing adj.,<br />

pipe, -streaked adj., -work.<br />

C1386 Chai'cer Knt.'s T. 1B89 That nother veyne blod,<br />

ne ventusyng, Ne drynk of herbes may ben his helpj-ng.<br />

£1425 St. Christina ix. in AngUa VIII. 123/16 She lete<br />

hep blode ful often of mykel veyne blode. 1528 Paynell<br />

Saleme's Regim. biiij, Hit is nat clere nor flowynge, but<br />

more lyke to veyne bludde. 1545 J^av^ald Byrth Mankynde<br />

17 b, Vayne blood and artire blood. 1590 Spenser<br />

Muiopot. 197 Veyne-healing Veruen, and bed-purging Dili.<br />

1504 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. II. To Rdr., The coole<br />

refreshing it hath from the lungs, or the veine-pipes proceeding<br />

from the liuer. 1890 Le Gallienne G. Meredith<br />

32 The human form disappears beneath nets of veinwork<br />

and muscle. 1894 Mrs. Dyan Man's Keeping {1899) 118<br />

Urquhart..saw the vein-streaked hand gripping the pipestem<br />

tremble.<br />

t b. In sense 6 b, as vein-riveret . Obs.~^<br />

1656 Heylin Stirv. France 34 A veine riveret of the<br />

Seine.<br />

c. In sense 7, as veinfissure^ -fornix -formation^<br />

-gallery^ -granite^ viarble, etc.


VEIN.<br />

185s J. R. Leifchild CornivalL 105 The general course<br />

of ihe mineral •vein fissures in these localities. 1883 Science<br />

9 Feb. 18/1 A *vcin-form similar to the terrestrial veins<br />

commonly known as /ilons en cocardes. 1877 Raymond<br />

Statist. Mines *.Crtrw/i^4oIn veining in the marginal lines of a<br />

box or blotter, a ruler is often of great assistance. 1896<br />

Daily News 9 June 9/6 The tinted petals are passed up to<br />

another room, where they are ' veined ' by being squeezed<br />

into a sort of mould.<br />

2. refl. To diffuse like a vein. rare~^.<br />

1681 r. Flatman Heraclitus Rtdens No. 19 (1713) I. 129<br />

This is Vox Popnli, this is Plato Redivivns, this is Huntscrap<br />

Mr. Petyt,..and indeed veins it self through all the<br />

late Pamphlet-; and Libels.<br />

3. trans. Of things : To extend over or through<br />

(something) after the manner of veins.<br />

1807 J. Barlow Columb. x. 226 Proud Mississippi.. Flings<br />

forth . . Ten thousand watery glades ; that, round him curl'd,<br />

Vein the broad bosom of the western world. 1844 Mrs.<br />

Browning /l>r/iOTa ^^j-Z/f 399 Von spectacle ofcloud Which<br />

seals the gate up to the finafdoom, Is God's seal manifest. .<br />

The unmolten lightnings vein it motionless. 1847 Tennyson<br />

Princ. IV. 522 All the gold That veins the world. 1889<br />

Ridek Haggard Cleopatra 11. x. Half Hercules and half a<br />

fool, with a dash of genius veining his folly through.<br />

1 4. intr. To put oneself into a particular * vein *<br />

or mood. Also with it. Obs.<br />

1389 Warner Alb. Eng. vi. xxxi. (1612) 154 But her, not<br />

coy 1 found so chast, as saue a kisse or twaine, I nothing<br />

got, although in all I vained to her vaine. 1593 Ibid. ix.<br />

xlvl 217 Hence Citizens with Courtiours so do vaine it for<br />

the time, That with their paper Ladders they euen stately<br />

Castels clyme.<br />

+ 5. rejl. To injure (oneself) in a vein. Obs.<br />

Cf. self-veined m Warner Albion's Engl. (1602) x. lix. 263.<br />

1631 G. Markham Country Contentm. (ed. 4) i. xix. 117<br />

If your Cocke hauc in his fight veined himselfe eyther by<br />

narrow striking, or other cros&e blow, you shall find out the<br />

wound.<br />

Vein, obi. Sc. form of Wekn v,<br />

Veinage. rare. [f. VEiy sb^ The course of<br />

a vein or veins ; a collection or system of veins.<br />

1875 Blackmore Alice Lorraine xlviii. Therefore one<br />

might see the rich fruit . . with russet veinage mellowing.<br />

1881 — Ckristowell II. iL 24 His botLsekeeper, following<br />

quickly the veinage of his thoughts, -.called back from the<br />

lop of the back stairs. 190^ Academy 23 Apr. 454/2 There<br />

is a veinage of supematuralism through the book.<br />

Veinal, a, rare—°. [f. Vein sb.J =s Venous a<br />

1846 in Worcester (citing Boyle; but perh. a mere error<br />

for Vf.nai. a.).<br />

Veined (v^'nd), ///. a, [f. Vein sb.]<br />

1. Furnishetl or marked with veins (in various<br />

senses) : a. In predicative use ; also with adverbial<br />

qualification, zs finely veined.<br />

ai5i9 Skklton P.Sparoive 1121 Handes soft as sylke,<br />

Whyter than the mylke. That are so quyckely vayned.<br />

1611 COTGE., Veini, veined, or full of veines. 1707<br />

MoBTrjiER Husb. (1721) II. 15 The knot of an old Oak. .is<br />

often finely veined like Walnut. \j^ J. Lek Introd. Sot.<br />

Explan. Terms 385 Venntum, veined, with Veins many<br />

Ways. 1796 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) 11. 313 Leafits<br />

..veined, of the appearance of those of Skirrets. X834<br />

JPMuRTRiE Cuviers Anim. Kin^d. 424 Males and females<br />

•["m»*hcd with long wings, less veined than those of the<br />

other Hymenoptera of this section. 1883 Jeffesies Story<br />

My Heart \, 13 The million leaves, veined and edge-cut, on<br />

bush and tree. 1891 Farrar Darkn. ^ Dawn Ivii, On<br />

abaci of carved ivory stood myrrhinc vases.. red, veined,<br />

lustrous.<br />

b. Used attributively.<br />

1793 Martvn lang. Bot., Venosum folium, a Veined leaf.<br />

180a Pi.AYFAiH lliustr. Huttonian The. 12 Where that stone<br />

is stratified and either coincides with veined granite or with<br />

83<br />

gneiss, i860 Tvndall Glac. i. 1. 7 The means of observing<br />

together the veined structure of the ice. 1895 Rowe Chip-<br />

Caruing 39 A series of arcs described from point 2, where<br />

the two veined circles meet.<br />

2. Intersected or marked with something (esp.<br />

a colour) suggestive of veins.<br />

I6n Drayton Poly.olb. To Rdr., Conveying . . through<br />

delicate embrodered meadowes, often veined with gentle<br />

gliding brooks. 1718 Chambeks Cycl. s.v. Marble, Marble<br />

of Braban9on, in Hainauli, is Black, vein'd with White.<br />

1766 Entick London IV. 59 Four Gothic demipiUars,<br />

painted white, and veined with blue. 1769 Sir W. Jones<br />

Falace Fortune Poems (1777) 13 The round earth with<br />

foaming oceans vein'd. 1806 Med. jfriil. XV. 266 Flowers<br />

large, white, beautifully veined with purple. 1857 Dickens<br />

Dorril n. xxv. The white marble at the bottom of the bath<br />

was veined with a dreadful red. 1881 Flover Unexpl.<br />

Baluchistan 198 Beautiful blue and purple marble veinedwith<br />

white.<br />

3. fig. 1 Fixed in the blood ; ingrained.<br />

1633 Ford Lorje's Sacr. v. i, Come, black Angel, Fair devil,<br />

in thy prayers reckon up The sum in gross, of all thy vained<br />

follies.<br />

4. Lodged or distribiited in veins.<br />

•8*7-35 Willis Wife's Affeal 87 To course the veined<br />

metals of the earth.<br />

Veiner (v^'-nsa). [f. Vein sb. or v.'\<br />

1. a. (Seequot. 1 883, and cf. Veining z'W.j*. i b.)<br />

1864 [F. \i. Robinson) Mem. Jane Cameron I. 119 There<br />

were., menders and darners, veiners and winders,, .needlewomen<br />

[etc.). 1883 S1M.VIOSDS Diet. Trade, Veiner, a sewer<br />

of muslin in the neighbourhood of Belfast.<br />

b. One who makes veins in artificial flowers.<br />

1881 Instr. Census Clerks (1885) 55 (Artificial) Flower<br />

Making; Stiffener. Cutter-out. Veiner. /«


VEIBE.<br />

IX. 3_-;4 A gentle start convulsed lanthc's frame : Her veiny<br />

^p«lids quietly unclosed. 1813 Examiner^^i Feb. 124/t<br />

The hands. .are divested of their too veiny inflation. x8iB8<br />

' L. Scott' (Mrs. Baxter) Tuscan Stutf. 11. iv. 323 There is<br />

a general darkness and veiny roughness about the hands of<br />

the performers,<br />

2. a. Traversed by veins of a diffei^nt (mineral)<br />

sabstance or stmcture.<br />

1708 OiELL BoiUaut Lutrin 46 The reiny Flint and<br />

bardy Steel ingage. 1778 Prvck Min. Coniui. 96 A kind<br />

of Stone., not at M of a veiny quality. 1783 Justamokd tr.<br />

Kti^nsTs Hist. Indies IV. 476 Veiny diamonds, in which<br />

these extremities are not uniform, and in the same direction.<br />

1797 Mbs. Radcuffe Italian \\, She could see the veiny<br />

precipices and tangled thickets that closely impended over<br />

the road.<br />

b. Full of, having the n.->ture of, veins or continuous<br />

passages.<br />

1817 Hood Mids. Fairies Ix, We bear the gold and silver<br />

kej-s Of bubbling springs and fountains, that below Course<br />

thro' the veiny earth. 1854 H. E. Howard Rape Pro-<br />

J.<br />

serfine II Is it the wind, that works its stealthy way Where<br />

veiny clefts the secret pass betray?<br />

3. Marked by veins of colour.<br />

c 1711 Petiver Gazophyl. Dec. viii. Tab. 71 A hard reddish<br />

veiny Wood from the Philippine Isles. i7a7-46 Thomson<br />

Summer 1-^^ Effulgent, hence the veiny marble shines. 1800<br />

Hull Aiiz'ertiser 11 Oct. 2/3 Six blocks of very superior<br />

veiny marble. 1816 J. Scorr Vis. Paris (ed.^ 5) 162 The<br />

finest specimens, .have been cleansed and repaired till they<br />

look like lapis lazuli jats, stained and veiny.<br />

4. Bot. Of leaves : Having many veins.<br />

c X711 Petiver Gazpphyl. Dec. vi. Tab. 59 7"hetruc Ipecacuanha.<br />

.a low Plant with. .soft veiny Leaves. 1760 J. Lee<br />

Inirod. Bot, ill. v. (1765) 184 Venose^ veiny. 1807 J. E.<br />

Smith Pkys. Bot. 166 Venosum^ veiny, when the vessels by<br />

which the leaf is nourished are branched, subdivided, and<br />

more or less prominent. x8a8 — Eng. Flora II. 89 Leaflets<br />

..ovate, veiny, deeply serrated and cut. jS^o Florist 232<br />

It will give an idea of coarseness, as in a veiny Pelargonium,<br />

Veip, obs. Sc. f. Weep v. Voir, southern ME.<br />

var, Faib a. ; obs. var. Vair s6. ; var. Veke (spring)<br />

Ods. ; obs. Sc. f. weirWah sh., Weabz-. Veird,<br />

obs. Sc. form of Weird sb. Veirdit, obs. form of<br />

Verdict.<br />

tVeire,<br />

Vines tr. Sachses Bot. 690 Rain or dew which<br />

moistens the root.envelope (velamcn) or wounded surfaces.<br />

1884 Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaiter. 227 A continuous<br />

layer of air-containing tracheides covers, as a shtitth or<br />

velainen, the aerial roots of epiphytic orchids.<br />

2. Anat. A membranous covering or integument.<br />

In recent Diets., which also give vetamentuin in the same<br />

sense.<br />

Velame ntOUS, «• [f mod.L. velamenlum :<br />

cf. prec. and L. velSmenlafi.^ Of the nature of a<br />

membrane or membranous covering<br />

1891 Cent. Diet, s v., The velamentous arms of the<br />

nautilus. 1903 Brit. Med. Jml, 29 March 773 Velamentous<br />

insertion of the cord.<br />

Velane, -ly, varr. Villains a, Villainsly adv.,<br />

Ol's. Velany, obs, f. Villainy.<br />

Velar (vflaO.a. {anisb.) AUoi)erron. vellar,<br />

[ad. It. velare, F, vilaire, or L. vlldr-is,<br />

um sail, curtain, etc : cf, Velom.]<br />

I. L. vel-<br />

1. Arch. (See quots,)<br />

X716 Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 55/1 A Vault.. which for<br />

its resemblance to a swelling Sail, we. .call a Velar Cupola,<br />

x8»3 P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 595 Vellar cupola, a<br />

cupola or dome, terminated by four or more walls. x84a<br />

G\\\\-l Archit. 1050.<br />

2, rhon Of sounds : Produced by means of the<br />

soft palate.<br />

Applied Sf>ecirically to one of the two sets of guttural<br />

sounds existing in the original Indo-European language.<br />

1876 /Ita^«'«/j'4 Nov. 457/1 The author begins with the now<br />

well.known distinction of the it sounds into two sets, which<br />

be calls velar and palatal. X883 1, Taylor Alpktiiet 1. 160<br />

84<br />

The Semitic alphabets, .have no symbols for certain classes<br />

of sounds, such as the velar gutturals. 1888 King & Cookson<br />

Sounds


VELIFIC.<br />

Ifumtsmaia viii. 280 Stevinus who framed the Veliferous<br />

Chariot..<br />

2. Zoot. Bearint; a velum ; membranous.<br />

1871 'r. R. Jones Aniiit. Kin^d. (ed. 4) 614 With its veliferous<br />

arms thus firmly embracing its abode, the Argonaut<br />

has two modes of piogression.<br />

t Veli-fio(al, a. Obs.-o [UUvHiJicus.'] (See<br />

quots.) Also tVeli-fieate v. [f. L. vilificare,<br />

-«?-


VELLON-<br />

llVellon (vely^n). Also 7 vellion. [Sp.<br />

veUon : see Billox.] Copper, as used in Spanish<br />

coinage. Used esp. in the denomination of certain<br />

coins, as real {of) vellon : see Real sb.^<br />

1676 Lady Fanshawe Mem. (1830) 202 We let our dispense<br />

for 72,000 rcais vellon, a year. 1681 Rycaut tr. Gracians<br />

Critick To Rdr., We were dispatched thence with..something<br />

under the name of a Largess, to bear our Expences,<br />

paid in Vellion, or the Base Copper Money of Spain. \^A<br />

Chambers CycL s.v. Motuy^ Spanish Money of Account, is<br />

the Peso, Ducat of Silver and Vellon, Rial of Vellon, and<br />

Cornados and Maravedis of Silver and Vellon. 1798<br />

Malthus Pa^uL (1817) II. 489 The price of the load of four<br />

fanegas of wheat was.. 100 reals vellon. 1839 Penny Cycl.<br />

XV. 323/1 It passes in Spain for 20 reals vellon.<br />

aitrW, 1676 Lady Fanshawk Metn. (1830) 196 October<br />

the 14th, the King proclaimed the lowering the vellon money<br />

to the half.<br />

Vellon, dial, form of Felon sb.-<br />

Velloped, error io:Jelhped }o\.hOPY.^ a.<br />

1780 Edmondson Heraldry II. Gloss., Velloped-.^ a cock<br />

is said to be armed, crested, and velloped, when his spurs,<br />

comb, and gills, are of a different tincture from the body.<br />

"Vellot e, obs. forms of Velvet.<br />

t Vellous, sb. and a, Sc. Obs. Forms; a. 5<br />

veil-, wellowis, vellous, -us, 5-6 wellus. ^. 5<br />

veluous, -vous, -uus, welwous, 6 -uous, -uos,<br />

velvois,etc. [a. OF. vehus, velos, velwis, velvis^<br />

later F. velours Velours.] = Velvet sb. and a.<br />

a. c\^^Q Maitl.Cluh Misc. III. 196,3 reid cap of vellowis.<br />

Ibid. 197 A blew claith wellowis. 1474 Ace. Ld. High<br />

Treas. Scot. I. 16, 2i elne of Vellous for a fute mantil.<br />

J6id. 69, vj elne of vellus for a kirtil. 1503 Ibid. II. 297<br />

For ane wellus bonet to the Erie of Murrajr.<br />

0. 1473 Ace. Ld, High Treas. Scot. I. 73, iiiji elne of rede<br />

crammacy veluous. 1491 Acta Dom. Cone. 199/1, xviij<br />

elne of Welwous. 1530 Burgh Rec Edinb. (1871) II. 27<br />

Ane schitt of grene weluos. 1561 Inv. H. Wardr. (1815) 124<br />

Ane bed of blak velvois. a 1586 Sir R. Maitland Poems<br />

(Pinkerton, 1786) 326 Thair gouns. . Barrit with velvous.<br />

Vellum (ve-li'm). Forms: a. 5 velym, 5-6<br />

velyme, 5, 7 velim, 6 velime, velem, 7 vellem.<br />

3. 5, 7 velum, 5-7 volume (7 velumne), 7vellum.<br />

7. 7 velom, 7-8 vellom. 5. 7 velame,<br />

7-8 velam, vellam. [ad. OF. velin {vellin,<br />

veelin, etc.; mod. F. z////«), f. W Veal .r^., with<br />

change of n to /// as in pilgrim^ venom.']<br />

1. A- fine kind of parchment prepared from the<br />

skins of calves (lambs or kids) and used especially<br />

for writing, painting, or binding; also, any superior<br />

quality of parchment or an imitation of this.<br />

yegetabie vellum : see Vegktablf. a, 7.<br />

a. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 508/2 Velyme, memhrana, e 1449<br />

Pecock Repr. i. xv. 81 That Holi Writt mai ba take for the<br />

outward lettris writu.i and schapun vnder dyuerse figuris<br />

in parchemyn or in velim. 1519 Horman Vulg. 80 b, That<br />

stouflfe that we wrytte vpon, and is made of beestis skynnes,<br />

is somtyme called parchement, somtyme velem. 1598 R.<br />

Havdocke tr. Lomazzo 11. 127 The Painters vse general<br />

groundes..; saue vpon paper, parchment or velime. 1644<br />

Direct. Publ. Worship Ord. 3 A fair register book of velim.<br />

fig. i6ii J. Daviks (<strong>Here</strong>f.) To Worthy Persons VVks.<br />

(Grosart) II. 62/1 Vpon th* unspotted vellem of thy face<br />

Nature hath printed characters of grace.<br />

p. 1474 Caxto.m Chesse in. iii. (1883) 93 The Notayres,<br />

skynners, coryours, and cardewaners werke by skynnes and<br />

hyde^. As parchemyn, velume, peltrye and cordewan. IM9<br />

Croscombe Church-w. Ace. (Som. Rec. Soc.) 24 A mass bofce<br />

of velum lymmyde. a 1586 Sidney Astr. ^ Stella Scan, xi,<br />

A childc.With gilded leaues or colourd velume playes.<br />

x6i6 Drumm. of Hawth. Flowers ofSion^ Bk. Wor/d, But<br />

sillie wee (like foolish Children) rest Well pleas'd with<br />

colour'd Velumne. 1699 Bentlev Phal. xv'u 506 And without<br />

doubt it was immortal Vellum, and stoln from the<br />

Parchmentes of Jove. 1700 Congreve Way 0/ World v. iii,<br />

I have an old fox by my thigh that shall hack your instrument<br />

of ram vellum to shreds, sir ! 1710 J. Clarke tr.<br />

Rokaulfs Nat. Philos. (1729) I. 243 The Retina [of an<br />

artificial eye] was made of a very white thin Piece of Vellum,<br />

a 1781 R. Watsom Philip III, ill. (1835) 159 The deed, .was<br />

wntten on paper, and not on vellum, as was usi:al in all trans*<br />

actions of importance. 1819 Keats Fall Hyperion 1. 5 Pity<br />

these have not TracM upon vellum or wild Indian leaf The<br />

shadows of melodious utterance. 1855 Mrs. Gaskell North<br />

ff S. iii. The Paradise of Dante in the proper old Italian<br />

binding; of white vellum and gold. 1875 Scri venek Led. Gk.<br />

Test. 16 ITie durable fine vellum of our oldest extant codices.<br />

/ig. 1784 CowPER Task I. 569 The sportive wind blows<br />

wide Their fluttVing rags, and shows a tawny skin, The<br />

vellum of the pedigree they claim.<br />

y. x6oi Hakf.will Van. Eye xxii. (1615) no [To] beholde<br />

the heavens, and in them (as in large characters drawn in<br />

faire velom) the glory of their maker. 1683 MoxoN Meek.<br />

Exerc., Printing x. One of the first <strong>Book</strong>s Printed on<br />

Paper; (that of Tully being on Vellom). 1718 Chambers<br />

Cycl. S.V. Parchment, What we call Vellom is only Parchment<br />

made of the Skins of abortive Calves, or at least of<br />

sucking Calve ^.<br />

fi. 1600 Fairfax Tasso xiv. Ixxvi, The house is builded<br />

like a maze within,..The shape whereof plotted in velam<br />

thin I will you giue. 1617 Barbier Jan. Ling. 114 He<br />

cancelled a line in the margent of the velame. x63a Quarles<br />

Div. Fancies n. xiii, Hee.. Whose milk-white vellam did<br />

incurre No least suspition of a Blurre. 1706 Hearni-:<br />

Collect. (O.H.S.) I. 258 A MS', in velam. 1715 Ibid. V. 130<br />

King Henry the VIin'>'» Primer upon Vellam.<br />

fi$' 1^3' Massincer Emperor East iv. iv, Can you think<br />

This master peece of heauen, this pretiou^ vellam. Of such a<br />

puritie and virgin whitenesse, Could be designM to haue<br />

periurie, and wboredome, ..writ vpon 't?<br />

2. A piece or sheet of this material ; a manuscript<br />

or testimonial written on vellum.<br />

c 1430 LvDC. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 204 A froward velym<br />

' long<br />

! ties<br />

I opt.<br />

' tlie<br />

! Velocimeter.<br />

' electric<br />

86<br />

upon to wryt. 1687 Death's Vision (1713) a note. Like<br />

a Velum upon the Head of a Drum. 1878 G. Vigkusson<br />

Sturlunga Saga I. p. clx, A quarto of 200 leaves when<br />

entire (about the largest size ever reached by an Icelandic<br />

vellum). 1900 Westm. Gaz. 15 Oct. 6/3 He and his brother<br />

..received the vellum of the Royal Humane Society for<br />

their plucky conduct.<br />

3. altrib. and Comb, a. Attrib. in the senses<br />

* made of, resembling, of the nature of, bound in,<br />

vellum *,<br />

1565 GoLDiNG t)vid's Met. iv. 507 With shere and velume<br />

wings. 1570 Dee Math. Pre/, aj, All these, liuely designementes..be<br />

in velame parchement described. 1586 Hookek<br />

Hist. Iret. in Holinshed II. 94/1 He ought rather to make<br />

sute for some good vellam parchment for the ingrossing<br />

thereof. 1636 Davenant Platonick Lovers iv. i, Not all<br />

thy Leathern, nor thy Vellum friends, those dead companions<br />

on thy Shelves shall be more faithful [etc.]. 1651 Cleveland<br />

Poems 46 Who place Religion in their Velam-ears ^ As in<br />

their Phylacters the Jews did theirs. 1707 HEAHNECoZ/ec/.<br />

(O.H.S.) I. 330 Avery Ancient Vellam MS'. 1740 Richardson<br />

Pamela (1824) I. 216 Mr Longman has already furnished<br />

me with a vellum-book of white paper. i8ao Lamb<br />

Elia 1. South'Sea House, The costly vellum covers of some<br />

of them \sc. books]. i88z Miss Braddon Mt. Royal III. v.<br />

88 A large vellum envelope.<br />

b. Comb. With pa. pples., as vellum-boundj<br />

'Covered.<br />

1837 Dickens Pickw. iv. With vellum-covered books under<br />

their arms. 1856 Lever Martins o^fCro" M. 605 A square<br />

vellum-bound book, with massive silver clasps. 1866 Geo.<br />

Eliot F. Holt (1868) 11 Her writing-table, with vellumcovered<br />

account-books on it.<br />

c. Special Combs. : vellum-binder (see quot.<br />

vellum-binding, the process or trade of<br />

1858) ;<br />

binding account-books ; also attrib, ; vellum<br />

cloth, tracing-cloth; !• vellum mode (see Mode<br />

; vellum paper, a paper made<br />

sb. II, quot. 1795)<br />

to imitate vellum ; hence vellum-papered adj.<br />

vellum post (see quot.); vellum thunder ^i^A,<br />

the noise made by the parchment of a drum.<br />

1858 SiMMONDS Diet. Trade, * Vellum-binder, a bookbinder<br />

who covers books with vellum, and makes accountbooks.<br />

1891 Pali Mall G. 20 Nov. 3/1 Three of them are<br />

concerned with the bookbinders— that is, the binders of<br />

printed books—and the fourth with the vellum-binders, the<br />

technical name for account-book binders. 1835 J. Hannett<br />

Bibliopegia iii. (Heading) 139 Of Stationery, or *Venum<br />

Binding. 1891 Pall Mall G. 20 Nov. 3/1 As soon as it<br />

was known that the bookbinders were going to concede<br />

the eight hours, several of the best vellum-binding firms<br />

conceded it also. 1888 Jacobi Printers^ Vocak 151 *Velluf>i<br />

laidpaper^ a laid writing paper with a vellum surface. Ibid.,<br />

Vellum wove paper, a wove writing paper with a vellum<br />

surface. 1858 O. W. Holmes Aut. Break/.-t. (1883) 73 Look<br />

at. .the. .*vellum-papered 32 mo. x&47 Webster, *Vellum'<br />

post, a peculiar sort of superior writing-paper. 1716 Gay<br />

Trivia 11. 18 <strong>Here</strong> Rows of Drummers stand in martial File,<br />

And with their *Vellom-Thunder shake the Pile.<br />

Hence Ve'llumy a., relating to or resembling<br />

vellum (Worcester, 1846, citing Ec. Kev.).<br />

Vellure, obs. form of Velure.<br />

t Vellute. Obs. rare, [ad. It. velluto, or var.<br />

of vellet Velvet sb. after this.] Velvet.<br />

1561 T. HoBV tr. Castiglione's Courtyer \. (1577) Fij,<br />

Wyth hir shooes of vellute, and hir hose fitting cleane to hir<br />

legge. 163a B. JONSON Magn. Lady v. iii, [It] will save<br />

charges Of coaches, vellute gowns, and cut-work smocks.<br />

Velly, dial. ya^x. felly Felloe.<br />

t VelO'Ciman. Obs. rare, [ad. F. vHocimane,<br />

I. v^locU (after Velocipede) -f- L. man-us hand.]<br />

A contrivance of the nature of a velocipede, but<br />

propelled by hand.<br />

A velocimanipede was advertised in the Morning Chron.<br />

of 13 May 1819 : see Hobby sb.^ 4.<br />

[1869 A^. . 4th Ser. IV. 240 The Swiss inventor styles<br />

his Carriage a velocimane.] 1883 C. L. Dodgson in Collingwood<br />

Li_/e v. {i8gg) 219 Went out with Charsley, and did<br />

four miles on one of his velocimans, very pleasantly. 1883<br />

SiMMONDS Z)/V/. Trade, Veloeiman,..a. species of tricycle.<br />

Velocimeter (vel^si'mAaj). [f. L. veloci-,<br />

velox swift + -METER.] An instrument or apparatus<br />

(variously constructed) for measuring the speed or<br />

velocity of engines, vessels, projectiles, etc.<br />

184a H. Si'ENCER in Civil Eng. ^ Arch. Jrnl. V. 231/2<br />

The instrument represented in the annexed plate, which I<br />

have named a ' Velocimeter ', is intended to supersede the<br />

calculations, frequently necessary, in obtaining velociin<br />

engine trials. 1853 in Abridgm. Specif. Patents,<br />

etc. Instrum. (1875) 183 An instrument for measuring<br />

steerage-way of vessels. . .[The apparatus is called a]<br />

1876 Catai. Set. Apfiar. S. Kens. 55 Patent<br />

Velocimeter, . . arranged for water cunents and<br />

ascertaining the speed of vessels.<br />

VelO'CiouSf a. rare, [f. L. veloci-, velox swift<br />

+ -ous.] Rapid. Also Velooiously adv.<br />

In quot. 1872 humorously for 'fast'.<br />

1680 C. Nesse Ch. Hist. 357 Satan was seen to fall like<br />

lightning from heaven, to wit, viewably, violently, and<br />

velociously or swiftly. 1775 Romans Florida App. 62 Pro*<br />

viding so facile a navigation for the regions of the west, by<br />

means of a velocious current. 1872 Dasent Three to One<br />

III. 233 They are not at all like some of the young ladies of<br />

the ' present day, velocious,' as we have heard a Yankee say.<br />

Veloci'pedal, a. rare. [f. next + -al,] Of or<br />

relating to, depicting, a velocipede.<br />

1868 Pall Mall C. No. 1022. 1908/2 The velocipedal skill<br />

of M. de Vtsin. 1869 N. ^ Q. 4th Ser. IV. 240 Nor have I<br />

any recollection of a velocipedal plate [= picture].<br />

Velocipede (v/'l^-sipz'd). [ad. F. vHociphie, i.<br />

L. veloci-^ velox swlil + ped- pes foot.]<br />

,<br />

VELOCITY.<br />

1. = Dandv-horse, Hobby sb.^ 4, Hobby-hobse<br />

5. Obs. exc. //t'st.<br />

1819 Monthly Mag. March 156 A machine called the<br />

Velocipede, or Swift Walker. Invented by baron Drais and<br />

patented in England by Denis Johnson, coachmaker, of<br />

Lon^ Acre, in 1818. 1819 Keats Lett. (1895) 300 The<br />

nothing of the day is a machine called the velocipede. It<br />

is a wheel carriage to ride cock-horse upon, sitting astride<br />

and pushing it along with the toes, a rudder- wheel in hand.<br />

1823 J. Badcock Dom. Ainusem. 209 He never proceeded<br />

with bis machine at a greater rate than five miles an hour,<br />

and yet named it Velocipede. 1839 Civil Eng. Sf Arch.<br />

Jml. II. 242/1 The horse will take longer steps, and longer<br />

springs or leaps, i .in the same way as a man upon a veloci*<br />

pede. 1850 in Ouilvie.<br />

+ b. A kind of roller-skate. Obs.<br />

1835 Meek, Mag. V. 79 A Velocipede intended to be fixed<br />

on one foot ; . . the velocipedestrian pushes himself away with<br />

the other.<br />

2. A travelling-machine having wheels turned by<br />

the pressure of the feet upon pedals ; esp, an early<br />

form of the bicycle or tricycle, a ' bone-shaker '.<br />

Now rare. (Quot. 1853 may belong to sense i.)<br />

1849-50 Weale Diet. Terms s.v. 1851 Catai. Grt. Exhib.<br />

V. No. 991, Velocipede, consisting of three wheels. 1853<br />

R. S. SuRTEEs Soapey Sp. Tour (1893) 369 He is riding a<br />

miserable rat of a badly-clipped mouse. coloured pony, that<br />

looks like a velocipede under him. 1868 G. Duff Pol. Surv.<br />

126 The unprecedented reaction is moving on with the<br />

swiftness of a velocipede. 1886 Cyclist Touring <strong>Club</strong> Gaz.<br />

IV. 146 Bicycles, tricycles, and other velocipedes. Ibid. 149<br />

Every cyclist using a velocipede.<br />

3. trans/, a. Applied to persons.<br />

x8a8 New Monthly Mag. VI. 344 In the Ballet we have<br />

nothing new to report, M. Paul, a true velocipede, continues<br />

to electrify the astonished spectators. 1891 Mebedith<br />

One 0/ our Cong, xvi, He's a worthy little velocipede, as<br />

Fenellan calls him.<br />

b. A swift-moving vehicle.<br />

1838 Blackw. Mag. XLIII. 340 Stage-coaches, .were not<br />

the velocipedes that they now are. 1843 R. Fobd in Smiles<br />

Publisher^ Friends {iBgi) II. 491, 1 read Borrow with great<br />

deliglu all the way down per rail, and it shortened the rapid<br />

flight of that velocipede.<br />

4. attrib. nnd Comb,., as velocipede carriage<br />

-crank., traffic^ velocity., -wise adv.<br />

1819 Gentl. Mag. LXXXIX. i. 423 With our heavy popu.<br />

lation, Velocipede carriages may hereafter be substituted.,<br />

worked by two or more men. 1839 Blaekw. Mag. XLVI.<br />

39 1 he rush of waiters hurrying with velocipede velocity in<br />

opposite directions. 2869 H. Bushnell Wom. S. viii. 178<br />

He sings velocipede-wise, turning the crank himself. 1870<br />

Belgravia Feb. 444 A paddle-wheel., furnished with velocipede-cranks.<br />

Hence Velocipe'dean, Telo'cipeder, =j Veloci-<br />

PEDiST. Velocipede'striau a., := VELOCiPEDica.;<br />

sb, one who uses a velocipede (see sense i b above)<br />

also Velocipede •strianisxn, the practice of using<br />

the velocipede. Velocipedian, = Velocipedist<br />

Velocipe'dic a., of or pertaining to velocipedes,<br />

Telo'cipeding vbl. sb., the action or practice of<br />

using a velocipede. Velo'cipedist [ad. F. velocip4diste\<br />

one who rides a velocipede.<br />

184a HowiTT Vis. Remark. Places Ser. 11. 431 He was a<br />

very adroit *Velocipedean. 1869 Daily Nevjs 9 March, As<br />

the bicycles gained the open country the velocipedeans<br />

began to work in earnest. 1819 Sporting Mag. IV. 39<br />

A "Velocipeder presented himself at a turnpike, and demanded,<br />

'What's to pay ?' 1869 .5'cz. -^w/^r. 13 Feb. loi The<br />

votaries of *Velocipedestrian Science. Ibid. 9 Jan. 25<br />

*Velocipedestrianism, a word coined for the times, is easier<br />

to learn than .skating. 1869 Echo 3 Dec, Ihe invention of<br />

the crank-axled machine gave a great impulse to velocipedestrian<br />

ism. 1869 Velocipede (N.Y.) April 20 A *velocipedian,<br />

after a fair amount of experience, finds himself, -at<br />

home astride his two-wheeler. Z&9S Times 21 April 5/5 Dr.<br />

Mussy, spokesman of the *Velocipedic Union, dwelt on the<br />

advantages of cycling to school-boys, tourists, and soldiers.<br />

2869 Velocipe.de (N.V.) April 21 *Velocipeding is a hopefcl<br />

sign of progress. 1886 W. J. Tucker E. Europe 109 Just<br />

like tbatvelocipeding and Danube-boating at Pesth ! i8ao<br />

Williams Hist. Ace. Invent. II. 486 The rest afforded to the<br />

*velocipedist between his steps which set the machine in<br />

motion, enables him to proceed much quicker. 1868 Land.<br />

Soc. Nov. 408 The velocipedists have stolen a march on the<br />

coming flying man. 1885 Pall Mall G. 28 April 10/2 The<br />

* St. Petersburg Society of Amateur Velocipedists '.<br />

Velocity (v/lf7'siti). Also 6 Sc. velocite, 6-7<br />

velocitie. [ad. F. velocite (14th cent. = ; It. velo-<br />

citcij Sp. velocidad, Pg. -idade) or L. velocitat-^<br />

velocilds, f. veloci- , velox swift, rapid : see -ity]<br />

1. Rapidity or celerity of motion ; swiftness, speed,<br />

CZ550 RoLLAND Crt. Venus 11. 672Thaybad him pas with<br />

all velocite To the Gracis. 1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 220<br />

This byrde..is of such velocitie and swyftnes in flying that<br />

[etc.]. 1607 ToF'SELL Four.f. Beasts 115 The Lybian Roes.<br />

(saith hee) are of an admirable velocity or swiiines. 1646<br />

Sir T. Hrowne Pseud. Ep. 235 Dolphins.. Being the Hyeroglyphick<br />

of celerity, . . men best expressed their velocity by<br />

incurvity, and under some figure of a bowe. 1665 Glanvill<br />

Scepsis Sci. xi. 61 The supposed motion will be near a thousand<br />

miles an hour under the Equinoctional line ; yet it will<br />

seem to have no Velocity to the .sense. 1704 Fuller Med.<br />

Gymn. (1711) 14 His Blood flows with its due Velocity. 1789<br />

Mrs. Piozzi Journ. France II. 370 Black heaths, and wild<br />

uncultivated plains, over which the unresisted wind sweeps<br />

with a velocity I never yet was witness to. x8oa Binglev<br />

A mm. BiQg. (1805) III. 74 Some of the species, .are enabled<br />

to spring with great force and velocity on their prey. 1849<br />

Macaulav Hist. Eng. iii. I, 379 The flying coaches are extolled<br />

as far superior to any similar vehicles ever known in<br />

the world.<br />

mendation.<br />

Their velocity Is the subject of special com


VELODROME.<br />

b. spec. Relative rapidity ; rate of motion.<br />

i6s6 tr. Hohbes' EUm. Philos. (1839) 113 Motion, in as<br />

much as a certain length may in a certain time be transmitted<br />

by it, is called Velocity or swiftness: &c. 1715 tr.<br />

Gregorys Astran. (1726) I. 91 The Velocity in A is to the<br />

Velocity in P, as SN to SH. But as the Velocities in A<br />

and A so are the Spaces run in the same time, by the<br />

Bodies. 1743 W. Emerson Fluxions v, It is the general<br />

Practice in Mechanics, to measure the Velocity of a Body<br />

by the Space uniformly described in a given Time, c \Tga<br />

Imisos Sch. Arts I. I Mechanics is a science which treats<br />

of the forces, motions, velocities, and in general, of the<br />

actions of bodies upon one another. 1813 Bakewell Introd.<br />

Ceol. Pref. (1815) 16 In mechanics, the important question<br />

of the ratio between the velocity and n^omentum is still un.<br />

decided. 1857 Ltviscstone Trav. xvi. 284 note, A declivity<br />

of three inches per mile gives a velocity in a smooth straight<br />

channel of three miles an hour. i8«o Hauchton Phys.<br />

Gto^. iii. 137 It has.. a velocity of upwards of three knots<br />

per hour.<br />

2. Rapidity (absolute or relative) of operation or<br />

quickness.<br />

action ;<br />

a 1674 Clarendon Sun'. Leriath. (1676) 18 Mr. Hobbes<br />

was with the velocity of a thought . . able to decipher that<br />

impertinent Question. 1743 W. Emerson Flu.xiotis 2 He<br />

will find some to increase faster, others slower ; and consequently<br />

that there are comparative Velocities (or Fluxions)<br />

of Increase during their Generation. 1794 Hutton Philos.<br />

Light, etc. 198 Neither the quantity of the fire, nor the<br />

velocity of its propagation. 1817 Jas. Mill Brit. India. II.<br />

V. v. 479 Colonel Brathwaite was instructed to anticipate<br />

resisunce by velocity of completion. 1858 Froude Hist.<br />

Eng IV. 481 The velocity with which the English world<br />

was swept into the New Era. 1871 B. Stewart Heat<br />

(ed. 2) § 228 The rate at which it loses temperature or the<br />

velocity of cooling,<br />

3. altrtli. and Comb., as velocity-measurer, po-<br />

tential, ratio.<br />

1849-sa Weale Diet. Terms s.v. Velocimeter, Such a<br />

velocity-measurer was constructed by Breguet, of Paris.<br />

1878 W. K. Clifford Dynamic m. 203 The circulation<br />

along any path from o to />.. is called the velocity-potential<br />

at/. l88a Minchin £/«//>/. A'/iKrwa^ 160 If.. the velocity<br />

potential has at each point of the curve an assigned value.<br />

1887 D. A. I^w Machint Draw. (1892) 36 Velocity Ratio in<br />

Belt Gearing.<br />

Velodrome, [a. F. velodrome, f. v^lo coUoq.<br />

abbrev. of zelocipide Vei-ocipede -f -drome as in<br />

Hippodrome.] A special place or building in<br />

which exhibitions of cycle-riding, cycle or motor<br />

races, etc., are held.<br />

1901 Times 26 Nov. 5/6 The Alexandra Palace Velodrome.<br />

Ibid., The sides slope gently from the floor to the 'hogbacks<br />

', which are placed at either end of the velodrome.<br />

Velom, obs. variant of Vellttm.<br />

Velonea, Velonia, variants of Vai-onia.<br />

Velonye, southern ME. variant of Felont.<br />

+ Velope, aphetic form of Envelope v. Obs.—^<br />

I7»i \V. Hamilton Wallace 93 With Darkness velop'd,<br />

soon they reach 'd the Gate.<br />

Velouet, obs. form of Velvet.<br />

II Veloora (v»l»r). Also velour, veluse. [F.<br />

velours (OF. velour, velous) velvet. Cf. Velube.]<br />

1. fSee quots. and cf Lube sb.^)<br />

1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), l^etnurs, a Velvet-Rubber for<br />

a Hat. 1831-3 Encyct. Metrop. (1845) VI 1 1. 762 (2 A uniform<br />

direction is given to the nap by means of. .a plush brush<br />

called a velours. 1851-4 Tomlinson's Cycl.^ Use/. Arts<br />

(1866) I. 837/2 The general surf;ice of the hat is. .improved<br />

by means of. .a plush cushion called a velours, or veluse.<br />

187s Knicjht Did. Meek. 2609/1 Velour, a hatter's lustering<br />

and smoothing pad of sillc or plush.<br />

2. a. (See quot.)<br />

1858 SiMMONDS Did. Treule, Velours, a kind of velvet or<br />

plush foi furniture, carpets, etc. manufactured in Prussia,<br />

partly of linen and partly of double cotton warps with<br />

mohair yarn weft.<br />

b. A woollen dress-stuff with a velvet pile.<br />

1884 Knicht Did.Meci.Suppl 923/1 K^iwrrj. ., a French<br />

goods, all wool. 1913 Play Pictorial No. 134. p. ii/3 A<br />

medium shade of striped grey velours.<br />

II Veloutine (vjl«tih). [F., f. veloutf velvety<br />

-h-ine] (See quot. 1884.)<br />

1884 Knight Diet. Meek. Suppl. 923/t Veloutine (printed<br />

Velonline]. ., a corded French fabric, with fancy wool warp<br />

and merino wool weft. 1890 Daily News 29 May 3/1 The<br />

chemisette is generally made of finely pleated silk, whether<br />

it be in the richest veloutine, bengaline, or ordinary surah.<br />

Velt, southern dial, vari.ant of Felt sb.'-^<br />

1879 Jefferies IVild Li/e 301 The ploughboys call the<br />

' fieldfares velts *.<br />

Velt, var. Veldt ; obs. Sc. form of Welt v.<br />

t Velter. Obs.—^ [ad. OF. veltre or med.L.<br />

veltris : see Fewteker.] A small hnntiog-dog.<br />

1598 .Manwood Lawes Forest Carta de Foresta of Canutus<br />

I 32 margin. These little Dogges called Velteres, and such<br />

as are called Ramhundt (al which Dogges are to sit in ones<br />

lap) may be kept in the Forest.<br />

Velteror. rare-^. [Cf. prec] = Fewtereb.<br />

1911 J. H. Round King's Serjeants 272 The number of<br />

greyhounds . . accompanying them varied, but each velterer,<br />

normally, had charge of from four to six.<br />

t Veltfare, obs. dial, variant of Fieldpahe.<br />

Cf. the mod. dial, form veltiver.<br />

a 17M Swift Country Parsons Blessings (Hoppe), Or else<br />

a vrltfare or a snipe.<br />

Valthft, obs. .Sc. forms of Wevlth.<br />

Velthy, obs. form of Wealthy a.<br />

t Velt-marshal, Obs. Also veldt-marshal,<br />

velt-mareschal. [ad. G.feld-marschall, with the<br />

87<br />

spelling of the first element influenced by LG. or<br />

Du.] = Field-marshal.<br />

1709 Land, Gaz. No. 4560/2 The King of Denmark and<br />

King Augustus stood as Godfathers to a Son of the Velt-<br />

Mar-shal. 1737 Gentl. Mag, VII. 641/2 To resign the<br />

Command of the Army provisionally to Velt-Marshal<br />

Philippi. 1774 H. Walpole Corr. (1846) V. 368 You may<br />

be a veldt-marshal by this time. 1819 Scott Leg. Montrose<br />

xi, Anent whilk I have heard the great Velt-Mareschal<br />

Bannier hold a learned argument with General Tiefenbach.<br />

11 Velum<br />

(vrl^pm). PI. vela (vria). [L.<br />

vUiim a sail, awning, curtain, covering, veil.]<br />

I. f a. A screen or protection, Obs.<br />

1781 Priestley in Young Autobiogr. (1898) v. 99 _A glass<br />

velum, interposed between the retort and the recipient for<br />

the air, remains quite cool and dry.<br />

b. A velarium,<br />

1843 Penny CycL XXVI. 197/2 Such ceiling or vault<br />

therefore assumes somewhat the appearance of an awning<br />

or velum stretched immediately upon arches.<br />

^. Anat, a. The soft. palate; the membranous<br />

septum extending backwards from the hard palate.<br />

Also more fully vehim fcUati and velwn pendulum.<br />

(.1) 177X Encycl. Brit. I. 303/1 The septum, which may<br />

likewise be termed veluvi, or valvula palati^ terminates<br />

below by a loose floating edge. 1782 Heberden Cotnmeut.<br />

vii. (1806) 27 The velum pendulum was putrid. 1805 Med.<br />

JmL XIV, 179 One was removed .. from behind the velum<br />

pendulum by the forceps. 1847 Todd's CycL Ana/. III.<br />

951 The velum palati is a soft moveable curtain stretching<br />

backwards and downwards into the cavity_ of the pharynx<br />

[etcj. Ibid,,, Muscles of the velum palati. 1859 Semple<br />

Diphtheria 55 The posterior column of the velum palati.<br />

{h) 1753 Diet. Arts ^ Sc:. III. 2313/2 The great uses<br />

of this membrane are.. for preventing by its claustrum or<br />

velum, the things to be swallowed from getting up into the<br />

nostril--;. i8s6 S. Cooper First Lines Surgery 241 The<br />

velum and uvula are occasionally destroyed. 1846 Brittan<br />

tr. Malgaigne^s Man. Oper. Surg. 365 You see then the<br />

importance of passing the needles through a welldet*:rmined<br />

point of the velum. 1879 St. George's Hasp. Rep. IX. 725<br />

A child.. was attacked by sore-throat with false membrane,<br />

which spread from the tonsils over the velum.<br />

attrib. 18795/. Georges Hosp. Rep. IX. 570 Voice husky;<br />

glands of velum palate enlarged.<br />

b. One or other of two membranes extending<br />

from the vermiform process of the brain.<br />

1840 G. V. Ellis Anat. 52 The two medullary vela are<br />

inclined obliquely towards each other. Ibid.,, The anterior<br />

medullary velum or valve of Vieussens. 1873 Mivart Elem.<br />

Anat. 377 The velum consists only of the ependyma, the pia<br />

mater, and the arachnoid.<br />

O. A triangular fold of the pia mater lying<br />

between the third ventricle and the fornix of the<br />

brain. (In fnll velum inlerpositum.)<br />

c 1845 TodiCsCycl, A nat. 1 1 1. 635 The velum interpositum Is<br />

best exposed . .by removing carefully in succession the corpus<br />

callosum and the fornix. In raising the velum itself [etc.).<br />

d. A small triangular space in the inferior region<br />

of the bladder.<br />

1835-6 Todd's CycL Anat. I. 385/1 This membrane presents<br />

some peculiarities throughout the extent of a small<br />

region named the ' trigone ' or the ' velum ' of the bladder.<br />

3. Zool. A membrane or membranous integument,<br />

csp. one occurring in molluscs, medusae, or lower<br />

forms of animal life.<br />

i8a6 KiRBV & Sp. Entomol. HI. 370 Velum (the Velum),<br />

a membrane attached to the inner side of the cubital spur<br />

in Apis. 1840 Penny CycL XVI. iio/i Though the term<br />

velum is used, which would hardly be applicable to the<br />

palmated arms or vela cf the other kind [of Nautilus]. 1877<br />

HuXLEV Anat. Inv. .Anim. iii. 129 The inner margin of the<br />

bell in these mcdusoids is always produced into a velum.<br />

1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 420/1 In the majority of sponges<br />

both excurrent and incurrent canals are constricted at intervals<br />

by transverse diaphragms or vela^ which contain<br />

myocytes concentrically and sometimes radiately arranged.<br />

4. Bot, A membranous structure or covering in<br />

certain fungi.<br />

183a LiNDLEV Introd. Bot. 208 The velum, or veil, is a<br />

horizontal membrane, connecting the margin of the pileus<br />

with the stipes. 1866 Treas. Bot. 1207/1 Velum, the<br />

annulus of certain fungals. i88a Vines tr. Sachs's Bot. 337<br />

This formation of a velum is connected with the entire<br />

growth of the whole fructification.<br />

Velum 'e, Velumne, obs. ff. Vellum.<br />

Velunge, southern ME. variant of Feeling sh,<br />

Veluot, obs. Sc. form of Velvet.<br />

(v/l'ua'j). Also 6 vellure. [ad. OF.<br />

Velnre<br />

velottr : see Veloubs.j<br />

tl. Velvet. K\^o attrib, Obs.<br />

J587 Harrison Descr. Eng. in. i. in Holinshed I, 22t/i<br />

But now., the same [wool] hath beene imploicd vnto sundrie<br />

other vses, as mockados, baies, vcllures, gro^raines, &c.<br />

X596SHAK& Tam.Shr. in. it. 62 One girth sixe times peec'd,<br />

and a womans Crupper of velure. 160a Marston Ant. ^<br />

Mel, V. Wks. 1856 I. 57 A yellow taffata dubblet, cut upon<br />

carnation velure. /z 16x5 Fletcher Noble Gent. v. i, Did<br />

you not walk the Town, In a long Cloak half compass? an<br />

old Hat, Lin'd with Vellure? 1640 in "EinticV London (1766)<br />

II. 179 Velnrcs: English, the single piece. 1748 Whitehall<br />

Evening-Post No. 405, [He] had on when he was last seen,<br />

a light Dove-coloured Coat, black Velure Waistcoat, grey<br />

Breeche.s and a light Grizzle Wig.<br />

Comb. 1607 Df-kker Northiuard Hoe \x. i, The bragging<br />

velure-caniond hobbi-horscs praunce vp and downe as if<br />

some a the Tiltcrs had ridden them.<br />

2, = Velocrs I. Hence Veln*re v. trans., to<br />

dress (a hat) by means of a velvet pad.<br />

1880 Encycl. Brit. XI. 520/1 Dressing and polishing.,<br />

come next, after which the hat is ' velured ' in a revolving<br />

machine by the application of haircloth and velvet velures.<br />

VELVET.<br />

Velu'tinOUS, a. f-nt. and BoL [f. mod.L.<br />

veluHn-nSy f. med.L. velutum velvet.] (bee quots.)<br />

1826 KiRBy & Sp. Entomol, IV. xlvi. 276 Velutinous^..<br />

covered with very thick-.set upright short hairs or pile, resembling<br />

velvet. 1857 A. Gray Eirst Less. Bot. (1866) 236<br />

Velutinoiis., velvety 10 the touch. 1866 Treas. Bot. 1207/1<br />

Velutinous, velvety ; having a hairy surface, which in<br />

texture resembles velvet, as in Rochea coccinea.<br />

Velvatter, obs. Sc. form of Well-water.<br />

Ve'lveret, Also -ett. Now rare. [Irreg. f.<br />

Velvet sb. Hence F. veiverelle.'\ A variety of<br />

fustian with a velvet surface.<br />

1769 De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. (ed. 7) III. 268 The Cotton<br />

Trade.. has been greatly improvedof latc.by the Invention<br />

of Velverets. 1776 [see Velveteen i]. 1787 G. Canning<br />

Microcosm No. 22 (1788) 258, I shall presently see landscapes<br />

beautifully diversified with . . plains of Plush, . . vallies<br />

of Velveret, and meadows of Manchester. 1803 Ann. Reg.<br />

828 Cotton velvets, velveteens, velverets, thicksets, cords,<br />

and other cotton piece goods. 1839 Ure Did. Arts 537<br />

The cotton stuffs called corduroy, velverett, velveteen,<br />

thicksett, used for men's wearing apparel, belong to the<br />

same fabric. Ibid. 538 Plain Velveret . .Cord and Velveret.<br />

188a Caulfeild & bAWARD Dict. Needleiv. 510/2 Velveret^<br />

an inferior sort of Velvet, employed for trimmings, the web<br />

of which is of cotton, and the pile of silk.<br />

attrib. 1795 SouTHEY Lett./r. Spain (1799) 12 A soldier<br />

was the other character, in old black velveret breeches.<br />

Velvet (velvet), sb. Forms : a. 4-7 veluet, 4,<br />

6 -ett (5 feluett), 6 -ette ; 4- velvet (5 felvet,<br />

velveut, -ved, velavet), 5-7 velvett (6 -vytt)t<br />

7 villvet, 8 velvit. y3, 5-6 velwet (5 felwet, 6<br />

-weth) ; 5 vele-, vellewet (fellevtret, felewote)<br />

veloaet, -owet. 7. 5 weluette, 5-6 -wet(t, 6<br />

wellweut, welvet, Sc, wellvet, welwete. 5. Sc.<br />

5 veluate, 6 -uote, -uot(t ; 6 weluot, -wot(e,<br />

wellwott, wolv/at. €. 6 vellett, -at (velat), Sc.<br />

-ot(e, 6-7 vellet, [ad. med.L. velveUtm {-etlum)y<br />

also vel(l)uetum {^ettunt)^ app. representing a<br />

Romanic type *viliutettum, dim. of '^villutum,<br />

whence med.L. v€l{V)uUim {vcloiuni)^ It. velluto,<br />

OF. velut^ -ute, Sp. and Pg. velhido, ultimately f.<br />

L. vill-Hs shaggy hair. Cf. Vellute, Velours,<br />

and Veluke.]<br />

I. 1. A textile fabric of silk having a short,<br />

dense, and smooth piled surface ; a kind or variety<br />

I<br />

I velvet<br />

I a.<br />

i veluett.<br />

I<br />

I vertuuus<br />

i j<br />

1 C1441<br />

i clothes<br />

j<br />

j of<br />

i England<br />

! of<br />

I<br />

I<br />

I<br />

I<br />

i 1500-ao<br />

I gounes<br />

\ Burnk<br />

of this,<br />

Also with defining terms as cotton^ Geuoa^ raised, stamped<br />

: see these words.<br />

i3ao IVardr. Ace. Edtv. 11^ 2a/i4i i couerchief de<br />

13.. Gaiv.


VELVET.<br />

made a mewe. And cowred it with veluettes [v.r. vclowttj-s]<br />

bkwe. i*4« Tmackiray Ka


VELVETEEN.<br />

..are.-velveted on the Back like a Bat. 1850 Hawthosme<br />

Scarlet L. xx. This yeliow-starched and velveted old hag.<br />

i8ti8 Morning atar 7 Jan., The miniature sleighs, each<br />

containing a fair passenger velveted and furred. i886 Paii<br />

Malt G. 10 Aug. 8/2 An open hearse, heavily plumed and<br />

drawn by half a dozen horses, also velveted and plumed.<br />

Velveteen (velvetrn). Also 8 velvatean. [f.<br />

Velvet sb. Hence F. velve/ine.']<br />

1. A fabric having the appearance or surface of<br />

velvet, but made from cotton in place of silk.<br />

1776 Specif, iVoohtenholmes Patent No. 1123, For his<br />

new kind of goods called velvateans, being an improvement<br />

on velveretts. 1795 J. Aikin Manchester 290 Velvets,<br />

velveteens, thicksets. 1843 Ln. Melbourne in Benson &<br />

Esher Lett, (2. Victoria (1908) I. 467 George Byng came the<br />

other morning in a waistcoat of Peel's velveteen, i860<br />

All Year Round No. 53, 63 The barragons and fustians...<br />

dimities and velveteens, for which Bolton was famous. j88z<br />

Caulfeild & Saward Diet, Needlew, 511/1 I'elveteen, a<br />

description of fustian, made of twilled cotton, and having a<br />

raised pile, and of finer cotton, and better finish than the<br />

latter.<br />

b. at/rib. Made of this material.<br />

i8s4 Miss MiTFORD Village Ser. I. (1863) 200 He. .generally<br />

sticks to his velveteen jacket. 1841 Lytton Nt,


VENALITY.<br />

1656 BlOL'kt Glfissfigy., J'ertalitious, belonging to the sale<br />

of men or children, or of ' or Venatical plesure in England, viz. a Forrest,<br />

a Chase and a Park. 1887 Field 26 Feb. 267/1, I do not<br />

know whether that vernal saint, Valentine, was venaticallyminded.<br />

\%^\lbid. 11 March 345/1 Venatically workmanlike,<br />

Vena'tion l. Now rare or Obs, Also 4<br />

venacyon. [ad. L. vhtdtio, f, vendrl to hunt.<br />

So F. venation {\venacion)^ It. venazione.'] The<br />

action or occupation of hunting wild animals,<br />

1386 Almanak 17 In December .. l^e son es in Capricorn,<br />

forTEsau by venacyon lost hys fader benyson. 1610 (^uillim<br />

Heraldry iv. xi. (1611) 217'l'he last of the foresaid Arts wee<br />

reckoned to bee Venation, which Plato divideth into three<br />

species,Hunting, Hawkingand Fishing, 1646 SirT. Browne<br />

Pseud. F'p-^' viii.32 There are extant of his in Greeke, foure<br />

bookes of Cynegeticks or venation. Ibid. vi. vi, At one<br />

venation the King of Siam took four thousand Elephants.<br />

2694 MoTTEUX Rabelais v. 249 Some in ferine Venation take<br />

deUghl. x83a Frasers Mag. VI. 160 What sumphs all the<br />

ancients were in venation, notwithstanding their boasted<br />

prowess<br />

Venation ^ (vrn^^'Jan), [f. L. vena Vein j^.]<br />

f- 1. The arrangement or structure of sap-vessels<br />

in plants. Obsr^<br />

X&46 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iir. i. 106 As for the<br />

manner of their venation, ..we shall find it to be otherwise<br />

then as is commonly presumed, by sawing away of trees.<br />

2, a. Bot. The arrangement of the veins in the<br />

leaves of plants.<br />

1830 LiNDi.EV Nat, Syst, Bot. Introd. p. xxii, Many other<br />

orders are distinguished without exception by modifications<br />

of venation. 1851 G. F. Richardson Geol. viu 170 In leaves<br />

we can rarely recognise, in a fossil state, more than their<br />

mode of venation, division, arrangement, and outline. 1890<br />

Science Gossip XXVI. 181, I took a specimen.. with six<br />

welWeveloped leaves, the venation being very distinct.<br />

b. Ent. The arrangement of the veins in the<br />

wings of insects.<br />

x86i-s Le Conte Classi/.Coleaptera N. Amer. i. Introd.<br />

p, xviii. The venation is subject to variation in different<br />

genera. 1891 .Science Gossip XXVII, 53 The venation in<br />

many genera [of the Nematocera] varies in the relative<br />

lengths of some of the veins and their respective positions.<br />

Hence Vena'tional a., of or relating to venation.<br />

1891 in Cent. Diet.<br />

Vena'tions, a. 'rare-^. [f. L. vendi; ppl.<br />

stem of vendrl to hunt.] Inclined to hunting.<br />

1660 R.CoKE Justice Vintl.fArts «V Sci. 22 Take a Hare,<br />

Dear, or Fox, &c. and let them be kept among Hounds in<br />

their kennel, or so that the venaiious appetite of them is<br />

not excited, and they will not meddle with them.<br />

Vena*tOr. rare. [a. L. vendto", agent-noun f,<br />

Vendri to hunt.] A hunter or huntsman.<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr.y Venator^ a hunter or huntsman.<br />

X831 J. Tavlor in Edwards Freedom o/iVHl I ntrod. p. Ixviii,<br />

It oy no means appears that the little unlicensed venator<br />

SDvariably directs bis flight towards the nearest or the bestfed<br />

gnaC<br />

90<br />

Venatorial (venatosTial), a. [f. L. vendtori"<br />

us (see Venatoby a.) + -al.]<br />

1. Connected with hunting.<br />

1830 Preiser's Mag. II. 200 What are your sylvan or venatorial<br />

exploits compared to the high games enacted in the<br />

broad prairies? 1848 Jilackiv. Alag. LXIV. 85 The most<br />

northerly tribe, .surpass their southern neighbours in venatorial<br />

skill. x87a CoUKs Birds N.-W. 365 The contrast<br />

between the physiq_ue of Rough-legged Hawks and their<br />

venatorial exploits, is striking.<br />

2. Given to hunting ; addicted to the chase.<br />

a 1881 Blackie LaySerm. i. 52 The migrations of a tropical<br />

bird, or the nosings of a venatorial hound. 1885 Meredith<br />

Diana i. Her main personal experience was in the<br />

social class which is primitively venatorial still, canine<br />

under its polish.<br />

So t Tenato'rioas a. Obs. rarr~°.<br />

1656 Bloukt Glossogr.f Venatorious^ belonging to hunting<br />

and chasing, serving for that game,<br />

Venatory (ve'natsri), a. [ad. L. vendtori-us,<br />

f. venal-, ppl. stem of vendrT to hunt : see -OBY.]<br />

= Venatorial a.<br />

1837 Carlyle Misc. Ess., Mirabeau, Man being a venatory<br />

creature. 1837 — Fr. Rev. iii. vii. v, The venatory<br />

Attorney-spirit wmch keeps its eye on the bond only. X846<br />

Blachiv. Mag. LX. 393 Regarding deer-stalking—a branch<br />

of the art venatory which few have the opportunity to study.<br />

Vench, obe. Sc. form of Wench sb.<br />

t Vencue, v. Obs. rare. In 4 vonku, 5 vencu.<br />

[a. OK. veneUi pa. pple. olveintre: see Vanquish<br />

z/.] trans. To vanquish, subdue.<br />

13.. Seuyn Sages (W.) 2024 He ne mighte.-in batail<br />

spede, That he ne was euer more biwraid, Ouercomen,<br />

venkud, and bitraid. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 13240 Withoute<br />

his help & his vertu We schal these other sone vencu.<br />

Vencus(e,-cuaho, etc., obs. varr. Vanquish «/.<br />

Vend, sb. [f. Vend v. Cf. Vent sb.^<br />

^<br />

1. Sale ; opportunity of selling.<br />

1618 in Foster Eng. Factories Ind. (1906) I. 42 This place<br />

never yet. .gave vend to any quantety of our commodity.<br />

x68i R. Knox Hist. Ceylon 32 Neither have they any encouragement<br />

for their industry, having no Vend by Traffic<br />

and Commerce for what they have got. 1695 Kesnett Par.<br />

Antiq, ix. 510 This Market is of great resort, and a good<br />

vend for all Country Commodities. 1727 A. Hamilton Nciv<br />

Ace. E. Ind. II. xlvi. 152 Pepper is planted for Export, but<br />

not above 300 I'uns in a Year, because they want Vend for<br />

more. 1748 Richardsom Clarissa (1811) IV. 165 There is a<br />

person. .who is a great dealer in Indian silks,. .and has a<br />

great vend for them. 18x8 Colebbouke Import Colonial<br />

Corn 60 Corn is stored . . and kept for years . . m expectation<br />

of a future vend and a less glutted market.<br />

2. Spec. Sale of coals from a colliery; the total<br />

athount sold during a certain period.<br />

1708 J. C. Compl. Collier (1845) 17 This I think is shameful<br />

for Owners, who striving to get all the Trade to themselves,<br />

or Xo have a Major Part of Vend, will fall out among<br />

themselves. 1703 [Earl Dundonald] Descr. Estate Culross<br />

59 Sir Archibald had better have contented himself with a<br />

more limited vend at a greater price. 1834 M^Culloch<br />

Diet. Commerce (ed. 2) 289 The annual vend of coals carried<br />

coastwise from Durham and Northumberland is 3,300,000<br />

tons. 1858 SiMMONDs Diet. Trade, Vend, . . the whole<br />

quantity of coal sent from a colliery in the year. 1893<br />

Neasham North-country Sk. 28 By agreement, .they were<br />

limited to an annual vend, of 12,000 chaldrons.<br />

Vend (vend), V. [ad. F. vettdre — ( It. vendere,<br />

Sp. and Pg. vender) or L. vend^re to sell ; but in<br />

senses 3 and 4 app. substituted for Vent 2^.2 4 and<br />

5, through association of this with Vent z;.-^]<br />

1, intr. To be disposed of by sale; to tind a<br />

market or purchaser.<br />

x6s3 in Foster Eng. Fe^tories India (1008) 11. 46 Course<br />

and fine pursleene . . which vend both slowfye and at cheape<br />

rates. 1640 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. iii. {1692) I, 96 Whereby<br />

Wool, the great Staple of the Kingdom, is become of small<br />

value, and vends not. 1689 Hickeringill Modest Inquiries<br />

V. 32 No <strong>Book</strong>s vend so nimbly, as those that are sold (by<br />

.Stealth as it were) and want Imprimaturs. 1768 Franklin<br />

Ess. Wks. 1840 II. 371 If our manufactures are too dear<br />

they will not vend abroad,<br />

2. trans. To sell ; to dispose of by sale ; to trade<br />

in as a seller.<br />

1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. ir. vii. 70 No Nation<br />

can be rich that receives more dead Commodities from<br />

abroad, then it can spend at home, or vend into Forrain<br />

parts. ^ 1673 Ray Journ. Lmv C. ^-^g Formerly all the Silk<br />

made in Sicily was vended at Messina. 1727 A. Hamilton<br />

Neiv Ace. E. Ind. II. xxiii. 124 The Company vends a<br />

great Deal of Cloth and Ophium there, and brings Golddust<br />

in Return. 1769 Robertson Chas. V, vi. Wks. 1851<br />

IV. 153 They opened warehouses in different parts of<br />

Europe, in which they vended their commodities. 1807<br />

Vancouver Agric, Devon (1813) 224 The produce of these<br />

small dairies is generally vended at Plymouth. 1840<br />

Thackeray Shabhygenteel Story vii, Fishmongers who<br />

never sold a fish, mercers who vended not a yard of riband.<br />

1879 Echo No. 3374. 2/5 A license or patent to sell no<br />

matter what, includes the right to vend books and newspapers.<br />

d. Jig. To give utterance to, to put forward,<br />

advance (an opinion, etc.).<br />

J657 North's Plutarch Add. Lives (1676) 7 Doubtless<br />

muny have heard some Coridons, or Mechanick fellows..<br />

vending their judgements on him whose Effigies or Portraiture<br />

is here represented. 1673 Cave Prim. Chr. m. v. 364<br />

This uncomfortable Doctrine was if not first coined yet<br />

mainly vended by the Novatian Party, 1715 Brntlev Serm.<br />

X. 369 He that zealously vends his Novelties, what is he<br />

but a Trader for the fame of Singularity? X718 Freethinker<br />

No. 26, To incite the Men of Scholarship and Capacity to<br />

traffick together in Truths ; and never to vend Falshoods<br />

of any kind to the Vulgar. 1799 Mrs. West Taleo/Times<br />

VENDEE.<br />

III. 387 The most fashionable, and perhaps most successful,<br />

way of vending pernicious sentiments has been through the<br />

medium of books of entertainment. 1846 G. S. Faber Lett.<br />

Tractar. Secess. 126 Those requisite proofs of a fact, which<br />

convict him and Mr. Ward of having.. vended a double<br />

falsehood. 1907 P. T. Forsyth Positive Preaching iii. loi<br />

He is not free to vend in his pulpit the extravagances of an<br />

eccentric individualism.<br />

t4. To j^ive vent to, to direct. Ohs.<br />

1681 HiCKERiNCiLL Block Non.Conf. v. Wks. 1716 II. 49<br />

If they will be angry, they should vend their spleen against<br />

the said wickedness of their Under -Officers.<br />

Vend, southern ME. var. Fiend ; var. Wend sb. ;<br />

obs. f. Wend v. ; obs. Sc. f. Wind sb. and weened<br />

Ween v.<br />

Ve'Xidabley a. Now rare. [a. OF. vendable,<br />

f. vendre to sell, or (in later use) directly f. Vend<br />

V. + -ABLE.] = Vendible a.<br />

c 1400 Rom. Rose 5804 But chaunged is this world unstable<br />

; For love is over alle vendable. 1474 Caxton Chesse<br />

iti. iv. (1883) 112 Salustcsaith that alle thynges be vendable.<br />

c 1580 W. Spelman Dialoge {1896) 4 He to returne to<br />

me such goodes, as I thought to be vendable in Inglond.<br />

i66s J. Bargrave Pope Alex, VII (1867) 90 He courted a<br />

long time the Barberini . . to be made clerk of the aposiolick<br />

chamlwr, he being very rich (and that a vendable honour).<br />

1688 Holme Annoury 111. 2^2/-z The Axe and Cleever are<br />

used to cut the quarter of Beasts into smaller and more<br />

vendable pieces. 1893 Advance (Chicago) 21 Sept., The<br />

vendable commodities of the United States have fallen in<br />

price in 20 years more than 45 per cent.<br />

Vendace (ve-ndes). Also 8 vangis, 9 vendis,<br />

vendise. [app. ad. OF. vendese, vendoise (mod.F.<br />

vandoise) dace.] a. A species of small freshwater<br />

fish {Coregonus vandesius) belonging to the same<br />

genus as the poUan and powan or gwyniad, found<br />

in the lake of Lochmaben in Scotland, b. A<br />

closely-allied species {Coregonus gracilior) found<br />

in Derwentwater, formerly identified with the<br />

preceding,<br />

[1684 SiBBALD Scotia Illustrata II. n. 26 PiscJs in Lacu<br />

Mabano, Vandesius. In eodem Lacu Gevandesiu>.] 1769<br />

Pennant Brit. Zool. III. 268 It [the gwiniad] is the same<br />

with the Ferra of the lake of Geneva, the Schelley of Hulsewater,<br />

the Pollen of Lough Neagh, and the Vangis and<br />

Juvangis of Loch Mabon, 1777 — in Lightfoot Flora Scot.<br />

(1789) I. 61 Guiniad. Found in Loch-Mabon ; called in those<br />

parts the Vendace, and Juvangis; and in Loch-Lomond,<br />

where it is called the Poan. 1805 J'orsvth Beauties Scotl.<br />

II. 272 There is one [fish] that, from every information that<br />

can be obtained, is peculiar to that loch (Castle Loch]. ..It<br />

is called the Vendise or Vendace. x8zo Scott Abbot xxiv,<br />

Herlings, which frequent the Nith, and vendisses, which<br />

are only found in the Castle-Loch of Lochmaben. 1856<br />

' Stonehrnge ' Brit, Rur. Sports ^2^/1 The Vendace {Coregonus<br />

Albula), found also in the Scotch lakes. 1884 Braithwaite<br />

Salmonidx Westmld, \\, 5 'I'he vendace or vendis<br />

and the smelt, or sparling.<br />

attrib. 1867 Chambers's Eucycl, IX. 744/1 Vendace-fishing<br />

at Lochmaben takes place only on thfe ist of August each<br />

year. 1883 Fisheries Exhib. Catal, 366 Vendace Nets,<br />

from I^ke Wetter. Ibid. 372 Gwyniad Roc,. .Vendace Roe.<br />

t Vendagfe. Obs. Also vind-, vyndage. [ad.<br />

OK. vendange (also mod.F,), veftdenge •.'-l^, vindemia.'\<br />

Vintage.<br />

a. 1377 Langl. p. pi. B. xvni. 367 May no dr>'nke me<br />

moiste ne my thruste slake, Tyl J>e vendage falle in l>e<br />

vale of iosepnath. 1388 Wvclif 2 Esdras x. 37 The firste<br />

fruytes. .of vendage, and of oile. 14.. Ftv. in Wr.-Wiilcker<br />

6ig Vindemix [sic], vendage.<br />

p. 138a WvcLiF Lev. XXV. 5 Grapes of thi first fruytis and<br />

vyndage thou shalt not gedere. c 1440 Palladius on Husb.<br />

I. 134 Kitte hem streit aftir thi good vyndage. Ibid. x. 114<br />

This mone in placis warme & nygh the see, Vyndage is<br />

hugely to solempnyse.<br />

vende, southern ME. variant of Fiend sb.<br />

Vendean (vendz'an), sb. and a. Also Vend^an.<br />

[f K. Vendue, the nnme of a maritime<br />

department in western France.]<br />

A. sb. An inhabitant of La Vendue, esp. one<br />

who took part in the insurrection of 1 793 against<br />

the Republic.<br />

1796 CiTw//. Mag. May 407 The Vendeans are extraordinary<br />

men. 1837 Alison /^/j/, £"«rfj^^(i847)IlI.326TheVendeans<br />

were in that stage of society when ascendancy is acquired<br />

by personal daring. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVI. 201/1 The<br />

unhappy Vendeans..were defeated with fearful loss. 1903<br />

W. Bright Age 0/ Fathers I. xii. 244 The experience of a<br />

fugitive Jacobite or Vendean.<br />

B. adj. Of or pertaining to La Vendee, esp. in<br />

connexion with the insurrection of 1793.<br />

X796 Gentl. Mag, May 408/ 1 The Vendean generals. Ibid,<br />

412/1 The History of the Vendean War. 1839 tr. Lantnrtine's<br />

Trav. 149/1 The west.. would have been organised<br />

once more into Vendean guerillas. 1848 W. H. Kellv tr.<br />

L. Blanc's Hist. Ten Y. II. 86 The Vendean insurrection<br />

had been combated by means neither suggested nor directed<br />

by the executive. 1911 Edin. Ret>. Oct, 319 The Breton<br />

and Vendean royalists were still formidable.<br />

Ve'nded, ppL a. [f. Vend v^ Sold.<br />

x8is Crabbe Tales Tils. 116 Suppose .. your vended numbers<br />

rise Ihe same with those which gain each real prize.<br />

Vendee (vendr). [f. Vend v. + --e.z.'\ The<br />

person to whom a thing is sold ; the purchaser.<br />

Most frequently in immediate contrast to z'endor,<br />

1547 Act r Edw. VI, c. 3 § 8 Such Lessee, donee, \-endee,<br />

or assignee. 1504 West 2nd Pt. Symbol. § 59 If the writ<br />

of covenant be brought against all the vendors by all the<br />

vendees. X631 Star Chamber Cases (Camden) 117 The<br />

Vendee cannott get leave to cutt these trees by any meanes,<br />

but the partie must sell the trees to him. 1670 R. Coke<br />

Discourse Trade 19 Vexatious Suits between Vendor and


VENDER. 91 VENDUE.<br />

Vendee, Morgager and Morgagee. 1766 Bi.ackstonk Ci>mf/i.<br />

II, 447 If the vendor says, the price of a beast is four<br />

pounds, and the vendee says he will give four pounds, the<br />

bargain is struck. 1817 W. Selwvn Law Nisi Prius (ed.4)<br />

11. 769 A few days after the sale, the vendee gave the factor,<br />

in part payment, two promissory notes. 1881 Nicholson<br />

From S-Mord to Share xiii. Unpaid accounts of three months<br />

standing are charged against the vendee at the rate of 12<br />

per cent.<br />

Vender (ve-ndai). [f. Vend z/. + -er1. Cf.<br />

Ykxdor.]<br />

L One who sells ; a seller ; sometimes in restricted<br />

sense, a street-seller.<br />

1546 Bacon Mo-x. 9t Use Com. Law 11. (1635) 62 A deed<br />

of gift of goods is. .good against the executors, administrators,<br />

or vender of the party himselfe. xkSi Sc, Acts ParIt.<br />

(1820) Vill. 243/2 Venders & dispersers of forbidden books.<br />

X71X Addison Sped, No. 251 P5 Take care in particular,<br />

that those may not make the most Noise who have the<br />

least to sell, which is very observable in the Venders of<br />

Card-matches. 1751 Johnson Rambler "^o. i8i f ii, I<br />

inquired diligently at what office any prize had been sold,<br />

that I might purchase of a more propitious vender. 1800<br />

CoLQUHOt'N Contm. Thames iv. 193 Small Grocers, and<br />

venders of Smuggled Goods. X837 Hallam Hist. Lit. i. iv.<br />

§ 57 The Swiss reformer was engaged in combating the<br />

venders of indulgences. x866 Engel Nat. A/us. viii. 301<br />

The melodious cries of venders in the noisy streets of large<br />

and populous towns.<br />

Af- *834 SouTHEY Doctor vi. (1862) 17 He gathered the<br />

fruit of Knowledge for himself instead of receiving it from<br />

the dirty fingers of a retail vender.<br />

2. One who advances or advocates an opinion, etc.<br />

x8i8 DwicHT Tkeot. (1830) I. 92 Epicurus, the principal<br />

vender of this system.<br />

Hence Ve'nderess, vendress, a female seller.<br />

1800 Hlrdis Fav. Village 98 Vendress of ballads and the<br />

bundled match. i86s Miss M. B.Edwards Jokn ^ /, I. v.<br />

96 A stout girl, venderess of coarse green earthenware from<br />

the town.<br />

II Vendetta (vendena). [It., :—L. vindicla<br />

vengeance. Cf. Vindictive a.]<br />

1. A family blood-feud, usually of a hereditary<br />

cliaracter, as customary among the inhabitants of<br />

Corsica and parts of Italy.<br />

x8ss Edinb. Rev. CI. 456 PaoU. .succeeded in making the<br />

vendetta disgraceful. x8et wyn.<br />

Vendor (ve'nd^j). [a. late AF. vendor, earlier.<br />

vendoiir (F. vendeur)^ agent-noun from vendre<br />

Vend v. Cf. Vender.] One who disposes of a<br />

thing by sale ; a seller.<br />

Orig. Law, and still the regular spelling in legal use.<br />

'594 West ind Pt. Symbol. § 59 If the writ of covenant be<br />

brought against all the vendors by all the vendees. 1660 R.<br />

Coke Po^ver ff SubJ. 131 It is true indeed. .that then such<br />

vendor does equally to all sellers, and in exchanging observes<br />

arithmetical proportion. 1670 [see Vendee], a x69a Pol-<br />

LEXFEN Disc. Trade (1697) A 6 From the first Buyer to the<br />

last Vendor. X766 Blackstonk Comm, II. 447 Where the<br />

vendor hath in himself. . the property of the thing sold. x8x8<br />

Ckuise Digest (ed. 3) VI. 30 The vendor would immediately<br />

have become a trustee for the purchaser. 1862 Burton Bk.<br />

Hunter (1863) 4 The vendors of quack medicines and cosmetics<br />

are aware of the power of Greek nomenclature. X89X<br />

M. Williams Later Leaves v, 63 A well-known.. vendor of<br />

ladies' hats and bonnets.<br />

trans/. X887 Pall Mall G. 30 March 2/2 The automatic<br />

vendor has become an institution in our midst.<br />

attrib. 1896 Westm. Gas. 9 May 6/2 The vendor company<br />

is now selling the business to a public company.<br />

fVendosy. Obs,"^ [a.i\.F.vendoise; see Vendace.]<br />

The dace.<br />

1518 Pavnell Saleme's Regim. O iij, The perche and pike<br />

are the best, so they be fatte: and nexte are the vendosies,<br />

and than lopslers.<br />

Vendress, var. Venderess.<br />

Vendroase : see Reredos 2 (quot. 1552).<br />

Vendne (vendiw). l/.S. and ^. Indies. Also<br />

7 vendu, 9 vendoo, vandew. [a. Du. venduy<br />

\vendt4ey a. older ¥. (now dial.) vendue sale, f.<br />

vendre to sell.]<br />

L A public sale ; an auction. Freq. in phr, at<br />

(a) vendue, by vendue: see first group of quots.<br />

(a) x686 A//n. Albany (1850) II 53 Which said lotts of<br />

grounde ye common councill will dispose of at a publike<br />

vendu or out cry. X748 Smollett A'. Random xxxvi. I.<br />

324, I went ashore (at Port Royal], and having purchased<br />

a laced waistcoat. .at a vendue [1760 a sale], made a<br />

swaggering figure. X757 Woolman Jrnl. iv. (1840) 45 When<br />

estates are sold by executors at vendue. 1776 Pennsylv.<br />

Even. Post 25 May 263/2 To be sold by public vendue,..<br />

large quantity of Ship Timber. X804 Enrop. Ma^. XLV.<br />

20/2, I was.. knocked down at vendue to old 'Squire Keg.<br />

worth. 1898 Parmentbk Hist. Pelham, Mass. 167 Bidding<br />

off the poor to support at the inverted vendue, or lowest<br />

bidder.<br />

Kb) 1759 /. AuAMS Diary Wks. 1850 II. 73, 1 am to attend<br />

a vendue this afternoon at Lambert's. X781 Mas. Abigail<br />

Adams in Fam. Lett. (1876) 402 The retailing vendues,<br />

which are tolerated here, ruin the shop-keepers. x8o6<br />

12-3


VENE.<br />

PiNCKARD Tour IV. ThHus II. 325 A Dutch ' vendue ' of<br />

slaves, 1836 Haliburton Clockm. Ser. i. ^xvu, Is it a vandew,<br />

or a weddin,..or what is il? 1897 W. D. Howells<br />

LwuUard at Lions Head 6 [To] have a vendue, and sell<br />

out evwything before the snow flew.<br />

2. aitrib. and Comk, as vendu^-crier, master<br />

room, store,<br />

17x0 S.Carolitta Stat, (1837) II. 348 The person herein<br />

after appointed publtck vendue master, or his deputy. 1761<br />

Descr.S. Carolina 33 There is also.. a Receiver-general of<br />

the Quit-rents, a Vendue Master, and Naval OtTicer. 1798<br />

Bays Ref. (1809) I. 103 The goods were in a vendue store,<br />

a common market, a public place known and established in<br />

law. 1799 The Aurora (Philad.) 10 Apr. (Thornton), By<br />

profession he is a vendue crier. He said he would cry the<br />

\-«ndue in spite of the Standing Army. i8a8 Life Planter<br />

Jat$taica 180 Marly entered the vendue room. x8s8-3a<br />

Webster, yendue-master^..»J\ auctioneer.<br />

t Vene- Obs. rare. [ad. L. vena:\ A vein.<br />

x6o6 J. Carpenter Solomons Solace xxxiv. 139 The Sea,,<br />

powreth foorth in venes to fill the springs and receiueth it<br />

againe from the Riuers. i6


VENENATED.<br />

Body are not so Energick as to venenate the intire mass of<br />

blood in an instant.<br />

So t Veneuated ///. a. Obs.<br />

1597 MiDDLETON Wisd. Solomon xvi. n When poyson'd<br />

iawes and venenated stings. Were both as opposite against<br />

content.<br />

t Venena'tion, Obs. [Seeprec. and -ation.]<br />

The action of, or a means of, poisoning,<br />

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 111. vii. iig That this<br />

venenation shooteth from the eye, and that this way a<br />

Basilisk may empoysoii,. .it is not a thing impossible. Ibid.<br />

VII. xix. 385 For, sureiy there are subtiler venenations, such<br />

as will invisibly destroy.<br />

Vene'Iiev «• Nowrar^ or Obs. [Irreg. ad. L.<br />

venen-um poison.] Poisonous, yenomous.<br />

1665 G. Harvey Adv. ctgst. Plctgue 2 A great ebullition<br />

or fermentation ensuing between the Venene Corpuscles<br />

and the Vital Spirits. Ibid. 7 The more sulphurous parts,<br />

assume a venene nature, which expiring infect and venenate<br />

the air. 1694 Salmon Bates Dispens, (1713) 503/1 Which<br />

drives away by sweat the malignity of Venene, Pestilential,<br />

and Venereal Diseases. 1839 J. Rogers Antipapopr. vi.<br />

§ 2. 225 It would leave behind no poisonous or venene<br />

particle of matter.<br />

VeneniferouB, a. rarg-^. [f. L. venhiifer<br />

(Ovid): see -FERGUS.] (See quot.) Also Veneni*fluous<br />

a., flowing with or discharging venom.<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr., Veneni/erous, that bears poyson,<br />

venemous. 1891 Cent, Did. s.v., The venenifluous fang of<br />

a rattlesnake.<br />

Veiie*nO-, employed as combining form of L.<br />

venennm poison, as veneno-sa'livary adj.<br />

1899 Alibutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 944 They finally find<br />

their way into the large grape-like cells and ducts of the<br />

three-lobed vene no-salivary gland,<br />

Veneuose, a. Now rare, [ad. late L. venenos-us,<br />

f. venen-um poison : see -OSE. So It., Sp.,<br />

Pg. venenoso^ Poisonous, venomous.<br />

1673 Rav Journ. Low C. 275 The venenose vapour..<br />

ascends not a foot from the ground. 1691 — Creation 11.<br />

(1692) 77 All ..Warts, Tumors and Excrescencies, where<br />

any Insects are found, are excited or raised up. .by some<br />

Venenose Liquor. 1698 — in Phil. Trans. XX. 8$ The<br />

venenose Quality of this Plant. 1837 Millingen Cur.Med.<br />

Exp. (1839) 376 Many absurd ideas regarding venenose<br />

substances prevailed in ancient days as well as in modern<br />

limes. 1845 T. Cooper Purgatory 0/ Suicides 11. xxix, The<br />

younger Hellene ceased; and,. The elder.. now, ebriate<br />

with rage, Dashes to earth the foul venenose draught.<br />

tVenenO'Sity, Obs. [ad. med.L. z'«j/«w/Vaj:<br />

see prec and -osiTr. So It. vtnenosita^ Sp. venenosidadf<br />

older F. venemsiti (Par^).] Poisonous<br />

quality or property.<br />

1539 Elvot Cast. //eltAe (154%) 56 b. Men have nede to<br />

beware, what medycines they receyve, that in them be no<br />

venenositie, malyce, or corru;>tion. 1574 Newton Health<br />

Mag. 24 Notwithstanding this their venenositie attributed<br />

to them by Avicen,..! woulde not wiUinglie refuse them<br />

for sustentation. 1638 .\. Read Chirurg. xv. 109 Poysonabte<br />

spirits.. may be mingled with metals, so that they may<br />

participate of their venenositie. 1665 G. Harvey Adv.<br />

agst. Plague 14 We should continually fortifie our spirits<br />

with internal Antidotes, to expell those Venenosities, as fast<br />

as they croud in. ait^x BoVLE lyks. (1772) IV. 318 The<br />

venenosity they suspect in that corrosive menstruum.<br />

Veue'nous, a. Now rare. Also 5 Sc, wenen-<br />

0W8, 7 venenouse. [ad. late L. venenos-us^ or f. L.<br />

venen-um + -ovs. Ci.F.ven^tieus.'] « Venenose a.<br />

c 14*5 WvNTOUN Cron. vi. iv. 319 A serpent al vgly,. . Fel<br />

apperande and wenenows. Ibid. vii. vii. 1353 His mynysier,<br />

bat made hym t>an serwi.'t, Prewaly put in his chalice<br />

Wenenows poysson. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Ve'ienoiis,<br />

full of poyson or venom. x66x Lovell Hist. Anim.


VEWEHAL. 94 VENEREOUS.<br />

rfgi J. F[reake1 Agri/^'s Occ. Phiios. 97 I'hey that wUl<br />

gather a Vcnerall, Mercurial!, or Luuary Hearb must look<br />

toward the West.<br />

3. ^ Ven£beal a. 2.<br />

1651 French DistilL tii. 75 lliis Oil so purifies the bloud,<br />

..that it cures all distempers that arise from the impurity<br />

thereof, as the vcnerall disease. 1608G. Thomas /"tfWiiVfrtwm<br />

10 Sarsaparilla, so much us'd in Diet-Drinks for the Cure<br />

of the Veneral Disease. 1803 Med. JrnL IX. 556 A more<br />

receut case of a true elephantiasis, that followed a veneral<br />

infection, is added.<br />

+ Veneral, a.- Obs.—^ [Ct med,L. ve»frahyas<br />

venerability.] — Venerable a, 2 b.<br />

1631 Mabbe CeUstina 1. 29 What a venerall and reverend<br />

countenance did hee carry !<br />

Venerance. rare~^. [Cf. OF. vmerance. It.<br />

veneranzaj med.L. vefierantiaS\ Venerability.<br />

1884 J. Payne Tales fr. Arabic I. 256 There was once in<br />

a province of Persia, a King of the Kings,.. endowed with<br />

majesty and venerance.<br />

t Ve'nerand, f?- Obs. rare. l&d. "L. vemrandus,<br />

gerundive of veturdrf to venerate. So It., Sp.,<br />

Pg. veucrando.'] Entitled to veneration.<br />

X549 Chaloner Erastn. on Folly K iij. These friers.. upbolde<br />

them in their sermons to the people callyng them<br />

worshipful! and venerande maisters, 1677 Gale Crt.<br />

Gentiles iv. 11. iv. § 3. 286 Seing we conceive of Eternitie as<br />

most venerand, there is nothing more venerand than the<br />

intelligible Divine Essence.<br />

Ve'nerant,


VENEREOUSLY.<br />

Macknight Epht. (1820) III. 297 This signifies the gratification<br />

of vcnereous desires.<br />

b. = VEXEUEAri a. 2.<br />

1661 LovELL Hist. Anim, ft Min. ii The greene caustick<br />

oil of brasse, cureth venereous pushes.<br />

3. Exciting or stimulating sexual desire.<br />

1611 CoRYAT Crudities 268 As for thine, eyes, shut them<br />

and turne them aside from those venereous Venetian objects.<br />

i6a6 Bacon Sylva § 546 Upon the same reason Mushrooms<br />

are a Venereous meat. 1694 Motteux Rabeiaisw xxix. 146<br />

Salads, wholly made up of venereous Herbs and Fruits.<br />

4. Dedicated to Venns. rare~^.<br />

159s R. D. Hypnerotom. 79 Such hayre as Berenice did<br />

never vow to in the Venereous Temple for her Tholemreus.<br />

Hence fVenereonsly adv, tyene-reousness.<br />

;<br />

1659 H. >[oRE Itnmcrt, Soul III. viii. 408 Theocritus<br />

merrily sets out the Venereousness of the Goatheard he<br />

describes. 1665 M. N. Med. Medicinm 65 Let a man that<br />

hath the Gout be venereously infected.<br />

Venerer. anh. [f. Vener-y 2.] A huntsman.<br />

1845 Browning Flight of Duchess x, Our Venerers,<br />

Prickers, and Verderers. 1908 H. Newbolt Ne%v June<br />

xxxii, [He] drove the point into the hart's neck, with the<br />

action of a venerer killing the real animal.<br />

Veneres, pi. of Venus i,<br />

t Venerial, a.^ Obs. Also 6-7 -all. [f. L.<br />

veturi-usy f. Vener-^ Vtnus, Cf. Venekeal a.]<br />

1. = VEyEREAL a. I.<br />

1531 Elvot Gov. hi. xviii, Thinking, .to remoue him from<br />

the fajihe, rather by veneriali motions, thanne by sharpenesi^e<br />

of tourmentes. 1551 Huloet, Veneriali pastime, aphrodisia.<br />

1589 Nashe Anat. Absurdity Wks. (Grosari) I. 26<br />

Craftie Cupid.. meditates new shifts, which each amorous<br />

Courtier by his veneriali experience may coniecturailie<br />

conceiue. 1615 Cfooke Body of Man 553 Those that do<br />

loo much follow venerial combats haue their eyes smal and<br />

extenuated. 1636 D.WESAifT Platemick Lovers iii, I found<br />

him-.Lesse apt for our veneriali Love than Muscovites<br />

Benighted when they travell on the Ice.<br />

2. « Venereal a. 3 a.<br />

1577 Grange Golden Aphrod. Ep. Ded. A iij b, I (who as<br />

yet neuer receyued one po>-nt of discourtesie of any venerial!<br />

Dame). Ibid, \\v\ Veneriali dames, and ruffling N>'mphes,<br />

1610 J. Taylor (Water P.) A Batvd Wks. ii. 93/2 Besides,<br />

I found a cursed Catalogue of these veneriali Caterpillers<br />

who were supprest with the Monasteries in England.<br />

3. a. Beautiful or attractive like Venus.<br />

x66« MoRGAM Sph. Gentry ni. iv. 38 They described him<br />

like a martial man, when they would expresse his heat,.,<br />

when a venerial woman, described him with a Mirtle<br />

garland on his head.<br />

b. Associated with the planet Venus.<br />

1683 Trvos Way to Health vi. {1697) ro6 The cooler the<br />

Water is when you put in the Matt, the Paler or more<br />

Venerial will the Colour of your Wort be. Ibid. 109 The<br />

predominant Quality - . in Ale is Solar and Venerial, viz.<br />

Sweet and BalsamlcK.<br />

4. Employed in curing venereal disease.<br />

17.. M, Barrktt in Morse Amcr. Geog. (1796) I. 682 The<br />

next is the venerial root, which, under a vegetable regimen,<br />

will cure a confirmed lues.<br />

Hence f Vene'rialist, a specialist in venereal<br />

diseases. Obs.~^<br />

1763 A. SuTHKRLANn Attempts Ahc. Med. Doctr. X. Introd.<br />

21 Every disease, every member of the body, has its<br />

particular professor. The city swarms with Oculists,<br />

Aurarists, Dentists, Venerialists, Nostrumites, &c.<br />

tVene*rial,a.ii Obs.—^ [f. VenertJ.] Belonging<br />

to the chase. In quot. ^fsol.<br />

x6ia Drayton Poly-olb. xin. 93 Of all the Beasts which<br />

we for our veneriali name. The Hart amongst the rest, the<br />

Hunters noblest game [etc.].<br />

t Vene'rian, a. (and sb.\ Obs, Also 5 ueneryan.<br />

\i,L..ventri'USyi, Ventr'^ Kf«/« Venus*.<br />

Cf. Vesebean and Veneriex.]<br />

1. Influenced by, subject to, Venus; inclined to<br />

wantonness,<br />

14. . (see Venerien aX c 1590 J. Stewart Poems (S.T.S.)<br />

II. 78/192 Heirfoir to vichts venerian I quyt To form in<br />

verse virgilian perfyt Thair facund fassons. 1596 Nashk<br />

Saffron IValden Wks. (Grosart) III. 120 Pigmey Dicke<br />

aforesaid . . is such another Venerian stealc placard as lohn<br />

was. 1608 Tablton CobUr Canterb. (1844) 133 In every<br />

house where the venerian virgins are resident, nospitalitie<br />

is quite exiled.<br />

D. As sb, A person of this character.<br />

1601 Dolman LaPrimaud. Fr.Acad. III. 130 They name<br />

one man a Saturnrst, another a Martialist,..or else a |<br />

Mercurialist, or a Venerian.<br />

2. =» Venereal ff. i.<br />

1448 Metham Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 57 Nwe radyffyid with the ;<br />

flame off ueneryan dysyre. 1513 Douglas y^neid iv. Prol. |<br />

92 Be nevir ours-:t, myne author teichis so, With lust of<br />

wyne, nor werlcis venenane. 1598 Sylvester Du Bartas<br />

IL ii. Ark 4tQ A vast multitude Of since-born mongrels, that<br />

derive their birth From monstrous medly of Venerian mirth.<br />

\<br />

x6oa Dolman La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) iii. 734 Euen<br />

as the aire and winde coupteth and conioineth things<br />

seuered, so doth the .Venerian power.<br />

3. = Venereal a, 2.<br />

1617 MoRvsoN ItiH. III. 59 Because the beds ar« suspected<br />

for filthinesse of the Venerian disease, passengers use to<br />

weare linnen breeches of their owne. 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet.<br />

87 The Nose that is sunk into this figure by the<br />

Venerian rot.<br />

4. Venerian pear^ the Venus-pear.<br />

160X Holland Pliny I. 439 The Barbarian or<br />

pears, which also be called Coloured.<br />

Venerian<br />

t Vene'riate, v. Obs, [f. L. Venen- stem of<br />

Venus Venus 1.] trans. ? = Vitriolate v.<br />

1665 D. Dudley Mettallum Martis (1854) 31 Sulphurious<br />

vencriated redsharc Iron.. .The Sulphurious Arceniall and<br />

Veneriating qualities, which are oftentimes in Iron stone.<br />

'<br />

I<br />

95<br />

Venerld (ve-nerld). Zool. [f, mod.L. Venerid-myK.<br />

Vener-j ^>««j Venus 1.] A bivalve mollusc<br />

of the family Veneiidse^ of which Vetms is the<br />

typical genus.<br />

1861 P. P. Carpenter in Rep. Smithsonian Instil. jS6o,<br />

259 The characters of the Venerids, the Cyprinids, and the<br />

Cockles.<br />

t Veue'rien, a. and sb. Also 6 -yen. [a. OF.<br />

veturien (K venerien).'\ = Venerian a, and sb.<br />

C1386 Chaucer Wife's Prol. 609 For certes I am al<br />

Venerien [CorpTts MS. Venerian] In feelyng and myn<br />

herte is Marcian. 1390 Gower L'onf. III. m Ther mai<br />

no maner man withdrawe, The which venerien is bore Be<br />

weie of kinde. Ibid. 130 Canis maior, .The fifte sterre is of<br />

Magique, The whos kinde is venerien. 1530 Palsgr. 327/2<br />

Veneryen, belongyng to Venus, U'enerien. 1567 Gude ^<br />

Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 211 O wickit vaine Veneriens, 5e ar not<br />

Sanctis (thocht 50 seem hally).<br />

Venerilla. rarr-^, [Dim. f. L. Vener-, Venus.']<br />

A little Venus.<br />

1631 Burton Anat. Mel. in. ii. ni. He admires her on the<br />

other side, she is his idol, lady, mistress, venerilla, queen,<br />

the quintessence of beauty.<br />

t Vene'rious, a. Obs, Also 6 -yous, [f. L.<br />

vtneri-us : cf. OF. vetterieux and Venereous a.]<br />

1. =: Venereal a, i,<br />

1542 Boorde Dyetary xviii. (1870) 246 Beware of Veneryous<br />

actes before the fyrste slepe, 1594 Plat yewcil-ho. 8<br />

Salt. .is very stirring in our bodies, and provokeih them to<br />

venerious actes. 1607 Walkington Oft. Glass vii. 44 b, Hee<br />

that presumes with his all-daring quill to put foorth lewde<br />

pamphlets,.. to set vp a venerious schoole. 1634 Sir T.<br />

Herbert Trarr. 195 Titulation in venerious exercises. 1650<br />

Bulwer A ntkropomet. 242 Immoderate Venery or venerious<br />

cogitations.<br />

b. = Venereal a, 2.<br />

1615 Crooke Body of Man 247 Their inflamation or<br />

exulceration breeds the venerious gonorrhaea or running of<br />

the reines.<br />

2. = Venereous a. i.<br />

1547 Boorde Brev. Health Ivt. 25 [A] man that is full of<br />

heare is euer venerious. 156a Legh Annory 138 b, This<br />

prety Ruddokc,..of nature, though he be not Venerious,<br />

yet (etc]. 1617 Morvson Itin. iii. 41 Aristotle saith, that<br />

they who ride most, are most venerious. 1634 Sir T.<br />

Herbert Trav. 146 [The Persians arej mirthfuU and<br />

venerious.<br />

3. = Venereous a, 3.<br />

i6ao Venner I'ia Recta vii. 136 They are both somewhat<br />

wtndie and also venerious, especially the Parsnep.<br />

Hence t Venerlousness. Obs.~^<br />

1547 Boorde Brev. Health cccxxvii. 106 This infirmttie<br />

doth come. .of to much veneriousnes, specially used after a<br />

full stomake. 17x7 in Bailey (vol. II).<br />

t Ve'nerist. Obs. rare. [f. L. Vener-y Venus<br />

see -1ST.] One addicted to venery or lust.<br />

1596 Fitz-Geffrev Sir F. Drake (1881) 27 Cease to eter.<br />

nize in your marble verse The fals of fortune-tossed<br />

Vencrists. i6»3 Cockebam i, Venerist^ a whoremonger.<br />

Venerolog^, var. Venereology.<br />

t Ve'nerOTlS, a. Obs, Also 6 venerus. [f, L.<br />

Vener-y Venus : see -ous and cf. obs. F. venereux.]<br />

L = Venereal a, i.<br />

1561 BuLLEVN Bk. Simples (1579) 10 Dandelion .. with<br />

Roses and Vineger..rebateth venerous and fleshly heat.<br />

"594 Carew HuarteU Exam. Wits xv. (1596) 265 Men<br />

who desire to satisfie their venerous lusts, do yet greatly<br />

shame to confesse it. 1603 Holland I'lutarch's Mor. (>ss<br />

Hee was not so forward in venerous matters, nor given<br />

much to women. i6ai Burton Anat. Mel. iii. ii. 11. iii, For<br />

a remedy of venerous passions. 1651 H. More Enthus.<br />

Tri. (1712) 37 A measurable Abstinence.. from all venerous<br />

pleasures and tactual delights of the Body.<br />

2. « Venereous a. 2.<br />

"597 J^o Vennek Via Recta \'\\. 1^7 They. .are. .of a venerous<br />

windy faculty. i6sx H. More Enthus. Tri. (1712) 28 For<br />

what means this bold purpose, .but that his judgment was<br />

overclouded by some venerous fumes and vapours ?<br />

Venery^ (ve*neri). Now arch. Forms: 4-5<br />

veneri, -erye, 5-7, 9 veneriei 5 wenery, 5-<br />

venery ;<br />

4 venoryo, 5 -ur(i)e, 7 -arie, 7-8 -ary.<br />

[a. OF. vetterie (F. vMerie), f. vener :—L. vendri<br />

to hunt :<br />

see -ery.]<br />

L The practice or sport of hunting beasts of<br />

game ; the chase. Also attrib,<br />

CX3P0 Sir Tristr. 206 On hunting oft be ^ede, To swlche<br />

a lawe he drewe... More he coupe of veneri pan cou(>e<br />

mancrious. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Waee {Roilsl 856 To<br />

venerye he gaf"nis tent ; An herde of hertes sone J>ey met.<br />

i4sa YoNCE tr. Secreta Secret. 247 Delite in honcste Play,<br />

and hit beholde, as..besti5 to chase in venurie. 1486 Bk.<br />

St. Albans evb. That is th» first worde, my sonne, of<br />

venery. 1577 Harrison Descr. Brit. 11. xv, They.. daily<br />

ouerthrew townes, villages, and an infinite sort of families<br />

for the maintenance of their Venery. 160a 2nd Pt. Return<br />

fr. Parnass. ii. v. 893 These are your speciall beasts for<br />

cha.se, or as wee Huntsmen call it, for venery. a 1666 [see<br />

Venatical a.\ 1719 Bover Diet. Royal 11, A venery <strong>Book</strong>,<br />

or <strong>Book</strong> of Venery.<br />

1837 W. Irving Capt. Bonneville III. 122 These veterans<br />

of the wilderness are exceedingly pragmatical on points of<br />

venery and woodcraft. 1883 Standard 4 May 2/2 Other<br />

VENESECTION,<br />

worthy professors of venery were glad to 'coach' him.<br />

1891 J. G. Austin lieity Aldcn no 'Tis bad venerie when<br />

you have trapped a wolf to let him go free on the chance<br />

some other man will finish your work.<br />

b. In the phrases beasts, game^ hounds ofvenery,<br />

C1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxiii. 105 All maner of wylde<br />

bestez of wenery, as hertez and hyndez. 1432-50 tr. Higden<br />

(Rolls) VI. 379 That place, .havynge in hit diverse kyndes<br />

of bestes of venery. c 1450 Pol., Kel., ^- L. Pocvts (1903) 60<br />

Howndes of venery coste more then they aveyle. 1M9 Act<br />

31 Hen. f^///, c. 5 Achace,.fornorisshinge,generacion,and<br />

feeding of beastes of venery and of fowles of Warren. 1563<br />

Q. Eliz. Let. in Abp. Parker Corr. (Parker Soc.) 175 Keeper<br />

of park-houses, warrens, or other game of venerie. 1587<br />

Harrison Descr. Brit. w. xix. in Holinshed -206/1 The beasts<br />

of the chase were commonlie thebucke, the roe, the fox, and<br />

the marterne. But those of venerie in old time were the<br />

hart, the hare, the bore and the woolfe. 1603 G. Owen<br />

Pembrokeshire (1892) 266 These beastes of chace are not in<br />

estimacion soe royall as the former beastes of Venerye,<br />

1760-71 tr. yuan 4- Ulhas Voy. (ed. 3) I. 436 Many beasts<br />

of venery, which feed on the straw or rush peculiar to those<br />

parts. 1765 Blackstone Contm. I. 289 Forests are waste<br />

grounds belonging to the king, replenished with all manner<br />

of beasts of chase or venary.<br />

t 2. Wild animals hunted as game. Also^^.<br />

C13SO Will. Paleme 1685 Hyndes ^ hertes,.. bukkes and<br />

beris and ojjer bestes wilde, of alle fair venorye J»at falles to<br />

metes, c 1440 Ipotnydon 415 This lady to hyr mete gan<br />

gone, And of venery had hyr fille, For they had take game<br />

at wiUe. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. Ixxxvii. 568 In the<br />

meane whyle syr Tristram chaced and hunted at alle maner<br />

of venery. 1539 Elvot Cast, Helthe 29 The hunting of<br />

them [sc. deer] beinge not so pleasant, as the huntynge of<br />

other venery or vermyne. 1550 J. Coke Eng. ^ Fr,<br />

Heralds §3 Parkes-.full of venery, as hartes, hyndes,<br />

falow-dere, wylde bores, and wolves for noble men to course.<br />

1590 Spf.nser F. Q. i. vi. 22 To the wood she goes, to.,<br />

seeke her spouse, that from her still does fly. And followes<br />

other game and venery. 1630 R. Johnson's Kiugd. ,5-<br />

Commw. 115 Woods wonderfully abounding with venerie.<br />

transf. 1550 Latimer Serm. (1562) 114 b, They must haue<br />

swyne for thcyr foode to make theyr veneryes or bacon of;<br />

theyr bacon is theyr venison.<br />

t3. A place where hunting-dogs are kept. Obs,~^<br />

1653 Urquhart Rabelais i. Iv. 242 The Venerie, where<br />

the lieagles and Hounds were kept, was a little farther oft<br />

drawing towards the Park.<br />

Venery 2 (ve-iieri). Also 5-6 venerie. [f. L.<br />

Vener-, Venus Venus l + -Y.]<br />

1. The practice or pursuit of sexual pleasure<br />

indulgence of sexual desire.<br />

1407 Extr. Aberd. Reg. (1844) I. 425 It was statiit,.that<br />

all Picht weman be chargit and ordanit to decist fra thar<br />

vicis and syne of venerie. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot, II.<br />

430^ As brutell beistis takand appetyte, In venerie putting<br />

thair haill delyte. 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 34 Birdes<br />

tongue, is .in Herbe whose chief working is to prouoke<br />

Uenerie.^ 1607 Dekker Northward Hoe m, Venery is like<br />

vser>',. .it may be allowed tho it be not lawfull. 1643 Sir T,<br />

Browne Re/ig. Med. i. § 30 A body, wherein there may be<br />

action enough to content decrepit lust, or passion to satisfie<br />

more active venenes. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India ^ P. 378<br />

Nor docs it seldom fall out, from their aptness to Venery,..<br />

that they are afflicted with terrible Mariscx. 1715 N.<br />

Robinson T/i. Physick 152 The Passions of the Mind have<br />

a great Influence, as also excessive Venery. 1774 Goldsm.<br />

AaA Hist. {1776) III. 197 If the tusks, .be broke away, the<br />

animal abates of its fierceness and venery. 1803 Med. Jml.<br />

IX. 139 He. .gave himself up to his former intemperance in<br />

.spirits and in venery. 1876 Gross Dis. Bladder., etc. i. i.<br />

18 Occasionally it (i.e. acute cystitis] is traceable to the<br />

effects of excessive venerj-.<br />

+ 2. Jig, A source of great enjoyment. Obs,<br />

160s Middleton The Phcenix iii. i. F4, 'Twas. e'en<br />

Venerie to me, y'faith, the pleasantst course of life, a 16*5<br />

Fletcher Noble Gent. iv. iv, To me The fooling of this<br />

fool is venery.<br />

Venes, obs. variant of Venice.<br />

Venesect, v. [Hack-formation from next.]<br />

intr. To prnctise venesection. Hence Ve'riesecting///.<br />

a.<br />

1633 Eraser s Mag. VIII. 690 He was once a great<br />

enthusiast for the venesecting art.<br />

Venesection (ven/se-kjan). Med. Also ^. 7-9<br />

venrosection. [ad. med. or mod.L. venx seclio<br />

cutting of a vein : see Vena and Section.]<br />

1. The operation of cutting or opening a vein ;<br />

phlebotomy ; the practice of this as a medical<br />

remedy.<br />

o. 1661 LovEi.L Hist. Anim. 9f Mtn. 327 The small-pocks<br />

..are cured by. .venesection in the adult. 1669 \V. Simpson<br />

Hydrol. Chym. 78 Too much blood spent in venesection.<br />

X767 GoocH Treat. Wounds I. 370 We must first endeavour<br />

to stop the flux of blood, .. repeating venesection occasionally.<br />

1791 J. TowNSFND Joum. Spain (1792) II. 39 Not-<br />

withstanding this repeated venesection, his pufse was<br />

remarkably full and strong. 1834 J. Forbes Laennec's<br />

Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 67 Leeching has the advantages and disadvantages<br />

of venesection, only in a less degree. 1877 F, T,<br />

Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed, 3) I. ap To diminish the quantity<br />

of the blood, either by venesection, or by local methods.<br />

/3. 1676 Wiseman Surg, Treat, i. iii. 16 The Fever which<br />

attends Pain is removed by Venaesection, or by the resolution<br />

or suppuration of the Tumour. 1718 Chambers Cycl.<br />

S.V. Angina, In the external Angina, before any Suppuration<br />

appears, recourse is had to repeated Veneesection in the<br />

Jugulars. 1754-64 Smellie Midwifery I. 153 In a woman<br />

of a full habit of body venaesection is necessary. 160$ Med.<br />

Jml. XIV. 307 The wishes of the medical attendant who<br />

advises ven;esection, 1884 Pvh Sutg, Handicraft 70 This<br />

expedient, with the practice of venaesection in general, has<br />

been out of fashion for many years now.<br />

2. An instance of this.<br />

1834 J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 233 The same


VENESECTOR. 96 VENGB.<br />

Scene is renewed.. after as many successive venesections.<br />

1845 G. E. Day Simon's Anim. Chan, I. 248 The three<br />

following tables show the mean results of the first, second,<br />

and third venesections. 1876 tr. Wagner's Gen,\PatM. 2<br />

Change in the fibrin after frequent venesections.<br />

Venesector. ranr~'^, [Cf. Vexesect v.'] One<br />

who practises venesection ; a blood-letter,<br />

1890 Cc>snwfciiia>t June 139 Our barber also acts as venesector.<br />

Venesion, obs. form of Venetian,<br />

Vene80(u)n, -sun, obs. forms of Venison.<br />

tVenet, at is water coloure.<br />

«ii66i HoLYDAY Jnveual 226 Vegetius..says that ships,<br />

which are sent out as spies, should have their sails of the<br />

vcnet colour, that they may not be discerned by the enemies.<br />

Venet, obs. form of Vignette.<br />

fVene'tia. Obs.~-^ -= Venetian j^. 2.<br />

1579 G. Harvey Letter'Bk. (Camden) 72 Eloquence, if a<br />

man had it, were more worth then.. a payer of tatterid<br />

venetias in his presse.<br />

Venetian (v/hrjan), sh. and a. Forms : a.<br />

5<br />

Venycyen,Venecien, 6Veuesien, ^. 5-6Venecian,<br />

6 -ycian, -esyan, -etyan, 7- Venetian<br />

5 Venicyan, 7, 9 Venitian. 7. 6 Venytyon,<br />

Venyscyon, Venecyon, Venesion, 8 Venition.<br />

[ad. med.L, Veneiian-us^ f. Venetia Venice: cf.<br />

It. and Pg. VenezianCf Sp. Veneciano. In early<br />

tise also a. OF. Vem'cun, -esien, etc, (mod.F.<br />

VinUien)^<br />

A. sh. 1. A native or inhabitant of mediosval<br />

or modern Venice; a member of the mediaeval<br />

republic of Venice ; more rarely, one of the ancient<br />

Veneti inhabiting the district of Venetia.<br />

143a Lydg. Minor Poems (Percy Soc.) 4 Other alyens :,<br />

Florentyns, and Venycyens. c 1436 Libel Eng, Policy in<br />

Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 172 The commodites..of Venicyans<br />

and Florentynes. Ibid. 175 These seyde Veneciance. 15*8<br />

in Ellis Orig. Lett. (1824) I. 294 His Highnes also Hketh<br />

wel the Frenche Kings Lettres to the Venecians for Ravenna<br />

and Servia. 1547 Boorde Introd. Knowl. xxiiii. (1870) 181,<br />

I am a Venesien both sober and sage. Ibid. 185 The Venyscions<br />

hath great prouision of warre. x6si in Foster Eng.<br />

Factories Ind. (1906) 1, 257 Two gentlemen, Venetians, who<br />

are not unknowne to you. 1695 Luttkell Brief Rel. (1S57)<br />

III. 447 The Venetians, we hear, have taken several French<br />

ships, a 1715 Burnet Own Timev. (1734) II, 129 The Venetians<br />

and the Great Duke had not thought fit to own the King<br />

till then. 1756-7 tr. Keysler^s Trav. (1760) IV. 57 German<br />

bravery under the auspices of the Venetians. 1841 W.<br />

Spalding Italy Sf It. IsL II. 164 There were other slaves<br />

besides Mohammedans in the sei^ice of the rich Venetians.<br />

1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. I. v. 129 The Venetians.. purchased<br />

alike infidels and Christians. x88o Encycl, Brit.<br />

XIII. 446/1 The Gauls, the Ligurians, and the Veneti or<br />

Venetians.<br />

+ 2. //. Hose or breeches of a particular fashion<br />

originally introduced from Venice. Obs.<br />

158* in Feuillerat Revels Q. Eliz. (1908) 350, vi paire of<br />

Venetians of Russet gold tyncell. 1586 Fermor Ace. in<br />

Arckaeol. Jml. (1851) VIII. 183 It. for an ell half of brod<br />

taffaty to make him a dublet and venytyons. 1598 Florid,<br />

Brache^ all maner of breeches, slops, hosen, breekes, gascoines,<br />

Venetians. 1611 Cotgr., Chausses h la gigotte, a<br />

fashion of very close Venitians ; old fashioned Venitians.<br />

ai6ia Harington i>/;fr. (1618) lxx, A Captaine.. brought<br />

three yards of Veluet, & three quarters To make Venetians<br />

downe below the garters.<br />

t b. In sing, with the, Obs.—^<br />

xS9a Greene De/. Conny-catching Wks. (Grosart) XI. 95<br />

The Venetian and the gallogascaine is stale, and trnnke<br />

slop out of vse.<br />

1 3, A sequin of Venice, as current in India and<br />

adjacent countries. Obs.<br />

1698 Fryer Acc. E. India ^ P. 406 The Money which<br />

passes is a Golden Venetian, equivalent to our Angel. 1752<br />

m J. Long6W. UnpubURecs.yz (Yule &B.), At this juncture |<br />

a gold mohur is found to be worth 14 Arcot Rupees, and a '<br />

Venetian 4J Arcot Rupees. 1835 Burnes Trnv. Bokhara<br />

(ed. 2) I. 90 Vou are then to present a handsome bow, and ;<br />

each of you eleven gold Venetians. i<br />

4. A closely-woven cloth having a fine twilled I<br />

surface, used as a suiting or dress material. i<br />

1710 Lond. Gaz. No. 4706/4 For Sale.,, Venitions,.. i<br />

Tabbies, .. and other_ Stuffs. 1883 Simmonds Diet. Trade^<br />

Venetian^ a fine twilled fabric of carded wool for gentlemen's<br />

suits. 1899 Daily Neivs 30 Oct. 2/6 The newest<br />

designs in coloured tweeds, serges, coverts, meltons,..<br />

Venetians, beavers, and cashmeres.<br />

6. ellipt. t a. A Venetian window. Obs.<br />

1766 Entick London IV. 376 The body of the church is<br />

enlightened by two ranges of windows, with a Venetian in<br />

the center. 1779 Mirror No. 61, His dusky Gothic windows<br />

have been contrasted to great advantage, with their Bows<br />

and Venetians.<br />

b. A Venetian blind.<br />

z8i6 ' Qmz* GrandMaster viu 167 They're soon disturb 'd<br />

—a sudden rap 'Gainst the Venetians spoil'd their nap. i88i<br />

Emma J. Worboise Sissie xvi, It was observed that no one,<br />

all through the day, proposed raising that side- Venetian,<br />

C, //. (See quot.)<br />

x883 Caulfeild & Saward Diet. Needle^v. 514/1 Vene*<br />

tians, a heavy kind of tape or braid, resembling double<br />

I^ndons. They are employed more especi-.Uy for Venetian<br />

blinds, whence the name.<br />

0. = Domino i.<br />

1891 Century Mag. June 283, 1 then put off my sword, and<br />

put on my Venetian or domino, and entered the bal masque.<br />

B. adj, 1, Of or pertaining to Venice.<br />

1554 in Feuillerat Re7-eh Q. Mnry (1914) 166 A maske of<br />

viij patrons of galleis like Venetian Senatours. 1593 G.<br />

Harvev Netv Lett. Wks. (Grosart) I. 264 Who honoureth<br />

not. .the security of the Venetian state. 1642 Howell For,<br />

Tratf. (Arb.) 53 There is in Italy the Toscan, the Roman,<br />

the Venetian, the Neapolitan [languages], . . and all these have<br />

severall Dialects and Idiomes of Speech. 1648 Hkxham ii,<br />

De Venetiaensche Zee^ the Venetian Sea, or, the Gulfe of<br />

Venice, 175^-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) III. 378 It is now<br />

some centuries since Padua has been brought under the<br />

Venetian yoke. X841 W, Spai,ding Italy ^ It. IsL HI. 37<br />

The republic at' first embraced, .the Venetian provinces of<br />

Bergamo, Brescia, and La Polesina. 1893 W. G. CollincwooD<br />

Life Rnskin I. 11. iv, 147 The treatment.. of Venetian<br />

matters had to be indefinitely postponed.<br />

b. Venetian Schoolj id) a school of painting,<br />

distinguished by its mastery of colouring, which<br />

originated in the 15th century and reached its<br />

climax in the i6th; {b) a school of Italian architecture<br />

originating in the early part of the i6th<br />

century.<br />

(a) 1748 Melmoth Fitzosborne Lett. Ixi. (1749) II. J16<br />

On the contrary, the Venetian school is said to have neglected<br />

design a little too much. 1859 Ruskin Two Paths i.<br />

§ 20 The Venetian school proposed to itself the representation<br />

of the effect of colour and shade on all things.<br />

{b) 1842 GwiLT Archil. § 349 The Venetian School is characterised<br />

by its lightness and elegance; by the convenient<br />

distribution it displays; and by the abundant, perhaps<br />

exuberant, use of columns, pilasters, and arcades.<br />

2. In special collocations, denoting things characteristic<br />

of Venice, esp. articles actually produced<br />

there, or others made in imitation of these. (Cf.<br />

similar uses of Venice.)<br />

Venetian ball (see quots.). Venetian bar, in needlework,<br />

a bar formed by means of button-hole work on a thread<br />

or threads. Venetia?t blind, a window-blind composed of<br />

narrow horizontal slats so fixed on strong tapes as to admit of<br />

ready adjustment for the exclusion or admission of light and<br />

air. + Venetiafibrf'echeSf=V'EVi-ETiAiisb.2, Venetian brown,<br />

a variety of brown used for colouring §lass. Venetian carpet,<br />

a common make of carpet, usually striped, in which the warp<br />

alone is shown. Venetian chalk (see quots.). Venetian<br />

cloth, - Venetian sb. 4. Venetian dentil (see quot.).<br />

Venetian door {see quot 1842). ^ Venetian earth, ? Venetian<br />

chalk. Venetian embroidery (see quot.). Venetian<br />

enantely a hard enamel used for the dials of clocks and<br />

watches. Venetian filigree, a variety of coloured glass.<br />

Venetianframe, a form of window-frame (see quot. 1833).<br />

Venetian glass, Venice glass. Venetian^Gothic adj. (see<br />

quot.). ^Venetian /i(jj^,= Venetian sb. 2. Venetian mast,<br />

a tall pole ornamented with spiral bands of colour, used<br />

in the decoration of streets or open spaces on special<br />

occasions. Venetian pearl, a solid artificial pearl. Venetian<br />

pointy a variety of point-lace. Venetian red, satin<br />

(see -quots.). Venetian shutter, a shutter constructed on<br />

the same principle as a Venetian blind; hence Venetian^<br />

shuttered adj. Venetian sole, stitch (see quots.). + Venetian<br />

sublimate (?). Venetian sufnach, the southern European<br />

.shrub Rhus Cotinus. Venetian swell, an organ-swell hav.<br />

ing the front constructed like a Venetian shutter. Venetian<br />

talc, a hydrous silicate of magnesia. + Venetiati thyme (see<br />

quot.). Venetian turpentine, Venice turpentine. Venetian<br />

varnish (see quot.). Venetian vetch : see Vetch. Venetian<br />

w/(rV^ (see quot.). Venetian window {see quot. 1842). Venetian<br />

7uindow-bliud,=Yenetian blind. Also Venetian bead,<br />

t dollar, lace.<br />

1851-^ Tomlinson*s Cycl. Usef Arts (1866) I. ^83/2 The<br />

* Venetian ball consists of a number of pieces of filigree glass<br />

packed into a pocket of transparent colourless glass. 1875<br />

Knight Diet. Mech. 2702/2 Venetian ball, an ornamental<br />

form of glass for paper-weights, etc. 1882 Caulfeild &<br />

Saward Diet. Needlew. 511/2 *Venetian bar.. is used in<br />

modern Point Lace. 1660 F. Bbooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav.<br />

19s Some bracelets made of *Venetian Beads of several<br />

colours. 1791 in Harper's Mag. March (1885) 535/2 Surcharge<br />

for ^Venetian blinds. 1794 W. Felton Carriages<br />

I. 148 The Venetian blind., [is] frequently used as a substitute<br />

for the common shutter and spring curtain. 1840<br />

Dickens Old C. Shop xiv. It was easy to hear through<br />

the Venetian blinds all that passed inside. 188a Caulfeild<br />

& Saward Diet. Needlew. 514/1 Another kind of braid or<br />

tape is made for Venetian blinds. 1587 Fleming Contn.<br />

Holinshed III. 1354 Walton.. rent his *venecian breeches<br />

of crimsin taffata, and distributed the same peecemeale.<br />

CI79I Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VII. 774/2 *Venetian brown,<br />

with gold spangles, commonly called the philosopher's<br />

stone. 1845 G. Dodd Brit. Manuf IV. 95 '*Venetian'<br />

carpets were never, it has been asserted, made at Venice at<br />

all. 1868 Ref. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 51 Carpets,<br />

treble ingrain, three-ply, and worsted chain Venetian. 1839<br />

Ure Diet. Arts 1271 "Venetian chalk is Steatite. 1883<br />

Simmonds Diet. Trade, Venetian chalk, a white compact<br />

talc or steatite, used for marking on cloth. frz790 Encycl.<br />

Brit. (ed. 3) VI. 404/2 A new suit of French and *Venetian<br />

cloths. T^fM Daily Neius 6 Jan. ^/6 Venetian cloth is, next<br />

to panne, still the favourite material for dresses. 1881<br />

Archit.Dict.y *Venetian dentil, a molding consisting of a<br />

fillet with its sides cut alternately into notches, which<br />

reach the middle of the face, and produce the effect of a<br />

double row of dentils. 1626 in Foster Eng. Factories India<br />

(1909) III. 156 The *Venetian doUer will yeald 5 mahmudis<br />

if full weight. 1731 Pope Ep. Burlington 36 Iniitating-<br />

Fools Who.. [are] Proud to catch cold at a *Venetian door.<br />

ax'j^— Hor. Sat. n. vi. igi Palladian walls, Venetian<br />

doors, Grotesco roofs, and Stucco floors. 1842 Gwilt<br />

Archit. 1050 P'enetian door, a door having side lights on<br />

each side for lighting an entrance hall. 1660 J. H[arding]<br />

Basil. Valent. Chariot Antimony 123 Mix'one part of this<br />

Salt with three parts of *Venetian Earth. 1882 Caulfeild<br />

& Saward Diet. Needleiv. 512/1 "Venetian embroidery.. is<br />

work resembling Roman Work and Strasbourg Embroidery,<br />

but is lighter than either in effect. 1837 Hebert Efigin,


VENGE. 97 VENGEANCE.<br />

163a Chapman & Shirlfy Bh^/ ir. D 2 b, You must Lay_ in<br />

betimes to prevent niutinie Among the small guts, which<br />

with winde ofvenge else Will breakeyourguarde of buttons.<br />

Veng^e (vend,:5), V, Now arr/i. Forms : 4-5<br />

vengyn (5 vengy), 4- venge (4 venie, uenge)<br />

^_5 wenge, 4, 5 .5V., weng. [ad. OF. ven^er^<br />

venger (niod.F. V€ng£r^—\\., vcngiare, Sp. vengar^<br />

Pg. vulgar) :— L. vindkdre Vindicate v, Cf.<br />

Avenge v,'\<br />

1. a. rejl. = Avenge v. \ b.<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 5345 For \>a\. J^ai na wight dtightiii dred,<br />

He wenged him o (7am ful sare. a 1340 Hampole Psalter<br />

ii. 5 When he venges him, his vengaunce is cald woednes.<br />

C1386 Chaucer Melib. P45 But lete u» now putte, that ye<br />

han leve to venge 5'ow; I say ye ben nought of might ne<br />

power as now to venge you. c 1430 Lvdg. Min. Poems<br />

(Percy Soc.) 31 Be nat to hasty to venge the on thi foo.<br />

£-1450 Mirour Saluacioun (Roxb.) 72 He vengid hym on<br />

his enemys horribly. 1509 Fisher y Penit. Ps. vi. Wks.<br />

(1876) 18 Crete laude and prayse is in wylde beestes lackynge<br />

reason, that they wyll forgyue and not venge themselfe<br />

vpon other weyker beestes. 1581 A. Hall Iliad w.. 29 Til<br />

that ech one here of vs al, at wil and ease be plast With<br />

Troyan Dames . . to venge vs of Paris. 159^) Shaks. Hen. K,<br />

1. ii. 292 Tel you the Dolphin, I am commmg on, To venge<br />

me as 1 may. 1817 Scott Harold n. xv, Thou shalt know.<br />

If I can venge me on a foe, 1914 Contemp. Rev. April 5^8<br />

To venge themselves they pursued a policy of obstruction in<br />

the Diet.<br />

b. trans, = Avenge z/. i.<br />

ciyas i^lt'tr. Horn. 137 Ef thou prai Godd that he Apon<br />

thi fai> venge the. c 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 5533 Haly<br />

Loverd,.,How lange sal be ar l»ow venge our blude Of our<br />

enemys ^at in erihe duelles. c 1440 Gcsta Rom, x. 20<br />

(Harl. MS.), Do vs to knowe, if l»er be ony [jat t>retenith<br />

J>e ; For we ben redy to venge ^e. c 1450 Lovelich Grail<br />

ivi. 435 Thus owre lord venged kyng I^wncelot certayn.<br />

1581 A. Hall Iliad i. 16, I greatly dread, hir sonne to<br />

venge, obtainde some suit she hath. 1590 Greene Orlando<br />

Furioso 1093 Now let vs seeke to venge the Lampe of<br />

France That lately was eclipsed in Angelica. 1613 HevwooD<br />

Braz. Age 11. ii, I sweare. .to. -venge the Gods that<br />

goueme Sea and Sunne. 1S14 Scott Lord o/^ Isles ill. xxix.<br />

With this he cross'd the murderer's path, And venged young<br />

Allan well ! 1887 Bowen JEneid iv. 656, 1 have. .Venged<br />

a beloved one, meted a brother measure for guilt.<br />

O. pass. = AVENGK V. I C.<br />

£-1380 WvcLir IV/is. (1880) 24 For to plede, for to finite<br />

and.. to be vengid on men ^at don a^enst here willc, worschipe,<br />

or profit. 1390 Gower Con/. I. 202 Bot I wol make<br />

this beheste, I 5chal be venged er I go. c 1400 Ptlgr. Sowie<br />

(Caxlon) II. Ivii. (1859) 55. I myght haue ben fully venged<br />

vpon the. 14S0 Cot>. Lett Bk. \\. 441 Be.cause Jjc seid<br />

Laurens .. feyned maters to )»entenC to haue be venged for<br />

J>e due punysshement ycven to hym be J»e seid Maire. 1489<br />

Caxtos Faytes 0/ A. i. i. 7 They that gretly be vengid on<br />

their enemycs. x6ii B. Jonson Catiline 11. i, I should be<br />

ri^ht sorry To have the means so to be venged on you.<br />

+ d. mtr, = Avenge v. id. Ods.<br />

13 .. E. E. Allit. P. B. 20I [He] Nc venged for no vilte of<br />

vice nc synne,..Ne neuer so sodenly so;t vnsoundely to<br />

weng. loid. 559 Felly he ucnged Quen fourferde alle («<br />

flesch J>ar he formed hade, c Z400 Destr. Troy 7333 Achilles<br />

..Of ^ kynges, bat were kild,- -Wold haue vengit of be<br />

velany, & pe vile harme. 14.. in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 208<br />

A priest ought to be swete and softe more rather to foryeue<br />

than to vcnsy. a 1500 Rati: Raving 3^40 Traist nocht<br />

thine honorc in a fulle, Na weng nocht quhil thi blud be cule.<br />

2. trans. = Avenge v. 2.<br />

1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 3806 pys yche chylde toke<br />

hym 10 rede For to venge hys fadrys ded. c 1374 Chaucer<br />

Troylus 1.62 (Harl. MS.), In dy verse wise. .TlieravysNhyng<br />

to vengyn of Heleyn, By Parts done, they wroughten all hir<br />

peine, a 1450 MirWs Festtal 44 The thre o|>er also dcydcn<br />

on spytues de^es, so b^t, wythyn brc ^ere aftyr, Thomas<br />

deth was thus venget. c 1489 ilkXTOii Sondes o/Aymon ix.<br />

344, I praye god that I maye venge your deth vpon theym<br />

or ever I dcce.isse. 1538 Starkev England 141 That hys<br />

ennemv may not pluke liym out at hys lyberty, nor yet in<br />

such place to venge hys iniury. 1587 Turberv. Trag. Tales<br />

{1837) 160 To venge which deede, and cursed cruell acte, He<br />

slue them all. 1620 Pvper tr. Hist. Astrea 1. ii. 13 Venge<br />

not my death vpon this faire I^dy. 1638 Sanderson Serm.<br />

(1681) II. Ill We find our selves ready to fret at any cross<br />

occurrent, to venge every injury, to rage at every light provocation.<br />

i8oa Levden in Li/eff Poems {iSj 5) 39 Thine the<br />

mighty boast., lo venge each ancient violated bust. 1851<br />

C L. Smith tr. Tasso xviii. xlviii, And much he hoped with<br />

such a fiery brood To venge the felling of the precious<br />

wood.<br />

tb. To punish (wronjjdoing). Obs.<br />

a 1340 Hamiole Psalter xxix. 5 Wreth, bat is vengaunce,<br />

bat he vengid in 50W be first syn with ded. c 1375 Sc. Leg.<br />

Saints xxv. {Julian) 116 .Syk wykyt wordisof dy&pyt In b^t<br />

dekine ware wengyt tyt. 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. iii<br />

Thou seist..that chariie is chactd, to vengyn oure defautis,<br />

and mende us of oure inysse.<br />

t 3, = Avenge v. 3. Ods.~^<br />

hal deine thi cause, and<br />

138a WvcLiF Jer. Ii. 36 Lo ! Y<br />

venge thi vengyng. d 1470 H. Parker Dives ^ Pauper<br />

(W. de W. 1496) iv. XV. 179/2 He is goddcs mynystre, to<br />

venge the wrath of god in hym that dooth amys.<br />

Vengeable, a. and ativ. Oh. or dial. Forms<br />

4-5 veniable, 5-7 vengable, vengeable (6<br />

uen-) ; 5 vengeabyl, -ylUe, -abil. [a. AF. vengabU<br />

(Gower), f. venger Venge v. Cf. Vengible a.]<br />

1. Inclined or ready to take vengeance or inflict<br />

retaliative injury. (Cf. Vengeful a. i.)<br />

a. Of persons (or animals).<br />

Very common c 1400-1550; in mod. dial, use = destructive.<br />

Vol. X.<br />

ci38oWyclif.S"c/. Wks. II. 189 For ^if he were veniable<br />

here no man my^te suffre his veniaunce. 1390 Gower Conf.<br />

II. iig Such a Sor is incurable, And ek the goddes ben<br />

vengable. c 1400 Lvdg. in Pol., Rel. at shee were in this cas<br />

vengeable,.. Shee was in bat in partie excusable. c 1450<br />

Mirk's Ftstial 140 Forto schew you how vengabull God ys<br />

apon horn i>at ben lef forto sched Cristys bfod. 1529 S.<br />

Fish Supplic. Beggers 3 Whate tiraunt euer oppressed the<br />

people like this cruell and vengeable generacion? 1547<br />

^ooRViZlntrod. Kno7vl. xvii. (1870) 167 There is a beast called<br />

a Bouy, lyke a Bugle, whyche is a vengeable beast. 1573<br />

G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 138 To be notoriously<br />

revenged on this vengeable feende. c 1610 Sir J. Melvil<br />

Mem. (1735)206 The Appetites of envious, vengeable and<br />

greedy Counsellors. 1640 Bastwick Lord Bishops iii. C 3,<br />

Who should prove the most vengaijle instruments of persecuting<br />

and oppressing Gods true children. i866 Grecor<br />

Banffsk. Gloss. 232 Rottans are vengeable craiturs on young<br />

deuks.<br />

b. Of the mind, will, etc,<br />

1411-IS HoccLEVE De Reg. Princ. 2330 He rathir chees<br />

be disobedient To his vengetible wil,.. Than be forsworn of<br />

Jjathe swoor so depe. 1513 Bradshaw^/. Werburge i. 1041<br />

His vengeable mynde washymselfetomagnyfy..Ordestroye<br />

hymselfe. 1539 Cromwell in MerrimanZ-z/^^ Lett. {1902)<br />

II. 169 His Inique covetous and vengeable disposicion.<br />

1540 Hyrde tr. Vivcs' Imtr. Chr. IVom. (1592) H iiij, To<br />

keepe her vengeable mind unto.. occasion of revengeiuent.<br />

C. Of weapons,<br />

c 1400 HoccLEVE Compl. Virgin 179 Wei feele I J?at deeth<br />

his vengeable bowe Hath bent, & me purposith doun to<br />

throwe. 1430-40 IVycliffite Bible, Rom. xiii. 4 (Cardwell<br />

MS.), For not withoute cause he berith the vengeable swerd.<br />

2. Characterized by, arising from, vengeance or<br />

revenge; cruel, dreadful.<br />

f 1430 HoccLEVE Min. Poems 71/128 pat the feend..Ne<br />

sese hem nat in the vengeable day ! c 1440 Capgrave Li/e<br />

St. Katlt. IV. 14 14 5e shulde not suffren }p\s cristen foolk<br />

here Repreue oure goddis with swiche veniable manere.<br />

1509 Barclay ShypofFolys (1570) 201 For none. .This hurt<br />

outchaseih which is so vengeable. 1582 STANVHURST.


VENGEANCELY. VENIAL.<br />

1673 Vinegar Ar ^fustar^i^H\x\6.\cy) III. 8 You are land-sick<br />

now, and not sea-sick, with a vengeance to you for me. x8^<br />

Carlvle in Kroude Li/e in London 1. 70 Why not quit<br />

literature— with a vengeance to it— and turn, were it even<br />

to sheep herding ?<br />

b. As an inteusive : With great force or violence;<br />

in an extreme degree ; loan unusual extent.<br />

1568 V. Skin'nrr Ir. Monianus* Inquisition 24 b, He shall<br />

GOme downe with a %-engeaunce. 1594 Greene & Loik;k<br />

Looking Gl. I. ii. 336 A pbister..that mends him with a<br />

erie vengeance. 1611 Middleton & Dkkker Roaring<br />

C»Vi> Mj, Are you too well, too happy? Aie.v. Wiihavengeance.<br />

1654 H. L'Estrance Ckas. /(1655) 88 The furious<br />

multitude.. struck him down, and mailed him with a vengeance.<br />

1673 [R. LkichI I'roftsp. Rfk. 63 Accordingly he<br />

lays it on wiih a vengeance. 1711 * J. Distaff' Char. Don<br />

5iK-ArtVTr//«» 6 This, .is proving the.. Existence ol Gyants<br />

..with a Vengeance. 1761 Foote /,mr ti. Wks. 1799 I. 293<br />

His friends..gloss over his foible, by calling him an agreeable<br />

novelist : and so he is, with a vengeance. 1834 L.<br />

Ritchie Wand, hy Seine (i^%om^ readers will think that we<br />

are drawing our traveller's bow with a vengeance.<br />

1867M.<br />

Arnold Celtic Lit, 29 <strong>Here</strong>, at any rate, are materials<br />

enough with a vengeance.<br />

t O. So With the vengeatue. Ohs~^<br />

1693 Humours Town 29 This is following the Dictates of<br />

Reason with the vengeance.<br />

t6. A%adv. a. Extremely, intensely. Obs,<br />

i548rL. Shepherd] yohn Bon ^ Afas t /erson {iZoS) 5 Is not<br />

here a mischeuous thynge? The Messe is vengaunce holye<br />

for all iher sayeinge. 1566 Pasgnine in Traunce 41, I<br />

remember that disputation. It is vengeaunce subtile. Ibid,<br />

44 They were also vengeance angry against the Pope. 1607<br />

>HAKS. Cor. It. ii. 6 That's a braue fellow: but bee's venceance<br />

prowd. n i6s6 Beaum. & Fl. Little Fr. Lawyer 11.<br />

i. How it grumbles ! Thb Sword is vengeance an^ry.<br />

1710-it Swift 7r«/. /o.S"/t//rt 21 Jan., It has snowed terribly<br />

all night, and is vengeance cold,<br />

t b. Not at all, never. Qbs,<br />

1556 J. Heywood spider ^ Fly xxx'ix. 7 Vengeance the<br />

whit I am for their woordes the nere,<br />

t 6. As adj. Very great or large. O^s,"^<br />

i6oa FuLBF.cKE 2nd Pt. Parall. Introd. 4, I bought the<br />

booke.. because it was in English: yet there is a vengeance<br />

deale of Latin in it.<br />

7. attrih. and Comb., as veugeance-cryer^ -^'^'"^i<br />

-oatky -scathed^ -sivordy -taking.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Melib. f 65 For al-be-it so that alle tarying<br />

be anoyful, algates it is nat to repreve in yevinge of<br />

lugement, ne in vengeance-taking, whan it is suffisant and<br />

resonable. f 15x5 Cocke LorelPs Ii. 11 Ciirsers, chyders,<br />

and grete vengeaunce cryers. x6o8 Sylvester Du Bartns<br />

II. iv. Schistne 1061 Lord, sheath again thy vengeance-sword<br />

a space. 1617 A. Newman Pleas. Vis. 15 Haples wretches,<br />

with the memory Toriur'd of woe, and vengeance-crying<br />

Sins. 1838 S. Bellamy Betrayal 43 When o'erthrown<br />

In first rebellion, vengeance-scathed he fled. 1844 Mrs.<br />

Browning Duchess May xxviii, Thou and I have parted<br />

troth,— yet I keepiry vengeance-oath.<br />

Hence f Ve'nffeancely adv. ; f Ve'ncreancer.<br />

c 1440 Promp. Parv. 508/2 Veniawncere, . . vendicator,<br />

ultor^ vindex. i6aa Fletcher Prophetess \. iii, Yet I could<br />

poyson him in a Pot of Perry, He loves that veng'ancely.<br />

t Veilgeant, T. Obs.—^ in 4 vengaunt. [a.<br />

AF. vengant (F. vengeant)^ pres. pple. of venger<br />

Vexge ^'.] Avenfjing ; executing vengeance.<br />

a 1340 Hampolf. Psalter xcviii. 9 Lord oure god )>o\x<br />

herd ^aim : god \>aim merciabil, and vengaunt<br />

in all l>aire fyndyngis.<br />

Vengear, obs. form of Venger.<br />

Vengefal (ve-ndj^ful), a. [f. Venge z;., after<br />

rfvengeftii. Cf. Avengeful a.]<br />

1. Harbouring revenge ; seeking vengeance<br />

prone or inclined to avenge oneself; vindictive.<br />

"t '599 Spensf.r F. Q. vti. vi. 48 [She] thinkes what punishment<br />

were best assign'd And thousand dcathes deuiseth<br />

in her vengeful! mind. 1701 F. Manning Poems 77 A worse<br />

Event.. The vengeful Cupid sent. 1713 Swift On Himself<br />

Wks. 1755 IV. 1. 12 The queen incens'd, his services forgot.<br />

Leaves liim a victim to the vengeful Scot, a 1763 Shen-<br />

STONK Inscription vi. 24 Fair and flowVy is the brake. Vet<br />

it hides the vengeful snake. i8ia Combe Syntax^ Pic- \<br />

turesque xxv. 452 Again the vengeful foes appear 'd. Again<br />

their angry standards rear'd. 1856 Kane Arct. Expi. \. j<br />

XXX. 414 One of them, the male, is excited—the other, the !<br />

female, collected and vengeful. 1873 Symonds Grk. Poets ;<br />

i. 9 Ulysses is.. pitiless in his hostility; subtle, vengeful, i<br />

cunning.<br />

trausf. f t6oo Shaks. Sonn. xcix, But for his theft.. A \<br />

vengfull canker eate him vp to death. 1848 Faber Spir.<br />

Confer. (1870) 124 Wasted time is a vengeful thing. 1879 I<br />

Geo. Eliot Theo. Such iv. 159 An abandoned beliefmay be j<br />

more effectively vengeful than Dido. I<br />

b. Inflicting vengeance; serving as an instm-<br />

ment of vengeance. Said of a weapon, the hand<br />

j<br />

or arm, etc. !<br />

(a) a 1586 SinNEY Ps. XXT. xii, Thou shah.. ready make<br />

thy vengcfull bow Against their guilty faces. 1593 Shaks.<br />

2 Hen. VI, 111. ii. 198 <strong>Here</strong>'s a vengefuU Sword, rusted with ,<br />

eaw. a 1623 Fletcher i::fl7/^'iC«^t'v. iii, I pray His venge- I<br />

ful sword may fall upon thy head Successfully. 1735 Pope i<br />

Odyss.\. 154 The proud oppressors fly the vengeful sword, i<br />

18*7 G. Chalmers Caledonia L 11. iii. 253 The victorious 1<br />

career of Ida was stopt..by the vengeful sword of the I<br />

valorous Owen. 1869 Goulbourm Purs. Holiness i. i So<br />

could he bid the vengeful fire fall from heaven.<br />

(3) 1696 Tate & Brady Ps. cvi. 17 Her vengeful Jaws exlendmg<br />

wide. 17*9 T. Cooke Tales, c.c. 140 Of all who<br />

fought beneath this Chiefs Command Not one escap'd the<br />

Critic's vengeful Hand. 1748 Johnson Van. Hum. Wishes \<br />

168 Rebellion's vengeful talons. « 1800 Cowpf.r ///W(ed. 2J !<br />

XXI. 343 Allow no respite to thy vengeful arm Till ev'ry j<br />

Trojan,. within Ilium's lofty walls Be fast enclosed. |<br />

2. Of actions or feelings : Characterized or I<br />

'<br />

|<br />

'<br />

j<br />

j<br />

I prompted<br />

by revengeful motives; arising from a<br />

desire for vengeance.<br />

1635—56 Cowley Dax'ideis iii. Poems (1905) 328 Full thrice<br />

six years they felt fierce Eglons yoke. Till Ehuds sword<br />

Gods vengeful Message spoke. 1649 Milton Eikon. viiL<br />

Wks. 1851 III. 392 That choleric, and vengefuU act of proclaiming<br />

him Traitor. 1709 Prior Car/it. Sec. xvii. With<br />

wise Silence pond'ring vengeful Wars. 1774 Goldsm. IVat.<br />

Hist. VII. 193 To us who seldom feel tlie vengeful wound,<br />

it is merely a subject of curiosity. x8i8 Scoit Hrt. Midi.<br />

xxix, The fury darted her knife at him with tne vengeful<br />

dexterity of a wild Indian. 1845 Ld. Campbell Chancellors<br />

liv. (1857) III. 77 In no composition that I have met with is<br />

there a greater display of vengeful malignity. 1874 Grekn<br />

Short Hist. viii. § 7. 534 The Massacre had left them the<br />

objects of a vengeful hate.<br />

Hence Ve'n^eftilly adv,^ Ve'ngefttlness.<br />

1830-1 RusKiN Iteriad 11. 300 His dark lightning-eye<br />

made him seem.. like his own Thalaba, *vengefully tired.<br />

1844 KiNGLAKE Eothen iv, On he goes vengefully thirsting<br />

for the best blood of Troy. 1897 Advance (Chicago) 31 July<br />

143/1 He looked at his mother vengefully. 1717 Bailey<br />

(vol. II), *Vengefulntss, vindictive or revengeful Temper or<br />

Nature. 1861 Meredith /'w^. /K,ifef. (1912) 134 He fainted on<br />

his vengefulness, and strove To ape the magnanimity of love.<br />

t Ve'llgement. Obs, [a. OF. vengementy f.<br />

venger Venge v, Cf. Avengement.] Vengeance.<br />

1338 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 197, I wille of ^-at feloun<br />

tak vengement, pat so fordos my coroun. 1390 Gowbr Conf.<br />

111. 282 His oghne brother iherupon. .Tok of that Senne<br />

vengement. 1484 Caxton Curiall 2, I telle to the that thy<br />

vengement shal engendre to the more greuous aduersytes.<br />

1555 Watreman Fardle Facions App. 351 That thei should<br />

take vengemente vpon them, bothe by officer, and without.<br />

1596 Spenser F. Q. vi. iii. 18 Witnesse thereof he shew'd his<br />

head there left. And wretched life forlorne for vengement of<br />

his theft.<br />

Vengeno9, -ency, varr. Vfngeance, -ancy.<br />

t Ve'XIgeously, adv. Obs. rare. [Irreg. f.<br />

Venge v, Cf, Vengeancely adv."] Violently,<br />

viciously.<br />

1599 Breton Miseries ManHlia Wks. (Grosart) II. 43/1<br />

If I did but even touch her, the monkie would set out the<br />

throate, and crie so vengeouslie, that to it must the mother<br />

come. 1824 in Spirit Pub. Jmls. {1825) 312 He came up<br />

to me so vengeously in the street, and 1 said to him, * Can t<br />

it be done without fighting ? '<br />

Venger (vend^si). Forms : 4-5 veniour,<br />

-iere, vengere, 5- venger (5 wen-), 6 vengear<br />

(van-), [a, AF. or OF. *vengeotir {vangeor^ vencheuTy<br />

F. vetigenr) and vengiere, agent-n, f, venger<br />

Venge z',] An avenger. Now poel. or rhel,<br />

A 1340 Hampole Psalter viii. 3 pat pou distroy the enmy<br />

&(«; vengere, c 1380 Wvclif Sel. IVks. III. 297 He is<br />

Goddis mynystre, vengere into wrabhe to hym J>at doj?<br />

evyl. 138* — Hosea v. 13 And Effraym wenteto Assur, and<br />

sente to the kyng veniour. 1447 Bokknham Seyntys (Roxb.)<br />

54 And this I wyl thou know for sekyrnesse That god is<br />

wenger of wyckydnesse. 1483 Cath. Angl. 400/1 A venger,<br />

vindex^ vindicator. 1516 Tindale i'rol. Ep. Romans<br />

A iij. Thou woldest thatt their were no. .God, the auctor<br />

and vangear of the lawe, 1590 Spenser F. Q. i. iii. 20 His<br />

bleeding hart is in the vengers hand. x6oi Yarington Tivo<br />

Lauieut. 'frag. iv. viii. in Bullen O. PI. IV, I, he is well, in<br />

such a vengers handes, As will not winck at your iniquitie.<br />

1865 Reader 16 Sept. 399/2 Other champion of our cause<br />

shall come,, .venger of his sire. i88i H. Phillips tr.<br />

Chatnisso's Faust 10 The Venger's Vengeance smites the<br />

guilty head.<br />

tVe'ngeress. Obs. rare. [n. OF. vengeresse :<br />

cf. prec, and -ess.] A female avenger.<br />

In quot. c 1450 as the name of a spear.<br />

C1374 Chaucer Boeth. \\\. met. xii. 11868) 107 J»e J?re goddess<br />

s, furijs, and vengerisse of felonies, c 1450 Merlin xiv.<br />

229 This kynge alain was seke of the woundes of the spere<br />

vengeresse [F. la lance vengeresse]. 1490 Caxton Eneydos<br />

xxvii. 99 O cruelle vltryces, wycked vengeresses, Furyes infernalle<br />

& lusticers of helle. 1647 Hexham i, A vengeresse,<br />

een wrecckster.<br />

t VengesOTir. Obs. rare. [f. OF. vengeis-on<br />

vengeance.] An avenger,<br />

138a Wyclif ler. xxvi. 25 And I shal brynge vpon 30W<br />

a swerd, vengesoure [1388 vengere] of my boond of pees.<br />

— Numb. XXXV. 25 The hoond of the vengesour.<br />

t Ve*Hgible, «. and Of/r;. Obs. [var. of Venge-<br />

ABLE a^<br />

1. Vengeful, vindictive.<br />

1548 Cooper Elyot's Dict.^ /?/r«j,. .vengible, cruell, terrible.<br />

JS95 Locrine 1. ii. 16 The desperate god Cuprit, with<br />

one of his vengible birdbolts, hath shot me vnto the heele.<br />

1607 ToPSELL Fourf. Beasts 461 These also are the Epethites<br />

of the Lionesse :. .bold, stony-harted, vengible. 1609<br />

Holland /!;«;//. Marcell, 321 A vengible wayt-layer,..by<br />

bloudie grudges and displeasures doing much mischief.<br />

b. Grievous, severe.<br />

i6oi Holland Pliny I. 4 Impose they doe upon them hard<br />

and vengible charges to execute.<br />

2. Remarkable, extraordinary. Also as adv.<br />

1594 LvLV Mother Bombie mi. ii, He spake nothing but<br />

sentences, but they were vengible long ones. 160a Contention<br />

beiw. Liberality b.\. es<br />

clensed wele Of al dedely syn and of veniele. c 1386 Chaixer<br />

Pars. T. 287 In \>\% wise skippith venial in to dedly synne.<br />

c 1400 26 Pol. Poems ix. 85 In venyale synne longe to byde,<br />

Make^ dedly synnes to growe grete. 1483 Caxton Gold.<br />

Leg. 60/2 'Ibswere lyghtly without hurte or blame is venyal<br />

syrme. 1526 Pilgr. I'erf. (W. de W. 1531) 180 Whome no<br />

synne sholde defoule, neylher originall nor actuall, mortall<br />

ne venyall. 1558 Bp. Watson Sev, Sacram. \. 5 If he hath<br />

lightly offended in any venyall synne, he pardonelh him.<br />

1615 Brathwait Strappado (1878) 83 If I but tutch, to<br />

tutch 's a veniall sin. The pretty circle of thy dimpled<br />

chin, 168a Burnet Rights Princes Pref. 33 Ihat it is only<br />

a Venial Sin in any, to lessen the great authority of another.<br />

a X700 in Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ. IX. 360 She had rather have<br />

suffered a thousand deaths, ihen wittingly commite y* least<br />

veniall sinne. 1737 Challoner Cath. Chr. Instr. (1753)116<br />

By what Rule shall a Person be able to make a Judgment<br />

whether his Sins be mortal or venial ? 1830 Scott Demonol.<br />

ii. 56 The crime of the person who, .consulted the oracle of<br />

Apollo;—a capital offence in a Jew, but surely a venial sin<br />

in an ignorant and deluded pagan. 1875 Jowett Plato<br />

(ed. 2) I. 408 Those who have only committed venial sins are<br />

first purified of them.<br />

b. Of Climes, offences, etc.<br />

1604 Shaks. 0th. iv. i. 9 If they do nothing, *lis a Veniall<br />

slip. i6aa J. Taylor (Water V.) Sir Gregory NonsenceV^Va.<br />

(1630) 4/1 The man that seeketh straying minds to weane<br />

all. From veniall vices, or offences penall. 1665 Boyle<br />

Occas. Refl- Pref. p. x, I hope it will lie thought a venial<br />

Crime, if in some of these Meditations I have not aim'd to<br />

express Eloquence, but only to cherish Piety. 1746 Frakcis<br />

tr. Hor.^ Sat. 1. iv. 174 Thus, pure from more pernicioi-s<br />

crimes I live: Some venial frailties you may well forgive.<br />

1796 W. H. Marshall Rur. Eicon. II. 115 The practice of<br />

pruning off the side boughs of Hedgerow Elms is a venial<br />

crime. 187a Yeats Growth Comm. 56 Our own laws not<br />

long ago punished forgery and even more venial crimes with<br />

death. 1876 Fakrar Mnrlb. Senii. xiv. 134 Laughter may<br />

be the right cure for venial follies.<br />

+ c. Of an offender : Committing a venial sin or<br />

offence. Obs.'^'^<br />

1796 Mme. D'Arblav Camilla I. 225 The venial offender<br />

had been released with a gentle reprimand.<br />

2. Of an error or fault : That may be excused or<br />

overlooked ; of a light, unimpoitant, or trivial<br />

nature ; excusable.<br />

J581 Pettik Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 11. (1586) 66 b, Whereby<br />

we may gather, ih.it if the fault in wordes be veniall, the<br />

fault in sentence and matter be mortall. 1639 Fuller Holy<br />

it'ar v. ix. 243 In the prosecuting and m;inaging thereof,<br />

many not only veniall errours but unexcusable faults were<br />

committed. 1699 Bentlev Pkal. 326 He thinks it a more<br />

venial fault to make a mistake at Second hand after others.<br />

'735 Bolincbroke On Parties xix. 235 He, who would have<br />

been ashamed to participate in Fraud, or to yield to Corniption,<br />

may begin to think the Faults venial, when he sees<br />

Men, who were far below Him, rise above Him by Fraud<br />

and by Corruption. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 41B Witness at<br />

his foot. The spaniel dying, for some venial fault. 1815<br />

Scott Betrothed (Iloncl., This is a venial error compared to<br />

that of our ancestors. 1876 Fakrar Marlb. Serm. xxxvi.<br />

362 If a boy has committed some, .quite venial fault.<br />

b. In general use,<br />

1806 in Mrs. Hutchinson's Mem. ofCol. H. 304 note^ The<br />

account here given of Col. Hutchinson's moiives..lays his<br />

conduct fairly open to the discussion . .of the reader, who.<br />

will determine it for himself to be commendable, censurable,<br />

or venial. 1809-10 Coleridge Friend (1865) 138 This was<br />

indeed a gross delusion, but, assuredly for young men at<br />

least, a very venial one too. 1850 W. Irving Mahomet xvi.<br />

(1853) 06 An act of plunder and revenge -a venial act in the<br />

eyes of the Arabs. x88o R. G. White Every-Day Eng. 79


VENIAL. VENISON.<br />

Mere provincialism in pronunciation.. is venial in comparison<br />

with slovenly speecn.<br />

f3. Allowable, permissible ; blameless, rare*<br />

*597 Hooker Ecci. Pol. v. lxxi.§ 8 The lewes. .not doubting<br />

that bodily labourfi are made by necessitie veiuall,<br />

though otheiwise, especially on that day [i.e. the Sabl'ath],<br />

rest be more conuenient. 1667 Milton P. L. ix. 5 Where<br />

God. -With Man. .familiar us'd To sit indulgent., .permitting<br />

him the while Venial discour^e unblam'd. 1715 Pope<br />

Odyss. I. 219 With venial freedom let me now demand Thy<br />

name, thy lineage, and paternal land.<br />

+ B. sb. A venial sin or offence ; a light fault or<br />

eiror. Obs.<br />

c X380 Wyclif Sei. IVks. III. 452 pou3 J>is be synne, ^t >t<br />

is venyal, and not dedly, and venyals lien wa^chcn awey<br />

wit> preieris of a Patcr-nosier. a 1395 Hylton Scaia Per^.<br />

1 xxxiii. (W. de W. 1494), Neuertheles yet shalt thou for this<br />

defawte & all other venyals whyche may not he eschewed in<br />

this wretchyd lyf lyft up thyn hert to god. c 1435 St. Mary<br />

0fOigni€S I. vi. in Angiia VIII. 138 47 pof siie so eshewed<br />

(to smal (sins] and veniels. c 1540 Schoie House lyomen<br />

(1572) D iij b, And were not two small venialles, The feminine<br />

might be glorifide. 1596 Bell Sum. Popery in. ix. 364<br />

Howsoeuer our late papists flatter themselues in their<br />

Vi:nial3. 1609 Bp. Hall Dtsswas. Poperie Wks, (1627) 642<br />

It. .gently blanches ouer the breaches of Gods law with the<br />

name of venialls, and fauourable titles of diminution. 1671<br />

WooDHEAU St. Teresa L iv. 15, 1 was careful not to commit<br />

any Mortal sin ;..but of Venials I made no great account,<br />

t Ve nial, a-- Obs. rare. [Irreg. var. of Venal<br />

tf.-] Venous.<br />

IS74 J. Jones Nat. Beginn. Growing ^ Living Things 8<br />

When the heart is opened, it receueth Aire by the veniall<br />

arlerie. 1578 Banister Hist. Man v. 70 Galen seemeth<br />

rather willyng to call this veyne a certaine veniall passage<br />

or way.<br />

II Venialia, f^-/''. Obs.-^^ [L. venidlia^ neut.<br />

pi. of venidlis: see Ve.nial aX\ Venial sins or<br />

offences,<br />

1654 Gavton PLas. Notes iv. ii. 183 The peccadillo's and<br />

veiiialia, which never come into the black book.<br />

Veniality. ? Obs. [f. Venial o.i + -ity ; cf.<br />

Sp. venialiJad, Vg. venzalidade.l a. The property<br />

or quality of being venial, b, A matter of favour<br />

or grace.<br />

1628 Bp. Hall Serm. Westni. 54 They palliate wickedne&se<br />

with the faire pretence of Venlalitie. 1654 H.<br />

L'KsTBANGE Chas. I (1655) 138 The Flemish Busses, .were<br />

soon reduced .. to intreat the favour of fisKing by his<br />

Majesties commission : a veniality the king was most ready<br />

to indulge them.<br />

Venially (vrniali), adv. [f, Ve.nial a.i +<br />

-LT -.] In a venial manner, esp, in the way of<br />

venial sin pardonably, excusably.<br />

;<br />

a 1340 Hampole Psalter xvii. 26 Na man is in erthe ^at<br />

synnes noght venyally. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. T. r aS8 (>ylk<br />

worldly thynges t>at he loueth, ^urgh which he synneth<br />

venially. £1440 Jacob's W^«//8operfore, takyih heed bemy<br />

woordys, whanne ^e synnen in pride venyally, & whanne<br />

dedly. J534 More Com/, agst. Trib. 11. Wks. 1183/1 Wher<br />

as els ill dede he had offended but venyally. 1588 A. King<br />

tr. Caiiisins Caiech. 227 Thay ar aduerAaiies to the doctrine<br />

of trew religion quha sayis that ane iust man sinne-t at leist<br />

veniallie in cuery guid wark. 1608 Willkt Hexapla Exod.<br />

659 A iust man in his good workes doth not sinnc so much<br />

as venially. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriot. Ded., The<br />

Antients venially delighted in flourishing Garden.s. 1740<br />

Gibber ApoL (1756) I- ia8 All the faults follies, and affec.<br />

tation of that agreeable tyrant were venially melted down<br />

into so many charms and attractions. 1847 Eraser's Mag.<br />

XXXVI. 53 So it fareswithgeniuswhich, when only venially<br />

erroneous, is not to l)e forgiven. 1878 tr. Villari's Machiavein<br />

II. I. viii. 249 If he sinned aga.n however venially, he<br />

would certainly be hung.<br />

Venialness.<br />

= Veniality.<br />

rar€~^. [(". as preo. + -NESS,]<br />

1717 Bailk.v (vol. II), Venialness^ Pardonableness. 1755<br />

Johnson,<br />

pardon.<br />

Pardonableness, venialness; susceptibility of<br />

Venianoe, etc., obs. fi".<br />

Vengeance.<br />

Venice ^venis). Also 6 Venysae, Venise,<br />

Ven(i)ys, Vennya, Venes, 7 Vennis, Venia.<br />

Also Venus-, [a. F. Venise .—l^, Vettetia (It.<br />

yenezia, Sp. Venecia^ Pg. Veneza) : see def.]<br />

1. The name of the city (the capital of the province<br />

of the same natne) in the north-east of Italy,<br />

used attrib. to designate various articles made theie<br />

or having some connexion with the locality, as<br />

Venice looking-glass-paper, point (lace), tinsel^ vial^<br />

work, etc.<br />

(Cf. Venetian a. 2,)<br />

t Venice beam : see Roman a." 15. Venice blue (see quot.).<br />

Venice craivn. Her. (see quot.>. Venice gold, sih>er (cf.<br />

GoLDji. 4, Silver sb. 4). Venice lac (see Lac' 2, quot.<br />

1763). Vettice soap (see quois.). t * 'enice sumach^ Venetian<br />

sumach. Venice talc, while (see quois.).<br />

i6xz CloTGR-, yVa/«a« 4//(7/«Won on thy Venice-glass. 185a Thackekay<br />

Esmond I. ix. On which poor Lady Castlewood gave a rueful<br />

smile, and 4 look into a little Venice glass she had.<br />

b. Venice treacle, in old pharmacy, an electuary<br />

composed of many ingredients and supposed to<br />

possess universal alexipharmic and preservative<br />

properties. Cf. Treacle sb. i c. Now arch.<br />

Also occas. called treacle 0/ Venice.<br />

1613 WooDALL Snrg. Mate Wks. (1633) 95 A little Venice<br />

Triacle or other Tiiacle. i6« J. Taylor (Water P.) Life<br />

Thomas /'arr C3, And Garlick hee esteem 'd above the rate<br />

Of Vcnice-Triacle, or best Mithridate. 1691 T. H[\le] Acc.<br />

New Invent, p. xxv. And as well may we be afraid to take<br />

the Venice Treacle, because of its being long kept in boxes<br />

of Lead, c i7»o W. Gibson Farrier's Dispens. in. (1721) 146<br />

Venice Treacle. This is aUo called the y^«nVif«,or'lreacle<br />

ofAndromachus. 17S3J. BA»TLKTC^«//./arr«r)'xlii.(i754)<br />

323 Internally, for bites from v.pers, may be given cordial<br />

medicines, such as Venice treacle and salt of hartshorn.<br />

1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3; XVI. 573/2 1 he Muscovites at all<br />

times reject as impure, .rabbit, ass's milk, mare's milk, and<br />

Venice-treacle. s8sx Scott AV«/V7s consists of 24 parts of mastic, 3 of Venice<br />

turpentine, and i of camphor.<br />

Venie, var. Veny Obs. Venieaunce, obs. f.<br />

Vkngeance. Veniiice, var. Venekice Obs,<br />

Veui'genous, a. Geol. [f. L. type ^vhtigena^<br />

Of ruck-masses : Bearing or containing veins of<br />

metal or quartz.<br />

1817 Blackw, Mag. I. 421 A series of specimens of the<br />

diamond imbedded in a venigenous mass. 1833-4 J. Phillips<br />

Geol. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) VI. 762/2 The intricate<br />

character of the venigenous masses of Mousebole.<br />

Venim(ouB, obs. ff. Venom(ou3.<br />

tVenin, sb.^ Obs. In 4-5 venyn, [a. OF.<br />

venin :—L. venen-umj] Venom, poison.<br />

€ 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 9005 Venyn for<br />

salue wy^ hym he nam, Als a monk to court he cam. c 1380<br />

Wyclif Three Treat. (1851) p. xxxvi, As Crist techij? in nis<br />

gospel, liou (lai men shulden,.forsakehercumpenye as venyn<br />

\v.r. venyinj. c 1400 ApoL Loll. 57 Triacle is turnid in to<br />

venyn, and J>is )?at was foundun to remedie, is foundun<br />

to de^j.<br />

Hence f Venin v. trans. ^ to poison. Obs,~^<br />

a 1500 Prompt. Parv. 508/2 (MS. H.), Venynyn or venyiiiyn,<br />

vetteno.<br />

Venin, Ji^.2 Chem. Also -ine, -ene. [f. Venom<br />

f -IN *.] A toxic substance forming the distinctive<br />

element in snake-venom. (In recent Diets.)<br />

Veniour, obs. var. Venger.<br />

Ii Venire (v/h3is*r/). Law. [EUipt. for next.]<br />

1. = next I.<br />

1665 Ever Tryals per Pais iii. 31 Therefore where the<br />

Sheriff ought not to retorn the Venire, he cannot retorn the<br />

Tales. 1676 Ojfice Clerk Assize 82 In the mean time doth<br />

tiie Clerk of the Peace file the Venire, and the pannel with<br />

the Indictment. 1721 Bkvekley Hist. Virginia iv. vi 223<br />

A Writ of Venire issues in such Cases, to summon six of the<br />

nearest Neighbours to the Criminal. 1771 E. Long in Hone<br />

Every-day Bk. (1826) II. 200 You must have a venire for a<br />

jury. 1821 Archbold Digest Law Pleading


VENISON.<br />

venasOj obs. Sp. vfnoi'iony Pg. veafao^ It. venagiotte)<br />

;— L. vmatidn-em hunting, f. vendri to hunt.<br />

The pron. (ve'nz'n), gi\-en as colioq. by Smart in 1836, is<br />

now usual in England. The fuHer (ve'niz'n) or (ve'ni73n)is<br />

current in the United States, and (\'e*nis'ii) is common in<br />

Scotland.]<br />

1. The flesh of an animal killed in the chase or by<br />

hunting and used as food ; formerly applied to the<br />

flesh of the deer, boar, hare, rabbit, or other game<br />

animal, now almost entirely restricted to the flesh<br />

of various species of deer. Cf. b.<br />

«. a 130a Havelok 1726 Kranes swannes, ueneysun, Lax,<br />

lampre)-s,andgodsturgun. 13.. A'. .4 /w. 5233 (Laud MS.),<br />

To mete was greibed beef & motoun, Bredes, briddes, &<br />

>-eni-soun. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) L 89 t>ei..ete'^<br />

no flesche but venj^soun. ci4ao Liber Cocorum (1862) z8<br />

A sawce hit is For vele and venj'son, iwys. c 1425 Koc. ia<br />

Wr.-Wulcker 662 Hec /erina, wenyson. c 1489 Caxton<br />

Sommes 0/ AymoK xxi. 463 Soo toke he a dysshe that was<br />

before hym, that was full of venyson, and seiite it to hym by<br />

a squyre of his. a 1500 Remedie o/Loue in Thynne Chaucer<br />

(1532) 367 b/2 Venyson stohie is aye the swetter. 1578 T. N.<br />

tr. Cong. iK India -ioct They sel in this market venison by<br />

quarters or whole, as Does, Hares, Conies, .and many other<br />

beastes, which they bring up for the purpose, and take in<br />

hunting. 1598 Manwood /,a-:wi.F(;/-«/ v. (1615)49 Amongst<br />

the common sort of people, nothing is accompted Venison,<br />

but the flesh of Red and Fallow Deere. 1617 Mokyson<br />

IttH. 111. 149 Hares are thought to nourish melancoly, yet<br />

they are ealen as Venison, both rosled and boyled. 1672<br />

JossELYS Neiv Eng, Rarities 48 Bears are very fat in the<br />

fall of the leaf, at which time they are excellent venison.<br />

1736 SiiERiDAM in Swift Lett. (1768) IV. 167 Our venison is<br />

plenty: our weather too hot for its carriage. 1769 Gray<br />

Lett., etc. (1775) 363 Fell mutton is. .in season. . ; it grows<br />

fat on the mountains, and nearly resembles venison. x8i8<br />

ScoTV Br. Lamm, ix, The huntsman's knife, presented to<br />

her for the purpose of making the first incision in the stag's<br />

breast, and thereby discovering the quality of the venison.<br />

1837 \V. Irving Capt. Bjnneville III. 63 The party.. hunted<br />

for a few days, until they had laid in a supply of dried buffalo<br />

meat and venison. 1885 J. G. Bertram Brit. Aim. Contp.<br />

70 The best venison for the table is supplied by the fallow<br />

deer raised in the home parks of England.<br />

p. 0460 J. Russell Bk. Nurture 689 in Babees Bk.^<br />

Capoun, pigge, vensoun bake, leche loinbard. 1502-3 Rec.<br />

St. Mary at HUl (1905I 248 Payd . . ffor a reward for bryngyngofvenson,<br />

1598 Manw^ood Lawes Forest v. (1615) 50<br />

Our eldest English writers doe call the same Venson, and<br />

not Venison : But by what reason I see not. 1697 Drydf.n<br />

^tteid 1, 274 The jars of gen'rous wine.. He set abroach,<br />

and for the feast prepar'd, In equal portions with the ven'son<br />

shar'd. 1717 Prior Alma 1.378 If Vou Dine with my Lord<br />

May'r, Roast-beef, and Ven'son is your Fare. i78oCowp]:r<br />

Progr, Err. 220 Turtle and ven'son all his thoughts employ.<br />

1784 — Task IV. 612 Whoso seeks an audit here Propitious,<br />

pays his tribute, game or fish, Wild-fowl or ven'son.<br />

b. With ^(an animal) or defining term.<br />

c 1290 .V. Eng. Leg. I. 472 Huy nomen with heom into<br />

heore schip bred i-novs and wyn, Venesun of heort and<br />

hynd, and of wilde swyn. a 1400 Sgr. loive Degre 324<br />

Storkes and snytes ther were also, And venyson freshe of<br />

bucke and do. c 1410 Master o/Game (MS. Digby 182) iii,<br />

J>e venysoun of hem [i.e. bucks] is reght goode, and ykept<br />

and salted, as \>a.t of t>e hert. 1545 Elvot, Aprugna, the<br />

ven>'Son of a wylde boore. 1609 Bible (Douay) i Kings iv.<br />

23 The venison of hartes, roes, and baffles. 1648 Hexham<br />

II, Het wildt'braedt van een Beer, the Venison of a wilde<br />

Boare. 1650 Fuller Pisgah i, v. 12 Venison both red and<br />

fallow. 1814 ScoTT Wav. xii. note. The learned in cookery<br />

..hold roe-venison dry and indifTerent food, unless [etc.],<br />

1852 MuNDY Antipodes (1857) 6 A haunch of kangaroo<br />

venison. 1885 J. G. BEinMAM Brit. Aim. Contp. 70 A<br />

haunch of red deer venison is not much appreciated, as it<br />

is expensive and troublesome to cook.<br />

o. Used allusively (see quot.).<br />

1579 NoRTHBROOKE Didng (1843) 22, I pray God the olde<br />

prouerbe be not found true, that gentlemen and riche men<br />

are venison in Heauen (that is), very rare and daintie to<br />

haue them there.<br />

2. Any beast of chase or other wild animal killed<br />

by hunting, esp. one of the deer kind. Now arch.<br />

13.. K. Alis. 1863 (Laud MS.\ Hij charged many a selcou|>e<br />

beeste-.Wi^ Armure & ek vitayles ; Longe Cartes<br />

wij> pauylounes, Hors & oxen f/\\> venisounes. 1338 R.<br />

Bkun.se C/tron. (1810) 64 Whan Harald or \>g kyng wild<br />

com Jrider eftsons In J>e lyme of g[r]ese, to tak \>Axn venysons.<br />

c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 51 To chase the Bore or the<br />

Veneson, The Wolfe, the <strong>Here</strong> and the Hawson. 1456 Sir<br />

G. Have La7u Arms (.S.T.S.) 234 He sittand in a busk..<br />

bydand the venysoun come stalkand by him stillely. 1535<br />

CovERDALE Isaiah li. 20 Thy sonnes lie comfortles at y«<br />

heade of euery strete like a taken venyson. 1588 Parkic tr.<br />

Mendoza*s Hist. China g One whole venison is bought for<br />

two rials. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. in. iii. 75 He that strikes The<br />

Venison first, shall be tlie Lord o' ih' Feast. 1651 Cleve.<br />

LAND Poems 12 The Ven'sons now in view, our hounds<br />

spend deeper. 1727 [Dorrington] Philip Quarllis Ten to<br />

one but I may give you a Venison. 1854 Thoreau IValden<br />

(1884)302 One [hare] sat by my door. ..I took a step, and..<br />

away it scud with an elastic spring, . .the wild free venison,<br />

asserting its vigor. 1876 Forest ^ Stream 13 July 368/2<br />

When you see a ' venzon (1892) 26S Thefyvesoitesof beastes of theForestcas alsoe<br />

the fy ve .sortes of the beastes of Chace, all which ten sortes<br />

are comprehended vnder the name of Venison. 1680 Mordf.n<br />

Geog. Red. (1685) 347 Tiieir Venison is the Wild Boar, the<br />

Hart, the Stag, the Fallow Deer and Hare, which are most<br />

excellent. 1700 Tyrrell Hist. Eng, II. 819 The Vcrderers<br />

and Foresters shall meet to view the Attachments of the<br />

Forest, as well of Vert, as Venison. 1791 W. Gilimn<br />

Forest Scenery II. 17 Under him are two distinct appointments<br />

of officers; the one to preserve the venison of the<br />

forest ; and the other to preserve its vert. 1854 Thoreau<br />

IValden xiii, I was interested in the preservation of the<br />

venison and the vert more than the hunters.<br />

^. 1597 Constable Poems (1B59) 75 Course the fearefulle<br />

Hare, Venson do not spare, a 1618 Sylvester Little Bartas<br />

484 Wks. (Grosart) 11. 8g For Him, the Mountains, downs,<br />

& Forrests breed Buffs, Beefs, Sheep, Venzon.<br />

1 3. The action or practice of hunting ; veneiy.<br />

Obs. rare.<br />

J390 GowER Con/. II. 68Therscholde he with his Dart on<br />

honde Upon the Tigre and the Leon Pourchace and take<br />

his veneison. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De /*, R. xv. xxxiv.<br />

(Tollem. MS.), 'Ihese men . gon aboute in large wildirnesse<br />

.<br />

as wylde men,., and lyuen by prayesand by venison, c 1520<br />

Adam Belly Clim 0/ Clougky etc. iv. They were outlawed<br />

for venyson, These thre yemen euereclione.<br />

4. attrib, and Cojnb.^ as venison dish, plate, provider,<br />

salesfnatij thief, tic, venison-like 'y ^6^).<br />

1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 74 b, His flesh is Venesonlike<br />

for the which he is so often hunted. 1734 Arbuthnot in<br />

Pope Lett. (1735) L 340 My Venison Stomach is gone.<br />

a 1743 R. Savage Progr. Divine Wks. 1777 II. 120 Some<br />

plunder fishponds ; others (ven'son thieves) The forest<br />

ravage. 1753 Chambers^ Cycl. Suppl. s.v.. Thus, in some<br />

places, the wolf and the fox are reckoned among the Venison<br />

beasts. 1854 Poultry Chron. II. 167 Thomas Fricker,<br />

Game, Poultry, Pork, Venison, and Egg Salesman. 1858<br />

SiMMONDS Diet. Trade, Venison-dish, a metal dish to keep<br />

venison hot at table. Ibid., Venison-plate, a hot plate for<br />

eating venison on. 1897 Outing XXIX. 437/2 A houndmaster,<br />

gamekeeper, and venison provider.<br />

b. In the sense of<br />

', shoot him, shoot him, When<br />

you shoot a venson, send me some to cook.<br />

b. collect. (See quot. 1603.) "iiow arch.<br />

a. X33SR. Brunne Chron. (1810) 112 pe kyng..Forsters<br />

* I<br />

'<br />

!<br />

j<br />

1<br />

made of or with, consisting<br />

of, venison', as venison dinner, pasty, pie.<br />

1598 Shaks. Mei-ry W. \. i. 202 We haue a hot Venison<br />

pasty to dinner, 1665 in Maitland <strong>Club</strong> Miscell. (184a) 11.<br />

527 For Venusone py, 005 08 00. x68i T. Flatman Heraclitus<br />

Ridens No. 28 (1713) I. 184 The Whigs shall not<br />

always Rule the Roast, nor the Custards and Venison-<br />

Pasties neither. 1721 Amherst Terrse Fil. No. 1. 4 To see<br />

the virtuous munificence of founders.. tost up in fricasees<br />

and venison pasties. i8i8 Scott Rob Roy vi, ThornclifTs<br />

person, stuffed as it is with beef, venison-pasty, and pudding.<br />

1841 Thackeray Gt. Hoggnrty Diatnond iv. Since my<br />

venison dinner and drive with Lady Doldrum. 1864 C.<br />

Geikie Life in Woods vi. (1874) 117 Venison pie,., for days<br />

after, furnished quite a treat in the house.<br />

Hence Vo'nisonlaed ppl. c, cooked so as to<br />

resemble venison. Venisoni'vorous a»^ given to<br />

eating venison, nonce-words.<br />

C1831 G. C. Lewis Lett. (1870) 10 People are very<br />

venison Ivorous. 1881 Mrs. A. R. Ellis Sylvestra II. 29<br />

The venisonized loin of mutton.<br />

Veni'tary, rarf~^. [ad. med.L. venitariu/n^<br />

f. venite: see next.] (See quot.)<br />

1853 Rock Ch. of Fathers III. 11. xii. 213 Tlie Veuitary<br />

was a small book, in which the ' Venite, exultemus Domino,'<br />

. .with the appropriate invitatorium, . .was written out, and<br />

the notation for the chant put beneath the words.<br />

11 Venite (v/hsi-tz). [L. : 2nd pers. pi. imp.<br />

of venire to come.] The ninety-fifth psalm (the<br />

ninety-fourth in the Vulgate, beginning Venite,<br />

exultemus Domino) used as a canticle at matins or<br />

morning prayer ; the invitatory psalm ; also, a<br />

musical setting of this,<br />

a 1325 Ancr. R. i8 J>us do3 et euerich Gloria Patri, & et<br />

te biginnunge of Jjc Venite. C1450 in Aungier Syon (1840)<br />

364 The two sustres that be tabled to synge the versicles<br />

schal synge the Venite and the first verse at matens. 1657<br />

Sparrow Bk. Com. Prayer 32 The Venite. O come let us<br />

sing unto the Lord. Tliis is an Invitatory Psalm. 1713<br />

Gibson Codex Juris Eccl. Angl. 299 Invitatories, Some<br />

Text of Scripture, adapted and chosen for the Occasion of<br />

the Day, and used before the Venite. 1853 Rock Ch. of<br />

Fathers HI. 11. xii. 213 On high feast days, the *Venite'<br />

used to be sung with great solemnity, by the lulers of the<br />

choir. 1877 J. D. Chambers Div. Worship 134 The mode<br />

of singing the 'Venite', with an Invitatory superadded.<br />

1899 A. C. Benson Life Abp. Benson I. xv. 580 He had<br />

himself ushered to his place by the verger before the Venite.<br />

fb. Venite book, a book containing a musical<br />

setting of the ' Venite ' ; a venitary. Obs.<br />

1434 Invent. St. Mary's, Scarborough in Archaeolo^ia LI.<br />

66 Et unum librum vocatum Venite boke. 1537 in Glassock<br />

Rec. St. Michaels 127 Item iij pryntid masbooke and a<br />

venyte booke. 1559 Dwtmo^v Churchiv. MS. 43 b, A booke<br />

of parchment conteyninge in yt a Venite booke, an ymnall,<br />

and a boke for diriges and berialls.<br />

Venitian. obs. f. Venetian. Venizon, obs. f.<br />

Venison. Venk, southern ME. pa. t. Fang z^.l<br />

Venkes(s, -is, -us, obs. varr. Vanquish v.<br />

tVenlin. Obs. [a. obs. LG. venlin (obs. G.<br />

fenlin, -kin ; now fdhnlein), dim. of vane (G.<br />

somoun, enquered vp & doun, Whilk men of toun had<br />

. did fahne) j taken his venysoun. C1386 Chaucer Doctors T, 83 A<br />

I (of<br />

theof of venisoun..Can kepe a forest best of every man.<br />

c 1400 Brut 105 pe Kyng Elle was gon to |>e wode I<br />

hiin forto<br />

set ; de^orte : and of venysoun somdele he hade tak. 1464 Rolls<br />

ofParlt.V. 533 The surveyng aswell of<br />

conteyne i<br />

theVerte as of the<br />

\<br />

Venyson of oure forest, a 1513 Fabyan Chron. i. clxxii. (1516)<br />

'<br />

«»/2 Vet therin<br />

foure<br />

is Venyson and other wylde beestes, and<br />

Fowle, and Fysshe great plente. 1550 J. Coke Eng. 4- Fr.<br />

Heralds § 6 Vousay you have fa>Te forestes,c bases and parkes<br />

fuU of venyson marvelous. 1603 G. Owen Pembrokeshire<br />

I<br />

100<br />

banner. Cf. Banner sb.^ 3.] A company<br />

soldiers). (See also Vanlin.)<br />

1541 St. Papers Hen. VIII (1849) VIII. 550 [They had<br />

up four] venlins [or banners, each of which ought to]<br />

[500]. 1587 Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1994/1<br />

They prouided the best they could to repell them, appointing<br />

venlins or ensignes of lance knights to keepe a standins<br />

watch that night in the trenches.<br />

Ven'movrae, obs. form of Venomous a.<br />

Venn(e, southern ME. variant of Fen sb.^<br />

VENOM.<br />

Veunel (ve*nel). Sc. {Ir.) and north. Forms ;<br />

5- vennel, 5 venal(e, 6 wennall, -el, 6-9 vennell,<br />

7 venel, 7-9 vennal, 8 vennile ; 7 viuell,<br />

9 vinnel. \ji..O¥,v£nele, veiiel/e, vanelU (mod.F.<br />

venclle) :~\\s folk felun,..Was<br />

nedder nan o mar wenim. C1325 Prose Psalter xiii. 5<br />

Venim of aspides, .i. nedders. £71386 Chaucer Pars. T.<br />

P 195 The galle of the dragon shal been hire drynke, and the<br />

venym of the dragon hire morsels. £^1450 St. Cuthbert<br />

(Surtees) 6313 A serpent him our qweld. .; liot his venym it<br />

did na sare. 1484 Caxton Fables of Msop v. viii, 'Ihe<br />

serpent came oute and slewe the child through his venym.<br />

^555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 67 marg., Serpentes without<br />

venime. 1652 j. Wright tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox 111. 49<br />

Like Spiders which make venim of Roses.<br />

^. a 1300 Cursor M. 20959 ^e nedder o venum sa Strang.<br />

a 1340 Hampole Psalter xiii. 5 Venome of snakis [is]<br />

vndire l>e lippes of J>a.<br />

a 1400-50 Alexander 4797 As gotis<br />

out of guttars in golanand wedres. So voidis doun ^jc vemon<br />

be vermyns schaftis. 1614 Disc. Strange ere be no grete<br />

bestes of venym, 5it Jjere beej> venemous attercoppes.<br />

2. Poison, esp. as administered to or drunk by a<br />

person ; any poisonous or noxious substance, preparation,<br />

or property ;<br />

a morbid secretion or virus-<br />

Now rare,<br />

^ a. cxxg/o S. Eng. Leg. 408/207 Venim ich habbe, strong<br />

i-nov^h, J?at ho-so barof nimeth ou5t..to dejse he worlh^<br />

i-brou3t. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) loio Ech gias Jjat t>erinne<br />

wexjj, a^en venim is. a 1300 C7trsor M. 21055 Venim he<br />

drank wit-outen wath. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. x\in. 152<br />

For venym for-doth venym. 1380 Lay Folks Caiech. (Lamb.<br />

MS.) 1133 Whi schuld venym or stynk leiie vsto visite men<br />

in presun? £-1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xvii, 80 If venym or<br />

puyson be bro5t in place whare |)e dyamaund es, alsone it<br />

waxez moyst. 1422 Vonge tr. Secreta Secret. 195 Many<br />

kingys . . that myght not be ouercome with armys by wenym<br />

loste ihar ly wis. t^j AnDViZVi Brztnswyke's Distyli. Waters


VENOM. 101 VENOMED.<br />

Cj, Water of ihe same, .is gooU to be dronke for venym and<br />

impoysoiiynge. 1553 K den Z^^cWt'j (Arb.) 108 Fogeda,..<br />

tbrowgh the maliciousiies of the veneme [of a poisoned<br />

arrowj, consumed and was dryed vp by lyttle and lyttle.<br />

1503 Q. Eliz. Boeth. i. pr. iii. 6 Thou haste not knowen<br />

Anaxagoras flight, nor Socrates Venini, nor Zenos torment.<br />

z6i6 SoRFL. & Markh. Countfu tarme yte vylanye & ^e vycios fyll^e, [-at by-sulpez niannez saule<br />

in vnsounile hert, C1380 Wvci.ik Wks. (1880) 417 ^if manye<br />

wolden holde togedere in Y\% bileue a^enus jie fend, it were<br />

a triaclc arenas venym hat emperour prelatis sowen in Jw<br />

folc. £^1400 Filgr. Soivle 11. xlv. (1859) 51 They have ben<br />

wretciied and irons, ful of venym, of rancour, and of hale.<br />

c 1450 Myrr, our Ladye 205 God gaue mankynde fowde of<br />

lyfe wherin the enmy spued venym by a worde of lesyng.<br />

1509 Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. xxxviti. Wks. (1876) 79 They laye<br />

before a man venym pryuely hyd vnder the colour of apperynge<br />

vcrtue. a 156^ Kingesmvli. Man's Est. vL (1580) 33<br />

That venime hath infected the whole race. 1607 Hieron<br />

lyks. I. 361 Hauing in him the arrowes of the Almightie,<br />

the venime thereof drinking vphis spirit.


VENOMBR.<br />

14*5 tr. ArtUmi's Trrat. Fistula, etc. 79 Also vitriol<br />

combuste be itself or with salt cumbuste yputte vpjn a<br />

veoemyd wonde drawei> t>e \'enyni fro bynep vnto aboue.<br />

1597 A.M. tr. GntiUmtari''s Fr. Ckirurg. a, 2 Some woundcs<br />

are of a worser nature, as beinge venoumede, rebellious and<br />

entermingled with some badde accideiites. 1805 Scott<br />

Last Minstrel vi. ix. The venom'd wound . . Long after rued<br />

that bodkin's point. 1870 Bryant Iliad \\. I. ^\ A venonied<br />

wound Made by a serpentV fangs.<br />

c. Of a bite, sting, etc. Alsoyf^.<br />

i6u Marston Aut. ff MeL iv. Wks. 1S56 I. 53 We have<br />

breasts of proofe Gainst all the venom'd sting-, of misery.<br />

1697 Dryden Virg. Gtorg. 11. 522 The greedy Flocks;<br />

Their venom'd Bite, and Scars inde iied on the Stocks.<br />

1765 GoLosM. New Simile 48 Ihe serpents round about it<br />

twin'd, Denote the rage with which he writes, His frothy<br />

sla\-er, venom'd bites. i8ia S. Rogers Ep. to Friend 4<br />

When, thy curious mind Has class'd the insect-tribes of<br />

human-kind. Each with its busy hum,.. Its subtle web-work,<br />

or its venom'd sting. i8aa Jodrkll Persian Heroine 11.<br />

ii. 738 How sharp thy venom d sting is, O Remorse ! 1903<br />

Briix^es H^in/ry Delights 377 All the venom'd stings And<br />

dread stiarpnesses of fury.<br />

3. Jig. Iinbueii with some virulent or malevolent<br />

quality; harmful or injurioui in some way; noxious;<br />

= Envexomed ///. a. 2,<br />

r 137S Sc. Leg. Saints 1. {Katkerinf) 222 Gyf J>ou had<br />

mycnt, me think J)u wald with venemyt slycht, lak ws in<br />

gyrne dissatfully. 138a Wvclif yosk. Prol., To reproue<br />

wiih venymyd tonge. 1435 Misyn Fire ofLe bitiur bondc Of ^e mortall enmye, l?at<br />

vemynousseserpente. 01548 Hall Chron., Hen. IV, ^^The<br />

Earle of Northumberland, .bare still a venemous scorpion<br />

in his cankered heart. Ibid., Hen. P'l, 16^ Tiiat venemous<br />

worme, that dreadfull dragon, called disdain of superioritie.<br />

01578 LiNDESAV (Pitscotiiei Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) 11. 239<br />

The Devill,. .that wicked and venimus serpent qubo gois<br />

about to sie quhome he may catch.<br />

4. fig. Having the virulence of venom ; rancorous,<br />

spiteful, malignant, virulent; embittered, envetiomed.<br />

a 1340 Hampolf Psalter x. 2 pai haf redy in liaire hertis<br />

venymouse wordis and sharpe. Ihid. xxviii. 8 paim..J)at<br />

. .puttis away venomus tongjs. 1340 Ayenb. 27 pe venimouse<br />

herte of l>eeiiuiouse2ene3e>generalliche. c 1400 Rom. Rose<br />

5528 With tonge woundyng, as feloun, 'I'huriih venemous<br />

dctraccioun. a 1450 Kfit. de la Tour {i868j 56 It is not good<br />

to . . take sodeyne acqueintaunce that hathe the herte of faire<br />

speche, for sum tyme her speche is deseyuable and venomous.<br />

C1489 Caxion Blanchardyn Ii, 196 The venymouse<br />

malyce of the false tiaytoure Subyon. 1555 Eden Decades<br />

(Arb.) 52 I'o speake venemous WQordes. .ageynst the annoynted<br />

of god. 1588 Shaks. Titus Andron. v. iii. 13 Ihe<br />

Venemous Mallice of my swelling heart. 1648 Hexham<br />

II, Feenijnighlickt venommously, spightfully, or [withl a<br />

venomous envy, a 17*1 Prior Session of Poets 36 That<br />

with very much Wit he no anger exprest Nor sharpen'd his<br />

Verse with a Venemous Jest. 1737 Gentl. Mag. VII. 623/2<br />

One R. C.sent me venemous Libels against the Great<br />

Man. 1857 Palcrave Hist, Nonnandy


VENOMOUSNESS. 103 VENT.<br />

47 The serpent namyd jaciilus, . . Qwat that he vppon fallyth,<br />

so venymiisly he doth yt smyght, That forthwith yl deyth,<br />

1591 pKHCivALL Sp. Oict.i Chincht", a worme that in hot<br />

countries lieth about beds, and biteth venemously. Cimex.<br />

1605SHAKS. /.rariv.iii. 48 iQ.), 'Ihese things sting hi-imind,<br />

So venomously that burning shame detaines him from Cordelia.<br />

1652 Gaule Magastrom. 360 He . . put his hand into<br />

the hole, and had it most venomously bitten by a poysonous<br />

serpent. 1687 Dbyden Hind ^^- m. 117a His praise of<br />

Foes is venomously Nice. 1868 Farrar Seekers i. ii. (1875)<br />

34 'J'hese facts are surely .--ufificient to refute, .those gross<br />

charges against the private character of Seneca, venomously<br />

retailed by a jealous Greekling. i88o Mrs. Forrester Roy<br />

(5" K. III. 134 'Oh, yes,' he cried venomously, 'you look<br />

very innocent'. 1898 J. Arch Story Life xvi. 385 The<br />

Union.. was venomously assailed by m»n who up till then<br />

had declared they were its best friends.<br />

Ve'iiomousness. [f. e vlcus be virulent, J»at is<br />

t3 seic venemi \v.r, venemy), loke if ^>at J»e venym l>at goiJ><br />

out be redisth or ^elowisch. 1594 Carew Tasso (1881) 74<br />

Ruddy his eyes and plaguefull venomy. a 1849 Mancan<br />

Poems (1850) 394 Except the haie that persecutes him<br />

Nothing hath cruder venomy might,<br />

tVeno'sal, a> Obsr~^ [f.L.2;f/«Jj-Kj: see next.]<br />

Venose, venous.<br />

i6ai BuRTt^M Anat. Mel. i. i. 11. iv, His. .office is to coole<br />

the Heart, by sending aire vnto it, by the Venosall Artery.<br />

Venose (v/nJo-si, a. [ad. L. venoS'US (whence<br />

also it.,Sp., Pg. venoso), i.vetiaymv sb."] Venous;<br />

spec, in Bot. and Ent, (seequots.)x66x<br />

LovELL Hist. Anim. ^ Min. 321 The short vessels<br />

arterioat his flessh venqueth most haue t>e prys.<br />

Venqueresse : see Vainqueress. Obs,<br />

Venques, -quia, etc, obs. ff. Vanquish v.<br />

Venson.Ven'son, Vensoun,obs.ff. Venison.<br />

Vent (vent), sb.^ Also 5 ventte, 5-6 vent6.<br />

[Variant of Fent sb^<br />

1, An opening or slit in a garment, « Fent sb. 1 ;<br />

now spec, the slit in the back of a coat.<br />

c X430 Pilgr. LyfManhode iv. Iviii. (i86g) 203 She hadde<br />

. .drawen out hire oon brest bi |>c vente of hire cote. 1459,<br />

11x500 [sec Fent i^. i). 1535 in Archeteologia IX. 244 .\<br />

dublette ; . .the ventes lyned with sarcenette. a 1548 H all<br />

Chron., Hen, Vlll, 207b, Twoo gounes;..the capes and<br />

ventes were of freltes of whipped gold of damaslcc very<br />

riche. 1587 Holinshed Ckron. (ed. 2) III. 820/1 The<br />

trappers of the coursers were mantell harnesse couipened,<br />

and in euerie vent a long bell of fine gold in bullion. 1828<br />

Carr Craven Gloss., Vent, the opening of the breast of a<br />

shirt, or of the sleeve, etc. 185X Mavne Kkxo Sca/p-H unters<br />

vii. 55 Dark-velvet embroidery around the vent and along<br />

the borders. 1906 Daily Chron. 4 Oct. 3/4 The vent is<br />

necessary . .owing to the length of the coat.<br />

t2. = Crenel t. Obs.<br />

X4a9 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) H. 445 Item<br />

venttes crest xij fott et di., v». Ibid,, Item pro xij pedibus de<br />

ventes pro enbatylment'.v*. ij*. xjs* in Bayley ^«/. Tarver<br />

(1821) p. xvii, -Also fynnysshed and made the vents of brycks<br />

of the White Tower. 1370-6 Lambarde /Vrawd. AV«/(i596)<br />

434 Kerne!Iare..signi6eth that indented forme of the top<br />

of a Wall which hathc Vent, and Creast, commonly called<br />

Embatteling. 1603 B. Josson A'. Jas.'s Entertainm, Wks.<br />

(i6i6i 84^ The Scene presented it selfe in a square and flat<br />

vpright, like to the side of a Citie: the top thereof, aboue<br />

the Vent, and Crest, adorn'd with houses, towrcs, and<br />

steeples.<br />

Vent (vent), sb.'i' [Partly a, F. vent ( =* It., Pg.<br />

vento, Sp. viento') :—L. venttts wind ; partly ad. F.<br />

^ent (OF. esveni), vbl. sb. from henter Event x'.Z]<br />

1, 1, The action of emitting or discharging;<br />

emission or discharge i?/* something; utterance^<br />

words. 7'are.<br />

X508 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 166, I sail ihe venome<br />

devoid with a vent large, And me assuage of the swalme,<br />

that suellit wes gret. 159a Shaks. Ven. 9f Ad. 334 Free<br />

vent of words love's fire doth assu.-ige. i6a6 Daniel Hist,<br />

Ene. Wks. (Grosart) IV. 95 By this immoderate vent, both<br />

of tne Garrisons, and the ablest people of the Land hee disfurnisht<br />

and left it in that impotencie.<br />

t b. To make vent of, to speak or talk of. Obsr^'^<br />

160X Shaks. AlCs IVeil n. iii. 213 Thou didst make<br />

tollerable vent of thy trauell.<br />

2. The action, usually on the part of something<br />

confined or pent up in a comparatively small space,<br />

of escaping, or passing out ; means, power, or<br />

opportitnity to do this; issue, outlet. Chiefly in<br />

phrases with verbs, as to find, ^i^etj have, 7nake, take^<br />

or want vent. (Cf. senses 4 and 5.)<br />

X558 Warde tr. Alexis' Seer. (1568) 12b, Slop well the<br />

said violle, that nothing maie take vent. 1594 Nashe<br />

Unfort. Trav. Wks. (Grosart) V. 121 Ye tail of the siluer<br />

pipe sttetcht itselfe into the mouth of a great paire of<br />

bclowse, where it was clo^e soldered, and bailde about with<br />

yron, [that] it coulde not stirre or hane anie vent betwixt.<br />

1605 Sylvestkr Dh Bartas u. iii. Fathers 293 New Wine<br />

..wanting vent. Blows -up the Bung, or doth the vessell<br />

rent. 165a French Yorkshire Spa 11. 18 By reason of the<br />

Suns opening the earth, and makmg vent. 1684 Contempl.<br />

St. Man ii. vi. (1699) 196 That Fire of Sulphur, being pent<br />

in without vent or respiration, shall send forth a poysonous<br />

scent. 1703 Art


C. Of a mine, or powder : To<br />

fectly ;<br />

VENT. 104 VENT*<br />

explode imper-<br />

to lose explosive jwwer.<br />

1684 J. Peter Suffe VieuMa 41 At which time they sprung<br />

two Mines.. without any considerable Effect, one of them<br />

taking Vent. 1693 Evelyn De la Quint. Compi. Card, I.<br />

27 Gun-Powder, which being bad, or having taken Vent,<br />

cannot lake Fire.<br />

6.y?^. a. Means of outlet afforded to or obtained<br />

by a feeling, faculty, activity, etc. ; expression or<br />

utterance, or the relief afforded by these. Now<br />

chiefly in the phr. tofind i>eni {in something).<br />

1603 J. Daviks (<strong>Here</strong>f.) Aficrocosmos Wks. (Grosart) I.<br />

76/3 Griefes doe breake the heart if vent they misse. i68a<br />

Drvdks .yUiiaiz^s The swelling Poison of the sevVal Sects,<br />

Which, wanting vent, the Nations Health infects. 1724 A.<br />

Collins Gr. Chr. Ke/i^. Pref. p. xxviii, Enthusiasm . . would<br />

spend itself by free vent and amicable collision. 1803<br />

JCdwtH I. 206 At his words I found my angry passions heave<br />

for vent. 1838 Fr. A. Kemhle Kesui. in iUor^iaUZS^,) 13<br />

A malevolent feeling, which might find vent in some violent<br />

demonstration against this family. 1880 W.H. 'Dwqk Royal<br />

H'tHtlsor III. xii. 113 Passion found vent in words.<br />

t b. To ^et or have vent^ = sense 4<br />

1667DRVDEN& Dk. Newcastle ^/ril/. Mar-all ui. ii, This<br />

frightened him into a study how to cloak your disgrace, lest<br />

it should have vent to his lady. 167a Mabvkll Jielt. Trattsp.<br />

t. 46 Should they unhappily get vent abroad, . . what scandal<br />

must it raise ! a 1715 Burnet Own Time {i-j66) 11. 197 But<br />

the thing had got some vent. i7aa De For: Plague 2 As it<br />

had gotten some Vent in the Discourse of the neighbourhood,<br />

the Secretaries of State gat Knowledge of it.<br />

6. With a : An opportunity or occasion of escaping<br />

or issuing from a receptacle ; a discharge or<br />

evacuation. (Cf. 12,)<br />

1644 Z. BovD Gard. Zion in ZiotCs Fltnuers (1855) App.<br />

lo/i Which by some chink, if it get not a vent, Blowes up<br />

the bung, or doth the Hodg-head rent. 1672 R. Wild<br />

Poft. Licent. 30 The other day into a place I went, Where<br />

Mortals use to go, that want a vent. 1719 De Foe Crusoe<br />

I. (Globe) 290, I verily believe, if it had not been eas'd by a<br />

Vent given in that Manner, to tlie Spirits, I should have<br />

dy'd. 17*5 N, RoBrNSo>j Tk. Physick 255 Wliereupon the<br />

Fluids.. run to the Bowels for a Vent.<br />

b. fig.<br />

(Cf. senses 3 and 5.) Now chiefly tofind<br />

a vent.<br />

\a) a 1614 D. DvKE Mysi. Self-Deceiving {1620) 341 Tappes<br />

to giue a vent to corruption. 1669 Gale Crt. Gentiles<br />

I. I. ix. 49 The Egyptians, .gave a great vent to Jewish<br />

Learning and Institutes. 1777 Pitt in Almon Anecd.<br />

(i8io) II. xliv. 319, I could not have slept.. without giving<br />

this vent to my eternal abhorrence of such preposterous and<br />

enormous principles.<br />

[b) 1697 Collier Ess. Mor. Subj. ii. (1703) 64 Those who<br />

live within the communication of friendship have a vent for<br />

their misfortunes. 1814 Wordsw. Excurs. ix. 752 For,<br />

though in whispers speaking, the full heart Will find a vent.<br />

1838 pREscoTT Ferd. ^ Is. Introd. (1846) I. 60 The tumultuous<br />

spirits of the aristocracy, ..instead of finding a vent..<br />

in these foreign expeditions, were turned witliin. 1873<br />

Black Princess Thule (1874) 46 His distress at his own<br />

rudeness now found an easy vent.<br />

7. Something which serves as an outlet for an<br />

emotion, energy, etc.<br />

1667 MiLTON P. L. xiL 374 With such joy Surcharg'd, as<br />

had like grief bin dew'd in tears, Without the vent of words.<br />

1713 Guardian No. 29, Laughter is a vent of any sudden<br />

ioy. i8a8 Southev Minor Poems Poet. Wks. 1837 II. 255<br />

This love,, .and the woe Which makes tliy lip now quiver<br />

with distress. Are but a vent.. From the deep springs of<br />

female tenderness. 1838 Lvtton Eugene A. i. x, Words at<br />

best are but a poor vent for a wronged and burning heart,<br />

1883 tgth Cent. May 887 The French have, .to find and to<br />

use such vents for their energy in undeveloped and promi.sing<br />

regions.<br />

II. t8. Sc. A flaw in a mould. Obs.-'^<br />

a. Oh,<br />

Fr. event is used in similar senses.<br />

1541 Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot. VIIL 125 At the quhilk<br />

melting becaus of ane vent in the cuppeling of the mulde<br />

witht the tayll, the pece fel^eit.<br />

9. t a. An opening by wliich blood issues from<br />

the body. Obs.<br />

1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 7 b, Einatites..is called of some<br />

stench bloud, for that it stoppeth liis vent or course of flowing.<br />

x6o6 Shaks. Ant. ^ CI. v. ii. 35;} Heere on her brest<br />

There is a vent of Bloud, and something blowne.<br />

b. The anus, anal, or excretory opening of<br />

(tpersons or) animals, esp, of certain non-mammalians,<br />

as birds, fishes, and reptiles ; f the vulva<br />

of a female animal.<br />

1587 Fleming Contu. Holinshcd III. 1270/2 For those<br />

that bled till they died, stroue so much with their sickenesse,<br />

that the bloud issued out at their vents. 1655 Moufet<br />

& Bennet Health's Ivtprov. (1746) 241 As for their [i. e.<br />

crabs'] manner of Preparation, their Vents are first to be<br />

stopped with a Stick's end. 1675 Hannah WooLLEvG^M/Z^y.<br />

Conip. 132 Geese Boiled. . . Fasten the neck and vent. Ibid.<br />

T46 Take a Pig, and draw out his Entrails, Liver, and<br />

Lights, draw him very clean at vent. 1697 Drvden Virg.<br />

Georg. HI. 421 For when her pouting Vent declares her<br />

Pain, She [i.e. a mare] tears the Harness, and she rends the<br />

Rein. 1769 .Mrs. Raffald Eng. Honsekpr. (1778) 21 Take<br />

a lobster, if it be alive, stick a skewer in the vent of the tail.<br />

i77J,GoLDSM. A^a/. Hist. 11776) IV. 347 Like birds, they [i.e.<br />

sloths] have but one common vent for the purposes of propagation,<br />

excrement, and urine. 1790 Bewick Hist. Quadrup.<br />

(1807) 488 As soon as the Otter has caught a fish, it..<br />

devours a part, as far as the vent. '1833 Jahdine Humming-<br />

B.\ii The vent and under laibcoverts are dirty white. 1874<br />

Carpenter Meut. I'kys. i. ii. (1879) 68 If the vent of a Frog<br />

be irritated with a probe, the hind-legs will endeavour to<br />

push it away.<br />

10. An aperture or opening occnrring or made<br />

in something and serving as an outlet for air,<br />

liqxiid, or other matter ; a passage or hole by<br />

which matter is carried off or discharged from the<br />

a vent-hole.<br />

1570 Levins Manip. 66 A Vent, meatus, poms. 1580<br />

interior of something ;<br />

Hahvev Three Lett. Wks. (Grosart) I. 44 The poores, and<br />

ventes, and crannies of the Earth being so stopped. 1605 B.<br />

JoNsoN Voiponew. iv. Now, he flings about his burning heat,<br />

.As in a furnace, some ambitious fire, Whose vent is stopt.<br />

1648 WiLKiNS Math. Magic \\. xii. 250 Others are of opinion<br />

that this may be effected in a hollow vessell, exactly luted<br />

or stopped up in all the vents of it. 1677 in Misc. Curiosa<br />

(1708) HI. 249 T'hey leave a small vent about two Inches<br />

from the bottom, by which it empties it self into a little Pit.<br />

..The vent being stopped, they fill the Cistern they have<br />

made with Water. 1712-4 Pope Rape Lock iv. 92 The<br />

swelling bag he rent, And all the Furies issu'd at the vent.<br />

i7a8 E. Smith Compl. Houseiv. (1750) 3 If the knife be<br />

greatly daubed, has a rank smell, and a hoogoo issue from<br />

the vent, it is tainted. 1796 Morse Amer. Geogr, I. 609<br />

The Shenandoah having ranged along the foot of the mountain<br />

an hundred miles to seek a vent. 1831 T. Holland<br />

Manuf. dieted II. 165 It was generally thought sufficient<br />

for the purpose, .that the smoke should ascend the proper<br />

vent. 1877 in J. A. Allen Amer. Bison App. 459 There are<br />

old spring vents,. that no longer give forth saline waters.<br />

b. Spec, An aperture or outlet by which volcanic<br />

matter or exhalations are emitted ; the funnel or<br />

pipe of a volcano.<br />

1604 Y..Kj\K\vi?,-XQt^^\D^Acosta*s Hist. Indies in. xxiv. 193<br />

Although we finde vents of fire in other places, as mount<br />

^tna and Wesuvio. 1684-5 Boyle Min. Waters 19 Any<br />

subterraneal fire, that hath manifest chimneys or vents.<br />

17*5 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 242 A volcano, or<br />

burning vent among the hills, had flamed out. 1772-84<br />

Cook's Voy. (1790) IV. 1219 Another volcano, which had<br />

opened by at least thirty different vents within the compass<br />

of half a mile. 1830 Lyell Princ. GeoL I. 135 These igneous<br />

vents were extremely numerous. 1869 J. Phillips<br />

Vesuxi. iii. 60 A new vent was formed below the lip of the<br />

old mountain. 1882 Geikie Text-bk. Geol. 201 A 'solfatara<br />

', or vent emitting only gaseous discharges.<br />

c. In various special uses (see quots.).<br />

1611 CoTGR., Esz'cnt, the vent of a wine vessell. 1730<br />

Bailkv (fob), Vents (in Archit.), Pipes of Lead or Potters-<br />

Ware, one End of which opens into a Cell of a Necessary-<br />

House, the other reaching to the Roof of it for tlie Conveyance<br />

of the fetid Air; also Apertures made in those Walls<br />

that sustain Terrasses to furnish Air, and to give a Passage<br />

for the Waters. 1756 Diet. Arts


VENT. 105 VENT.<br />

which lies between the tliighs and the tail. 1815 Stei'HENs<br />

in Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. i. 98 Abdomen and vent-feathers<br />

whitish. 1834 MuDiE Featliered Tribes 1. 11 The vent<br />

feathers, and under tail coverts, which cover the hinder part<br />

of the bird.<br />

Vent, J*^. 2 Obs,GyiC.arch. Also 6-7 vente. [In<br />

senses 1-3 a. F. vente ( = Sp, venta, Prov. and Pg.<br />

venda^ It. vendita) :-pop.L. ^vendita sb., from L.<br />

vendituSj pa, pple. of vendHrc to sell. Cf. Vend sb.<br />

In sense 4 directly ad. Sp. venta.<br />

In senses i and 2 the word is very common froni c 1550 to<br />

c 1750, freq. with adj*. denoting the readiness or profitableness<br />

of trade.]<br />

1. The fact, on the part of commodities, of beinj^<br />

disposed of by sale or of finding purchasers ; freq.<br />

in the phrases to find or havi (. .) vent, a. With<br />

a (or «^).<br />

1545 Brinki.ow Conifil. ii. (1874) 11 This being reformed,<br />

aboue all other actes shal bryn^ the cloth of England to a<br />

contynuall vent, a 1548 Hall Chrou,, Edw. /K, 236 b. The<br />

wolies at Caleis, because of the warre, could haue no vent,<br />

nor be vttred. 1655 ir. SoreCs Com. Hist, Francion iii. 70<br />

Divers Authors of this our Age have more ridiculously clad<br />

their names in a Roman disguise.. that their books might<br />

have a better vent. 1714 French. Bk. Kates 242 The Merchandizes<br />

carried there from trance.. lie on Hand, and<br />

cannot find a Vent or Market. 1730 Col. Rec. Penttsylv.<br />

III. 391 Encouragement, .given to raise such Commodities<br />

that migtit have a constant and ready vent in Britain,<br />

178a Pegge Ciirialia Misc. 141 One often sees them advertised<br />

for sale ; and, if bought at all, they find a vent, no<br />

doubt, at Wapping.<br />

b. Without article.<br />

1564 in Hudson & Tingey Rec. Norwich (1910) II. 332<br />

The seyde clothes which nowe were owte of estimation and<br />

vente. 1573-80 Tusser Husb. (1878) 45 A remedie sent,<br />

where pease lack vent. 1581 W. Stafford Exam. ConipL<br />

iii. (1876) 84 Whatsoeuer thing is rered vpon grasing, hath<br />

free vente both ouer this side and also beyond the sea, to be<br />

sold at the highest penny. 1617 Bacon in Fortescue Facers<br />

(Camden) 34 For the yearely makeinge of see many tonnes<br />

of allome as.. can possiblely receave vent eyther at home<br />

or abroade, 164X Best Farm. Bks, (SurteesJ 112 Att these<br />

three fayres-.the most timely sorte of lambes have very<br />

foode vente. 1694 J. Locke in Ixi. King Li/e{i%ifi) I. 383<br />

'or our books are so dear, and ill printed, that they have<br />

very little vent among foreigners. 1768 H. Walpole Lett.<br />

(1S91J V. 116 Like fish that could not find vent in London.<br />

a 1797 — Geo. II (1847) II- vii. 228 The original caricature,<br />

which had amazing vent, was of Newcastle and Eox.<br />

2. The fact, on the part of persons, of disposing<br />

of goods by sale ; opportunity for selling ; market<br />

or outlet for commodities.<br />

a 1548 Hall Ckron., Hen. V/It, 174 We trust you will<br />

not moue vs to bye the thyng, wbiche wee cannot vtter, for<br />

in all places our vent is stopped and forbidden. 1575 Brieff<br />

Disc. Tronb. Franck/ord (1846) 84 Saying that he woulde<br />

stoppe all mennes vents (as he termed it) and receiptes.<br />

1600 Holland Livy 1002 To the end, that. .they might..<br />

be served of a mart-towne for vent, and a place of receit for<br />

all forreine merchandise, c 1630 T. Mun England's Treas.<br />

(1664) 17 So far forth as the high price cause not a less vent<br />

in the quantity. 1671 Charente's Customs Tajjleita 69 As<br />

for the Trade and Traffick of those parts, it is much the<br />

same, ..unless it be that the vent is better in some places<br />

than others. 1709 in Heariie Collect. (O.H.S.) II. 191 The<br />

Amsterdam publisher. .carrying a considerable part of his<br />

impression into France, and hoping for a quick vent there.<br />

i76o-7» tr. ymiH ^ Ulloa's Voy. (ed; 3) II, 398 The traders<br />

. .consign- .their European goods.. to their correspondents<br />

in other parts for vent. 1778 (W. H. Marshall] Minutes<br />

Aerie. 19 May 1776, What, then, must be the fate of those<br />

who do not keep a minute account, neither of the yield nor<br />

of the vent ?<br />

b. In phrases with verbs, as tofind or have vent.<br />

1557-71 .\. Jenkisson Voy. /f Trax'. (Hakl. Soc.) I. 116<br />

W'e be vncertaine what vent or sale you shall finde iti Persia.<br />

1601 Holland Pliny I. 367 They vsed in old lime to gather<br />

the Incense but once a yerc ; as hauing Utticvent, and small<br />

retume, and 1es:»e occasion to sell than now adaies. 1674<br />

Marvell Reh. Transp. 11. 54 Or by only naming it hoped to<br />

procure vent or better their Uvelybood. 1707 Mortimer<br />

Husb. (1721) II. 62 Such Uses as you design to sell your<br />

Wood for, which you must be regulated in by the vent you<br />

have.<br />

C. Const, of,<br />

a 1548 Hall Chron., Edw. /K, 241 Thether was one of<br />

their common trafficques and ventes of all their Merchaundice,<br />

1577 HoLiNSHEO Chron. II. 951/2 By this grant it<br />

was thoughie, y* the king might dispend a M. markes sterling<br />

a (lay, such vent of wooUes had the English merchants.<br />

1600 Hakluvt Voy. (1810) III. 504 Where he had peaceable<br />

traffique, and made vent of the whole number of his Negros.<br />

1690 Child Disc Trade (1698) 59 Much foreign tr.-»de will<br />

cncrease the vent of our native manufactures, and much<br />

vent will make many workmen. ijoo\.\yj Council 0/ Trade<br />

(1751) 141 This demand.. at home will in all probability<br />

make way for the exportation and foreign vent of at least so<br />

much more. 1778 Eng. Caz, (cd. 2) s.v. Malton, Malton.<br />

was heretofore famous for its vent of corn , fish, and country<br />

utensils. i8ta G. Chalmers Historical Vieiv 46 The alien<br />

duties, which had always obstructed the vent of native<br />

manufactures.<br />

d. Const. _^r.<br />

1583 SrubBES Anat. Abus. 11. (18S2) 39 To filch and steale<br />

whatsoeuer they can lay their hands vpon, scing they may<br />

haue such good vent for y* same. 1591 Greene Conny<br />

Catch, n. 3 Any Faire, Mart, or other place where any good<br />

vent for horses is. a x66x Fuller Worthies, Essex \. (1662)<br />

•?i8, I know not whether it be better to wish them good<br />

Wares to Vent, or good Vent for their Wares. 1689 Apol.<br />

Fail. Walker s Ace. 23 The tenth being more than he hopes<br />

to have vent for in England. 1717 Pope, etc. Art 0/Sinking<br />

72, I doubt not, but we shall. .procure a farther vent<br />

for our own product. 1761 Hume Hist, Engl. II. xxvi. 118<br />

If husbandmen understand agriculture, and have a ready<br />

Vol. X.<br />

vent for their commodities. 17B8 Priestley Led. Hist. v.<br />

Iviii. 460 If. .they find a vent for these goods abroad, they<br />

will have wherewith to purchase the produce of other<br />

countries. 1828 Southev in Q. Rev. XXXVII. 546 Yet,<br />

even then, more goods were produced than there was vent<br />

for. _ 1868 E. Edwards Ralegh I. vi. 97 The ordinary vent<br />

for timber of any sort, in Ireland, was very limited.<br />

1 3. A place where goods are or may be sold j a<br />

market, mart. Obs,—^<br />

1580 R. Hitchcock Politic Flat f ij, At Rone in Fraunce<br />

which is the chefest vent, be solde our EngUshe wares, as<br />

Welche and Manchester Cottons.<br />

1 4. [After Sp. venta."] An inn or tavern ; a baiting<br />

or posting house. Obs. (Cf. Venta.)<br />

1577 Hellowes Gucuards Chron. 14 The seate of Yslobriga<br />

was, where nowe the ventes of Caparra, being bayting<br />

places, stand. z6za Shelton Don Qnix. i. ii. (1620) 10 He<br />

perceiued an Inne, neere vnto the high way ;. .forthwith as<br />

soone as he espied the Vent, he fained to himselfe that it<br />

was a Castle, a 1625 Fletcher Love's FUgr. 1. i. Our<br />

house Is but a zient of need, that now and then Receives a<br />

guest, between the greater Towns As they come late.<br />

fVeut, app. a variant spelling of Went sb,<br />

1513 Douglas ^neid iii.iv. 40 Fro that place syne ontill<br />

ane cave we went, Vndir a hingand hewch, in a derne vent<br />

[v.r. went].<br />

tVent, v.^ Obs, rare. [f. Vent jd.l]<br />

1. trans. To trim the openings or slits of (a garment).<br />

Cf. Kent v.<br />

1547 in Feuillerat Revels Edw. F/ (1914) 16 Longe gownes<br />

or Cassockes for women of red Sarcenet, .puff'yd with whyte<br />

sarcenet & ventyd with the same. 1606 in Lismore Papers<br />

Ser. n. (1887J !• m Fustain to ventt it \sc. a gown] doune<br />

before.<br />

2. To crenellate (a wall).<br />

1531 in Bailey Hist. Toxvcr (1821) p. xi, The walls.,<br />

rounde aboute to be copyde, ventyde, lowpyde, and crestyde.<br />

Ibid.y The walls of the same with one turret to be ventyde.<br />

Vent (vent), 2^.- Also 7 vente, ventt, [f.<br />

Vent sb.'^^ or ad. F. eventer Event v^- Cf. also<br />

AvENT v. The senses of OF. and F. venter are<br />

barely represented here.]<br />

I. trans, f 1. To provide (a liquor cask, etc.)<br />

with a vent or outlet for gas or vapour. Obs,<br />

X398[sce Venting vbl.sb.\. 1495 Trevisds Barth, DeP. R.<br />

XVII. clxxxvi. 727 The strengthe of feruent must..brekyth<br />

ful strouge ve^selles that it is put in, but thei be vented.<br />

1570 Levins Manip. 66 To vent, aperire, euacuare. 1580-3<br />

Greene Mamillia Wks. (Grosart) II. 57 The wine vessel<br />

beyng ful, lets pa^se no wine, though neuer so wel vented.<br />

1607 Walkington opt. Glasses The vessel beein[g] vented<br />

and broch't, tels the taste what liquor issueth from it. 1703<br />

Art Sf Myst. Vintners


VENT.<br />

x8o8 in Km^x o B. JoNSON Aich. ni. iv, How doe they Hue by their<br />

wits, there, that haue vented Sixe times your fortunes?<br />

•f* 8 a. To dispense, distribute, Obsr~^<br />

1616 Chapmak O^jj. xvn. 545 The Pallace royall..he<br />

enter'd..and his Trencher's fraight The Keruers gaue him,<br />

tk the flesh there vented,<br />

t b. To put (coins, etc.) in circulation or currency<br />

; to give in payment; to pay ont. Obs.<br />

i6a9 Reg. Privy Counc. Scoil. Ser. n. III. 20 That nane<br />

of thame presoome. .to vent and putt amongs his Majesteis<br />

subjects anie of the saids Embden dollours. 1655 tr.<br />

Sorets Com. Hist, Francion xn. 31 Valerius having filled<br />

his Purse with pieces more current than those which he<br />

ordinarily vented. 1683 Col. Rec, Pennsylv. I. 84 A<br />

Question put whether there be not some persons to vent such<br />

money here.<br />

+ 9. To explode or fire (a mine), Obs. rare.<br />

1687 J, Richards Siege Buda 14 With directions that if<br />

the Miners should meet with the Turks Mine, to Vent it.<br />

10. To supply (a gun) with a vent or vent-piece.<br />

x8a8 Spearman Brit. Gunner (ed. 2) 412 It was recommended<br />

that iron ordnance, .might be vented previously to<br />

their being issued. Ibid.^ A gun of the same description<br />

vented with pure copper. 1879 Man. Artill. Exerc. 201<br />

The 80-pr. is vented in the same manner as the 64 -pr. 58cwt.<br />

gun.<br />

II. intr. 11. Of an exhalation, liquid, smoke,<br />

etc, : To find or make an outlet or way of escape<br />

from a confined space ; to come, flow, pass, or pour<br />

out or away by a vent or opening. Now rare.<br />

(a) 1S40-X Elyot Image Gov. (.is$6) 64 Corrupt exhalacions,<br />

ventynge out of mens bodyes. 1560 Whitehornk<br />

Oni, Souidiours {i^ZZ) 45 It will bee surer to let nothing vent<br />

out but the glasse it selfe. 1615 Day Festivals'w. joo They<br />

were full of new Wine, and the new Wine venting out, the<br />

Tongues of all Nations were immediatly set a float. 1704<br />

Diet. Rust. (1726) s.v. Blood-Spavin^ When the Blood and<br />

Water have vented away as much as they will do.<br />

{b) 1604 T. Wright Passions iv. i. no New wine.. by<br />

venting bursteth^the bottle. 1645 Rutherford Tryal


VENTAILET. 107 VENTIDUCT.<br />

p. a 1400 Sgr. lowe Degre 222 Your basenette shall be<br />

burnysshed brjght, Your ventall shalbe well dyght, With<br />

starres of gold it shall be set.<br />

2. The lower movable part of the front of a<br />

helmet, as distinct from the vizor ; latterly, the<br />

whole movable part including the vizor.<br />

c 1400 Destr. Troy 70,^0 The duke with a dynt derit hym<br />

agayn, t>at the viser & the veiitaile voidet hym fro, c 1400<br />

Anturs o/Arth. xxxii, Then lie auaylet vppe his viserne<br />

fro his veiitalle. c 1470 Got. 4- Gaiu. 867 He braidit vp his<br />

ventaill, That closit wes clene. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon<br />

cxxiv. 448 Vnder the ventayle of his helme the tery;s of<br />

water fell downe fro his eyen. 1590 Spenser F. Q. ni. ii. 24<br />

Through whose bright ventayle.. His manly fecclookt<br />

foorth. 1600 Fairfax Tasso vi. xxvi, l^er ventall vp so hie,<br />

that he descride Her goodly visage, and her beauties pride.<br />

180a James Milit. Diet., V^entnil, that part of a helmet<br />

which is made to lift up. 1865 Kingston James Tasso xx.<br />

xii, Thro' the barred ventayle his flushed features shone.<br />

[1869 BouTELL Arms 4- Armour \'\\\. \-2'j This piece, called<br />

themesaii, ot vtursat/j . .hut more generally known in England<br />

as the ventaiU, or visor, was pierced for both sight<br />

and breathing ) 1906 S. Heath Ejffigies in Dorset 10 Some-<br />

' times with a movable veiitaille ' or visor.<br />

fb. One of the vents or air-holes of this. Obs.^"^<br />

1470-85 Malory A rthur x. be. 516 The blood brast oute at<br />

the veniayis of his helme.<br />

-|-3. Something acting as a sail or fan. Obs.<br />

a 1539 Skeltos CoL Cloute 400 [The nuns] Must cast vp<br />

theyr blacke vayles, And set vp theyr fucke sayles, To catch<br />

wynde with their ventales.<br />

t Ventailet, Obs.—^ In 5 ventaylett. [Dim.<br />

of (or error for) prec] = prec. 2.<br />

1459 PastoH Lett. I. 487 Item, v. ventayletts for bassenells.<br />

Vental (ve*ntal), a. rare, [f. L. veni-us Vent<br />

sb.'^ + -AL.l Of or pertaining to the wind.<br />

1887 Field 14, Nov. (Cassell's), The strange, vental eccentricities<br />

that had been occurring on our coasts.<br />

Ventana. Also 7 ventanna. [Sp., f. L.<br />

il<br />

vent'US wind.] A window,<br />

1670 Drvden Conq. Granada I. iil, What after pass'd<br />

Was fir from the Ventoitna where I sate. 1851 Mavne<br />

Reid Scalp Hunt, ix. I. 121, 1, .dress myself, and sit in my<br />

' ventana'. 1873 Dixon Ttvo Queens v. lii. I. 249 She could<br />

. . breathe her evening hymn from the ventana of Zoraya.<br />

Vented (ve-nted), ///. a. [f. Vent v.'^] f a.<br />

Exploded, blown up; Obs, b. Allowed to escape<br />

discharged.<br />

1639 S. D\} Verger tr. Camus' Admir. Events 30 AH the<br />

»ubtilties . . were as so many vented mines, without any<br />

effect, xgii Contemp. Rev. Oct. 522 Ihe moral forces disengaged<br />

by the death of David Livingstone are a singular<br />

instance of this vented energy.<br />

Venteduct, obs. form of Ventiduct,<br />

+ Ventel, v. Obs.~^ [ad. OF. ventel-er (raod.F.<br />

ventiler)'. see Ventilatk 7/.] intr. To set sail.<br />

\a 1400 Morte Arth. lyj Qwene alle was schyppede that<br />

scbolde, they schounte no lengere, Bot ventelde theme tyte,<br />

as be tyde rynnez.<br />

Venter^ (ve-ntai). Also 6 ventre, [a. AF.<br />

ventre, venter^ or L. venter (whence It., Fr., Prov.,<br />

and I'g. ventre i Sp. vientre)j paunch, womb, etc.<br />

In anatomical use the L. pi. ventris is occas.<br />

employed.]<br />

I. L One or other of two or more wives who<br />

are (successively or otherwise) sources of offspring<br />

to the same persoiu Usually in phrases with by.<br />

Orig. (and in later use chiefly) Law {akeT AV ^er<br />

.<br />

un, per autre y venter).<br />

1544 tr, Littleton's Tenures 3 b, Vf man haue Issue .ii.<br />

sonnes by .ii. ventres, /bid. 157 b, Yf a tenaunt in tayle<br />

haue issue .ii. daughters by dyucrs ventres. 1628 Coke On<br />

Litt. I. L § 7 If a man hath issue a sonne and a daughter by<br />

one venter, and a son by another venter. 1650 Weluon Crt.<br />

Jos. /, 89 M' George Villers a younger sonne by a second<br />

Venter. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 60 To his Sons<br />

by another Venter, .he gave Money-portion*. 1677 Sasd-<br />

FORD Geneal. Hist. Kings Eng. loi Sons of his said Father<br />

by the first Venter. X7a6 Avliffe Farergon 35 A man<br />

dying left Issue by two several Venters. 1760 Sterne Tr.<br />

Shandy iv. xxix, His sister by tlie father's side (for she was<br />

born of the former venter). 1766 Blackstone Co/«wr. II.<br />

227lf the father has two sons., by different venters or wives.<br />

1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 463 .\. having two sons, B.<br />

and C, by several venters.<br />

fig. 1651 Cleveland Poems 3 Her Speech, .is a Kiss oth'<br />

second Venter, c 1651 — London Lady 24 The small Dnnlc<br />

Country Squires of the first venter. 1687 R. L'Estrascb<br />

Ans. to Dissenter 47 The Author Writes nimself a Churchof-England-Man,<br />

but it must be by a Second Venter then;<br />

for he gives bis Orthodox Mother most Bloudy hard Words.<br />

t b. Irregularly used of a woman's first or second<br />

marriage. Obs,<br />

1707 CiBBER Double Gallant iv. An unlick*d thinet she<br />

call'd Son—I suppose by her first Venter. 1765 Footk<br />

Commissary i. (1782) 16 Mrs. Lov, Because.. the more<br />

children I have by the second venter, the greater [etc.].<br />

2. The womb as the source of one*s birth or<br />

origin ; hence transf.^ a mother in relation to her<br />

children : a. In the phrase of one (or the same')<br />

venter. (After AF. de mesme le venter^ ? Obs.<br />

i57{>-8o North Plutarch (1656) 113 Mnesiptolcma. .was<br />

married unto her half brother ArcbeptoUs, for they were<br />

not both of one venter, a 1641 Br. Mountagu Acts M. Hopkins Hazuaii 25 The<br />

suffocating gases which escaped from the red hot ventholes<br />

of these furnaces.<br />

b. Any hole by which an enclosed space communicates<br />

with, or discharges into, the outside air.<br />

1750 Warburton Julian 11. vi, A hare and hollow rock<br />

which would here and there afford vent-holes for such fumes<br />

as generated within to transpire. 1799 G. Smith Laboratory<br />

I. 43 Water-halls have a hollow-globe, turned somewhat<br />

oblong, with a vent-hole. 1800 Phil. Trans. XC. 234<br />

The case.. was charged through its vent-hole, and introduced<br />

into a twelve-pounder carronade. iSoz Encycl. Brit.<br />

Suppl. II. 748/1 Vent-holes may be bored in convenient<br />

Earts of the deck.. from whence the state of the corn may<br />

k: known by the effluvia which ascend.<br />

O. In fig. uses.<br />

1711 E. Ward Vulgus Brit. 11. 124 The Ventholes of their<br />

Passion. 1908 Parish Councils 22 The council serves as a<br />

vent-hole for complaints and suspicions.<br />

3. Spec. a. An air-hole in a cask ; a vent.<br />

1669 WoRLiDGK Syst. Agric. 120 Turn it up into the<br />

Vessel, .to ferment, allowing but a small Vent-hole, lest the<br />

spirits waste. 1707 Mortimer Husb. 573 Have near the<br />

Bung-hole a little Vent-hole stopp'd with a Spile. 1725<br />

Fam. Diet. s.v. Bre^ving, Opening and stopping the Venthole<br />

on every Change of Weather.<br />

Comb. 1875 Knight Diet. Meek. 2703 Vent/aucet, an<br />

instrument which may act as a vent-hole borer.<br />

b. (See quots.)<br />

X7a8 Chambers Cyc/., Vent, Vent-Hole, or Spiracle, alitils<br />

Aperture, left in tlie Tubes or Pipes of Fountains, to facilitate<br />

the Wind's escape. 1883 Gresley Gloss. Coal-M. 269<br />

Vent or Vent Hole, a small passage made with a needle<br />

through the tamping, which is used for admitting^asquib,to<br />

enable the charge to be ignited.<br />

Ventiduct (ve'nlid»kt). Also 7 venteduct.<br />

[f. L. venti; venius wind -h duct-us a conducting.]<br />

1. A pipe or passage serving to bring cool or<br />

fresh air into an apartment or place, esp. in Italy<br />

and other warm climates,<br />

1615 G. Sandys Trav, iti Cold winds.. such as by venteducts<br />

from the vast caues aboue Padua they let into their<br />

roomes at their pleasure. x66o Bovle Nev) Exp. Fhys.-<br />

Alech. 173, I have been informed of divers Ventiducts (as<br />

they call them) by very knowing Traveller.s that have observ'd<br />

them. -1685 Coiton tr. Montaigne III. 320, 1 would<br />

fain know what pain it was to the Persians.. to make such<br />

ventiducts, .as Xenophon reports they did. 170a Flover<br />

Cold Bat/is I. iv, {1709) 108 The^ stop their Sweats, unseasonably<br />

by Cold Air, by Fanning, Ventiducts, or Cold<br />

Baths. 1715 Leo.m Falladio's Archil. (1742) I. 33 From<br />

these Caves arise extreme cold Winds, .through certain<br />

subterranean Vaults, named, .Ventiducts: and. .through all<br />

the Chambers.. these Wind-Pipes, or Ventiducts, are discharg'd.<br />

[1818 Southev in Q. Rev. XIX. 18 (copying<br />

Evelyn Acetaria ir. xi) His scheme of a Royal Garden comprehended,<br />

.precipices and ventiducts.] 1884 Health Exhib,<br />

Catal. 106/1 Ventiduct, to bring in fresh air without dust or<br />

fog.<br />

fig. 165a Benlowes Theoph. xii. cxvii, Th' herb [sc. to-<br />

bacco) that cramp and tooth-ache drives away,, .whose<br />

pipe's both ventiduct and stove,<br />

a 1658 Cleveland News<br />

from Newcastle 53 What need we baths ? What need we<br />

bower, or grove? A Coal-pit's both a Ventiduct and Stove,<br />

b. A conduit for the passage of wind, air, orsteam.<br />

1685 Phil. Trans. XV. 922, I ..discover'd in severall dry<br />

places of the ground thereabouts, many little Ventiducts,<br />

passages, or clefts, where the Steam issued forth. 1725 J-<br />

Reynolds Vie^u of Death (173s) 23 This channel is called<br />

by., the English miners ihe drift ; by Mr. Boyle, the ventiduct.<br />

1843 m C. Morfit Tanning ^ Currying (1853) 177 A<br />

ventiduct, made of plank, . . should extend from the centre.<br />

14-a


VENTIL.<br />

trmxs/. i8j6 Mrs. Whitney Sights !, tns. II. xvi. 458<br />

From Ihese cold, dark \-entiducts (i. e. thoroughfares] you<br />

may come out suddenly upon a bright w.trm corner of an<br />

open square.<br />

Ventilatory a.<br />

2. altrih. Of a hat : =<br />

i86a CataL InUmat. Exkib., Brit. II. No. 4808, Patent<br />

comiG;ated ventiduct hat.<br />

tVentili. Ohs.-^ [ad. med.L. w»/«/


VENTILATIVE, 109<br />

4. The admission of a proper supply of fresh air,<br />

esp. to a room, building, mine, or other place<br />

where the air readily becomes stagnant and vitiated<br />

; the means or method by which this is accomplished.<br />

1664 Power Exp. Philos. I. 65 We see in wet Hay, how the<br />

^3pl^lts.. (if they be not cooled and prevented by Ventilation)<br />

..break out into a flame also. 1743 S. Hales Descr. Venti.<br />

lalors I. 34 This Ventilation will also be of service to preserve.,<br />

the Timber and Planks of the Hold itself. 1753<br />

Scots Ma^. Feb. 99 2 Before ventilation, the foul air.<br />

became infectious. 1789 W. Buchan Dom. Mei/. (1790) m<br />

When cleanliness and ventilation are neglected. 1836-41<br />

Brande Chem. (ed. 5) 145 The rooms are close and oppressive,<br />

because due ventilation is not associated with the<br />

admission of the hot air. 1854 Poultry Chroii. I. 32 Suffi.<br />

cient ventilation to prevent the house becoming too hot or<br />

^'^ 'n/""""'^"'- •'""5' also receive attention. 1889 Wflch<br />

Jext Bk. Naval Archit. 131 Pipes. . leading from above the<br />

upper deck to the compartments requiring ventilation.<br />

fie- '7S" Johnson JianMer No. lot r 14 The mind<br />

stagnates without external ventilation.<br />

b. Const. o/"(the place ventilated).<br />

l8»7 Gentl. Mag. XCVII. 509 Attention to the construe-<br />

I'ictJd tifh^ I" «""'a'?" -ayerminate in tubes<br />

iiected with a<br />

con-<br />

chimney. ,874 Micklethwaiie Ma,l. Par.<br />

1<br />

Churches 216 The ventilators should always be above the<br />

heads of the congregation. 1889 Welch Text Bk. Naval<br />

^'c/iit xu. 132 It IS down these ventilators that air is<br />

drawn by the steam fans V to supply the boilers.<br />

'•"ri^. i8j4 Tredgold Prtnc. Ventilating Buildings (ed.<br />

'id'-' ^' '""' """= 'he ventilator tube T should be placed.<br />

^'"''' ^"''''''ffi,<br />

sh.i'f!"' ' '"''"^ '^'«"'''^'°'- deflector,<br />

b. The former Ltidies' Gallery in the House of<br />

Commons.<br />

183a Macaulav in Trevelyan Life (1876) I. 269 A discussion<br />

by which Nancy, if she h.ad been in the ventilator,<br />

might have been greatly edified. 1850 Carlyle Lalter.,i.<br />

tampli. VI. 20 A modern honourable member, wilh his<br />

.strangers gallery, his female ventilator. 1880 Disraei i<br />

t.ndym. xxix. Lady Roehampton and Lady Montfort were<br />

both in the ventilator, and he knew it.<br />

o. Naut. A wind-sail (see quots.).<br />

1846 A Young Naut. Diet. 368 Wind-sail, or Ventilator<br />

a sort of long canvass bag. .letdown a vessel's hatchway for<br />

The action ofselling; -Vendino vbl. sb.<br />

Frequent from C1600 101:1645.<br />

iS3»-3 — J Act 24 ..., Hen. « VI! - ....,1,. I, c. 4, Straunge oiraungecountreis..<br />

counlreis. .by the<br />

. inakyng and ventvng . therof are greately enriched.<br />

burgh 1548<br />

Ree. Edmt, (,87.) II. .44 Vnder the payne ofT<br />

VENTOSITOUS.<br />

Of<br />

ih^?r»f?£ %i^'^u'="""S ^n-ne be the space of ane yeir<br />

II. 6/2 the Vinter, the Grocer,. .and the Butcher, doe by<br />

°f their wares, the lietter maintaine<br />

.6!. If,'^^<br />

their traded<br />

1641 Milton Church Go-^t. 11. Wks. 1851 III.<br />

may ,39 How they<br />

suppresse the venting of such' raritie.s'andTuch<br />

cheapnes as<br />

a<br />

would undoe them. 1656 Earl Monm I'ocxahm's tn<br />

Advts.fr. Paruass. .. x. (i6?4) .2 A very<br />

Poimtian spnice<br />

who looked ^<br />

to the venting ofWares.<br />

tve-ntmg, ///. a. obs.-^ u. vent z»2 +<br />

-INO -'.] That snuffs or smells.<br />

.637 B. JoNSON .S-^rf Shepherd II. !, As doth the vauting<br />

Hart his venting Hind.<br />

Ve-ntless, a. rare-'^. [f. Vent rf.2 + -LESS 1<br />

Having no vent or outlet.<br />

1603 J. Davies (<strong>Here</strong>f.) Microcosmos Wks. (Grosart) I<br />

6i/t A restlesse ventlesse Flame of file, That faine would<br />

hnde the way streight to aspire.<br />

Ventle-trap, obs variant of Wentletrap.<br />

Ventner, obs. form of Vintnek.<br />

tVento-rions, a. Obs. [Irreg. f. Vint-ure». :<br />

see -ORiocs.] Characterized by venturesomeness.<br />

1640 R. Baillie Canterb. Self-Conviction 48 Their ventorious<br />

boldnesse seemes not mere marveillous then their<br />

ingenuitie coromend.able. 1707 Sir W. Hope Nc^i, Method<br />

"°"' ^""^ cleanliness of prisons.<br />

'A°"j "^""t 1875 Knight<br />

Vict. Mech. io-]/i 1 he steam-jet for the ventilation of mines<br />

was used long ago. and then abandoned. 1893 Hodges<br />

/•.tern. Photogr. 36 To ensure the efficient ventilation of the<br />

dark-room.<br />

C. altrib., as ventilation-fan, -pipe, shaft, etc.<br />

l«J3 in Hebert ;?«fM. f, MecA. Encycl. (1837) II. 846<br />

end<br />

The<br />

of the ventilation-pipe. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 853 The<br />

ventilation shaft. i88g Welch Text Bk. Naval Arcliit. 13,<br />

» ''^.,P'?, ^' ^"^ P'^fceJ for ventilation purpose"<br />

ri890 W. H. Casmey Vtnlitation 7 We must brinelhe<br />

ventllation.fan to our aid.<br />

11. 5. The action of fanning or blowing ; + the<br />

winnowing of corn in this way.<br />

ISIJ HoRMAN Ja/^. 42 It is no good phisike, that<br />

man<br />

whan a<br />

is sore chafed with heate. for to cole hym with ventilacyon<br />

of clothes. 1658 Phillips, Vmlilation,3. fanning,<br />

or gathering of windej also a winnowing of Corn.<br />

Wli^^^^<br />

i6«8<br />

Real Char. 243 Operations belonging to Agd!<br />

•'>' soueranly ventosenez. 1717<br />

Baii.ev (vol. II), Ventoseness, windiness.<br />

t Ventoser, Obs.-^ In 4 ventuser. [ad.<br />

AF. venlcuser (F. venlouseur, = Prov. venlozaire), f.<br />

vento{u)ser Ventose w.] = Cupper 2.<br />

c 1340 Nominate (Skeat) 378 The ventuser of rawe flesch.<br />

tVentosing, zjW. ji5. Surg. Obs. [f. Ventose<br />

v.\ The operation of drawing blood by means of<br />

a cupping-glass ; cupping. Also attrib.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Kut.'s T. 1889 That neither veyne blood,<br />

ne venlusynge. may ben his helpynge. 1386 Almanak 52<br />

Mynucyons to be made by blode-lattyng or ventosyng es<br />

ful profytabul. a 1415 tr. Ardeme's Treat. Fistula, etc. 62<br />

And Kr be no blode-later redy, be ber made ventosyng with<br />

garsyng atuix ))e buttokez. c 1440 MS. Line. A. 1.17 fol. 299<br />

Of bolnyng or whelynge of garsynge or ventousynge. 1483<br />

Lath. Angl. 400/2 .\ ventosynge boxe {A. a ventisynge box),<br />

euma. 1541 K. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. N iii.<br />

What IS ventosyng?.. It is the puttynge of boxes vpon any<br />

membre for to expuls the mater betwene the skynne and the<br />

flesshe.<br />

'<br />

t Vento'SitonS, a. Obs. rare. [f. next : cf.<br />

Ve.ntose a. and -iTOUs.] Full of wind ; windy.


VENTOSITY.<br />

1601 R JoNSON }\>etns:€r v. iii. 515 Mora. Barmy froth,<br />

puffyi inflate, tureidousand ventosiious arc come vp. Tibv.<br />

O, terrible, windie wordes ! Ibid. 513.<br />

Ventosity (vent^siti). ? Obs. Forms : 5 ventosytee,<br />

6 -ytie, -yte ; 4-6 -it©, 6 -itee, -itye,<br />

7 -itie, 6-veatosity. [a. OK. ;^and W) ventositi<br />

( = It. ventositi f Prov. vintositat^ Sp, -idad^ Pg.<br />

^idade\ ad. L. ventdsiias windiness, flatulency,<br />

coaceit, f. v^Hids-as Ventose a."]<br />

L Faik, The state of having the stomach or<br />

other part of the alimentary canal charged with<br />

wind ; flatulency.<br />

Freq. from 1540 to 1600.<br />

1398 Trkvis.\ Bank, De P. R. v. xxxvil (Bodl. MS.), pat<br />

coiiiejj of. .Hkke humours ober of grete ventosite. a 1400 m<br />

Rti. Antig. I. 51 For wynd and ventosite, that men calhs<br />

c^ika ^assiif. a 14*5 tr. Ardcrtu's Treat. Fii/uja, etc. 58<br />

If be flowyng be olde, Anathemasis is made for aboundance<br />

of blode or for ventosite descendyng doune. c 1530 ^uJic.<br />

i/rtius iiuiii. 4^ It sheweth but lytell crudyteand ventosyte<br />

of the humours, i^ Hester Seer. Pkiorav. 111. Ixv. 89 It<br />

will defende hym from all interiour passions that are caused<br />

of ventositie. x6ij Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1639) 197<br />

The CoIlick,..This infirmitie is engendred of ventositie, or<br />

uinde in the gut Colon, 1639 T. de Gray Compl. Horsem.<br />

115 Peccant humeurs. .being hindred by oppilations in the<br />

Suts, through coitivenisse and ventosity. 1684 tr. Bonei's<br />

ftn. Commit, i. 31 The Gout arises from., a flatulent<br />

Ventoaty. 1748 tr. Vegetius Renatus Distempers Horses<br />

75 The Disease which arises from Ventosity or Constipation.<br />

b. //. Gases generated in the Stomach or bowels;<br />

attacks of flatulence.<br />

Common from c 1600 to c 1630.<br />

i4aa VoNGG tr, Secreta Secret. 241 Goynge afor mette<br />

dryuth away the ventositeis. 1456 Sir G. Have Gov. Princes<br />

Wks. (3.T.S.) II. 140 Quheii it [sc. wine] is our suete it.,<br />

engenderis ventositeis. c 1330 yudic. Urines 11. x. 38 And<br />

therfor are caused many fumosytes and ventosites in the<br />

body. 1545 Raynald Byrtk Mankynde 77 The which do<br />

vaynqueshe and expelle venlositees and windenesse. i6oa<br />

Dolman La Primaud Fr. Acail. (1618) 111. 790 It driueth<br />

away ventosities, and flourisheth first amongst all trees.<br />

i6a8 Venner Bathi 0/ Bathi (1650) 355 To take cold<br />

betwixt the bathings.. induceth ventosities. _ 1659 Macallo<br />

Can. Physick 72 Belching Ventosities, or Winds,.. are prognosticks<br />

that a future Crise will be by vomit.<br />

o. The quality in things that produces flatulence.<br />

1833-7 Good Stu.iy Med. (1829) I. 171 Many of the vegetable<br />

materials introduced into the stomach possess far more<br />

ventosity than apples.<br />

2. A blast or puff of wind, esp. one coming from<br />

the stomach.<br />

1513 D0UC1.AS ^neid VII. Prol. 123 Quhais cryis bene<br />

pronosticatioun Off wyndy blastis and ventositeis. 1568<br />

Bk. Culture, Belke nere no mans face;.. it is a slinking<br />

ventosity. 1614 Purchas Pilgrimage ix. v. 842 'I'his<br />

commeth of a ventositie which it voideth. .or castelh..out<br />

being in danger to be taken. 17*5 Fam. Diet., Belching, a<br />

Ventosity coining out of the inouth with a disagreeable<br />

nobe.<br />

3. The state of being windy ; windiness,<br />

CIS70 Pride 4- Lowl, (1841) 30 His breeches great, full of<br />

ventositie. xs3a Stanvhurst /Eneis 1, (Arb.) 35 Wee caytiefe<br />

Troians, with storms ventositye mangled. ^599 B.<br />

JossoN Ev, Man out of Hum. iii. iv. The. .ventositie of<br />

the Tropicks. a x66t Fuller Worthies, Fssex i. (1662) 319<br />

The ventosity thereof \sc. powder] causing the violent explosion<br />

of the bullet.<br />

4. fig. The state of being inflated or puffed up<br />

pompous conceit, vanity, or bombast.<br />

c 1550 H. Rhodes Bk. Nurture in Babees Bk. (1868) 77<br />

But turne from such occasyon, friend, hate such ventositye.<br />

1589 Nashk Martin Marprelate Wks. (Grosart) I. 120 They<br />

are so full of ventositie, that I cannot come at their matter<br />

for winde and words. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, i. iv. § 3<br />

Some effects of that venome which is ventositie or swelling.<br />

1631 R. H. Arraignm. Whole Creature iv. 24 Vaine glory<br />

..IS windy and full of ventosity, consisting of popular<br />

applause. 1710 Shaftesburv Charac. (1711) I. i. 159<br />

Apprehensive of the Effects of this Frothiness or Ventosity<br />

in Speech. 1807 W. Irving Salmag. (1811) 139 He is a man<br />

of superlative ventosity, and comparable to nothing but a<br />

huge bladder of wind. Ibid, (18.^9) 304 This general, with<br />

all his outward valour and ventosity.<br />

b. An instance of this; an idle conceit,<br />

X605 Bacon Adv, Learn, ii. 13 Many men.. do esteeme<br />

desire of name and memory but as a vaniiie and ventositie.<br />

1657 G. Starkey Helmont's V'ind. 240 Whose rash ventosities<br />

and aery promises we reject. 1681 Rvcaut tr. Graclan's<br />

Critick 164 The Swelling Ventosities of Vanity.<br />

1 6. Surg. = Ventosing vbl. sb. Obs. rare~^.<br />

? 1485 tr. Bfi, Knutsson's Litil Bk. Pestilence 9 And if a<br />

swellyng appere in the sholdres lesse it with ventosite.<br />

t VentOSO. Obs.-^ [Cf. Sp. vmtosa vent, airhole.]<br />

(See quot.)<br />

X69S Fryer Acc. E. India ^ P. 222 The Structures are all<br />

plain atop, only Ventoso*s, or Funnels, for to let in the Air.<br />

t VentO'SOUS, a, Obs. rare. [ad. L. ventosus :<br />

see Ventose a."] Windy, flatulent.<br />

1639 T. DE Gr.ky Expert Farrier 86 Paines and griplngs<br />

,.do proceed ofttimes from. .the working of the spleene,<br />

which is most vcntosous. x66s J. Davies tr. Olearzus' Voy.<br />

Ambass. 320 Unless the ventosous humour of it (hemp] be<br />

also expulsive.<br />

Ventoor, obs. Sc, variant of Venture z/.<br />

Ventousing, var, Vektosing vol. sb. Obs.<br />

tVentoy. Obs, rare, [?ad. obs. Wventail^.<br />

/venlai/.] A fan.<br />

s6oa MioDLETON Blurt, Master-Constable il ii, One of<br />

you open the casement-i, t'other take a ventoy and gently<br />

cool my face. t6i6 \n BvLLOKJiR Eng. Expos. 1631 Dekker<br />

Match Met 11, Lacke you no lich .. Venetian ventovcs.<br />

Madam?<br />

110<br />

Vent-peg. [Vent sb.-] A small peg for in-<br />

a spile.<br />

1707 Mortimer Husb. 573 Leaving your Vent-peg always<br />

serting in the vent-hole of a cask ;<br />

open palls it [sc. March-beer]. Ibid. 574 If once you pull<br />

out the Vent-peg, to draw a Quantity at once. 1747-96 Mrs.<br />

Glasse Cookery xxii. 349 Mind you have a vent-peg at the<br />

top of the vessel. 1830 M. Donovan Dotn. Econ. I. 209 If<br />

on drawing out the vent-peg of the cask the liquor spurts<br />

up with force. , 1844 Dickens Chimes iii, PuUing out the<br />

vent-peg of the table-beer. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech.<br />

2703/2 The vent-peg [of the vent-cock) consists of a tubular,<br />

threaded stem, which may be screwed into a cask.<br />

Ventrad (ve'ntrseci), adv. Anal, and Zool. [f.<br />

L. ventr-j stem of t^irw/^r abdomen, + -AD.]<br />

the ventral surface of the body.<br />

Toward<br />

1847-9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. i. 639 There appears ventrad<br />

of the saurian cervix.. that series of osseous pieces<br />

marked c, d. iE8a Wilder & Gage Anat. Technol. 44<br />

C may be said to lie either ventrad or laterad of U. 1895<br />

MivART in Proc. Zool. Soc. 369 The greater extension ventrad<br />

of the apex of the prosopium.<br />

Ventral (ve-ntral), a, and sb, [a. F. ventral<br />

( = Sp. and Pg. ventral^ It. venirale), or ad, L.<br />

ventrai-is, f. venter abdomen.]<br />

A. adj. 1. Occurring or taking place in the<br />

region of the abdomen ; abdominal.<br />

a. Path. Of ruptures.<br />

'739 P'iil' Trans. XLI. 644 In some ventral Ruptures (as<br />

they are called) this also may be necessary. 1797 Encycl,<br />

Brit. (ed. 3) XVIII. 155/2 Ventral rupture is a protrusion<br />

of some of the bowels through the interstices of the abdominal<br />

muscles. Ibid, margin, Ventral hernia. 1838 Penny<br />

Cycl. XII. 160/1 Umbihcai and ventral hernia. 1891<br />

Moui.lin Surg. 1047 Ventral Hernia, hernia through the<br />

linea alba (except at the umbilicus), .<br />

.or some other part of<br />

the abdominal wall that is not usually weak.<br />

b. Of laughter or breathing, or in general use.<br />

18S9GE0. Eliot A. Bede xii, He continued at intervals to<br />

..siiake luxuriously with a silent, ventral laughter. x86o<br />

O. \V. Holmes Elsie V. (i8gi) 65 A trained rector, who<br />

read the service with such ventral depth of utterance. 1893<br />

Stevenson I'ailima Lett. (1895) 197 His breathing seemed<br />

wholly ventral: the bust still, the belly moving strongly.<br />

2. Aual. and Zool. Of, pertaining to, situated in<br />

or on, the abdomen ;<br />

abdominal.<br />

a. In ventral fin. (Cf. B. 1.)<br />

"75» J,- Hill Hist. Anim. 242 The ventral fnis are connected<br />

in a remarkable manner toget'^er. 1769 Pennant<br />

Brit. Zool. \\\. *34 'I'he ventral fins placed behind the pectoral<br />

fins as in the minow. i8oa Palev Nat. Tlieol. xii. §8<br />

The peclora!, and more particularly the ventral fins, serve<br />

to raise and depress the fish. 1862 Huxlkv Led. Working<br />

/!/*» 23 [In] the Codfish, .you have the hinder limbs restored<br />

in the shape of these ventral fins.<br />

b. In general use.<br />

2817 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. xxii. II. 290 By the assistance<br />

of their mandibles,, .and also of several dorsal and ventral<br />

tubercles. 1828 Stark Ele7n. Nat, Jlist. \, £6 Mammae<br />

six, two pectoral and four ventral. 1852 Dana Crust. \. 26<br />

What is the proper relation of the ventral pieces of the<br />

Carapax ? 1872 Huxley Physiol, i, 6 Nearer the dorsal (or<br />

back) than the ventral (or front) aspect of the body.<br />

C. Ventral cord', (see quots.).<br />

x874 Cakpkntek Metti. Physiology \. ii. 52 The longltu.<br />

dinal gangliated chain of Articulated animals is often dislinguished<br />

as the ventral cord. 1880 Uastian Brain 91<br />

The double ventral cord has a fibrous structure along its<br />

upper surface, whilst below there is an irregular stratum of<br />

ganglion cells.<br />

3. Bat, Of or belonging to the anterior or lower<br />

surface,<br />

1832 LiNDLEY Introd. Bot, 144 These edges often appear<br />

in tne cirpcUuni like two sutures, of which., that which<br />

corresponds to the united margins is named the ventral<br />

suture. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 114 Pragaria :.. styles<br />

ventral. 187a Oliver Elem. Bot. 1. vii. 89 The inner angle<br />

of each carpel, .answers to the line of union of its infolded<br />

edges. This line is called tlie ventral suture. 1875 Darwin<br />

Insectiv. PI. xvii, 398 The lower side where the foot stalk<br />

arises is nearly straight and I have called it the ventral<br />

surface.<br />

4. Ventral segment, in Acoustics : (see quots.),<br />

1830 Herschel in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) ^V. 782 Such<br />

points of rest are called nodes or nodal points, the intermediate<br />

portions [of a cord] which vibrate are termed<br />

bellies or ventral segments. 1873 W. Lkes Acoustics \. iii.<br />

24 The direct and reflective pulses, .divide the string into a<br />

series of vibrating parts, called ventral segments.<br />

5. c^wds\-adv. = Vextually adv. i.<br />

1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 807 Structures which respectively<br />

lie ventral and lateral.<br />

B. sb. 1, A ventral fin; one of the fins corresj)onding<br />

to the hind legs of quadrupeds.<br />

1834 M^Murtrie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd, 2ij The anal<br />

..seems to be continued forwards by the ventrals. 1854<br />

Owen in Orr's Circ. Set., Org. Nat. 1. 186 The ventrals are<br />

situated near the vent. 1875 C. C. Blake Zool. 202 The<br />

pectoral fins are distant from the head, and not produced to<br />

the ventrals.<br />

2. Knt. One or other of the segments of the<br />

abdomen, esp. in Coleoptera. (1891 in Cent. Dict^<br />

Ventrally (ve-ntrali), adv. [f, prec. + -ly 2.]<br />

1. In a ventral direction; on or toward the<br />

with respect to the venter or abdomen.<br />

1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 368 Actinocarfius Damason-<br />

venter ;<br />

iunt :.. carpels dehiscing ventrally. 1872 }i.\jiAviiK\ Myology<br />

2 Ventrally, it is attached to the margin of the lower jaw.<br />

1883 Martin & Moale Vertebr. Dissect. 137 The anterior<br />

abdominal vein., runs ventrally and forward.<br />

Comb. 1870 RoLLESTON Anim. Life 83 The various ventrally-placed<br />

appendages of the articulate Neuropods. 1904<br />

Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Dec. 1631 The ventrally bending limb<br />

..having no jnesoblastic somites dorsal to it.<br />

VENTRICLE.<br />

2. In or from the venter or abdomen.<br />

1889 H. J. Barker Grig. Eug. i, 15, I laughed myself<br />

(venirally, of course,) when the youngsters so innocently<br />

committed themselves.<br />

VeutralwardCs, adv. [f. Vkntkal a. ^<br />

-WAKD(8.] To or towards the belly or ventral<br />

surface of the body.<br />

1883 Sedgwick & Heape Embryol. 165 I'his branch,<br />

starting from near the dorsal beginning of the fold, runs<br />

ventralwards and forwards. 1893 Tuckev Amphioxus 156<br />

<strong>Here</strong> the mesoblast does not grow forward so far ventralwards.<br />

Ventre, obs. f. Venter i, Vbntdhe, Vintrv.<br />

Veiltri- (ve'ntri), comb, form of L. ventri-^<br />

venter Venter 1, occurring in various terms, as<br />

ventricoTnu Ajiat., the ventral extension of gray<br />

matter in the substance of the spinal cord ; hence<br />

ventrico'rnual a. ; ventricu'mbento., lying on<br />

the belly prone, prostrate; ve'ntriductT/.jto bring<br />

;<br />

to or turn towards the belly; t ventrifluous a.<br />

[ad. L. ventrifiuus\ ' laxative, jmrging the belly *<br />

(1727 in Bailey) ; ventrime-son Anat.^ the<br />

median line on the ventral surface of the body;<br />

hence ventrimesal adj. (1S91 in Cent, Viet.) ;<br />

ventri'petal a. [after Centripetal a.], directed<br />

towards the belly or stomach ; ventripyramid<br />

-4;/(7A,=sPvBAMli) sb. 7 a.<br />

1890 Buck's Nandbk. Med. Set. VIII. 528 The *ventricornu(ventralor<br />

'anterior' extension of the myeliccinerea).<br />

Ibid., The myelic cornua are strictly dorsal and ventral,.<br />

permitting the adjectives dorsicornual and *ventricornual.<br />

1883 Wilder & Oagk Anat. y^c^wi?/. 36Thebody is *ventri.<br />

cunibent, so as to expose the dorsal aspect. Ibid. 537 'I'o<br />

pith [a frog] *ventriduct the head with the index, and pass<br />

the tip of the right index [etc.]. Ibid. 33 For convenience,<br />

the dorsal and ventral borders of this plane may be called<br />

the dorsimeson and the *venlrimeson respectively, 1819 L.<br />

Hunt Indicator No. 12 (1822) I. 90 Every thought of<br />

mind, and every feeling of his affection,., tends to one point,<br />

with a *ventripetal force. 1882 Wiluek & Gage Anat.<br />

Technol. 485 *Ventri pyramid.<br />

Ventric (ve-ntrik), a. rare"^. [f. L, ventr-,<br />

stem of venter Venter ^ + -ic] Connected with,<br />

l>ertaining to, the stomach.<br />

1869 M. Collins in F. Collins Lett, ^ Friendships (1877)<br />

1. 63 Magister artis. .venter, says Persius— the art of<br />

accurate time-keeping is ventric.<br />

Ventrical, prob. a misspelling and misuse of<br />

Ventricle.<br />

1824 Galt Rothelan II. iv. iv. 125 He reached a small<br />

postern entrance, which.. many years after.. became celebrated<br />

as the ventrical into Moorfields.<br />

Ventricle (ve-ntrik'l). Anat. and Zool. Also<br />

6 ventrikle, ventrycle, 7 ventrickle. [ad. L.<br />

ventriciilns Ventriculus or K, ventricule : see<br />

Ventricule.]<br />

1. One or other of the two cavities in the heart<br />

by means of which the blood is circulated through<br />

the body ; also, the cavity of the heart in certain<br />

animals and molluscs which fulfils this function.<br />

c 1400 Lan/ranc s Cirttrg. 162 pe lierte haj) two ventriclis<br />

.i. two holowe placis wi)7inne, & J>at oon ventricle sitti)> in<br />

he rijtside of t?e herte, & >at o>er in Jje liftside. 1607<br />

ToPSELL Four-/, Beasts 195 There is a double ventrickle<br />

and bone in the heart of an Elephant. x66o Boyle Neiv<br />

Exp. P/tys. Mech. Digress. 347 'I'he Blood that passes out<br />

of the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Lungs. 169s<br />

Kay Creation (ed. 2) 1. 33 An Ebullition and sudden Expansion<br />

of the Blood in the Ventricles. 1730 Chamberuvvne<br />

Relig. Philos. I. vi. § 2 The Heart has two Cavities or<br />

Ventricles, separated from each other by a thick fleshy Wall,<br />

or Septum. 1760 H. Walpole Lett, to Mann (1846) IV. 105<br />

The great ventricle of the heart had burst. 1828 Stabk<br />

Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 365 The animals of this order [sc.<br />

liatrachia] have a heart with a single auricle and ventricle.<br />

i876BkisTOWE Th, ^ Pract. Med,{i&78) 173 In the ventricles<br />

of the lieart fibrinous clots may be discovered.<br />

transj^. iBsi S. P. Woodward Mollusca i. 63 Branchiae<br />

two, furnished with muscular ventricles.<br />

attrib. x8^ Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 780 Cases of right<br />

ventricle failure. Ibid. 794 The hypertrophy was probably<br />

..due to left ventricle trouble.<br />

2. One or other of a series of cavities in the brain<br />

(normally numbering four in the adult human<br />

being) formed by enlargements of the neural canal.<br />

Pineal ventricle : see Pineal a. b.<br />

C1400 Lan/ranc''s Cirurg. 113 Suinmen seien hat J«r ben<br />

-iiij. ventriclis of he brayn. Ibid., pis ventricle is seit<br />

bitwene two addiamentis of he brayn. 1548 Vicakv Anat,<br />

iv. (1888) 31 From the foremost Ventrikle of the brayne<br />

springeth seuen payre of sensatiue or feeling senews. 1594<br />

T.'B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. II. Ep. Rdr., Heere may<br />

you see.. the seuerall ventricles cf the braine, as so many<br />

sundrie chambers for the intertainment of the animal spirits.<br />

1620 Venner Via Recta ii. 35 Beere that is too bitter.,<br />

causeth the head-ach, by filling the ventricles of the braine<br />

with troublesome vapors. 1655-87 H. More App. Antid.<br />

(1712) 206 Suppose Memory were thus seal'd upon the Brain^<br />

and transmitted its Image through the Animal Spirits in<br />

the ventricles. 1748 Hartley Observ. Man i. i. § i. 8<br />

Blood, Matter, or Serum, lying upon the Brain, or in its<br />

Ventricles. 1800 Med. Jrnl. IV. 553 The vapour or water<br />

in the ventricles of the brain. 1840 G. V. Ellis Anat. 23<br />

The calamus scripiorius in the floor of the fourth ventricle.<br />

1872 Huxley Physiol. viL 158 Cilia are found. .in the<br />

ventricles of the brain.<br />

3. The stomach in man or animals. ? Obs.<br />

Freq. in J7th cent. use.<br />

1574 Newton Health Mag. 9 It is good for the Ventricle<br />

or Stomacke also. 1594 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. II,


VENTBICOSE.<br />

ii-t Wee will beginnc nl the ventricle, commonly called the<br />

stomacke. 1620 Venner ( ia Recta viii. 182 That no part<br />

of the meat may sticke. .aljoiit the mouth of the stomacke,<br />

but may be carried into the ventricle, which is the bottome<br />

of the stomack. a 1676 Y^KwPrim. Orig. Man. I. 11. (1677)<br />

59 Whether I will or will not,, .my Heart beat.s,..my Ventricle<br />

digests what is in it. 1710 T. Fuller I'lmrm. Exiimf.<br />

i8PureinKAle..takesofftheslipperinessoftheVentncleand<br />

Intestines. 1805-6 Gary Dnnti; Inf. xxviti. ib .^angling<br />

wretched ventricle, That<br />

his entrails hung, the midriff. . and<br />

turns the enelutted aliment to dross.<br />

b. The digestive sac or organs in buds, fishes,<br />

insects, and certain reptiles.<br />

•S7S TuRBEHV. Faukonrie 249, I h*ve thruste my fore<br />

finger into hir gorge, .and by that meanes have caused hir<br />

to fill in the ventricle sooner than otherwiseshe woulde have<br />

done. 1607 Tol^ELL Four-/. Beasts 182 The powder of a<br />

Storks craw or Ventrickle. 1658 Rowland tr. Moufet's<br />

T/uat. Ins. 907 It may. .be termed the Chylus of the Bees,<br />

. . having its perfection and consummation from their<br />

ventricles. 1681 Chetfiam Anglers Vaiie-m. xli. § i (1689)<br />

307 His ventricle is large and capacious. 1704 Ray Creation<br />

(ed. 4) I. 30 The Meat (isL.transferr'd into the Gizzard. .,<br />

where by the working of the Muscles compounding the<br />

sides of that Ventricle,, .it is.. ground small. 1816 Kirby<br />

& Sp. Entomol. xlviii. IV. 424 That the Orthoptera have a<br />

ventricle or gizzard. 1868 Dl'SXAn Ins. World Introd. lo<br />

Two kinds of appendages belong to the chylific ventricle.<br />

1877 Hlxlev Anal. Inv. Anim. 412 That part of the<br />

alimentary canal which lies in front of the chylific ventricle<br />

(in cockroaches].<br />

t c. The l)elly. In o^oi. fig. Obs.<br />

1588 Shaks. L. L. L. IV. 11. 70 Ideas, apprehensions, . .are<br />

begot in the ventricle of memorie, nourisbt in the wombc of<br />

primater.<br />

d. atlrih. in + vtatrich unguent.<br />

1599 A. M. tr. Giibelhouer's Bk. I'kyskke i^%li [S. recipe<br />

for) -An excellent Ventricle vnguente, which is verye commodious<br />

for the Childebedde Woemen.<br />

4. Any small hollow or cavity in an animal body,<br />

serving as a place of organic function ; in later<br />

use, the recess or space between the true and false<br />

vocal cords on each side of the larynx ; a laryngeal<br />

pouch or sac.<br />

1641 Milton ChurchGovt. 11. Wits. 1851 III. 44 AH the<br />

faculties of the Soule are confin'd of old to their severall<br />

vessels, and ventricles. 169a Be.ntley Boyle Led. 109 The<br />

various ducts and ventricles of the body. 1730 Bailey (fol.),<br />

(V


VENTRILOQUISTIC. 112 VENTURE.<br />

are mock dialogues in which the poet solu& playii the ventriloquist.<br />

1885 Pail Mail G. 10 Jan. i/x The 'Ventriloqui:>t<br />

of Varzin , who can pull the strings of three Imperial<br />

Chancelleries.<br />

attrib. 1850 X.^Q. Ser. i. II. 101 It can hardly be doubted<br />

that the .Archbishop's miracle was a ventriloquist hoax.<br />

b. Applied to birds or animals. Also attrib.<br />

180a Paley Nat. TheoL x. § 5 .\ tuneful bird is a ventriloquist.<br />

The seat of the song is in the breast. 1879 Jefkeries<br />

Wild Life 218 The belief that the [corn-)crake is a ventriloqubt.<br />

1895 Funk's Stand. Diet., Onappo (Braz[il]), a<br />

reddish-gray nyctipithecine monkey or teetee (Callithrix<br />

discolor). Called also veHtriloquiU-mo$tkey,<br />

Ventriloc^uistic<br />

prec. -h -ic]<br />

(ventril()'kwi'stik), a, [f.<br />

1. Using or practising ventriloquism.<br />

In first quot. used to translate Gr. fy^Awrroyoarwp, which<br />

' has also Men rendered by ventrilinguist '.<br />

1830 tr. Aristophanes, Birds 1651 At PhanacUve a yi!-<br />

Unous ventriloquistic race,.. and from these same ventriloqui>tic<br />

PhUippi in Attica the tongue is severed in twain.<br />

1851 G. S. Faber Many Mansions 79 Hence the Seventy<br />

scruple not to express their sense of the hebrcw Baalath<br />

Ob, by rendering it a Ventriloquistic Woman.<br />

2. 01 or pertaining to ventriloquism or ventriloquists<br />

; ventriloquial.<br />

1853 F. O. MoBRis Brit. Birds llh 182 This ventriloquistic<br />

power is certainly very remarkable. 1873 B. Harte Fiddletown<br />

32 He even uttered a short ventriloquistic laugh without<br />

moving his mouth. 1885 H. O. Forbes JVai. IVand.<br />

E. Arch. 72 Its deep and ventriloquistic voice.<br />

Ventriloquize (ventri'Ukwaiz),<br />

prec +-ii£.'\<br />

V, [f, as<br />

1. mlr. To use or practise ventriloquism ; to<br />

speak or produce sounds in the manner of a ventri-<br />

loquist ; to cast the voice.<br />

1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm I. 297 When the corn-crake<br />

..ventriloquises in the corn or grass. 1846 Landor Imag.<br />

Conv. Wks. I. 148/2 The horses capered and neighed and<br />

ventriloquized right and left. 1855 Kingsley Westiu. Ho!<br />

ii. Leave thy caverned grumblings, . . and discourse eloquence<br />

from thy central omphalos, like Pythoness ventriloquising.<br />

1879 Jekfkries ll-'ild Life 219 Some say in like<br />

manner that the starling ventriloquizes.<br />

/ig, x83a CoLEKiDCE Table-t. 21 July, I have no admira.<br />

tion for the practice of ventriloquizing through another<br />

man's mouth. 1890 Spectator 1 Nov., It looks as if the new<br />

Radicalism had entered into his soul and were ventriloquising<br />

through his organisation.<br />

2. trans. To utter as a ventriloquist.<br />

1865 Spectator 14 Jan. 45 It is a falsehood ventriloquizing<br />

truth. 1871 Farrar Witn, Hist. iv. 131 The little Temple,<br />

up which the priests.. crept to ventriloquise behind the<br />

deceptive statue their lying oracles. 1900 Dail^ Netvs<br />

18 July z/5 He not only mimics but ventriloquises his<br />

imitations.<br />

Hence Ventri'loquizing vbL sb. Also aUrib.<br />

1805 Eugenia de Acton Nuns 0/ Desert II. 52 Mrs.<br />

Mervin's ventriloquising powers, exhibited in the church.<br />

VentriloqaOTLS (ventri-Ukwas), a. [f. L.<br />

venlriloqu-tts (see next) -l- -ous.]<br />

1. Of persons : = Ventriloquistic a. i.<br />

1713 Derham Fhys.'Tkeol. iv. vii. (1^27) 149 note^ In the<br />

same Tract, Chap. 6 is this Observation of Ventriloquous<br />

Persons. 1737 BvROM Rem. (1857) 116 There came the ventriloquous<br />

fellow, who imitated a friend's voice out of his<br />

moutn. 177S in Ash, and in later Diets.<br />

2. Produced by or as by ventriloquy ; ventriloquial.<br />

1768 G. White Selborne xvi, In breeding-time, snipes play<br />

over the moors, piping and humming... Is not their hum<br />

ventriloquous, like that of the turkey? 1844 H. Stephens<br />

Bk. Farm III. 738 The harsh ventriloquous cry of the corncraik<br />

amongst the grass. 1880 Caui-e Grandissimes (1898)<br />

200 The dismal ventriloquous note of the rain-crow.<br />

Obs, Usu. in pi. ventrilo-<br />

II Veutri'loqnus.<br />

qui. [L., f. venlri', venter belly -^ loqui to speak,<br />

after Gr. iyyanTpifi.v$os. Cf. Ventriloque.] A<br />

ventriloquist (esp. in the original sense).<br />

The fem. ventrilogua (pi. -loqux) is employed by R. Scot<br />

Discov. Witchcr. (1584) vii. i. 126 and xiii. 150.<br />

X644D1GBV A^rt/. ^tf^iejxxviii. §2. 251 They that are called<br />

ventriloqui, do persuade ignorant people that the Diuell<br />

.speaketh from within them deepe in their belly, 1667 Fkil.<br />

Trans. II. 603 How by a peculiar use of the Epiglottis, one<br />

may come to speak inwardly, as do the Ventriloqui. 1706<br />

Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) I. 306 Two or three pretty stories<br />

. -of Ventriloqui, or those that speak in their bellies. 1748<br />

Hartley Observ. Man 1. ii. § 5. 228 We may see how Ventriloqui,<br />

or Persons that speak in their Throats, without<br />

moving their Lips, impose upon the Audience. 176a Ann.<br />

Reg. 1. 143/2 The known faculty many people called Kf/«/r/loqui<br />

have had of uttering strange noises [etc-].<br />

VentrilOCLUy (venlri-Ukwi). [ad. med. or<br />

early mod.L, ventriloqui-utn (lUvenlriloquio ^ Sp.,<br />

Fg. ventriloquia^ F. ventriloquic)^ f. L. vcntriloquus<br />

: see prec]<br />

1. « Vextriloquism (in both senses).<br />

1584 R. Scot Discov. WitcJicr. vii. i. (1886) 101 A wench,<br />

practising hir diabolical] witchcraftand ventriloquie An. 1574.<br />

2IS4J Fuller Holy 4- Prof. St. u, ix. 83 Some have questioned<br />

ventriloquie, when men strangely speak out of their<br />

bellies, whether it can be done lawfully or no. a z68o Glan.<br />

viLL Sadducismus u. (1684) 64 For Ventriloquy, or speaking<br />

from the bottom of the Belly, 'tis a thing, .as strange.. as<br />

anything in Witchcraft 1775 in Ash. 18x3 Examiner ^-^S<br />

His excellent imitations of ventriloquy, 1843 Penny Cycl.<br />

XXVI, 248/1 The lips and jaws being always somewhat<br />

open during ventriloquy, a slight labial movement remains<br />

unnoticed. 1889 MacColl Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet<br />

XXX, Vou would have put it all down to ventriloquy and<br />

imposture.<br />

% 2. (See quot.) Obsr^<br />

16*3 CocKEKAM I, Ventriloquie^ diuination by the inwards<br />

of beasts.<br />

Ventrinei «. rare"^, [f. L, ventr-, venter<br />

belly + -INK J.] Of or pertaining to the abdomen.<br />

a 1859 De Quincev Posth. Wks. (i8gi) 1. 235 note.<br />

Prompted by a principle that sank him to the level of the<br />

brutes, viz., acquiescing in total ventrine improvidence.<br />

t Ventrio*Se,rt. Obs.rare, \a.di.\^.veHtrids-uSy<br />

f. ventri-f venter belly.] a, Bot. — Ventricose<br />

a. I a. b. * GorbcUied '<br />

(1727 in Bailey, vol. II).<br />

1707 Sloane yrt/«a/ca(i725)ll. 60 Pods.. having here and<br />

there eminences over the peas within, or being ventriose.<br />

ibid. 59 Smooth ventriose pods.<br />

Ventripotent (ventri-p^^tcnt), a. [a. Y.ventripotent<br />

(Kabelais), f. L. ventri-^ venter belly +<br />

potent-^ potens powerful, etc.]<br />

1. Having a large abdomen ; big-bellied.<br />

1611 CoTCR., VetJripotent, ventripotent,big-paunch, bellieable,<br />

huge-guts. [Hence in Blount.] 1892 Harper's Mag.<br />

Sept. 504/2 His mind is obviously not of the finest fibre, nor<br />

his massive and ventripotent person either. 1905 Fitzmaurice-Kellv<br />

Cer-i'antes in Eng. 5 The short, ventripotent<br />

rustic [ = Sancho Panza].<br />

2. Having great capacity of stomach gluttonous.<br />

;<br />

1823 New Monthly Mag. VII. 115 These ventripotent<br />

melodists called up from the Ked Sea of my port and claret<br />

all their buried swells, shakes, and cadences. 1837 Blachw.<br />

Mag. XLII. 425 The ventripotent vermin \sc. fleas] were<br />

in the midst of their meal, 1863 Ld, Lennox Biogr.<br />

Reminiic. I. 303 Louis des huitres, as the ventripotent<br />

monarch was called.<br />

Hence Ventripoteiitial a. nonce-word,<br />

1824 New Monthly Mag. XI, 313 A ventri -potential<br />

citizen, into whose Mediterranean mouth good things are<br />

perpetually flowing.<br />

Ventre- (ve-ntr^?), comb, form, on Gr. models,<br />

of Venter 1, occurring in various terms (chiefly<br />

Anat* and Stirg.\ as ventro-a'xial a,, of or<br />

pertaining to the ventral and axial portions of the<br />

human trunk; ventro-doTsal a., of sections or<br />

lines of direction : extending from venter to back;<br />

hence ventro-dorsally 2Ay.\ ventro-i'nguinal a.,<br />

of or jDcrtaining to the abdominal cavity and<br />

the inguinal canal ; ventro-la'teral a.^ of or<br />

belonging to the ventral and lateral sides of the<br />

body; Yv^ncQ ventro-Iaterally^dw.', ventro-mo'aal,<br />

-me'sial adjs.^ of or pertaining to, situated at or<br />

on, the ventrimeson; ve:ntronudibra*neliiate a.<br />

[cf. NuDiBUANCHiATE £Z.], characterized by having<br />

naked gills depending from the ventral region ;<br />

vehtro'podal a, [cf. Podal «.], walking with the<br />

venter or breast touching the ground ; ventroposte*rior(7.,<br />

situated on, pertaining to, the under<br />

and hinder part of an organ, etc. ; ventro'tomy,<br />

the operation of opening the abdomen by incision ;<br />

abdominal section. (Cf. Ventui-.)<br />

Various other terms, as ventrocystorrapky, -fixation,<br />

-scopy, -suspension, etc., appear in recent Diets, or special<br />

works.<br />

1902 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 10) XXV. 399/1 These muscles may<br />

be divided into two series— those of the trunk ("ventroaxial),<br />

and those of the limb (appendicular). 1895 Funk's Stand.<br />

Die'. S.V., *Ventro-dorsal. x888 Eticycl. Brit, XXIII. 613/1<br />

When the heart contracts *ventro-dorsally. 1882 Wildeh<br />

& Gage Anat. Technol. 28 *Ventroinguinal. 1835-6 Owen<br />

in Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 522/1 *Ventro-lateral cartilages of<br />

the mantle. 1883MARTIN & Moale Verteb. Dissect. 141 The<br />

ventro-Iateral aspect of the trachea. 1888 Howes & Scott<br />

Elem. Biol. (ed. 2) 95 Slitting open the body-wall "ventrolaterally.<br />

1882 Wilder & Gage Anat. Technol. 36 The<br />

line . . might be called dorso-lateral instead of dorso-sinistral;<br />

or it might be called *ventro-mesal. 1872 Humphry Myology<br />

8 The *ventro- mesial position and relations of the pelvic<br />

bones. a _ x^-^ Encycl. Metrop. (1845) VII. 289/2 The naked<br />

branchial fringes . . indicate the In/ero or *Ventronudibranchiate<br />

Order [of molluscs]. 1898 Shufeldt in Ibis Jan.<br />

48 Audubon . .gave them [grebes] both the erect attitudes,as<br />

well as, what may be termed, the *ventropodal ones. 1903<br />

Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. Nov. 62 (Cent. Suppi.), I'he<br />

*ventro-posterior Hinit of the proton. 1887 H. A. Reeves in<br />

Brit, Med. Jrnl. 12 March 593 There is much need for a<br />

single and simple word to express the operation of opening<br />

the abdominal cavity, for whatever purpose. . . I would therefore<br />

suggest the use of an etymologically hybrid word,<br />

namely, * *ventrotomy *.<br />

Ventro'se, a. rare~°, [ad. late L. ventrds-us,<br />

f. venter belly.] (See quot. and Ventricose a.)<br />

j8S9 Mavne Expos. Lex., Ventrosus^ having a belly, or<br />

swellings like the belly ; ventrose.<br />

Hence Ventre *sity, corpulence.<br />

Diet.)<br />

(1891 in Cent,<br />

Ventr(o)us, -ly, obs. ff. Ventdrous, -ly.<br />

tVe'ntuous,^. Obs. Also 5 ventuos, [Irreg.<br />

f. L. ventu-s wind -(--ous.] Windy, flatulent.<br />

Some other instances of the word in the same work (v. Ix.<br />

and xvn. clxxxvi.)are due to mistranslation of the Latin text.<br />

1398 Trevisa Barth. De P. R. xix. liv. (1495) 89s Rawe<br />

hony not well clarefyed is ryght ventuous and bredyth<br />

curlynge and swellyng in the wombe.<br />

t Ve'ntnrable, «• Obs. rare. [f. Venture z/.]<br />

a. Adventurable, attemptable. b. Venturous,<br />

hazardous.<br />

1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 390 That whiche is harde and<br />

skarse venturable. 1597 J. Pavne Royal Exch. 34 Whose<br />

valure and venturable servyLeMorte Art/i. z'&ii Launcelot saw ther was no<br />

socoure, nedysse muste he hys venture abyde.<br />

fb. -4 venture's stroke, one delivered at a venture<br />

; a chance stroke. Obs.—^<br />

£:x45o in Ret. Ant. I. 308 Come in with a rake in every<br />

a syde, An hole rownde and an halfe, ^j-ath so hit betyde,<br />

iiij. quarters and a lownd and a ventures stroke wyth.<br />

C. At a venture, at random, by chance, without<br />

due consideration or thought; = Adventure 3b.<br />

1509 Hawes Fast. Fleas, iv. vii, Howe at a venture, and<br />

by sodayne chaunce He met with Fame, by fortunes purueyaunce.<br />

c 1590 Sir T. More iv. i. 157 Then, good Incnnation,<br />

beginne at a venter. i6ox Fulbecke ist Ft. Farall.<br />

15 Hut if the things aforesaid be not.. weighed or marked,<br />

but be sold at a venture. 1611 Bible i Kings xxii. 34 A<br />

certaine man drew a bow at a venture. 1696 Whiston Th.<br />

Earth II. (1722) 215 *Tis possible that I may several times by<br />

guess, or at a venture, hit upon it. 17*0 De Foe Capt.<br />

Singleton xv. (1840) 256 They should rather ftre at a venture.<br />

1780 CowPER Let, 2 June, I never in my life began<br />

a letter more at a venture than the present. 1841 Lane<br />

Arab. Nts. (Rtldg.) 77 As I no longer knew where I was, I<br />

continued swimming at a venture. 1886 Mrs. Lvnn Linton<br />

Paston Carew xvi, * And your mother was an Indian,' said<br />

Lady Jane, drawing her bow at a venture.<br />

1 2, Danger, jeopardy, hazard, or peril ; the<br />

chance or risk of incurring harm or loss. Obs.<br />

a. 1550 Crowley Last Trumpet 655 Thy lyfe thou must<br />

put in venture For Christes congregation. 1634 Sir T. Her*<br />

BERT Trav. 79 [He pressed] on the Persians, that they<br />

desired to come off without more venture, and so.. retired<br />

home. 1677 Varranjon Eng. Dnprov. 156 By this way the<br />

Seed was put into the Husbandmans hand, and no venture<br />

to him. C1705 Pope ^Jan. ^ May iS2Thc venture's greater,<br />

I presume to say, To give your person, than your goods<br />

away. i8a3 Scott Quentin D. xxviii, 'Nevertheless,' said<br />

the King, *it is not our pleasure so to put thee in venture *.<br />

^' '599 B* JoNSON Cynthia's Rev. i. lii. One that hath now<br />

made the sixth returne upon venter. 1623 T. Scot Highw.<br />

God 75 The venter and hazard is the buyers and the sellers,<br />

but the certaine gaine fals betwixt both to the usurer. 1640<br />

Habington Edw. IV, 90 When she perceived the Lords<br />

earnest to have the Prince present in the battle, shee violently<br />

opposed. In respect of his youth, want of experience,<br />

and the so mighty venter.<br />

t b. To run the venture of, to run the risk of.<br />

172a De Foe Col. Jack (1840) i6g To run the venture of<br />

tlie gallows rather than the venture of starving. 1729 Butler<br />

Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 164 [He] had rather forego his known<br />

right than run the venture of doing even a hard thing.<br />

3. An act or occasion of trying one's chance or<br />

fortune ; a course or proceeding the outcome of<br />

which is uncertain, but which is attended by the<br />

an enterprise, operation, or<br />

risk of danger or loss ;<br />

undertaking of a hazardous or risky nature.<br />

a 1566 R. Edwards Damon iff Fithias Ej b, Gronno.<br />

Wilt thou venter thy life for a man so fondly? Fithias. It<br />

is no venter, my friende is iust, for whom I desire to die.<br />

*( 1625 Fletcher Noble Gent. iv. i, I'll be your scholar, I<br />

cannot lose much by the venture sure. 1665 Boyle Occas.<br />

Kefi, Ded. Let. A 4 Yotu" Charity.. made you so resolute<br />

and pressing to have me run a Venture, which you are<br />

pkas'd to think but a very Small One. x6B6 tr. Chardin's<br />

Trav. Persia 181 The rest, which they durst not remove, for<br />

fear of endangering all at one venture. 1819 Shellev Peter<br />

Bell 3rd vii.xxiii. No bailiff dared. . to enter ; A mai\ would<br />

bear upon his face. For fifteen months,. .The yawn of such<br />

a venture. 1856 Kane Arci. Expl. II. v. 60, I made the<br />

desperate venture of sending off my . . huntsman . . to find the<br />

Esquimaux. x868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1877) II. 326 He<br />

deemed it better not to make his great venture till he bad<br />

strengthened his force.<br />

tran^f. 1871 R. H. Hutton Ess. I. 7 A kind of probationary<br />

venture of the will.<br />

t b. In the phrases to put in or to a (or the)<br />

venture, to hazard or risk. Obs.<br />

1638 R. Baker tr. .Sa/zac'j Lett.{\o\. II) 18, 1 have put my<br />

selfe to the venture to goe as far as Gascogny to seek you<br />

out. 1639 S. Du Verger x.r. Camus' Admir. Events loi He<br />

resolved to put all in a venture. 164a D. Rogers Naaman<br />

J46 How loath would I bee.. to have the matter put to a<br />

venture, c 1670 M. Bkuce Gd. Neius in Evil Times, elc.<br />

(1708) 33 This Love of Christ makes us put all to the venture<br />

; what loss had thir poor Women that put their All to<br />

the venture for him? 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Vopf. E. Ind.<br />

323 As soon as they have paid their Debts, what is left they<br />

put to the venture. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), To Adventure,<br />

to venture, or put to the Venture, to hazard,<br />

t c. To give the venture, to make the attempt.<br />

1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. n. 58 That although the people<br />

were blacke and naked, yet they were ciuiU : so that nee<br />

would needs giue the venter without the consent of the rest<br />

to go without weapon. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 194 'I'hen<br />

Patroclus gave the venture. 165* Hevlin Cosmogr. 28<br />

However I will give the venture, and make as. .profitable<br />

a discovery, as the limes enable me, of the whole World.<br />

d. An adventure or remarkable feat, incident,<br />

etc. rare.<br />

1810 Scott Lady of L. ni. 1, The race of yore, Who. .told<br />

our marvelling boyhood legends store, Of their strange<br />

ventures happ'd by land or sea. 1844 Kinglake Eoihen<br />

vi, The ventures of the Greeks are surrounded by such a<br />

multitude of imagined dangers, that [etc].<br />

4. An enterprise of a business nature in which<br />

there is considerable risk of loss as well as chance<br />

of gain ;<br />

a commercial speculation.


VENTURE. 113 VENTURE.<br />

1584-7 Greene Carde 0/ Fancie Wks. (Grosart) IV. 145<br />

Your venter was much, but your gaines such, as. .you are<br />

like to Hue by the losse. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. in. iL 270<br />

Hath all his ventures faild, what not one hit? 1605 B.<br />

JoNSoN Volporui. ii, If you died today, And gaue him all, ..<br />

What large returne would come of ali his venters. 1610 —<br />

Alck. n. ii, But I buy it. My venter brings it me. 1660<br />

Pepvs Diary 3 Oct., I heard the Duke speak of a great<br />

design that he and my Lord of Pembroke have.. of sending<br />

a venture to some parts of Africa, to dig for gold ore there.<br />

1810 Crabbe Borough xvii. 219 Of both lie keeps his<br />

ledger :— there he reads Of gainful ventures and of godly<br />

deed'i. 1867 Smiles Huguenots Eng. t. 5 [He] agreed<br />

to join them in their venture, and supply them with the<br />

necessary means. 1884 Lazv Rep. 29 Chanc. Div. 465 Inducing<br />

other people to spend their nfoney..on such a<br />

venture as a limited company.<br />

b. That which is ventured or risked in a commercial<br />

enterprise or speculation.<br />

1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, 11. iv. 69 There's a whole<br />

Merchants venture of Burdeux-Stuffe in him. 1598 B.<br />

JoNso?* Ev. Man out of Hum . 11. iii. He may pricke his<br />

foot with a thorne, and be as much as the whole venter is<br />

worth, a 1764 R. Llovd TewpU Foiik Poet. Wks. 1774 K.<br />

135 The consequence has vEsop told. He lost his venture,<br />

sheep and gold. 1771 Mme. D'.Arbi-av Early Diary 3 June,<br />

As to merchandise, the few ventures he took out with him,<br />

he has brought back unchanged. 1814 Canning in Croker<br />

/'a/^rj (1884) 1. 57 It is the ship A'/«^w«V/,. .destined for<br />

the East Indies.. .She is a venture of 40,000/. 1841 Stephem<br />

Comnt. Laws En^. {1874) II. 565 'I'he importer is now<br />

enabled to bring his goods into this country, without being<br />

obliged to pay the duties until he finds for bis venture<br />

either a foreign or a home purchaser.<br />

t 5, Chance or risic of something [Sc.^ ; also<br />

eilipt.jc)\AX\CQ ofbeingefficaciousor beneficial. Obs.<br />

1613 Lodge Foore Mttns Talent Wks. (Hunt. CI.) IV. 16<br />

Dropp..two or three dropps into your eies. If you could<br />

get the liuer of a buck and mix it with these, it would bee<br />

the better, and the water would haue greater venture. 1637<br />

Rutherford Lett. 1 1862) I. Ixxviii. 200 Your Lordship hath<br />

now a blessed venfure of winning court with the Prince of<br />

the Kings of the earth. 1671 M. Bruce GH. News in Evil<br />

Times Pref. (1708) A 2, That it is better for yo^ to come and<br />

take your venture of suffering nor bide away.<br />

6. The (or an) act of venturing upon something<br />

an attempt at some action ; also, the means or<br />

result of so venturing.<br />

184X LovKR Hand^ Andy Preface 6 .\ few short papers,<br />

under the title of this little venture, appeared at intervals in<br />

IJentley's Miscellany. 1849 Ruskin Sex>. Lamps iv. § 3. 96<br />

There are many forms of so called decoration in architecture,<br />

habitual, and recei%-ed, . . without any venture at expression<br />

of dislike. 1883 Meredith AurM ^/iaw i, On her great'<br />

(Jventure,<br />

Man, Earth gazes.<br />

7. = Adventure sb. 8. rare.<br />

1844 KiNGLAKR Eothen vi, Navigating the seas of their<br />

fjrefathers with the same heroic, .spirit of venture. 187a<br />

Blackik Lays lUghl. 26 Who. .fled from pomp of Courts.,<br />

to win lost souls, .with loving venture.<br />

Ventobeb 3. Obsr~^<br />

II. t 8. A prostitute ; =<br />

z6ii Shaks. Cymb. 1. vi. 123 Diseas'd ventures That play<br />

with all Infirmities for Gold, Which rottcnnesse can lend<br />

Nature.<br />

1 9. One who or that which ventures out. Ohs~^<br />

170a in Pennsylv. Hist. Soc. Mem. IX. 123 The cruisers.,<br />

may pick up alt ventures out without hazard.<br />

10. Venture-girl^ -miss^ a girl or woman who<br />

goes to India in order to get a husband.<br />

1815 r. Hook Sayings Ser. 11. Passion


VENTURED.<br />

se«rity of |ustice..we may rather venter to stretch the<br />

Mercy of God. i7«5 De Foe I'oy. round IVcrld {iZ^o) 2$^<br />

He would at anv time venture to send his two sons into the<br />

mountains. 1774 Burke i>. -4 w/r. Ttix, Wks. II. 355 Why<br />

do you venture to repeal the duties upon glass, paper, and<br />

painters colours? x84oTHiRLWALLO>r^«lv. VII. 71 Archias<br />

. .did not c«n venture tocrossovcr to the Arabian side of the<br />

Persian Gulph. 1849 Macaulav //ist. Eng: v. I. 617 Thirty<br />

times the fugitives ventured to look through the outer<br />

but everywhere they found a sentinel on the alert.<br />

hedge :<br />

1887 BowEN I'iiT. EcL viii. 102 Over thy shoulders fling<br />

thtin, nor venture behind thee to look !<br />

b. Used with reference to the expression of<br />

opinions, etc<br />

x6io Holland Cojndfns Brit. i. 354 Some of these .were<br />

.<br />

by a new English Saxons name called Wiccij : but whereupon,<br />

I dare scarse venture to guesse. 1660 Boyle Nc:v<br />

Exp. Pkys.'Mfch. xviit. 134, I should not undertake to<br />

answer so difficult a question, and sliould venter to say no<br />

more, a 1687 Petty /*(?/. -4 W/A. (1690)95,1 humbly venture<br />

tosay.all these things may be done, a 1774 Tucker /,/. Nni.<br />

IV. III. 203 If you observe those people who pretend to be<br />

fullest of doubts you wilt find them most fond of that positive<br />

phrase, I will venture to say. 1803 Med. Jrnl. X. 297,<br />

I now ventured to pronounce, that what I took for a bilious<br />

fever was in reality the influenza. 1850 Grove Corr. Phys.<br />

Forces (ed. 2) 98 The view which I would venture to suggest<br />

is, tliat such vibrations are themselves electricity or magnetism.<br />

1875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 244 The sound of the<br />

voice which reaches and educates the soul, we have ventured<br />

to term music<br />

9. To venture on or upon : f a. To make trial of<br />

(a person or animal) ; to dare to advance upon,<br />

approach, or attack. Obs.<br />

Tcxsso Everyman 484 in Pollard En^. Mir. Phys (1890)<br />

87 Vet will I venter on her now. My Good Dedes, where<br />

be you? 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas i. vi, The sly Rhinocerot<br />

: Who. .doth venter Upon his Foe. 1592SHAK5. Ven.<br />

4- Ad. 628 Being irefuU, on the lyon, he [the boar] will<br />

venter \rinte enter]. 1631 A. Wilson The Swisseru. iii,<br />

I'lc venture on the Beauty. (He kisses her.)<br />

b. To attempt or undertake (something of a<br />

dangerous or difficult nature) without assurance of<br />

success; to accept or take the risk of (an action,<br />

course, or proceeding) ; to dare to do, make, or<br />

take (something), realizing that a risk is being<br />

run, + Also with of.<br />

X557CHEKE Let. to //ody in Hohy Couriyerii^Si) Z zv. If<br />

the old dcnisoned wordes could . .ease this neede we wold<br />

not boldly venture of vnknowen wordes. 1560 Daus tr.<br />

Sleidane's Comm. 282 There is no daunger so great, that<br />

they wyl refuse to venter vjpon for his preseruation. 1609<br />

B. JoNSON Sit. Worn. i. it. Can he endure no noise and will<br />

venter on a wife? 165a H. L'Estrange Amer. no Jcwes 7<br />

To venter upon such another voyage as Noah's 1711<br />

Addison 5/^c/. No. 121 Fi They never venture upon the<br />

Fruit of any Tree,.. unless they observe that it is marked<br />

with the Pecking of Birds. 1755 VoUNGC£«/a«ri. Wks. (1757)<br />

IV. 123, 1 venture on it out of what I conceive to be charity,<br />

greater siill ! 1781 Cowper Charity 6 A task I venture on,<br />

impeird by thee. 1863 Kinclake Crimea I. 296 Not only<br />

could they have noseniblancc of a public meeting, but they<br />

could not even venture upon the slightest approach to..<br />

Ifcsscr gatherings. 1876 ' L. Carroll ' Hunting Snark 11.<br />

xviii, The third is his slowness in taking a jest. Should you<br />

happen to venture on one,<br />

10. To venture at, to make a venture or attempt<br />

at ; to guess at.<br />

1613 Shaks. Hen. Vlll, 11. i. 156 [It is] held for certaine<br />

The King will venture at it. 1653 More Antiit. Ath. 11. xii.<br />

$ 17 To view theasperities of the Moon through a Dioptrick-<br />

Glass and venture at the Proportion of her Hills by their<br />

shadows. 167X R. Bohun Wind 85 Wee might likewise<br />

venture at a better account. 'ke, Dial, SorenesSf Chir. 27 b, It is<br />

not to be marueiled, that sochc venterlynges and younglinges,<br />

stomble so ofte at a strawe.<br />

Vontnrer. Also 6 venterer, -our. [f, Ven-<br />

TDBE V, Cf. Adventurer and It. veniuriere^<br />

L One who ventures, in various senses ; an adventurer,<br />

1530 Palscr. 284/2 Venturer on the lande, aduenturier.<br />

Ibid., Venturer on the see, piratic. 1538 Tonstall Serm.<br />

Palm Sund. (1823) 67 To make this realme a praye to al<br />

venturers, al spoyfers,. .all rauenours of the worlde. a 1560<br />

PiiAER /Eneidx. (1562) G gij b, Fortune is frend to venturers,<br />

and cowards hateth most. e to any Venturer<br />

abroad into publike view. 1^27 in Bailey (vol. II). 1841<br />

Dickens Barn. Rudge xxviii, A visit to the gaming-table<br />

not as a heated, anxious venturer, but [etc.]. 1863 Kinglake<br />

Crimea I. 447 The next night Prince Louis Bonaparte<br />

and his fellow venturers destroyed the French republic<br />

187a O. W. Holmes Poet. Break/.-t. vii, No Arctic venturer<br />

00 the waveless sea Feels the dread stillness [etc].<br />

114<br />

fig. i6a4 Donne Semi. (1649) II. xlix. 463 Was God a<br />

venturer with me in my sinne?<br />

trans/. i8a« Clare Vill. Minstr. II. 201 Airy leaves of<br />

woodbine.. Are earliest venturers to unfold their buds.<br />

fb. (See quot.) Obs~^<br />

1599 Hakluvt Vp^. 1 1. 1. 129 The venturers with the sword<br />

were 60. thousand in number [mar^., Gli Venturieri da<br />

spaiia^ are a kind of venturing souldiers, who commonly are<br />

wont to folow the army in hope of the spoile.j.<br />

2. One who undertakes or shares in a commercial<br />

or trading venture, esp, by sending goods or ships<br />

beyond seas ; a merchant-venturer.<br />

1557 Rkcorde Whetst. a ij. The gouerners, ConsuUes, and<br />

the reste of the companie of venturers into Moscouia. 1593<br />

R. Harvey Philad. 3 What traffique .should a venturer<br />

haue [etc.]. 1621-3 Middleton & Rowley Chdngeliug i. i,<br />

I meant to be a venturer in this voyage, 163a Massinger<br />

City Matiam i. iii, You were, .the mam venturer In every<br />

ship that launcheci forth. z66i Webster Curefor Cuckold<br />

.<br />

III. iii, This beginning May make us of small venturers to<br />

become <strong>Here</strong>after wealthy merchants. 1844 Kinglake<br />

Eothen vi. 88 The great Capitalist whose imperial sway is<br />

more withering than despotism iiself, to the enterprises of<br />

humble venturers.<br />

fS. A strumpet or prostitute. Cf. Venture sb.<br />

8. Obs.-'^<br />

1607 Dekker & Webster Westiv. Hoe 11. ii, Mist. Just,<br />

Had thy Circ^an Magick me transformd ._. that I were<br />

turn'd common Venturer, I could not loue this old man.<br />

tVe'lltnreship. Obs—^ In 6 venter-, [f.<br />

Venture sb^ Venturousness.<br />

1583 GoLDiNG Calvin on Dent. cxxx. 8oi<br />

bee no ventershippe in this belialf.<br />

For there must<br />

Ve'Uturesome, a. Also 7, 9 diaU^ venter-,<br />

[f. Vbntubb sb. or V. + -SOME.]<br />

1. Of persons : Disposed or ready to venture or<br />

take risks; bold, daring ; ^ Venturous a. i.<br />

1677 Gilpin Demonol. i. xviii. 155 Even as courage whetted<br />

on and enraged, makes a Man ventersome beyond the<br />

due bounds of prudence, or safety. 1698 Hearne Duct.<br />

Hist. (1714) I. 134 Does he not make his Hero more Rash<br />

than Wise, and more Venturesome than Ambitious ? 1798<br />

Edgeworth Pract. Educ. (1811) II. 395 We should even in<br />

trifles avoid every circumstance which can tend to make<br />

girls venturesome. 1863 Kinglake Crimea 1. 214 He was<br />

most venturesome in his schemes for action. x886 C. E,<br />

Pascoe Lond. of To-day xx'ix. (ed. 3) 262 Some persons..<br />

are sufficiently venturesome to visit Billingsgate when at the<br />

hish-tide of business.<br />

2. Of the nature of, characterized by, or involving<br />

risk; hazardous, risky.<br />

x66i in Phmiix (1721) I. 84 These two last Opinions of<br />

tlie F'ather, which seem the most bold and venturesome of<br />

all the rest. 1721 Strype Eccl. Mem. I. Hi. 391 It must ever<br />

redound unto the honour of his memory, that bold and<br />

venturesome act of his. 1755 Johnson, Hazardable, venturesome;<br />

liable to chance. 18^9 Dana Geol. ix. (1850) 451<br />

From the sunny piain above, the streamlet made the venturesome<br />

descent. 1885 Public Opin. 9 Jan. 28/2 General<br />

Stewart has returned safely from his venturesome ride across<br />

the desert.<br />

Hence Venturesomely adv.^<br />

ness.Ve'nturesome-<br />

1727 Bailey (vol, II), *P'enturesomly, daringly. 188a Sat,<br />

Rev. LIV. 597 To a butterfly also, may we venturesomely<br />

compare this strange., tome of weird verse. 1883 Evang.<br />

Mag. Aug. 343 The rocks toasted almost enough to blister<br />

the hand that should venturesomely touch them. 1727<br />

Bailev (vol. II), Fool Hardiness, Rashness, Temerity, a<br />

Thoughtless *Venturesomness. 1740 Richardson Pamela<br />

1. 236 She seem'd full of Wonder at my Resolution and<br />

Venturesomeness. 1869 Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. 16<br />

Did ever one hear of such venturesomeness? 1876 Geo.<br />

Ei.iOT Dan. Der. iii, xxiv, A handsome girl, whose lively<br />

venturesomeness of talk has the effect of wit.<br />

t Venturine, Obs, [ad. It., Sp., or<br />

turina^ = F. aventurine Aventurine.]<br />

Pg. ven-<br />

1. (See quots.)<br />

The sen.se is not recorded for the Continental word, and<br />

may be due to some mi-iunderstanding.<br />

1704 Diet. Rust. (1726)8. v. ya^an. That it [sc. varnish]<br />

may not dry before the Ventiirine or Gold-Wire reduced<br />

to powder is sifted on it. Ibid., P'enturine or Aventurine,<br />

is the most delicate and slender sort of Gold-wire, us'd by<br />

Embroiderers, &c. 1799 G. Smith Laboratory II. 441 As<br />

for the black and venturine, you must first lay a coat of<br />

varnish on the wood [etc.].<br />

2. Venturine-stone : (see quot. and cf. Aventurine<br />

1).<br />

1775 Ash, V'enturinestone, a kind of transparent stone<br />

brought from Italy powdered with a kind of gold dust.<br />

Ve'iituring, vbL sb. [f. Venture v."]<br />

1, The action of the vb. ; spec, engagement or<br />

paiticipation in a commercial venture or enterprise.<br />

1548 Admiralty Crt. 17 Dec. Exam. 35 Having the licence<br />

of the Lorde Protectors Grace to goe a venturing \i.e.<br />

having a letter of marque]. 1562 J. Hevwood Prov. ^<br />

^/"g^^- (1867) 139 Ventryng of mucli, May haue a lyttle.<br />

i59S[? J'C.J^/c/V/dxlviii. (Grosart)27 Much good successe<br />

men niisse for lack of ventring. 1631 in loth Rep. Hist.<br />

MSS. Comm. App. V. 476 Theire daylie losses sustained in<br />

the ventring of theire goods by sea. a 1695 Marq. of<br />

Halifax IVks. (1912) 245 Wise Venturing is the most commendable<br />

Part of human Prudence, 1706 Stephens Sp.<br />

Diet. I, Arriesgamiento, hazarding or venturing.<br />

t 2. Venturing pin, a disposition to use, or the<br />

habit of employing, the phrase ' I venture to say '.<br />

(Cf. Pin j*.i 15.) Obs.<br />

1671 Eachard Obs. Answ. Cont. Clergy 23 Thus far I durst<br />

venture to say, (seeing that we are yet upon the Venturing-<br />

Pin) that [etc.]. 1680 Reft. Late Libel Curse-ye-Meroz 5,<br />

I know him by the .same old, insipid, phlegmatic-style, the<br />

same old Supposals, Dilemma's, and venturing-pins.<br />

VENTUROUS.<br />

Venturing,//''- a- '^o\s rare. [f. as prec]<br />

Of a person : That ventures ; engaged ur engaging<br />

in a venture ; venturous.<br />

IS-. Vox populivox Dei 288 in E. P. I'. (Hazlitt) III. 278<br />

For of one C ye have not ten, That now be marchantes "<br />

ventring men. iS99 (see Venturer i bj. 1616 J. Lane<br />

Conln. Sgr.'s T. vil. 536 Enginers, stronpe laborers and<br />

ventringe pioners. 1747 HoosoN Miner's Diet. S iv b, In the<br />

High and Low Peaks, where ventureing Miners get but<br />

small Quantitys of Booss.<br />

t b- Of an expression : Bold, daring. Obs.~^<br />

i6s» N. CutvEBWEL Lt. Nature xi. (1661) 79 The Sloicks<br />

. . have indeed some doting, and venturing Expressions.<br />

Hence Vont-aringly adv.<br />

' 1884 Fawcett Rutherford i, They were very nice people<br />

..', Rutherford proceeded, somewhat venturingly. 1803<br />

Sunday Mag. July 465/1 He bent down and touched the<br />

child's cheeks venturingly with a hard, horny finger-tip.<br />

Venturous (ve^ntiiiras, ve-ntjaras), a. Also<br />

/3. 6-7 venterous. 7. 6 ventrus, 6-7 ventrous,<br />

6-8 vent'rous. [Aphetic f. of Adybntlkoub a.<br />

alter Ventube sb. and v^<br />

1. Of persons, etc. : Disposed to venture upon<br />

or undertake something ol a dangerous or risky<br />

nature ; willing to take risks or incur danger<br />

bold, daring, or enterprising in action or opinion ;<br />

adventurous, venturesome.<br />

or with to and inf.<br />

Also const, at, in, of,<br />

tt. 1576 Fleming Fanopl. Epiit. T iii b, I waxed venturous,<br />

and like a confident fellowe amended my pase. 1581 Pkttie<br />

tr. Gvazzo's Civ. Conv. n. (1586) 63 b, 1 count those, which<br />

wil vndertake to speake of eiierie matter, rather venturous<br />

than learned. 1675 tr. CamdetCs Hist. Etiz. ill. (ed. 3) 328<br />

Skenk a Frieslander and Sir Roger Williams a Welshman,<br />

two venturous men. 1694 Kettlewell Comf. Penitent 21<br />

A most presumptuously venturous and daring Sinner. 1719<br />

De Foe Crusoe l. (Globe) no But 1 had no need to be ven-<br />

turous ;<br />

275 Every corner Among these rocks, hnd every hollow<br />

place That venturous foot could reach. 1831 ScOTT Ct. Rcb.<br />

li, I know I am but too apt to be venturous in action. 1853<br />

C. BuONTE Villette xi. The directress was very prudent,<br />

but she could also be very venturous.<br />

p. 1578 T. N. Ir. Conq. W. India Pref. p. ii. It is nowe<br />

approoved by the venterous travellour . . Martin Frobisher.<br />

•579 LvLY Euphues (Arb.) 94 Thou art not. .more venterous<br />

to challenge the combatte, then I valiant to aunswere the<br />

quarrcli, i6oi Holland Pliny II. 156 Some bold and venterous<br />

Empiricke, who made great boast of his decpe skill.<br />

1619 H. Burton Truth's Tri.\oi Taking vpon him (as he<br />

is very venterous) to answer an argument, a 1660 Contemp.<br />

Hist. Irel. (Ir. Archajol. Soc.) I. 256 The noble and venterous<br />

sparke, Phelim mc Tuhill Oneylle.<br />

y. 1596 Nashe Saffron WaldtnTi His ventrous manhood<br />

and valure. 1601 Weever Miir. Mart. Cvb, All the<br />

Armie, ventrous, valorous, bold. 164a D. Rogers Naaman<br />

249 Let a besieger of a City be too ventrous, and what pcriU<br />

ensueth. 1667 Milton P. L. 11. 205 Those who at the<br />

for 1 had no Want of Food. 1800 Wokdsw. Brothers<br />

Spear are bold And vent'rous. 1715 Pope Odyss. in. 89<br />

Savage Pirates seek thro' seas unknown '1 he lives of ethers,<br />

vent'rous of their own. 1747 Francis tr. Horace, Odes<br />

(ed. 2) 1. xxxi. 16 The golden Goblet let Him drain. Who<br />

vent'rous plows th' Atlantic Main.<br />

b. absol. with the.<br />

1583 Melbancke PhilotimusYlx), And nowe shalt thou<br />

trie It, that fortune most vsually fauoures the venterous'.<br />

1589 Nashe Anat. Aisurd. Wks. (Grosart) I. 35 The acts<br />

of the ventrou.s, and the praise of the vertuous.<br />

C. Of things.<br />

1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Aliesaudax, a venterous shippe.<br />

1598 Sylvester Dh Bartas 11. i. Eden 27 But (sacred Pilot)<br />

tliou canst safely steer My vent'rous Pinnasse to her wished<br />

Peer. 1634 Bp. Reynolds Shieldes 0/ Eaith li6j6) 41<br />

Remember a Shield is a venturous weapon, a kind of surctie,<br />

which.. receives the injuries which were intended to another.<br />

1676 Shadwell Virtuoso 1. i, Those venturous blossoms,<br />

whose over-hasty obedience to the early spring does<br />

anticipate the proper season. 170S Watts in Soththy's<br />

Sate Cat. 30 July (1902) 49 Accept of this first labor of the<br />

press, this ventrous Essay of Poesie in so Nice and_ censorious<br />

an Age. 1764 Goldsm. Trav. 187 He. .drives his<br />

venturous plough-share to the steep. 1804 Charlotte<br />

Smith Conversations, etc. 1. 151 The first bud whose venturous<br />

head The Winter's lingering tempest braves. 1861<br />

Calverlev Verses 4- Transl. (ed. 2) 28 He who erst with<br />

venturous tliuinb Drew from its pie-y lair the solitary plum.<br />

2. Of the nature of a venture ; marked or charac-<br />

terized by, attended with, involving, hazard or risk<br />

hazardous, risky.<br />

1570 FoxeW. if M. (ed. 2)1. 114/1 Desperation, ..which IS<br />

wont in ventrous affaires to do much. 1598 Bakret Theor.<br />

Warrcs ill. ii. 75 It is venturous to set ones fortune vpon<br />

the brunt of one sole battell. 1670 Eachard Cont. Clergy<br />

22 The meer venturous and inconsiderate determining of<br />

youths to the profession of learning. 1709 PmoR Carni.<br />

Sec. 75 Bloody Wreaths in vent'rous Battels won. 1783<br />

Crabbe Village I. 117 The tost ves^el.. Which to their coast<br />

difects its vent'rous way. 1840 F. D. Bennett II- haliug<br />

Voy. II. 186 Now but few .seas are entirely free from the<br />

visits of ships occupied in this venturous service. iKi<br />

7rnl. R. Agric. Soc. XXIII. 277 Twenty years ago the<br />

manufacture and sale of artificial manures partook more ol<br />

the character of a venturous speculation.<br />

b. Marked by, full of, adventures.<br />

1813 ScoTT Rokeliy iii. ii, And well his venturous life had<br />

proved The lessons that his childhood loved.<br />

3. Arising from, indicative of, a readiness to<br />

encounter hazard or risk ; l)old, daring.<br />

1584 jl/i'rn Mag. Epist., If their forfeats were wel knowen,<br />

1 fere, thei do acts as ventrus. 1587 Turberv. Trag. Tales<br />

74 b, I thinke him such a one as dares Such ventrous parts<br />

to play. i6m Bacon Henry VII, 51 Meane men, who would<br />

make it their Master-piece of Credite and Fauour, to giue<br />

Venturous Counsels, a i6«i Fuller Worthies ili. (1662) 43


VENTUROUSLY.<br />

He was. .knighted by the King for his venturous Activity..<br />

1711 Shaftesb. Ckarac. (1737J 11. m. 346 Bear with my<br />

ventrous and bold Approach. 1818 Scott ///-/. MiM. xxvii,<br />

There was somethinj; of romance in Jeanie's venturous<br />

resolution. 1856 Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh viii. 349, I<br />

scarce marvel much you took it for a venturous piece of<br />

spite, 1877 Bryant 5tf//a 21 Her clear, calm eye Was Ijright<br />

with venturous spirit.<br />

b. Of opinions, etc. : Daringly bold or original<br />

going further than the evidence or facts appear to<br />

115<br />

an action is laid ; the place where a jury is summoned<br />

to come for the trial of a case. Freq. in<br />

the phrase to lay (alsoyfj: ox place) the venue.<br />

1531 Star Chamb. Cases (Seldenj II. 190 The venewe most<br />

nedes be of Stevenage aforsed. Ibid. 194 Ihe layng of the<br />

venew or issue at Stevenegcto have an indefferent Jury.<br />

»S43-4 -'^ct 35 Hen. VIII, c. 6 § 3 Within thesaide hundred<br />

where the venewe lieth. 1641 Vermes de la Ley 260 Vcneiu<br />

or Visnc is a terine used.. often in our bookes, and signifies<br />

a place next to that where any thing that comes to be tryed<br />

is supposed to bee done. And therefore.. some of the Jury<br />

must be of the same hundred, or sometimes of the same<br />

parish in which the thing is supposed to be done. 1664-5<br />

16-17 Charles II,c. 8 § 1 The Plaintiffe might have de-<br />

;<br />

I<br />

I<br />

j<br />

I<br />

I<br />

I<br />

I<br />

!<br />

w.irrant.<br />

1608 Wii.LET Hexapla Exod. 571 Contrarie then to this<br />

orihodoxall doctrine of the Fathers . . are tlie-^e ventrous and<br />

bold positions. 1644 Milton Areo^. (Arb.) 57 One sentence<br />

of a ventrous edge, utter'd in the height of zeal. 1681<br />

Baxter ApoL Nonconf. Min, 5 Men's uncertain and venturous<br />

reports. 1830 \V, Tavi.or Hist. Surp. Germ. Poetry<br />

I. 333 Lessing. .was distinguished by the venturous originality<br />

of his opinions. 1837 J. H. Newman Proph. Office<br />

Church, ^c. 133 Nothing is gained to the intellect ; rather,<br />

Act<br />

murred and shewen the same for Cause, nor for want of the<br />

Averment.. or for that there is noe right Venue. 1728<br />

Chambers Cycl. s.v.. Thus we say, Twelve of the Assize<br />

ought to be of the same Venew where the Demand is made,<br />

1796 J. Anstey Pleader's Guide i. i. (1826) 5 For Kards and<br />

Lawyers, both, with ease, May place the Venue where they<br />

something is lost by ihis venturous claim.<br />

Ve'nturously, adv. Also 6 venter-, 6-7<br />

ventrously, 8 vent'rously. [f. prec + -XT 2.]<br />

In a venturous manner ; boldly, daringly,<br />

a., a 1533 Ld. Berners Hiton xvi. 42 Than venturously<br />

they releuyd them. 1591 Horsey Trav. (Hakluyt Soc.) 199,<br />

I stode emonge the rest venturously. 1603 Holland<br />

Plutarch's Mor. 476 To make shifts and expose themselves<br />

venturously into any danger. 1651 Fuller Perkins in<br />

Abel Redivivus 435 A difficult taske no lesse valiantly<br />

performed than venturously undertaken. 170X Norris<br />

Ideal IVorld i. v. 324 'I'hey. .determine venturously upon<br />

the first views. 18x4 Scorr li^av. i, I have venturously<br />

essayed to read a chapter to the public.<br />

Comb. 1639 HoiiBEs Thucydides 104 You ought not to<br />

b«e lesse venturously minded against the cnemie.<br />

3i Y- cx$ss Harpsfield Divorce Hen. /V// (Camden) 150<br />

He sticketti not venterously to avouch that it was not lawful-<br />

iS73'l'wvNEy^««V^ Ded. A ij, I haueenterprisedmore<br />

ventrously then wisely, .to end that which he left vnperfect.<br />

1650 Bl'lwf.r Anthropo7uet. 170 This agitation of mind..<br />

makes the Soule more boldly and ventrously to reflect upon<br />

it self, a 1656 Hales Gold. Rem. (1673) 1. 85, I have often<br />

wondred with my self, how men durst die so ventrously,<br />

except they were sure they died well. axToiSEDLEV V^en. 4-<br />

/Jynkes of ^ow J»re Dame Venus<br />

semes fairest to be. 1390 Gower Conf. II. 84 The Coper<br />

set is to Venus, And to his part Mercurius. 1419-20<br />

Lyug. Chron. Troy 11. 3443 In honour only of Venus,<br />

t>e goddes, Whom >e Grekis with al her besynes Honoured<br />

most of euery nianer age. 1490 Caxton Eneydos xiv.<br />

50 Certes, Venus, thou and thy sone Cupydo are gretely<br />

to be praysed. 1508 Dunbar Gold. Targe 21 The birdis<br />

sang .. With curiouse note, as Venus chapell clerkis.<br />

1590 Marlowe ind Pt. Tamburl. iv. ii, Thou shalt..Sit<br />

like to Venus in her chaire of state, Commanding all thy<br />

princely eie desires. 1687 Drvden Hind ^ P. 111. 1064<br />

As if this troublesome intruding Guest Would drive the<br />

Birds of Venus [ = dovesl from their Nest. 1781 Cowper<br />

Conversat. 824 Certain feasts . . Where Venus hears the<br />

lover's tender vow. 1835 'Ywivx^iK\A.Greece 1. 141 The temple<br />

of Venus at Eryx, which was most probably founded by<br />

Phoenicians. 1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 172/2 'Ihe native<br />

Roman goddess Venus, as distinguished from the Venus<br />

who through contact with the Greeks was afterwards ideniitied<br />

with Aphrodite.<br />

b. In allusive use ; (cf. sense 2).<br />

c 141a HoccLEVE De Reg. Princ. 3890 pere wole he outen<br />

his langage, And do to Eachus and Venus homage, c 1508<br />

C. Blo-wbol's Test. 62 in Hazlitl E.P.P. I. 94 Hegafme<br />

many a good certacion. .That he had laboured in Venus<br />

secret celle. 1693 tr. Blancard's Phys. Diet. (ed. 2) s v.<br />

Maslach, Sometimes tliey take Three Drams, without any<br />

prejudice, especially when they are about to Fight the<br />

Battels of Mars or Venus, a X796 Burns Lines Windoius<br />

Globe Tavern, Dumfries, In wars at hame I'll spend my<br />

blood. Life-giving wars of Venus. 1809 Malkin Gil Bias<br />

IV. vii. ^8 He could not stomach those beauties who call<br />

a spade a spade. Such were not for his market ; the rites<br />

of Venus must be consummated in the temple of Vesta.<br />

c. A representation, esp. a statue or image, of<br />

Venus,<br />

a 1568 AscHAM Scholem. \\. Wks. (1904) 301 Csesar. .is like<br />

the halfe face of a Venus, the other part of the head beyng<br />

hidden, the bodie and the rest of the members vnbegon.<br />

1601 Holland Pliny II. 566 But of all the images that ever<br />

were made, ..his \sc. Praxiteles] Venus passeth, which hee<br />

wrought for them of Gnidos. a 1700 Evelyn Diary 23 May<br />

1645, 'Twixt the pictures two naked Venuses by Titian.<br />

Ibid., A Venus of marble, veiled from the middle to the feete.<br />

ij*x Richardson Statues etc, in Italy 134 There is a Venus<br />

which stands just by This which is Irreproachable. 1834<br />

Penny Cycl. II. 157/2 Many representations of the goddess<br />

[Aphrodite]., are extant : among these, the celebrated statue,<br />

called the Venus de' Medici, is that with which we are most<br />

familiarized. 1850 Thackeray Pendennis lii. The wig-box<br />

beside the Venus upon the middle shelf of the book-case.<br />

d. A local or other distinct conception of the<br />

goddess; also transf.^ a goddess in other mythologies<br />

corresponding to Venus.<br />

J770 Percy tr. Mallei's Northern Antig. I. 94 This Frea<br />

became in the sequel.. the Venus of the north, doubtless<br />

because she passed for the principle of all fecundity, 1818<br />

DuppA Trav. I'-aly^ etc. 136 He also shewed us a little<br />

bronze statue of a Venus. 1877 W. R. Cooper Egypt.<br />

Obelisks vii.(i878) 30 Under the special protection of Hathor,<br />

the Egyptian Venus.<br />

t2. The desire for sexual intercourse ; indulgence<br />

- of sexual desire ; lust, venery. Obs.<br />

I Burton<br />

1513 Douglas j^neid iv. Prol. gjChildir to engener ois<br />

Venus, and nocht in vane. 1573 L, Lloyd Marrow of Hist.<br />

(1653I 253 Sardanapalus .. was alwaies werid but never<br />

with Venus. x6ao Venner Fia Recta iii. 61 It<br />

very good nourishment, which.. encreaseth seede,<br />

exciteth Venus. 1697 Drvden Virg. Georg, iv. 289<br />

more strange, their modest Appetites, Averse from<br />

fly the Nuptial Rites. 1746 Francis tr. Horace^<br />

I. xviii. 43 If Venus be his darling Vice. 1746 —<br />

Sat. I. iv. 148 An honest Venus will indulge your Flame.<br />

1 3, A quality or characteristic that excites love<br />

a charm, grace, or attractive feature. Obs.<br />

1540 Palsgr. Acolastus Livb, <strong>Here</strong> dwell Venusis and<br />

graces of al kynd. 1607 Middi.eton Five Gallants 1. i, A<br />

pretie, fat eyde wench, with a Venus in her cheeke. 1621<br />

Anat. Mel. i. ii. iv. vi, All the Graces, Veneres,<br />

pleasures, elegances attend him. 1647 R. Stapylton<br />

Juvenal 236 Know'st not how many Venu.ses appear In<br />

others gold? 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) I. 138 Everyone<br />

is a virtuoso, of a higher or lower degree: every-one<br />

pursues a Grace, and courts a Venus of one kind or another.<br />

Ibid. 337 If he knows not this Venus, these Graces [etc, J.<br />

f b. Beauty ; charm, Obs, rare.<br />

1657 G. Thornley />a//(«/j at hii bicome.


VENUS.<br />

Tbc bryght venus folwedc and ay taughte The wcy, iher<br />

brode Phebus down alighte. c 1400 Treat. Astron. 8 b<br />

(MS. Bodl. R 17), The secunde owe of >c same day is the<br />

owre of J>e planet Venus, c 1480 Henryson Tist. Cres. ii<br />

Fair Venus, the bewtie of the nicht, Uprais. 1590 Shaks.<br />

Afitfs, A'. III. ii. 107 Let her shine asglonously As the Venus<br />

of the sky. 1664 Butler //ud. n. iii. 530 Venus you retriv'd.<br />

In opposition with Mars, And no benigne friendly Stars T<br />

allay ih* effect. X7»7-46 Thomson Summer 1695 Sudden to<br />

heaven Thence weary vision turns ;<br />

where, .with purestray<br />

Sweet Venus shines. 1771 EncycL Brit. I. 436/2 When<br />

Venus appears west of the sun, she rises before htm in the<br />

morning, and is railed the morning-star; when she appears<br />

east of the sun, she shines in the evening after he sets, and<br />

is then called the eveningstar. 184a Francis Diet, Arts<br />

S.V., Venus changes her phases lilce those of the moon, according<br />

to her position, relative to the earth and sun. 1868<br />

LocKYER GuilUmin's Heavens (ed. 3) 81 Thus the sohd<br />

ground of Venus is uneven, like that of Mercury and the<br />

Earth.<br />

t6. Ahh, Copper. (In quot. 1797 allusively.)<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Can. Ycom. Prol. ^ T. 276 Sol gold is,.<br />

and J ubiter is tyn. And Venus coper, by my fader kyn. 1594<br />

PuvT Jeivtli-ko. I. 20 The Alcumists giue a blauncher vnto<br />

Venus with the salt of Tartar. 1610 B. Josson Alch. 11. i,<br />

The great med'cine ! Of which one part proiected on a hundred<br />

Of Mercurie, or Venus, or the Moone, Shall turne it<br />

to as many of the Sunne. i7»8 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Copper^<br />

The Chymists call it Venus', as supposing it to have some<br />

more immediate Relation to that Planet. 1758 [see Jupiter<br />

abX X797 W. Johnston tr. Beckmann^s Invent. I. 398 One<br />

may justly doubt whether, at present, Mars, Venus, or<br />

Saturn, is most destructive to the human race.<br />

t b. So in crystals^ saffron, salt, vinegar, vitriol<br />

of Venus (see quots.). Obs.<br />

1693 Phil. Trans, XVII. 901 This very elaborate method<br />

of procuring the Salt of Venus. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn.<br />

I, Vitriol o( Copper or I'enus is IJlue Chrystals made by a<br />

Solution of Copper in Spirit of Nitre, Evaporation, and<br />

Chrystallization ma cool place. i7»8 Chambers Cyc/, s,v.<br />

Copper^ The Calx of Brass, called . . sometimes . . Saffron of<br />

Venus, is nothing but Copper calcin'd in a violent Fire.<br />

1707 EncycL Brie. (ed. 3) XVI. 623 The acetous salt of copper,<br />

called crystals of Venus, or of verdigris, by the chemists.<br />

1807 T. Thomson Ckem. (ed. 3I II, 259 When acetate of<br />

copper, reduced to powder, isput into a retort and distilled,<br />

there comes overa liquid, .and afterwards a highly concentrated<br />

acid. ..The acid., was formerly distinguished by the<br />

names of radical vinegar and vinegar of Venus.<br />

+ 7. Her, A name for the tincture green or vert<br />

when the names of planets are used in blazonry.<br />

[156a Legh Armory 16, 1 pray you what planet belongeih<br />

to this colour [invert]? Venus.] 1578 BossEWELL.^rOTor;><br />

II. 78 b, The fielde is parted per Fes.se Dented, Venus, and<br />

Saturne, five brasauntes. 1680 Sir G. Mackenzie Her.<br />

18-19. '704 J* Harris Lex. Techn. I, Vert^ the Heralds<br />

Word for a Green Colour j. . in Coats of Nobles, 'tis called<br />

Emerauld; and in those of Kings 'tis called Venus.<br />

8. The highest or most favourable cast or throw<br />

in playing with huckle-bones.<br />

x6ii CoTGR. S.V., The play at huckle-bones,- wherein he<br />

that turns vp Venus (figured on one side of the bonej doth<br />

winne ; whereas he that turnes vp the dog, doth lose, c 1650<br />

in MS. Ashmole •/SSioX. 163 The game of Astragalls... When<br />

all y« fower boanes shal shew seuerall sides this is the most<br />

fortunate cast & is called Midas or Venus take all Cock-all.<br />

1737 OzELL Rabelais III. p, xvi, Venus was the best Cast,<br />

three Sices. [1876 Browning * At the Mermaid' xv, Well<br />

may you blaspheme at fortune ! I 'threw Venus* (Ben,<br />

expound !).]<br />

9. Girdle^ maundy vtoitnt, ring of Venus, in<br />

palmistry (see quots.) ; also mount of Venus, in<br />

anatomy (see quot. 1728).<br />

Cf. Venus girdle (1653) in 13 below.<br />

1695 CoNGREve ifff^y^/" L. 11. iii. She has. .a moist Palm,<br />

and an open Liberality on the Mount of Venus. 1738<br />

Chambers Cyir/. s.v., Mount of Venus, ^/owf Veneris, among<br />

Anatomists, is a little hairy Protuberance, in the middle of<br />

the Pubes of Women. Ibid.^ Among Chiromancers, the<br />

Mount of Venus is a little Eminence in the Palm of the<br />

Hand, at the Root of one of the Fingers. 1865 Beamish<br />

Psychon. Hand -^i The line of Saturn, the ring of Venus,<br />

and the line of Apollo. 1894 Paul Hello Palmistry 21 The<br />

Girdle of Venus is a line describing a semicircle, extending<br />

from between the Mounts of Jupiter and Saturn to the<br />

Mount of Mercury. This girdle is generally absent. 1900<br />

Ina Oxenford Mad. Palmistry 22 The Mount of Venus<br />

encircles the root of the thumb, and is bounded more or less<br />

by the Life-line.<br />

10. Zool. A genus of bivalve molluscs typically<br />

representing the family Veneride \ a member of<br />

this genus or family ; a venerid. Cf. Clam sb.'^ i d.<br />

1770 Pennant Brit. Zool. (1777) IV. [p. xiv], Commercial<br />

Venus [and various other species]. Ibid. 93. 1802-3 tr.<br />

Pallas's Trav. (1812) IL 293 A ribbed Venus, rounded at<br />

one extremity. 1857 GossE Omphalos viii. 228 That lilactinted<br />

Prickly Venus (^Diopu Veneris). x88o Bastian Brain<br />

75 The Razor-fish, Cockle, Venus, and other bivalves possessing<br />

..* siphon- tubes '.<br />

^. pl. iw Pennant Brit. Zool. (1777) IV. 89 Telliua<br />

rugosa. . .Dredged up at Weymouth. Misplaced among the<br />

Venuses. iSaa J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 257 That these<br />

supposed fresh-water shells are sometimes found scattered<br />

among a multitude of acknowledged sea shells, as. Oysters,<br />

Venus's, &c 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVL 209/2 In the Veneres<br />

the animal, furnished with longer siphons, is provided with<br />

a retractor muscle.<br />

III. attiib. and Comb.<br />

11. Simple attrib, (also possessive without V),as<br />

Venus bower, court, knot, + mcle, + star, throw, etc.<br />

c 1550 RoLLAND Crt. Venus x. 90 In *Venus Bowr to eik<br />

baiib game and glew. 1513 Douglas ^netd iv. Prol. 159<br />

Lat ws in riot leif, in sport and gam, In *Venus court. 1579<br />

I/VLY Euphues (Arb.) loS If [she is] one of Venus court,<br />

they haue vowed dishonestye. 1590 Shaks. Mids. A'. 1. i.<br />

X71, I sweare to thee, . . By the simplicitie of * Venus Doues.<br />

I<br />

'<br />

I 45<br />

I wanton<br />

116<br />

1876 T. Hardy Etkelberta (1877) 35 Her hair fastened in a<br />

sort of "Venus knot behind. \^o Sivetnara Arraigned {xZZo)<br />

By Art they know . . how to adde A "Venus mole on euery<br />

cheeke. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. u. vi. 5 O ten times<br />

faster "Venus Pidgions flye To steale loues bonds new made.<br />

190a Edinb. Rev. Oct. 321 Helen, by reason of the "Venusspell,,<br />

.loves Paris, dt 1593 Marlowe & Nashe Dido 39<br />

"Venus swannes shall shed their siluer downe, To sweeten<br />

out the slumbers of thy bed. 1591 Spenser Daphn. 483<br />

And night without a "Venus siarre is found. 1611 Florio,<br />

Ventre^, .the day or morning star, called Lucifei or Venus<br />

star. 1879 Lewis & Shokt Lat. Diet., Veuereus, the<br />

"Venus-throw at dice.<br />

b. In sense 2, as Venus act, exercise, life, play,<br />

work, etc<br />

c 1400 Destr. Troy 753<br />

venus werkes, J)at horn well pleasid. 1508 Dunbar Tua<br />

Mariit IVemen 399 He that wantes riches. And vaUeandnes<br />

ill Venus play, is ful vile lialdin. 1513 Douglas ^neid iv.<br />

J>ai solast horn samyn . . With<br />

Piol. 187 With Venus henvifis quhat wyse may I flite?<br />

rt 1578 Lindesay (PitscQttie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 158<br />

That licherie and wenus lyfe hes oft tymes a euill end.<br />

16x1 Florid, Venereo,.. given to Venus-sports, or letchery.<br />

1617 MoBYSON Itin. II. 166 Most of them when they were<br />

stripped, were seene to have scarres of Venus warfare. 16*3<br />

CocKERAM 1, Venus-escuage, wanton fleshlinesse. Ibid, iii,<br />

Barnacle, a kinde of Sea Gull, it growes not by Venus<br />

act, but as Dubartas writes [etc.]. 1634 Sir T. Herbert<br />

Trav. 151 Opium. .makes them strong and long in Venus<br />

exercises. 1658 Rowland tr. Mou/eCs Theat. Ins. 1004<br />

Unless there had been plenty of milk at hand, this Venus<br />

bird had died and suffered deservedly for his Lechery. 1786<br />

Burns ^ Z?rra?« xiii, A glorious Galley, ..Weel rigg'd for<br />

Venus barter, i8ai Liddle Poems ^t Your venus jobs now's<br />

a' kend thro' The Loudias braid.<br />

o. In sense 10.<br />

18x6 TucKEY Narr. Exped. R. Zaire ii. (1818) 58 Fragments<br />

of shells of the cockle and venus genera. i86x P- P.<br />

Carpenter in Rep. Smithsonian Instit. i860, 256 The<br />

Venus-tribe may be regarded as the types of the Lamellibranchs.<br />

12. Special combs, (of the possessive, with or<br />

without V) : Venus + gem, t girdle, + hair,<br />

Venu8*s hair-stone, pencil (see quots.).<br />

x6ox Holland Pliny II. 621 Such Amethysts as these..;<br />

many give them the name of Venus gems, for the great<br />

grace that they have . . both in fashion and colour. Ibid. 629<br />

The stone called Venus haire, is exceeding blacke and<br />

shining ; howbeit it maketh a shew of red haires sprinckled<br />

among. 1653 R. Sanders Physiogn. 49 Venus Girdle is a<br />

Semicircle that begins between the fore-finger and the<br />

middle finger, and ends between the fojrth finger and the<br />

little one. 1884 Imp. Diet. IV, Venus's kair.stones,<br />

Venus's pencils, fanciful names applied to rock crystals inclosing<br />

slender hair-like or needle-like crystals of hornblende,<br />

asbestos, oxide of iron, rutile, oxide of manganese, &c.<br />

b. Bot. Venus*s basin, bath, the wild teasel,<br />

Dipsacus sylvestris', Venus's comb, the shepherd's<br />

needle, Scandix Pecten- Veneris ; Venus's<br />

cup, Venus's basin ; Venus's flytrap, the North<br />

American marsh-plant Dionssa muscipula ; f Venus'<br />

garden, = Venus's navelwort (rt) ; f Venus*<br />

glass, Venus's looking-glass; Venus golden<br />

apple (see quot.) ; Venus' hair, the maiden-hair,<br />

Adiantum Capillus- Veneris {?,tc also quot. rl 7 1<br />

1 )<br />

t Venus* laver, Venus's basin ; Venus('s) looking-glass,<br />

one or other of certain plants belonging<br />

to the genus Specularia, esp, S, (or Campanula^<br />

Speculum (f Speculum Veneris^ ; Venus' navel,<br />

= next (a) ; Venus's navelwort, {a) the pennywort,<br />

Cotyledon Umbilicus ; (^) one or other<br />

species of annual plants belonging to the genus<br />

Ompkalodes, esp. 0. linifolia ; f Venus needle,<br />

Venus's comb ; Venus-pear, a variety of pear<br />

mentioned by Pliny and Columella ; Venus's<br />

pride, U.S. (see qaot.) ; Venus's slipper, the<br />

lady's slipper, Cypripedium Calceolus.<br />

XSSI Turner Herbal i. Oivb, Dipsacos, called in latin<br />

labrum veneris: that is *venus basin, because it holdeth<br />

alwayes water. iS78[see below]. 1597 Gerarde Herbal n.<br />

cccclxxi. 1006 Tease 11 is called.. Carde Teaseli, and Venus<br />

Bason. 1671 Skinner, Venus-bason, Dipsacus vulgaris.<br />

1763 Stukeley Palxogr. Sacra 25 Ladys fingers, ladys<br />

traces, ladys linnen, Venus glass, Venus bason, . .etc. 1863<br />

Phior Plant-n., Venus Bason, Veneris labruvt, so named<br />

..from the hollows formed by the united bases of the<br />

leaves being usually filled with water, that was used.. to<br />

remove warts and freckles. 1S78 Lyte Dodoens 522<br />

Called in. .Englishe, Fullers Teasel, Carde Thistell, and<br />

*Venus bath or Bason. 1855 Miss Pratt Flo^ver. PI. III.<br />

169 Wild Teazel.. is still often called Venus's Bath. 1866<br />

Treas. Hot. 1208/j Venus' bath, Dipsacus sylvestris: so<br />

named from water collecting in the connate bases of the<br />

opposite leaves. 1597 Gerarde Herbal 11. cccc. 884 Pecten<br />

Veneris, siue Scandix, Shepheards Needle, or *Venus<br />

combe. 1671 Skinner, Venus-Comb. 1753 Chambers' Cycl.<br />

Suppl., Scandyx, venus comb... The flower is of the rosaceous<br />

kind, consisting of several petals, which are arranged<br />

in a circular order on a cup. 1785 Martvn Lett. Bot. xvii.<br />

(1794) 238 Venus's-comb is remarkable for long processes or<br />

beaks terminating the seeds. 1863 Prior Plant-n., Venus*<br />

Comb, from the slender tapering beaks of the seed-vessels<br />

being set together like the teeth of a comb. 1855 Miss<br />

Pratt Flower. PI. III. 69 Wild Teazel, .is still often called<br />

. . "Venus's Cup. ^^^^ Ann. Reg. 11. 93 A Description of a<br />

newly discovered Sensitive Plant, called Dionaea Muscipula,<br />

or 'Venus's Fly-trap. x8s7 A. Gray First Less. Bot. (1866)<br />

171 The Venus's Fly-trap, .growing where it is always sure<br />

of all the food a plant can need. 1867 H. Macmillan Bible<br />

Teach, vii. (1870) 1^8 The leaf of the Venus' fly-trap of<br />

North America, closing together on its prey by turning on<br />

its mid-rib as on a hinge. 1597 Gerarde Herbal 11. cxliii.<br />

424 Nauelwort is called . . of some Hortus Veneris, or<br />

VENUS.<br />

Venus garden. i6iz Cotcr., Nombril de /V«ttr,..WaU<br />

Penniwori, Venus garden, Hipwort. 17*8 Bradley Diet.<br />

Bot. II. s,v., *Venus ij\as&,.. Speculum veneris sive Viola<br />

Pentagona. 1763 [see Venus basin]. 1888 Nicholson's<br />

Diet. Card. IV, *Venus' Golden Apple, a common name<br />

for A talantia tnonophylla. XS48 Turner Names Herbes<br />

(E.D.S.) 9 *Venus heir is in a meane tempre betwene bote<br />

& colde. 1S78 LvTE Dodoens 409 Venus heare groweth<br />

in walles, and in stony shadowy places. x66x Lovell Hist.<br />

Anim. ie<br />

Alont/art's Sum. E. Indies 31 Their Venus-shells consist of<br />

certaine kind of earth or clay which hath remaind a 100<br />

yeares in one place. 1666 J. Davies tr.Roche/ort's Caribby<br />

Isles 121 The Venus-shells may justly be numbret^ among<br />

the rarest productions of the Sea. x68x Gkew Musaeum i.<br />

Vi. i. 137 Venus-Shell. Concha Veneris. Because beautiful.<br />

187J A. Domett Ranolf s\. ii. 112 Exact as roseate streak<br />

for streak Some opened Venus-shell displays. 1836 Penny<br />

Cycl. VI. 294/1 The shells of this genus [sc.Car/mir/a] were<br />

formerly known to collectors under the name of ' *Venus's<br />

Slipper ' and ' Glass Nautilus '. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 253<br />

The Porcellanesor "Venus Winkles swimme above the water,<br />

and with their concavitie and hollow part which they set into<br />

the weather, helpe themselvesin stead of sailes. 1611 Florio,<br />

Veneria, a Scallop called a Purcelane or Venus- winkle.<br />

Ve'nus^, error for Venice, by association with<br />

prec.<br />

1629 in Foster Eng. Factories India (1909^ HI. 349<br />

Cordage, wheat, Venus cloth. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 4S5/1


VENUST.<br />

Rhus CotinuSt Venus Sumach, or Wild Olive. 1866 Treat.<br />

Bai, q8o/i R. Cotinns, another South European species,<br />

called the Venus or Venetian Sumach, yields the yellow dyewood<br />

called Young Fustic.<br />

t VenUSt, a- Ods. [ad. L. venusi-us^ f. Venus<br />

Venus *, Cf. It. and Pg. venusto.] Handsome,<br />

beautiful ; elegant, graceful ; comely in appearance,<br />

1513 Doui;las yEneid xii. Prol. 87 The variant vestur of<br />

the venust vaill. a 1568 in Bannatyne MS. (Hunterian<br />

CI.) 672 My bird, my bony ane, my tendir bab venust. 1604<br />

R. Cawdrev Tabu Alph.^ Venuste, faire, beautifull. 1657<br />

ToMLissos Rf/iou's Disp. 673 Amber is a. . Rosine flowing<br />

from the incisures of a.. Venust tree. 1663 Waterhouse<br />

fort. 187 As the Infancy of Rome was venust, so was its<br />

Manhood notably strenuous. 1698 Fhver Acc. E. India


VEBAMENT.<br />

Rel^. (1850) I. 386 Were the tradition of the Scriptures'<br />

antiquity and veracity not enough. 1755 Lloyd in Connoisitnr<br />

No. 75. 434 The veracity of these posthumous encomiums<br />

'nay, indeed, be fairly su-^pectcd. 1803 Edwin \.<br />

vi. 89 The baind of warriors no longer doubting the veracity<br />

of his words. 1843 G. S. FabeTr Eight Dissert. * Specific Informant [i.e. scientific<br />

ment] needs to have its veracity put to the tesL<br />

instru-<br />

4. That which is irae ; a truthful statement ; a<br />

truth.<br />

i8$2 F. \V. Robertson Serm. Ser. in. xvi. (1857) 204 It is<br />

possible for a man to utter veracities and yet to be false to<br />

himself and 10 his God. 1867 Stubbs Study Met f^ Mod.<br />

Nisi. (18861 18 A world whose falsehoods and veracities are<br />

separated by so very thin a barrier.<br />

6. Comb.y as veracity-assuring^ ^serving.<br />

i8M-ia Bestham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) I. 194<br />

According as . . the force of. . the veracity-insuring . . motives<br />

is the strongest. Ibid, 282 V^eracity-serving information, information<br />

considered as a source of truth.<br />

Verade, variant of Ferred Obs,<br />

Verai, ol>5. form of Verv a.<br />

t VeTament, fl'^z'. Obs. Forms: a. 4 vere-,<br />

4--6 verrement (4 verree-). &. 4-6 vera-, 4-5<br />

verra-, 5 Sc. werrament. [ad. AF. veirement<br />

(cf. moi. Walloon v^remeni), = OF. voirement<br />

(slill in dial, use), f, veirj voir :— L. verus true.<br />

The 3-forms may be partly due to the influence of<br />

verraiment Vebimbnt.] Really, truly ; « Vebi-<br />

MEUT adv.<br />

Freq. c 1330-c 1560, esp. in ^-form, often as a mere tag or<br />

rime-word.<br />

a. 1303 R. Brun.ne Handl. Syiine 651 5yf ^>ou wene J»at<br />

vcrcment, Hyt ys a^ens J>ys comaundement. cx^^^Siec.<br />

Gy lVa>~iv. Ztj pu shalt fonge verreement pare Jji rihle<br />

iugement. ^1400 T.Chestre ZaK^//^//485 Manyaknyght,<br />

verement, To ground was ibore. a 1450 Mvhc Par. Pr.<br />

390 These t>re poyntes verement Nowl>er schale do, hot<br />

Dol>e assent. 15.. W. Bkoi^n in Bannatyne MS. (Hunt.<br />

CI.) 138/6 With havy hairt and inekle dreid I red the scrip-<br />

tour verement.<br />

p. c 1323 Lai le Freine 255 He . . bad<br />

his man sigge, verra-<br />

ment, He schuld toward a tum.iment. c 1386 Chaucer 6";r<br />

Thopas 2 Listeneth, lordings, in good entent, And I wol<br />

tell you verament Of mirth and of solas. 1436 Auoelav<br />

Poems 6 Fore ihou art bouiiden, go were thou goo,. .Ther<br />

is no mon may hit unuoo Bot he be cursid verament. c 1460<br />

7o!Vfw/ey Mysi. iiL 6 The son, the moyne, verament, Thou<br />

maide. a 1310 Douglas K. Hart ii. 470 Go send for Deid,<br />

thus said he verament. 1561 Queen Esther A iij b, In their<br />

mynde they thyncke verament That either for riches &<br />

honour lustis will doe. («z6o6 N. Baxter Siduey^s Ourania<br />

D4 b, Yet not in any sort colour verament For no colours<br />

hath the starrie firmament. 1611 in CotyaVs Crudities<br />

PanegjT. Verses, He did his homage verament And salued<br />

them each one.<br />

b. Quasi-i^^. /;/ verament^ — prec,<br />

c 1450 Son^s, CarolSf etc. (1907) i. xi. 3 In this tyme God<br />

hath sent Hys own Son. .To dwell with vs in verament.<br />

C1470 Henry Wallace ix. 1208 It is for gud at he is fra us<br />

went; It sail ye se, trast weill, in werrament. £'1550<br />

RoLLANi) Crt. Venus 1. 763 [They] deput ane to gif diffinitiue<br />

.\nswer agane. .Quhilk Lady hecht Themis in verament.<br />

1599 Nashe Lenten Stuff ^IV^. (Grosart) V. 247 In<br />

erament and sincerity, I neuer crouded through this confluent<br />

herring faire.<br />

Veranda, verandah (vcrse-nda). F(jrms<br />

a, 8- veranda (8 -do, -der). j3. 8- verandah.<br />

7. 8-9 viranda, -dah (8 -do, -der). 5. 8 feranda,feerandah,<br />

verunda,voranda, 8-9varanda,<br />

9 varhandah. [Originally introduced from India,<br />

where the word is found in several of the native<br />

languages, as Hindi varandd^ Bengali barandii^<br />

mod. Skr. baranda, but appears to be merely an<br />

adoption of l*g. and older Sp. varanda {baranda)<br />

railing, balustrade, balcony. F. veranda appears<br />

to have been adopted from English.<br />

^ The evidence for the origin of the word is fully presented<br />

in Yule and Burnell's Hobson-Jobson. The supposition lliat<br />

it was native to India accounts for some of the spellings<br />

placed under t.\<br />

1, An open portico or light roofed galle»y extending<br />

along the front (and occas. other sides) of<br />

a dwelling or other building, freq. having a front<br />

of lattice-work, and erected chiefiy as a protection<br />

or shelter from the sun or rain.<br />

a. 1711 C. LOCKYER Ace. Trade India 20 The Building is<br />

very ancient, two Story high, and lias., two large Verandas<br />

or Piazzas. 1757 J. H. Grosk Voy. E. Indies 84 A penthouse<br />

or shed, that forms what is called in the Portuguese<br />

Lingua-franca ^Vra«rfaj, either round, or on particular sides<br />

of the house. 1793 Hodges Trav. India 39 These boats .<br />

are, however, extremely commodious, having in the center<br />

a small verander, or open portico. x866 Lowell Biglmi><br />

P. Introd., Poems (1890) II. 201 The Captain was walking<br />

up and down the veranda of a country tavern in Massachusetts<br />

while the coach changed horses. 1884 J. Gii.mour<br />

Mongols xxvii, 325 A crowd of women . . take their stand in<br />

the veranda of a temple.<br />

/5. 1800 Asiai. Ann. Reg. "s^^l^. All around is a wide<br />

verandah, containing ranges of cells. 1808 Eleanor Sleath<br />

118<br />

Bristol Heiress V. 208 Emma, .advanced to meet Lady<br />

I Castelton as she quitted her chair at the verandah. 1859<br />

L. Oliphant China


VEBBAGE.<br />

be a verb<br />

'.<br />

yfr. 1730 FiF.l.DiNG /va/€ upon Rn/>c\\. v win<br />

active, and you shall be a verb passive.<br />

b, ait rib. and Comb.j as verb-formation ^<br />

-grinder^ -root, -stem.<br />

1809 Malkin' Gil Blass. i. P 3 The verb-grinder engendered<br />

in his noddle a most ingenious device. 1865 Tvlor Early<br />

Hist. Man. iv. 63 The reference of substantives to a verbroot<br />

in the Aryan languages. 1884 Philot. Soc. Trans. 557<br />

A more systematic consideration of the verb-format ions.<br />

1904 Bradley Making English 124 Prefixing an adverb to<br />

* a verb-stem, such as outbreak, outfit '.<br />

t2. Principal verb^ the chief or most important<br />

thing. Obs.<br />

1616 J. Lane Contn. Sqr's T. vir. ' 582 Sirrah,' Cambuscan<br />

lowrd, ' all yee haue loste Your principale verbe (credite)<br />

which yee boste '. 164* Remonstr. Lords ff Conim. in Fart.<br />

26 May 20 That therefore which is the principle Verbe in<br />

this Statute, is the serving of the King for the time being.<br />

1670 in C- N". Robinson Brit. Fleet (1894) 122 The Quality<br />

of the Commodity is not considered, but the gratuity to the<br />

officer is the principal Verb. 1718 North Mew. Music<br />

(1846) 80 The violin was scarce knowne tho' now the principal!<br />

verb.<br />

1 3. A word, Obs. rare.<br />

rt 1716 South Serm. {1744) IX. 125 That so it might<br />

appear, that the assistance of the spirit promised to the<br />

church was not a vain thing, or a mere verb.<br />

Verbage, variant of Verbiage. rare~^.<br />

1787 Poi-wHELE En^t. Orator in. 770 As the flippant<br />

Phrase Glides from his hollow Tongue, tho' oft debas'd By<br />

tow commercial Verbage,<br />

Verbal (v5-jbal), a. and sb. Also 6-7 verbale,<br />

-allCo. [a. OF. (also mod.F.) verbal { = ^^. and<br />

Pg. verbaly It. verbale)^ or ad. L, verbalis consisting<br />

of words, pertaimng to verbs, f. verbum word,<br />

Verb,]<br />

A. adj. 1. Of persons; a. Dealing in or with<br />

words, esp. with mere words in contrast to things<br />

or realities.<br />

1484 Caxtos Curtail 4 We be verbal or ful of wordes and<br />

desyre more the wordes than the thynges. 1613 Purchas<br />

Pilgrimage {161^) ^Z Henoch himselfe is made, not a veiball<br />

but a reall Preacher. 1648 Milton Ten. Kings (1650) 58<br />

While they are onely verbal against the punishing of<br />

Tyrants, all the Scripture they bring is direct to inferr it<br />

altogether lawful. 1677 in Hubbard Indian IVars (186^)<br />

II. 275, I am perswaded if Mars and Minerva go Hand in<br />

Hand, they will effect more Good in an Hour than those<br />

verbal Mercurians in their Lives. 1770 Beattie Ess. on<br />

Truth Introd. (1776) 4 A verbal disputant \ what claim can<br />

he have to the title of Philosopher?<br />

fb. Usingmany words; talkative, verbose. Obs,<br />

1611 Shaks. Cymb. IT. iii, iii, I am much sorry (Sir) You<br />

put me to forget a Ladies manners By being so verball. i6so<br />

MiDDLETOM Chaste Maid I. i. He's growne too verball, this<br />

Learning is a great Witch. 1647 Lilly Chr. Astral, i. xiii.<br />

78 A meer verball fellow, frothy,, .constant in nothing but<br />

idle words and bragging.<br />

C. Interested in, attending to, the mere words of<br />

a literary composition.<br />

1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 264 Neglect the rules each verbal<br />

critic lays. For not to know some trifles, is a praise. 178a<br />

V. Knox E^^s. xxxiii. (1819) I. 180 It is from the labours<br />

of verbal critics, that our language will receive the only<br />

excellencies it wanted. 1855 Palev Mschylus Pref. (1861)<br />

p. xxviii, Hermann, the leader of the verbal-critics.<br />

2. Consisting or composed of words; also, of or<br />

pertaining to, manifested in, words.<br />

Verbal inspiration', see Isspiratios 3 a.<br />

1530 Palsgr. 327/2 Verball, full of wordes, -verbal^ verballe.<br />

158^ Cooper Adnion. 60 As he and other of his crewe<br />

babbling in their verbale sermons vse to doe. I59« Shaks.<br />

Veit.ff Ad.Zii All the neighbour caves, as seeming troubled,<br />

Make verba! repetition of her moans. x6>o W. Folkisoham<br />

Brachi^raphy 1, Short-writing is either of the bare Letter,<br />

or of Words composed of Letters. '1 hat I call Literal! or<br />

Elementall, this Dictionall or Verball. x66s Hibbert Body<br />

Divinity i. 253 There is a threefold lie... i. Verbal, when a<br />

man tells a false tale. 16^ Goz


VERBALIZING.<br />

1. inir. To use many words ; to talk diffusely ; to<br />

be verbose.<br />

1609 (Bp. W. Barlow] Answ, NameUss Catk. Ded. p. vii,<br />

Verbalize he can, dispute he cannot. 1648 Hexham n. App.,<br />

Vtrhalisercn, to Verbalize, or make a speech. 1731 Bailey,<br />

Verbalise, to be tedious in Discourse, to make many<br />

Words. 1889 J. M. Robertson Ess. Crit. Mctk. 130 Mr.<br />

Lowell verbalizes as to Duty being an eternal harmony.<br />

2. irons. To make into a verb.<br />

x6s9 O. Walker lustr. Oratory 31 So nouns.. are sometimes<br />

verbalized ; as to complete, to contrary, to experience.<br />

1818 (?. Rn, XIX. 207 To sui)ply the place of the nouns<br />

thus verlwlized Mr. Keats, wirh great fecundity, spawns<br />

new ones, i860 G. P. Marsh L^ct. Eng. Lang, viii, English<br />

no longer exercises.. the protean gift of transformation,<br />

which could at pleasure verbalize a noun.<br />

3. To express in words.<br />

187s Dora Greenwell Liber Humanitatis 42 The man of<br />

the world, whose creed has been thus.. verbalized, 'There's<br />

nothing new, and nothing true, and it's no matter '. x886<br />

GuRNEY, etc. Phantasms ofLiving W.^-i, It is more natural<br />

..to visualise it,.. than to verbalise it in some imagined or<br />

remembered phrase.<br />

Hence VeTbaliaing vbl. sb, and />/>/. a.<br />

x8s4 J. Gilchrist £'/)'W. Interpr. ^ What thatsomething<br />

more or verbalizing property is, he cither could not or would<br />

not inform the world. 1869 W, G. T. Shedd IIomiletics\\.<br />

133 If the formation of the plan is merely a verbalizing<br />

process. 1880 Meredith Tragic Com. iv, (1892) 48 A burst<br />

unnoticed in the incessantly verbalizing buzz of a continental<br />

supper- table.<br />

Verbally (vaubali), adv. [f. Verbal a, + -lt 2.]<br />

1. Word for word ; in respect of each word.<br />

1588 Lambard Eiren. iv. v. 502 It is not of necessitie, that<br />

the Statute be verbally rehearsed, but only that the offence<br />

against the Statute be sufficiently and with full words<br />

described. x68o Dryden Pref. Ovid's Ep. Ess. (Ker) I.<br />

238 Tis almost impossible to translate verbally, and well, at<br />

the same time. 1841 Myers Cath. 7'h. in. § 8. 29 To make<br />

them, .such a record of Divine utterances as to be throughout<br />

verbally and literally true. 1864 Froude Short Stud.<br />

(1867)1. 245 If all three agreed verbally, we should feel certain<br />

it was more than accident. 1883 A. Roberts p. V.<br />

Reinsion \%. 198 They could not but verbally agree in the<br />

reports which they furnished of His addresses.<br />

2. In or with (mere) words, without accompanying<br />

action or reality.<br />

1610 Healey St. Aug. Citle 0/ God 573 This passion of<br />

Christ, the reprobate preach verbal lieonely. 1640 Bp. Hall<br />

Episc, III. §8. 257 Would God I might not say, even the<br />

Lords Anointed, whom they verbally professe to honour.<br />

1678 CuDWORTH Intell. Sysf. 55 Some of the Pagans..,<br />

tliough they Verbally acknowledged a Deity, yet supposed<br />

a certain Fate superiour to it.<br />

b. So far as words (only) are concerned,<br />

1855-6 T. T. Lynch Lett. Scat /ered (1B7 2) 572 It is vain<br />

to be verbally right, if we are not livingly real. 1862<br />

Spencer First Princ. i. ii. §11 (1875) 35_ Thus these three<br />

different suppositions.., verbally intelligible though they<br />

are,. .turn out. .to be literally unthinkable. 1908 W. M.<br />

Ramsay Z-K^tf Physician viii. 251 You can with sufficient<br />

ingenuity always explain—verbally—any thing out of anj*thing.<br />

3. In actual words ; by means of words or speech,<br />

Z646 Tenkvn Remora 12 They said not so verbally, but<br />

mentally and practically. 1650 Bp. Hall Cases Consc.<br />

(ed. 2) Addit 402 Justly supposing, there may be as strong<br />

a prohibition in a sense implyed, as verbally expressed.<br />

0x691 Boyle Hist. Air {i6g2.) 55 Nature.. has furnished<br />

men with sensories capable of distinctly perceiving a far<br />

greater variety of objects, than they are able verbally to<br />

express. 1796 Mme. D'Arblay Camilla II. 395 But, till<br />

then, here he will stay, .till you have deigned to pronounce<br />

verbally his doom. 1840 Dickens OldC, Shop xxxi, She<br />

verbally fell upon and maltreated her.<br />

b. In speech, as contrasted with writinjj.<br />

1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) 503 Then, after<br />

long reasoning and protesting, ..the King's Commissioner<br />

arose, dischargeing the Assemblie verballie. 1673 Essex<br />

Papers (Camden) I. 70 My humble advice. .is to content<br />

your selfe with what his Ma[jes]ty has verbally been pleased<br />

to declare in this matter. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. II. xxxvi.<br />

2Q2 It was universally said that the Emperor, .would verbally<br />

agree to any terms. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia vii.<br />

vii, Give me but the commission, either verbally or in writing.<br />

1817 W. Selwyn Law N'isi Pritts {td. 4) II. 793 It<br />

was verbally agreed between plaintiff, defendant, and J. S.<br />

pay the amount. 2864 Lin'coln<br />

in E. McPherson Hist. U. S. RebelL (1864) 336 You a-ik me<br />

to put in writing the .substance of what I verbally said the<br />

other day in your presence. 1878 S. Walpole Hist. Eng.<br />

II. 67s The King was verbally assured., that at least fifty<br />

fresh peerages would be required.<br />

4. With the function of a verb.<br />

1875 Whitney Life Lang. xii. 233 The verbally used<br />

[Scythianl forms are, rather, but one step removed from<br />

nouns used predicatively.<br />

Verba 'Xian, a. and sb. [f. L. verb-nm word,<br />

after forms in -arian.'\ a. adj. Having to do with.<br />

words, b. sb. An inventor or coiner of words.<br />

1830 Coleridge Churchy State (1839) 25 note, A verbarian<br />

that the defendant . .should<br />

Attorney-General, authorized to bring information . . against<br />

the writer or editor of any work . . who . . should persevere in<br />

misusing a word. 1873 F. Hall Mod Eng. 21 In The<br />

Doctor, Southey gives himself free scope as a verbarian.<br />

Verbarnd, southern var. pa.t. Fobbubnz'. Obs.<br />

I! Verbascnm (vajbje-skrm). [L. (Pliny),<br />

whence also It, Sp., Pg. verbasco.l A widely distributed<br />

f^ehus of herbaceous plants, = Mullkin ;<br />

one or other species of this.<br />

i56» Turner //«r^a/n. 161 The why te Verbascum is called<br />

commonly in English mollen or hickis taper, and . . longwurt.<br />

1601 Holland Pliny 11. 264 That kind of Verbascum or<br />

Mullen, the flower whereof resembleth gold. 1741 Compt.<br />

120<br />

Fam.'Piece 11. iii. 367 Venetian Vetch, Borrage-Ieav'd Ver.<br />

bascum. 1765 Phil. Trans. LVI. 234 Phlomis, verbascum,<br />

stoechas, sage, thyme, 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVI. 254/1 All<br />

the species of Verbascum are tall, robust, handsome plants,<br />

and may be cultivated in gardens and shrubberies. 1857<br />

Henfhey Boi. § 528 Verbascum, having 5 stamens, is sometimes<br />

referred to Solanaceas.<br />

tVerbate, ^- Obs.~^ [f. L. verb-nm word,<br />

perh. after verbatim.'] trans. To reproduce word<br />

for word.<br />

1512 Helyas in Thoms Prose Rom. (1828) III. 2, 1 have al<br />

cnely verbated and folowed mine auctour as nighe as I<br />

could with the profoundite of good herte.<br />

t Verba tical, a. Obs.-'^ [Irreg- f. L. verb'Um<br />

word : see -atic and -al.] Verbal.<br />

t6ix T. Wilson Chr. Diet. Pref., His is Axiomaticall, of<br />

simple propositions ; mine is partly Verbaticall and Rematicall,..of<br />

Wordes with their significations [etc.].<br />

Verbatim (vajbtf^'tim), adv,^ a., and sb. [a.<br />

med.L. verbatim^ f. L.<br />

ATIM.]<br />

verb-urn word : of. Liteu-<br />

A. adv. 1. Word for word ; in the exact words<br />

a. With reference to a copy of a document or<br />

passage in a book, or to the report of a speech, etc.<br />

1481 Cov. Leet Bk. 477 Stodealf. .brought like writing as<br />

is before wreton verbatim direct to l^e Maire. ? 1503 in gtk<br />

Ref>. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. 263/2 The said patent.,<br />

which is now verbatim copied in this boke in the xlviii. lef.<br />

1557 Order of Hospiialls F vij. And . . make for him a treue<br />

and iust..Coppie thereof verbatim. 1579 W. Wilkinson<br />

Confut. Fam. Love 9b, Although the place.. be verbatim<br />

and word for word as I alledged it, yet will he not be satisfied.<br />

160a Willis Stenographic A ij b. He that is well<br />

practized in this Art, may write Verbatijn, as fast as a man<br />

can treateably speake. 1653 W. Ramesey Astrol. Res. 155<br />

A Volume five times as large as is this, is not able to contain<br />

them all verbatim. X709 Steele Tatler No. 11 P 4, I sliall<br />

give you my Cousin's Letter Verbatim, without altering a<br />

Sellable. 1771 Encycl. Brit. I. 620/2 Merchants are provided<br />

with a large book, inyblio, into which is copied verbatim<br />

every letter of business before it be sent off. i8z6 F.<br />

Reynolds Li/e


VERBERATING.<br />

2. intr. To vibrate or quiver,<br />

175s T. H. Gkoker Orl. Fur. xxxiv. I, A fragrant breeze<br />

..Made the air trem'lous verberate (It. tremolar\ around.<br />

Hence VeTberating///. a.<br />

1867 J. B. RosK tr. Virgil's /Eneid 338 Crooked beak and<br />

verberating wings.<br />

Verberation (v5jl)er,f'*J'9n). [ad. L. verberatio,<br />

noun of action from verberdre : see prec. So<br />

F. verberation (i3-i4th cent.), Sp. verberaciofty<br />

Pg. verherafdo.'l<br />

1. The action of beating or striking, or the fact of<br />

being struck, so as to produce sound percussion.<br />

;<br />

j6io Healev St. Aug. Citie o/God xvi. vi, (1620) 547 Not<br />

admitting sound or verberation of aire. ^696 Phillips s.v.,<br />

The cause of sounds that proceed from the Verberation of<br />

the Air. 17*8 Chambers CycL s.v., Sound. .arises from a<br />

Verberation of the Air. 1865 Sala Diary Amer, II. 131<br />

Canada has often been declared, .to be 'knocking at the door<br />

of the Union ' ; . . if Canada ever resorts to that method of<br />

verberation [etc.].<br />

b. Reverberation of sound.<br />

1855 SiNGLFTos Virgil I. 186 Where The vaulted rocks<br />

with verberation ring.<br />

t2, (Seequot.) Obs,-^<br />

1688 Holme Armoury u. 387/2 A Verberation, or Verberous<br />

feeling; a smarting pain, as when we arc beaten<br />

with rods, whips, or scourges.<br />

3. The action of beating or striking so as to<br />

cause pain or hurt ; esp. flogging or scourging<br />

also, a blow or stroke.<br />

C1730 Arbuthsot (J.), Redness and inflammation; all<br />

the effects of a soft press or verberation, 1768 Blackstose<br />

Cotttm. III. 120 The Cornelian law. .prohibited pulsation as<br />

well as verberation; distinguishing verberation, which was<br />

accompanied with pain, from pulsation which was attended<br />

with none. 1774 Goldsm. Nat, Hist. (1862) 11. 427 It is<br />

by the strong folds of the body, by the fierce verberatJons<br />

of the tail, that the enemy is destroyed, i860 Thackeray<br />

Round. Papers, Lazy little Boy, The anger, or. .the ver.<br />

berations of his schoolmaster. \Z^^Daily^ Tel.-zi July, The<br />

beadle, alas ! was armed with a different instrument of verberation.<br />

i895C/«WJ. Rev.A^xW 146/1 It is idle to translate<br />

*go on striking ', for the word is found repeatedly when the<br />

verberation had not yet started.<br />

Verberative, a. [f. Vebberatk f. : see<br />

-ATIVE.] Addicted to the practice of flogging.<br />

1866 Pall Mail G. I Aug. 9 Her mother was a strict disciplinarian<br />

of the verberative school.<br />

Verbere, southern ME. var. Forbear v.<br />

t VeTberous, a. Obs.—^ [f. L. verber a blow.]<br />

x688 [lee Verberation 2J.<br />

Verbiage (v^-ibied,^). [a. F, verbiage (17th c),<br />

irreg. f. 1^. verb-tim word : see -age. So Pg.<br />

verbiagem^<br />

1, Wording of a superabundant or superfluous<br />

character; abundance of words without necessity<br />

or without much meaning; excessive wordiness.<br />

aty*t Prior Dial. Locke Reason will be<br />

given, .for supposing that it had its beginnmgin the verbification<br />

of a French substantive. 1884 Trans. Amer. Philol,<br />

Assoc. XV. p. xxxii, The Kingua^es of Maskokt affinity.,<br />

have the power of expressing accidental and real existence<br />

by a verbification of the noun.<br />

Verbify (vs-jbifsi), v, [f. Verb i+-(i)fy.]<br />

trans. To convert (a noun^ etc.) into a verb. Also<br />

' Please,<br />

do give me the keys'.<br />

Jlence Verbig-eration. Path.<br />

1891 in Cent. Dict.^ 189J Tuke Diet. Psychol. Med. 11.<br />

'.355/1 Verbigeration is an abnormal and unnecessary repetition<br />

of words. Ibid. 1355/2 Verbigeration as a symptom, is<br />

not rare. 1899 Allbuti's Syst. Med. VIII. 345 Verbigeration<br />

has been noticed in some during the post-paroxysmal<br />

automatism.<br />

Verbill, obs. Sc. f. Warble.<br />

Ve-rbing, vbl sb, [f. Verb i.] The using of<br />

words as verbs.<br />

1757 Mrs. Griffith Lett, Henry ^ Frances (1767) IV.<br />

60 As to the Nouning and Verbing, which he so heavily<br />

charged you with, I told him.. that you never confounded<br />

Grammar.<br />

VerbleSS (vaubles), a, [f. Verb -h -less.]<br />

'Having no verb,<br />


VERDAGE. 122 VERDET.<br />

Hence tToTdage z\ trans., to cut or use as<br />

Tcrdage. Also with off,<br />

X778 [W. H. Marshall] Minutes Agric^ Digest 62 Plowin<br />

or Verdage-offa foul Crop. Ibid. 71 Verdaging the Corn<br />

encourages the young Grasses, ibid, "ji Verdage weedy<br />

margins early in Summer.<br />

Verdancy (va-jdansi). [See Vkrdant a. and<br />

-ANCY.]<br />

L The quality, condition, or character of being<br />

verdant; greenness.<br />

1631 May tr. Barclays Mirr. Mindes T. 39 But the greatest<br />

delight is, that soe faire a verdancy is almost distinguished<br />

into diuerse colours. Ibid, 100 England abounding in rich<br />

pastures, .doth cuery where delight the eyes of the beholders<br />

with a most bcauiifuU \xrdancy. x88a Gd Words 608<br />

Yellow freckles in some leaves may liestrew a surface of<br />

unfadcd verdancj'. 1888 Harper's Mag. July 220 We see<br />

..the same wonderful varieties of verdancy.<br />

t b. iransf. Freshness of appearance. Oi'S.~^<br />

1678 NoRRis Coii. Misc. (1699) 368 Had not the Youth and<br />

Verdancy of her Face contradicted the ripeness of her Discoursings,<br />

j-ou would have thought her well in years.<br />

2. yTf. Innocence, inexperience ; rawness, sim-<br />

plicity.<br />

1849 W. S. Mayo Kaloolak xxxvii, True, in the verdancy<br />

of youthful sentiment, many a one has shrunk from the<br />

profane association ofruby Hps with the processes of mxstication<br />

and deglutition. 1863 Baily's Mag. Jan, 358 Alas for<br />

my verdancy<br />

Verdant (vaudant), a. Also 7 verdent. [f.<br />

verd' (as in verdure) + -ant, perhaps partly after<br />

L. viridant-^ viridanSy pres. pple. of viriddre, f.<br />

viridis green. Cf. also OF. verdeant {virdeant)^<br />

verdoiant (F. verdoyant),'\<br />

1. Of a green hue or colour ; green : a. Of<br />

vegetation.<br />

1581 A. Hall Iliad \. i Chryses . . With verdant crown,<br />

wherewith Apoll his seemelyhead had clad. 1590 Spenser<br />

F. Q. I, ix, 13 The verdant gras my couch did goodly dight.<br />

1633 Cowt.EY Canstantia 114 Th' verdant grasse was dew'd<br />

with many a teare. i66s J. Davies tr. Mandelslo's Tra7>.<br />

267 Fruit-trees,.. which keep on their verdant Liveries all<br />

the year long. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India «f P. 64 The<br />

Walks which before were covered with Nature's verdent<br />

awnitig..are now open to the Sun. 1764 R. Lloyd<br />

Capricious Lovers v. ii. When eve embrowns the verdant<br />

grove. 1796 H. Hukter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799)<br />

in. 334 We soon discovered the profound and verdant<br />

forests which cover Celtic Gaul. 184s Loudon Suburban<br />

Hort. 337 Where ornamental hedges and other verdant<br />

architectural structures are to be grown. 1853 Kane<br />

Grinnell Exp. K (1856) 474 Crowned each with its little<br />

verdant tuft,—ten radishes!<br />

b. In other applications, rare.<br />

1649 Lovelace Grasshopper Poems 35 Poore verdant<br />

foole \sc. a grasshopper], and now green Ice ! 1667 Milton<br />

P. L. IX. 501 [The] Serpent.. With burnisht Neck of verdant<br />

Gold, erect Amidst nis circling Spires. 1738 Gray Tasso 67<br />

<strong>Here</strong> the soft emerald smiles of verdant hue.<br />

2. Green with vegetation; characterized by<br />

abundance of verdure.<br />

1590 Spenser F. Q. i. ii. 17 Streames of purple bloud new<br />

dies the verdant fields. 1647 Ogilby Virg. Georg. iv. 322<br />

Gliding Streams.. Which border nigh the Quiver'd Persian<br />

Land, And verdant Egypt Marl with fruitful Sand. 1667<br />

Milton P. L. vni. 631 The parting Sun IJeyond the Earths<br />

green Cape and verdant Isles Hesperian sets. 1738 Wesley<br />

Ps. xxiii. ii. Where peaceful Rivers soft and slow Amid the<br />

verdant Landskip flow. 1784 Cowper Task vl 70 As I<br />

tread The walk, still verdant, under oaks and elms. 1815<br />

Elphinstone Acc. Caubul (1842) \. 381 In the midst of a<br />

verdant and pleasing country, which enjoys a temperate<br />

climate. 1817 Moore Lalla R.^ Fire- Worshippers iv. go<br />

Like those verdant spots that bloom Around the crater's<br />

burning lips. 1868 Miss Braddon Dead Sea F. ii, The<br />

verdant avenues and placid water.<br />

3. ^j^. Of persons : Green, inexperienced, gullible.<br />

1824 Byron ^uan xv. xciii. Because my business is to<br />

dress society, And stuff with sage that very verdant goose.<br />

1854 Poultry Chron. I. 263/2, I spoke of simple facts in my<br />

own experience, and with the. .object of warning 'verdant *<br />

purchasers. 1869 Punch 14 Aug. 57/1 Flush of his money<br />

and just as refreshingly verdant.<br />

Hence "Ve'rdantness, verdancy, rarer-^,<br />

17*7 Bailey (vol. II), Verdantness, a flourishing, bright,<br />

or lively Greenness.<br />

II Verd-antique, verd antique (vaud antrk).<br />

Also 9 verde-. [Oldtr K (now vert antique\<br />

' antique green '. Cf. Verde antico.]<br />

L An ornamental variety of marble, consisting<br />

chiefly of serpentine mixed with calcite and dolomite.<br />

X745 PococKE Descr. East II. i. 193 The hills of Antioch<br />

are part of them of a crumbling stone, like verd antique.<br />

^7^S^^"l- Trans. XLIX. 109 Columns of verd' antique and<br />

oriental alabaster. 1806 J. Pinkekton Recollect. Paris II.<br />

139 Egyptian breccia, .has been mistaken for the serpentinemarble,<br />

called verd antique. 1838 Macaulav in Trevelyan<br />

Li/eyu. (1876) II. 52, I should like to see the walls of St.<br />

Paul's incrusted with porphyry and verde antique. 1884<br />

Ma0. Art Apr. 226/1 Its design must have been made<br />

entirely to suit the twelve columns of verd-antique which<br />

surround its walls.<br />

atirib. 1828 Lights * Shades II. 282 A verd-antique<br />

pitcher with an ear. 1857 Dana Min. (1862) 147 Serpentine<br />

fcn-ms a handsome marble when polished, especially when<br />

mixed with limestone, constituting z'crd- mtique marble.<br />

b. Oriental verd-antique, green porphyry. Occasionally<br />

without adj. Also atirib.<br />

i8s» E. Barber Painters' (etc.) Assist. 75 To imitate<br />

Oriental Vcrdanlique Marble. 1857 Dana Min. (1862) 356<br />

Green porphyry is the oriental verd antique of the ancients,<br />

and was held in high esteem, 1879 Rutlev .V^«//. Rocks<br />

xii. 240 The verde-antique porphyry is one of the diabaseporphyrites.<br />

2. A green incrustation on brass or copper;<br />

verdigris.<br />


VEBDETTO. 123 VBRDITB.<br />

I<br />

1897 AUbuft'sSysi. Med. II. 801 There seems therefore to<br />

be some quality in the maize itself, which when acted upon<br />

by the *verdet 'as the fungus is called, produces a specific<br />

poison.<br />

Verdeter, var. Verditek.<br />

llVerdetto. rare. [It,] = Verdet i.<br />

1598 K. Haydocke tr. Loittazza iii. 99 They which make<br />

Greenes, are greene bize, VerdJgrease, vcrdetto called holy,<br />

inclining towards a yeallow. 1835 G. Field Chromatography<br />

129 The greens called Verona green, and Verdetto,<br />

or holy green, are similar native pigments [to terre-verte].<br />

Verdeur, var. Verdour Obs. ; obs. f. Verdube.<br />

Verdges, obs. f. Verjuice.<br />

tVcrdic, «• Chem, Obs. [ad. mod.L. z/^rdiats<br />

or F. verdique^ f. F. verdir ta become green,<br />

Cf. Verdous a.] (See quots.)<br />

1836-41 Branue Man. Chem. (ed. 5) 1198 Verdic Acid.—<br />

This acid was extracted by Runge from several of the Untbelliferx<br />

and Fiautaginex, &c., but chielly from the root of<br />

the Scal'iosa succisa. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVI. 2^6/1 Runge<br />

slates that he found by analysis that verdic acid contains<br />

attaint would lie. 1854, 1884 [see Perverse a. z c]. 1894<br />

[see Sealed///, a. 2].<br />

2. transf. andyf^. A judgement given by some<br />

body or authority acting as, or likened to, a jury.<br />

c 1381 Chaucer Parlt, Foules 525, I iuge on euery folk<br />

men shul on calle To seyn the verdit for yow foulys alle. 1579<br />

W. Wilkinson Confut. Familye ofLove 63 b, The euidence<br />

..whereby.. that verdict should be gathered, which shall<br />

passe agaynst vs. 1589 Warner Alb. Kng. Prose Add. (1612)<br />

338 The lurour could not but giue Verdict for EUsa, and the<br />

ludge sentence against ^Eneas. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit.<br />

IX. ii. § 8 They are here presently to abide the verdite of<br />

battaile. 1671 Milton Samsoti 324 Though Reason here<br />

aver That moral verdit quits her of unclean. 1684 T. Burnet<br />

Th. Earth 1. 295 Ought we not in this, as well as in other<br />

things, to.. bring in an honest verdict for nature as well<br />

as art? x86o Hawthorne Marb. Faun (Tauchn.) II. xvi.<br />

177 Might we not render some such verdict as this?<br />

' Worthy of Death but not unworthy of Love '. 1867 Freeman<br />

Norm. Conq. (1877) l.vi. 501 The great Earl is at least<br />

entitled to a verdict of Not Proven, if not of Not Guilty.<br />

3. transf, A decision or opinion pronounced or<br />

one equivalent of oxygen more than the verdous acid.<br />

Verdict (v3udikt),.f^. Forms: a. 3-7, 9^//^/.,<br />

verdit, 4-7 -dite, 6-7 -ditt, 3-6 verdyt, -dyte,<br />

5 -dytt, -dyth(e ; 4 veirdit, 5 veredit, -dyte;<br />

4-5 voirdit. ^. 5 wardytte, 6 varditt, -dytt,<br />

6, 9 diai.^ vardit, 9 dial, vardite. Also Vardy.<br />

7. 5 verdoit, 6 verduytt, 7 verduit, -duict.<br />

5. 6-7 veredict, 6- verdict, 6 -dicte. [a. AF.<br />

verdit (= OF. voirdit), f. ver^ veir true + t//V,<br />

pa. pple. of dire to say, speak. Hence med.L.<br />

verdictum {veredictum)^ to which the mod. spelling<br />

and pronunciation are due. The mod.F. ver^<br />

dicty Pg. verdictj Sp. verdicio^ are from Eng.]<br />

1, Law. The decision of a jury in a civil or<br />

expressed upon some matter or subject ; a finding,<br />

conclusion, or judgement,<br />

a. c X3/B6 Chaucer Prol. 787 (Petworth), Vs Jpou^t it was<br />

not worbe to make to wis. .And bad him seie his veredit<br />

[z/.n verdii(e, voirdit, verdoit] as him lest, f 1430 LvDc.i1//w.<br />

Poems (Percy Soc.) 33 Clatcring pyes, whan tha come in presence.<br />

Most malapert there verdit to purpose. 1545 Ascham<br />

Toxopk. (Arb.) 73 When the messenger was gone, euery man<br />

began to say his verdite, 1585 Daniel Paul. louius Pref.,<br />

Neither must wee depend vpon the verdite of some conceled<br />

Philosophers. 1617 Bp. Hall Epist. 11. v. 302 There is<br />

none of all mylabours.. whereof I would so willingly heare<br />

the verdit of the wise and iudicious. 1671 Milton Samson<br />

1228 Cam'st thou for this, vain boaster, to survey me, To<br />

descant on my strength, and*give thy verdit ? x8as Jennings<br />

Observ. Dial. IV, Eng. 80 Verdiy Verdit, opinion. 1873<br />

Williams & Jones Somerset Gloss, 40 Thats my verdit,<br />

criminal cause upon an issue which has been submitted<br />

to their judgement.<br />

a. 1*97 R. GiJ>L'c (Rolls) 2980 He stod vp & sede be verdit<br />

vor al opere ^at J>ere were, a i3»s MS. Raivl. 8.320 fol.<br />

60b, 5if. -be Joree segge in his veirdit bat te askare is bastard,<br />

c 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 2952 Until b^ihave gyven<br />

bair verdite. And ouiher ^zx-e verdicte<br />

the iuage taketh for a sure sentence.. without an! examinacion<br />

of the circumstances, wherby they know.. their verdicte<br />

to be true. 1559 Avlmer tiarborowe Lj b, Our lawe<br />

committeth it to the veredict of .12. men. 1613 Shaks.<br />

Hen. yillfV. \. 131 Not euer The Justice and the Truth o'<br />

th' question carries The dew o' th* Veredict with it. ,1657 in<br />

Verney Mem. (1907) II. 121 A house and lande, which nee<br />

had recovered by law, and by a second verdict lost the same<br />

again. 1674 Wood Life (O.H.S.t II. 281 The jury were<br />

about to pass their verdict. 17*6 Li/e Penn P.'s Wks. 1. 15<br />

The Agreement of Twelve Men is a Verdict in Law. 1781<br />

CowpER Truth 448 The jury meet, the coroner is short, And<br />

lunacy the verdict of the court. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2)<br />

II. 519 On the trial the Judge directed the jury to find a<br />

verdict for the plaintiflF. 1885 Public Opinion 9 Jan. 36/3<br />

An advocate who wins an unjust verdict has contributed to<br />

bring about a miscarriage of justice.<br />

Comb. t89s Daily News 10 May 2 Though Mr. Bramwell<br />

bad a good practice, he was never a great verdict-getter.<br />

b. Without article.<br />

1437 Roils of Parlt. IV. 509/2 Founde gilty be verdite of<br />

xii notable men. *( 1500 in Archae^l. (1904) LIX. lo By the<br />

comyn lawe..ther Itth non atteynt upon untrewe verdit<br />

gyffyn in London. 1535 Wriothesley CAr^^n. (Camden) I.<br />

27 A jurie.. incontinent gave verdiit of them beinge guiltie<br />

of the same treasoa 1577 Harriso.s England 11. ix. (1877)<br />

I. 20a Our trials and recoueries are either by verdict and<br />

demourre, confession or default 158^ TLyly Pappe w.<br />

//a/cA^/ (1844) 25 The lurie gaue verdit and said guiltie.<br />

171a pRiDEAi;x Direct. Ch.-vfardtns (ed. 4) 22 In ca>e any<br />

should . . obtain Verdict on their side. 1797 Tomliss Jacob s<br />

Law Diet. S.V., Another rule at Common law is, tlmt surplusage<br />

will not vitiate after Verdict.<br />

C. With particularizing addition.<br />

1607 C^owBLL InterPr. s.v., This verdict is two-fold : either<br />

generall or especial!. ..A general verdict is that, which is<br />

giuen or brought into the Court, in like generall termes to<br />

the generall is^ue. ibid.. This speciall verdict, if it containe<br />

any ample declaration of the cause, from the beginning to<br />

the end, is also called a verdict at large. i6s8 Coke On<br />

Litt. I. 226b, There be two kindes of verdicts; viz. one<br />

generall, and another al large or especiall. Ibid.y It is therefore<br />

called a speciall Verdict or a Verdict at large, because<br />

they finde the speciall matter at large, and leaue the iudgement<br />

of law thereupon lo the Court. x6a8[see Privv a. 8J.<br />

1665 [see Special a, 7). 1768 Blackstonk Comm. III. 377<br />

The only effectual and legal verdict is the public verdict<br />

in which they openly declare to have found the issue for the<br />

plaintiff, or for the defendant. 1769 Ibid, IV. 354 The jury<br />

..cannot, in a criminal case, give a privy verdict. But an<br />

open verdict may be either general, guilty, or not guilty.<br />

183s ToMLiNS Law Diet. s.v., Where a verdict is given by<br />

thirteen jurors, It Is said to be a void verdict ; because no<br />

a just resolve, A verdict ten times sworn !<br />

Deoit Secret iii. i. The verdict of humanity is always against<br />

any individual member of the species who presumes to differ<br />

from the rest. x88a C. Pebody Eng. Journalism xvii. 127<br />

No controversy b supposed to be closed till the Times has<br />

given its verdict.<br />

b. Without article.<br />

1537 [?Tindale] ExP. St. John 93 Of such he geueth verdyte<br />

contynently. Ibid. 100 The Apostle Jhon..gaue such<br />

verdyte. 1566 Drant Horace, Sat. x. E vj b, In learnyng<br />

rype, in venue juste, in verdite sharpe and sa^e. 1^96<br />

Spenser F. Q. vii. vii. 27 ludge thy selfe, by verdit of thine<br />

eye, Whether to me they are not subiect all<br />

1 4. A vote or suffrage. Ods.~^<br />

1580 in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 431 Neither<br />

the Mayor,, .nor any Mayors peare, shall have either at the<br />

tyme of ellectioa or for any other cause but th« verdicte of<br />

one man.<br />

Ve'rdict, v. rare, [f. prec]<br />

1. trans. To pass judgement upon, to give decision<br />

or pronounce an opintoa concerning (some<br />

l>erson or thing).<br />

1594 Q. Elizabeth in Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) IV. 349<br />

We princes are set upon highest stage, where looks of all<br />

beholders verdict our works. 1634 Rainbow Labour {1635)<br />

16 Must a lury of Trades be busied lo verdict him readie?<br />

2. intr. To pronounce a verdict or sentence<br />

against somethinfj.<br />

x^^ Literature 12 Nov. 439 Lawful men of the neighbourhood<br />

. .verdict entirely against their own temporal interest.<br />

t Verdier. Obs.—^ « Verdeu 2.<br />

x6ii CoTGR., Verdier, a Verdier, or ouerseer of a forest<br />

a ludge or Officer .. who commaunds all the Raungers,<br />

Woodwards, Foresters, &c.<br />

Verdiffris (vaudigris). Forms: a. 4 verdegrez,<br />

4-0 -8:res(e, 5 -greys, 7 -gresse, -griese,<br />

7-8 -grease; 5-6 verdegrece, 6-7 -greace, 7-8<br />

-greece ; 6-9 verdigrease, 6 -grese, 6-8 -greese<br />

6<br />

(7 verdie-), 6 verdigrece, 7 -greace, -greece ;<br />

verdygresse, -grace, 7 virdigreace, -greese.<br />

^, 4 vertegrez, 5-6 -grece (5 vertagrece, 6<br />

verthigreace', 5 vertgrez, -grees, 6 -grese,<br />

-grease, 7 -greece. 7. 5 vert de grece, 7 vertdegrease.<br />

6. 6, 8-9 verdegris (6 verddegris\<br />

7-9 verdigrise, 8- verdigris, «. 6 vargrasse,<br />

vergre8(se (wer-), vergrys, Sc. vern-, varngris.<br />

[a. AF, and OF, vert de Grece {c 1170),<br />

OF, verte grez^ij^ih c.)jvert de grice {1^1^), vertde-gris<br />

(15th c. ; also mod.K,), lit. * green of<br />

Greece * : see Veut sb.^ Cf. med.L. viride grecum<br />

(i4-i5th c). T^ie terminal syllable at an early<br />

date was no longer understood and hence underwent<br />

various corruptions of spelling and pronunciation.]<br />

1. A green or greenish blue substance obtained<br />

artificially by the action of dilute acetic acid on<br />

thin plates of copper (or a green rust naturally<br />

forming on copper and brass), and much used as a<br />

pigment, in dyeing, the arts, and medicine; basic<br />

acetate of copper.<br />

o. 1336-7 Ely Sacr. Rolls (1907) IL 92 In ij libris dim. de<br />

verdegrez empt., ijs. vd. c 1386 Chauckr Chanon Yeom.<br />

Prol. Sf 7; 791 (Corpus), 5it wol I telle hem,.. As boole<br />

armonyak, Verdegres, Boras. 14x7 in For. Ace. 8 Hen. V,<br />

D j/2 Vermelone, Coperos, Verdegres, Vernysshe. 14.. Voc.<br />

in Wr.-Wulcker6iQ Viride grecum^ verdegrece. 1495 /"r^visa^s<br />

Barth. De P. R. xix. xxxviii. 879 In the same wyse<br />

as Cerusa is verdegreys made,,. and comyth of vapour of<br />

stronge vyneygre shed vpon plates of brasse. 153a in E.<br />

Law Hampton Cri. Pal. (1885) 363, 3 sackes of verdygrace<br />

conteynyng 23 lb. 158a Batman Trevisa's Barth. De P. Ii.<br />

Add. 259 Vcrdigrese, which as it is a colour for Painters, so<br />

it is a fretting poison. 1626 Bacon Sylva % 291 Metalls give<br />

Orient and Fine Colours.. in their Putrefactions or Rusts;<br />

as Vermilion, Verdegrease, Bise. 1681 Grew Museum ni.<br />

iii. i. 341 A sort of Native Verdegriese, from the Copper-<br />

Mines of Herngrundt. 1691 Patent Specif^ o. 270, Verdigrease<br />

being a commodity of great vse in this our realme,<br />

especially for painting and dying, and never hitherto made<br />

here. ci7aoW. Gibson Farrier's Dispens.M.\\\. (1734) 97<br />

The Verdigrease which is made by the pressings of the \Vine<br />

put upon plates of Copper. 1758 Ann. Reg. 292 That their<br />

process in salt-making would dissolve the surface of the<br />

copper, into verdigreese, 1807 G. Chalmers Caledonia I.<br />

I. lii. 107 The head of a Roman spear. .of brass, .and. .en.<br />

crusted with verdigrease.<br />

p. 1300-1 Durham Aec. Rolls (Surtees) 502 In vertegrez,<br />

meile, atramento. £:i386 Chauckr Can. Yeom. Prol. ^ T.<br />

791 (Ellesm.), Boole armonyak, vertgrees, Boras, a 1425 tr,<br />

Arderne^s Treat. Fistula, etc. 82 Wax and oilcdulle (je<br />

scharpnez of vertgrese, and vertgrese represse)? |>eir putrefaccion<br />

and humcccacion. 1487-8 in Willis & Clark Cawbridge{iZZ6)l.^i2<br />

Pro xj Ii. de colore viridi, anglice, vertagrece,<br />

xs. xd. 1362 Turner Herbal 11. 151 [Turpentine] is<br />

good for lepres, wyth vert gresse. 1373 Art of Liviming 6<br />

To temper Vertgrese, called Spanishe greene. z6i2 Peacham<br />

Gentl, E.xerc. 82 Vert-greece is nothing else but the rust of<br />

brasse. 1656 '^xjasi^i Glossogr., Verd-greaseotvert-greeee.<br />

y. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cinirg. 257 Take hony. .& pan do<br />

Jierto 5 -ij. of vert de grece. 1674 Vertdegrease[see 2].<br />

6. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Aerugo, . verd degris : the rust<br />

of brasse either artificiall or naturall. 1378 Lvte Dodoens<br />

106 Gladyn pounde with a little Verdegris. .draweth forth al<br />

kindes of thornes. 1601 Holland Plifty II. 471 This is<br />

altogither artificiall, and is made of Cyprian verdegris or<br />

rust of brasse. i68x Ciietham Angler''s Vade-m. ii. §4<br />

(1689) 9 Haifa Pound of green Copperas, [and] as much<br />

Verdigrise. 1737 Dyer Fleece i. 279 Corrosive drugs. .Dry<br />

allum, verdigrise, or vitriole keen. 1789 Mrs. Piozzi<br />

Journ. France I. 378 <strong>Here</strong> is a brassy scent in the air as of<br />

verdigris. 1819 Shelley (Edipns ii. i. 76 Scorpions are green,<br />

and water-snalces, and efts, And verdigris. x836. Butterflies


VERDITEL.<br />

4 b.] A salt produced by the action of verdous<br />

acid on a base<br />

1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 159 The precipitate<br />

consists of verdite of lead. 1843 /*


VERDURED.<br />

hills are.. distinguished by their fine green verdure. 1878<br />

Bbownisg La Saisiaz 52 Praising still That soft tread on<br />

velvet verdure, as it wound through hill and hill.<br />

t o. //. Green plants or herbs. Obs.<br />

c 147s ParUnay 3824 She lepte the fenesire vppon, Aboue<br />

beheld she uerdures Houresshing. c 1481 Caxton Dialogues<br />

13/22 In wodes ben the verdures, Brembles, bremble berics<br />

1631 G. TowNSHEND Tempe Resior'd\ All this second story<br />

seem'd of Silver worke mixt with fresh Verdures. 1603<br />

Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Card. 1 1. 199 Parsley, .is comprehended<br />

under the Title of Verdures or green Pot-herbs.<br />

1719 London & Wise Compl. Card. ix. 282 May. It is now<br />

the time of the flourishing reign of all Verduers and green<br />

things. 17M WOI.L.4STON Relig. Nat. ix. 206 He might<br />

perhaps now and then meet with a little smooth way, . . or be<br />

flattered with some verdures and the sidles of a few daisies<br />

on the banks of the road.<br />

+ 3. A rich tapestry ornamented with representations<br />

of trees or other vegetation. Obs.<br />

Common c 152S-C 1550 after French usage : see also Ver-<br />

DERt I, VerdourI 2.<br />

1513 MS. Papers 5 Hen. VIII, No. 4101 (Publ. Rec Oflice),<br />

A Counterpoynt of paly verdure, ..an old counterpoint of<br />

Redde verdures. (Tisjo Dice-Play (Percy) 9 Divers well<br />

trimmed chambers, the worst of them apparelled with verdures.<br />

Z586 Rates o/Custome E viij, Tappistry with wul or<br />

Verdure the flemish elle, xii. d.<br />

II. t4- Freshness or agreeable briskness of<br />

taste in fruits or liquors ; also simply, taste, savour.<br />

1513 Brad.skaw si. iVerhurge I. 614 A swete tree bryngeth<br />

forth. .Swete fruyte and delycyous in tast and verdure.<br />

c 1540 tr. Pol. Virg. Eng. Hist. (Camden) I. 216 Being<br />

parched and brent.. it engenderethe the verdure and taste<br />

ofsalie. 1574 R. Scot //o/ Car,/. (1578) 6That Ale. .borow.<br />

eth the Hoppe, as without the which it wanteth his chiefe<br />

grace and best verdure. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 424 Upon<br />

such a chaunce and unhappie accident it [new wine] looselh<br />

the verdure and quicke tast. 161 1 Speed Theat. Gt. Bril.<br />

xxiv._ (1614) 47/1 I'he very wines made thereof .. being little<br />

inferior in sweet verdure to the French wines.<br />

fi^. 1630 Donne Serm. (1640) 133 Every word in them [the<br />

Scriptures) hath his waight and value, his taste and verdure. ,<br />

fb. Sharpness, tartness, or unpleasantness of<br />

taste. Obs.<br />

In last quot. perh. only a contextual application of the<br />

general sense of ' taste '<br />

: see prec.<br />

1508 Stanbridge Bulgaria (W. de W.) Bvb, This wyne<br />

IS of verdure. Hoc viniim est acre, 1601 Holland Pliny<br />

II. 152 The wines which by age and long keeping, lay<br />

downe their verdure and become sweet. i6a6 Kr. Hall<br />

Contempt., O. T. xxi. vi. 512 Something they must haue to<br />

complaine of, that shall giue an vnsauory verdure to their<br />

sweetest morsels.<br />

t5. Smell; odour. K\sxi fig. Obs.<br />

ijao Whitinton Vulg. (1527) 15 This wyne drynketh of a<br />

good verdure {delicati odoris). 1(89 Greene Tullies Loue<br />

Wks. (Grosart) VII. 165 Let lillies witlier on the stalke,<br />

lUld wearc violets in thy hand, the one faire and vnsauorie,<br />

the other blacke but of sweete verdure. 1594 R. QarewJ<br />

Huarte's Exam, ints (1616) 309 What is the cause, that<br />

the excrements of brute beasts haue not so vnpleasant a<br />

verdure, as those of mankind? ifcl Holland P/iny I.<br />

377 The good Baulme . . in smell . . should have an harsh<br />

verdeur. /iid. 429 The Oile-oliue..hath of all other the<br />

best verdure, and in tast excelleth the rest. 1716 M, Davies<br />

At/ien. Brit. II. 351 The powerful Verdures of the foresaid<br />

Allium, Cepa, &c.<br />

6. fig. Fresh or flourishing condition.<br />

c 1586 C'lEss Pembroke Psalms Lxxr. v. Do not then,<br />

now age assaileth. Courage, verdure, vertue faileth. Do not<br />

leave me cast away. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. I. i. 49 Euen<br />

50 by Loue, the yong and tender wit Is turn'd to folly,<br />

blasting m the Bud, Loosing his verdure, euen in the prime.<br />

1619 Donne Lett. (1651) 222 Whatsoever I should write now,<br />

of any passages of these days, would lose their verdure<br />

before the letter came to you. ai«64 Kath. Philips Poems<br />

(1667) 44 In Youth she did attract (for she The Verdure<br />

had without the Vanity). 167a Clarendon Contempt,<br />

on Psalms Tracts (1727) 653 If he discontinues to give,<br />

all his former bounties have lost their verdure, and wither<br />

away. 1716 Pope Odyss. xix. 149 My lords protecting hand<br />

alone would raise My drooping verdure, and extend my<br />

praise 1754 H. Walpole Lett. (1846) III. 67, I am in no<br />

tear of not finding you in perfect verdure. 1819 Lytton<br />

Dtsowntd X, Those years make the prime and verdure of<br />

our hves.<br />

7. fig. Signs of gullibility ; -= Gbeen sb. 1 c.<br />

1861 H. C. Pennell Pud on Pegasus 75 Perceiv'st thou<br />

verdure in my e\-c ?<br />

Verdurea (vs-jdiilid), ///. a. [f. prec. -h -ED.]<br />

1 1. Of wine : Having a (specified) taste. Obs.<br />

IS33 Elvot Cast. Hetthe III. xviii. (1541) 69 Moderate vse<br />

of small wynes, clereand well verdured, is herein very commendablc.<br />

1J48 Udall Erasmus Par, Luke vL 73 The<br />

sower verdured wyne of the olde supersticion.<br />

2. Clad with verdure or vegetation ; covered with<br />

grass.<br />

" ''^* \- •'*«'"'-'-• '^i^ 0/ Poetry (1894) 193 Lonely pleasure<br />

leads To verdur'd banks, to paths adorn'd with<br />

Bowers. 1798 W. Mavor Brit. Tourists V. 7r The terrific<br />

ascent of St. Catherines . is well verdured. 1839 Arnold in<br />

l.iU li Corr. (184.^) II. App. 398 There are two houses just<br />

built by the roadside, and opposite to them a little patch of<br />

ground just verdured. 1893 ScHiner's Mag. June 734/2<br />

A peculiar valley., made up of palisades and verdured<br />

plateaus.<br />

Verdnreless (vS-idioiles), a. [f. Verdubk<br />

+ -LESS.] Destitute of verdure ; lacking vegetation<br />

; bare, bleak. (Freq. from c 1850.)<br />

'^ *r°i" '" ^''^^"- l^'"?- XVI. 394 The bright-feather 'd<br />

tribes of the sea . . bask on the verdureless brow of the deep.<br />

»83i James Phil. Augustus xiv, My heart is like a branch<br />

long broken from its stem, withered and verdureless, 1877<br />

Dawson Grig. iVorld viii. 181 It was a world of bare,<br />

rocky peaks, and verdureless valleys.<br />

Verdurer, variant of Vebdebeu 2.<br />

, The<br />

; vear.<br />

125<br />

3. Of or pertaining to, characteristic of, verdure.<br />

1810 Keats Ode to Nightingale iv. Through verdurous<br />

glooms and winding mossy ways. 1851 Meredith London<br />

by Lamplight xxiv, This night of deep solemnity. And verdurous<br />

serenity. 1859 Neale Disciples at Emmans in<br />

ieatoman P. (1864) 187 Every tinted leaf Opes its young<br />

channel to the verdurous sap. 1883 Harper's Mag. July<br />

166/1 Its verdurous hue is more noticeable than its elevation.<br />

Hence Ve-rdnroasness.<br />

1856 Lynch Zf«. to Scattered U^l^) 557 Many of thera<br />

Isc. sermons] have an invigorating verdurousness, and are<br />

like the wide green fields.<br />

Verd(u)ytt, obs. variants of Verdict.<br />

Verdjmggale, variant of Vardinoale Obs.<br />

+ Vere, sb. Obs. Forms : a. 4-5 veir, 5 veyr,<br />

Sc. weyr, 6 Sc. weir. fi. 4 veer(e, 5 weere, 6<br />

y. 4-6 vere, 5 JV. were. See also Ver .r^ I<br />

[a. OF. ver masc. or vere fern. :—L. ver Ver sb.^\<br />

se.Tson of spring ; spring-time.<br />

I c\. ' L^*<br />

. of<br />

''^''" Psalter\xx'ul i8 Pou madest alle \>e cuntres<br />

>er^ : somer and veir, bou forinedest l>o Jiynges. c 1400<br />

tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 72 Veir bigynnes whenne<br />

\K Sonne entres yn to ^e toknynge of \>T sap m tyme of vere. 1563 Jack Juggler (E.E.D.S.)<br />

36, I never use to run away in winter or in vere.<br />

Hence t Vere-tlme, spring-time. Obs.<br />

138a WvcLlE Geti. XXXV. 16 He goon out thens, com in<br />

veer tyme to the loond that ledith to EITratam. 13^ —<br />

Ps. Ixxiii. 17 Thou madist alle the endis of erthe; somer<br />

and veer tyme, thou fourmedist tho. 1483 Caxton Gold.<br />

Leg. 48 b/i He wente thens and cam in veer tyme unto the<br />

londe that goth to effratam.<br />

t Vere, v. Obs.-^ [Of obscure origin.] trans.<br />

To raise up ; to nplift.<br />

13.. E. E.Altit. P. \. 254 That luel l)enne in gemmyz<br />

gente, Vered vp her vyse with j-^en graye.<br />

Vore, ME. var. Fere sb., FniK sb.; obs. f.<br />

Very a. ; obs. Sc. var. \VARf4. ; obs. f. Wear v. :<br />

Sc. f. Were (doubt) Obs.<br />

Vereonnd (ve-r/kcnd), a. [ad. L. vericund-us<br />

(whence obs. F. verecond (Cotgr.), It. verecondo,<br />

Pg. verecundd), i. vereri to reverence, fear.]<br />

Modest, bashful ; shy, coy.<br />

VERGE.<br />

Verdurous (vS-jdiilras), a. Also I 7-9 poet,<br />

verd'rous. [f. Verdure -i- -ous.]<br />

1. Of vegetation : Rich or abounding in verdure<br />

flourishing thick and green.<br />

1604 Drayton Moyses ii. 51 The loathsome Hemlock as<br />

the verdurous Rose, I hese filthy Locusts equally deuow, e.<br />

i6ia — Poty.olb, XV. 196 The sent-full Camomill, the verdurous<br />

Costmary. 1708 J. Philips Cyder 1. 35 Where the<br />

lowing Herd Chews verdrous Pasture, c 1750 Shenstone<br />

J^


VERGE. 126 VERGE.<br />

+ b. A rod or wand put in a person's hand when<br />

taking the oath of fealty to the lord on being<br />

admitted as a tenant, and delivered back on the<br />

giving up of the tenancy. Also in jihr. teuaut by<br />

the z*trge. Oh.<br />

1607 J. NoRDES Sunt. Dial, ni, 101 Tenants of Itase<br />

tenure, are they that hold by verge at the will of the Lord.<br />

x6«8 Coke Oh Litt. 61 'jenantrsj by the Verge are in the<br />

same nature as tenants by copy of Court roll. 1651 tr.<br />

A*/VcA/ii'fC


I<br />

VERGE.<br />

abyss. i7«o Ghav Lcl. to Ulinrlon j2 June, You 5ee him<br />

[i, e. Sterne] often tottering on the verge of laughter.<br />

1817 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. w. viii. 276 The fortunes<br />

of Hyder tottered on the verge of a precipice. 1849 Sir I.<br />

Graham in Parker Life \ Lett. (1907) II. iv. 86 He is now<br />

tottering on the verge of the grave. 1861 Sir G. Trevelyan<br />

Horace at Athem iii. (1862) 39 We still consume. .Veal<br />

that is tottering on the verge of beef.<br />

b. The margin of ^ river or the sea. Also without<br />

const.<br />

1606 SvLVEsTFR Du Harias It. iv, Tropheis 1157 The<br />

flowry Verge that iongst ail Jordan lies. 1614 Gorges<br />

Lucanx, 26 Where the Tarbellians bound at large A calmetl<br />

sea, with croolced varge. 1634 Capt. Smith i''irginia iv,<br />

II I Vpon the verge of the Riuer there are hue houses. 1814<br />

Scott Ld. 0/ Isles v. vii, The leaders unge Their followers to<br />

the ocean verge. 185s Macaulav Hist. Eng. xii. III. ,65<br />

There, at length, on the verge of the ocean,.. the imperi.-i'l<br />

race turned desperately to bay. 1878 Susan Phillips On<br />

Seaboard 81 What do they [sc. ships] bring to us? who..<br />

Sport by the verge and gather rosy shells,<br />

fis- 1843 Neale Hymns/or Sick 23 And when I tread the<br />

utmost verge Do Thou divide the flood.<br />

o, poet. The horizon.<br />

182a BvRON Heav. f, Earth I. iii. Their brazen-colour'd<br />

edges streak The verge where brighter morns were wont to<br />

break. 1847 Tennvsom Princ. vii. 23 She.. sees a great<br />

black cloud ., Blot out the slope of sea from verge to shore,<br />

16, With a and pi, A limit or bound ; a limiting<br />

or bounding belt or strip. Somewhat rare.<br />

1660 H. .More .\tyst. Gadl. i. 16 Within the narrow verges<br />

of this mortal life. 16*7 Milton P. L. \i. 877 Serve they as<br />

a flourie verge to binde The fluid skirts of that same watrie<br />

Cloud? 1790 Trans. Sac. Arts VIII. 6 A lerge, six yards<br />

broad, on two sides, is tilled with a variety of Forest.trees.<br />

1851 Meredith Death of Winter 19 He melts between the<br />

border sheen And leaps the tlowery verges. 1852 Wiggins<br />

Embanking 136 Such pasturable verges or gr.issy fringes as<br />

have already been subject to acts of ownership.<br />

b. spec. A narrow grass edging separating a<br />

flower border, etc., from a gravel walk.<br />

1738 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Grass-flot, The Quarters, or<br />

Verges, are to be prepared with. .Earth to lay the Turf on.<br />

1731 Miller Carrf. Diet., Verge. .'m Gardening, .is generally<br />

understood to be a Slip of Grass which joyns to Gravel<br />

Walks, and divides them from the Borders in the Parterre<br />

Garden. 1858 Glenny Card. Everyday Bk. 71/1 The<br />

verges of green turf, so apt to encroach upon the gravel,<br />

walks and inwurdly upon the beds.<br />

attrib. and Comb. iSaa LouooN Encycl. Card. 5 617 Verge-<br />

Shears. .areasmaller variety, in which the blades are joined<br />

to the handles by kneed shanks, to lessen stooping in the<br />

operator. They are chiefly used for trimming the sides of<br />

box-edgings [ed. 1824 adds and grass-verges]. i88z Garden<br />

28 Jan. 65/1 Verge cutting and levelling of turf.<br />

17. The brink or border ^something towards<br />

which there is progress or tendency (from without)<br />

the point at which something begins. Usually iii<br />

the phrases on or to the verge of.<br />

Various types of context are illustrated by the different<br />

groups of quotations.<br />

ia) i6oa .Marston Aiit. t, Met. Induct., I will.. ding his<br />

spirit to the verge of hell. 1718 Pope [liadxw 14 His senses<br />

wandering to the verge of death. 1740 Smollett Regie, iv.<br />

ii. But let us seize him on the verge of bliss. 1791 Cowper<br />

llicui V. 787 Sheer into his bone He pierced him, but . .Jove<br />

Him rescued even on the verge of fate. i8ao Scott' Abbot<br />

xiii, Her maternal fondness for her grandson . . carried almost<br />

to the verge of dotage. 184s J. PAdie Exp. Jonah v. 88<br />

He seems to have been driven to the very verge of despair.<br />

a i8S9 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxiii. (i86i) V. 5 Spencer. . was<br />

more than once brought to the verge of ruin by his violent<br />

temper. 1884 L'pool Mercury 22 Oct. 5/4 He was jealous<br />

and volatile to the verge of insanity.<br />

(*) .'754 Johnson Let. to Chesterfield 7 Feb., I have been<br />

pushing on my work . . and have brought it, at last,to the verge<br />

of publication. 177a Shrubsole & Denne Hist. Rochester<br />

35 The nation seemed on the verge of a civil war. 1848<br />

W. H. Kelly tr. L. Blanc's Hist. Ten V. I. 599 A generous<br />

city, driven to the verge of revolt. 1851 Robertson Serm.<br />

.Ser. II. xi. (1864I 145 Such men tread, .on the very verge of<br />

a confession. 1866 G. Macdonald Ann, Q. Neigkb. xxiv,<br />

I had driven Catherine Weir to the verge of suicide.<br />

fc) 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. § 121, 1 was now upon the<br />

verge of the proper se.^son for action. 187* Mozley Univ.<br />

Sernt. V. (ed. 2) 107 Just before death. .his expressions and<br />

signs tipon the verge of that moment awaken our curiosity,<br />

(rf) 1837 Whewell Hist. Induct. Sci. (1857) I. 173 [Thisl<br />

brings us to the verge of modern astronomy. x86a Sir B.<br />

Rrodie Psychol. Imj. II. iv. 138 We are here on the verge<br />

of an inquir>- which has perplexed the greatest philosophers.<br />

ellipt. i8s9 Meredith R. Fcnerel xxxviii, She touched on<br />

delicate verges to the baronet, and he understood her well<br />

enough.<br />

b. With vbl. sbs. On the verge of, on the very<br />

point of (doing something).<br />

i8s8 Froude Hist. Eng. III. xiii. 123 He.. reached the<br />

town to find . . the commons and the gentlemen on the verge<br />

of fighting. 1858 Dickens Lett. (1880) II. 42 We were on<br />

(he very verge of granting an. .annuity. 1887 [?Mlss<br />

Ingham] Poor Nellie 11888) 91 Twice she was on the verge<br />

of telling all.<br />

18. The space within a boundary ; room, scope.<br />

.\lso const, to OT for.<br />

Chiefly in echoes of quot. 1757.<br />

i6go Dkyden Don .Sebastian I. i, Let fortune empty her<br />

whole quiver on me, I have a Soul, that like an ample<br />

Shield Can take in all : and verge enough for more. 1757<br />

Gray Bard px Give ample room, and verge enough The<br />

characters of bell to trace. 1837 Lockhart Scott II, i. 8<br />

The bard., had ample room and verge enough .. for every<br />

variety of field sport. 1880 Hawthorne Marb. Faun xxiv.<br />

In this vast house . .a great-grandsire and all his descendants<br />

might find ample verge. 1877 ' H. A. Pace ' De Qnincry I.<br />

xiii. 2S3 When numbers of freebooters found ample verge<br />

for their predatory propensities.<br />

b. Jig, ,-md in fig. context.<br />

127<br />

1836 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 338 In no other<br />

country was there so little verge, far less encouragement,<br />

.-il owed to theological speculation. 1863 I). G. Mitchell<br />

/l/^/'C- ^ i -/_ J r. -,, . - . .<br />

culti<br />

act of verging or inclining to or towards some<br />

object, etc.<br />

1661 Glanvill Van. Dogm. 233 If by this verge to the<br />

otiier extream, I can bring the opinionalive Confident but<br />

half the way. i66a _ A1/.1: 6)r;V«/. xiv. 119 Though they<br />

have had. .their Verges towards the body and its joys, as<br />

well as their Aspires to nobler, .objects.<br />

Verge (vSidg), v,^ Also 7 verdge. [f. Vergk<br />

sb.x^<br />

1 1. trails, a. To provide with a specified kind<br />

of verge or border ; to edge. Chiefly in passive.<br />

Also with about, Obs,<br />

160S J. Rosier in Capt. Smith Virginia (1624) i. 20 An<br />

equall plaine . . verged with a greene border of grasse. i6ai<br />

Markham Prev. Hunger y This Net shall be verdgd 011<br />

each side with very strong Corde. [Hence in later works.]<br />

I6a5— Bk. Hon. ix. x. § 10 Long Mantles.. verdged about<br />

witti a small fringe of siluer. 1708 Ne-.u View 0/ London<br />

I. loi/i The Figures of a Man and a Woman in Brass, and<br />

the Stone verged with Plates of the same.<br />

b. To bound or limit by something. rare~^,<br />

I7S9 Mills tr. DuhamlCs Husb. i. viii. 20 Sending, .for<br />

horse-dung, to manure those very lands which never fail of<br />

being verg'd, or bottom'd, by a substance, .more proper for<br />

the end they aim at.<br />

o. To form the verge or limit of,<br />

1817 Chalmers Astron. Disc. iv. (1830) 132 How to draw<br />

the vigorous land-mark which verges the field of legitimate<br />

discovery,<br />

d. To pass along the verge or edge of; to skirt,<br />

1890 F. Barrett Betw. Life ,5- Death II. xxviii. 179 The<br />

chariot can verge the d.iTs all the way.<br />

2. intr. a. To be contiguous or adjacent to ; to<br />

lie on the verge of. Const, on or upon, along.<br />

1787 G. White Selbome vii, Forests and wastes . . are of<br />

considerable service to neighbourhoods that verge upon<br />

them. iSai Clare Vill. Minstr. 1 1. 37 The air was still i<br />

The blue mi.st, thinly scatterd round, Verg'd along the<br />

distant hill. 1858 Hawthorne Er. f, It. Note-Bks. (1872)<br />

I. II The Place de la Concorde. ., verging on which is the<br />

Champs Elys^s.<br />

b. To border on or upon some state, condition,<br />

etc. (Cf. Verge v.^ 3.)<br />

i8«s [see Vergencv ']. 1827 Faraday Chem. Manip. vii.<br />

(1842) 197 Mercury or zinc require one [sc. a temperature)<br />

verging upon, or even surpassing, a red heat. 1853 C.<br />

Bkonte Villelte xviii. Your generosity must have verged<br />

on extravagance. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John Bapt. v. § 3.<br />

352 Philo, however, verges on allowing the Aoyot to be the<br />

centre of the personality of God.<br />

Jig. tS4z Tkosysou Gardener's Dau. yt Vague desires .<br />

made. .all kinds of thought, That verged upon them,<br />

sweeter than the dream [etc.].<br />

3. To rise up so as to show the edge, rare—^,<br />

',7f*-4«<br />

I'hovson IVinteriii Wish'd Spring returns ; and<br />

..I he welcome ,sun, just verging up at first, By small '<br />

degrees extends the swelling curve !<br />

Hence VeTging pp/. a, I<br />

1796 W. H. Marshall (f. England I. 165 Wild Deer I<br />

"<br />

were found very injurious to the verging crops.<br />

Verge (vSjd^), j/.n [ad. L, verg/re to bend,<br />

incline, turn, Cf. Converge v., Diverge v.] ><br />

1. inir. Of the sun : To descend toward the<br />

horizon ; to sink, or begin to do so. Also transf. \<br />

iSio G. Fletcher Christ's Tr. 11. xxv. Yet when he (the<br />

sun] verges, or is hardly ris, She [the moon) the vive image<br />

of her absent brother is. i8as Scott Talism. iii. The light<br />

was now verging low, yet served the knight still to discern<br />

that they two were no longer alone in the forest. 189a R<br />

Bridges Indolence Poems (1912) 270 The summer day Had<br />

verged already on its hot decline,<br />

2. To move in a certain direction (esp. downwards)<br />

; also, to extend or stretch,<br />

a 1661 Fuller Horlhies,Somersct{x6(r2) 32 Henceforward<br />

the Sun of the Kings cause declined, verging more and<br />

more Westward, till at last it set in Cornwal. 173a Pope<br />

Ess. Man 1. 59 So Man. .Touches some wheel, or verges to<br />

.some goal. 177s S. J. Pratt LiberalOpin, cv. (1783) IV. 6<br />

A tear, .still upon the back of my hand, verging to the very<br />

finger that (etc.). Ibid, cxxvi. 149 The higher we climb.<br />

the nearer to the gods . . : as we verge towards earth . . we con.<br />

volve with the dirt. 1797 Monthly Mag, III. 513/1 Verge<br />

not downwards, a precipice lies under the earth. z8aa ' B.<br />

Cornwall' Misc. Poems, Halt of Eblis, The pUiars.,<br />

verged away In long innumerable avenues. 1886 Mrs.<br />

HUNCERIORD Lady Branksmere i. Towards this rather<br />

dilapidated apartment they always verge when perplexed.<br />

Jig. 1780 Cowper Progr. Err. 430 Learning, once the man's<br />

exclusive pride. Seems verging fast towards the female side.<br />

b. To diverge or deflect ; to run or trickle off.<br />

169a Bentley Boyle Led. 215 The Epicurean theory, of<br />

atoms descending down an infinite space . . and verging from<br />

the perpendicular no body knows why. 1780 S. J. Pratt<br />

Einnia Corbett (ed. 4) II. 74 The tear had verged ofl;<br />

possibly woile he was bowing.<br />

3. To incline or tend, to approach or draw near,<br />

towards or to some state or condition. Also with<br />

advb. complement. (Cf. Verge w.i 2 b.)<br />

(


VERGER. 128 VERIFICATIVB.<br />

belonging to, a series of Appalachian strata corresponding<br />

in age to the middle Devonian strata of<br />

British geologists.<br />

1858 H. D. Rogers Geoi. FenMsyiv. I. loS Vergent Flags<br />

(Portage Flags of New York). Ibid,, Vergent Shales (Chemung<br />

Group of New York). Ibid. 1 1, 732 The Cadent and<br />

Vet^nt rocks contain important bands of iron ore.<br />

vergeous, obs. form of Vebjlice.<br />

tVeTger'. Obs. Also 5 vergere, vergier, 5(-.<br />

virger. [a. OF. z'^r^^(iith c. ; so in mod.F.),<br />

7>€rgier (12th c. ; = Pr. vergier) :— L. virdiariumy<br />

virididrium (also viridariuni)^ f. viridis green.]<br />

A garden or orchard ;<br />

a pleasure-garden.<br />

13. . Senyn Sag, 167 Thai woldemakea richehalle, Withouten<br />

Rome, in on verger. .bi o riuer. ciioo Rem. Rose<br />

3831 Why hast thou ben so necligent, To kepen . . This verger<br />

heere left in thi warde? c 1450 Merlin xix. 310 Merlin lete<br />

rere a vergier, where->-nne was all maner of fruyt and alle<br />

maner of flowTes. 1480 Caxton Ovid^s Met. xiv. xii. To<br />

wcde and pyk oute alle the evyl herbes and wedes out of her<br />

verger or gardyn. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. !, Prol. 44 The<br />

greshoppers amangis the vergers gnappit.<br />

^ (va-jd^aj). Also 7 vierger. [prob.<br />

Vorjfer<br />

a, AF. *verger^ f. verge Verge sb}- Cf. Of . vergure<br />

{vergettr) ganger, vergier maker of rings, obs.<br />

F, verger verger (Cotgr.); also med.L. virgdriusy<br />

and Virger.]<br />

1. An official who carries a rod or similar symbol<br />

of office before the dignitaries of a cathedral,<br />

church, or university (for before justices).<br />

i47»-3 Rolls of PavU. VI. 48/1 Howe that Henr* late<br />

Duke of Lancastr'.. founded, .a Churche. .of a Deane,. .vi<br />

Choresters, and a Verger perpetuell. 1530 Palsgr. 284/2<br />

Verger that bereth a rodde in the churche, sergent de<br />

lesglise. c 1549 in Swayne Sarum Churchw. Ace. (1896) 75<br />

To Thomas Johnson y* verger at owr ladye churche. 1607<br />

CowKLL f'lterfir., Vergers.. \x such as cary white wands<br />

before the lustices of either banke, &c..; otherwise called<br />

Porters of the verge. 1616 B. Jonson Devil an Ass<br />

IV. iv, I must walk With the French sticke, like an old<br />

Vierger, for you. 168S R. Holme Armoury iii. 197/1 The<br />

Verger [of the Cathedral Church] is a Man in a Gown<br />

..whose Offic* it is to conduct the Reader to his place<br />

(etc.]. 1818 BVRON Ch. Han iv. Notes 117 The Emperor,<br />

. .taking a wand in his hand, officiated as verger,, .preceding<br />

the pontiff to the altar. 1846 Hook Ch. Diet, (ed. 5) 900<br />

l^erger, . .he who carries the mace before the dean in a<br />

cathedral or collegiate church. 1854 /did. (ed. 7) 782 Verger.<br />

An officer with a similar title precedes the vice-chancellor in<br />

the English universities. 1867 Trollope Chron. Barset II.<br />

xlix. 59 For nearly a week, .he had been unable to face the<br />

minor canons and vergers.<br />

attrib. CX530 in Gutch ColL Cur. II. 340 Item oone Ver.<br />

ger Rodde of silvar parcel gilte. 1546 Inv. Ch. Goods<br />

(Surtces) 137 Two verger rodys of sylver.<br />

trans/. 1615 Chapman Od^ss. xn. 555 This by Calypso, I<br />

was told, and she Inform'd it, from the verger Mercurie.<br />

b. One whose duty it is to take care of the<br />

interior of a church, and to act as attendant.<br />

17OT Farquhar Beaux' Strai. n. ii, Then I, Sir, tips me<br />

the Verger with half a Crown. 1784 Gentl. Mag. May 349/1,<br />

I felt a secret satisfaction on visiting, .the tombs in Westminster<br />

Abbey, that the verger no longer amuses the gaping<br />

vulgar [etc.]. 18*4 W. Irving T. Trav. I. 258 The parish<br />

clerk bowed low before him \sc. the squire] and the vergers<br />

humbled themselves unto the dust in his presence. i86x<br />

Sat. Rev. 30 Nov. 568 How splendid an opportunity for<br />

architectural study is afforded by the Abbey, if only the<br />

vergers would allow any one to enjoy it. i88i Besant &<br />

Rice Chapl. ofFleet I. 182 The beadles and vergers curtsied<br />

to the quality and remained behind for doles.<br />

t2. (Seequot.) Obs,-^<br />

i^ Liber Niger in Househ, Ord. (1790) 48 Mynstrelles,<br />

xiii, whereof one is verger that directeth them all in festival!<br />

dayes to theyre stations, to bloweings, pipynges [etc.].<br />

Hence Ve-rg-erless a,, unaccompanied by a<br />

verger; Te'rgersUp, the office of a verger.<br />

14^ RollsofParlt. VI. 383/2 The Office of our Sergeauntship<br />

at Armes, and . . the Office of Vergership of Wyndesore.<br />

1871 Daily Neivs 12 Aug., The Vergership in St. Paul's<br />

Cathedra), vacant by the death of Mr. Cummings. 1886<br />

HissEV On Box Seat fr. Lond. to Lands End 167 The<br />

cathedral, over which we were considerately allowed to<br />

ramble vergerless, much to our enjoyment.<br />

tVerger 3. Obsr"^ [? a. AF. vergiere (Gower).]<br />

A rod carried as a symbol of office ; = Vebge sb^-<br />

4 a.<br />

1547 m Strjpe EccL Mem. {iti\) II. App. A. loThen came<br />

the sergeant of the vestry with his verger, and after him the<br />

cros, with the children [etc.]. 1647 Hexham i, A Verger,<br />

een roedeken.<br />

tVeTgerer. Obs. Also 5 vergerar-. [Extended<br />

f. Verger 2 i : see -erI 3.] = Vergeu2 i.<br />

Hence f Ver^erership. Obs.<br />

\^ RollsofParlt. VI. 347/2 The Office of Vergerarshipp<br />

of Wyndesore. 1566 tr. Beza's Admon. to Parlt. Dj,<br />

Cathedrall churches, where master Deane, ..pentJoners,<br />

readers, vergerirs, &c. liue in great idlenesse. 1617 Minsheu<br />

Ductors.\.^ Vergerers..be such, as carry Virgas, i. roddes<br />

before the lustices of either banck, &c. 1676 Wood Life<br />

(O.H.S.) II. 362 His father was vergerer of Westminster.<br />

Vergeress (v9-jd.53res). [f. Vekger 2 + -ess.]<br />

A female verger or caretaker of a church.<br />

1889 Daily News 13 Nov. 3/3, I wonder some old vergeress<br />

did not come forward to claim the purse. 190Z JVestm.<br />

Gaz. 4 Jan. 3/1 The vergeress who sweeps he floor.<br />

VeTgerism, rare~^, [f. as prec. + -iSM.]<br />

Action, etc., characteristic of a verger.<br />

1857 Rusk:n'^/^/«. DrawingW. 155 There is always some<br />

discordant civility, or jarring vergerism about them {sc,<br />

English cathedrals].<br />

Vergery (v5'jd53ri). rare—^. [f, as prec.+<br />

-T.] A sacristy.<br />

i88a M'Clintock & Strong Cycl. Bib. Lit. VIII, 515<br />

Cassell's Suppl.), The consecrated priests repair to the<br />

vergery, and put down the missal garments.<br />

Verges, obs. form of Verjuice.<br />

t Verge-salt. Obs.-^ (Meaning obscnre.)<br />

1656 S. H. Golden La7v To Rdr., All which .. are<br />

immaterial to Matter, and but ceremonies to substance, as<br />

Rose-leaves and Verge-salt are to a sound and wholsome<br />

dish of meat.<br />

t Verge-sauce. Obs. rare. = Verd-sauce,<br />

ci^^o Profti^. Parz>.$og/i Vergefiawce, . .7dride salsamentrtfrr.<br />

c 1450 T7vo Cookery Bks. 102 pe sauce is verge sauce,<br />

Vergesse, -geus, etc., obs. ff. Verjuice.<br />

Vergier, variant of Verger 1 Obs.<br />

Vergiform (v5'jd,:5if]pjm), a, Zool. [f. Verge<br />

sby + -(I}form.] Of the feet of certain crustaceans:<br />

Resembling a rod; rod-like.<br />

\Zyj Penny Cycl. VIII. 197/2 Podophthalmia.. ; feet or<br />

extremities vergiform, partly prehensile, partly ambulatory.<br />

xSga Dana Crust, i. 433 There are a few m which these feet<br />

are vergiform.<br />

Vergilian, var. Virgilian. Vergine, obs. f.<br />

Virgin. Vergious, -is, -ius, obs. ff. Verjuice.<br />

Vergobret (v5*jg^bret), [ad, L. vergobretus,<br />

of Gaulish origin. So obs. Y. vergohert.'\ The<br />

chief magistrate among the ancient yEdui of Gaul.<br />

Also iransf,<br />

X563 GoLDiNG Cxsart. 12 The princlpall office, whichthey<br />

call Vergobret, ..is an offyce that lasteth but from yere to<br />

yere, and for the tyme hath absolutepower of life and deathe.<br />

1656 in Blount Glossogr. 1839 Kf.ightlev Hist, Eng.<br />

I. 3 The power of the Vergobret, or Prince of each tribe, was<br />

absolute. xSga ¥REEtrj^.,<br />

Rise Antichrist Wits. 1788 V. 443 It hath.. only the traditional<br />

verification of the Evidence of a past Fact. 178a J.<br />

Brown View Nat. ^ Rev. Reiig. u. i. 139 All the dispositions<br />

and actions of mankind are a plain verification of the<br />

leading truths of his wfjfd. x8o2 Playfair Hlustr. Huiton,<br />

77(. 507 A very unexpected verification of some of the conclusions<br />

deduced above. 1830 Herschel Stud. Nat. Phil.<br />

12 They afl^ord the readiest and completes! verifications of<br />

his theories.^ i88a U.S. Rep. Prec. Met. 613 Let us await<br />

the verification of time.<br />

3. The action of establishing or testing the truth<br />

or correctness of a fact, theory, statement, etc., by<br />

means of special<br />

data.<br />

investigation or comparison of<br />

_ 1603 Florio Montaigne iil v. 521 You waste away and die<br />

in pursuite of so concealed a misierie of so obscure a verification.<br />

163s Jackson Creed vjii. x. § 3 Fitter occasion.,<br />

could not be offered for the exquisite verification or exact<br />

fulfilling of this prophecy. 1677 Plot OxfordsJi. 222 The<br />

latter wrote a verification of all the fix'd stars, as to their<br />

longitude and latitude, for the year 1440. 1837 Whewelu<br />

Hist. Induct, Sci. I. jii. iv. § i. 190 Periods of verification,<br />

as well as epochs of induction, deserve to be attended to.<br />

1855 Maury P/iys. Geog. Sea v. § 294 This estimate . . is not<br />

capable of verification by anymore than the rudest approximations.<br />

1885 Manch. Exam. 12 May 5/3 Nearly a month<br />

will be swallowed up in the verification of the returns.<br />

b. The action of verifying or testing the accuracy<br />

of an instrument, or the quality ofgoods.<br />

attrib.<br />

Also<br />

183a Babbage Econ. Meuiuf. xiv. 103 In the Irish flax<br />

trade, a similar example of the high price paid for verification<br />

occurs. 1888 Pall Mall G. 6 Dec. 5/2 The total number<br />

of instruments rejected as unfit for a verification certificate<br />

owing to excess of error or to other causes was only 346.<br />

4,' [After French usage.] Katification.<br />

1845 S. Austin RanJke's Hist. Ref. III. v. iv. 141 When<br />

the verification of it was laid before the parliament, the procureur<br />

gdn^ral. .sokmnly protested against it. 1865 M.<br />

Arnold Ess. Crit. ii. (1875) 50 By the old constitution of<br />

France, these letters patent required the verification of the<br />

Parliament, j^x W. L. Mathieson Pol. ^ Rel. Scotl. I.<br />

i. 49 'Ihe Parliament of Paris in their act of verification<br />

adopted a very superior tone.<br />

Ve'rificative, a. rare. [f. L, verificdi-y ppl.<br />

stem oiverificdre : see Verify v. and -ative. Cf.<br />

OF. verificatify obs. F. vh-ificatif^ Sp., Pg., It.<br />

verificativo^ Verificatory.<br />

i860 in Worcester (citing A^. Amer. Rev.). Hence in<br />

recent Diets.


VERIFICATORY. 129 VERILY.<br />

Verificatory (veTifik/i:t3ri), a. [f, as prec,<br />

+ -ORV-.] That verifies; having the proj>erty of<br />

verifying; of the nature of, serving as, a verification.<br />

1834 Frasers Ma^. X. 362 There is nothing new under the<br />

sun—an observation which Is indeed verificatory of itself.<br />

1870 J. H. Newman Gram. Assent 11. viii. 297 Syllogism has<br />

no part, even verificatorj', in the action of my mind. 1875<br />

W.Jackson Bampton Led. 156 The evidence becomes<br />

accumuladve, or, if you please, verificatory.<br />

Verified (ve-rifaid),///. a. [f. as next + -edI.]<br />

Proved to be true by verification.<br />

1594 Carew Hunrtes Exam. Wits Proem to Rdr. ii, By<br />

this example of our first parents, .it is a verifyed conclusion,<br />

that he infused the lesser portion [of wisdom] into her. 1911<br />

Edin. Rev, Oct. 281 To lay down principles .. as a basis<br />

or verified induction.<br />

(ve-rifaijaj). [f. Verify z;. + -er.]<br />

Verifier<br />

1. One who verifies, in various senses.<br />

In quot. 1718 a translation of the Arabic title of Abubekir.<br />

1648 Hexham ii, Een waer'ftiaker^ a Verifier, or a Maker<br />

good. 1718 OcKLEV Saracens II. 355 Then the Verifier<br />

succeeded him with the good liking of the Muslemans. 1736<br />

AlNSWORTH I, A verifier, confirvtator, assertor. 1865<br />

Reader No. 141. 283/2 Valued by some verifier of the past.<br />

1^ Mrs. Lvsn Linton Chris. Kirkiandll. \i\. 223 Who<br />

will keep the keeper ? and who will verify the verifier?<br />

2. techn. In the names of tools or devices (see<br />

quots.).<br />

x88i Raymond Mining Gloss.^ Verifier, a tool used in deep<br />

boring for detaching and bringing to the surface portions of<br />

the wall of the bore-hole at any desired depth, 1934 Knight<br />

Did. Midi. Suppl. 394 Gas verifier^ an apparatus intended<br />

to verify whether the gas comes up to a given standard.<br />

Veid^ (verifai), v. Forms : 4-6 veryfy, 5<br />

-fye, Sc. -^^TgiYy 6 veryfle ; 4-7 verifle (5, 7<br />

verrifle}, 6 verifye, 5- verify (4 ferify); 4-6<br />

verefy (5 -efFSr, 6 Sc. vare-, warefy), verefye<br />

(6 Sc. werafye), 5-6 verefie. [ad. OF. verifier<br />

(1348; = mod. F.Z'/ryf^r, Sp., Pg., Pr. z'^ryf^ar, It.<br />

verificare)y ad. med.L. virificdre^ f. L. vcj^is true.]<br />

1. trans. Law, To prove by good evidence or<br />

valid testimony ; to testify or affirm formally or<br />

upon oath. Also const, that, and to with inf.<br />

a 13*5 [see Verifying vbl. sb.'\. c 1450 Godstow Reg. 658<br />

fThe abbess appeared, denying] J>at she leuied or causid<br />

ony noiinge or turnid ony course of watur as hit was pre.<br />

sentid afore, & ^at she is a-redi to verifie. c X48S in Ca!.<br />

ProcChancQ. Eliz. (1830) II. Pref. 65 Alle whiche maters<br />

the seid Richard is redy to verifie and prove, as this court<br />

woU awarde. 1533-4 ^eir execuiiones upon oath. [1768 Blackstonic<br />

Comnt. 111. 312 In any stage of the pleadings, when either<br />

side advances or affirms any new mailer, he usually, .avers<br />

it to be true; 'and this he is ready to verify '.] 1786 Burki:<br />

iV. Hastings Wks. Xll. 192 The said charge to be verified<br />

by the oath of the said Frazer. 1838 W. Bell Diet. Law<br />

Scot. 1028 He mu.st be prepared with a cautioner, .at giving<br />

in his defences, unless ne mstantly verify a defence excluding<br />

the action. 1884 Law Times Rep. 10 May 320 The<br />

Court, .ordered that the receiver should withdraw and verify<br />

his accounts by af&davit.<br />

b. In general use : To testify to, to assert, to<br />

affirm or confirm, as true or certain. Now rare.<br />

1515 Ld. Berners Froiss, II. cc. 252 b/2 The landes,<br />

seignories,tordshippes, and baronyesin Acquytayne, whiche<br />

they verifyed to pertayi;ne to the kynge and rcalme of<br />

Knglande. 1586 Day Eng. Secretary 11. {1625) 20 Him,<br />

whose approued fidelity for that it rcmaineth of no small<br />

record to my cerlaine knowledge, I will presume to verifie.<br />

1600 Holland Li7>y xxxix. xUx. 1054 At first the tidings<br />

seemed so incredible, that the furmost messenger was held<br />

..for a vaine lyar..: but after that there came one after<br />

another, and all with one voice verefied and affirmed the<br />

same. 1608 1'opsell Serpents 19 So that it may as truly be<br />

verified of the Serpent as it was of Esau, that the hands of<br />

all men and beastes are against them. 16x7 Morvson Itin.<br />

I, 239 This Novice at his confession made this knowne and<br />

after verified as much to the Guardian and chiefe Friars.<br />

1866 Mf.reditii Viltoria xxxix, 'Does Major Weisspriess<br />

know it to be true?* The question came from Anna.<br />

Weisspriess coolly verified it, on the faith of a common<br />

servant's communication,<br />

C. To support or back up by testimony.<br />

1607 Shaks. Cor. v. ii. 17, I haue euer verified my Friends<br />

. . with all the size that verily would without lapsing suff'er.<br />

2. To show to be true by demonstration or evid-<br />

ence; to confirm the truth or authenticity of; to<br />

substantiate ; a. Of persons. Now rare,<br />

CX386 Chalcer Can. Veom. Prol. «V T. 515 As witnessen<br />

thise olde wyse; And tliat ful soone I wol it verifie In this<br />

Chanon. 1406 HoccLEvE La Male Regie 35<br />

* Pro^peritee<br />

is biynd' ;. .And verifie I can wel it is so. i:i4«5 Audklav<br />

XI Pains Hell 211 in O. E. Misc. 217 In er)>, J»e fyndis<br />

J>em verefyd, [The soul] Dispisid godis laus euerechon. c 1500<br />

Melusine i. 16 Be nac you displesed yf I haue recounted<br />

vnto you this auenture, For it is for to adiouste more of<br />

feyth, & for to veryfy thistory. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot.<br />

(Rolls) 1 1. 250 This suith example . . I verifie ma richt Weill<br />

be the Britis. 158a Bentley Mon. Matrones III. 286<br />

Verifie I^rd the words on me, drawe me after thee, 1595<br />

Shaks. John 11. i. 277, I bring you Witnesses Twice fiftecne<br />

Vol. X.<br />

thousand hearts of Englands breed,.. To verifie our title<br />

with their Hues. 1627 Lisander ^ Cal. v. 87 [He] only<br />

desired to cleer so dangerous a suspicion, and never to<br />

speake of it but when he could verifie it. 1671 Milton<br />

P. R. I. 133 Gabriel this day by proof thou shalt behold<br />

, . how I begin To verifie that solemn message late, On<br />

which 1 sent thee. 178a J. Brown View Nat. f^ Rev. Relig.<br />

V. ii, 430 The covenant-form of this law is not changed<br />

and God hath verified it in the., dreadful sufferings of his<br />

only begotten Son. z8a8 Webster s.v., The first act of<br />

the house of representatives is to verify their powers, by<br />

exhibiting their credentials to a committee of the house, or<br />

other proper authority.<br />

I 1596<br />

j ness<br />

\ standard;<br />

i<br />

^<br />

b. Of things, or in passive.<br />

c 1449 Pecock Repr. \, x. 53 Therfore neuer neither of tho<br />

ij. textis . . serueth neither forto grounde neither forto verrifie<br />

the seid firste opinioun. c 1475 Mankind () in Macro Plays<br />

I pat may be seyde & veryfyede : mankynde was dere<br />

bought. 1508 Kennedee Flyiin^ w. Dunbar 354 In to thy<br />

mowisand mokis It may be verjfeit that thy wit is thin. 1560<br />

Daus ir. Sleidane'sCOf>im. 150 If this myght be verefied of us<br />

in dede, it were.. detestable to be heard of. 15B3 Stocker<br />

Civ. IVarres Loive C, u. 63 The prince greatly marueileth<br />

that such great learned men,. would set downe and propound<br />

such matters, as neuer'can nor shalbe any way verified.<br />

1651 HoBBES Leviath. 11. xxvi. 142 The knowledge<br />

of the publique Registers, publique Counsels, publique<br />

Ministers, and publique Scales; by which all Lawes are<br />

sufficiently verified. 1756 Mitchell in ElHs Orig. Lett.<br />

Ser. II. IV. 376 All which has been verified by the examination<br />

of the persons in whose company he was. 1849 Macau*<br />

LAY Hist. Eng. V. I. 629 The strongest evidence by which<br />

the fact of a death was ever verified. 1876 Mozley Univ.<br />

Serm. iti. (1877) 55 The same scene of action which brought<br />

the rational expectation brings also the event which tests<br />

and verifies the correctness of it,<br />

3. In passive : To be proved true or correct by<br />

the result or event, or by some confirming fact or<br />

circumstance; to be fulfilled or accomplished in<br />

this way.<br />

1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 213 So J>at now beeb ferified<br />

be vers J»at Hildebertus . . made, c 1400 Maundev.<br />

(Roxb.) xxxiv. 154 t>us es J>e prophecy verified. 1456 Sir<br />

G. Have Laxo Arms (S,T.S.) 10 That is ane office ofane<br />

angel, to.. bring the hye new tydingis, thequhilk is verifyit<br />

be the haly writt. 1462-3 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 268 Scripture<br />

saithe heritage holdyn wrongfully Schal never cheve..<br />

As halhe be verified late ful playne. x^n Prose Life Si.<br />

Brandan (Percy) 49 Than the sayenge of Saynt Brandon<br />

was veryfyed. \^ Maplet Gr. Forest 38 The old Prouerbe<br />

is herein verified : the ill weede ouercroppeth the<br />

good come, 1631 Gouge Gods Arro%vs iii. §6, 192 The<br />

like bath been verified time after time. 1667 Milton P. L.<br />

X. 182 So spake this Oracle, then verifi'd When Jesus,. Saw<br />

Satan fall like Lightning down from Heav'n. 1736 Butler<br />

Anal, I. vi. Wks. 1874 I. 123 This reasoning from fact is<br />

confirmed, and . . verified, by other facts. 1799 Ht- Lee<br />

Canterb. 7"., Frenchm. T, (ed. 2) I. 221 Of these doubts one<br />

only was verified. i8zs H. & J. Smith Rej. Addr. x. Professions<br />

lavishly eff'used and parsimoniously verified are..<br />

inconsistent. 1852 Miss Yonge Cameos I. xxxiv. 286 The<br />

Pope's suspicions were verified. 1875 Jowett Plata (ed. 2)<br />

IV. 226 The picture., is verified in the course of the dialogue.<br />

b. Const. /«, o/y on, or upon.<br />

1387-8 T. UsK Test. Love i, i. (Skeat) 1. 71 God graunt<br />

that proposicion to be verifyed in me. a x^oo Apol. Loll.<br />

(Camden) 8 And be pope isPetir's vicar, ^erfor it be howfi|><br />

to trowe l>at t»is feij> is vcrifi^ed of him. 1456 Sir G. Have<br />

Law Arms (S.T.S.) 4 The prophecyes. .be verifyit in jour<br />

maist noble and worthy princehede, 1530 Rastell BA:<br />

Purgat. I. vii, Everythynge in the world is verefyed upon<br />

one of them. 1577 Northurooke Dicing (1843) 153 And as<br />

this was spoken of the Phariseys, I feare me it may be likewise<br />

verified in vs. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pal. \. Ixix. § 2<br />

That which is vttered of the time, is not verified of lime<br />

tt setfe, but agreeth vnto those things which are in time.<br />

c 1645 Howell Lett. (1650) I. 242 If ne doth, I fear it will<br />

be verified in him, that a * fool and his money is soon<br />

parted '. 1719 I-)e Foe Crusoe il (Globe) 387 It is true, they<br />

..made Fences j but Solomon's Words were never better<br />

verified than in them. 1768 Sterne Sent. Jourtt.^ Dwarf<br />

1. 191, I. .content myself with the truth only of the remark,<br />

which 13 verified in every lane and by.lane of Paris.<br />

c. Used actively of the circumstances, person,<br />

etc., serving as proof or confirmation.<br />

c 1430 Hymns Virg. 127 For soth then y sobbed Veryfyyng<br />

tnys wordys. c 1450 Mirk's Festiat 152 The f>Tst<br />

[cause] ys, forto verefy fe fay)> of his resurreccyon, 1530<br />

P.vLSGB. 765/2 He hath nowe verifyed my sayenges. 1598<br />

Bakcklkv Felic. Man 11. (1603) 72 The lemple fell downe<br />

and verified the answere of the oracle. 1631 Gouge Goii^s<br />

Arrows i. §25. 37 The issue verifieth thus much, 1659<br />

Milton Touching Hirelings o A voice [was] heard from<br />

heaven.. cryiug aloud, This c(ay is poison pourd into the<br />

church. Which the event soon after verifi'd. 1671 — P. R.<br />

Ill, 177 So shall thou best fullfil, best verifie The Prophets<br />

old, who sung thy endless raign. 1785 Trusler Mod. Times<br />

III. 47 The case of Wheble, the bookseller, verifies this<br />

assertion, i860 Tvndall Glac- 11. xv. 308 The measurements<br />

of Agassiz.. completely verify the anticipations of<br />

Rendu. 1870 J. Bruce Life Gideon xiii. 229 The people<br />

themselves did verify this pregnant saying of the Lord by<br />

their own immediate conduct. ^<br />

+ d. reji. To demonstrate or prove (oneself) to<br />

be of a certain character. Ohs.<br />

C1586 C'tess Pe.mbroke Ps. lxxvi. V, And so him self<br />

[the Lord] most terrible doth verify, In terrifying kings.<br />

Drayton Leg.y Dk. Normandie cxxxiv, Fortune..<br />

Turned her sclfe, as shee away would flie,..As what she<br />

was, her selfe to verifie.<br />

4, To ascertain or test the accuracy or correct-<br />

of (something), esp. by examination or by<br />

comparison with known data, an original, or some<br />

to check or correct in this way.<br />

X5J7 R. Thorne in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 254 For this cause<br />

; can be no certaine situation of that coast and Islands, till<br />

this difference betwixt them be verified. 1559 W. Cunningham<br />

Cosmogr, Glasse 162 When you will verifie your nedle<br />

..you shall use the healpe of the Sunne, 1774 M. Mackenzie<br />

Maritime Surv. u. i. 67 To verify these protracted<br />

Distances, go to any of the Objects, as D, take the Hearing<br />

of X and Y, to find if thty agree with the Protraction, 1796<br />

H. Hunter tr. St.'Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) III. 18 Let<br />

us now proceed to verify the elongation of the Poles. 1802<br />

Mar. Edgeworth Moral 7\, Forester, A Clerk, Hours.,<br />

spent in casting up and verifying accounts, 18^ Ht.<br />

Martineau Demeraraiii. 43, I have seen a calculation and<br />

1 mean to verify it. 1848 H. H. Wilson Brit. India III.<br />

237 Capt. Dillon was.. sent back., to verify the reported<br />

existence of some of the survivors of the wreck. 187s<br />

Chambers^s Jrnl. No, 133, 7 A set of instruments which<br />

have been properly verified at Kew Observatory.<br />

b. To establish by investigation.<br />

x8oi Med. Jml. V. 386 A medical committee was<br />

appointed to verify the phaenomena which precede, accom.<br />

pany, and follow the Vaccine Inoculation. 1854 Badham<br />

Halieut. 537 In reading over various poetic bills of fare<br />

preserved by Athena;us, we have verified twenty-six species<br />

in one Attic supper. 1880 UkrViUlll Aneurism ^2 If. .the<br />

disease [be] verified as seated on the second or third part of<br />

the subclavian vessel.<br />

5. To give the appearance of truth to ; to cause<br />

to appear true or authentic, rare.<br />

1581 [see Verifying vbl. sb.\. 1768 H. Walpole Hist.<br />

Doubts 99 All Henry's art and power could never verify<br />

the cheat of Perkin. 1815 Scott Cuy M. xl, He assumed the<br />

name and profession of his friend Dudley, having command<br />

enough of the pencil to verify his pretended character to his<br />

host of Allonby.<br />

Hence Ve'rifying///. a.<br />

1634 Wood Ne-w Ejig. Prosp, (1865) 61 A false asseveration<br />

usually winneth more beleefe than two verifying<br />

negatives can resettle. 1870 J. Bruce Life Gideon xxiii.<br />

412 An appendix, .of verifying deeds and documents. 1884<br />

R. Burn in Athenasum 15 Nov. 630/3 Its [i. e. archaeology's]<br />

verifying and corrective spirit in historical investigations.<br />

Ve'riQriiLfiCi '^^^' ^^- Vebify t/. -h-ingI.]<br />

t^*<br />

The action of the vb. in various senses ; the prov-<br />

i descryued<br />

ing e/" something; verification.<br />

a 132$ MS. Rawl. B. J20 fol. 47 b, Wan ha be? icleped to<br />

uerehhinge, \>qxvl \>3X ^ulke i-voched weren in present.<br />

c 1450 Mirk's Festiat 23 In verefiyng of thys thyng \>e fyrst<br />

masse., begynnylh thus. 1561-j Reg. Privy Council Scot.<br />

I. 196 Sik richtis..and documentis as thai will use for<br />

verefying of thair content. 1581 Sidney Apot. Poetrie<br />

(Arb.l 37 Zopirus. .fayned himselfe in exlreame disgrace of<br />

his King: for verifying of which, he caused his own nose<br />

and eares to be cut off. 1598 f lorio, Veri/icatione, a<br />

verifying, an approouing, an auerring. 1633 Le Grvs tr.<br />

/ 'elleius Paterc. 168 Catullus second to none in verifying<br />

of the worke which he tooke in hand, a 1653 Binning Serm,<br />

(1845) 480 For verifying whereof, We appeal to the Knowledge<br />

of some Noblemen and Ministers. 1670 Milton<br />

Hist. Eng. II. 79 The verifying of that true sentence, the<br />

first shall be last. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey)) Verification,<br />

a verifying^ or proving.<br />

t VeTlfyment. Obs.~^ In 4 uerefiement.<br />

[a. OF. verijiement : see Verify v, and -ment.]<br />

Verification.<br />

a 13*5 MS. Rawl. B. 520 fol. 47<br />

5if b'll^e t^at is i-voched .<br />

" wolle waranti Jje tenaunt ^:e forcseide uerefiement to ^^e<br />

askare ne costumez no^t.<br />

Ve-rigreen, U.S. slang, [f. Veby a. -h Green<br />

a.'\ A very simple or gullible person.<br />

1854 i" ^^- Johnson //•''. L. Garrison am [sc. the<br />

apostles] openly, How |>ai sa;e crist & with him spake,<br />

on-liue ful verraily. c 1340 Hami-ole Pr. Consc. 9239 pe<br />

nerrer bat ^jai sal hym be, pe verreylyer J>ai sal hym se.<br />

1387 Tkevisa Higden{Ro\U) I. 177 So l^at ^>e raj^er welles<br />

beet> now but lakes, ol>er more vereyliche dreye chanels wij*<br />

oute watir. 1:1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xv. 70 pe whilk.,<br />

me ^e maners of oJ>er cuntrees, .als graythely<br />

and als verraily as J)ai had bene euer ;it dwelland in )»am.<br />


VERIMEKT.<br />

Paris 4- K. {1868) 33 Knowe ye verayly that tt is not longe<br />

s>thcn, that the sayd lewels were, .jjyuen to me.<br />

^ ax^fo Hampolk Psaiter cxviii. 175 My saule sail<br />

verraly « perfiily loue |>e in new saiige. c 1350 Will.<br />

PaUme 519^, 1 sdial hasUli me hije . . to venge J»e verali for<br />

oujt |iQt U-tide^. 14U VoNGE tr. Secreta Secret. 135 Who<br />

so weraly desjxyth good rennoune he shall be renounet and<br />

prcysid. c 1475 Golagros Mc^sAi'f<br />

Hist. Iniiesxw. ix. 147 Some in the passage demaundcd confession,<br />

thinking verily to die. 16x0 Holland CamdaCs<br />

Brit. 207, I am therefore verily perswaded, that the name<br />

of Hercules even to thisplace came either [etc]. X68S-3<br />

Pennsylv. Arch. I. 55 Though I could veryly hope my<br />

enemy were reconciled. 15^08 Swift Sacrum. Test Wks.<br />

1755 II. I. 127 We are veriiy persuaded, the consequence<br />

will be an entire alteration of religion among us. 1771<br />

yunius' Lett. liv. (1788) 293 He . . verily believes him an<br />

honest man. x8oa Mar. Edgeworth Moral 'P.., P'orestcr,<br />

A Clerk, A person whom he now verily believed to be, as he<br />

had originally suspected, insane. 1839 Carlyle Chartism<br />

t. (1858) 3 The time is verily come for acting in it. 1851<br />

Mrs. Browning Casa Guidi Wind, i. 122 Thou coujdst.<br />

laugh the laugh back, I think verily.<br />

Co'nb. 1586 Day Eng. Secretary 11. (1625) 4 The first..<br />

appeareth to be Accusatorie, which.. either simply by<br />

coniectures or by matter of knowne, or verily supported<br />

truth,, .may bee conueyed.<br />

b. Placed in front of a sentence or statement<br />

as an emphatic asseveration of its truth or accuracy<br />

freq. connoting the truth of a preceding statement.<br />

In versions of he N.T. regularly used to render L. ameny<br />

G. aMJif, which are freq. strengthened by repetition.<br />

1303 R. Brumne Handl. Synne 10068 |>ys y beleue, and euer<br />

y shai; For verryly we se hjrt alle. 138a Wyclif Gen. xx.<br />

12 Forsothe and verreili my sister she is. c i^^Gesta Rom.<br />

xlvi. 194 (Harl. MS.), perefor he that bathe )>e Ringe of<br />

Feithe, vereliche he shalle have al thinges to his likinge.<br />


VEBITABLENESS.<br />

System of Ethics. 187a Morley Voltaire (18S6) 8 A moral<br />

relish for veritable proofs of honesty.<br />

b. Of things or persons.<br />

1649 Earl Mon.m. tr. Soiauifs Use Passions 9 The same<br />

Philosophers.. im.igined it [the soul] had parts as well as the<br />

body, and though they were more subtle, they were not less<br />

veritable. 1833 Lamb Elia it. Imaginative Faculty in<br />

Productions Mod. Art, He had painted a laudable orchard,<br />

with fitting seclusion, and a veritable dragon. 1852 Miss<br />

YoxcE Cameos II. xxiii. 249 A veritable personage was<br />

Whittington. 1881 Lit. World^x Jan. 37/1 Nelson, we all<br />

know, was a veritable sea king.<br />

C. With ihe^ in emphatic use.<br />

1831 Miss MiTFORD in L'Estrange Life (1870) Il.xiv. 320<br />

A cast of the skull of Raphael—the veritable skull dug up<br />

at Rome. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. 11. i% 94 Next, sugar;<br />

what complex memories the word brings back I— the veritable<br />

sugar has been long ago defunct. 1871 Blackik Four<br />

Phases i. 150, I who am now talking.. am the veritable<br />

Socrates.<br />

3. In extended use, denoting possession of all the<br />

distinctive qualities of the person or thing specified.<br />

1863 C. Stretton C/uguered Life I. 24, I tell you that<br />

Charley is a veritable eel. 1869 A. Harwood tr. De Pressenses<br />

Early Years Chr, in. i, 360 They had a succession<br />

of governors who were veritable brigands. 1897 Standard<br />

2 Feb. 7/5 At Rochefort there was. .a veritable hail of tiles,<br />

slates, etc. blown off the roofs.<br />

t4. K%adv. Veritably, truly. Obs."'^<br />

_ 1490 Caxton Eneydos xxvi. 93, I beleue veritable that it<br />

is \ox to take vengeaunce of the feyth it of the grete othe.<br />

whiche I haue violated falsly.<br />

Hence Verltableness, truth, veracity. rare^K<br />

1664 J. Newburch in Evelyn Pomona, etc. 44, I am so<br />

well assured of the veritableness of my neighbours relation,<br />

that I dare not question it.<br />

Veritably (ve-ritabU), adv, [f. Veritable a.<br />

+ -LY '-^.J In a veritable manner ; with truth or<br />

verity ; truly, truthfully ; genuinely, really,<br />

1481 Caxton Godfrey cxliii. 214 The nombre of them that<br />

were slayn was neuer verytabty knowen. a 1^13 Fabvan<br />

Chron. I. xxiii. 18 Kymarchus y* sone of Secilius, as some<br />

wryters haue, but more veritably as sayth y* olde Cronycle,<br />

the brother of lago was made ruler of Hrytayne. c 153a Du<br />

Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. ^27 Veritably, veritablement.<br />

1567 '^\.K\'\x.i: Gr.F'orest 25 b, They esteeme many things by<br />

figure and fanticie, but few veritably and vprightly.<br />

1804 Anna Seward /.*//. (181 1) VI. 143 Allpossible hazard<br />

may be precluded, by observing more veritably to the<br />

youthful reader, that [etcj. 1875 Poste Gains ii. {ed. 2)<br />

237 Veritably afterborn, that is to say born after their father<br />

has made his will,<br />

Ve'ritism. [f. VEniT-Y+-i8M.] — Verism.<br />

So Ve-ritist, Veriti'stio a. = Vebist, Vebistic a.<br />

Originally and chiefly U.S.<br />

1894 Nation (N.V.) 19 July 53/2 Veriiism is the name by<br />

which devils are to be cast out, and the artist himself is to<br />

be a veritist. 1894 H. Gari^nd in Forum (N.V.) Aug. 690<br />

My own conception is that realism for veriiism) is the truthful<br />

statement of an individual impression corrected by reference<br />

to the fact. Ibid.^ The veritist chooses for his subject<br />

not the impossible, not even the possible, but always the<br />

probable. Ibid. 693 The critic cannot distinguish between<br />

the entirely fictitious characters of the veritistic novel and<br />

the characters drawn from life.<br />

Verity (veriti). Forms: 5 varyte, ^tr. weryte,<br />

5-6 verite, Sc, veryte, 6 veriteo, Sc, varite<br />

5-6 .SV. veretie, 6 veritye, verytie, ueritio, Sc,<br />

werietie, weratie, 6-7 veritie, Sc, verritie, 7verity.<br />

[a. AF. and OF. verite^ veritet (mod.F.<br />

virite^-\x.. verith^ Prov. vetifaty vertat^ verdady<br />

Sp. verdady Vg. verdade) :-L. vl-ritat^^ Veritas, f.<br />

ver-us true, Very a. : see -ITY,<br />

App. not in common use in the i8th cent., but revived in<br />

the lotb.]<br />

1. Without article. Truth, either in general or<br />

with reference to a particular fact ; conformity to<br />

fact or reality. Also persottif,<br />

c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints i. {Peter) 254 Bot-gyf J>at pece be<br />

and Concorde, to fynd veryte In-to na thing may be profyte.<br />

i4»a VoNGE tr. Secreta Secret, 161 Verite getyth hatredyn.<br />

Ihid.^ Verite [is] caste doune, whan any vnryghtly thynge is<br />

preferrid to trouthe. c X470 Henbv Wallace viii. 1406 And<br />

verite war seyn, That ye me lufTyt, I awcht yow luff agayn.<br />

1540-1 Elvot Image Gov. 87 Than dcmaunded he of hym,<br />

what thyng he professed. He aunswered ; Veritee. 1579<br />

W. FuLKE Con/ut. Sanders 577 IJetweene veritie & falsitie<br />

there is no meane. 164a H. Moke Song of Soul \\. in, iii.<br />

58 Mirth, and Frec-mindednesse, Simplicitic,. .These be the<br />

lovely play-mates of pure veritie. 1653 Gataker V'ind.<br />

Ann0t. Jer. 66 Historical verity, saith he, shews the<br />

sepulkers of their false Gods here on earth. z6$^ G. Thomas<br />

Pensilvania 10, I.. have ,ill along, and shall still declare<br />

nothing but Veritv. 1816 Scott Old Mart, xxxiii. He is a<br />

prelatist . . , and all, anj more than all, that has been said of<br />

him must needs be verity. 1851 Carlvle Sterling 11. vl.<br />

(1872) 137 A little verdant flowery island ofpoetic intellect,<br />

of melodious human verity. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John<br />

Bapt. V. } 2. 325 The hypothesis of Catholic verity does<br />

not attempt to solve the problem.<br />

Comb. x8oa-sa I!bntham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1837) I.<br />

191 A motive of any description may be termed a veracity<br />

or verity- promoting, or mendacity-restraining, motive.<br />

b. In various prepositional phrases and constructions<br />

used adverbially, freq. with emphatic force,<br />

as in (f of) verity,<br />

14.. Sir Beues (S.) ^313 + 127 Foure l>ousand men, pur<br />

varyte, J»ey brou^ten with hem to Lundone cyte. 1533 Gau<br />

Rickt Vay y^ Hir cleyne virginite wes (wjvnderlie and in<br />

verite prouine be the prophetls. a 1557 Diurn. Qccurr.<br />

(Bann. CI.) 14 Thenuhilk Johne Scott fastit without meit or<br />

drink of veritie xxxij dayes. 1597 Hookkr Fleet. Pol. v. Ivii.<br />

f 5 For we take not baptism nor the eucharist for bareresem-<br />

181<br />

blances. ,, but (as they are indeed and in verity) for means<br />

effectual. 1849 James Woodman xxxiv. It is somewhat<br />

sudden in verity and truth ; but he must depart for Dorset<br />

by daybreak to-morrow. 1875 Ruskin F'ors Clav. Ivi. 231<br />

In verity it was not I who fed my nurse, but my nurse me.<br />

t C.


VERJUICE. 132 VERMICELLI.<br />

Han^ him, an austere :^rapc, That has no iuice, but what U<br />

veriuice in him, 1685 Ckowne SirC. Nice 1, The Devil of<br />

Knvy suck'd it ail out, and left verjuice in the roome. 1759<br />

Mrs. Dkl.\ny in Life ^ Corr. (1862) 543 To be sure there<br />

must be an infinite deal of verjuice in her composition I 1791<br />

J. WoLCOT (P. Pindar) Rights 0/ Kings xviii. Wks. 1816 1 1.<br />

209 The heart should be a medlar, not a crab ; Milk, and not<br />

Verjuice, from its fount should flow. i8as %co^t Betrothed<br />

xxii, Raoul, glancing towards her a look of verjuice [etc.J.<br />

1833 T. Hook Parson's Dau. 11. xi, Miss Budd, although<br />

she said nothing, looked vinegar and verjuice. 1873 Sv-<br />

MONDS Grk. Poets \\, loi The temper of hisproposed son-inlaw<br />

was a mixture of gall, wormwood, vinegar, verjuice,<br />

vitriol and nitric acid,<br />

3. aitrib. or as adj. a. Simple attrib., as 7^*?^juice<br />

barrel, bottle, brake, house, sauce^ tub^ vessel.<br />

%\V» E. E. With (1882) 91 A vergyous barell. C1450 Tivo<br />

Cookery Bks. 103 The sauce is vergyus sauce or sauce<br />

ginger. 1516-7 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 106 Pro<br />

osttis le Weriushouse. 1551-60 in Hall Eliz. Soc. (1887)<br />

150 A verguj-s tubbe. 1578 Knaresh. Wills (Surtees) I. 134<br />

In the buttrie-.a kitt, a vergious brake. 1588 Latic. ^<br />

Ckesh. Wills (Chetham Soc. 1893) 150, ij kneadinge tubes,<br />

iij cheises, ij verges barrells. 16S9 Inv. liouseh. Goods in<br />

Trans. Essex Archseol, Soc. 111. 11. j6i In the West Larder<br />

. . 8 vergis vessells.<br />

b. Passing into adj. in the sense of * bitter, sour,<br />

sonr-looking ', as verjuice countenance^ face, wit.<br />

1598 Marston Sco. Vilianie To ludiciall Perusers, I<br />

dare defend my plainenesse against the veriuice-face of<br />

the Crabbedst batyrist that euer stuttered. 1613 Hevwood<br />

Brazen Age 11. iii, She scarce will let me kisse her, But shee<br />

makes vergisse faces, 163* Uromb Co7tri Beggar 11. i, Thou<br />

hast a verjuice wit. 1813 Scott Peveril vii, A verjuice<br />

countenance ..is no such temptation, 1853 Hickif; tr.<br />

Aristoph. (1887) I, 12 You bear the basket prettily, with a<br />

verjuice face.<br />

t C. Verjuice grape, one or other variety of<br />

grape suitable for the naaking of verjuice (cf. quot.<br />

1735 and F. verjus a sour or green grape), Obs,<br />

1648 Hexham ii, Verjuys-hesien^ Verjus or Sowre grapes.<br />

1653 Urquhart Rabelais \. xxv. The great red grapes, the<br />

muscadine, the verjuice grape. 1664 Evklyn Kal, Hort.<br />

Sept. 74 The Verjuyce -grape excellent for sauce^ &c. 1706<br />

London & Wise Retir'd Card. I. xi. 52 Having planted<br />

your Trees, you ought.. to set some Chasselas, or Verjuice<br />

Grapes, about your Squares. tj»s Favt. Diet. s.v., There<br />

are three sorts of Grapes to which they properly give the<br />

Name of Verjuice, viz. the Gouais, Farineus, and Bourdelas,<br />

otherwise te Grey; and 'tis from these three that they commonly<br />

press Verjuice.<br />

Hence Ve*rjuice v. trans., to embitter, make<br />

sour ; Ve*rjniced ///. a.<br />

1836 W, H. Maxwell Capt. Blake xv, The maid was a<br />

vcrjuiced spinster. 1848 Lowell ^a^/^y^rCr/V/tJ(i865) 217<br />

His sermons with satire are plenteously verjuiced. 189s<br />

W. G. Thorpe Still Life Mid. Temple 3 Sir John Key,<br />

where the inherent rhyme to ' donkey ' verjuiced the<br />

baronetcy.<br />

Verk(e, obs. Sc, forms of Work sb.<br />

t Verken, obs. form of Firkin.<br />

1485 Cely Papers (Camden) 184 P** per me for an verken<br />

of gonpouder, viij d.<br />

Verlay, Verlet(te, obs. ff. Virelay, Varlet,<br />

Verlioh(e, ME, varr. Ferly a. and adv, Obs.<br />

t Verling-line. Naut, Obs. (Origin and meaning<br />

obscure.)<br />

x4ao in For, Ace. 3 Hen. VI, ij. haunserspro verlyng-lynes<br />

ponderis ex. lb.<br />

,<br />

-Verlore, var. f. pa, t, and pa. pple. Forlese v,<br />

Obs. 'Verlot(te, obs. ff. Varlet, Verm,<br />

southern dial, var. Farm sb. ; obs, Sc var. Worm<br />

sb. Vennayn(e, obs. ff. Vermin sb.<br />

tVerme. ^ef* Obs, [ad, L. vermis worm<br />

(Honorius of Autun De Itnag. Mundi i, xiii), incorrectly<br />

taken as the name of a fish.] An alleged<br />

fish of the Ganges, able to seize and destroy<br />

elephants.<br />

Bossewell elsewhere (ri. 66) has the form vermante, prob.<br />

an error for verme Itariante by accidental omission of letters.<br />

157a Bossewell Armorie iii. 25 Ij, H. hathe to hys<br />

Creste, a Verme hariante propre, subsigned aboute the tayle<br />

w'ith a scrowe.<br />

Ve'rmeazi, a. rare-'^, [f. Verme-s + -AN.]<br />

= Vermian a. I<br />

1905 p. Rev. Apr, 493 Parasites, both external and<br />

internal, both protozoan and vermean, were met with,<br />

Vermechuili, obs. f. Vermicelli.<br />

Vermeil, vermil (vaumll), a. and sb. Forms<br />

a. 5 vermaile, -mayle, -meyle, 6 vermayll, 7<br />

-meyl; 6 vernaeill, 8-9 -meille, 6- vermeil.<br />

/3. 6 vermeil, 7 Vermel ; 6-7 vermile, 7 -myle ;<br />

8-^ vermil, [a. AF. and OF. vermail, vermeil<br />

adj. and sb, (nth c, mod.F, vermeil, = Vvo\. vermelh,<br />

vermely.-^cc. sing, of L, vermiculus, dim.<br />

of vermis worm : see Vermicle, and cf, Vermilion<br />

sb. and Vermily,]<br />

A. adj. Of a bright scarlet or red colour<br />

vermilion. Chiefly poet,<br />

a, € i±oo Rom. Rose 3645 Ful fayre it [sc. the rose] spradde<br />

the god of blesse For suche another as I gesse Aforne ne<br />

was ne more vermayle. £ i4ao Lvdg. Ballad at Reverence<br />

Our Lady 45 (Skeat), Benigne braunchelet of the py iie-tree,<br />

Vyneyerd vermayle. 1509 Barclay Shyp of Folys (1570) 74<br />

Take not cclde water in stede of vermayll wine. 1549 Compi.<br />

Scot.^ vi, 37 The pretty fische .. vitht there rede vermeil<br />

ftnnis, 1596 Spenskk Prothal. ii, With store of vermeil<br />

Roses, To dccke their Brtdexromes posies. 180a Sporting<br />

Mag. XII. 359 Nature's vermeil robe and lilied vest. 1807<br />

WoRDSw. White Doe u. 12 This Maid, who urought-.In<br />

vermeil colours and in gold An unhlest work. i8ia S.<br />

Rogers Columbus Poems (1839) 42 Tinging with vermeil<br />

light the billows blue. 1898 Menme M. Dowie Crook of<br />

Bough 16^ The vermeil flood mounted in her cheeks, but<br />

she met his glance fully.<br />

fi. 159J Wvrlev Armorie, Ld. Chandos i, A vermile<br />

crosse the Cyprian king still wore. 1637 Milton Lycidas<br />

(MS. draft), Ihat sad Floure that strove To write his own<br />

Woes on the Vermel Graine. 169a J. Salter Triumphs<br />

Jesus 17 A Face with Vermile Paint still over.laid. 1791<br />

E, Darwin Bot. Card. \. I. 4 In noon's bright blaze thy<br />

vermil vest unfold. 1800 Moore Anacrcon Ivi, The ripe<br />

and vermil wine, Sweet infant of the pregnant vine.<br />

b. Freq. of the countenance, lips, etc.<br />

c 16x4 Sir W. Mure Dido ^ Mneas 1. 626 The dimples of<br />

a vermile cheek. 1754 Gray Pleasure fr. Vicissitude 3<br />

With vermeil cheek and whisper soft She [sc. the morn]<br />

woe's the tardy spring. 1780 S. J. Pratt Emwa Corhett<br />

(ed. 4) II. 176 The invisible sigh steals through its vermeil<br />

passages. i8«> C. R. Maturin Melmoth (1892) III. xxx.<br />

198 A lip as vermeil as her own. 1864 Musgrave Ten Days<br />

in Fr. Parsouage I. i. 29 The vermeil cheeks.. faded away<br />

into creamy hues.<br />

transf 1759 Mallet Fragment Wks. I. 50 The vivid<br />

pulse, the vermil grace,.. Youth, beauty, pleasure, all are<br />

thine I 1800 Moore Anncreon xiv. note 3 So many vermil,<br />

honeyed kisses, Envy can never count our blisses.<br />

C. With names of colours ; ts^. vermeil red.<br />

1590 Spenser F. Q. ii. iii. 22 In her cheekes the vermeill<br />

red did shew. 1791 Huddesford Salma^. 121 Thy vermeil<br />

red and living green In mimic folds thou shalt display. 1859<br />

Tennyson Enid 364 Like a blossom vermeil-white, I'hat<br />

lightly breaks a faded flower-sheath. 1906 C. M. Doughty<br />

Dawn in Britain I. 68 Her rud as apple blossoms, vermeilwhite.<br />

Her locks. . Like sunny rays.<br />

B. sb. 1. Vermilion hue or colour,<br />

1590 Spenser F, Q. 11. xii. 45 The snowy substaunce \ante<br />

frothy billowes] sprent With vermeil, like the boyes bloud<br />

therein shed.^ 1633 P* Fletcher P%irple Isl. x. xli. So<br />

when cleare ivorie vermeil fitly blois, By stains it fairer<br />

grows. 1728 Fielding Love in Sezrici.\ 1728 Chambers Cyel., Vermes., in Medicine, a<br />

Disease popularly call'd Worms ; arising from some of<br />

those Reptiles being generated, and growing in the Body.<br />

1800 I^Ied. Jrnl. I V. 203 Observations on Diseases in London.<br />

. .Vermes, ..Epistaxis,. .Epilepsia.<br />

2. Zool, One or other of the primary divisions,<br />

sub-kingdoms, or groups of the animal kingdom<br />

proposed or adopted at various times by certain<br />

classifiers, comprehending worms and allied forms,<br />

but differing widely as to the nature and number<br />

of the classes or families included.<br />

The term was introduced by Linnaeus in his Systema<br />

Naturae {1766).<br />

1771 Encycl. Brit. III. 362/2 Linnaeus divides the whole<br />

animal kingdom into 6 classes. .. Class VI. Vermes, or<br />

Worms. 1796 Morse Amer. Ceog. I. 225 The following<br />

catalogues of insects and vermes. 1828 Stark Eiem. Nat.<br />

Hist. \\. 418 Linnaeus, .arranged the whole in his class<br />

Vermes. 1878 Bell Ge^enbaurs Comp. Anat. 125, I<br />

arrange the various divisions of the Vermes in the following<br />

order. .1. Platyhelminthes..ii. Nemathelminthes [etc.].<br />

xM8 /iKiryc/. Brit. XXIV, 677/2 The group Vermes as used<br />

. . by Claus includes several distinct phyla, viz., Nematoidea<br />

[etc.]. 1888 RoLLESTON & Jackson Anim. Life 579 Other<br />

are certainly unisegmental.<br />

Venneselly, obs. f. Vermicelli.<br />

Ve'rmetid. Zool. [ad. mod.L. Vermetid-se,, i.<br />

L. vermes Vermes.] An individual of the family<br />

Vermetids& of holostomatous gasteropods.<br />

i860 P. P. Carpenter in Rep. SmitJisoman Insiit. iSSQ<br />

205 [The Vermetidse (worm shells). Ibid.^ Some of the<br />

Vermetids assume a looseness of growth as great as that of<br />

the worm.<br />

Vemii- (v3'imi), comb, form of L. vermis (cf.<br />

Vermes), used in various words, as Vermicide,<br />

Vejimiform a., Vermifuge, Vermiparouso:., etc. ;<br />

also as a base in a few other terms, as Vermi'ceoas<br />

a., of or pertaining to worms ; wormy (Webster,<br />

184;); Vermi'clouB a., = prec. (Craig, 1849);<br />

Ve'rmidom [cf. L. dom-us house] Zool. (see<br />

quots.) ; Vermi-ferous a. [-Fergus], producing<br />

worms ; Vermig-erous a. [-gerous], infested with<br />

intestinal worms.<br />

1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. v. 242 The ova undergo<br />

their development. , in masses of gelatinous matter which<br />

adhere to the tubes of the *vermidom in Protula. 1894<br />

Jr7il. Marine Zocl. May 57 The examples, .were not all<br />

from the same cluster of tubes or vermidom. 1854 H.<br />

Miller Sch. Sf Schm. x. (1857) 206 Many a half-hour have<br />

1 spent beside it,.. watching its numerous inhabitants,<br />

insect, reptilian, and *vermiferous. 1853 G. Johnston<br />

Nat. Hist. E. Bord, I. 129 The inexperienced mother is<br />

recommended to give.. cakes and puddings tainted with<br />

'J'ansy to her *verniigerous child, i860 Encycl. Brit. Jed. 8)<br />

XXI. 974/1 It must not. .he concluded, that, .every individual<br />

[animal] is vermigerous.<br />

Venuian (vSumian), a. [f. Verm-ES + -IAN ;<br />

see Vermi- and -an.]<br />

1. Of or pertaining to Vertnes ; characteristic of<br />

worms ; worm-like.<br />

1878 Bell Gegenbanrs Comp. Anat. 307 In this point<br />

also we can make out an affinity with Vermian larva:<br />

(Actinotrocha). 1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life<br />

578 The types of structure seen in most Vermian classes aie<br />

very distinct from one another. 1905 Outlook 28 Oct. 589/2<br />

Human nature is not the same in all ages;.. it was once<br />

simian nature, once vermian, once lower still.<br />

2. Anat. Pertaining or belonging to the vermis<br />

of the cerebellum. (In recent Diets.)<br />

t Vermicell. Sc. Obs,~-^ [a. F, vermicel,<br />

-celle, ad. It. vermicelli: see next.]<br />

= next 2.<br />

Soup-vermicelli<br />

1714 Ramsay Health 63<br />

cray, and soles.<br />

Soup-vermicell, sous'd turbot,<br />

Vermicelli (v9Jmise*U, vaimitje'li). Also 7<br />

8 ver-<br />

vermechuili, virmizzelli, 8 vermigelly ;<br />

micelly (-cella) , vermeselly. [a. It vermicelli,<br />

pi. of vermiccllo, dim, of verme^ :—L. vermem^ ace.<br />

sing, of vermis worm. Cf. prec]<br />

1. A wheaten paste, of Italian origin, now usu.<br />

made of flour, cheese, yolks of eggs, sugar and<br />

saffron, prepared in the form of long, slender, hard<br />

threads, and used as an article of diet. Cf.<br />

Macaroni i.<br />

1669 Davenant Man*s the Master 1. i, Vermechuili shall<br />

my Palat please, Serv'd in with Bisques, Ragous, and Inlermets.<br />

1674 BovLE Excell. Theol. \. i. 54 Vermicelli, wafers,<br />

and pie-crust, are all of them diversified meal. 1709 Prior<br />

Paulo Pnrganti 65 With Oysters, Eggs, and Vermicelli,<br />

She let Him almost burst his Belly. 1747 Mrs. Glasse<br />

Cookery xix. 155 It will run up like little Worms, as Vermicella<br />

does. 1767 Ann. Reg. i. 92 The free importation of<br />

rice, sago dust, and vermicelli . . from the American colonies.<br />

181Q BvRON Juan n. clxx, Ceres presents a plate of vermicelli.<br />

1839 Ure Diet. Arts 1276 The macaroni requires to


VERMICIDAL. 133 VERMICULE.<br />

1<br />

be made of a less compact dough than the vermicelli. 1887<br />

L. OLirnAST K^isiuics (1S88) 153 A soup_ in which was<br />

floating what appeared to be pieces of vermicelli.<br />

b. aitrib.y chiefly in the sense * made of vermicelli<br />

', as vermicelli pudding, soup ; also ' resembling<br />

or suggestive of vermicelli ', as vermicelli<br />

braidj braiding,<br />

1769 Mrs. Raffald Eng. llousehpr, (1778) i When you<br />

malce any kind of soups, particularly portable, vermicelli,<br />

or brown gravy soup. Ibid, 175 A Vermicelli Pudding,<br />

Boil four ounces of vermicelli in a pint of new milk till it is<br />

soft [etc.]. 1806 A. HuNTKR Cuiina (ed. 3) 207 While<br />

Vermicelli Soup. X884 Iliusir, Lond, News 20 Sept. 267/2<br />

We had vermicelli soup (flavoured with grated parmesan<br />

cheese). 1904 Daily Chron. 23 Aug. 8/1 Quite the newest<br />

of these embroideries are the so-called vermicelli braids,<br />

narrow crinkled cords formed into whirligig devices of no<br />

decidedly definite pattern, ipo? Ibid, i Oct. 8 Sleeveless<br />

coats in fme cloth, covered entirely with vermicelli braid-ing.<br />

2, elltpl. Vermicelli soup.<br />

1771 Smollett //«/«//i, CI, 26 April, We. .commonly stop<br />

at Mr. Gill's, the pastrj'-cook, to take a jelly, a tart, or a<br />

small basin of vermicelli. 1850 Mayne Reid ki^e Rangers<br />

xiv, * Perhaps you would prefer Julienne or vermicelli,<br />

gentlemen 1 ' inquired the Don.<br />

VeTmlcidal, a. [f. next + -al.] Of the nature<br />

of a vermicide ; destructive to worms ; anthelmin-<br />

tic. (In recent Diets,)<br />

Vermicide (vSumisaid), Med, [f. Vermi- +<br />

-ciDK I .] A medicine for killing intestinal worms ;<br />

an anthelmintic, a vermifuge.<br />

1849 tr. Pereiras Mat, Med. ff Therap. (ed. 3) 230 Anthelmintics<br />

ai-e of two kinds :—Some act obnoxiously on<br />

intestinal worms— destroying or injuring them. , . These are<br />

. .the vermicides of some authors. 1876 Bartholow Mat,<br />

Med. (1879) 490 Vermicides are remedies which kill as w small as a Mite. 17^ /bid. XLIV. 355 The Vermiclesjof<br />

Ants], .in a few Days mfold themselves in asoft silken kind<br />

of Tissue. X747 Gould £ng. Ants 76 The next. .Exercise<br />

belonging to the working Ants, is feeding the Maggots or<br />

Vermicles, i8aa-7 Good Study Med, (1829) 1 1 T. 366<br />

Vermicles or the larvae of insects have at times been found<br />

in the open ulcer of a cancer. I6id, V. 661 An egg, which<br />

SI' "iives rise to a minute vermicle or larve. 1880 Nature<br />

X XI. 453 The bodies thus evolved simulate worms so<br />

closely.. that Gaule styles ' them Wurmchen ', which may<br />

be translated vermicles.<br />

t Vermi'CTllaiUtt «. Physiol. Obs."^ [a. med.<br />

L. vermiciilanl', vermiculans {pulstts^^ pres. pple.<br />

of L. vermiculdrl'. see Verm icu late v.^<br />

K. vermiculanij Pg, -antcl Of the pulse :<br />

UICL'LAK a. I b.<br />

and cf.<br />

= Ver-<br />

1707 Flover Physic,^ Pulse- H^atc/t 33 The Pulse before a<br />

Syncope U very quick, then small, languid, . . obscure,<br />

vermiculant, fomiicant.<br />

Verxoicalar (vajmi kirflaj), a. and sb. [ad.<br />

med.L. vermicttldriSy f. L, vermiculus: see Ver-<br />

MicuLB, So F. vermiculaire (Par^), Sp., Pg.<br />

vermicular^ It. vermicolare.']<br />

A. adj. 1. Physiol, t *• t Full of vermicules,<br />

Obs. rare~^.<br />

1655 Culpepper & G)le tr. Rivertus vii. iii. 159 Somtimes<br />

it [the blood] is intermitting, watery, vermicular, when the<br />

Lungs are rotten by too much moisture.<br />

b, = Perista-ltio a.<br />

Freq. from C183S.<br />

x67» Phil. Trans. VII. 5137 We instance the Vermicular<br />

motion of the veins [of plants] when exposed to the air.<br />

1713 Chkselden Anat, in. xii. (1726) 236 After this it (the<br />

food] is continually moved by the. .vermicular motion of<br />

the guts. 1791 K. Darwin Bot. Card. i. Notes 09 In<br />

such a structure it is easy to conceive how a vermicular or<br />

peristaltic motion of the vessel., must forcibly push forward<br />

Its contents. 1834 Gooits Study Med. {ed. 4) I. 9 Its [the<br />

stomach's] mascular fibres are calculated to produce a<br />

constant undulatory vermicular movement. 1835-6 Tod(Cs<br />

Cycl, Anat. 1, 668/1 On the supposition that the arteries<br />

undergo an undulatory or vermicular contraction. x88i<br />

MivABT Cat 181 This form of movement is also spoken of<br />

as the vermicular motion of the intestine.<br />

trans/. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med, VII I. 201 Sometimes<br />

these muscles are seen working under the skin in vermicular<br />

fashion.<br />

2. Having the sinuous shape or form character-<br />

istic of a worm; consisting of, characterized by,<br />

tortaons outlines or markings ; sinuous, wavy.<br />

1711 tr, Pontet'iHist, Drues I. 180 The Vermicular, or<br />

Worm-like Gum, is one of the Arabian or Senega Gums.<br />

'753 Phii. Trafts, XLVIII. 87 This second furrow was. .not<br />

in a strait line, but in a vermicular direction. 178^ Cowprr<br />

Task I. 30 A generation more refin'd . . made<br />

three legs four,<br />

Gave them a twisted form vermicular. 1815 Kirbv & Sp.<br />

Entomol. xiv, (1816) I. 438 'Ihe vermicular shape.. of the<br />

masses with which theparval] cases are surrounded, i860<br />

Hook Lives Abps. I. 1, 33 His mantle, .ornamented with<br />

stripes or vermicular figures. 1875 Fortkl'h MaiolicAXU<br />

16 Pottery of Moresque character and ornamentation with<br />

vermicular pattern in copper lustre.<br />

b. Bot, (See quot. 1 866.)<br />

1^66 Compi. Farfuer s.v. Madder^ The [madder] plants<br />

which are raised from layers.. produce very few of those<br />

vermicular roots, which are the only valuable ones. 1849<br />

Balfolr J/rt«. Bot. Gloss. 641 t. 1866 Treas. Bot. 1210, 2<br />

Vermicular^ worm-shaped ; thick, and almost cylindrical,<br />

but bent in diflfereiit places.<br />

0. Ajiat. - VEBiUFORM a. 5, 3 b,<br />

1843 J. G. Wilkinson Sivedenborg's Anim. Kingd. 1. v,<br />

148 The vermicular appendage is seen on one side of the<br />

fundus of the coecum, resembling a miniature intestine.<br />

1891 Cent, Diet. s.v.. Vermicular appendix or process.<br />

o. Uf or pertaining to, characteristic of, a worm<br />

or worms ;<br />

resembling or like a worm,<br />

1713 Derham Phys.'Theol. (1716) 385 In its Vermicular<br />

Slate it is a red Magt^ot. 1720 S. Pakker Bibliothcca Bibl.<br />

I. 152 Without the Taint of the polluted Vermicular Life.<br />

175* Phil. Trans. XLVII. 449 Several species of vermicular<br />

tubes found in the sea. i8oa IjInglev Anim. Biog,<br />

(1813) III. 7 Across the body there are several annular<br />

divisions, or rather rugse of the skin, from which the fish<br />

should seem to partnke of a vermicular nature. 1804 J.<br />

Grahame JrtMrt//f (1839) 16; I We may compare the erect<br />

spirit of a British legislature with the vermicular servility<br />

of. .the senate of France, 1892 Scottish Leader 24 May 4<br />

Vermicular patience, however, has its limits,<br />

b. Accomplished or made by worms; performed<br />

by means of worms. Alsoy?f.<br />

1715 tr, Pancirollui Rerum Mem. II. i. 266 From thence<br />

came also Indian Figs, Nuts and Canes, and a vermicular<br />

kind of Web made of Silk, 182s Blackvj. Mag. XII. 153<br />

The party, which the work stood pledged to oppose through<br />

all its vermicular attacks on the glorious fabric of British<br />

Institutions. 1887 C. Hazard Mem. J, L, Diman xv. 338<br />

The trout here disdain flies. As Lewis phrases it, vermicular<br />

fishing is what succeeds.<br />

o. Vermicular work : (see quot. and Vebmicu-<br />

LATED ppl. a. I c).<br />

1728 Chambers O'c/., Vermicular Work,.. In Sculpture,<br />

a sort of Ornaments used in Rustick Work ; consisting of<br />

Frets, or Knobs, cut with Points, representing, in some sort,<br />

the Tracks made by Worms.<br />

4, Of the nature of a worm. Vermicular ascarisj<br />

the threadworm, Oxyttrus {^scaris) vermicularis.<br />

1784 Cowper Let. 13 Dec, No animal of the vermicular or<br />

serpentine kind is crested but the most formidable of all.<br />

1802 BiNCLEV Anim. Biog. (1813) III. 395 The Vermicular<br />

Ascarides are very common in the intestines of children.<br />

liza-^ Good Study Med. (1829)!. 365 For the cure of vermicular<br />

ascarides, or maw-worms and bots, these oils have<br />

been used in the form of injections.<br />

Jlj^. and trans/. 1825 Examiner ^o'jj'z Fawcett..wanted a<br />

little more personal flexibility..; he cannot, at his time of<br />

life, be sufficiently vermicular. i8m Lowell Cambridge<br />

30 y. Ago Prose Wks. 1890 I, 89 Refusing to molest the<br />

canker-worms, .because we were all vermicular alike, 1872<br />

RusKiN Arr(nvs of Chace (1880) II. 189 Criminals.. are<br />

partly men, partly vermin ; what is human in them you<br />

must punish—what is vermicular, abolish.<br />

b. Comprising or consisting of worms.<br />

1886 H. F. Lester Under two Pig Trees vtii. 117 Their<br />

(iv:. worms'! minds, like their bodies must be glutinous;<br />

hence they stick to the thin-end theory. . . There is no sect of<br />

'bigendians' in the vermicular fold.<br />

5. Path. Of diseases : Due to, caused by, intestinal<br />

worms.<br />

iTjK R. J. SuLiVAN View Nat, I. 237 Hence the probable<br />

utility of fixed air in vermicular diseases, a i8aa Shkllkv<br />

Devil Pr. Wks. 1880 II. 400 Persons subject to vermicular<br />

and animalcular diseases.<br />

+ B. sb, = Vebmicule. Obs. rare.<br />

i6!>o R. Clark Vermiculars Destroyed q X sort of invisible<br />

Worms or Vermiculars. Ibid, 11 The Putrefaction.. is<br />

degenerated into innumerable Vermiculars.<br />

Hence Verml'cularly adv,<br />

1812 Nem Bot. Card. I, 84 The seeds .. vermicularly<br />

wrinkled.<br />

Vermiculate (vaimi-kiwl-rt), a. [ad, L. vermiculdt-us^<br />

pa. pple. oi vermiculdrl : see next.<br />

Several other senses given in various Diets, are merely<br />

inferences from senses of the ppl. adj.]<br />

Vermiculated ; vermicular ; sinuous. Chiefly/^'*.<br />

1605 Bacon Adv, Lenm, i. iv, §5 It is the propertie of<br />

good and sound knowledge to putrifie and dissolue into a<br />

number of subtile, idle, vnholesome, and (as I may tearme<br />

them) vermiculate questions. 1658 Phillips, Vermiculate^<br />

worm-eaten, a 1864 R. Choate (Webster), Vermiculate<br />

logic 1872 G, Macdonald WHf.Cuntb. Ill.xvi. 214 My<br />

life seemed only a vermiculate one, a crawling about of<br />

half-thoughts-half- feelings through the corpse of a decaying<br />

existence, 1891 Cent. Did, s.v,, Vermiculate colormarkings.<br />

b. spec» in Ent. (See quot.)<br />

1826 K18BV & Sp. Entomol. IV, xlvi. 271 Vertiticulatc,.,<br />

having tortuous excavations as if eaten by worms.<br />

t Verzui'Clllate, v. Obs. [f. L. vermiculdl-y<br />

ppl. stem of vermiculdrl (Pliny), f. vermiculus,<br />

dim. of vermis worm.<br />

Other senses which appear in various Diets, arc merely<br />

assumed from the ppl, adj.]<br />

1. inlr. To become worm-eaten, ranr'^,<br />

c 1631 Elegy OH Donne D.'s Poems ( 1654) B b iv b, Speake,<br />

Doth his body there vermiculate, Crumble to dust, and<br />

feele the lawes of Fate?<br />

2. To beat with peristaltic motion, rarer'^.<br />

1706 Hearne Collect, (O.H.S.) 1. 183 Her pulse indeed<br />

vermicuiaces, Her Breath is short & little.<br />

Vermi'Culated, ///. a, [See prec. and -ed l.]<br />

1, Worm-eaten ; covered or ornamented with<br />

markings resembling those made by the gnawing<br />

of worms,<br />

16*3 CocKERAH I, Vermiculaiedy worme-eaten. [Hence<br />

'<br />

in Blount.] 1707 Sloane Jamaica I. 7S The pinnse set in<br />

the iniddle are largest,, .having on the backside several<br />

vermiculated, ferrugineous lines, in which is the seed. 1886<br />

C. D. Warner Their Pilgrimage vi. (1888) 157 The worms<br />

worked underneath.. until the bark came off and exposed<br />

the stems most beautifully vermiculated. 1914 H. L. Joly<br />

Caial. Behrens Coll. iv. 24 Bronze Koro, vermiculated<br />

design charged with dragons.<br />

b. Bot. Of plants or leaves : ? Presenting a<br />

t<br />

worm-eaten appearance. Obs.<br />

1731 Miller Card. Diet., Santolina, vermiculata,<br />

Cretica, Tourn[efort], Vermiculated Lavender Cotton of<br />

Candy. 1746 Robt. James Inirod. Mou/et's HealtfCs<br />

Imfirov. 17 Those Vegetables also which contain an<br />

aromatic alcaline Oil. .[include] Savory. Acrid vermiculated<br />

Hou.seleek, Mustard. 1753 Chambers' Cycl. Suppl, s.v.<br />

Santolina^ The species, .enumerated by Mr. Tourneforl,<br />

are these, i. The common santolina with cylindric vermi.<br />

culated leaves... And 14. The Cretic santolina with vermiculated<br />

leaves.<br />

0. Arch, Of stone-work or other surfaces so<br />

carved or moulded as to present the appearance of<br />

worm-tracks.<br />

1788 Encycl. Btit, (ed. 3) II. 242/1 The rustics may either<br />

be plain, hatched, or vermiculated. 1823 P, Nicholson<br />

Pract, Build. 482 In different parts of the Louvre, wormy<br />

or vermiculated rustics are to be found. 1833 Locdon<br />

Encycl, Archit. § 1926 The rocky surface,.. the vermiculated,<br />

and the punctured, are among the kinds used by<br />

the Italians. x88x Young Ezl Man his o^vn Mech. § 1173<br />

The caps and key-stone are frequently of stone, the latter<br />

being 'vermiculated', as it is called, or indented with<br />

irregular hollows.<br />

2. Of mosaic work: Wrought, ornamented, or<br />

inlaid so as to resemble the sinuous movements<br />

or tracks of worms.<br />

After L. {opus) vertniculatum,<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr., Vermiculated^ .. embroidered,<br />

wrought with checquer work, or with small pieces of divers<br />

colours, representing sundry pictures, as we see in Tables<br />

and Counters. 1712 Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) III. 311 So<br />

livelily were their Countenances describ'd in this vermiculated<br />

work. iBSz Encycl. Brit. XVI. 850/2 For Walls and<br />

Vaults:— Fictile or vermiculated; pieces of opaque glass,<br />

in small cubes, arranged so as to form complicated pictures.<br />

3. Ornamented with sinuous or wavy lines or<br />

markings of a specified colour.<br />

1872 CoUES N, Atner. Birds 124 Our species are.. white<br />

more or less evidently vermiculated with black below.<br />

Vermiculatioil (V3jmiki;?]^-j3n). [ad. L.<br />

vermiculdlidn-yverniiculdtio (Pliny), noun of action<br />

f. vermiculdrl : see Vermiculate v.']<br />

1. The fact or condition of being infested with<br />

or eaten by worms ; conversion into small worms.<br />

x6ii Florio, Vermiculatione^ a vermiculation, a breeding<br />

or crauling of vermine or grubs. 1630 Donne Last Serttt,<br />

Wks. 1839 VI. 285 Putrefaction and Vermiculation and Incineration<br />

and Dispersion in. .the Grave. 1640 Howell<br />

Dodona's Gr, 70 This huge Olive which flourishd so long.<br />

fell, as they say, of vermiculation, being all worme-eaten<br />

within. 1658 J. Rowland Mou/et's Thcat. hts. 933 A<br />

certain kinde of Flies which are begotten in the bark of the<br />

Elm, ..and so perchance in other herbs and plants, without<br />

any preceding vermiculation, or being turned into little<br />

worms first. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn, 1, Vermiculation^<br />

is an Infection of Plants by Worms. 1706 Phillips (ed.<br />

Kersey), Vertniculation^. . the breeding of Worms in Trees,<br />

Herbs, or Fruits.<br />

/ig. 1907 Daily Chron. 3 Apr. 3/1 The decay and vermiculation<br />

of faith has already brought European theology to<br />

the verge of collapse.<br />

t2. Path, Vermicular or peristaltic movement of<br />

the intestines, etc. ; peristalsis. Also transf.<br />

1652 Spahke Prim, Devot, (1663) 117 [There is] a vermiculation<br />

in his muscles. Convulsions seize on his whole<br />

body. 1671 [R. MacWard] True Noncon/. 44 This is the<br />

vermiculation of your pulse, a 1676 Hale Prim, Orig.<br />

Man, I, i. (1677) 31 My Heart moves. .by the motion<br />

of Palpitation, my Blood by the motion of Circulation,.,<br />

my Guts by the motion of Vermiculation. 1710 T. Fuller<br />

Pharvi. Extemp. 192 Hypochondriac Affections, such as<br />

Vermiculations, Flushings.<br />

fb. (See quot.) Obs-""<br />

1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Vermiculationt..i\\t griping<br />

of the Guts, a Disease.<br />

3. With pi. A tortuous boring or marking made<br />

by, or resembling the track of, a worm,<br />

16^ Evelyn Sylva (ed, 2) xxv. 123 The wood of the<br />

.when old, is curiously chamblelted, and embroid-<br />

Enzina, .<br />

ered with Natural vermiculations. 1874 T. Hardy E'ar fr.<br />

Madding Crowd ix. The face of the boards is shown to be<br />

eaten into innumerable vermiculations. 1891 G- E. Shelley<br />

Catal. Birds Brit, Mus. XIX, 34 The under surface of the<br />

body pale sulphur-yellow, more or less mottled.. with dull<br />

ashy vermiculations.<br />

b. (See quot.) rare~^.<br />

1828-32 Webster, Vertniculation^ the act of forming so<br />

as to resemble the motion of a worm,<br />

C. Without article. Vermicular marking or<br />

ornamentation.<br />

1866 Daily Tel. 17 Feb. 5/3 This enigma of honeycombing<br />

and vermiculation. 1872 Coues N.Amer. Birds 21 note.<br />

Cross-wise streaking is called barring, and always runs<br />

transverse to the axis of a bird ; if the lines are straight, it<br />

is banding.. ; if very fine and irregular, it is vermiculation.<br />

Vermicule (va'jmikirfi), Biol. [ad. L. vermicui-tts,<br />

dim. of vermis vform, Cf, Vermicle.] A<br />

small worm or worm-like creature ; a maggot or<br />

grub. Also cUtrib,<br />

1713 Derham Phys.-TkeoL viil vi, (1716) 391 We see<br />

many Vermicules towards the outside of many of the oakapples.<br />

1778 [W. H. Marshall] Minutes Agric, 24 Jan.<br />

1775, Perhaps, from insects or vermicules, or both, comes


VERMICITLIST. 134 VERMILION.<br />

smnU iB*»-7 Good Siuii'/ Med. (1S29) IV. 392 A transfer<br />

of vennicules from one individual to another. x8q8 P.<br />

Manson Trop. Diseases \. iS The halteridium .. slowly<br />

changes form, becoming elongated into a pigmented spindleshaped<br />

body or vermicule. 1B99 Allbuifs Syst. Med. VIII.<br />

943 In the former.. there Is a corresponding or travelling<br />

vermicule stage.<br />

Hence + Vemii'OTLlist, a supporter of the view<br />

that generation is due to vermicnles.<br />

1784 tr. S^UaHzaKts Diss. Nat. Hist. II. 249 The three<br />

prinapal systems respecting the generation of animals, the<br />

system of the ovarists, that of the vermiculists, and that<br />

founded upon the two liquors.<br />

Vermiculite (vaami ki/Hait). [f. L. vermicid-arl<br />

(see \*ermiculate z/.) + -ite 1.]<br />

L Rlin. * Hydrous silicate of aluminium, iron»<br />

and magnesium, occurring in small foliated scales *<br />

(Chester).<br />

18x4 T. H. Webb in Amer. yniL Set. 8f Arts VII. 55 If<br />

subjected to the flame of a blowpipe, . . it expands and shoots<br />

out into a variety of fanciful forms, resembling most generally<br />

small -tvorms-.Ai this proves to be a new variety..<br />

term it Vermiculite (worm breeder). 1863 Dana Man. Mitt,<br />

149 Vermiculite . . looks and feels like steatite ; but when<br />

heated before the blowpipe, worm-like projections shoot out,<br />

owing to a separation of the thin leaves composing the<br />

grains. 1888 RuTLEV Rock-forming Min, 199 Vermiculite<br />

and Jeffreysite are considered to be altered varieties of<br />

phlogopite.<br />

b. //. (See quot.)<br />

1875 Ure^s Did. Arts {ed. 7) III. 1074 Vertm'culiteSy a<br />

group of minerals resembling the chlorites, remarkable for<br />

their exfoliation before the blowpipe.<br />

2. Geol. 'A short worm-track seen on the surface<br />

of many flagstones* (1884 Imp. Did.).<br />

VermiculO'Sei a. rare. [ad. late L. vermicuids~us<br />

(Palladius), f. vermiculus Vermicule. Cf.<br />

It. vermicoloso and next-]<br />

+ 1. Of the pulse : «= Vermicular a. i b. Obsr^<br />

1707 Floyer Physic, Pulse-Watch 124 The Pulse is<br />

languid, slow, vermiculose if without a Fever.<br />

2. Infested with worms ; worm-like. rare"^.<br />

I7»7 Bailev (vol. II), Vermiculose, full of worms. 1847<br />

Webster, Vermiculosey i. full of worms or grubs. 2. resembling<br />

worms. [Hence in later Diets.]<br />

Hence Yermiculo'sity. rar€~^.<br />

17J7 Bailey (vol. II), VeTtmculosity, Abundance or Fulness<br />

of Worms.<br />

Venuiculous (vajmi^kiwlss), a. [See prec.<br />

and -ous. Cf. F. vermiculeux.']<br />

1. Full of worms, rarer-^.<br />

1690 R. Clark Vermiculars Destreiyed 14 SUme and<br />

vermiculous matter.<br />

2. Of or pertaining to worms.<br />

1813 T. Busby Lucretius I. in. Comm. p. xxv, Otherwise,<br />

the vermiculous souls will be portions of human souls. 1819<br />

H. Busk Banquet in. 462 The race vermiculous.<br />

3. Having a wormy appearance.<br />

1818 Todd, ^Vrw/cw/tJKj, ..resembling grubs. xZy^ Neiv<br />

Monthly Mag. LVI I. 406 The more prominent part of the<br />

[man's] nose, on whose vermiculous top, the Prussian blue<br />

mostly prevailed.<br />

4. Path. Of strangury : Accompanied or marked<br />

by the discharge of worms or helminths.<br />

1823-7 Good Study Med. (182^) V. 469 They lay a<br />

foundation for the following varieties :. .Spasmodic strangury..<br />

..Scalding strangury.. .Vermiculous stranguty.<br />

t Vermiculus. Obs. PI. vermiculi. [L,,<br />

dim. of vermis worm. Cf. Vermicule.]<br />

1. A small worm or grub ; a vermicule.<br />

1694 W. .Salmon Bate^s Dispens. (1713) 12 All the Vermiculi,<br />

or Miasmata^ which are the Progenerators of the<br />

Plague, or Pestilence. 17*8 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Vermes^<br />

Some Authors assert, .. that ^\% SpoHum is not animated,<br />

but receives its Sense and Motion from VermicuH^ or<br />

Cucurbitini inclosed in it. Ibid. s.v. Vermicular.<br />

2. A Species of marine annelid; a sea- worm.<br />

a 17*8 Woodward Fossils (1729) I. 11. 22 A Vermiculus<br />

growing to a Piece of a Pinna Marina. 1753 Chambers'<br />

Cycl. Suppl. S.V., These shells are called vermiciili,. .itom.<br />

the fish contained in them, which is always a sort of worm.<br />

1776 Da Costa Elem. Conchol. 284 A chambered Vermiculus,<br />

taken from Davila's Catalogue.<br />

tVe'rmified,/^.///^. Obs.~^ [SeeVERMi-and<br />

-FY.] Troubled with, infested by, intestinal worms.<br />

1666 G. Harvey Morbus Angl. xvii, (1672) 36 Persons thus<br />

vermifyed, seldom go to stool without avoiding a great<br />

quantity of those verminous seeds.<br />

Vdrxuiform (vaumifpim), a. [ad. med.L.<br />

vermiform'is (whence F., It., Sp., and Pg. vermiforme),<br />

f. L. vermis worm : see -FOBM. Cf.<br />

Vebmes and Vekmis.<br />

Vermi/ormal \s used by Urquhart Rabelais (1653) **• '^*"i<br />

translating Y. vermiformed<br />

1. Zool. Having the form of a worm ; resembling<br />

a worm in appearance or shape ; long, thin, and<br />

more or less cylindrical.<br />

1730 Bailey (fol.), Vermiform^, .shaped like a Worm. 18x6<br />

KiRBY & Sr. Entonwl. I. 437 A covering of vermiform<br />

masses, apparently composed of honey and pollen. 1828<br />

Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 211 Body elongated, but not<br />

vermiform or linear. 1857 Eraser's Mag. LVI. 641 [It]<br />

feeds on the insects with its protruded vermiform tongue.<br />

i88x Darwin Veg. Mould xv. (1882) 186 Five or six vermiform<br />

castings had been thrown up.<br />

b. Of animals.<br />

x8a6 KiHBV & Sp. Entotnol. IV. xlvii. 374 One species,<br />

which much resembles the vermiform larvse of Hymenoptera,<br />

1%^ Patterson Zool. 57 The Leeches and Worms present<br />

very much the same aspect as the vermiform or worm-<br />

shaped Echiiiodermata. 1846 Carpenter Man. Phys. 505<br />

111 some of the lowest Vermiform (worm-like) Fishes, such<br />

as the Lamprey. 1883 Fisheries Exhib. Caial. 283 These<br />

young vermiform and semi-transparent eels.<br />

o. spec, (see quot.)<br />

1877 Coues Fur Anim. iv. 116 In general form, the Stoat<br />

typihes a group of carnivorous Mammals aptly called<br />

'vermiform , in consideration of the extreme length, tenuity<br />

and mobility of the trunk, and shortness of the limbs.<br />

2. Of or pertaining to, characteristic of, a worm<br />

vermicular.<br />

like or resembling that of a worm ;<br />

1835-6 TodtCs Cycl. Anat. I. 327/2 The Spleen.. in Birds<br />

..sometimes presents an elongated and vermiform shape.<br />

1859 Uarwin Orig. Spec, (i860) xiii. 442 If we look to the<br />

admirable drawings, .of the development of this insect, we<br />

see no trace of the vermiform stage. 1878 Bell Gegenbaur's<br />

Comp. Anat. 118 In the Discophora they form tufts of filaments,,<br />

.and execute vermiform movements.<br />

3. AjmI. a. Vermiform appendix or appendage^<br />

a small, worm-like process or diverticulum extending<br />

from the caecum in man and a few other<br />

mammals.<br />

{a) 1778 EncycL Brit. (ed. 2) I. 368/2 Of the Uttle vermiform<br />

appendix of the caicum, it will be sufficient to say<br />

ihat its uses have never yet been ascertained. 187a Huxlkv<br />

I'hys. vi. 150 An elongated, blind process, .which from its<br />

shape is called the vermiform appendix of the ca;cum, 1B88<br />

RoLLESTON & Jackson Anim. Life 28 Caecum with vermiform<br />

appendix. . of rabbit.<br />

(/') 1841 T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. 6S0 In Man, the<br />

Orangs, ..and the Wombat,.. both cxcum and vermiform<br />

appendage are met with. X876 Rristowe The, Sf Pract.<br />

Med, (1878) 674 Concretions are mostly found in the vermiform<br />

appendage and are the usual causes of perforative<br />

ulceration of this part.<br />

b. Vermiform process, the median lobe of the<br />

cerebellum, the upper and lower lamina; of which<br />

are distinguished as the superior and inferior<br />

vermiform processes.<br />

Also, = prec. (In some recent Diets.)<br />

xZ-^ Penny Cycl, V. 332/1 The cerebellum. .. In the centre<br />

of its upper surface there is a distinct prominence termed<br />

the vermiform process, 1840 E. Wilson Anat. Vade M.<br />

(1842) 383 The cerebellum is divided into two lateral hemispheres<br />

or lobes, two minor lobes called superior and inferior<br />

vermiform processes, and some small lobules. 1899 Allbuifs<br />

Syst. Med. VII. 497 A very little lymph on the superior<br />

vermiform process of the cerebellum.<br />

Hence Vermiformous «., ' shaped like a worm *<br />

(Kailey, 1727, vol. II).<br />

Vermifugal (vaimi'fi/Jgal), a. Med. [f. next<br />

-f -AL.] = Vermifuge a.<br />

1830 LiNDLEV Nat. Syst. Bot, 8 The seeds of Delphinium<br />

Stapbisagria are vermifugal and caustic. 1875 H. C. Wood<br />

Tlierap. (1879) 447 Especially in the case of the seat-worm<br />

the vermifugal enemata should be medicated,<br />

Vennifage (vS'Jmifiwd.^^), a. and sb. Med. [a.<br />

F. vermifuge (= It., Sp., Pg. vermifugo), or ad.<br />

mod. I., type *vermifugus^ f. L. vermi'S worm<br />

see -FUGE.]<br />

A. adj. Causing or promoting the evacuation or<br />

expulsion of worms or other animal parasites from<br />

the intestines; anthelmintic.<br />

In some instances perh. an attributive use of the sb.<br />

1697 in Mem. Rokeby (Surtees) 58 Vermifuge pills, a box<br />

3s. 4d. 1769 E. Bancroft Guiana 54 Their vermifuge<br />

quality. .justly intitles them to particular attention. 1803<br />

Med. Jrnl. IX. 468 The physician had suspected the<br />

presence of worms, and prescribed vermifuge medicines<br />

accordingly. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade, Sindhooka^<br />

Sinduya, vernacular names in India for the Vitcx Negundo,<br />

the fruit of which is considered vermifuge. 18^ Bristowe<br />

The. ^ Pract, Med. (1878) 711 The administration of vermifuge<br />

drugs.<br />

B. sb. A medicament or substance having the<br />

power or property of expelling worms from the<br />

intestines; an anthelmintic.<br />

1718 QuiNcv Compl. Disp. C1719) no It is used hardly in<br />

any other Intention in Medicine, than as a Vermifuge.<br />

1763 Phil. Trans. LIII. 14 Vermifuges of the most celebrated<br />

kind, ..and such other medicines as tend. .to carry<br />

off or destroy the worms, were assiduously administered.<br />

i8aa-7 Good Study Med. (1829) I. 364 In the former [class<br />

of anthelmintics] we may rank.. all the oleaginous vermifuges,<br />

as oil of olives, beech-nuts, castor, and terpentine<br />

[etc.]. 1843 YouATT Horse xiii. (184^) 292 Arsenic w.is<br />

once in great repute as a tonic and vermifuge. 1871 Garkod<br />

Mat. Med. (ed. 3) 404 Anthelmintics are employed for the<br />

following purposes:— ..2. The indirect, or vermifuges, to<br />

expel any worms, living or dead.<br />

t Vermi -fugous, a. Obs. rare. [f. as prec. +<br />

-CDS.] Vermifugal, vermifuge.<br />

17*6 C. D'Anvers Craftsman xxxix. (1727) 374 If _my<br />

ingenious friend can by an>^ vermifugous preparation bring<br />

away or destroy this pernicious Animalcule.<br />

Vermigelly, obs. form of Vekmicelli.<br />

t Vermiglion, obs. var. Vermilion sb. (perh.<br />

after It. vermiglione).<br />

1592 Greene Conny-Catch. in. Wks. (Grosart) X. 234<br />

Paynters coulde not.. make away theyr Vermiglion, if<br />

tallow faced whoores vsde it not for their cheekes,<br />

Vermil(e, obs. or var. ff. VsKMEiLrt., sb., and v,<br />

Vermilion (vajmi'lyan), sb. and a. Forms :<br />

a. 3 vermelyon, 6 -eleon, -eleoun ; 4-5 vermilyon,<br />

5 -ylyoun, 5-6 -ylyon(e, 6 -ylion<br />

4-5 vermilioun, 5- vermilion (6-7 -milian, 7<br />

virmilion). 3. 4 vermeillone, 5 -elone, 5-7<br />

-elon, 6 Sc. -eloun 4-5 vermylone, ; 4 fer-, 5<br />

vermyloun, 5-6 vermylon; 4-5 vermulon,<br />

4-5 vermilon(e, -iloun ; also 6 vermelonde,<br />

Sc. wermeling, -myling. 7. 6-9 vermillion, 7<br />

virmillion. [a. AF. and OF. vermeillon, vermilion,<br />

vermiio{u)nj etc. (mod.F. vermilion^ =<br />

Prov. vermeillon, vermillopi, vcrmelho, Cat. bermellOj<br />

Sp. bermellon, bermillon, vermellon^ Pg.<br />

vermelkaOj It. vermiglione), f. vermeily^^WLlh a.<br />

Hence also Du. vermiljoen, Da. and Sw. vermilion.']<br />

A. sb. 1. Cinnabar or red crystalline mercuric<br />

sulphide, esp. in later use that obtained artificially,<br />

much valued on account of its brilliant scarlet<br />

colour, and largely used as a pigment or in the<br />

manufacture of red sealing-wax ; also, any red earth<br />

resembling this and similarly used as a pigment.<br />

In early use rendering L. minium and occas. confused<br />

with 'red lead' {as in quot. 1546 in ^) : see Minium.<br />

a, 1296 Ace. Exch, K. R. 5/20 m. 4 In duabus libris dc<br />

Vermeiyon emptis. 1336-7 Ely Sacr. Rolls (1907) II. 83<br />

In ij libris de vermilioun empt. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 508<br />

Vermyiyone, minium. 1471 Kiplev Comp. Alch. Adm. i.<br />

in Ashm. Theat, Chem. Brit, (1652) 189 Many Experyments<br />

I have had in bond; .. Which I wyll tell the rehersyng<br />

sone: Eegynnyng wyth Vermylion. «i533 Ld.<br />

IJiiRNEits Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) Kkj, All the Decade<br />

was written with blacke ynke, and these wordes with redde<br />

vermylyon. 1553 Kden Decades (Arb.) 384 Cinoper or ver-<br />

milion which the paynters vse in certeyne coloures. 1626<br />

Uacon Sylva § 291 Metals give Orient and fine Colours . . in<br />

their Putrefactions or Rusts, as Vermilion, Verde-grease<br />

[etc.]. 1669 Sturmv Mariner's Mag. 11. 119 Thi^ will be.,<br />

as ready to you, as if these Letters were painted out for you<br />

in Vermilion. 1758 Reid tr. Macguer's Chyni. 1. 82 Cinabar<br />

finely levigated acquires a much brighter red colour, and<br />

is known to painters by the name of Vermilion. 1841<br />

Thackeray Gt. Hoggarty Diam. xii, All this while Mary<br />

was anxiously looking in his face,. .as pale as death ; while<br />

Gus-.was as red as vermilion. 1871 Garrod Mat. Med.<br />

(ed. 3) 103 Dark scarlet shining crystalline masses, forming,<br />

when powdered, a beautiful scarlet colour, known by the<br />

name of vermilion.<br />

&. J300-1 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 503 In tribus<br />

libr. Gummi, di. li. de vermtloun, iij s. 1356 Pipe Roll 32<br />

Edw. Ill, m. 33/2 b, In..ij. clench' hamers, iiij. boltes<br />

ferri, .. xxxj. lb. de vermeillone. 1387 Trevisa_ Higden<br />

(Rolls) I. 63 Of the. .strondes of )7e Reed See is i-gadered<br />

vermylon. Ibid. II. 331 And ^ere is i-founde scharpe fermyloun<br />

[L. minium^. C1400 Pety Job 580 in 26 Pol.<br />

Poems 139 Ynke blak or rede. Made with gumme and<br />

vermylone. 1413-20 Lvix;. Chron, Troy ii. 4717 We may<br />

al day oure colour grynde & bete, Tempre our azour and<br />

vermyloun. 1480 Robt. Deryll 21 Robertes clothes were<br />

readde as vermulon. 1505-6 Ace, Ld High 'Precis. Scot.<br />

III. 184 For iij di. pund vermeloun to him, xiiij s. 1546<br />

Langi.ev Pol. I'erg. de Invent. 11. xiv. 59b, Vermilon^ or<br />

redde lead was founde in Ephesus by Gallius an Athenien.<br />

1567 Maplet Gr. P'orest 98 The Parret.. about hir necke..<br />

hath a Collar or Chaine naturally wrought like to Sinople<br />

or Vermelon. 1609 B1BI.1; (Douay) Isa. i. 18 If they be red<br />

as vermelon, they shal be white as wooll,<br />

y. 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas 1. iii. 901 I'le pnely now<br />

emboss my <strong>Book</strong> with Brass, Dye 't with Vermillion, deck 't<br />

with Coperass. 1594 Plat Jewell-ho. in. 46 Mingle..<br />

Vermillion with Masticke for a red colour, 1604 E. G[rimsione]<br />

D'Acosta^s Hist. Indies iv. xi. 237 Quicke-silver is<br />

found in a kinde of .stone, which dooth likewise yeelde<br />

Vermillion. 1698 T. Froger P'oy. 112 Calices . . made of<br />

Gold, Vermillion, and silver. 1763-71 H. Walpole Vertue's<br />

Anecd. Paint. (1786) IV. 8 New cloathing them in vermillion<br />

and ultramarine. 1796 Withering Brit. PI. (ed. 3)<br />

IV. 397 Dust the colour of vermillion. t^y^VR^Dict. Arts<br />

1278 The vermillion of commerce is often adulterated with<br />

red lead, brickdust, dragon's blood, and realgar. 1865 Watts<br />

Diet. Chem. III. 912 Mercuric Sulphide, .. in the latter<br />

[crystallised state], ..has a fine red colour and constitutes<br />

the well-known pigment called cinnabar or vermillion.<br />

b. Used as a cosmetic or for painting the body.<br />

In later use chiefly with reference to the 'war-paint' of<br />

the American Indians,<br />

1600 J. PoRY tr. Leo*s Africa ni. 144 The morrow after a<br />

companie of women goe to dresse the bride, to combe her<br />

locks, and to paint her cheekes with vermillion. x6..<br />

Middleton Old La-.u in. i. The old wrinkles are well filled<br />

up, but the vermillion is seen too thick. 1635 Swan .S^i^c.^V.<br />

VI. (1643) 294 Camillus, when he triumphed in Rome, was<br />

painted with this Vermilion. 1788 Encycl. Brit.{ed.i) I.<br />

547/z A thick coat of vermilion commonly distinguishes<br />

the [Red Indian's] cheeks, 1809 A. Henry TraT/. 247 The<br />

men were almost entirely naked, and their bodies painted<br />

with a red ochre, procured in the mountains, ami often called<br />

vermilion. 1836 W. Irving Astoria II. 71 Happy was he<br />

who could render himself hideous with vermilion. 18^3<br />

Marrvat M. Violet xxiii, When does a Comanche turn his<br />

back on receiving the vermilion from his chief? Never I<br />

2. The colour of this pigment ; a bright red or<br />

scarlet.<br />

a 1400-50 Alexander 4336 Nouthire to toly ne to taunde<br />

transmitte we na vebbis. To vermylion ne violett ne variant<br />

littisr 1430-40 Lydc. Bochas 11. xiii. (1554) 5»b, Fenix as<br />

Clerkes eke endite Found fyrst the colour of vermilion.<br />

1530 pALSGR. 284/2 Vermylon, reed colour, uermilion. 1587<br />

A. Day Daphnis ^ Chloe (1890) 51 A vermillion more<br />

perfect, thair rested in the freshe springing rose. 1590<br />

Spenser F. Q, \, v. o Streames of bloud..\Vuh which the<br />

armes, that earst so Lright did show, Into a pure vermillion<br />

now are dyde. 1638 Guilliin's Her. (ed. 3) 1. ii. 19 Amongst<br />

Colours.. this Colour Vermilion, or Red, hath the prime<br />

place. 1646 J. Hall Poems 52 A Rose can more Vermilion<br />

speake. Then any cheeke. 1681 Drvden Abs. Sf Achit. i.<br />

649 His long Chin prov'd his Wit ; his Saint-like Grace A<br />

Church Vermilion, and a Moses's Faca 1708 Ozell tr.<br />

Boileau's Lutrin 20 Streight the Vermillion vanish 'd from<br />

her Face. 1793 Beddoes Calculus 230 The blood became<br />

of a brighter vermilion. 1822 [M. A. Kelty] Osmond i. 274<br />

The soft vermillion.. of her complexion. 1838 Thiklwau,


VERMILION. 135 VEBMIN.<br />

Greece 11. xv. 255 The negroes of Nubia—with their bodies<br />

painted half while, half vermilion. 1882 Garden 23 Dec.<br />

548/1 The colour is a vivid vermilion.<br />

fb. A blush. Obs.-^<br />

1787 Minor 111, ix. 1S3 Miss Charlotte.. never beheld me<br />

without the vermillions increasing in her cheeks,<br />

f tj. a, (KenderinLj L. vertnictthim.) Wool or<br />

yarn of a red or scarlet colour. Obs.<br />

1388 WvcLiF Exod. XXXV. 25 Tho thingis, whiche thei<br />

hadden spunne, iacynt, purpur, and vermyloun, and bijs.<br />

— Lev. xiv. 4 He schal comaunde to the man which is<br />

clensiJ, that he offre for hymsilf. .a tree of cedre, and vermylyoun,<br />

and isope.<br />

t b. A fabric dyed witli vermilion. Oh~^<br />

1641 L. Roberts Treas. Traffick 33 They buy Cotton<br />

wooll, ill London, ..and perfit it into Vustians, Vermilions,<br />

Dymities, and other such Stuffes.<br />

4. A red or reddish coloured variety of pear.<br />

f<br />

1699 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (ed. 9) 169 Pears;. .Ambrosia,<br />

Vermiliaii, Lunsac.<br />

• •|-5. {h\?>o vermiiion-stone.) A particular gem or<br />

precious stone. Cf. Veumeil sb. 3. Obs.<br />

1703-4 in Ashton Soc. Life Reign Q. Anne (1^2) I. xiv.<br />

181 Several Gold Rings set with Turky and Vermillions.<br />

(117*8 WooDWAHo /•'ossiis (1729) I. I. 191 The Common<br />

Crystal, .appears to be the Basis, .of the Opal,, .the Jacinth,<br />

the Vermilion. 1747 PhU, Trans. XLIV. 504 The Vermilion-Stone<br />

is more tawny than the Jacinth.<br />

6. a. Comb., as vemiiiion-dyed, -like adjs.<br />

+ vermilion-writer, a scribe or illuminator usiitg<br />

vermilion.<br />

c 1470 Cath. Angi. 400 A vermylon wrytter, minographus.<br />

1581 G. Petti E tr. Guazzo's Civ, Conv. ]u. (1586) 125 b,<br />

Those dawbed, pargetted, vermilion died faces. 1647<br />

Hexham i, Vermillion like, roodtacJitigk.<br />

b. attrib. with coiottr, etc. (passing into next) ;<br />

hence in combs., as vermilion-coloured.<br />

1594 T. B. La Primand, Fr. Acad. 11. 327 The face is<br />

painted with a vermillion colour. 1655 tr. SortCs Com.<br />

Hist. FrancioH i. iii. 56 It was of a vermilian colour like<br />

blood. 1675 Traherne Chr. Ethics 465 Modesty., is a<br />

tincture of humility, visible in a vermilion and deeper die.<br />

1687 Mi^GE Gt. Fr. Diet. 11. s.v., A vermilion Tincture,<br />

couleur vermeitU. 1697 Dryden Virg.^ Past. x. 40 Great<br />

Pan arrived ;. .His checks and tetuples of vermilion hue.<br />

X706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), VermiUion-Tincture, a Natural<br />

red Die upon the Face; a Cherry-red. i7a8 Chambers<br />

Cyci. s-v. Ker,iiest Unless, perhaps, it be so call'd from its<br />

beautiful Vermillion Colour. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St.-<br />

Pierre's Stud. Nitt. (1790) III. 381 0( a vermilion hue.<br />

183s Todd's Cyci. Anat. \. 414 If vermilion-coloured blooided, or purplish, Verm il ion -taWd.<br />

t b. Painted with vermilion ; rouged. Obs.<br />

1631 LiTHGOw Trav. i. 27 These vermillion Nymphs, to<br />

let me vnderstand they trauelled with a cbearefutl stomacke,<br />

would oft runne races.<br />

C. With names of colours, as vermilion-crimson^<br />

-red, -scarlet, -lawny, etc.<br />

1815 J. SMiTH/'a»


VERMIN.<br />

Macaulay in Trevelyan Life (1876) I. iL 98 A coronation<br />

all unknown To Europe's roj-al vermin, 1859 Tennyson<br />

Gtmint 217, I will avenge this insult,. .And I will track<br />

this vermin to their earths. X876 G, Meredith Beauch.<br />

Career I. iL 20 The poacher was another kind of vermin<br />

than the stupid tenant.<br />

b. A single person or individual of this type.<br />

X581 J. Bell Haddon's Ams2v. Osor. 76 b, O monstruous<br />

verminc : did I ever speake or thinke any such matter ?<br />

«6»7 J. Taylor Kid. 222 They were a club<br />

of "vermin-destroyers. ?x88. Dogs (Bxit, Stand. Handbks )<br />

iv. 18 Any of the *vermin-deslroying powders. 1865 E.<br />

Bl'rritt IValk Land's fwrt^ 182 There were scarcely any<br />

daisies or buttercups, or even the * verm in -footed charlock.<br />

1831 Gen. p. Thompson Exerc. (1842) I. 417 To throw it<br />

off like a *vermin-haunted garment. x86i Neale Notes<br />

Dalmatia 97 A tolerable inn, not more dirty nor verminhaunted<br />

than usual 1799 Addin^ham (Cumberld.) Par,<br />

Bk, (MS.), 8 *Vermin Heads, 2 : 8. *<br />

1680 W, W. [title), The<br />

•Vermin Killer, being a very necessary Family.<strong>Book</strong>, containing<br />

Exact Rules and Directions for the Artificial Killing<br />

and Destroying of all manner of Vermin, etc. 177a T.<br />

Simpson {title), The Complete Vermin-killer. 1889 Daily<br />

News 21 June 7/1 Two packets of vermin killer containing<br />

about six grains of strychnine. 1893 W. H. Hudson Idle<br />

Days Patagonia v. 59 The common dog of the country is.<br />

a good watch-dog and vermin-killer. 177a Ann. Reg. i. 129<br />

He acquired 2000/. by "vermin-killing. 1829 Scott Guy M.<br />

Note K, The race of Pepper and Mustard are in the highest<br />

estimation at this day, not only for vermin-killing, but<br />

for intelligence and fidelity. 1863 Atkinson Stanton<br />

Grange (1864) 67 Vermin-kiiUng was well carried out there.<br />

x6jBs Roxb. Ballads {iS^i) V. 214 His. .disagreeable "Vermin-like<br />

Face. 1850 OciLviE, *Vermin Puddle, puddle<br />

formed of stiff clay and small stones or gravel beaten together<br />

until it forms a mass like pudding stone. It is used<br />

in the embankments of reservoirs, to prevent.. the inroads<br />

of water rats and other vermin. 1861 Neale Notes Daltnatia<br />

104 The *vermin-tenanted houses are washed by the<br />

pure green waves of the lovely bay. 1664 Evelyn Kal.<br />

Hort. 61 February... Continue "Vermine Trapps, &c. x86a<br />

Catal. Intemat, Exhib., Brit. 1 1. Na 61 33, Every description<br />

of wild beast, game, and vermin traps. 1859 Tennyson<br />

Elaine 139 The *vermin voices here May buzz so loud—we<br />

scorn them, but they sting.<br />

1 6, As adj. Verminous. Obs~^<br />

x6oa 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. \. iv. 443 See how a<br />

little vermine pouerty aftereth a whole milkie disposition.<br />

t Ve'rmin, v, Obsr^ [f. the sb.] trans. To<br />

clear of vermin,<br />

1573-80 TussER Hitsh, (1878) 72 Get warrener bound to<br />

vermin thy ground.<br />

t Venoinai'lle. Obs.-^ [f. Vermin j


VERMOUTH.<br />

Venuoath. (veiumSt, v3-jm«J)). Also vermuth,<br />

[a. F. Vermont (v^rmKt), ad. G. ivermuth<br />

wormwood, Webmuth.] An alcoholic cordial or<br />

liqueur consisting; of white wine flavoured with<br />

wormwood or other aromatic herbs and taken in<br />

order to stimulate the appetite. Also atlrib,<br />

1806 J . PwiiF.RTOti J!eivUtc/. Paris 11. XV. 20S A decanter<br />

of J.amaic.l rum, Wormwood wine, or that of Vermouth.<br />

1837 LvTTOM /;. .Mallrav. vil. i, Thinking that you soften<br />

the hearts of your friends by soups a la irisijite^ and I't-rmutk<br />

vyine at a guinea a bottle 1 1870 PaltMallG. 5 Nov.<br />

12 Absinthe and vermouth began to be .sold in them. 1884<br />

y CoLBORNE HLks Pasha 83 There is one Italian firm<br />

importing good vermouth.<br />

^<br />

b. A glass or drink of this.<br />

1899 J. Conrad in Blackii'. Mag. Feb. 201/1 As we sat<br />

over our vermuths he glorified the Company's business.<br />

1903 'Marjohihanks' /-Vic/f-Z/KKr.-rj 151 He felt discomfited,<br />

and ordered a Vermouth to gain time for reflection.<br />

Vermtilon, -ylone, -yl(y)oun, etc., obs. ff.<br />

VERiirLio.v. Vern, southern dial. var. Kerx sh.'^<br />

Vernacle, var. Vebnicle.<br />

t Vernacly, adv. Obs.—^ [Irreg. f. L. vernacnlus<br />

: see below.] = Vebnacdlablt aiiv.<br />

1673 HlCKEBlNGiLL Grrg. f. Crcyb. 284 By Hebrew Jews<br />

you mean Jews that vernacly speak Hebrew.<br />

Vernacul, obs. f. Vebnicle.<br />

Vernacolar (vajnse-kirflaj), a. and sb. Also<br />

7 vernaculer. [f. L. vernacul-us domestic, native,<br />

indigenous (hence It. vernacolo, Pg. vernaitilo),<br />

f. venia a home-born slave, a native.<br />

The Latin adj. occurs in a large variety of applications;<br />

the restricted use common in English is represented by<br />

I'erttacula vflcabula in Varro.]<br />

A. adj. 1. That writes, uses, or speaks the<br />

native or indigenous language of a country or<br />

district.<br />

ifci Bp. W. Barlow Defittcc a A vernaculer pen-man:,<br />

hauing translated them into English. 1715 M. Davies<br />

Athen. Brit. 1. 77 The Ofiice of the Virgin Rlary.. is Translated<br />

also in most Languages for the Use of the Vernacular<br />

Romanists. 1716 lliid. III. 38 The learned vernacular<br />

Editor of Hippocrates's Works in French, Mr. Dacier. 1819<br />

W. Tavixir in Monthly Mag. XLVIL 30 The vernacular<br />

public remained unmoved, atul gazed at the labours of<br />

authorship, as Londoners at the opera. 1869 Freeman<br />

AVrw. Conq. (1875) IIL xii. 145 The vernacular poet more<br />

kindly helps us to the real names,<br />

2. Of a language or dialect : That is naturally<br />

sages are modulations on the vernacular airs of Otaheite. j<br />

1850 Ecdesiologist XI. 176 Even Rome, then, cannot con. !<br />

sislently blame words to the vernacular Gregorian melodies.<br />

b. In predicative use. Also with preps. 1<br />

s8o8 Sm Smith Wks. (1859) I. 103/2 Ihe Scriptures<br />

translated into the Tamulic language, which is vcriwcular<br />

in the southern parts of the peninsula. 1835 Macaulav in<br />

I rcvelyan Compel. Wallah (1866) 321 The intellectual improvement<br />

of those classes, .can at present be eflected only<br />

l, Earnest (iiTi\ II. 10 The<br />

vernacular Anglo-S.ixon before the Conquest was undergoing<br />

that change which all languages suffer. 1883 Froude<br />

in Contemp. Rev. XLIV. 18 He (LutherJ began to translate<br />

the Bible into clear vernacular German.<br />

3. Of literary works, etc. : Written or spoken in,<br />

translated into, the native language of a particular<br />

country or people.<br />

iMi Glanvill Van. Dogm. 156 Though, in Greek or<br />

l.atine, they amuse us, yet a vernacular translation unmasks<br />

them. 1716 M. Davies Atheu. Brit. III. 20 Dr<br />

Harvey siamily.Fhysician, and most of Will. .Salmon's<br />

<strong>Book</strong>s, with other such like Vernacular Pharmacy. 1788<br />

Warbuktoi* Tracts (1780I ,70 I.ong vernacular .Sermons<br />

from Dr .Parr. Parr. 1841 IVUraeli D Israeli Amen. Lit. Pref. (1850)<br />

p. Ill, A history of our vernacular literature has occupied<br />

my studies for many years. 1868 J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch.<br />

t-ng. I. 495 Vernacular pray.r-books had, indeed, been lone<br />

known 10 England. 1874 Green short Hist. i. f 5. (1876)<br />

Vol, a.<br />

j<br />

; _the<br />

' to<br />

j<br />

i.sr<br />

49 The Chronicle remains the first vernacular history ofany<br />

1 eutonic people,<br />

b. Performed in the native language.<br />

1874 A. Somerville Led. Missions xiii. 243 A paper<br />

which he read on Vernacular Preaching at the Ootacamund<br />

Missionary Conference.<br />

4. Of words, etc. : Of or pertaining to, forming<br />

part of, the native language.<br />

1716 -M. Davies At/ten. Brit. II. 174 This Ralph is call'J<br />

also Koger, the Latin name, Rariulphus, being possibly<br />

capable of both those Vernacular Appropriations. 1728<br />

Pope Dune. I. .Votes, Which being a French and foreign<br />

termination, is no w.iy proper to a word entirely English<br />

and vernacular. 1788 V. Knox IVinler Even. xxii. (1790)<br />

1. 193 Brown.. preferred polysyllabic expressions derived<br />

from the language of ancient Rome, to his vernacular vocabulary<br />

1816 Scott Old Alort. Peroration, O, ignorance 1<br />

as if the vernacular article of our mother English were<br />

capable of declension ! 1848 Gallenca Italy I. ii. 146 Lowborn<br />

vernacular idioms were handed down to posterity as<br />

the poet's creation. 1864 Bkyce Holy Horn. Emp. xv.(i875)<br />

257 \t hose official style of Augustus, .as well as the vernacular<br />

name of ' Kaiser ' [etc).<br />

b. Native or natural to a particular language.<br />

iS^^ProcPhilol. _ Soc. 1. 176 The finding an i.solated term<br />

in an .Anglo-Savon or German vocabulary by no means<br />

proves It to be vern.acular to that language.<br />

5. Connected or concerned with the native language.<br />

184s Stocqleler Handhk. Brit. India (1854) 234 The<br />

southern side of the building is appropriated to the verna.<br />

cubr department, and the northern to the English. 1883<br />

R. B. S.MIT11 Life Ld. Lawrence II. 535 Efforts were made<br />

to extend vernacular education.<br />

6. Ofarts, or features of these: Native or peculiar<br />

a particular country or locality.<br />

1857 Sir G. Scott Sec. «, Dom. Architecture 6 Look at<br />

vernacular cottage-building of the day. a 1878 —<br />

Lect. Archil. (1879) !'• S'S The revived knowledge of the<br />

architecture of Greece rudely disturbed the vernacular style<br />

derived from Rome. 1893 Harper's Weekly 21 Oct. 101 1/2<br />

The theatre is a big, rather bare room, app.-u-ently of vernacular<br />

Javanese construction.<br />

\1. Of diseases: Characteristic of, occurring in,<br />

a particular country or district ; endemic. Obs.<br />

1666 G. Harvey Morh. Angl. i. (1672) 2 Which in.stances<br />

do evidently bring a Consumption under the notion of a<br />

Pandeniick, or Endemick, or rather a Vernacular Disease<br />

to England. 1718 CuAMBEas Cycl. s v., Diseases which<br />

reign most in any particular Nation, Province, or District,<br />

are called Vernacular Di-seases.<br />

8. Of a slave : That is bom on his master's<br />

estate ; home-bom. rarr~^.<br />

.«*o4 W. Tavlor in Ann. Rev. II. 326 K disposition to use<br />

kindly, and to emancipate frequently, the vernacular slave.<br />

171s M. Davics AtJien. Brit. I. 325 Charles the Fifth,<br />

King of France, order'd the Bible to be translated . . in the<br />

Picardian and Norman Vernaculars, a 1734 North Lit'es<br />

(1826) III. 32a Latin, and the vernaculars westward,, .cirry<br />

nearly the same idiom. 1850 S. Dobell Roman vii, The<br />

wayfarer Of many lands is not responsible For each vernacular.<br />

i88a Atlunxum 4 Mar. 280 Some of the peoples and<br />

tribes whose vernacuLars that cUiss comprises. 189a Times<br />

24 Dec. 3/1 Spain, destined to \x for long the most active<br />

enemy of the circulation of the Scriptures in modern<br />

vernaculars.<br />

3. transf. The phraseology or idiom of a particular<br />

profession, trade, etc.<br />

1876 Tait Rec. Adv. Phys. Science vi. 151 To use the<br />

vernacular of engineers. 1891 Century Mag. May 128/2 On<br />

the bar we found friends that we bad made in Panama, who<br />

had preceded us a few days, long enough to speak the vernacular<br />

of mining.<br />

Hence 'Verna-onlarness. rare-'.<br />

1717 Bailev (vol. II), lernacularness, Properness, or<br />

Peculiarness to one's own Country,<br />

Vemacnlarism (v3jnae-ki»?lariz'm). [-I8M.]<br />

1. A vernacular word, idiom, or mode of expression<br />

1846 Worcester (citing Q. Rev,). 1863 Npale Ess. i<br />

. forgets<br />

i 1.<br />

VERNAGE.<br />

I.iturgiol. 527 Wherever the Church., was not established<br />

till a late period, there such vernacularisms are scarcely, or<br />

liot at all, perceptible. 1873 F. Hall Mod. Eng. 307 note,<br />

Ihe more of such vernacularisms (as ' belongings'! we call<br />

up from the past, the better.<br />

2. The use of the native language.<br />

iSSo Ecdesiologist XI. 176 If Rome not merely allows, but<br />

authorises such vernacularism, who can forbid us to emnlov<br />

our own Ecclesiastical English ?<br />

Vemacularity (vamoeki/aoe-rTti). [-1TY.]<br />

The lact of belonging or adhering to the<br />

vernacular or native language.<br />

[184a Sir W. Hamilton in Reid's Wks. 1. ico/2 note. As<br />

the expressions are scientific, it is perhaps no loss that their<br />

technical precision is gu.-irded by their non.vernacularity.)<br />

1847 De Quincev in Tail's Maf. XIV. 570 The merit,<br />

which justly you ascribe to Swift, is vemacularity ; he never<br />

his mother-tongue in exotic forms.<br />

2. A vernacularism.<br />

1867 Carlvle E. Irving in Reniin. (1881) 1. 335 Rustic<br />

Annandale begins it, with its homely honesties, rough ver-<br />

. nacularities, .safe, innocently kind.<br />

Verna cnlariza'tion. [f. next -i- -ation.]<br />

The action of making, or fact of being made, vernacular<br />

or native to a language.<br />

i NACL'LARrt.<br />

j<br />

1873 F. Hall Mod. Eng. 105 Thousands of word.s,. .on their<br />

first appearance, or revival, as candidates for vernacularization,<br />

must have met with repugnance.<br />

Vernacularize (vajntckirflaraiz), zi. [f. Ver-<br />

-H-izE.] /raw. To render Or tr.anslate<br />

into the native speech of a people; to make<br />

vernacular.<br />

'H' ^^- 'i'*'>''-°'' in Monthly Rev. XCIV. 384 The Stephens,<br />

or blephenses, as their names have.. been vernacularized<br />

among us. 1830 — y/irf. Sun: Germ. Poetry III. 450<br />

Godfred of Strasburg, who vernacularized Trystan


VEBNAGELLE.<br />

like malmesie or muskadine, or bastard wine*<br />

(Florio, i.SqS). CUmed.h. verfta^ttMtVt'/'nadumf<br />

vemachia.'\ A strong and sweet kind of white<br />

Italian wine.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Merck. T. 563 He drinkith ypocras, clarre,<br />

and vernage Of spices hote, to eiicrese his corrage. 1390<br />

GowER C(m/, III. 8 In stede of drinke I underfonge A<br />

thogbt so swete in mi corage, Thae- nevere Pyment iie<br />

vernage Was half so swete forto drinke. c 1430 Two Cookery-bks.<br />

2a Take«rnage, oJ»er strong wyne of he beste l>at<br />

a man may fynde [etc.]. -pocrasse, and veniage wyne.<br />

So + Vernag-eUe. a variety of vernage. Ohs."*^<br />

c 1460 J. Russell Bk. Nurture 118 The namys of swete<br />

wynes y wold >at ye them knewe : Vernage, vernagelle,<br />

wyne Cute, pyment.<br />

Vernage, Sc. form of Wabnage Obs,<br />

VernaSill, -ylle, obs. forms of Vernicle,<br />

Vernal (v3-inal), a. (and sb^. Also 6-7 vernall.<br />

[ad. L. vcmdl-is (rare), f. vermis pertaining<br />

to spring, f. trr spring, Ver sby So OF. and F.,<br />

Prov., Sp., Pg. vernal It. vernah^<br />

1. Coming, appearing, happening, occurring, etc.,<br />

in spring, a. Vernal equinox (or \ equinoctial) :<br />

see Equinox i and 2.<br />

1534 More Treat. Passion Wks. 1308/1 The xiiii. daye<br />

after theyr vernall Equinoctiall in the euenynge. 1594<br />

Blun'devil Exerc. i. xvi. (1597) 151 The beginning of Aries,<br />

which is called the vernal Equinoxe, 160^ Topsell Hist.<br />

Four-/, Beasts 299 From the vernall aequinoctiall to the<br />

summer solstice. 1696 Whiston The. Earth 1,(1722) 39 At<br />

this time, the Vernal Equinox is on the pth of March. 1715 tr.<br />

Gregoiys Astron. iiizti^ I, 316 You wdl have the Longitude<br />

sought from the Verrral Equinox. 1796 H. Hunter St.-<br />

Pierre^s Stud. Nat. (1799) J- i5S The tides at our vernal<br />

Equinox, in March, rise higher than those of September.<br />

1837 Brewster Magmi. 216 During the three months between<br />

the vernal equinox and the summer solstice, i858<br />

LocKyES Elem. Astron. § 171 The days and nights areeaual<br />

all over the world on the 22d of March and the cad of<br />

September, which dates are called the vernal and autumnal<br />

equinoxes.<br />

b. In general use.<br />

1634 Sir T, Herbert Trav. 4 Such time as the Sunne is<br />

vernall, [the Island of Ferro] becomes exceeding hot and<br />

scalding. 1660 Sharrock Vegetables^T. Which are generall<br />

rules for vernall and autumnall settings. 1709 T. Robinson<br />

Vind. Mosaick Syst. 69 These Worms are.. ordained for the<br />

Food of the Vernal Birds, such as the Cuckow. 1769 Gray<br />

Installation Ode ti Sweet is the breath of vernal shower.<br />

1787 Winter Syst. Husb. 54 The vernal heat of the sun.<br />

i8jo Combe Syntax^ CoiisoL i. (Chandos CI.) 139 'Twas as a<br />

vernal evening clos'd, 1842 J. Wilson Chr. North I. 244<br />

ThewholebuiTdingis..asfresh as if just washed by avernal<br />

shower. 187a Yeats Growth Comm. 24 The Babylonian<br />

pJain was subject to vernal floods.<br />

C. Med. Of affections or diseases.<br />

i8aa-7 Good Stud. Med. (1829) II. 134 The vernal agues<br />

generally disappear with the advance of summer. 1843 Sir<br />

T. Watson Lect.Princ. ^ Pract. Physic I. xl. 710 You will<br />

hear and read a good deal of vernal intermittents, and<br />

autumnal intermittents,<br />

2, Of, pertaining or belonging to, the springtime<br />

; appropriate to the spring ; spring-like : a.<br />

Of weather, scenery, etc.<br />

1611 Beaum. & Fl. Maid's Trag. i. ii, We must have none<br />

here But vernal blasts, and gentle winds appear, 1634 T.<br />

Johnson tr. Parens Chirurg. i. xiiL (1678) 18 Such an Air,<br />

,,if it have avernal temper, is good against alt diseases.<br />

1646 Crashaw Sos^. d'Herode xiv, He saw a vernall smile<br />

sweetly disfigure Winters sad face, 1710 Prior Truth Sf<br />

Falsehood 8 The purling stream, the margin green,. With<br />

flowers bedeck'd, a vernal scene. 1778 Warton Hist. Eng.<br />

Poetry II, 51 We fondly anticipate a long continuance of<br />

gentle gales and vernal serenity. But winter returns with<br />

redoubled horrors, i8aa W. Irving Braced. Hall xix, It<br />

was a beautiful morning, of that soft vernal temperature,<br />

that seems to thaw all the frost out of one's blood. 1847 Li.<br />

Hunt Jar Honey ii. (1848) 23 Both heaven and hell are in<br />

it—the freshest vernal airs, with the depths of Tartarus.<br />

1871 B. Taylor ^a«S^ (1875) II. i. i. 6 The Alpine meadows<br />

sloping, vernal, A newer beam descends.<br />

trans/. 1869 Lowell Under the PVilloivs 30 By vernal<br />

Chaucer, whose fresh woods Throb thick with merle and<br />

mavis all the year.<br />

b. Vernal season y the season of spring.<br />

1644 Milton Educat. 7 In these vernal seasons of the<br />

yeer, when the air is calm and pleasant. 1687 MifiCR Gt.<br />

Fr. Diet, II, The Vernal Season, or the Spring, le Printems.<br />

s8o6 Med. Jrnl. XV. 120 In the vernal season. 1864 A.<br />

McKay Hist. Kilmarnock 296 In the vernal season of the<br />

year.<br />

C. In miscellaneous uses.<br />

I7a5 Fam. Diet. s.v. Sallet, They also make an excellent<br />

Vernal Pottage. 1764 Goldsm. Trax>. 118 Whatever<br />

sweets salute the northern sky With vernal lives, that blossom<br />

but to die. 1817 Wordsw. {title), Vernal Ode. Beneath<br />

the concave of an April sky [etc). 1838 J. L, Stephens<br />

Trav. Russia 67/1 Moscow seemed basking in the mild<br />

climate of Southern Asia, rioting in its brief period of vernal<br />

existence. 1885 Patrb Marius I. vi. 112 A kind of mystic<br />

hymn to the vernal principle of life in things.<br />

d. /g. Suggestive of spring; ha/ing the mildness<br />

or freshness of spring ; early, youthful.<br />

1790 Coleridge Moiwdy Death Chatterton viii, Ah !<br />

where are fled the charms of vernal grace, And joy's wild<br />

gleams, light-flashing o'er thy face? 1805 Foster Ess,<br />

1. i. II What is become of all those vernal fancies, which had<br />

so much power to touch the heart ? i8s7 Southev Funeral<br />

Song Princess Charlotte 17 Late in beauty's vernal bloom,<br />

138<br />

1844 Mrs. Browning Catarina to Camoens ii. When I<br />

heard you sing that burden In my vernal days and bowers,<br />

1898 T. Hardy IVessex Poems 100 Captain and Colonel,<br />

Sere Generals, Ensigns vernal, Were there,<br />

3. Of flowers, plants, etc. : Appearing, coming<br />

up, or blooming in spring-time.<br />

169s Ld, Pkeston Boeth. in. 121 Fading sooner than a<br />

vernal Flower 1 17*8 Pope Dune, iii, 33 As thick as bees<br />

o'er vernal blossoms fly. 174a Collins Ode to Liberty 4<br />

The youths,, . Like vernal hyacinths in sullen hue, At once<br />

the bieath of fear and virtue shedding. xj^Med. Jrnl. II.<br />

491 A Journal kept in Spring 1798, to record the time of<br />

flowering of several vernal plants. 1812 H. & .Smith<br />

J.<br />

Horace in Lond. 65 The wood nymphs crown'd with vern.1l<br />

ftow'rs.<br />

b. In specific or popular names of flowers,<br />

plants, or grasses, as vernal Croats^ cyclamen^<br />

gentian^ sandwort, sedge, squill^ etc. (see quots.<br />

and cf. Spring sb^ 'j c a).<br />

1778 Encycl, Brit. (ed. 2) III. 2311 The varieties of the<br />

*vernal crocus are, the small and large [etc.]. x88a Garden<br />

i3 Mar. 188/3 ^h^ common Vernal Crocus, .issopredomin*<br />

ant among spring flowers, 1735 Fam. Diet. s. v. Cyclamen^<br />

Our Botanists reckon upon several Sorts of this Plant, .as<br />

the *Vernal one ; . . another white Vernal single, and the<br />

small Purple Cyclamen. 1728 R. Bradley Diet. Bot., Geniianella<br />

minor Verna, the smaller *Vernal Gentian. 1796<br />

Withering Brit. Plants {tdi. 3) II. 282, 1 thought it possible<br />

that the vernal dwarf Gentian . . might be our plant. i88a<br />

Garden 18 Nov, 442/3 The lovely Vernal Gentian. 1753<br />

Chambers* Cycl, Suppl. s.v. Orobus^ The *vernal, wood<br />

orobus, with a pale red flower. 1731 Miller Gard, Diet.<br />

s.v. OrobnSy *Vernal Purple-Wood Bitter- Vetch. 1848<br />

Johns IVeek at Lizard 303 Arenaria verna, variety<br />

Gerardi, *Vernal Sandwort, is a small plant with numerous<br />

needle-like leaves, and star-like flowers of the most dazzling<br />

white. 1859 Miss Pratt Brit. Grasses 39 Order. Cyperaceae.<br />

..*Vernal Sedge, ..A humble plant from 3-8 inches<br />

high. 1796 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 13 Veronica<br />

verna... *\exnsX Speedwell. 1855 Miss Pratt Fio^uer. PI.<br />

IV. 102 Vernal Speedwell. ..This very rare Speedwell, .has<br />

..pale blue flowers. 1796 Withering Brit. PL II. 338<br />

Scilla verna... *Vexn3.\ Squill. [Grows in] meadows and<br />

pastures. 183a Johnston in Proc. Berw, Nat. <strong>Club</strong> I. 10<br />

It was.. believed that the vernal squill was peculiar to the<br />

western coasts of England. 1796 Withering Brit. Fl, I!<br />

5 Callitriche verna.. ,*Vernal Stargrass. Water Starwort.<br />

Water Fennel. 1855 Miss Pratt Flower. PI. II. 396 Callitriche<br />

verna. *Vernal Water Starwort.<br />

c. Vernal grass^ one of the grasses commonly<br />

cultivated for hay,<br />

i^6a B. Stillingfleet Misc. Tracts {1791) 38a, I saw this<br />

spring a meadow not far from Hampstead.. with someof the<br />

vernal grass and the corn brome grass. 1765 Museum Rust.<br />

IV, 428 The vernal, or spring grass, we find in the class<br />

Diandria Digynia. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 208<br />

The meadow fescue.. and the sweet scented vernal grass<br />

(anthoxanthum odoratum>. i8oa Med. Jml. VIII. 477 The<br />

vernal grass {Antlioxanthut/i odoratum, L.) which is frequentljj<br />

met with in hay. 1857 Miller Elem. Chem., Org.<br />

489 This substance [i.e. coumarinj is found.. in the sweet<br />

scented vernal grass, to which much of the fragrance of hay<br />

is owing.<br />

d. Sown in the spring.<br />

179a .\. Young Trazu France 331 They sow here a vernal<br />

rye, which is a true spring corn, that will not succeed if<br />

sown in autumn,<br />

4. Comb., as vernal-bearded^ -seeming, 'tinctured<br />

adjs,<br />

1744 Akenside Pleas. Iiuag. 11. 104 The melting rainbow's<br />

vernal-tinctured hues. 1857 Whittier Last IValk<br />

Autumn 'w't PiXiA that the vernal-seeming breeze Mocked<br />

faded grass and leafless trees. 1874 L. Morris Old Maytide<br />

iii, <strong>Here</strong> be stalwart youths and lissome, honest-eyed and<br />

vernal bearded.<br />

5. ellipt. OT ^"i sb. fa. The vernal season ; the<br />

spring. Obs.~^,<br />

1654 E. Johnson IVonder'Work. Provid. 106 The vernall<br />

of the yeare 1637. being now in his prime.<br />

b. = Vernal grass (see 3 c above).<br />

1771 Young Farjtier's Tour East Eng. II. 256 The grass<br />

has consisted chiefly of the holchus, .,a little meadow fox<br />

tail, and great poa:.,it is remarkable that no vernal has<br />

appeared. 1834 Brit. Husb. I, 514 Anthoxanthum odoraturn,<br />

or sweet-scented vernal, is one of the earliest of our<br />

grasses. 1908 Animal Manogem. 114 The aroma of good<br />

hay is due to the aromatic grasses contained in it, Sweet<br />

Vernal being the variety which is mainly responsible.<br />

C. //. Seeds of vernal grass. rare~^,<br />

17S4 Trans. Soc, Arts II. 60 Mix the Vernals and Hay<br />

seeds together.<br />

Hence Terually adv. rare.<br />

jjzy Bailey (vol. II), Vemally, according to or in the<br />

Spring of the Year. x^8 Ainger Let. in Sichel /,yt (1906)<br />

xiii. 235 He thinks the Tweens are also vernally cleaning<br />

themselves.<br />

Verna "lity, rare. [f. Vernal a. + -ity.]<br />

f 1, The 'spring-time' i?/" something. Obs.<br />

1639 Wotton in Relig. (1672) 477, I was then surprized<br />

with an advertisement from Court, of the death of . . my<br />

dear nephew, in the vernality (as I may term it) of his<br />

employments and fortunes.<br />

2. (See quot.)<br />

1896 Agric. Gaz. iB May 470/1 Vernality expresses that<br />

property of rich and shaded pasture land wnicli makes them<br />

a lovely green, with tender and close clustering spring<br />

shoots,<br />

Ve'rnalizef ^- rare. [f. as prec. -i- -ize.] trans.<br />

To render vernal or spring-like.<br />

1830 Erasers Mag. I, 500 By the amenity of their smile<br />

and their dallying jocundity, irradiating and vernalising<br />

whatever that smile and jocundity consecrate by tipping and<br />

touching. 1898 W.Watson Poems, Lines Richmond Park<br />

165 The stored sunlight in your hair and eyes Would<br />

vernalise November, and renew the aged year.<br />

VERNICLE.<br />

t Ve'rnancy, Obsr"^ [See next ami -ANCY.]<br />

The condition or quality of being vemant.<br />

1669 Addr.hope/ulyng. Gentry 0/Eng. t\\^ that expect.s<br />

after a deluge the same vernancy, disposition and order,<br />

the soil was before adorn'd with.<br />

VeTHant, a. Now rare or Obs. Also 5 vernand,<br />

6 veruaunte, varuaunt, [a. OK. vernant<br />

vernal, ad. L. vemant-, vernans, pres. pple. of<br />

vcrndre to flourish, be verdant.]<br />

1. Flourishing or growing in, or as in, spring,<br />

vyolett vernand with<br />

c 1440 York Myst. XXV. 498 Hayll !<br />

swete odoure. 1513 Bkadshavv St. IVetburge 1. 606 A..<br />

plante, Whiche dayly encreased by sufl'eraunce deuyne,<br />

Merueylously growynge in her, fresshe and varnaunt. Ibid.<br />

2808 Whiche tree to this day, endurynge all the yere, By<br />

inyracle is vernaunle, fresshe, green, and clere, \t^ Pilgr.<br />

Per/. (W, de W, 1531) 83 A floure, whan it is fresshe, vernant<br />

& newe, ..is moche delectable & swete. 1567 Tur-<br />

BERViLE Poems no Vernant flowers that appeere To clad<br />

the soile with mantell newe. 1615 Brathwait Strappado,<br />

etc. (1878) 316 The tree sent out her Branches, which did<br />

couer their corps with vernant blossoms. 1667 Milton P.L.<br />

X. 679 Else had the Spring Perpetual smil'd on Earth with<br />

vernant Flours, 1728-30 Thomson Spring 81 The pene.<br />

trative Sun.. sets the steaming Power At large, to wander<br />

o'er the vernant Earth. iS^z Eraser's Mag. XXVI. 80 The<br />

vernant branches feel the breeze, /bid. 82 The cool delicious<br />

shade Of vernant oak.<br />

trans/, and^^. 1607 Brewer Lingua i. i. Aiiijb, Oft<br />

haue L.embelisht my entreatiue phrase With smelling<br />

flowres of vernant Rhetorique, 1615 Brathwait Strappado,<br />

etc. (1878) 317 Let not your vernant bosome so retaine, all<br />

comfort from the oat-pipe of a Swaine. 1661 Bp. Rust<br />

Origen Hf his Opinions 89 The excellencie of the vernant<br />

youth and spring of the renewed world.<br />

b. Freshly green; verdant.<br />

1594 WiLLOBiE Avisa (1880) 97 The flowring hearbes, the<br />

pleasant spring, That deckes the fieldes with vernant hew.<br />

i6ai Brathwait Nat. Embassie 3 Should I not.. garnish<br />

her with Flora's vernant hue ?<br />

2. Pertaining to the spring ; vernal.<br />

1654 Gavton Pleas. Notes iv. 211 The Trees, .were so<br />

closely interwoven, that the vernant and asstivall Sunne<br />

beames could not pierce their rare imbroydery.<br />

3. Of or forming the * spring-time * of life.<br />

1794 W. RoBEitTs Looker-on III. 381 The green platform<br />

of our vernant years.<br />

+ VeTnate, v. Obs."-^ [f. L. verndt-, ppl. stem<br />

of vcrndre (see prec.).] intr. (See quot.)<br />

16*3 CocKERAM I, Vernate, to wax young againe.<br />

Vernation (vam^'Jan). [In sense i ad, mod.L.<br />

verndtio (Linnieus), f. L. verndre : see Vebnant<br />

a. (So F. vernation.) In sense 2 directly f. L.<br />

verndt', ppl. stem of vemdreJ]<br />

1, Bot. The arrangement or formation of the<br />

leaves of plants or fronds of ferns in the bud ; the<br />

manner in which the rudimentary or unexpanded<br />

leaves are disposed prefoliation.<br />

;<br />

1793 Martyn Lang. Bot., Foliatio, foliation, vernation,<br />

or leafing, i8a9 Lindlev Syn. Brit. Flora 88 Prunus,<br />

vernation convolute, /bid., Cerasus, vernation conduplicate.<br />

1830 — Nat. Syst. Bot. 157 The vernation of<br />

both the calyx and petals. 1857 P, H. Gosse Omphalos 131<br />

The green and leafy arches were once coiled up in a<br />

circinate vernation, 188a Vines Sachs* Bot. 428 The leaves<br />

of Ferns are usually characterised by a circinate vernation.<br />

2. Vegetable growth or development, as characteristic<br />

of the spring, rare or Obs.<br />

i8a7 Steuart /Planter's G. (1828) 320 The season of<br />

vernation erelong will come on, the leaves will be enlarged,<br />

and assume a far deeper and more lively green. 1867 A* L.<br />

Adams IVand. Nat. /ndia 68 From the earliest appearance<br />

of Vernation in March up to the end of May.<br />

Verne, obs. var. Fekn sb."^ (windlass).<br />

f Verne, obs. var. ume Run v.<br />

a IMS MS. Rawl. B, 320 fol. 32 J>at alle ben certein in<br />

euenche contreie f>at te foreseide peine sal verne [F. curra\<br />

grefiiche.<br />

Vemeuk (vaanz/k), V. S. African slang. Also<br />

vinook. [ad. Cape Du. verneuken (also in W,<br />

Flem., with variant tv/-w«>^^«/).] trans. To cheat,<br />

humbug, swindle.<br />

1871 Cape Mont/tly Mag. III. 46 (Pettman), How Hendrick<br />

enjoyed verneuking the Boer. 1905 D. Blackburn<br />

R. Hartley, Prospector xiii, So you have verneuked me?<br />

1009 R. CuLLUM Compact xviii. 213 He has vinooked the<br />

Kaffir chiefs into granting large concessions.<br />

Hence Verneu'ker. Also Verneu'kering' vbl.<br />

sb., Yerneu'kery [a. Cape Du. vemciU'cn'c.']<br />

1896 in IVestm. Gaz. 4 July 8/1 But we women of South<br />

Africa despise such maudlin verneukery. 1900 Sir J.<br />

Robinson Li/e Time S. A/rica vii. 185 Hence arose the<br />

practice of * verneukering '—by which buyer and seller each<br />

sought to get the better of the other. 1905 D. Blackburn<br />

R. Hartley xiii, Do you take me for a Boer verneuker ?<br />

Vernice, obs. form of Varni3H sb.'^<br />

Vernicle (va-mik*!). Forms : a, 4, 8-9 vernicle,<br />

4 fernyclo, 4-6 vernycle. 3. 5 vernacul(l,<br />

-cule,<br />

6 varnacle.<br />

vernakill, -kylle, 5-9 vernacle,<br />

[a. AF. and OF. vernicle, = OF.<br />

veron{n)icle, varr. of veronique, ad. med.L. veronica<br />

the sudarium of St. Veronica : see Veeonica '^<br />

and cf. Veronicle, Vebonique. On the change<br />

of -ique to -icle see the note to Chbonicle sb^<br />

1. The picture or representation of the face of<br />

Christ said to be impressed upon the handkerchief<br />

or sudarium of St. Veronica (see 2); any similar<br />

picture of Christ's face, esp, one engraved, painted,


VERNICOSE. 139 VEERE.<br />

or worked upon a vessel, garment, ornament, etc.,<br />

used for religious or devotional purposes ; an ornament<br />

or token bearing this as worn by pilgrims.<br />

a. 136a Langl, p. Pi. A. VI. 14 Moni Cros on his cloke<br />

and kei^es of Rome, And Jw vernicle [C. fernycle] bi-fore<br />

for men schulde him knowe. ^ 1386 Chaucer ProL 685<br />

Swiche glarynge eyen hadde he as an hare, A vernycle<br />

hadde he sowed vp on his cappe, 1467 Paston Lett. Suppl.<br />

1 1 1 Sly master gaff her a gret sygnnet of goolde with the<br />

vernycle. 17*6 Bailev (ed. 3). i8»S Fosbrokb Encyd.<br />

Antiq. (1843) II. 805 The Vernicle, or Veronique,..or face<br />

of Christ, miraculously impressed upon a handkerchief.<br />

1853 Rock Ch. of Fathers \\\. x. 438 A medal stamped<br />

with the vernicle showed the pilgrim* had visited Rome.<br />

1901 Athenxum 27 July 131/3 The vernicle, or face of our<br />

Lord, appears in the centre of the paten.<br />

&. 1x1400 Le^. Rood{iS-ji) 170O vernaculetz/.r. vernacul],<br />

i honoure him and the, pat ^e made (wrow his preuite.<br />

£1450 in Maiti. Ciub Misc. III. 204 Item a tabill of the<br />

vernakill in thevestre. 1473 It^iii o/Be/aske {Somerset Ho.),<br />

My newe chalice with a patent of siluer, the crucifix in the<br />

foote of the same chalice gilt and the vernacle upon the<br />

same patent gilt. 1516 in/i ofGrene (ibid.), Lytle masser of<br />

syluer and gylt with the vernacles bed in the bothom. 1536<br />

in E. Ledwich Antiq. Sarisb. (1771) 202_ A cope of Green<br />

cloth of gold, with a goodly Orphery, having in the Morse a<br />

Vernacle. 1534 in Peacock Eng. Ch. Furniture (1866J 196<br />

Item a Masar with a sengle band with a prynt of the vernacle<br />

in the bothom. i7»i Bailkv. 1849 Rock Ch. 0/<br />

Fathers i. iii. I. 253 A large conve.x piece of fine crystal,<br />

-showing beneath it the vernacle or face of our divine<br />

Redeemer. 1901 E. Hoskins Horae B. Marix Virg. 125<br />

ttr. text of 1510), The pope John the xxii. .hath granted<br />

unto all them that devoutly say this prayer beholdmg the<br />

glorious visage or vernacle of our Lord v thousand days of<br />

pardon. Ibid. 127 A devout orison to the blessed vernacle<br />

of our Lord.<br />

2. The cloth or kerchief, alleged to have belonged<br />

to St. Veronica, with which, according to<br />

legend, the face of Christ was wiped on the way<br />

to Calvary, and upon which His features were<br />

miraculously impressed.<br />

This cloth IS iJreserved at St. Peter's, Rome, and is<br />

venerated as a relic.<br />

a 1400 Stac. Rome 59 Whon l?e vernicle schewed is, Gret<br />

pardoun forsot>e her is. 1517 Torkingtom Pilgr. (1884) 33<br />

We cam to the howse of Veronica,, .wher as our biyssyd<br />

Savyor impressyd the >-mage of hys Face in byr wymple<br />

whiche ys at Rome. And it ys callyd tber the Vernacle.<br />

15J6 Piigr. Per/. (W. dc W. 1531)304 Y« blessed relyke the<br />

Vernacle, whiche is the very similitude & imprynte of thy<br />

blcs«d & gloryous vysage. 1581 J. ]^v.\.\. Haddon's A ns^v.<br />

Osor. 460 The Vernycle wherewith Christen face was wyped<br />

is shewed in S. Peters Church at Rome, a 1648 Ld. Herbkrt<br />

Hen, V'lll (1683) 625 He would ask leave to see the Vernacle;<br />

which he said, was the picture of Christ given to<br />

Women by himself as be went to death. 1^7 W. Hughes<br />

Man of Sin It. iii. 51 A large Handkerchief, or Towel,.,<br />

whereunto, with many others, they put up this devout<br />

Orizon : namely, to the Holy Vernacle, as they christen it.<br />

Ibid. 52 The most holy Face, .Imprinted on a Snow-white<br />

Cloth by th' Power above. And on the Vernacle bestow'd, as<br />

Pledge of Love. 1845 J. Saunoeks Cabinet Pict. Eng.<br />

Life. Cftaucer 14 Thus originated the Sudarium or holy<br />

kerchief—the Veronica—and, by corruption, the vernicle,<br />

Vernioo-se, a. BoL ran-'^. [ad. mod.L.<br />

vernuos'USy f. med.L. vcrnic-ium Varnish j*.']<br />

'Covered<br />

1866).<br />

with a natural varnish ' (TV^OJ. ^(»^,<br />

Vernier (vauniai). [From the name of the<br />

inventor, Paul P'ernier (1580-1637), a French<br />

mathematician, who described it in a tract on the<br />

Quadraftt Nouveau de Maikimatiques published<br />

in 1631.]<br />

1. A device, consisting of a short movable scale,<br />

by which more minute measurements may be<br />

readily obtained from the divisions of the graduated<br />

scale of astronomical, sur\*eying, or other<br />

mathematical instruments to which it is attached.<br />

Sometimes erroneously cajled a Nonius (q.v.).<br />

1766 Instruct, for Hadley's Quadrant 17 A scale of<br />

divisions graduated on the chamfered edge or sloped side<br />

of the index, which scale i-s called the vernier. 1774 M.<br />

Mackenzie Maritime S/trv, 28 It would likewise be an<br />

Advantage if the Vernier was made to ^ive every* Minute of<br />

a Degree, in place of four or five, as in most Theodolites.<br />

1798 P/u'I. Trans. LXXXVIIL 473 Another small slip of<br />

ivory is placed at each end of the arm, serving as a vernier,<br />

and subdividing these divisions into five parts. 18x5 J. Smith<br />

Panoranta Set. ^ Art II. 26 The scale of variation is<br />

furnished with an instrument called a vernier or nonius,<br />

1856 Kane Arct. Expior. I. xiii. 144 Though I had much<br />

clear weather we barely succeeded by magnifiert in reading<br />

the verniers. 1888 Rutley Rock- Forming Min, 18 For<br />

very exact work, the circle may be divided to half degrees,<br />

and a \-emier may be employed.<br />

2. attrib, and Como., as vernur circle^ division^<br />

pitce^platey scale, etc.<br />

PsX-^ with the names of instruments or tools having a<br />

vernier -scale or attachment, as vernier caliper^ compass^<br />

transit (Knight Diet. Mech.).<br />

17W Encyct. Brit.(cd.^) II. 587/2 The first divbionof the<br />

vernier piece marked 15. 1797 Ibid. XVUL644/1 l^emicr<br />

scale^ a scale excellently adapted for the graduation of<br />

mathematical instruments. 1843 Penny Cyiri XXVI. 267/1<br />

In order to read off the hundredths of an inch which the<br />

vernier zero advances beyond any tenth in the scale, we<br />

have merely to see what vernier division comes nearest to a<br />

division of the scale. i86a Catal, Internat. Exhib.^ Brit.<br />

11. No. 2947, The vernier plate is carried on four arms, and<br />

a diagonal brace. Ibid.^ 1 he horizontal limb, vernier circle,<br />

&c. 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 925/2 Vernier Scale<br />

tight {Rijfe)^ a hind sight with a vernier scale for accurate<br />

adjustment. 1884 F. J. Britten Hootch ^ Clockm, 148 To<br />

I<br />

; a<br />

the bottom of ihe itock of a Vernier slide guage he attaches<br />

spring.<br />

+ Ve'rnile, «. Obs. rare. Also 7 verniU. [ad.<br />

L. vcrntliSf f. vcrna a home-born slave.]<br />

slavish.<br />

Servile,<br />

1623 Cockeram 1, Vcmill^ slauish. 17*7 Bailey. 1843<br />

De Quiscv in Blackiv, Mag. LIV. 60 This scandal of<br />

Roman society was not.. a pure product, from the vernile<br />

scurrility of which we hear so much in Roman writers.<br />

t Venii"lity, Obs. [ad. L. vcyniiitds, f. vernllis<br />

: see preo. and -!ty.] Servility, slavishness.<br />

1623 CocKEKAM I, Verniiitie, slauery. 1656 Blount<br />

Ciossogr.^ V'ernilityy flattering, servile or slavish behavior.<br />

1665 Evelyn Let. to Sir P. Wyche 20 June, I conceive the<br />

reason both of additions to and the corruption of the<br />

English language .. has proceeded from .. affectation of<br />

travellers,,, vernility & mincing of citizens, pulpits, political<br />

remonstrances, . . &c. 1788 H. Clarke Sch, Candidates<br />

(1877) 9 Oh, the stupidity and vernility of mankind, that<br />

there should be permitted such an abuse of power in the<br />

world, as either a public or -domestic Gynecocracy<br />

Vemish, obs. form of Varnish sb.^ atidz'.<br />

Vernix. II Obs, rare. [med.L. : see Varnish<br />

shy\ Varnish.<br />

1573 Art of Limniing 9 To make a kynde of colouring<br />

called Vernix wherewith you may vernishe golde, siluer, or<br />

any other colour or payntinges.<br />

t Vernon, error for Vernal a. Obs.<br />

1658 R. FRANCKiVi7r//(. Mem. (1694) 1 The Vernon Ingress<br />

smil'd a Blessing, when she sent the melodious Harmony of<br />

Birds to melt the Air. Ibid. 127 The Race of Salmon,<br />

especially the Female in the Vernon ^Equinox, is for the<br />

most part.. casting against the rapid Streams.<br />

VernysouJi, Sc. form of Wabnison Obs.<br />

f Ve'rol. Obs, rare. Also 7 veroU. [a. F.<br />

virole, doublet of variolc Variola.]<br />

1. French pox ; syphilis.<br />

1596 Harisgton Metam.Ajax ProL Bj, He met a french<br />

Surgeon. .y' cured him both of that and the Verol, y' he<br />

had before in his priorums.<br />

2. (See quot.) rare-^,<br />

1688 R. Holme Armoury 11. 238/1 The Veroll, the Web,<br />

are two Diseases in the eyes of Hawks, some call them the<br />

Pynne ; they do proceed from Rume,<br />

So" t Verola [of. Cat. verola\. - prec. i. Obs,"^<br />

1600 Breton PasquiVs Passe


VERKEL.<br />

an hede of verre Fro caste of stonys ware h>-m in the^werre.<br />

a 1400-50 AUjcaii4iir43$i Make we na vcssall of virrc ne<br />

of na dere siluir. 14.. Lvdg. Lt/e Vifxtit {MS. Antii].<br />

Soc IJ4) fol. 14 (HaJliw.), In alle the erthe y-halowid ami<br />

y-holdc. In a closet more clere than verre or glas. t" 1440<br />

Promf. Parv. 50S. 2 Verre, glasse, vitruiit,<br />

2. A vessel made of glass, esp. a drinking-vessel<br />

a glass.<br />

138a WvcLiF Prm. xxii!. 51 Ne beholde thou the win.<br />

whan it floureth, whan shal shine in the verr ihe colour<br />

of.it [1388 the colour therof schyneth in a ver]. c 1400<br />

Maundev. (1839) iv. 3a It isalle fuUeof Uravclle,..of the<br />

which Men maken fair Verres and clere. c 1410 Master 0/<br />

Game (MS. Digby 182) xii, Putte it in )>e houndes t>rote lie<br />

moununce of a verre full, a 1450 Knt. de la Tour 37 Slie .<br />

Icpte upon the borde,. .and brake the verres, and spilt all<br />

that there was on the borde. \^tAcc. Lit. High Treas.<br />

Sci>tHi9oi)y^-75 For iiij verris with thair caceis, .. price<br />

of the pece vj. s.<br />

Verre, ME. var. Far a. and aJv. ; obs. i. Veuv.<br />

Verrei;ily, etc., obs. ff. Very, Verily cuiv.<br />

Ve'trel, si. 06s. exc. dia/. Forms : 5 verelle,<br />

7 verrill, 8 verril, 8-9 verrel, 9 verel, verrsll.<br />

[ad. OK. virtlle, virol (mod.F. virole) : see Fek-<br />

BULE sb. and Vjrl rf.] A ferrule.<br />

1483 Cath. Angl. 400/2 A verelle of a knyflfe, spirttla.<br />

th' yron band or hoope that<br />

1611 CoTGR., FretCy a Verrill ;<br />

keeps a wooden toole from riutng, Ibid.^ Tourillon^ an<br />

inner Verrill ; the roundplate of yron whereby a peece of<br />

wood, often turned on, is presented from wearing. 1706<br />

Phillips (ed. Kersey), Verrel or Verril-, a little Brass or<br />

Iron-ring, at the small end of a Cane, or Handle of a Toot,<br />

&c. 1773 Phil. Trans. LXIII, 418, I cover this part of the<br />

tube with a brass verrel. 1807 Vancouver Agric. Devon<br />

(1813) 120 On the upperend of this spar is fixed a stout ring<br />

or verrelf. i8a8 Carr Craven Gloss., Verel, . .a small iron<br />

hoop.<br />

+ V e'rrel, v. 0/is.~^ In 5 virell, vyrell. [ad.<br />

OF. virekr, viroler.'\ trans.<br />

ferrule ; = Ferrule v.<br />

To furnish with a<br />

a 1450 Fisliing iv. Angle (1883) 8 pen virell \v.r. vyrell] J>e<br />

staff wel at bothe endys with hopy[s] of yren.<br />

Verrelay, obs. f. Virelat. Verrelle, -ly,<br />

obs. ff. Vekily. Verreinent, var. Verament<br />

adv. Verren, ME. var. Ferren adv. and a.<br />

tVe'rrer. Obs.~^ In 5 verrour. [ad. AF.<br />

verrcr{\yxi}, = OF. (and mod.F.) verrier (1265<br />

in Godef.), f, verre Vebre.] A worker in glass ;<br />

a glazier.<br />

1415 in York lilyst. p. xxvi, Sellers, Verrours, Fuystours.<br />

verret, dial. f. Ferret jA.i Verrey, obs. f.<br />

Veby ; obs. Sc. f. Worry v. Verreyli, -liohe,<br />

-ly, obs. ff. Verily adv. Verreyment, var.<br />

Vebiment Obs. Verri, southern ME. var. Far<br />

V. ; obs. f. Very a. and adv.<br />

t Verri 'Cular, a. Obs.—^ [ad. mod.L. verri-<br />

(uliiris, f. L. verrkitlum ^'EEBICULE.] Resembling<br />

a net in form or construction (see qiiot.).<br />

1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Verricular Titnick (in Anat.),<br />

a Coat of the Eye, the same with Atnphiblestroides. [After<br />

Blancants Phys. Diet. (1693).]<br />

Verri'CUlate, a. Ent. [ad. mod.L. vcrricuUil-<br />

us, f. L. verrkulum : see next.] (See quot.)<br />

j8a6 KiRBV & Sp. Entotnol. IV. xlvi. 277 Verriculate,..<br />

having one or more verricules.<br />

VeTlicule. Eut. [ad. L. verruttl-um a dragnet,<br />

seine, f. verr^re to sweep, etc] (See quot.)<br />

i8a6 KiRBY & Sp. Entomol. IV. xlvi. 277 Verricnle,. .s.<br />

thick-set tuft of parallel hairs.<br />

Verrie, obs. form of Very.<br />

t Verril, obs. variant oivervil Varvel.<br />

ciMs God Speed the Plow 23 in Ro.-cb. Ball. (1S89) VI.<br />

524 When the Hauk on his fist doth stand. His houd and<br />

his verril's brave, and other things we have. Which yeelds !<br />

joy to a Serving-man. !<br />

Verrili, -ly, obs. ff. Verily adv. Verrlnus,<br />

140<br />

Verrucated, «. Conch. Also 8 veruccated.<br />

[f. mod.L, verrftcdi-uSj f. L. verruca Vekkuca +<br />

-EU 1.]<br />

growths.<br />

Having or covered with verrucic or warty<br />

a 1728 Woodward Fossils (1729) I. 11. 33 This small Shell<br />

lias Stripes of brown, very thick, running parallel with the<br />

Volute. . . Two<br />

veruccated. 1819 Samouelle Entomol.<br />

Compemi, 88 Verrucated shell [of a crab].<br />

Vermel-, combining form, on L. models, of<br />

].. verruca Vkrkuca, occurring in a few terms in<br />

Bio!, and Bot.^ as Verraci'ferons a., of a zoophyte<br />

: bearing verruca,"; Verru'ciform «., wartshaped.<br />

VetTucxform adj. (= prec.) occurs in Henslow Diet. Bot.<br />

Tcriits (1856J s.v.<br />

1833 Hooker in Smith Eng. FioraW. i. \yz Apothecia<br />

verruciform. 1B46 Dana Zooph. (1848) 506 Corallum with<br />

deep immersed cells, interstices verruciferous, verrucie convex.<br />

Ibid. 525 Summit branchlets verruciform.<br />

VerruCOSe (ver«kJu*s), a. [ad. L. verrucosus,<br />

f. verruca \'erkuca.]<br />

1. Covered or furnished with, full of, verrucrc or<br />

wart-like excrescences or growths. Now A^«/. Hist.<br />

and Path,<br />

x686 Plot Staffordsh. 181 A verrucose stone found near<br />

a petrifying Spring. 1721 Bailey, Ferrucose, Full of<br />

Warts. 1826 KiHUY & Sp. E/ttof/wt. IV. xlvi. 273 Verrucose,<br />

.. bavins; several verruca. 1828 Stahk Elcni. Nat, Hist.<br />

II. 68 Tritonia Hombergii. . . Body oblong, subtetragonous,<br />

\errucose above. 1846 Dana Zooplt. (1848) 527 Branches<br />

rather stout, ..verrucose. 1883 Le Conte & G. H. Horn<br />

Classif. Coleoptera N. Amer. 242 Head roughly granulate,<br />

orverrucose. x^^AUbuifs Syst. Med. VIII. 816 The skin<br />

is covered by epicfermis, in some parts thin and delicate, in<br />

others thick, horny, and verrucose.<br />

Jig. 1823 Biackw. Mag. XIV. 311 What designation could<br />

be more apt to mark the scurvy, verrucose, uneven,.. and<br />

repulsive style of this man ?<br />

2. Bot. Studded with small warty swellings or<br />

protuberances ; tubercular.<br />

i8oz R. Hall Did. Bot. Terms 194 Verrucose,. .wsaty.<br />

x82i W. P. C. Barton Flora N. Amer. I. 79 Seeds numerous,<br />

small, ova!, verrucose, yellowish. 1874 Cooke Fungi 77<br />

The sporidia in many cases are large, reticulated, echinulate<br />

or verrucose, and mostly somewhat globose. 1887 W.<br />

Phillips Brit. Discoviycetcs 292 The verrucose epispore<br />

distinguishes this from its congeners.<br />

Hence Vermco'seness, * fulness of warts '.<br />

1727 Eailkv (vol. II).<br />

VerrnCOUS (ver/rkss), a. [ad.lj.verrucos-us,<br />

f. verruca Verruca : cf. prec. So OF. vcrrucueux<br />

veruqueuXj mod.F, verruqueux, -euse.]<br />

1. — Verrucose a. r and 2. rare,<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr. (following Cooper), Verrucous, full<br />

of warts, hillocks or knaps. 1658 Phillips, Verrucous,<br />

full of warts or little excrescences of the flesh. (Similarly<br />

in Chambers Cyci. (1728).] 1828-32 Webstkr s.v., A verrucous<br />

capsule.<br />

2. path. Of the nature of a wart or warts ;<br />

characterized by the formation of warts.<br />

1728 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Verruca, Verrucous is applied<br />

to any E.vcresceiicies which have a resemblance to Warts.<br />

184^52 Todds C^ci. Anat. IV. 11. 1262/^2 The urethra is<br />

sometimes occupied by verrucous vegetations, the result of<br />

gonorrhoea. 1876 Duhring Dis. Skin 165 In thickened,.,<br />

localized patches of eczema a peculiar warty, verrucous<br />

condition at times shows itself. 1900 Hutchinson's Arch.<br />

Surg. XI. 223 They are of the kind known as the Verrucous<br />

nsevus.<br />

Vermcnlose (ver«ki«l^u's), a. [ad. mod.L.<br />

verruculoS'Us yi. L. verrucula, dim. oiverrUca Verruca.]<br />

Covered with small verrucas or warts.<br />

1846 X^MiK Zooph. (1848) 656 A series of granules.. range<br />

along each side of the medial space, as if the surface were<br />

minutely verruculose. 1866 Treas. Bot. 121 1/2.<br />

II Verruga<br />

(ver«-ga). Path. [Sp. (also Pg.<br />

and Prov.) verruga wart :— L. verruca Verruca.]<br />

A febrile disease endemic in Peru and character-<br />

var. Verinas Obs. Verritie, obs. Sc. f. Verity. ! ized by warty eruptions or tumours on the skin<br />

Verrore, southern ME. var./ar?-f>- Far a. Ver- Peruvian wart. Also in pi. verrugas.<br />

j<br />

rour, var. Vbrreb Obs. ; var. werrour Warreh. \a 1883 V\CGK Princ. \<br />

ON Gen. Counting-ho. 3 It may be known<br />

..by any person versant in accounts, what sums are due.<br />

1777 Boswell in Johnson 18 Sept., 'I'hat is owing to his<br />

bemg so much versant in old English poetry. 1789 Phil.<br />

Trans. LXXIX. 107 Wfaoisperfectly versant in the method<br />

of breeding the insect. 1805 T. Harral Scenes of Life 11.<br />

113 This gentleman.. was completely versant in the grammatical<br />

niceties. .of the language. 1842 Syd. Smith Wks.<br />

(1850) 669 These excellent directors, versant in wood and<br />

metal. 1870 Burton /^n/. ^V(J^ lxxii.(i873) VI. 312 Persoub<br />

versant in the history of Scotland.<br />

b. Conversant, familiar, or intimately acquainted<br />

ivil/i a subject or person.<br />

1787 J. Howie in Refortuation Princ. Re-exhib., etc. 151<br />

The Author,, .being mostly versant with country-people,<br />

labours to speak and write in the vulgar dialect. 1822 Syd.<br />

Smith U'ks. (1850) 351 A man not ver.sant with courts of<br />

justice will not believe it. 1S31& Eraser's Mag. XIII. 289<br />

Mr, Puff, .bad become versant with all the private affairs of<br />

all the boroughs. 1877 ' H. A. Page ' De Quincey II. xvj. 30<br />

A shepherd, .who was versant with all the approaching<br />

changes of the weather,<br />

3. Conch. Turning or curling over.<br />

1839 Penny Cyd. XIV. 321/1 Family Columellida:... Shell<br />

without a canal, but having the base of its aperture notched<br />

or versant, and the whorls of the spire large.


VERSATE.<br />

4. Her. (.See quot.) rarer-".<br />

c i8a8 Berrv Encycl. Her. I. Gloss., Versanti the same as<br />

rcjUvant, called also sursuanti and implies erected, or<br />

elevated.<br />

Ve'rsate, v. rarr-^. [f. L. versa/-, ppl. stem<br />

of versdre : see Versk z".'-] irans. To turn about.<br />

1887 .Va/. A^^rc. 17 Sept. 405 \n edition which we can really<br />

versate in the . . hand without causing the .said hand to droop<br />

and ache.<br />

Versatile (vs-jsatail, va-JsatiU, a. Also 7<br />

versatle, versatil, varsatile. [a. F. versatile<br />

(i6th c, = It. versatile, Sp., Pg. versatil), or ad. L.<br />

versdtilis, f. versare \ see VEKSE7/.2]<br />

I. 1. Marked or characterized by changeability<br />

or inconstancy ; subject to change or flnctuation<br />

variable, changeable.<br />

X605 Bacon Adv. Learn, i. iii. § 6. 15 It is rather the<br />

reuerence which many times both aduerse parts doe giue to<br />

honestie, than any versatile aduantage of their owne carriage.<br />

1659 Quxries on Pri^posalts 0/ Oncers 0/ A rmie to<br />

t'arlt. 4 To mold the versatle hypocrisy "of his depraved<br />

mind. t6b^GLKji\-\n.Sccpsis Sci.xwi. i6i Those versatile<br />

representations in the neck of a Dove. i68a Bubnet Rights<br />

0/ Princes Pref. 36 He also observes the Varsatile Temper of<br />

the Jesuits. 1791 Burke Let. to Member 0/Nat, Assenit).<br />

_Wks. 1842 1. 482 The versatile tenderness which marks the<br />

irregular and capricious feelings of the populace. 1798<br />

Grant Surv. Prov. Moray 279 The number of scholar.s<br />

vibrates from 20 to 90 ; but from the versatile state of the<br />

establishment, it is not possible that [etc.]. 1801 Farmer's<br />

Mag. Jan. 67 Our author, .is of such a versatile disposition,<br />

that., he states [etc.]. 1853 Y^K^iLGrinnelt Exp. ix. (1856) 67<br />

The things were there half an hour ago. I saw them, capricious,<br />

versatile, fuU of forms, but bright and definite as tlie<br />

pha^ies of sober life.<br />

Comb. 1850 Thackeray Pendennis Ixiii, For at one instant<br />

to hate and defy a man,. .and at the next to be. .friendly<br />

with him, was not an unusual process with our versatileminded<br />

Baronet.<br />

satile wit, and in composure of his speech a difficult adversary.<br />

i6«7 Sprat Hist. Royal Soc. 18 Disputing is a very<br />

good instrument, to sharpen mens wit.s, and to make them<br />

versatil. 1791 Cowper Odyssey I. 2 Make the man thy<br />

theme, for shrewdness famed And genius versatile. 1796<br />

H. Hunter tr. St-fierre's Stnd. Nat. Uigg) H. 290 What<br />

then is that versatile faculty, called reason 1 a i8a8 H.<br />

Neele Lit. Kent. 19 Chaucer's genius was vast, versatile<br />

and original. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. I. 158 A multitude<br />

of other subjects, with which his versatile ability made him<br />

conversant. 1874 Green Short Hist. i. j 6 (1876) 52 His '<br />

nature was sunny, versatile, artistic.<br />

trans/. 1791 Newte Tour Eng. S; Scot. 171 The physical<br />

as well as the moral nature of man is extremely versatile,<br />

and accommodating to circumstances. l9o\ Lusignan IV. I<br />

152 .\bsorbed in meditations and versatile reflections, he<br />

wandered, unconscious of the progress of time.<br />

3. Of persons : Turning easily or readily from<br />

one subject or occupation to another; having an<br />

aptitude or faculty for fresh pursuits<br />

showing facility in varied subjects ;<br />

or tasks;<br />

many-sided.<br />

1761-71 H. Walpole Vertue'sAiucd. Paint. (1786) II. 95 t<br />

In 1665 the versatile Gerbier published a piece he called -<br />

Subsidlum Peregrinantibus. 1815 W. H. Ireland .JcWM/^flmania<br />

213 Of this versatile writer, ah \ what should be<br />

said. 1841 Macaulay Ess., IK Hastings (1851) 634 The<br />

able and versatile Henry Dundas. 1851 Thackeray Eng.<br />

Hum. vi. (1858) 327 The vivid and versatile genius who<br />

has touched on almost every subject of literature. 1874<br />

Stubbs Const. Hist. I, xii. 460 He was an able man of business,<br />

versatile, politic<br />

b. Const, in.<br />

1807 DIsraeli Cur. Lit. (ed- 5) I. 22 An individual, however<br />

versatile and extensive in bis genius, would soon<br />

be exhausted. 184a Miss Mitford in L'Kstrange Li/e<br />

(1870) III. ix. 144 O'Coiinell is versatile in his words and<br />

ways, and the Repeal seems to me incomprehensible. 187a<br />

MiNro Eng. Prose Lit. I. L 58 He is more versatile in the<br />

* pitch ' of his style.<br />

n. 4. Capable of being turned round on, or ,-ts<br />

on, a pivot or hinge; that may be turned different<br />

ways. In later use spec, in Ent. and Oritilh.<br />

1658 Phillips, l^ersatite, apt to be wound or turned any<br />

way. 1671 R. BoHUN WindTi A feather, or other versatil<br />

body. 1678 Phil. Trans. XII. 030 The Eyes resemble a<br />

Lens or Conve* Glass set in a Versatile globular Socket.<br />

1816 KiRBY & ^r. Entouiol. IV. xliii. 172 Some muscle of<br />

this kind must be in Gryllotalpa, and in those that have a '<br />

versatile head. /i/rf. 175 The Head, .is sometimes versa- '<br />

til.. 1840 /'^«)y/ O-c/. XVIII. 306/1 Tarsus [in harbets is)<br />

shorter than the versatile toe. \i^^Qa\>^s N. Amer. Birds<br />

200 Hallux of average length,, .outer toe more or less per-<br />

fectly versatil* (but never permanently reversed). i<br />

b. Bot. Of an anther: Swinging or turning<br />

about freely on a filament to which it is attached. !<br />

i7«o J. Lee Introd. Bot. 111. xxiL (1765) 228 The Anthera<br />

is versatile and incumbent, when it is fastened on at its Side.<br />

1787 Families 0/ Plants I. 254 Anthers oblong,' versatile.<br />

1830 LiNDLEY Nat. Syst. Bot. 47 Their small round and<br />

versatile anthers. 1861 S. Thomson Wild Ft. i. (ed. 4) 65<br />

The filament.. may.. be so attached to some point of the<br />

]<br />

i<br />

'<br />

'<br />

'<br />

'.<br />

I ci^Uy<br />

1<br />

, with<br />

I 3.<br />

i Philip<br />

: action<br />

I Versatility<br />

! (-It.<br />

I 129<br />

I (vol.<br />

I way.<br />

[ fwo<br />

, darkly<br />

i will<br />

I<br />

j<br />

\<br />

I<br />

\ saces,.<br />

141<br />

anther as to allow it to bwiiig loosely, when a versatile<br />

anther is constituted. 1870 Hooker Stud, Fhra. 182 Dip-<br />

.anthers versatile.<br />

c. Of a leaf: Turning either way. rare~^,<br />

1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 335 Populus tremula.. .Leaves<br />

1-4 111., versatile.<br />

Hence Ve-rsatilely adv.^ Ve-rsatileness.<br />

1646 Gaule Cases Come. 130 [A witch] that works not only<br />

and closely, but variously and versatilly, as God<br />

permit [etc.]. 1654 R. Codrington tr. lustine viii.<br />

According to the versatilness of his wit. 1787 Bailev<br />

II), Vcrsattleness, aptness to be turned or wound any<br />

1791 J. Le.\rmont Poems, Mutability of Man 20<br />

Versatileness attends him still; A deep inwoven art Conceals<br />

. the . guile And rancour of his heart. 187a M. Collins<br />

FluHges/or Pearl iv. An intellect so different from<br />

his own—so versatilely fluent, yet passionately obstinate.<br />

(vsjsati-lfti;. [a. F. versatUiU<br />

verstttilith, Sp. venatiitdad, Pg. -idade), or<br />

directly f. prec. + -lTY.]<br />

1. The condition or quality in persons, their conduct,<br />

etc., of being changeable, fickle, or inconstant<br />

; tendency or liability to vary in opinion or<br />

; variableness, inconstancy.<br />

175s Johnson, Versatility, the quality of being versatile.<br />

178a V. Knox Ess. xii. (1819) I. 71 This versatility and duplicity<br />

of the gratide vtonde. 1783 W. Thomson WatsotCs<br />

IIf, V, 324 To his holiness, whom they suspected of<br />

a versatility of character, which might soon lead him to rethey<br />

answered [etc.]. 18x4 JJ'Israkl! Quar.Auth.<br />

(1867) 346 We are apt to condemn their versatility of principles<br />

as arising from di>honest motives. 1849 Macaulay<br />

an example of versatility of character. x866 Felton<br />

Ahc./^ Mod. Gr, I. xii. 231 [Aristophanes] reminds us. .still<br />

ofiener of the splendid versatility of poetical genius.. displayed<br />

by Goethe.<br />

c. //. Features or traits of versatile intellect.<br />

1841 D'IsKAELi Amen. Lit. (1859) II. 123 A voluminous<br />

commentary expounded the morality of the ravishing versatilities<br />

of Ariosto.<br />

Diversity of nature or character; variety of<br />

application, etc.<br />

i8oa Plavfair lUustr. Hutton, The. 339 The Huttonian<br />

system cannot boast of theories of equal versatility. i8aa-7<br />

Good Siuynges. c 1450 Myrr. Our Ladye 1x4<br />

What is vnderstonded by the thre lessons wyth the<br />

Responces & verses folowynge. a 1500 Chaucer's Drente<br />

1806 Many orisones and verses, Withoute note full softely<br />

Said were and that full heartily. 1^8-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com,<br />

Prayer Pref,, Respondes, Verses, vaine repeticions. x6a7<br />

Cosins Corr, (Surtces) I. iii Doth he begin with the Lord's<br />

Prayer ; orderly proceeding with the Verses and Responds.<br />

1657 Sparrow Rationale 29 Then follow the Verses, 'O<br />

Lord open Thou our Lips, And our mouth shall shew forth<br />

thy praise'. 176a Evening.Office of Church (ed. 2) Direct.<br />

3 Then is sung the Hymn with its Verse and Responsory.<br />

1763 Burn Ecct. Lam I. 38 The invitatories,_responsories,<br />

verses, collects, and whatever is said or sung in the quire.<br />

1877 J. D. Chambers Div. Worship 91 The Gradual,<br />

AUeluya, and Responsory and Verses.


VERSE. 142 VERSE.<br />

+ 3. A clause, sentence, or the like ; an article of<br />

the Creed. Obs.<br />

c looo ^LFRic Croiti, 1. (Z.) 201 Se |>ridda hattc distinctto<br />

o^'be /cripdiTS, se belycd J^aet icrs [r.rr. faers, fyrsj. ciooo<br />

•~- Pre/. Genesis (Grein) 23 Eft stynt on Jraere bee on J>am<br />

fonnanferse: Et spiritus deiferebatursupcraquas. CI17S<br />

Lamb. Horn. 75 pet rihte iieue setten t»c twelue apostles on<br />

write,. .& ec of neom wrat iher of his uers^ & sancte peter<br />

wrat J»et erestc Ibid. 77 We habbed bigunnen ou to<br />

se^en on engHsch hwat biquel> J>e crede, _& habbeS ou<br />

is«d twa uers. c 14*5 Wyntoun Cron. v. xL 3495 Sancte<br />

lerome wrat til hym . . (7/e vifte, * LaudateDoniinum in Sanctis ejus';<br />

and in euerichon beod vif vers, c xa9o S. Eng. Leg, I. 34<br />

(He) seide ^os two vers of Jfe sauter. Ibid. 225 [Je foweles<br />

sunge ek here matyns, . . & of )je sauter seide l>e uers. c I3a5<br />

spec. Gy Wanv. 460 Sein Daui seil», if |>u wolt Joke In a<br />

vers of J>e sauter boke [etc.]. 1377 Lancu /*. PL H. xii.<br />

290 l>e glose graunteih vpon t>at vers [Ps. xxiii. 4J a gret<br />

mede to treuthe. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. v. xi. 3508 Of be<br />

psalm>'s distyntly pe la syde sutde J>e fyrst werse say, pc<br />

tol>ir ^ next werse ay Sulde begyn. c 1450 Ke^ule Susiris<br />

Me/iou n'sses {igis) 103 pan t>e quere on ^at one syde s^chal<br />

take his verse, & \>e Quere on l>at oJ>er syde schal take<br />

ano)?er verse [of Ps. H]. 1508 Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. cxxx.<br />

Wks. (1876) 208 It is also profytable for good & ryghtwyse<br />

people ofte to reherse this verse [Ps. cxxx, 1] wherby they<br />

may auoyde thegrete perylles of this wretched worlde. i^a6<br />

Piigr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 163 b, Yf..for ony necessUe,<br />

a psalme scape ony persone, or a lesson, or else y* they<br />

omyt one verse or twayne.<br />

b. One of the sections into which a chapter of<br />

the Bible is divided. Freq. abbreviated as v.<br />

The practice of dividing the chapters of the Bible into<br />

verses, introduced by Stephanus in 1551, was adopted by<br />

Whittingbam in his New Testament (1557) and followed in<br />

the Geneva Bible (1560).<br />

Chapter and verse: see Chapter sb. 10 b.<br />

1560 Bible (Geneva) To Rdr., The argumentes bothe for<br />

the booke and for the chapters with the nombre of the<br />

verse are added. 16^3 Caryl Expos. Job 178 Verse 2 [of<br />

ch. iii]...This verse is only a transition into the matter of<br />

the next. 1678 Butler Hud. in. \\. 1170 One single Red-<br />

Coat Sentinel .. could disperse Whole Troops, with Chapter<br />

rais'd, and Verse. 1685 Baxter Pamphr. N. T. John viii. 3<br />

The last Verse of the foregoing Chapter and the eleven first<br />

Verses of this Chapter. 17*9 Law Serious C, i. 8 That<br />

Religion., is to be found in almost every verse of Scripture.<br />

1818 HoRNE Introd. Script. (1834) 1 1. 75 The verses into<br />

which the New Testament is now divided. 1847 Kitto's<br />

Cycl. Bibl. Lit. II. 909 note^ The twentieth verse of the<br />

tenth chapter of Matthew. 1888 E. Aubot Crit, Ess, xx.<br />

465 The first edition of the New Testament divided into<br />

our present verses was printed by Robert Stephens at<br />

Geneva in 1551.<br />

Cotnb. 185s I. Taylor Resior. Belie/ {iZ$e) 186 A verseby-verse<br />

commentary.<br />

5. A small number of metrical lines so connected<br />

by form or meaning as to constitute either a whole<br />

in themselves or a unit in a longer composition ; a<br />

stanza.<br />

In quots-c 1340 and 1387 applied to elegiac and hexameter<br />

couplets. In later use the pi. is sometimes not clearly distinct<br />

from I b,<br />

ctyASat. Kildare i. in E.E.P. (1862) 153 pis uers is<br />

fill well iwro^t, hit is of wel furre y-bro^t. Ibid, iii, pis uers<br />

is imakid wel of consonans and wowel. c 1340 Hampole Pr.<br />

Consc. 246 Of Kis Saynt Bernard witnes bers And er fra four<br />

wryten in bis vers. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 83 So<br />

hit seme^ pat l>is vers wolde mene |>at Jjese feyned goddes<br />

regnel»..in Chestre. i^z Douglas Pal. Hon. iii. xcii. In<br />

laude of honour I wrait thir versis thre. 1573-80 Uaret<br />

v^Afraws.v., Averse: acbarme: a prophesie, car;//


VERSE.<br />

Students while versing themselves in the classics were [etc.]-<br />

1898 K. F. HoRTON Covtnianiim. yvsus ,\x. 362 This is my<br />

own feeling—a feeling which grows and intensifies the more<br />

I verse myself in His commandments.<br />

the Sine, and b r the Sine complement of the Arch B b : BU<br />

is the versed Sine of the same. 1763 Emerson A/et/t. Inert'<br />

vtenis 91 Hence we have the following series of versed sines.<br />

t8s8 J. M. Spearman Brit. Gunner (ed. 2) 319 The arcs being<br />

similar, the versed sines are proportional to the arcs or<br />

to their radii, 1853 Sir H. Douglas Milit. Bridges (ed. 3)<br />

43 A segment of a sphere whose radius is r, the sagitta, or<br />

versed sine, being a.<br />

b. Bridge- building. The rise of an arch.<br />

1838 C;W/ Fng. ^ Arch. "Jml. L 127/1 The Dover road Is<br />

earned over the rail way by aflat segmental arch, 30 feet span,<br />

the rise or versed sine [printed line] Ls only two feet. 1839<br />

Ibid. \\. 191/2 Span of the arch.. 58 feet—the rise or versed<br />

sine being ten feet. 1879 Casselfs Techn. £duc. IV. 384/1<br />

It forms the strongest arch;, .but in consequence of the<br />

height of the versed sine.. it becomes necessary. .to limit<br />

the span.<br />

1 2. Versed scale, a scale of versed sines. Obs.<br />

a i6ci S. FosTEE Descr. li tiler \\\\. 31 The Versed Scale<br />

is in length four times the same Radius. Ibid. 32 Let the<br />

'tangents.. be measured out of the Versed Scale.<br />

Versed (varst), ///. a.^ Also 7 verst. [ad.<br />

L. versdtuSf-psL. pple, oi versdri io occupy oneself,<br />

be busied or engaged (in something). So V.vers^^<br />

It. versatOy .Sp. and Pg. versado,'\<br />

1. Of persons: Experienced, practised, or skilled<br />

in a subject, matter, art, etc.; conversant with,<br />

having an intimate knowledge of, something;<br />

expert, skilful ; = Versaxt a, 2 a.<br />

Very frequent from c 1630 in this and sense t b.<br />

i6aa Bacon Hem. VII, 1 6 (The bishops of Ely and Exeter)<br />

had bcene both versed in his Aflaires, before hee came to the<br />

Crowne. 1663 Gkrbier Counsel 24 A Clarke of the works<br />

must be verst m the prises of Materials. x686 tr. Ckardin's<br />

Trav. Persia 34 Levant Merchants, and others that were<br />

verst in the AfTatrs of Turkey. 171a Hrarne Collect.<br />

(O.H.S.) III. 361 Neither of us being vers'd in Latin. 1769<br />

yunius Lett. xii. (17S8) 80, I am not versed in the politics<br />

of the north. i8n W. Irving Braceb. Hall xviii, The<br />

servants are all versed in the common modes of trying luck.<br />

1843 Mill Logic 1. i. $ i A mind not previously versed in<br />

the meaning and right use of the various kinds of words.<br />

x88o L, Stkphen /V/V vi. 137 Curll was.. versed in every<br />

dirty trick of the Grub-street trade.<br />

D. With defining or limiting adverbs, esp. weil<br />

{better, best) versed,<br />

ia) a 1610 Healey Theophrastus To Rdr. (1616) I 3b,<br />

Such as are well verst in Anttquttie. 1653 W. Ramrsey<br />

Astral, Restored 160 A PhysicLin..must bebetter veised in<br />

his Art before he can do any thing. 1655 Nicholas Faf>ers<br />

(Camden) II. 176 He is certainly best versed in all his<br />

Majesty's present affairs. 1711 Addisom Sfect. No. 108 p 3<br />

He Is extreamly well versed in all the little Handicrafts of<br />

an idle Man. 1791 Burkk Apfi. li'higs Wks. 1808 VI. 18<br />

Men [sc. Jews] well versed in swearing, iSasCosBETT A^w/-.<br />

Rides 2T) He was very well versed in his prayer-book. 1841<br />

Borrow Zincali 11, xL 111. 56 Reverend gentlemen.. much<br />

better versed in the points of a horse than in points of<br />

theology. 1874 Hurnand My time xxix. 277 Our tutor was<br />

sufficiently well versed in his subjects.<br />

Kh i6^ W. TiRWHYT tr. Balzac s Lett.KXs, A man no less<br />

versed in the art of well-speaking then himself. 1641 Vind.<br />

Snuctymnuits x. 107 He that is but meanly versed tn Cyprian.<br />

i66a Stil[.in(;i-l. Orig. Sacr. iii. iv. § 10 Those who profess<br />

themselves most versed in their own Antiquities, a 1711<br />

pRiOK Ess. Learning p 3 Other parts of general L«arning in<br />

which they may not be so perfectly versed, 1747 tr. Astruc's<br />

Fevers 106 He was ilUversed m anatomy, botany and<br />

chemistry. 1780 J. Picklrinc in Jesse Selwyn ^ Contem^,<br />

143<br />

(1844) IV. 356, I wish I was sufficiently versed in politics 1<br />

[etc.J. 181S W. H. Irkl^nu Scribbleotuania 190, I am not<br />

much versed in Egyptian hieroglyphics. 1836 H. Coleridge I<br />

North. H'ortJiies Inirod. (1852) p. xxiv. Men long versed in !<br />

17*8 Young Love Fame 191 All other trades demand,<br />

verse-makers beg. 1791 Boswell yohnson {1904) 11. 124 A<br />

mere verse-maker, in whose numbers.. there is no poetry.<br />

1836 SoL'THEV in Li/e ^ Corr. V\. 302 The versemaker gets<br />

the habit of weighing the meanings and qualities of words.<br />

1871 Tvlor Prim. Cult. I. 269 What we call poetry was to<br />

them real life, not as to the modern versemaker a masquerade<br />

of gods and heroes.<br />

Verseman (vausmsen). Also verse man,<br />

verse-man. [f. as prec. + Man sb.'\ A man who<br />

a versemaker; a poet, esp. (in recent<br />

..were cordially recognised even<br />

mongers of the day.<br />

by the scurrilous verse-<br />

Hence Ve'rsemongerinff vbi. sb., Te'rsemonyarjr.<br />

1836 Frasers Mag. XIV. 488 Earning his bread by<br />

scribbleincnt and verse-mongery. 1875 Lowkll Spenser<br />

Prose Wks. 1890 IV, 268 There is little to distinguish it from<br />

the contemporary verse-mongering south of the Tweed.<br />

Verser ^ (va'jsai). [f. Verse v.^ + -er i. Cf.<br />

versyowre s.v, Vehsifikr i a, quot. c 1440.] A<br />

writer of verse ; a verseman, versifier.<br />

cx^xx Chapman Iliad xitr. Comm., Such as abuse the<br />

name of Critics as many versers do of poets. 16x9 Drlmm.<br />

OF Hawth. Conv. w. Ben yonson vVks. (1711) 225 He<br />

thought not Bartas a poet, but a verser ; because he wrote<br />

not fiction. 1644-58 Cleveland Gen. Poems (1677) 63 O<br />

That 1 could but vote my self a Poet, . .Or like the IJociors<br />

Militant could get Dubb'd at adventure Verser Banneret,<br />

1854 Mrs. Oliphant Magd. Hepburn \. 9 The archer<br />

Simon, . . a verser as much as a bowman. 1907 Westm. Gaz.<br />

21 Aug. 4 I The invidious task of separating the poets from<br />

the versers,<br />

+ Verser2. Cant, [Cf. Verse 7',^] One of<br />

a gang of cozeners or swindlers (see quots.).<br />

£"1550 Dice-Tlay (Percy Soc.) 38 He lightly bath in his<br />

company a man of more worship than himself, that hath<br />

the countenance of a possessioner of land, and he is called<br />

the verser. 1591 Greene Discov. Cosenage x There bee<br />

requisite effectually to act the Art of Conny-catching, three<br />

seuerall parties : the Setter, the Verser, and the Barnackle,<br />

Ibid. 3 Imagine the Connie is in the Tauerne, then .sits<br />

down the Verser, and saith to the .Setter, what sirha, wilt<br />

thou giue mee a quart of wine, or .shall I giue thee one?<br />

ietc.]. 1606 Chapuan Mons. D'Ot. iv. i. F iij b, D'Ol. Can<br />

le verse? Pae, I, and sett too, my Lord; Hec's both a<br />

Setter and a Verser.<br />

VERSICLE.<br />

Verset (v5-jset). Also 5 werset. [n. OK.<br />

(also motl.F.) verset ( = Prov. verset, Pg. verseto,<br />

It. vcrsetto), dim. o( vers Verse sd.']<br />

•f VcrSGt 2'*^ Cant, Obs. [Of uncertain origin j<br />

I<br />

;<br />

perh. a special sense of Verse v.- Cf. Verser 2.]<br />

1. inir. To practise fraud or imposition. Also<br />

with it,<br />

159X IGvx.^^v.De/.Conny-catch. (1859)4, I had consorts<br />

that could verse, nippe, and foyst. 1591 Grf.kne Discov.<br />

Cosenage 10 b, If the poore Farmar be bashfuU, and<br />

passeth by one of these shameles strumpets, then wil she<br />

verse it with him, and claime acquaintance of him. c 159a<br />

— Theeues Falling out (1615) A iv, We gee so neate in<br />

appareU.. that wee are hardlysmoakt; versing vpon all men<br />

with kinde courtesies and faire wordes.<br />

2. trans. To impose upon ; to cozen, cheat, defraud.<br />

Also const, to.<br />

1591 Grerne Discov. Coseuage 10 b, Till shee and her<br />

CTOsse-biters haue verst him to the beggers estate. Ibid. 1 1 b,<br />

Heere is a Simpler, quoth shee, He Verse him or hang me.<br />

Hence f Versing vbl, sO. Cant. Obs.<br />

1591 Greene Discov. Cosenage 7 Versing Law, coosenage<br />

by false gold.<br />

Verse, obs. form of Verst.<br />

t Verse-coloured, obs. var. Versicoloured a.<br />

1607 TopsEi.L Four-/. Beasts 57 The Chamaeleon and<br />

Polypus-fish, are pilled or bare without haire,and therefore<br />

may more easily be verse-coloured.<br />

Versed (vaJst), a. [f. mod.L. vers-ns (so.<br />

5inus)j pa. pple. of L. verterc to turn.]<br />

L Versed sine, a. TVz^f. Originally, the segment<br />

of the diameter intercepted between the foot of tiie<br />

sine and the extremity of the arc; in mod. use, the<br />

ratio of this line to the radius, or (equivalently, as<br />

a function of an angle) the quantity obtained by<br />

subtracting the cosine from unity.<br />

In mod. use also in the contracted form Versim.<br />

1596 W. B(urrough] Variation 0/ Covipasse Bsb, The<br />

versed signe of the semidiumall arlce. a 165a S. Fostkr<br />

Descr. RuUr^ A large Scale of Versed-Sines. 1690 Li.v-<br />

BOURN Curs. Math. ^97 The Line VS . . is the Line of Versed<br />

Sines. z73aHADLF.vin /'////. V'rawj. XXXVU. 353Draw^ D<br />

public affairs. 1888 Burgon I^ives 12 C,d. Men I. iii. 346<br />

He.. delivered his opinion.. like one thoroughly versed in<br />

the law of farms.<br />

o. Without const, rare.<br />

1734 tr. Rollings A nc, 11ist. win. in. (1841) II. 214/1 A<br />

general.. prudent, able, versed by long experience. 1888<br />

Pall Mall G.z^y^h.t/i Observing that Lord Randolph<br />

Churchill used to keep the Premier and Foreign Secretary<br />

combined in order, which at present there was no one in the<br />

Cabinet versed enough or bold enough to do.<br />

f 2, Employed or exercised about something<br />

— Vebsant a. I. Obs.-~^<br />

1654 ViLVAiN Theol. Treat. \\. 80 Hope is properly versed<br />

about some good to be attained by industry.<br />

Versed {\^i%^ippL a.'^ [f. Vebse z^.^J Composed<br />

or written in verse ; turned into verse.<br />

1890 Athenxutn 27 Dec. 896/2 Monsieur Pon/, the versed<br />

biography of a dog. 1901 Dublin Rev, Apr. 413 Versed<br />

commonplaces set to florid music.<br />

Ve*rseless, a. [f. Vkrse sb^ Lacking verse<br />

or poetry ; unable to compose verses.<br />

1738 Gentl. Mag.yXW, 655\erseless myself, I conn'd not<br />

blithsom song ; Nor lute had I, nor harp, nor tuneful lyre.<br />

Ve'rselet. [f. Verse sb. + -let.] A little<br />

verse ; a small poem.<br />

1836 B. D. Walsh Aristophanes^ Achamians 11. iii. 43<br />

His mind, which is collecting Small verseleis out of doors, is<br />

not at home. 1865 Reader No. 151. 567/2 Each page containing<br />

a verselet. x88o Warren <strong>Book</strong>-platcs i. 8 Mottoes,<br />

texts, and verselets directed against borrowers.<br />

Ve'rsenxaker. Also verse-maker, verse<br />

maker, [f. Vebse sb. + Maker sb. Cf, Du.<br />

verzenmaker y G. versmaeher. Da. versentager."]<br />

One who makes or writes verses ; a poet or versifier.<br />

1647 Hexham i. s.v., A verse maker, or a Poet, . .een Poet.<br />

1. = Verse sb. 2, Versicle i. Now //ist.<br />

a 1225 Ancr. R. 16 Sigge3 so al Se imne vt mid te uerset<br />

* Emitte Spiritum tuum'. Ibid. 42 Her siggeS fiftiauez..,<br />

alast l^et uerset, ' Ecce anciila Domini ' [etc.]. 1377 Langl.<br />

/'. Pi, B. XII. 189 Doininus pars hereditntis mee is a nieri<br />

verset. ^ 1400 Rule St. Benet (Prose) i6 Wen l^ai [i.e.<br />

psalms] ere said and te verset, l>abbasse saie ^>e benecun.<br />

Ibid., And efter[sing] ol>ir sexe salmis wid ^^e antefens, . .wid<br />

|>e werset. 1641 Milton Auimadv. Wks. 1851 III. 209<br />

They beare an equall part with the Priest in many places,<br />

and have their cues and versets as well as he. 1844<br />

LiSGARD Angto-Sa.r. Ch. (185B) I. App. M. 378 The manuscript,<br />

both here and in several other places, interposes two<br />

versets with their responses.<br />

2. A little or short verse, esp. one of the Bible or<br />

similar book ; a sliort piece of veise.<br />

1625 Lisle Du Barias, Noe Pref. i Among the sundrie<br />

versets or presets which besides this I have or shall set out.<br />

1861 I. Taylor Spir. Ilebr. Pcetjy 335 The metrical Scriptures—<br />

infixed as they were in the memory by the very<br />

means of these artificial devices of versets,.. became food to<br />

the mind. i888 Doughty Arabia Desei'ta I. 143 A Koran<br />

verset is often written above,<br />

Versical (vausikal), a, rare. [f. VeR8E sb.<br />

+ -ICAL, ^i\.tx poetical, metrical^ Of or pertaining<br />

to, of the nature of, composed or written in, verse.<br />

i8s4 TaiVs JMog. XXI. 257 He already made some<br />

versical efforts in the literary periodicals of Vienna. 1886<br />

R. K. Burton Arab. Nts. (Abr. ed.) I. Forew. p. xiv. When<br />

treating the versical portion,., i have not always bound myself<br />

by the metrical bonds of the Arabic.<br />

Versicle (,v5'jsik'l),^^. Also 5 5V-, wersikill,<br />

5-6 versycle, 6 versickiL [ad, L. versicui-us<br />

Versiculus, Cf, Versicule.]<br />

1. Liturg, One of a series of short sentences,<br />

usually taken from the Psalms and of a precatory<br />

nature, said or sung antiphonally in divine service;<br />

spec, one said by the officiant and followed by the<br />

response of the congregation or people ; often<br />

collect.pl., a set of these with their accompanying<br />

responses.<br />

a 1380 St. Paula 191 in Horstm. ^//^wg-/. Leg. (1878) 7<br />

peos versicles heo seide and bad. 1425 in Entick London<br />

{1766J IV. 354 'Ihis psalm, de profundis, with the versicles<br />

and Orissons that longetli thereto, i486 Rec. St. Alary at<br />

I<br />

writes verse ;<br />

use) a minor poet or versifier.<br />

165a Gaule Magnstrom, 235 To conclude, all the antient<br />

verse men consent in this. 1718 Prior Better Answer v.<br />

The God of us Verse-men (you know Child) the Sun. 1733<br />

[see ProsemanI. 1779 Johnson L. P., Prior p 13 When the<br />

battle of Blenheim called forth all the versemen. 1847 L.<br />

HuNTi1/^«, Women, ^ B. I. xv. 300 Even miserly Pulteney<br />

was a verseman. 1883 Pall Mall C. 30 Oct. 5/1 Almost<br />

alone among recent English versemen, he preser\es . . a finegenilemanly<br />

air of urbanity. 189a A. Dobson 18/A Cent.<br />

Vignettes 171 Madrigalists and minor versemen.<br />

Hence TeTseznansliip, verse-makinp. rare~^,<br />

176a J. Wilkes N. Briton No. az. The dull mechanical<br />

part of verseinanship indeed b found, but the spirit of true<br />

poetry is wanting.<br />

Versemonger (vd'jsmz^ijgaj). Also versemonger,<br />

[f. as prec. +• Monger.] A versifier,<br />

esp. one who writes poor or indifferent verse; a<br />

Hill (1905) 16 To go on procession . , syngyng a Respond , .;<br />

that done, a versicle with the colet of S^ Stephen. 1570 W.<br />

FuLKE Ref. Rastel 743 The very sound and sense of the.<br />

Respondes, and Versicles, declare whence thej^ proceeded.<br />

1625 GonsiUz'io's Sp. Inquis. 97 The Psalme being ended .<br />

.<br />

the chiefe Inquisitour singeth a sort of Versicles: and the<br />

whole Quier answereth them with their Responses. 1631<br />

Brathwaite Whimsies, Zealous Brother 120 Anthems and<br />

versicles he holds papisiicall. 1710 Wheatlv Bk. Com.<br />

Prayer \\. § 21. 50 Of the Versicles before the Lord's<br />

Prayer. 1721 in Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ. VIIL 295 The<br />

Ordinary Discipline is to last the time of a Miserere, with<br />

the Versicle Christus /actus est, and the prayer Respite<br />

guxsumus. 1795 Mason Ch. Mus. \\. 154 Tlie unaccompanied<br />

Chaunt, used in the versicles and responses. 1832<br />

W. Palmer Orig. Liturg. I. 219 From this it appears, that<br />

these versicles were not, perhaps, originally repeated in<br />

church, but at home, as a preparation for divine service.<br />

1893 W. Walker Three Churchmen 175 When he repeated<br />

the versicle 'Lord save this woman, Thy servant !* the<br />

clerk responded [etc.].<br />

b. The sign {V, V\ If, or^)\vith which these<br />

poetaster.<br />

are noted or indicated in prayer-books, etc.<br />

1634 Bp. Hall Contempt., N, T. iv. xii. Which of those<br />

versemongers ever durst write a ballad, without imploring<br />

of some deity? 1768 Babetti Acc. Mann. Sf Cust. Italy<br />

I. 234 Some few verse-mongers of Rome. 1866 Bi^ackib<br />

Homer J^ Iliad I, 120 A set of inferior versemongers. 190a<br />

W. L. Mathieson Pol. Relig. Scott. I. x. 338 His virtues<br />


VEBSICLE.<br />

htnded in this versicle :<br />

Cur, Quomodo, QuaxJo. i^ Needham Stldrn's Mare<br />

CL Ep D«L 8 According to that old Versicle Frangit «t<br />

atloltit virts in MiliU cavsa. 1817 BvRON Let. to Moore<br />

25 Mar., <strong>Here</strong> are some versicles. 1849 Thackekay Pendennis<br />

^1850) 11. 257 To these pretty little compositions Mr.<br />

Pen replied . .with points of wit, n.iy, with pretty little<br />

verses verj- likely, in reply to the versicles of the Muse of<br />

'Mes Larmes'. 1893 ^lcCARTHY Red Diamonds III. 143<br />

She »^s fond of writing versicles and setting them to music.<br />

+ d. Without article. Ohsr^<br />

1589 PuTTKSHAM Eiig. Poeiie I. v. (Arb.) 36 How the<br />

wilde and sauage people vsed a naturall Poesie in versicle<br />

and rime as our vulgar is. ...<br />

Hence tVeT»iel« ^'- "''>' C^''''*' '')' '° ^'°S<br />

versicles. 06s.-^<br />

1550 Bale /»>«/. 131 b, I knowe thejT progresse was great,<br />

as j-e were wont to versjxle it on thejT dales.<br />

Qitis,Q$n\l, I'H, Quiiiit atixilih.<br />

VeTSicler. rarr-^. [f. \'ebsiclej*.] a writer<br />

of versicles or short verses ; a versifier.<br />

1885 Meredith Diana xxx, I'll read your versider tomorrow<br />

morning early.<br />

Veraicolorate, a.<br />

COLODBEDfl.<br />

Ent. [-ate 2.] = Versil8>6<br />

KiRBV & Sp. Entomol. IV. xlvi. 292 Vcrstcolorate^ .<br />

when a surface changes its colour as the light varies.<br />

«. rare-^. [f. late L. veisi-<br />

VersicolOTOUS,<br />

sb.] A versicle. Chiefly in pi.<br />

1755 Genti. Mag. XXV. 93 The late bishop Hare, began<br />

his enquiry by attempting to discover the length of the versiculi<br />

or lines. x8ao Blnckw. Mag. June 323 A sentence of<br />

panegyric on ray own versiculi. iBso Byron Lett, ft Jmls.<br />

(1900) IV. 395 Pray let not these versiculi go forth with my<br />

name, except among the initiated.<br />

Versie : see Vebsy a. Obs.<br />

Versifiable (vS'isifsliab'l), a. rarr-^. [f.<br />

Versify v. + -able. Cf. OF. versifiabk^ That<br />

can be versified or put into verse.<br />

iSaSSoUTHEY Lett. (1856) IV. 107 Names and dates, &c.,<br />

will precede it (i.e. the epitaph] in the usual form, telling<br />

all that is not versifiable.<br />

144<br />

t Versi'fical, a. Obs.~'^ In 6 versyfyoall.<br />

[f. late L. versific-its (cf. L. versifudre to versify) +<br />

-AL.I Of or pertaining to the making of verse.<br />

154S-7 in '' rchaeol. XXXIV. 40 They have the versyfyoall<br />

rulys of Sulpice gevyn in the mornyng of one of the vj"i<br />

forme.<br />

f VeTSiiicate, v. Obs.—" [f. I- vcrsifical-, ppl.<br />

stem of versificare to versify.] intr. ' To make<br />

verses' (Bailey, 1721).<br />

Versification (vaisifik^'-Jan). [ad. L. versification-,<br />

versifuatio, noun of action f. versificare to<br />

versify. So F. versification (1680), Sp. versifua-<br />

cion, Pg. -afao, It. -azione.']<br />

1. The action of composing verse ; the art or<br />

practice of versifying.<br />

In Rolland Crt. Veuus (c 1550) n. ij6 'Versification,<br />

meter ' should perhaps be read for ' Versificat in meter ' of<br />

t4ie text.<br />

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1 198 The order of writing<br />

an historic, .came downe as one would say from the stately<br />

chariot of versification, to prose, and went a foot. 1658<br />

Phillips, Versification, a making of Verses. 1706 Pope i<br />

Lett. Wks. 1736 V. 53 The thoughts I have already sent j<br />

you on the .subject of English Versification. 1774 Warton<br />

Hist. Eng. Poetry 1. 11. 27 Camden affirms, that Aldhelni..<br />

taught his countrymen the art of Latin versification. 1790 •<br />

CowpER Lett. 13 Sept., After perpetual versification during j<br />

five years I find myself. . reduced to read for my amusement.<br />

1814 Coleridge Table-t. 7 June, How lamentably the art |<br />

of versification is neglected by most of the poets of the<br />

present day I j86i Wright £js. /4rc/ia?« (or fo/")<br />

imitated<br />

times, .been found, .whitish, bla-k, green, eruginous, and by many men of letters. 1880 L. Stephen Pofe ill. 75 To a theme.<br />

versicoloured. 1846 Landoh Imag. Conv. Wks. I. 467/1 If make theversification as smooth and the sense as transparent 1377 Langl. p. pi. B. XV. 367 For is none of bis newe<br />

I<br />

thou hadst enveloped him in thy versicoloured and cloud- as possible.<br />

clerkes. .pat can versifye faire ne fornialich enditen. 1:1440<br />

I<br />

like vestiary. 1873 M. QaiA-m^ Squire Silchester III. xxii.<br />

3. A poetical or metrical version 0/^ something. Promp. Parv. 508/2 Versyfyyn, versificor. 1483 Catk.<br />

346 Arocket. .drops its versicoloured shower.<br />

l8si Q. Rev. XXV. 36 Of this song we have been favoured Augt. 401/1 To versifye, versificare, versiciilare . CX520<br />

i<br />

fig. 1867 ViscT. Strangford Selection (1869) I. 135 Such<br />

with the following beautiful versification. 1858 Doran Crt. Skelton Magnyfi 1162 Yes, in faythe; I can versyfy. 1579<br />

views . . on the subject of the versicoloured policy of France<br />

Fools 154 Many of his epigrams.. are said to have been Lodge Def. Poetry, etc. (Hunt. <strong>Club</strong>) 15 Tully atributeth<br />

in the East.<br />

it for prais to Archias y' vpon any theame he cold versify<br />

versifications of his own jokes.<br />

Hence Terslcolouredness, 'the being of<br />

extempory. 16x2 Brinsley Lud. Lit, viii. (1627) 121 To<br />

Versificator (va-jsifik^'taj). [a. L. vcrsifi- learne to versifie, ex tempore, of any ordinary Theame. 1636<br />

changeable Colours' (Bailey, 1727, vol. II).<br />

color (whence also It. versificatore, Sp., Pg. versi- H. More Enthus. Tru (1712) 8 Maracus a Poet of Syracuse,<br />

t Versi'cnlar, J*. Ohs.-^ [ad. med.L. »at can<br />

1789 BuRNKY Hist. Mus. III. 35 note. The 30th. Psalm was<br />

Versifier (v3Usif3i|3j). Forms: a. 4-5 versi- the first which Luther versified. 1814 DTsraeli Quarrels<br />

singe Anthems, Responseris and Versiculis. 1517 in ..4 rchaeol.<br />

LXI. 84 A booke with the Invitatorys and the versiculis flour, 5 -fyowre ; 5 versefiour, -fyour. /3. 5 Auth. (1S67) 256 Bolingbroke really wrote the 'Essay on<br />

noted, a ijso IVyntoun's Cron. (Wemyss MS.) v. xi. .3625 versyfyer, -fyar, 6 veroyfyer, 5 vercifler, 5- Man', which Pope versified. 1837 LocKHART.yrt'^/ I. viii.<br />

Versiculis thare to he can write, And ympnis alsua maid 247 These are all in prose like their originals; but he also<br />

in<br />

versified, .some lyrical fragments of Goethe.<br />

dite. 1861 W. H. Russell in Times 14 May, A variety of<br />

versicules, songs, and rhetorical exercitations. VersifyilXg (va-rsifaiiii)), vbl. sb. [f. prec. +<br />

,<br />

II Versiculus (vaisi-kifil^s). PI. -culi. [L.,<br />

-inqI.] The .let or practice of making verses;<br />

dim. of versus Verse sb. Cf. prec. and Versicle<br />

an instance of this ; the art of composing verse ;<br />

versification.<br />

c 1450 Co-j. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 189 No clcrke abyl to here<br />

oure book Of versyfyeng, nor of other scyen.s. 1479 Paston<br />

Lett. III. 241, I lake no thynge but wersyfyynge, whyche I<br />

troste to have with a lytyll contynuance. a 1568 Ascham<br />

Scholem. 11. (\A>.) 147 Yet neither of them hath fullie hite<br />

perfite and trew versifying. 1580 Spenser Let. to Harvey<br />

Wks. (1912) 636, I perceiue you other whiles continue your<br />

old exercise of Versifying in English, a 1653 Gouge Comm.<br />

Hebr. V. 14 A scholar exercised in versifying will readily<br />

distinguish between a true and false verse. 1677 J. Peter<br />

Uitle), Artificial Versifying ; a New Way to make Latin<br />

Verses. 1740 J. Clarke Educ. Youth (ed. 3) 61 Of what<br />

Use Versifying is, , . I do not understand. 1830 Southey<br />

Bunyan p. xlix. In versifying he was attempting an art


VERSIFYING.<br />

which he had never learnt, and for which he had no aptitude.<br />

189a Athenmtm 6 Aug. 190/1 What really genuine<br />

poetic inspiration he .showed is lost in the commonplace of<br />

too idle versifyings.<br />

b. atlrib., as versifying dialogue, etc.<br />

1686 in Vernt^ Mem. ^.\go^) II. 424 As to y[ou]r Versifying<br />

Dialogue with Him, I like it very well. 1725 Watts<br />

Logic III. ii. § 3, I confess some of these logical Subtilties<br />

have much more Use than those versifying Tables. 1737<br />

Gmtl. Mag. VII. 148/1, I shall exemplify by a Text, where a<br />

Singing, or mere Versifying Repetition, is literally express'd.<br />

1787 Skinner Let. in M'ks. Burns (1800) II. 127, I know a<br />

classical education will not create a versifying taste. 1811<br />

BvnON Hints /r. Hor. 839 If free, all fly his versifying fit.<br />

1885 Athenxtim ri July 50/1 Godwin desired Wordsworth<br />

to undertake the versifying part of the business.<br />

Versifying, ppl. a. [f. as prec. +-ing2.]<br />

That versihes or writes verses.<br />

1580 2nd ff 3rd Blast Piaysff Theatres no These versifieng<br />

Plaie-makers. 1750 Gray LnngSttny 18 Shame of the<br />

versifying tribe 1 1893 Walker Three Churchmen 134 Tlie<br />

reviewers he looks upon as ' gamekeepers ', doing invaluable<br />

service to literature by keeping the versifying * poachers<br />

off Parnassus.<br />

tVersi-loquy. Obs.-° [Cf. lateL. versiloi;nHS<br />

that speaks in verse.] (See quot.)<br />

i7»7 Bailey (vol. II), I'ersiloquy, speaking in Verse.<br />

Versin, contracted f. versed sine Versed a.<br />

iS»7 Airy in Encycl. Metrop. (18^5) I. 685 Versin c = i —<br />

cos r. /*/(/., Versin e = versin a — 4 (etc). 1850 Parkinson<br />

Optics f 1866) 254 The quantity of light received by the disc<br />

is zv^a^B versin a,<br />

Versine, variant of V'erzine Obs.<br />

Versinff (vajsiij), vbl. sb. [f. Verse z/.i*<br />

-inqI.] The action or practice of writing verse; an<br />

tionsfor I<br />

' Rem.<br />

,<br />

instance of this ; the art or science of verse-making.<br />

1581 Sidney Afol. Poetrie IXA.) ^9 That which gyueth<br />

greatest scope. ., is ryming and versing. 16x3 W. Browne<br />

Brit. Past. 11. i. (1616) 9 For well it seemes in versing he<br />

hath skill. 1633 G. Herbert Tempie, Flower vi, I once<br />

more smell the dew and rain. And relish versing. 1644<br />

Bulwer Chirol. A iij b, Physick and Versing in his flaming<br />

Chaire Plac'd Phoebus, and bestow'd that blazing Haire.<br />

1856 Anne Manning Tasso ^ Leonora 46 Charmed with<br />

his smooth versings. 187^ M. Collins Transmigr. II. ix.<br />

162 The man who can , .relish versing has nothing much the<br />

matter with his. .psychical htelth. 189a Stopford Bkookk<br />

Early Eng. Lit. I. vii. 146 He had before him some ancient<br />

versings of the fight.<br />

altrib. 1645 G. Daniel PoemsWVs. (Grosart) II. 51 What<br />

mad men are wee of the versing trade I<br />

t Versing box. Ofo.-' (Of obscure meaning<br />

perh. connected with Verse v.-^ and Vebser 2.)<br />

a _ xsa9 Skelton Bouge cf Court 232 As I stode musynge<br />

in my myndc, Haruy Hafter came lepynge, lyghte a& lynde.<br />

Vpon his breste he bare a versynge boxe.<br />

version (v5-jjjn), sb. [a. F. version ( = It. versione,<br />

Sp. version, Pg. versdo), or ad. L. version-,<br />

versio, noun of action from verlire to turn.]<br />

L A rendering of some text or work, or of a<br />

single word, passage, etc., from one language into<br />

another; a translation; also (rarely), the action or<br />

process of translating.<br />

Freq. with adjs. denoting the language into which the<br />

translation is made.<br />

IS8» N. T. (Rhemish) Pref. bij. Trusting that it may<br />

giue occasion to you ..to lay away at lest such their<br />

impure versions as hitherto you haue ben forced to occupie.<br />

i6o7_TopsELL Four./. Beasts 435, I vtterly seclude al their<br />

opinions, which translate this word Arabian wolues, for the<br />

H%brew notes cannot admit such a version or exposition.<br />

C1645 Howell £ o tonge.<br />

Hence f VeTsliiig vbl. sb. Obs.<br />

a IMS Ancr. R. 44 Verslunge of hire sautere; redinge of<br />

Englichs, oder of Freinchs ; holi meditaciuns.<br />

il Verso<br />

(vs-JSi?). [L. verso {sc. folio leaf), abl.<br />

sing, neut. of versus, pa. pple. of ventre to turn.<br />

So F. and Pg. verso."]<br />

1. The back of a leaf in a manuscript or printed<br />

book ; the side presented to the eye when the leaf<br />

has been turned over. Also abbrev. v., vo.<br />

The left-hand page of a book is the verso of that leaf, and<br />

faces the Recto of the next.<br />

1839 Halliwell Maundevile Introd. p. xiii. See f, 2, vo.<br />

1850 FoRSHALL & Madden Wyclijffite Bible \. p. Ixi, The<br />

verso commences with the eleventh chapter of the Epistle<br />

to the Romans. 1873 Rep. Brit. Assoc, i. 43 Sines, cosines,<br />

and secants are given on the versos of the pages in columns.<br />

1898 Athenaeum 12 Nov, 676 The text begins on the verso<br />

of the title-page.<br />

fig. 1873 j. Henry Aeneidea \. Pref. 77 It was not long<br />

before I had the verso of this agreeable recto of one leaf of<br />

my library life.<br />

2. The reverse of a coin, medal, or the like.<br />

X89X Cent. Diet. 19x4 P. E. Newberry in Anc. Egypt 6<br />

On the verso of the same palette there is a scene [etc.].<br />

Versoke, southern ME. pa. t. Forsake v.<br />

tVersOr^. Obs, In 5 versour(e. [a. AF.<br />

*versour (F, verseur), f. verser to pour. Verse<br />

z/.^] (See quots.)<br />

A 1483 Liber Niger in Househ, Ord. (1790) 77 One chief<br />

sobyr yeoman versoure, to resceyve all the ale or beere<br />

that shall be pourveyede. Ibid., Othyr twoe groomes<br />

versours in this office to helpe to lodge theyre ale, to helpe<br />

drawe it [etcj.<br />

2 (vaus^j). [a, L. type ^versor^ f. vers-,<br />

Versor<br />

vert/re to turn.]<br />

+ 1. The needle of a compass. Obs. rare.<br />

1640 G. Watts tr. Bacon's Adv. Learn, v. ii. sag So<br />

i ferse.<br />

VERSY.<br />

the versor of a Mariners needle applies it selfe to the Poles<br />

of the world.<br />

2. AJath. In quaternions, an operator which<br />

changes the direction of a vector without altering<br />

its length.<br />

ax865 Sir W. R. Hamilton Elem. Quaternions ii. i.<br />

(1866) 133 We shall now say that every Radial Quotient is<br />

a Versor. A Versor has thus, in general, a plane, an axis<br />

and an angle. 1886 W. S. Alois Solid Geom, (ed. 4) xiv.<br />

235 If the two vectors OA and OB be of equal length the<br />

change of one into the other is merely an operation of<br />

rotation. In this case the quaternion is called a versor.<br />

Verss(e, southern ME. varr. Fresh a.<br />

Verst (v5ist). Forms: a. 6-8 werste, 6,<br />

8-9 worst, 7 worst, 7-8 wurste. ^. 6- verst,<br />

6-8 verste, 7 vorst; 6 verse (//. versse), 7<br />

[ad. Russ. Bcpcra, partly through G.<br />

. wersi and F. verste.'] A Russian measure of length<br />

equal to 3500 English feet or about two-thirds of<br />

an English mile.<br />

a. X5« Eden Decades (Arb.) 322 From Moscouia to the<br />

citie of Vuolochda, are numbered [500] Werstes, one Werst<br />

conteynynge ahnoste the space of an Iiatyan myle. z66a J,<br />

Davies tr. Olearius'' Voy. Ambass, 27 We left Novogorod<br />

and got forwards 36. Werstes, or seven Leagues. iix^Lond.<br />

Gas. No. 5293/2 He was not gone above 12 Wur.stes or<br />

Russian Miles, x-jn^ Ann. Reg.w. 151 Having approached<br />

this island within almost three wersts, or two English miles,<br />

their vessel was suddenly surrounded by ice. 1818 Byron<br />

Mazeppa xvii, Many a werst, Panting as if his heart would<br />

burst, The weary brute still stagger'd on. x&iz Motley<br />

Corr. {i88g) I . iv. 73 The road from Tauroggen to Petersburg<br />

is 14 wersts.<br />

fr 1557 Jenkinson in Hakluyt Voy. (1886) III. 198<br />

Vologhda and M osco.. are acconipted 500 verstes asunder<br />

CX57X J. Stow Vopf. ff Trav. (Hakl. Soc.) II. 339 The<br />

ryuer oca, which is 20 .versse disiant from ye moscow<br />

a verse is iii quarters of an yn^leshe myle. 1591 G.<br />

Fletcher Russe Commiv. (Hakl. See.) 7 A little isthmus<br />

or narrow slippe of lande, a fewe versts ouerthwart. 1617<br />

MoRYSON Itin. I. 295 In Russia among the Moscovites confining<br />

upon Poland, a mile is called a ferse. X63S Pacitt<br />

Christianogr. 23 From the furthest part westward.. to<br />

Siberia Eastward, is 4400. verst or thereabouts. 0x670 [S.<br />

Collins] Prts. St. Russia (1671) 83 Some ran away ten<br />

Versts before they could be overtaken." 1760 Phil, Trans,<br />

LI. 490 It runs from a great lake, which lies a verste and a<br />

half from its mouth. X775 Wraxall Tour North, Europe<br />

218 Muscovite lords commonly go fifty and sixty versts. .to<br />

make visits to each other. x8o8 R. K. Porter Trav. Sk.<br />

Russ. fy Sived, (1813) I. iv. 27 Seventy or eighty versts above<br />

St. Petersburgh. 1864 Burton Scot Air, II. ii. 204 A<br />

country house of the Tzaar's seven versts from Moscow.<br />

1879 Browning Ivan Ivan. 194 No stiength, old crone,—<br />

not she !—to crawl forth half a verst 1<br />

Ver8t(e, southern ME. varr. FiiiST a. and adv, ;<br />

obs. Sc. ff. Worst a. Versuore, southern ME.<br />

yzx^orswore Forswore.<br />

II versus<br />

(v5-js:?s),/?v/. [L.] Against; em-<br />

ployed in Law to denote an action by one party<br />

against another. Also transf\ Freq. abbrev. v,<br />

(also ver., vs.).<br />

1447-8 Shillincford Lett. (Camden) 53 Also the jugement<br />

by twene..John Husset versus John Notte. 145X Paston<br />

Lett, I. 221, I send yow the scirejacias for Osbern and Foke<br />

versus Heydon and Wyndam. x6ai Debates Ho. Lords<br />

(Camden) 26 Suyt per Fowles in the Starr-chamber versus<br />

Lake and others. 1744 J. Comyks Reports 0/ Cases 634<br />

Wallis ver. Pain and Underbill. X774 J. Adams in Fam.<br />

Lett, (1876) ig, I am engaged in a famous case,— the cause<br />

of King, of Scarborough, versus the mob that broke into<br />

his house. x8sx Scott Peveril Pref. Ep., She may sue me<br />

for damages, as in the case Dido versus Virgil. X839 De<br />

Quincey Casuistry Rom. Meals Wks. 1890 VII. 22 Generally<br />

such a person is 'rather yellow, rather yellow * (to<br />

quote Canning versus Lord Durham). 1873 H. Spencer<br />

Stud.Sociol. il. 38 The old battle-ground of free will versus<br />

necessity. 1894 Outing Feb. 397/2 The Rambler vs, the<br />

Lumberman ;<br />

an indictment for the larceny of a path.<br />

Versute (vajsiw't, v3*rsiKt), a, [ad. h.versulus,<br />

f. vers-, verlire to turn.] Cunning, crafty, wily,<br />

x6x6 J. Lane Contn. Sqr^s T. ix. 15 Her artishe Hers,<br />

wittie versute theeves. Ibid. 73 Ne bee out reachd at<br />

versute pollecie, or once out runn at bardie chivalrie. 1659<br />

Gauden Tears Ch. i. xiv. 132 A person of very supercilious<br />

gravity, also of versute and verti^enous policy. X790 Paley<br />

Horae Paul. i. 6 The second, which is a more versute and<br />

specious forgery.<br />

Tersuteness.<br />

Hence Versntely adv. ;<br />

Also Versutiloquent, 'a crafty talker, one using words<br />

craftily* (Blount Glossogr., 1656), and Versuizloguous,<br />

'talking cunningly or craftily ' (Bailey, vol. II, 1727): both<br />

after L. versutiloquus.<br />

x6i6 J. Lane Contn. Sgr.'s T, x. 128 Now guiltie Horbell,<br />

Leifurcke, Gnartolite, castinge on chaunge, the Hop versutlie<br />

bite. 1685 H. More Cursory Reji. Baxter 29 That he may<br />

become really sensible and ashamed of his present Crooked<br />

Versuteness and Hypocrisie. 1710 R. Ward Life H.More<br />

81 Some Neatness of Stile, Versuteness of lemper, and<br />

Hypocrisie in Religion. 1857 Maurice Mor.


VEBT.<br />

Versycle, obs. form of Vzbsiclk sb,<br />

Versyowre : see Verseb i.<br />

Vert (vaJt), sb.^ (and a.). Also 5 veert, 5-7<br />

verte. [a. AF. and OF. vert (so mod.F. ; formerly<br />

also verd Vekd sb."), » Prov, vtrt, Cat.<br />

verd, Sp., Pg., and It. verdt :—L. tnrid-em, viridis<br />

green, VlWD o.]<br />

1. Green vegetation growing in a wood or forest<br />

and capable of serving as cover for deer.<br />

14. . Forts! Lotus (MI. Douce ^35) fol. 73 As touching<br />

the kinges veert, that is to say, the kinges wodes ; if ther be<br />

ony maun, that haih felled ony gret okes [etc.]. 1577<br />

Haxriso.-i EDgloHit iL XV. in Ho/ins/ud I. 89 b/i The<br />

better preseruation of such venery and vert of all sortes as<br />

were nourished in the same. 1598 Manwood Latues Forest<br />

vLSi.33b. [HenceinlaterDicts.,etc.] ijot Phil. Trans.<br />

XXIIL 1073 While this Country was a Chace, and while<br />

the Vert was preserv'd. 1768 BlackstoAe Coin/n. III. 71<br />

The punishment of all injuries done to the king's deer or<br />

vmistrn, to the vert or greenswerd. x8i8 Cruise Digest<br />

(ed. 2) III. 143 Destruction of vert is destruction of venison.<br />

x8m Stonehouse Axkolme di A royal demesne.. covered<br />

with vert, and well stocked with deer. 187X Daily News<br />

18 Sept., The Lord of the Manor.. had.. enclosed four<br />

hundred acres of waste land, and had destroyed the vert on<br />

parts thereof.<br />

trans/. 1635 A. Stafford Fem. Glory c vij b. The fourth<br />

^<br />

is humble Ivy, intersert. But lowlie laid, . . Preserved, in her<br />

antique bed of Vert, No faith's more firme, ..then where't<br />

doth creep.<br />

b. Coupled with venison. (The common nse.)<br />

-<br />

Freq. without article.<br />

X4SS Rolls 0/ Parlt. V. 319/a The oversight of verte and<br />

venyson, in all the Parkes. 1577 Holinsheo Chron. II,<br />

459/3 The k[ing].. appointed foure iustices..to be as surucyers<br />

aboue alt other Foresters of vert & venison. 1598<br />

Manwood Lawes Forest xviL 102 b, That which tendeth to<br />

the hurt and annoyance of the Vert and the Venison. i6ia<br />

Sir J. Davies Why Ireland, etc. (1747) 164 The great plenty<br />

both of Vert and Venison within this land. 1700 Tyrrell<br />

Hist. Eng. 1 1. 820 Every Forester in Fee shall . . Attach Pleas<br />

of the Forest, as well concerning Vert as Venison. 177a<br />

Junius Lett. Ixviii. (1788) 347 If a man was taken with<br />

vert, or venison, it was declared to be equivalent to indict,<br />

ment.<br />

183J J. P. Kessedv Horse Slwe K. xxxvii. He gave<br />

much of bis time to the concerns of vert and venison. 1840<br />

PeHHy Cycl. XVI. 175/1 The master-keepers' and groomkeepers'<br />

duty is to preserve the vert and venison in their<br />

respective bailiwicks and walks.<br />

t O. Nether, aver, special vert : (see qnots.). Obs.<br />

1598 Manwood Lames Forest vi. §2. 34 'There are two<br />

sorts of Vert in euery Forrest,that is to say, Ouer vert, and,<br />

Neather vert : Ouer vert is tha;, which the Lawiers do call<br />

Hault Boys, and Neather vert is that, which the Lawiers<br />

do call South Boys, and in the Forrest lawes, Ouer vert is<br />

all manner of Hault Boys, or great wood, aswel such as<br />

beareth /ruit, as such as beareth none. I6id. 35 Special!<br />

vert, which is euery tree and bush within the Forrest, that<br />

doth beare fruite to feed the Deere withall, as Peare trees,<br />

Crabtrees, Hawthornes,. .and such like. [Hence in later<br />

Law Diets., etc.J 17*7 Nelson Laws cone. Game 231<br />

Special-vert, which may be either over or nether-vert, or<br />

both if it bears fruit, for nothing is accounted special-vert<br />

but such which beareth fruit to feed the deer.<br />

2. ellift. The right to cut green trees or shrubs in<br />

a forest. Now arch.<br />

1639 in Maitland Hist. Edinburgh (1753) II. 151/1 All<br />

their antient Rights, . . with Pit and Gallows, Sack and Soke,<br />

Thole, Theam, Vert, Wrack, Waifs [etc.]. 1707 in State,<br />

Fraser 0/ Fraserfield 310 (Jam.), Cum furci, fossa, . .vert,<br />

veth, venison, . . pit et gallows. 1819 Scott Ivanhoe xl. The<br />

Holy Clerk shall have a grant of vert and venison in my<br />

woods of Wariicliffe. 1843 James Forest Days vii. His<br />

righu of vert and venison, extended over a wide distance<br />

around. 1864 Kincsley Rom. /^ Tcut. 257 The iioblesabout<br />

gave up to him their rights of venison, and vert, and pasture,<br />

and pannage of swine.<br />

to. A green plant or shrub. Obs.—^<br />

1648 J. Kavuond // Merc. Ital. 129 Bayes, Locusts,<br />

Pomegrannets, and such like Verts, that grow wild in the<br />

Hedges.<br />

1 4. A green colour or pigment Obs.<br />

..«48i-90 Howard Househ. Bis. (Roxb.) 339 Item, . . for<br />

iiij. dos. of golde paper, and silver rowche clere and verte,<br />

viij.s. lS7»in Feuillerat ;f«/f/jg. ^//s. (1908) 178 Vert,.<br />

Sapp,..Crymsen, ..White,.. Broune. 1582 Itid. 359 Paste<br />

bord, paper, and paste, white, sise, verte, Syneper.<br />

6. spec, in ffer. "The tincture green. Also as adj.<br />

c 1507 Justes Moneths May tf June 28 in Hazl. E. P. P.<br />

11. 114 For a cognysaunce Of Mayes month they bare a<br />

souenaunce. Of a verte cocle was the resemblaunce, Tatcbed<br />

ryght fast. 1561 Leigh Armorie 15b, That is greene, &<br />

biased Vert. Ibid,, And nowe we to the fourth colour. Vert.<br />

a 1586 Sidney Astr. ^ Stella xiii. In vert field Mars bare a<br />

golden speare. i6az Peacham Compt. Gentl. xv. (1906) 104<br />

A plaine crosse Vert, by the name of Hus.sey. 16415 G.<br />

Daniel Poems Wks. CGrosart) I. 44 [To] tell you how they<br />

beare Gules, or, vert, azure, -heathen words for Red, Yellow,<br />

green, blue. 1655 Fuller Antheologia (1867) 278 The<br />

whole field was vert or green. 1656 Blount Glossogr.<br />

(Hence in Phillips, etc.] 1717 Bailey (vol. II), l^ert (in<br />

Heraldry) signifies Green, and in Graving, is expressed by<br />

Diagonal Lines, drawn from the Dexter Chief Corner, to '<br />

the Sinister Base. 1815 Kirbv & Sp. Entomol. i. (1816) I.<br />

JO Some [insects] she {sc. Nature] blazons with heraldic<br />

insignia, giving them tc bear in fields, .vert—gules—argent<br />

and or, fesses—bars .. and even animals. £ i8s8 Berry<br />

Eiicyci. Her. I. Gloss., Vert, the common French term for<br />

green, and the proper heraldic term for that colour.<br />

Vert (v3it), sbH Also 'vert. [Shortened f.<br />

Convert sb., Pebvebt sb^ A pervert or convert<br />

from one religion to another, esp. to the Roman<br />

Catholic faith.<br />

1864 Union Rev. May 277 Old friends call me a pervert<br />

new acquaintances a convert : the other day I was addressed<br />

146<br />

as a 'vert . . This term * 'vert ' 1 have every reason to believe<br />

has been only just coined. 1886 Pall Mall G. 25 May 4/2<br />

Cardinal Manning stands alone. ., and as he is an Anglican<br />

'vert he does not count.<br />

trans/. 1886 North Star 5 May, Your 'vert [to Homa<br />

Rule] IS ever vigorous.<br />

Vert, v.'>- [ad. L. vertcre to turn, overturn, etc.]<br />

tl. trans. To turn up, root up (the ground).<br />

1578 Burgh Rec. Aberdeen (1848) II. 32 It sail be lesum to<br />

quhatsumewir personne apprehendand the said swyne<br />

vertand the ertht, to distroy the sainen.<br />

2. To turn in a particular direction ; to turn or<br />

twist out of the normal position. Now spec, in<br />

Path, ox Anat. Hence Ve'rting///. a.<br />

CIS90 J- Stewart Poems (S.T.S.) II. 47 His sourd..did<br />

clinck and clak, Quhair euir he verts his force And awful!<br />

face. i6s9 Fuller .-ipp. Inj. Innoc. in. 21 When a<br />

Writer's words are madly verted, inverted, perverted,<br />

against his true intent, and their Grammatical! sense.<br />

1883 Duncan Clin. Led. Dis. Worn. (ed. 2) viii. 59 A lady<br />

had ulceration of the interior of the Ijody of the uterus,<br />

which was not flexed or verted. 1903 Med. Record 7 Feb.<br />

210 All of the muscles of the eyes may be relatively weak.<br />

The ducting or verting power is not as great as it<br />

should be.<br />

3. intr. To change direction; to dart about.<br />

i8s9 Meredith R. Feveril I !. x. 198 He flew about in the<br />

very skies, verting like any blithe creature of the season.<br />

Vert, z-.^ Also 'vert. [f. Vert sb.^'\ intr. To<br />

become a pervert or convert from one religion<br />

another, esp. to Roman Catholicism.<br />

to<br />

x888 Echo 17 Mar. (Cassell's), As a man he is welcome to<br />

vert and re-vert as often as he pleases. 1891 Hist. Sk. Par.<br />

St. Martin, Colchester •! William Murray, .'verted to tlie<br />

Roman Church after J. H. Newman.<br />

VeTtant, a. Her. [a. F.verlant,=h. vertenl-,<br />

vertens, pres. pple. of vertHre: see Vebt z».1]<br />

Bending, curving.<br />

1688 R. Holme Armoury 11. 473/1 He beareth Argent,<br />

eight Leaves, the Stalks conjoyned and contrary bowed. .<br />

But the most compendious, is to blazon them conjoyn'd<br />

dorse endorse ; though good Artists will .say, conjoyned and<br />

vertant to the Dextre and Sinister, c 1828 Berry Encycl.<br />

Her. I. GIo.ss., Vertant and Rerertani, or Verted and Reverted,<br />

the same as/lexed and rejlexed, or boived embirwed,<br />

that is formed like the letter S reverted.<br />

Diets.]<br />

[Hence in later<br />

Vertdegrease, Vert de grece, obs. forms of<br />

Verbigris. Verte, soutliem ME. var. Fart v.<br />

Verteber, var. Vertebre.<br />

Vertebra (vaat^^bra). Pl. vertebrae (va-jtrbrf)<br />

; also 7-8 vertebras, [a. L. vertebra joint,<br />

joint of the spine, f. vertere to turn. Hence It.,<br />

Sp., Pg. vertebra, F. vertebre : cf. Vertebre.]<br />

1. Anat. and Zool. One or other of the joints<br />

composing the spinal column in man or other<br />

vertebrate anijnals ; any segment of the backbone.<br />

o. 1615 Crooke Body 0/Man (1631) 930 The vertebra in<br />

the middest receiueth that spondell wliich is aboue it. 1634<br />

A. Read Descr. Body Man C vj/i The transvers processe<br />

of the first vertebra, a 17*8 Woodward Fossils (1729) I. II.<br />

82 A large Vertebra of a Fish. 1767 GoocH Treat. IVoiinds<br />

1. 367 The Thoracic Duct or canal runs, .as far as the fifth<br />

vertebra of the back. 1788 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) I. 726 The<br />

oesophagus . . terminates in the stomach about the eleventh<br />

or twelfth vertebra of the back. 18^0 E. Wilson Anat.<br />

Vade M. (1842) 7 A Vertebra consists of a body, two<br />

laminae, a spinous process, two transverse processes, and<br />

four articular processes. 1881 IMivart Cat 35 Each of<br />

these small bones is called a vertebra.<br />

Comb. 1839 G. Roberts Diet. Geol. i8o Vertebralis,..<br />

vertebra-like.<br />

A 1664 Power Exp. Philos. i. 42 The Lamprey, .hath a<br />

Cartilaginous flexible Tube or Channel, without any<br />

Vertebra or Spondyls in it. i6«« J. Davies Hist. Caribby<br />

Isles 132 Having no vertebrae in the back.bone,. . be [sc. the<br />

crocodile] goes straight forwards, not being able to turn.<br />

1731 Arbuthnot Rules 0/ Diet 362 For there be some with<br />

fewer Vertebrai in their Necks than others. 1774 Goldsm.<br />

Nat. Hist. (1824) II. 140 The vertebrae of the neck (of the<br />

ourang-outang] also were shorter. 1851 S. P. Woodward<br />

Mollusca 1. 1 3 A backbone, composed of numerous joints,<br />

or vertebra;. 1867 F. Francis Angling iii. 73 The angler<br />

should . . sever the vertebree at the back of the neck.<br />

trans/. 1864 Lowell Fireside Trav. 233 Tlie shattered<br />

vertebrae of t!ie [Roman] aqueducts.<br />

y. iMi LovELL Hist. Anim. cj- Min. Isagoge b8 b, Their<br />

vertebra's are cartilagineous and flexile. 1667 Phil. Trans.<br />

II. 461 The Vertebra's descending from tlie Back. 1706<br />

Phillips (ed. Kersey), Cyphoma,. .a bending backwards of<br />

the Vertebra's, or Turning-joynts of the Back. 1770 Phil.<br />

Trans. LXI. 134 It. .extended, .to the right ovarium, and<br />

vertebras of her back.<br />

b. With particularizing terms.<br />

l^t6 Monro Anat. Bones 178 The Spine is commonly<br />

divided into true and false Vertebrae. 1771 Encycl. Brit. I.<br />

169 The lumbar vertebrae, as they descend, have their oblique<br />

processes at a greater distance from each other. 1847-9<br />

Tod(fs Cycl. Anat. IV. I. 621 The cervical vertebra, .difliers<br />

in this respect from the dorsal vertebra ; this from the lumlMr<br />

vertebra ; this from the sacral vertebra ; and this from the<br />

coccygeal vertebra. 1854 Owen in Orr's Circ. Sci., Org.<br />

Nat. I. 193 This unusually developed spine of the mesencephalic<br />

vertebra. Ibid. 236 In the odd-toed, .ungulates,<br />

the dorso-lumbar vertebrse differ in diflTerent species. l8«6<br />

Huxley Preh. Rem. Caithn. 109 A horse's skull with its<br />

upper cervical vertebrae. 187J — Phys, vii. 171 The<br />

odontoid peg of the axis vertebra.<br />

2. //. (with the). The vertebral column; the<br />

spine or backbone.<br />

a l6»7 MiDDLETON Anything /or Quiet Li/e III. i, I will<br />

finde where his Disease of Cozenage lay, whether in the<br />

Vertebra;, or in Oscox-Index [= Os Coxendix). a 1700<br />

VEBTEBRARTEBIAL.<br />

Evelyn Diary 2 May 1644, They show also the ribs and<br />

vertebrse of the same beast. 1728 Chambers Cycl- s.v., A<br />

Weakness of the Ligaments and Muscles fasten'd to the<br />

backside of the Vertebra:. 1759 Sterne Tr. Shandy 11. ix,<br />

Dr. Slop's figure, coming, .waddling thro' the dirt upon the<br />

vertebrae of a little diminutive pony. 1834 McAIurtrie<br />

Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 27 They are articulated at one extremity<br />

with the vertebra. 1856 Kane Arct. F..rpl. II. xv.<br />

160 'the vertebrae of a whale similar to that at the igloe<br />

of Anoatok. 1872 Huxley Phys. i. 6 The bones thus cut<br />

through are called the bodies of the vertebra.<br />

fig. 1768 Tucker Lt. Nal. (1834) I. 429, I should have<br />

known you for a true Search by the pliableness of your<br />

neck: the Knowals have a wonderful stiflTness in the<br />

vertebrae.<br />

b. Without article.<br />

1840 Muechison Siluria xx. 478 Large fossil fishes with<br />

vertebra; sometimes ossified. j86i Muscrave By-roadsy^<br />

He had made the tour of all Europe without once leaning<br />

back in his carriage ! This indicated matchless rigidity of<br />

fibre and strength of vertebrje.<br />

3. In sing. = sense 2. rar«— '.<br />

1791 Walker Pron. Diet. s.v. 1876 J. G. Wood Nat.<br />

Hist. 501 We now enter upon another vast division in which<br />

there is no true brain and no vertebra.<br />

4. Zool. (See quots.)<br />

1704 Ray Disc. 11. iv. (1713) 182 Great Stones, and even<br />

broken Pieces of Lime.stcne Rocks,, .almost wholly compos<br />

d of those Vertebra!, or broken Pieces of the Radii of<br />

Sea-Stars_, which are commonly call'd Fairy-Slones. 1891<br />

Cent. Diet., Vertebra, in echinoderms, any one of the<br />

numerous axial ossicles of the arms of starfishes.<br />

Vertebral (va-jtrtiral), a. and sb. [ad. med.<br />

or mod.L. vertebralis (= F. veriibral, Sp., Pg.<br />

vertebral, It. vertebrate), or f. prec. -^ -al.]<br />

A. adj. 1. Of or pertaining to, situated on or<br />

near, the vertebrae ; spinal.<br />

1681 tr. Willis' Rem. Med. Wks. Vocab., Vertebral, belonging<br />

to the joynts of the backbone. 1704 Ray Creation<br />

II. (ed. 4) 310 The carotid, vertebral and splenick Arteries<br />

are.. variously contorted. 1737 Bracken Farriery Impr.<br />

(1756) I. 83 The Cirotidal and the Vertebral Arteries.<br />

1771 Encycl. Brit. I. 218 Of the Vertebral Muscles. 1831<br />

R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 27 Vertebral Canal .. extends<br />

along the whole length of the spine, following its various<br />

curvatures. 184a E. Wilson Auat. Vade M. (1842) 342<br />

The Vertebral vein descends by the side of the vertebral<br />

artery. 1854 Owen in Orr's Circ. Sci., Org. Nat. 1. 197 The<br />

pleurapophyses or vertebral ribs in serpents. 1887 Kncyci.<br />

Brit. XXII. 111/2 A sort of bony canal in which runs the<br />

vertebral artery.<br />

trans/. 1824 Galt Rotlielan I. i. The acts of.. the Black<br />

Prince constitute the vertebral portion of his history.<br />

b. Ent. ' Situated on or noting the median line<br />

of the upper surface' {Cent. Diet. 1891).<br />

2. Composed of vertebra; ; spinal. Freq. in<br />

vertebral column.<br />

1822 J. Flint Lett. Amer. 234 The vertebral column was<br />

completely pliant, her body . . bent in every direction successively.<br />

1847-9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. i. 632/1 Every<br />

lesser unit of the vertebral chain. 1877 J. A. Allen Amer.<br />

Bison 449 The smaller size of the posterior part of the<br />

vertebral column in the American bison.<br />

3. Of the nature of a vertebra.<br />

1847-9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. 1. 648 The vertebral pieces<br />

hold their own serial order, and thus we know them. Ibid.<br />

670 These two iliac bones (c, c) are homologous .. to the two<br />

vertebral lamina: of A.<br />

b. Zool. (See quots.)<br />

1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. 563 [In] the Ophiuridea,<br />

..each of these [quadrate axial] ossicles (which are sometimes<br />

termed vertebral) is surrounded by four plates. 1877<br />

F. Butler in Encycl. Brit. VII. 633 The deep ambulacral<br />

grooves which occupy the middle of the lower face of each<br />

ray [in star-fishes] are formed each by a series of plates, the<br />

vertebral ossicles.<br />

4. Of animals : Having a spinal column ; = Vertebrate<br />

a. I.<br />

1816 J. Scott Vis. Paris (ed. 5) 299 Cuvier, who was the<br />

first to divide animals into vertebral and invertebral. 1822-7<br />

Good Study Med. (1829) IV. 16 All the classes of vertebral<br />

animals possess the same number of senses as man. 1854<br />

H. Miller Sch. >i Schm. xxi. (i860) 229/1 Under what<br />

peculiarities of form.. vertebral life existed in the earlier<br />

ages of the world.<br />

B. sb. 1. .A vertebral artery or vein.<br />

1718 J. Chamberlayne Relig. Phitos. (1730) I. iii. % 3 We<br />

here see the Jugular Veins, and the Vertebrals. 1755 Diet.<br />

Arts «f Sci. s.v. Medulla, The arteries and veins of the<br />

spinal marrow., are derived from the vertebrals of the neck,<br />

the intercostals, and the lumbar. 1880 Barwell Aneurism<br />

53 If we ligature the first part of the subclavian, ought we<br />

also to occlude the vertebral? 1899 Allbutfs Syst. Med.<br />

VII. 390 The arteries of the medulla oblongata, .arise from<br />

the vertebrals.<br />

2. A vertebrate animal. rare~°.<br />

1828-32 Webster, Vertebral, n., an animal of the class<br />

which have a back-bone.<br />

3. One of the unpaired dorsal plates in the carapace<br />

of a turtle.<br />

i88j Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 456 Dermal Scutes [of Testudo<br />

pardalis] -.-co, costals ; v, vertebrals ; jn, marginals.<br />

Hence Ve-rtobrally adv.<br />

1891 Cent. Diet. s.v.. Segmented vertebrally; vertebrally<br />

articulated ribs.<br />

Vertebrarterial, a. Anat. and Zool. [f<br />

Vektebr-a -f Arterial a.] Of or belonging to a<br />

vertebra and an artery ;<br />

verteliro-arterial.<br />

188^ Coues N. Amer. Birds 139 The series of the-se foramina<br />

IS called the vertebrarterial canal. 1902 Cunningham's<br />

Text-bk. Anat. (1906) 75 The vertebrarterial foramen.. is<br />

traversed by the vertebral artery and vein in the upper six<br />

vertebrae.


VERTEBRA.TA.<br />

II Vertebrata (vajtrbr^'-ta). Zool. [mod.L.<br />

(Cuvier), a. L. vertebrata (sc. animdlia)^ nent. pi.<br />

of vertebrdtus Vertebrate a.]<br />

1. With the, A division of the animal kingdom<br />

including all animals which have a backbone or its<br />

equivalent.<br />

1836 KiRBY & Sp. Eniomot, xxviii. III. 44 The difference<br />

here between Insects and th^ Vertebrata seems very wide.<br />

1834 M^MuRTRiE Cuvier s Anztn. Kingd. 2^2 The blood of<br />

the MoHusca. .appears to contain a smaller proportionate<br />

quantity of fibrine than that of the Vertebratx 1843 Penny<br />

• Cyci, XXVI. 277/2 In the yertebrata the brain and principal<br />

trunk or chord of the nervous system is enclosed in a<br />

bony or gristly case composed of the skuU and the vertebree.<br />

1877 Huxley .(^>mA lm\ Anim. 49 Even the hiatus between<br />

the Vertebrata and the Invertebrata^ is partly, if not<br />

wholly, bridged over.<br />

2. A group or class of these ; a number of vertebrate<br />

animals.<br />

185K D. Wilson Prelt. Ann. iv. vii. 644 The geologist,<br />

without seeking to reanimate these extinct vertebrata, learns<br />

much regarding the past from . . their colossal remains. 185S<br />

H. Spencer /*r/w. PsychoL (1872) I. i. L -^ Between the<br />

water-breathing vertebrata and.. air-breathing vertebrata<br />

there is an equally conspicuous unlikeness in energy. 1870<br />

RoLLESTON Anim. Life 5 In every Mammalian skeleton..<br />

the vertebrae in the trunk always differ from those of the<br />

different lower vertebrata in . . the following points.<br />

Vertebrate (vs-Jt/br/t), a. and sb. [ad. L.<br />

vcrtebrat-m CPliny), jointed, articulated, f. vertebra<br />

Vertebra, Cf. prec. and Invertebrate.]<br />

A. adj. 1, Zool. Of or belonging to the Vertebrata<br />

; characterized by having a backbone or<br />

spinal column. Freq. in vertebrate animal,<br />

i8a6 KiRBY 8c Sp. Enioff/ot. xxviii. III. 42 Size forms a<br />

pretty accurate distinction between insects and the great<br />

Dulk of vertebrate animals, a 1843 Encycl. Metrop. (1845)<br />

VII, 392 The passive motive Organs or Skeleton of the<br />

Vertebrate Series of Animals. 1870 Gillmore tr. Siguier's<br />

R^tt (V Birds Introd. 4 A bountiful Creator appears to<br />

have adopted one general plan in the organization of all<br />

the vertebrate creation. 1881 Mivart in Nature No. 615.<br />

337 The highest of them, called the vertebrate sub-kingdom<br />

. .comprises ourselves, with all beasts, birds, reptiles, efts,<br />

frogs and toads, and fishes.<br />

C0/n^. 1B63 Dana Man. Ceol, 276 In most of these vertebrate-tailed<br />

species the vertebral column extends into the<br />

upper lobe of the tait<br />

D. Bot. (See quot.)<br />

183a LiNDLEY Introd. Bot. _<br />

790 Vertebrate^ . . when the leaf<br />

is contracted at intervals, tnerc being an articulation at<br />

each contraction ; as in Cussonia spicata.<br />

2. Of or pertaining to, characteristic of, found in,<br />

a vertebrated animal or animals.<br />

1848 Owen {title). On the Archetj-pe and Homologies of<br />

the Vertebrate Skeleton. 1854 H. aIiller Sch. ^ Schm.<br />

xxi. (i860) 22g/i The second age of vertebrate existence on<br />

our planet. 1857 H. Spencer in Westm. Rev. Apr. 450 The<br />

earliest known vertebrate remains are those of Fishes. 1883<br />

Encycl, Brit. XVI. 663/2 In the vertebrate eye, the filaments<br />

of the optic ncr«« penetrate the retina.<br />

fig. 187a Mmro Eng. Prose Lit. i. iii. 201 A vertebrate<br />

Skeleton of the work.<br />

3. fig. a. Of persons : Having connective mental<br />

powers.<br />

X&79 O. W, Holmes Motley xix. 146 The archivists and<br />

annaUsts will pile up facts.. until the vertebrate historian<br />

comes with his generalizing ideas.<br />

b. Of writings, etc. : Connectedly put together<br />

characterized by strength or consistency.<br />

188a GossK in Grosart Spenser III. p. xlvi, Ramsay s<br />

Gentle S/tepA^rd. .rcmsiins the most vertebrate and inter.<br />

csting bucolic drama produced in Great Britain. 1884<br />

Atiunxum 15 Nov, 635/2 The new comedy, .is more than<br />

a little lachrymose and is scarcely vertebrate. 1900 Sat.<br />

Rev. 24 Mar. 367 We have the right.. to expect something<br />

more vertebrate, if he is to take place in literature,<br />

B, sb, A member of the Vertebrata ; a vertebrate<br />

animal.<br />

x8a6 K1R8V & Sp. Entomol. xlv. IV. 340 The antenna; of<br />

insects are analogous to ears in Vertebrates. 1840 Cwier's<br />

Anim. Kingd. 33 The general plan of their organization is<br />

not so uniform., as that of the vertebrates. 1870 F. Howen<br />

Logic vi. 155 Some wingless animals are not vertebrates.<br />

Ve'rtebrate, v, [f, prec] trans. To connect<br />

or join after the manner of vertebrje.<br />

1891 in Cent, Diet. 1894 Blackmore Perlycross tag As<br />

like each other as three peas vertebrated in one pod. 2010<br />

Q, Rev, Jan. 69 They {sc. satires] were written in rough cfialect<br />

and vertebrated with peasant phrases and peasant wit,<br />

Vertebrated (vajt/br^r'ted),///, a. [f. Vertebrate<br />

a. + -En.]<br />

1. = Vertebrate a. x, Freq. in vertebrated<br />

anifrMl{s),<br />

i8s8 Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 371 Vertebrated animals<br />

with cold red blo(xi, respiring by gills or branchiae. 1835<br />

J. Duncan Beetles (Nat. Lib.) 74 Certain relations of analogy<br />

which some of the species are thought to bear to the<br />

vertebrated tribes. i849S.\XE/'tftf///j(i873l 120 One of those<br />

vertebrated vermin That lie in the grass so prettily curled,<br />

1874 Carpkntkr Ment. Phys. 1. ii, § 57 (1879) 57 1^« Vertebrated<br />

series, of which Man is the highest representative,<br />

2. Consisting of, provided with, vertebrae.<br />

1863 Dana Man. Geot. 276 All these ancient fishes tGanoids]<br />

have vertebrated tails. 1864 Bowen Logic x. 323<br />

.Among inorganic bodies,.. the metallic property is an instance<br />

of the former class; among animals, the possession<br />

of a vertebrated column or backbone.<br />

3. trans/. Constructed in a manner suggestive of<br />

vertebrse.<br />

2840 Civil Eng. ^ Arch. Jml. III. 56A A vertebrated<br />

147<br />

carriage . . left the station at Euston Square with one of the<br />

trains for Birmingham, ibid.^ The vertebrated carriage.,<br />

adapted itself to all curves with the greatest facility.<br />

vertebration (vait/br^'-Jan). [f. Vertebra.]<br />

1. Vertebral formation ; division into segments<br />

like those of the spinal column. Also in fig. context,<br />

1888 Encycl. Brit.XXlV. 179/2 Some writers have maintained<br />

that the vertebration of the Vertebrata may be<br />

understood as having reference to the segmentation of the<br />

muscles of the body-wall. 1889 Theol. Monthly Jan. 48<br />

His style rather resembles a cellular tissue . . which may advance<br />

by growth on many sides, rather than a.. compact<br />

l


VEBTIBLENESS.<br />

that God Ajmtghty should annihilate the Individuals of this<br />

middle vertible Order, as you call it, as soon as they lapse<br />

into Sin?<br />

Hence t VeTtibleness, ' aptness or easiness to<br />

turn' (Bailey, vol. II, 172-). Obs.—°<br />

Ve'rtic, a. poet. Also 7 vertiok. [Irregular<br />

shortening of next, after Irojiii:, etc.] Vertical, esp.<br />

of the sun.<br />

1607 Barksted ;l//rrAa (1876) 51 Thus much the Goddesse<br />

of the floods doth deign to change thy shape, into a vertick<br />

flower. 176J Falconer Shi/^ur. 1. 745 While Phcebus down<br />

the vertic.circle glides, a 1769 — Occ, Elegy ix, Unfelt by<br />

you the vertic sun may glow. 1800 T. Sanderson Orig.<br />

Pmiiu 9 Where vertic suns, that torrid fervour pour. Check<br />

the grove's music and the vernal flow'r. 1876 J. Ellis<br />

Caesar in Egypt 79 Their sacred Well, One day illumined<br />

by the vertic Sun.<br />

Vertical (vs-Jtikal), a. and sb. Also 6-7 verticalL<br />

[a. F. vertical (1545,= Sp., Pg. vertical,<br />

It. verticaW), or ad. late L. verticdlis (Quicherat),<br />

f. vertic-, stem of vertex Vertex.]<br />

A. adj. 1. Of or pertaining to, placed or situated<br />

at, p.issing through, the vertex or zenith<br />

occupying a position in the heavens directly overhead<br />

or above a given place or point.<br />

fa. Vertical point, =^\^v.tS7i 2. Also ^^., the<br />

culminating or highest point, the point of greatest<br />

development or perfection (freq. in the 1 7thc.). Obs.<br />

"SS9 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Gtasse 16 Leuell with th'<br />

earth, and his verticall point, in the forsaid Equinoctial.<br />

163a Peacham CompLGentL ix. (1906) 61 Latitude is the<br />

distance of the Meridian, beiweene the verticall point (or<br />

pole of the Horizon) and the j^uinoctiall. 1653 W. Ramesev<br />

Astral. Resiftred I. viii. 15 Those that live further North<br />

are of stronger body, . . because their vertigal [sic] point<br />

being far removed from the Suns course, they more abound<br />

in cold and moisture. 1715 tr. Gregory^s Astron. (1726)<br />

I. 368 Let XBL be a Vertical Circle, X>the Zenith, (for the<br />

Vertical point may be consider'd as mov'd in regard of the<br />

Ecliptic unmov'd). X7a8 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Point, The<br />

Zenith and Nadir are the Vertical Points.<br />

/ig. 161X Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xii, 103 Such successe,<br />

as well declared it was Gods will . . , that the English name<br />

should now be brought to the verticall poynt thereof without<br />

any thing being able to resist it 1616 T. H. Canssin's<br />

Holy Court 363 Saint Ireneus.,calleth Charity.. the top,<br />

and verticall point of all venues, guifts, and fauours of God.<br />


VERTICALLY.<br />

149<br />

VERTIGINOUS.<br />

effect of verticality. 1884 G. M. Dawson in Handhk, Dom.<br />

Cttnada 325 Gctod sections of. .Cretaceous rocks.. become<br />

folded together and lie at all angles up to verticality.<br />

b. Of buildings, or architecture.<br />

1843 Civil Eng. ^ Arch. Jml. VI. 99/1 The verticality<br />

which is designed and usually conveyed by the orders he<br />

communicated to his buildings by rustic quoins. x86o<br />

CocKBURsMum/'d^ifw tf''CV:r/j//a«.' 61 The first and most<br />

striking feature [of the architecture of the 12th and i3lhc.]<br />

is the Verticality of composition, as directly opposed to the<br />

Horizontality of all anterior structural modes, a 1890<br />

LiCHTFooT Hist. Ess. tii. (1895) 146 The leading conception<br />

of Gothic architecture,..! mean its verticality, as contrasted<br />

with the horizontal lines of the Greek.<br />

c. In weakened sense : Krectness, uprightness.<br />

1838 Eraser's Mag. XVII. 687 She walked.. in unswerving<br />

verticality.<br />

VeTtically, adv. [f. Vertical a. + -ly 2,]<br />

In a vertical manner, direction, or position ; so as<br />

to be vertical to the plane of the horizon, the<br />

earth's surface, or some other horizontal line or<br />

plane ; perpendicularly, or approximately so<br />

directly overhead or down below.<br />

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. x. 326 The Dogstarre,<br />

..although it be not verticall unto any part of Asia,., yet is<br />

it so unto America, and vertically passeih over the habitations<br />

of Peru and Brasilia. 1677 Grew Ana/. Eruits v. § 17<br />

The Seed-Case of Anagaliis. .opens not by its Meridian or<br />

Vertically, .but hy its Horizon. 1679 Moxom Math. Diet.<br />

s.v. Vertex, A Star is said to be Vertical, that.. Vertically<br />

hangs over any place. 1686 V\jy\ Staffordsh. 17 If Lightening<br />

causes these Circles, it must also be allowed that it<br />

descends vertically. 1794 G. Adams Nat. ^ Exp. Philos,<br />

II. xvii. 361 mr/r, The pupil in animals of the cat kind. .is<br />

oblong vertically. 1796 Withkring Brit. Plants fed. 3) 1 1 1.<br />

763 Capsules opening vertically. i8>8 Stark Elem. Nat.<br />

Hist. II. 221 Some [msects], as the butterflies, raise their<br />

wings vertically in repose. 184a Loudon Suburban Hort.<br />

615 Some modification of lateral training will, in almost<br />

every case, be found preferable to training vertically. 1880<br />

Haughton Phys. Geog. ii. 21 An earthquake occurred, ver.<br />

tically under tne town of Arica.<br />

Comb. 1TO3 Martyn Lang. Bot. s,v. Veriicale, A vertically<br />

ovate leaf is the same with an obverse I y-ovate or obovate<br />

leaf; and a vertically cordate leaf is the same with an obversely<br />

cordate or obcordate leaf. 1878 Abnev Treat.<br />

Photogr. xxxiii. 268 A fair general focus can.. be obtained<br />

by using with the camera a vertically-pivoted swing-back.<br />

b. Math, (Cf. Vertical a, 2).<br />

1660 Barrow Euclid i. xv. ScHol., If four right lines, proceeding<br />

from one point, make the angles vertically opposite<br />

equal. 1840 Lardner Geom. 24 When two straight lines<br />

cross each other, ..the angle B.\D is said to be vertically<br />

oppos te to the angle EAC<br />

tVe-ptice. Obs.-^ fn. F. Venice (= Sp., Pg.,<br />

and It, vertue), ad. L. vertiC'Cfn, vertex Vebtex.]<br />

The vertex or zenith.<br />

1665 Sir T Herbert Trav. (1677) ^ But the Periscii have<br />

their shadow circulating, their meridional shadow having<br />

no existence from the vertice, but oblique and extended to<br />

the plain of the terrestrial Horizon.<br />

Verticil (v5-Jtisil). Also 8-9 verticel. [ad. L.<br />

t;^r/?Vj7A«5- Verticillus. Cf. F. verticille in sense<br />

2 (also, in earlier use, a whorl).]<br />

tL (Seequot.). Obs."^<br />

1703 A. DE La Prime Let. to Sir H. Sloan (Sloan MSS.<br />

4056) fol. 33 Verticels or glass Beads formed on purpose to<br />

wind thread on.<br />

2. Bot, A number or set of organs or parts<br />

arranged, disposed, or produced in a circle round<br />

an axis (see quot. 1882); a whorl. False or<br />

spurious verticil^ a verticillaster.<br />

Also similarly in Zool. (in recent Diets.).<br />

«. 1793 Martvn Diet. Bot. s.v., A Verticil or Whirl may<br />

be I. oessile or pcduncled. z. Naked.. .3, Crowded. 1806<br />

J. Galpine Brit. Bot. 5258 Ajuga. ..l\3Axy: verticils<br />

crowded into a pyramidal form, many-flowered. 18*6-34<br />

Encyct. Metrop. {1845) VII. 43/2 The stamens in the same<br />

verticil are sometimes joined together, and sometimes with<br />

the neighbouring verticils. i88a Vines Sachs" Bot. jjo An<br />

axial structure may produce either several equivalent lateral<br />

members at the same level, or only one; in the second case<br />

the members formed in succession are termed solitary, in<br />

the first case a Whorl or Verticil.<br />

(5. 1856 Hrnsi.ow Diet. Bot, Terms i\^ Verticel, Verticiilus,..z<br />

whorl. 1871 Nicholson Palaeont. 483 The joints<br />

of the stems give on verticels of leave:*. 1881 Spencer in<br />

Science Gossip No. 20a. 229 It is generally supposed that<br />

the branches were aI>o arranged in verticels.<br />

t Verticillary, a. Obs. rare, [f. L. verticill-<br />

«j Verticillus: see -art.] Of motion: Rotatory,<br />

whirling, vertiginous. «<br />

1757 E. Darwin in Phil, TroJis. L. 947 The verticillary<br />

motion given to charcoat*dust thrown on nitre in fusion.<br />

i7S^-tf — Zoon. (1801) III. 145 When the legs are straight,<br />

as in standing erect, there is no verticillary motion in the<br />

knee-joint.<br />

Verticillaster (v5:jtisilx'st3j), Bot. [mod.<br />

L., f. L. vcrticill-tis Vebticillus + -asteu.] A<br />

form of inflorescence occurring in certain labiate<br />

plants (see quots.) ; a false whorl.<br />

1831 Lindlev tntrod. Bot. 112 If the cyme is reduced to<br />

a. very few flowers, and those few become corymbose, such a<br />

disposition has been called a verticiliasterhy Hoffmansegg.<br />

1861 Bkntlev Matt. Bot. 213 The Verticillaster.—This kind<br />

of cyme is seen in the WHite Dead-nettle. 187a Oliver<br />

EUm. Bot. II. 217 A coarse perennial herb, with. .axillary<br />

cymes (forming verticillastcrs) of bilabiate white flowers.<br />

Verticillate (vMtisi-lrt, vajti-silA), a. Also 9<br />

vertioellate. [ad. mod.L. verticilldt-us ^ f. L. verticillus<br />

Vebticillus : see -ate '* lalo, Sp. verticilado , Pg. verticillado, F. verticilU Very common in the 17th c; now rare or Obs.<br />

^ 1625 N. Carpenter Geog. Del. i. iv.<br />

(1694).]<br />

(1635) 72 The Verticity<br />

Ls that whereby the Poles of the Earthly Spheare, conforme<br />

1. a. Bot. Of plants : Having leaves, flowers, and settle themselues vnto the Poles of the Heauen. 1661<br />

branches, etc., arranged or produced in circles or Glanvill Van. Dogni. 140 We believe the verticity of the<br />

whorls around the stem. Now rare or Obs.<br />

Needle, without a Certificate from the dayes of old. 1705<br />

1668 WiLKiss Real<br />

Derham in<br />

Char. it. iv. §4. 81 Herbs<br />

PhiL Trans. XXV. considered<br />

2136 And having again<br />

straitened it, I<br />

according<br />

was surprized to find it<br />

to their flower . . may be distinguished into . . Ver'<br />

had quite lost its Verticity.<br />

ticillatc ; by which those kinds of Plants are meant, whose<br />

1794 G. Adams Nat. rp. Philos, (1806) IV. 1. 393<br />

flowers grow<br />

His poker and tongs were natural magnets,<br />

in rundles or whirles about the stalk. x686<br />

and had their<br />

verticity fixed<br />

Phil. Trans. XVI. 286 The<br />

by being heated and cooled in a vertical<br />

Verticillate Herbs, so called<br />

position.<br />

from<br />

1837 Brewster Magnet. i6§<br />

the Flowers embracing<br />

The little<br />

the stalk like a whirl, or wherle.<br />

magnet<br />

or needle turned itself briskly,, .shewing great verticity.<br />

4:1711 Petiver Gazophyl. x. 94 A Verticillate Water Herb,<br />

1867 S.MVTH Sailor's<br />

whose Husks<br />

Wordhk. 712.<br />

stick to Cloaths like Burrs or Clivers. 17*0<br />

P. liLAiR Bot.<br />

Jig. 1687 Norris Coll. Misc. 184<br />

Ess, iii. 135 The Verticillate Kind<br />

The Soul will then point<br />

are for the<br />

to the center of Happiness with her full bent<br />

most part Irregular. 1796 C. Marshall Garden,<br />

and verticity.<br />

xix. (1813)<br />

i6«ji — Praet. Disc. 170 His Will has lost<br />

357 Coreopsis, verticillate, yellow. 1822-7 Oood<br />

much of its Ver-<br />

Study<br />

ticity or Magnetick Inclination towards the chief<br />

J\/t'd. {1829) I. 174 The verticillate order affords an abundant<br />

Good,<br />

stock, from which we may select [carminatives] at pleasure. b. With a and pi.<br />

/did. IV. 568 Many of the warmer sedatives and antispas- 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 68 A Loadstone flred..<br />

modics, as assafoetida, camphor, most of the verticillate according to the position in cooling contracts a new verti-<br />

plants, and cajeput.<br />

city. 1658 — Gard. Cy>'us v. 72 If any shall further quaery<br />

b. Eftt.y etc. (See quots.)<br />

why magneticall Philcsophy excludeth decussations, and<br />

needles transversly placed<br />

1826 K1R8V & Sp. Entomol,<br />

do naturally distract their verti-<br />

IV. xlvj. 324 Verlicillaie..,<br />

cities.<br />

antennae beset with<br />

1705 C. PuRSHALL Mech. Macrocosm 265 If<br />

hair in whorls. 1883 Le Conte & Horn<br />

you heat<br />

an Iron Red, and let it cool perpendicular to the Earth,., its<br />

Classif. Coleoptera N. Atner. Introd. p. xv, In this form<br />

lowest end will gain a Verticity towards the<br />

the joints are frequently surrounded at tip with a<br />

North Pole.<br />

circle of<br />

1728 Chambers Cycl. s.v.<br />

longer hairs, in which<br />

Magnet, A Bar of Iron that has<br />

case the antennie are said to be<br />

gain'd a Verticity by being heated red-hot and cool'd again.<br />

veriiceilate. _<br />

fig. 1661 Glanvill Van, Dogm. 244 Though the body by<br />

2. a. Bot. Of leaves, flowers, branches, etc. a kind of Magnetism be drawn down.. ; yet the thus im-<br />

Disposed in, or forming, verticils or whorls.<br />

pregnate spirit contracts a Verticity to objects above the<br />

1793 Martvn Diet. Bot. s.v., Verticillate flowers; or Pole.<br />

flowers growing in a Whirl; or round the stem in rings one 2. The power of turning or revolving ; rotation,<br />

above another at each joint. 1830 Lindlev Nat. Syst. Bot.<br />

revolution, ? Obs,<br />

202 Square stems and verticillate leaves [of the Madder<br />

i6^2 Hooker in Rigaud Corr, Sci.<br />

tribe]. 1851 Mantell<br />

Men (1841) I. 181<br />

Petrifactions i. § 2. 26 Specimens The<br />

of<br />

verticity of Jupiter and • a common,<br />

Mars on their axes.<br />

.tribe of coal-plants.., whose<br />

1690 Locke<br />

verticillate foliage<br />

Hum, Und. iv. ii. §11 (i6c)5) 307 A certain<br />

is too remarkable to escape notice. 1882 Vines<br />

number of<br />

Sachs' Bot.<br />

Globules, . . having a verticity about their<br />

396 The<br />

own Centres.<br />

branches and roots spring exclusively from within<br />

1819 H. Busk Banquet in. 241 Hence on all subjects sparks<br />

the base of the leaf-sheath; and as this forms a whorl, the<br />

of light you throw.. : Blaze with the comet in his swift<br />

branches and roots are also verticillate.<br />

verticity, Or rouse us with a flash of electricity.<br />

b. Similarly in Zool., Ent., etc.<br />

II. + 3. The vertex or top of something. Obsr~^<br />

1828 Stark ^/^/w. Nat. Hist. II. 378 Antennae filiform,<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr.<br />

long, of from fifteen to sixteen globular joints, furnished<br />

with verticillate hairs, 1846 Dana Zooph. (1848) 675 Ver- 1 4. Vertical position in the heavens. Obs. rare.<br />

rucae ascending,, .verticillate. _ 1871 Duncan Transform. 1646 J. Gregory Notes ^ Obs. (1650) 151 The verticity of<br />

Insects III Each tubercle carries several verticillate hairs. any of those [stars] could not haue come and 'stood over<br />

the<br />

3. Marked or characterized place by<br />

where the young child was'. 1686 Goad Celest.<br />

verticillation.<br />

Bodies II. xiii.<br />

183a Lindlev Introd. Bot. 113 The most exterior<br />

333 The ./Estival Part of Heaven does more<br />

verticil-<br />

invigorate those Planets which attend the<br />

late series of the integuments<br />

0, not only by<br />

of the flower within tlie<br />

their higher Exaltation or Approches to Verticity, but [etc. J.<br />

bractea;.^ 1836-9 Todd's Cycl. Anat, II. 414/1 Simple tubes,<br />

divided in a verticillate manner. 1877 CouES& Allen 6. Pole A''.<br />

of verticity^ (see quot.).<br />

Awer. Rod. 475 The veriicillate whorls of scales between x886 Cu.MMiNG Electricity 54 There are two points, one in<br />

which the short hairs spring. 1882 Vines .Jatr/w' Bot. 464<br />

the northern hemisphere and one in the southern, at which<br />

The phyllota.vis is ."^onietimes verticillate, sometimes spiral. the dip is 90'^, or the magnetic force is vertical. These<br />

points are called the<br />

Verti'Cillated, a. Now rare, [Cf. prec]<br />

Magnetic Poles of the earth... The<br />

term Pole of Verticity is sometimes applied to them.<br />

1. =^ prec. I and i b.<br />

+ Ve*rticle, erron. f. Vertical a, and sb, Obs.<br />

1698 J. Petiver in Phil. Trans. XX. 315 Like tfae Whorles<br />

161X CoTGR., Azimuth, an Azimuth, or Vertlcle circle,<br />

on a Verticillated Plant. 1752 J. Hill Hist, Anint. no which discends from the Zenith. 1653 Waterhouse Apol.<br />

The Lacerta, with the tail verticillated with denticulated<br />

Learning 51 Now grows Our Nation to its Zenith: Fame<br />

scales. 1822-7 Good Study Med. (1829) IV. 531 The ver-<br />

is no friend to Continuance ; the Verticle is near, when<br />

ticillated stimulant plants have, in many instances, also,<br />

Admiration from abroad, and Luxury at home, threaten<br />

been found serviceable. 1882 Gard. Chron. XVIII. 70 To our Change.<br />

make trial of seeds of any verticillated plants.<br />

2. = prec. 2, 2 b, and + Ve*3?ticle. Obs. rare. [ad. L. verlicula, •us^<br />

3.<br />

1718C11AMBERLAVNE Relig.Philos. I. x. § 17. 184 Tho' the 'Um joint, vertebra, dim. of vertex Vertex, or OF.<br />

Calculation bad been made from a greater Plumber of the verticule (rare) vertebra.] A vertebra.<br />

Fibres of a verticillated Body, c 1789 Encycl. Brit. {ed. 3) 1658 A. Fox Wurtz* Surg, v, 363 Some Childrens back<br />

III. 440/3 Different species of stellated or verticillated bone have I seen crackt in two, and the verticles thereof<br />

leaves.^ x8»8 Stark EUm. Nat. Hist. II. 377 Antenna were disjoyned.<br />

..furnished with verticillated hairs, or simply pubescent. t VerticO'rdiouS, a. Obs.~^ [f. L. verticordia<br />

1844 Florist's Jml. (1846) V. 84 Flowers produced from the<br />

turner of hearts (an epithet of Venus), f. vert^re to<br />

base of the bulb on a long drooping raceme, verticillated<br />

along the raceme. 1857 H. Miller Test. Rocks \. 20 Its turn + cord'y cor heart : see -ous.] That turns the<br />

fluted stem and verticillated series of linear branches.<br />

heart (from evil) ; regenerative.<br />

Verticillation (vaitisil^Jan). [f. Verticil- 1701 C. Mather Magn. Chr. iii. 11. xxvi. 149/1 The<br />

late a. : see-ATiON.] The formation of<br />

Regenerating and Verticordious Grace of Heaven, took<br />

verticils ;<br />

advantage from his Religious Education . . to steal into the<br />

a verticillate form or structure, a verticil.<br />

Heart of this young Disciple.<br />

1830 Lindlev Nat, Syst. Bot. iiyj The degree of verticillation<br />

requisite to constitute a calyx. 1843 Penny Cycl. t Vertixularly, ^/z'. Obs.-"^ [i.'L.verticula,<br />

XXVI. 131/2 The tail is rounded.. ; its verticillations are etc., Verticle.] In a whorled or verticillate<br />

composed, above, of large tubercles, and below, of flat, manner.<br />

quadrangular scales. 1888 Riverside Nat. Hist. I. 167 In 1657 Tomlinson Renou*s Disp. 610 Spinous cups do ver-<br />

the Diadematidae the spines are hollow, long, and set with ticularly circumvest its Caulicles.<br />

rings or verticillations.<br />

t Vertiginal, a. Obs,-^ [f. L. vertTgin-^ ver-<br />

Verticillato-| combining form, on Greek tigo Vertigo.] « Vertiginous a, 2,<br />

models, of mod.L. verticilldfns Verticillate a., x6i2 Benvenuto's Passenger i. ii. 177 For vertiginall<br />

as verticillato-piniiate (see quot.).<br />

dizzines.<br />

1829 T. Castle Introd. Bot.-ji Veriicillato-pinnate—when Verti'ginate, ff. rare~°, [Cf.next.] 'Turned<br />

the leaflets, instead of being arranged in the same piano on round, giddy* (Webster, iS6i).<br />

each side of the common leaf-stalk, are placed around it.<br />

Vertagiuate (vajti-dgin^'t), v, rare. [f. L.<br />

II Verticillus Cvajtisi-iiJs). Bot, PI. verti-<br />

vertigin-, vertigo Vertigo.] intr. To turn round,<br />

cilll (-si'bi). [L. verticillus (Pliny) whorl (sc,<br />

spin, or rush dizzily.<br />

of a spindle), dim. of vertex Wz'B.ttyi. Cf. Verti-<br />

(1767 A. Campbell Lexiph. (ed. a) 23 My steed, .with an<br />

cil.] A verticil or whorl.<br />

incredible acceleration of velocity, vertiginated along^ the<br />

1760 I. Le& Introd Bot. in. iv. (1765) 174 Verticillus, a arable. Ibid. 52 Brine, that once vertiginated in the pacifick<br />

IVhor/f expresses a Number of Flowers that are subsessile, ocean.] a 1814 Last Act i. iii. in Neiu Brit. Theatre II.<br />

and are produced in Rings round the Stems. 1783 Encycl. 372, I, your great Chiron, was your instructor ; and thither-<br />

Brit. (ed. 2) X. 8570/2 The.. smaller creeping germander, ward my glory vertiginates, a 1834 Coleridge in Lit. Rem.<br />

hath, .reddish flowers, growing almost in a verticillus, or (18-^9) IV. 212 Surely never did argument vertiginate more !<br />

whorls, round the stalk. 1829 T. Castle Introd. Bot. 94 V"ertigine, -inie : see Vertiginy.<br />

In the verticillus or whorl, the flowers surround the stem in Vertigino'Sity. rare, [ad, F. vertiginositS<br />

a sort of ring. 1830 Lindlev iWi/. Syst. Bot. Introd. p. xxv,<br />

In most orders the sepals occupy one series or verticillus (i6thc.). Cf.next.] (See quot.)<br />

only. 1870 tr. Pouchet's Universe 388 When the floral 1656 Blount Glossogr. (copying Cotgr.), Vertiginosity, a -<br />

apparatus is complete it is formed of four ro.settes, or verti- giddiness, dizziness, swimming of the head or brain.<br />

cilli, of depressed concentrated leaves.<br />

Vertiginous (v3Jti'd5rn3s), a. Also 7 yirt-.<br />

Verticity (vojti-siti). Now rare. [ad. mod.L. [ad. L. vertiginostts one suffering from giddiness,<br />

verticitdSj f. L. vertic-^ stem of vertex Vertex. So f. vertigin-, vertigo Vertigo. So F. vertigineux,<br />

F. verticitiy Sp. verticidad, Pg. verticidade,']<br />

Sp., Pg., It. vertiginoso.']<br />

I, 1. Thefaculty of turning, or tendency to turn, i. Of persons, the head, etc. : Affected with,<br />

towards a vertex or pole, esp. as exhibited in the suffering from, vertigo or giddiness giddy, dizzy.<br />

;<br />

2. So It. verticil- loadstone or magnetic needle.<br />

i63z Burton AncU. Mel, l iii. i. i. Many phantasticall


VEBTIGINOUSLY.<br />

visions about their eyes, vertiginous, apt to tremble. 1653<br />

Jkh. Taylor Serm^/or Kco^i.xix. 233 They grew vertigin*<br />

ous and fell from the battlements of heaven. 1695 Woodward<br />

Nat. Hist. Earth iv. 206 The former of these [damps].,<br />

makes the Workmen faint, and vertiginous. 1707 Reflex,<br />

upon Ridicule 136 The Head turns and grows vertiginous,<br />

1787 Best Atfgiing (ed. 2) 69 By these balls fishes are rendered<br />

\-ertiginous, and as it were intoxicated. 1808 Med,<br />

ymL XIX. 299 The ocular spectra of objects.. augment<br />

the disturbance of the eyes, and thereby add to the confusion<br />

of the vertiginous person. iBaa-y Good Study Med.<br />

(1829) I. 170, I have never been able to raise it [the drug]<br />

abo^'e seven grains without making the head stupid and<br />

ventginous. 1906 G._ Tyrrell in Li/e (1912) II. xi. 260 At<br />

first f was very \'ertiginous, but am slowly getting my nerves<br />

in hand.<br />

fig^. i6«4 [Scott] Vox Regis 41 The heighthof prosperitie<br />

so amazeth the ej-es of men, as it makes them vertigmous.<br />

1687 NoRRis Misc., Disc. Rom. xii. 3 § 19 If they can stand<br />

there without growing vertiginous, .. they are still within<br />

the Region of Humility.<br />

b. J^. Giddy-minded ; unstable or unsettled in<br />

opinions, etc. ; inconstant; apt to change quickly;<br />

marked by inconstancy, instability, or rapid change.<br />

Frequent in the 17th century.<br />

1609 Bp. W. Barlow Answ. Nameless Cath. 209 This<br />

vertiginous Vertumnus, whom Plato describes for an in-<br />

artificial! disputant. 1631 Burton Anat. Mel, (ed. 4) i. lii.<br />

I. ii 185 Inconstant they are in all their actions, vertiginous,<br />

restlesse, vnapt to resolue of any businesse. x68x Mantom<br />

Sertft. Ps.cxix. 20 Wks. 1872 VI. 190 Therefore take heed<br />

of being given up to this vertiginous spirit, to be turned and<br />

'tossed up and down with every wind of doctrine'. 1789<br />

Gouv. Morris in Sparks Life ^ Writ. {1832) II. 66 As all<br />

men and things are in the same vertiginous condition. 1841<br />

DisRAEU Amen. Lit. {1859) II. 378 The sphere of publication<br />

widened, in this vertiginous era. 1898 Bodley France<br />

iiL v. 271 When one thinks of the vicissitudes of those<br />

vertiginous days, it is not surprising that . . sons of the<br />

Revolution [etc.].<br />

2. Of the nature of, characterized by, vertigo.<br />

1608 TopsELL Serpents 76 Sluggish dulness, a giddy and<br />

vertiginous pace,, .are sure arguments that Bees are not in<br />

good health. i6»o Venner Via Recta vii, 134 Fisticke<br />

Nuts, .distemper the bloud, and being much eaten, oftentimes<br />

procure the vertiginous euill. 1699 Evelyn Acetaria<br />

(1729) 133 Mustard, .strengthening the Memory, expelling<br />

Heaviness, preventing the Vertiginous Palsey. 1733 Cheyne<br />

Eng. Malady iii. tv. (1734) 327, I was suddenly seiz'd with<br />

a vertiginous Paroxj-sm. zSas-^ Good Study Med. (1829)<br />

I. 460 That staggering or vertiginous disease which is provincially<br />

known by the name of Dtint. 1854 Gilfillam<br />

Beattie p. xvii, Beattie was troubled with a vertiginous complaint.<br />

1876 Clin. Soc. Trans. IX. 183 He found that if he<br />

closed his eyes the vertiginous feeling was mitigated. 1901<br />

Brit. Med. JrnL No. 2092. Epit. Anc. Lit. 18 Vertiginous<br />

attacks became troublesome at times.<br />

/ig. i6»6 Ailesbury Passion Serm. 13 Their theory was<br />

vertiginous, swom in the braine, there floating without<br />

anchor, and was of no credit with the will. 1643 H. Mori;<br />

Song 0/ Soul n. in. iii. 22 My strong- winged Muse feeble<br />

to sfide Into false thoughts and dreams vertiginous.<br />

3. Liable to cause vertigo or dizziness; inducing<br />

giddiness. A\soJig.<br />

1649 Jer. Tavlor Gt. Exemp. i. ix. 1^3 There . . the<br />

station is least firm, the posture most uneasie, the prospect<br />

vertiginous. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 326 The<br />

Dervis and other Santoons .. express their zeal by turning<br />

round, . .and others I have seen in this vertiginous exercise<br />

at the Cavalcades, a 1701 Maundrell Journ. yents. (1721)<br />

95 After they had by these vertiginous circulations and<br />

clamours tum'd their heads. 1865 W. Kay Crisis Hup/eldiana<br />

78 If any one chooses to look further into this vertiginous<br />

subject, he may examine [etc.]. 1874 Stevenson Ess,<br />

Trav., Unpleasant Places (1005) 242 There is nothing<br />

more vertiginous than a wind like this amons; the woods,<br />

with all its sights and noises. 1899 Alldutt's Syst. Med,<br />

vii. 796 It is generally necessary to avoid crowded rooms<br />

and the vertiginous influence of the dance.<br />

4. Of motion : Having the character of rotation<br />

or revolution ; rotatory.<br />

In some cases prob, implying the preceding sense.<br />

1663 Baxter Div. Li/e 21$ The thoughts of earthly fleshly<br />

things have power to delude men, and mislead them, and<br />

hurry them about in a vertiginous motion. 1690 Leybourn<br />

1<br />

Curs. Math. 449 It is found to have a Vertiginous Motion<br />

about its own Axis, lytz Blackmore Creation 251 So give<br />

the air impression from above. It in a whirl vertiginous<br />

would move. 1751 Johnsos Rambler No. 117 f 10 That<br />

vertiginous motion, with which we are carried round by the<br />

diurnal revolution of the earth. 1766 G. Canning Anti-<br />

Lucretius IV. 323 We see, with whirl vertiginous, the Sun<br />

From west to east around his axis run. 183a Nat. Philos.,<br />

Eleciro-Magn. xii. % 257. 80 (L.U.K.), The peculiar kind of<br />

movement.. which Dr. Wollaston attributed to the electro.<br />

magnetic agent, and which he termed its vertiginous<br />

motion. 1837 Carlvle Fr. Rev. i. iii. vii, It is the centre<br />

whereon infinite contentions unite and clash. What new<br />

universal vertiginous movement is this? 1883 Salmon in<br />

Contemf. Rev. Oct 512 All the souls in hell and purgatory<br />

..who, in the earth's vertiginous double motion, must roll<br />

about like grains of coffee in a grocer's mill.<br />

b. Of an axis : Revolving, rotating.<br />

1680 Counterplots 6 Whirl'd about with perpetual agita.<br />

tions upon the Vertiginous Axis of that Globe.<br />

Hence Vertiffinously adv., giddily, dizzily.<br />

1766 G. Canning A nti- Lucretius v. 368 Which, to the<br />

centre of the cloud repair. And there.. With furious rage<br />

vertiginously roll. 1868 Browning Ring Sf Bk. xi. 2365 The<br />

smoothest safest of you all . . Will rock vertiginously m turn,<br />

and reel. And, emulative, rush to death like me. 1886<br />

SvMONDS Renaiss. It., Cath. React. (1898) VI I, ix. 45 A new<br />

philosophy occupied his brain, vertiginously big with incoherent<br />

births of modern thought.<br />

Vertigiixousiiess, [f. prec. + -ness.] The<br />

condition or state of being vertiginous; dizziness,<br />

giddiness, Also^^.<br />

150<br />

1599 A.M. tr. Gahelhouers Bk. Physicke lift Applye it on<br />

his Foreheade and on the Temples of the heade,..as long as<br />

the vertiginousnes dureth and continueth. ci6a8 Donne<br />

Serm. 658 It was a staggering,a vertiginousnesse, an ignorance.<br />

1653 Jer. Taylor Sertn. i. xxi. 282 He that commits<br />

sacriledge, is marked for a vertiginousnesse and changeable<br />

fortune, a 1677 Barrow Serm. (1810) II. 416 We would all<br />

climb into high places, not considering the precipices on<br />

which they stand, nor the veriiginousness of our own brains.<br />

1717 Bailey (vol. II), 6^/rf(^/«fw,.. Veriiginousness. 1846<br />

Browning Lett. (1899) II. 528, 1 got up with the old vertiginousness,<br />

or a little worse.<br />

t Verti•giny. Obs. Also 5, 7 vertigine, 6-7<br />

-inie. [a, L.<br />

= Vertigo.<br />

vertigine, abl. sing, of vertigo.']<br />

^1400 Lan/ranc's Cirurg. 310 [It] is good for Jjc brayn<br />

wit-innefori^ as for scotomia h vertigine. 1583 Stubbes<br />

Atiat. Abus. Evjb, Y^ vertiginie, & instability of their<br />

more than fantastical brains. 1605 B. Jonson Volpone 11. ii,<br />

For the Vertigine, in the head,., a most soueraigne, and ap.<br />

prooued remedy. 1608 Topsell Serpents 32 It induceth a<br />

kinde of lieauines or drunkennesse in their head, with a<br />

vertiginie [i658_vertiginy] or giddines.<br />

t verti 'gious, rt. Obs, rare. = VkrtiginouS(2.<br />

1623 CocKERAM, Vertigious, belonging to giddinesse. 1653<br />

E. Chisenhale Cath. Hist. xv. 461 The nauseating juyce<br />

..hath intoxicated them, making their Vertigious heads<br />

turn after the Laterane Weather.cock. 1656 Blount,<br />

Ii Vertigo (vautig^J, vsitai-gc, vsjtrgo). Also<br />

7 vertego, -teego, virtigo, [L. vertigo a turning<br />

or whirling round, giddiness, etc., f. vertire to turn.<br />

Cf. F. and Sp. vertigo ;<br />

gem. It. vertigine.<br />

also F. veriige, Pg. verti-<br />

The various modes of pronouncing t"bis word form the<br />

subject of an elaborate note by Walker (1797), arguing in .<br />

favour of that with the stress on the first syllable. The<br />

fashionable pronunciation, however, appears to have been<br />

(vajti'go), andthis alone is given by Smart {1836-40) as really<br />

current, in spite of its divergence from English analogy.]<br />

1. Path. A disordered condition in which the<br />

person affected has a sensation of whirling, either<br />

of external objects or of himself, and tends to lose<br />

equilibrium and consciousness ; swimming in the<br />

head ; giddiness, dizziness : a. Without article.<br />

Sometimes applied to the staggers in horses or the sturdy<br />

^<br />

in sheep, and in quot. i6ig to a disease of hawks.<br />

1528 Paynell Salerne^'s Rcgim. C iij b, Tlie heed ache<br />

called vertigo:, whiche maketh a man to wene that the<br />

world turneth. 1558 Bullein Gmit. Health Av, Apoplexia<br />

and Vertigo will neuer fro th^e] starte, Untill the vitall<br />

blode be killed in the harte. 1619 E. Bert Haivkes t/«^iii. V. 85 Adisease..of .some called Vertego,it isa<br />

swimming of the braine. x68i tr. IViilis' Rem. Med. Wks.<br />

Vocab., Vertigo. 1766 Beattie Let. in Life ^ Writ. {i8o6)<br />

I. 93 Have I not headachs, like Pope ? vertigo, like Swift ?<br />

1799 Med. yml. II. 119 The most common effects observed<br />

from full doses, are vertigo, pain, or throbbing of the forehead.<br />

1803 Ibid. X. 3^6 The general symptoms were pain<br />

across the forehead with vertigo. 1840 Thackeray /'rt^Vj<br />

Sk. Bk. C1872) 185 He felt as if attacked by vertigo, and his<br />

thoughts whirled in his brain. 1875 Richardson Dis, Mod.<br />

Li/fTi In those who have irregular circulation through the<br />

brain, the tendency to giddiness and vertigo is more easily<br />

developed.<br />

b. With the.<br />

1605 B. JoNSON Volpone iii. vii, Our drinke. . we will take,<br />

vntill my roofe whirle round With the vertigo. 1631<br />

Brathwait Eng. Gentlew. (1641) 316 What a circular gesture<br />

wee shall observe some use in their pace as if they were<br />

troubled with the vertigo. 1725 Fam. Diet, s.v., The Vertigo<br />

will sometimes seize upon those who look down from<br />

an high Place. 1794 E. Darwin Zoon. (1801) 1. 335 Thus on<br />

turning round on one foot, the vertigo continues for some<br />

seconds of time after the person is fallen on the ground,<br />

1827 Scott Let. in Lockhart (1838) VII. 29 Your letter has<br />

given me the vertigo—my head turns round like a chariotwheel,<br />

a 1883 Fagge Princ. ^ Pract. Med. (1B86) I. 702<br />

The vertigo caused by derangement of the liver.<br />

e. With fl, etc., and pi.<br />

c 1620 Fletcher & Massinger Trag. Bamavelt v. ii,<br />

<strong>Here</strong>'s a Sword . . cures all rhumes, all Catharres, megroomes,<br />

verteegoes. 1641 R. Brooke Eng. Episc. 5 Your Faulkiiers<br />

seele a Pigeons eye . . to prevent a Vertigo. 1698 Frykr Acc.<br />

P2. India ^ P. 129 The Mountains fenced with horrible<br />

Gulphs, till strange Vertigoes prejudicate Pancy. 1731<br />

Swift On his Death Wks. 1755 lU. n, 242 That old vertigo<br />

in his head Will never leave him, till he's dead. 1789 W.<br />

Buchan Dovt. Med. (1790) 39 These, .occasion palsies, vertigoes,<br />

and other nervous affections, which often prove fatal.<br />

1830 Galt Life Byron xlvii. 310 He complained ol frequent<br />

vertigos, which made him feel as though he were intoxicated.<br />

1895 Zangwill Master in. ii. 302 The fumes of expensive<br />

wines and cigars gave him a momentary vertigo.<br />

2.<br />

fig. A disordered state of mind, or of things,<br />

comparable to giddiness.<br />

1634 Wither Etnbl. 231 Those uselesse and vaine temp'rall<br />

things . . which if thereupon our hearts we set Make men and<br />

women the vertigo get. 1661 Bagshaw in Baxter Acc. to<br />

Inhabitants Kidderminster ^-j^ For him now to be suddenly<br />

advanced so much beyond his Art, will run the poor man<br />

into a dangerous Vertigo. 1702 Steele Funeral i. ii,<br />

How dizzy a Place is this World you live in I All Human<br />

Life's a mere Vertigo ! 170^— Taller No. 29 F 7 Absolute<br />

Power is only a Vertigo in the Brain of Princes. 1810<br />

Bentham Packing (1821) 187 The British Themis seems<br />

little,, in danger of being healed of her habitual vertigo by<br />

this one hand.^ 1831 Carlvle Sart. Res. u. v, There was<br />

a certain delirious vertigo in the thought. 1875 Jevons<br />

iI/i?MO'{i878)2i7Thatdangerouskind of intellectual vertigo<br />

which often attacks writers on the currency.<br />

3. The act of whirling round and round.<br />

1853 pK QviNCEY A utobio^. Sk. Wks. I. 44 It was not a<br />

humming-top that was required, but a peg-top. Now, this,<br />

in order to keep up the vertigo at full stretch, . . needed to be j<br />

whipped incessantly.<br />

j<br />

VERUMONTANUM,<br />

t Ve-rtilage. Ods. [Irreg. f. L. vert-ere to turn.]<br />

(See quots.)<br />

1610 W. Folkingham Art of Survey i. vii. 14 Tillage<br />

generally taken may comprehend all maner of husbandings<br />

of grounds, but it is heere limited to Vertilage and Fertilage.<br />

Vertilage consists in Deluage and FJciilage. 1688 R. Holme<br />

Armoury iii. 333/2 Vertiliage, isa preparing of Ground to<br />

receive its Seed by stirring, tossing or turning the same.<br />

fVertingale, obs. var. Farthin-, Yarding ale.<br />

1552 Huloet, Vertingale for agentilwoman, limns. 1869<br />

Mrs. Palliser Lace \\. 79 Under the vertingale of black<br />

taffety they wear a dozen or more petticoats.<br />

Vertious, obs. form of Verjuice.<br />

fVertoll, obs. var. Vardle, Vartiwell.<br />

1552 Huloet, Vertoll of a dore, vertebra, vertibuluin.<br />

Vertousnes, obs. f. Virtuousness.<br />

Vertouyse, obs. Sc. f. Virtuous a,<br />

Vertre, southern ME. var. Fir-tree.<br />

+ Vert-sance. Obs. rare. [ad. OF. (also mod.<br />

F.) sauce verte green sauce.] A sauce made principally<br />

with green herbs. Cf. Green sauce.<br />

1:1440 Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 441 Vert<br />

Sause. Take parsel, and myntes, and peletur [etc.]. c 1440<br />

Protnp. Parv. 509/1 Vertesawce, or vergesawce, . . ^/Wo'tf<br />

salsamentum. c 1450 Tivo Cookery Bks. 104 And sauce ii><br />

vergesauce \Douce MS. vert sauce]. 1483 Cath. Angl.<br />

401/1 Vert sawse, viridis salsa.<br />

Vertu, Vertu, varr. Virtu. Vertual, obs. f.<br />

Virtual a. Vertue^less, obs. ff. Virtue(less.<br />

Vertueet, obs. superl. of Virtuous a. Vertueux,<br />

obs. var. Virtuous a. Vertugal, var.<br />

Verdugal Obs. Vertuise, obs. Sc. f. Virtuous<br />

a. Vertules(;se, obs. ff. Virtueless.<br />

t Vertu'mnal, a. Obs. rare. [f. L. Vertumnus<br />

(see next); by Adams falsely associated with<br />

vcr spring, Ver j^.l] a. Vernal, b. Of or<br />

pertaining to Vertumnus.<br />

1622 T. Adams Firenopolis 182 Her smiles are more<br />

reuiuing then the Vertnmnall Sunneshine. 1633 — Exp.<br />

2 Peter iii. 8 We cannot, .keep back the cowslip to August,<br />

nor the vertumnal flowers to autumn. 1705 N. Tate tr.<br />

Co%vleys Plants C.'s Wks. 1711 III. 405 The Goddess her<br />

Vertumnal Rites prepares.<br />

+ Vertu 'innals, sb.pl. Obs.-" [ad. L. Vertumnal-ia<br />

sb. pi., the festival of Vertumnus, f.<br />

Verlumn-us god of the changing year.] (See quot.)<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr. (citing Broughton), Vertumnals,<br />

Feasts dedicated to, or <strong>Book</strong>s treated [1674 treating] of the<br />

god Vertumnus.<br />

Vertuose, obs. f. Vjutuous. Vertuositie,<br />

obs. f. Virtuosity. Vertuoso, obs. f. Vibtuoso.<br />

Vertiious(ness, obs. forms of Virtuous(ness.<br />

Vertuse, -tuyse, obs. Sc. ff. Virtuous a.<br />

Vertw, obs. Sc. f. Virtue.<br />

tVertwell. Obs.-^ [ad. OF. verteveiie-. see<br />

Vartiwell.] = Vartel.<br />

13.. Pari. Three Ages 23S Hchenntis thaym \sc. the<br />

hawks] one honde.., Lowppes in thaire lesses thorowe<br />

vertwells of siluere.<br />

Verty, a. Sc Also 5 werty, 9 vertie, vairtie.<br />

[Aphetic f. Averty a.] Attentive to business<br />

; prudent, cautious, wide-awake, early, etc.<br />

In enrly use coupled with wise.<br />

1375 Bakbour Bruce xvin. 439 King Robert, .was Wis in<br />

his deid and ek verty. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron.vwi. 3121 He<br />

wes wys and rycht werty. 1456 Sir G. Have Laiv Arms<br />

(S.T.S.) 115 It efferis wele to a constable to be wys and<br />

verty, and wele avisit in all his dedis. 1804 Tarras Poems<br />

2 Archie, fu' vertie, owre the moorlan' spangs Ilk strype and<br />

stank; nae doubt he itchin langs To crack wi' San . 1825<br />

Jamilson Snppl.^ Vairtie, early. Buchan.<br />

Hence Ve'rtyness. rare~^.<br />

1456 Sir G. Have Bk. Knighthood V^V%. (S.T.S.) II. 54<br />

A man can , . mend ane evill fortune apperand be vertynas.se.<br />

Veruel, obs. var. Varvel.<br />

Vemlamian, a. rare. [f. L. Vemlami-um<br />

St. Albans.] Performed by, emanating from,<br />

Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam.<br />

1671 R. BoHUN Windi^ From another of the Verulamian<br />

experiments. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. iii. I. 406 The<br />

discipline, .had brought the public to a temper well fitted for<br />

the reception of the Verulamian doctrine.<br />

t Verule, obs. f. Ferrule sb. and v,<br />

C1S2S Berry EncycL Her. I. Gloss., Verules, or Ferrils,<br />

several rings, one within another, which have the same<br />

centre. Ibid., ^Veruled, or Ferriled,. .are terms used in<br />

heraldry to express the ornamental rings round huntinghorns,<br />

&c.<br />

II Vernmonta num. ^Jiat, [f. L. veru spit<br />

+ montdnum, neut. oi montdnus hilly.] (See quots.<br />

1728 and 1831.)<br />

1728 Chambers Cycl., Ve?-u-fnontaiium, in Anatomy,..<br />

kind of little Valve, in the Place wliere the Ejaculatory<br />

Ducts enter the Urethra.. .Its use is, to prevent the Urine,<br />

in passing the Urethra, from getting in at those Ducts. 1771<br />

Encycl. Brit. I. 2-j-^/i A small oblong oval eminence, .terminating<br />

forward in a point, called caruncula or vcrumontanum.<br />

1831 R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 817 Ihe inferior<br />

median line ends posteriorly at an oblong, rounded prominence,<br />

about an inch long, called the I'ernmontanum<br />

{Caput Gallinagiitis), This prominence is formed by the<br />

mucous membrane. . . Anteriorly, it becomes thin and end.s in<br />

a point. x86o Sir H. Thompson Dis. _<br />

of Prostate (1868) 16<br />

Some minute vessels, chiefly venous, . . on<br />

either side of the<br />

verumontanum. 1876 Gross Dis. Bladder^ etc 557 The<br />

sinus in front of the verumontanum.<br />

Verunda, ,obs. form of Veranda.


VERVAIN.<br />

Veruorj), southern ME, var, Far-forth adv.<br />

Vervail(e, obs. ff.VARVEL.<br />

Vervain (vaiv^n). Bot. Forms : a. 4-6<br />

venieyn(e, -veyn(e, 5, 7 -uoine, 4, 7 verveine,<br />

4, 7-9 vervein. ^. 5, 7 vervaine, 5 -wayne<br />

(warwayn), 6-7 -uaine, 7- vervain. 7. 5-6<br />

veruen(e, 6-7 -ven. 6. 6 veruyne, 6-7 veruine,<br />

6-8 -vine ; 6 veruin, -uyn, 6-7 vervin,<br />

-vyn (7 varvin). [a. AF. and OF. vervcine<br />

(13th c. ; OF. also vervainm^ mod.F. verveine, =<br />

Prov., It. vervetia), ad. L. verbena Verbena.]<br />

1. The common European and British herbaceous<br />

plant, Verbena officinalis^ formerly much valued<br />

for its reputed medicinal properties. Also rarely,<br />

some other species of the genus Verbetta^ or the<br />

genus itself. Cf. Verbena 2.<br />

a. 1390 GowER Con/. II. 262 Tok sche fieldwode and verveyne,<br />

Of hertes ben noghtbetre tueine. c \^oo Lau/ranc's<br />

Cimrg. 243 A 3elke of an eij, & as miche of oile of rosjs, &<br />

as miche of iuys of verueine. 'Z1425 tr. Arderne's Treat.<br />

FiiUda, etc. 64 Vitriol.. made with iuyse of moleyn, or of<br />

plantayne, or verueyn. i6n Cotgr., Verveine, Verueine,<br />

Holie hearbe, lunoes teares. 1706 Stevrns Sp. Diet, i,<br />

Verbena, the Herb Vervein. 1866 Treas. Bot. 1210/1 The<br />

common name of Verbena offichuilis,. .V^x\^\i\y our only<br />

native species. 1874 O'Shaughnessy Music Sf Moonlight<br />

161 Between the pathway and the wood She seemed to make<br />

a softer clime For vervein, violet, and thyme. 1887 Molonky<br />

Forestry {V. Afr. 401 Vervein {Verbena officinalis^ L.).—<br />

Herbaceous plant.<br />

^. a 1400 Stockholm Med. MS. ii. 315 in Anglia XVIII.<br />

315 A lytyll wyl I tellyn of verwayne, Herbe ^at meche is<br />

of raayne. c 1425 Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 645 Hec ueruena,<br />

warwayn. 1477 Norton Ord. Alck. iiL m Ashm. (1652)<br />

39 Vervaine, Lunara, and Martagon. itt? Gerarde Herbal<br />

ii.ccxxxv. 580 There be two kindes of Veruaine as Pliny<br />

saith, the male, and the female ; or as others affirme, vp.<br />

right, and creeping. i6ix Oravton Poly-olb. xiii. 2i3 And<br />

hard by them againe he holy Vervaine finds. 1671 Salmon<br />

Syn. Med. ui. xxii. 439 Vervain.. is good against Tertian<br />

and Quartan Agues. X7i8 Quincy Coinpl, Dtsp. 132 Vervain<br />

flowers in June and July. 1757 Burkk Abridgm, Eng,<br />

Hist. Wks. X. 196 The Druids also looked upon vervain, and<br />

some other plants, as holy. 178a J. Scott Poet, li^ks. 97<br />

Vervain blue for magic ritei renown 'd. 1816 Scott -4 w/tqitary<br />

xxlii. You have used neither charm,, .magic mirror,<br />

nor geomantic figure. Where be.. your May-fern, your<br />

vervain ! 1830 Lindlev Nat. S^st. Bot. 239 The properties<br />

formerly ascribed to the Vervain appear to have been imaginary.<br />

1873 ^OmnK' Pascareliw.s'x. II. 90 About the feel<br />

of the Tower of Galileo, ivy and vervain, and the Madonna's<br />

herb, grew among the grasses.<br />

y. a 14x5 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula^ etc. 63 Mirabolan<br />

ow to be dissolued in got^ my Ik, ..or in rajTie water or rose<br />

water, or of veruene, or of anot>er stiptikc herbe. 1545<br />

Elyot, Hierobotane, the herbe called Veruen. 1567 Maixet<br />

Gr. Forest 64 Veruen, of some after their language is called<br />

Hoiy Herbe. 1591 Lodge Hist. Dk. Normandy B ij h,<br />

Thou art like the veruen, . .poyson one wayes, and pleasure<br />

an other.<br />

8. 1530 Palscr. 284/2 Vervyn an herbe, uerueyne.<br />

1533 Elyot Cast. Helihe (1541) 9 b, Thynges good for<br />

the eyes ; Eyebryght : Fenell : Vervyn. 1569 Tukner<br />

Herbal 11. 162 The second kinde of Veruine. . . The leaues of<br />

thys . . are good agaynst . . serpentes. 1596 Cogan Haven<br />

Health xxi, 41 Also one olde saying I haue heard of this<br />

herbe. That whosoeuer weareth Veruin and DIM, May be<br />

bold to sleepe on euery hill. 1610 Fletcher Faith/. She/h.<br />

II. i, And thou light VarrJn too, thou must go after, Provok*<br />

ing easie souls to mirth and laughter. 1638 Rawley tr.<br />

Bacon's Li/e


VERY.<br />

as very Wealth, is health. 1651 Hobbes Levidih. 11. xxvi.<br />

147 Also, UnwTiuen Customes. .by the tacite consent of the<br />

Emperour. .arc very Lawes. a 1679 — Rh^i. xvL (1681) 39<br />

The written Law is but .Te in askis lay, & schaw til hyre a<br />

croice verra. CX449 Pecock Refir. 11. ix. 193 Ech lyuyng<br />

man is verier .. ymage of Crist.. than is eny vnquyk stole.<br />

X495 Trevis^i'sBarih, De P. A*, xvi. xlvii. 569 It is harde..<br />

to knowe beiwene the very precyous stones and fals. 1555<br />

£o£N Decades (.-Vrb.) 356 Many bouwes and br.inches,..<br />

muche like vnto verj"c trees that are in owlde woddes. 1581<br />

Pettik Guazio's Civ. Conv. i. (15S6) 23 The other parts<br />

which we call compound, or inst rumen tall, which are the<br />

verie members of the bodie. 150* Timmk Ten Eng. Lepers<br />

KJ b, They which are out of their wittes do not see the<br />

verie things, but the fantasies of their passion. 1678 Hobbes<br />

DtcaiH, ix. 106 Such Iron were iitdeed a very and vigorous<br />

Loadstone.<br />

f* d. Full, thorough, unqualified. Obs.<br />

1^ in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 339 The said<br />

maister..shaldohi3 verray diligence to pourvey..a place as<br />

gode. ^96 Ralls of Parlt. VI. 512/1 The said Quene is of<br />

verrey will and mynde, that the same Erie shall be truly<br />

and fully contented.<br />

fe. Spec, in Law. (See quot. 1607.) Obs.<br />

1544 tr. LiitUton's Tenures (1574) 96 b, But if it be verye<br />

lord and verj'e tenaunt, and the tenaunte maketh a feoffemeni<br />

in fee. [So Coke On Liit. (1628) 269.] 1607 Cowei.i,<br />

Interpr. s.v., Very Lord, and very Tenent,..are they that<br />

be immediate Lord & Tenent one to the other.<br />

2. With limitation (usually expressed by the or<br />

a possessive) to particular instances : The true or<br />

real ; that is truly or properly entitled to the name.<br />

Now arch, a. Of material things or places.<br />

ctyjsSc. Leg. Saints xix. {Christopher) 61 pe king can<br />

ma pe takine of i>e croice verra on hyme. 1387 Trevisa<br />

Higden (Rolls) \. 255 Ysidre sei> J>at verray L.proj^rie dicta]<br />

Germania haj> in J>e est side t>e mouth of pe ryuer Danubius.<br />

1414 Lay Folks Afass Bk. App. ii. 120 The materyall<br />

bred that was before is turnyd into Chrystys verray body.<br />

c 1450 Merlin xx. 329 Than he made vpon hym the signe<br />

of the very crossc. 15*6 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 4<br />

Theyr ioumey..signifyeth the iourney to yc very Jerusalem.<br />

153s CovERDALE John vi. 55 For my flesh is y» very<br />

meate, and my blonde is y« very drynke. 1567 Gude er be<br />

alauntes of alle hewese, t>e verrey hewe of J>e good alauntes<br />

..shuld be white with a bbke spotte aboute |w eres.<br />

3. In emphatic use, denoting that the person or<br />

thing may be so named in the fullest sense of the<br />

term, or possesses all the essential qualities of the<br />

thing specified. Cf. Veritable a. 3.<br />

Common from ci$^o to c 1700; now chiefly in the superlative,<br />

freq. qualifying something bad, objectionable, or<br />

undesirable. Occasionally repeated in order to give additional<br />

emphasis.<br />

a. With a or the preceding (or rarely without<br />

article), or with pi. sb.<br />

(a) 1384 Chaucer L.G. W. 259 {Prol.), Thow thynkist in<br />

thyn wit . lliat he nj-s but a verray propre fole. 1484<br />

Caxtom Fables 0/ Aitian vi, He.. is a very fole, 1535<br />

Coverdale 2 Kings xxii. 19 They shall become a very<br />

desolacion and curse. 1545 Brinklow Compl. xxv. 75<br />

Eiiery one of them is become a very Nero. 1576 Gascoigne<br />

Kenehvorth Castle Wks. 1910 if. 122 Heaven was not<br />

heaven, it was rather a verye Hell. 1609 Holland Amm.<br />

Marcell. Fj b, When he was dead. Valentinian his sonne a !<br />

very cbilde. was by the army stiled Augustus. i66a Petty<br />

Taxes 83 Not to rate, .wool until it be cloth, or rather until<br />

it be a very garment. 1693 Dkyden Juvenal vi. 592 When I<br />

152<br />

Poor, she's scarce a tollerable Evil j But Rich, and Fine, a<br />

Wife's a very Devil. 1711 Steele iy^'c/. No. 157 ri Marius<br />

was then a very Boy. 1771 Fhankh.v Autobiog. Wks. 1840<br />

I. 55 The attorney was a very knave. 1826 Disraeli Viv.<br />

Grey iii. vi, Yes, it is madness ; veryj very madness. 1839<br />

Scott ^««(r^C xxi, Sigismund Biederman will aid him<br />

willingly, and he is a very horse at labour. 1888 J. Incus<br />

Tent Li/einTigerland\ North Bhangulpore. .is admittedly<br />

even for India a very sportman's paradise.<br />

Kb) 1593 Hooker Eccl, Pol. 11. vii. §6 Which insolency<br />

must be repressed, or it will be the very bane of Christi.in<br />

religion. 1648 Art. Peace in Milton's Wks. (1851) IV. 546<br />

The intermedling of Governours and Parties in tliis Kingdom,<br />

with Sidings and Parties in England, liave been the<br />

very betraying of this Kingdom to the Irish. 1711 Addison<br />

Sped. No. 393 P2 A Region, which is the very Reverse of<br />

Paradise. 1729 Law Serious C, xiv. 234 Mortification, of<br />

all kinds, is the very life and soul of piety. 1779 Warner<br />

in Jesse Selwyn


VERY. 153 VEBY.<br />

Late Physic. II. iij. 122 The room was crammed to the very<br />

door, 1874 Green Short Hist. vX. § 5 (1882) 140 The very<br />

retainers oi the royal household turned robbers. 1891 'J. S.<br />

Winter ' LumUy xv, It's absurd on the very face of it.<br />

Kb) 1535 CovERDALE Hob, vX. 2 In thy very wrath thou<br />

thinkest vpon mercy. 1563 Homilies ii. Rogation Week'v^.<br />

p 2 To striae for our very nghtes and dueties, with the breche<br />

of loue & charitie, . . is vttcrly forbydden. 1595 Locrine i. i.<br />

63 A greater care torments my verie bones. 1600 in Morris<br />

Troubles Cath. Fore/. (1872) I. iv. 194 Oftentimes their very<br />

beds they lie upon.. are sold before their faces. i6ao T.<br />

Granger Div. Logike 100 Yet in their verie mutuall relation<br />

there is also force of arguing to explicate a sentence.<br />

1681 Drvden Ahs. ^ A chit. To Rdr., The Chyrurgeon's work<br />

of an Ense resdutlendumy which I wish not to my very<br />

Enemies, 1703 ir. Bositiatt's Guinea 27 You may imagine<br />

what Case we were in when one of them began to hack our<br />

very doors with an Ax. 1768 Goldsm, Good-n. Man i. i, His<br />

very mirth is an antidote to all gaiety. 1807 Crahrb Par.<br />

Reg. \. 725 His very soul was not his own. 1831 Carlvle<br />

Sari. Res. i. i, That we do not. .see what is passing under<br />

our very eyes. 1836 J. H. Newman Par. Serin. (1837) III.<br />

vi. 86 The plain and solemn sense which they bear on their<br />

very front 1880 McCarthy Own Times III. xlvii, 433 His<br />

very defects were a main cause of his popularity.<br />

(cj 1548 Udall, etc. Krasm, Par. John 118 b, So nowe<br />

they sawe certainly at very hande the thing to be true. 1561<br />

T. HoBV tr. Castigliotte's Courtyer ir. (1577) Kiij, There<br />

needeth no art, bicause very nature hir selfe createth and<br />

shapeth men apt to expresse pleasantly. 1571 Digges<br />

Pantom. i, xvii, E iij b, And yet m conueying of waters any<br />

great distance, very experience wil bewray an error. 1609<br />

KiBLE (Douay) Numb. xiv. comiii.y It is so absolutely<br />

necessaric in everie communitie to have one Superior of al,<br />

that verie mutiners themselves do ever choose such a one.<br />

1617 MoRvsoN Ilin. I. 233 They keepe the Roman Lent, but<br />

more strictly, abstaining from Fish, and very Oyle (which<br />

they use for butier). 1649 Karl Monm. tr. Senault's Use<br />

Passions (1671) 81 The noise of Trumpets puts them in good<br />

humor, and. .very hurts do animate their courage, 1657<br />

Cromwell in Burton's Diary (1828) II. 329 Their greatest<br />

persecution hath been of the people of God,., as I think very<br />

experiences will sulKiciently demonstrate. 1851 )\.¥.BL9:Occas.<br />

Papers ^ Rev. (1877) 240 By the way in which things are<br />

managed all Apostolic authority is denied in the Church,<br />

and very unbelievers may settle what we are to believe.<br />

((/) 1616 in J. Russell Haigs ( 1881) vii. 158 For fear that<br />

his very being my brother left- .some impression of the truth<br />

of his accusations. 1665 Boylk Occas. Re/l. v. x. (1675} 335<br />

Those Beams, which derive a new Glcwy from their very<br />

being broken.<br />

b. Kmphasizing sbs. which denote extremity of<br />

tl^ree or extent.<br />

c 1391 Chauckr Asiroi. i\. 1 1 Ley thi reule vp that same<br />

day, ^ thanne wol the verray point of thy rewle sitten in the<br />

bordore, vp-on the degree of thy sonne. 1530 Palsgr. 806/1<br />

At the very dawnyng of the daye. Ibiil. 820/1 In the very<br />

myddes..ora thyng. 1560 Bible (Geneva) Jolm vm. 4<br />

The Scribes, .said, .. .Master, this woman was taken in aduU<br />

terie, in the verie act. 1565 Allbn De/. Pitrgat. (1886) 3<br />

That matter which..! perceived of all other causes in the<br />

world, most to touch the very core of heresy. 1590 Swin*<br />

BUKNK Testamentsdx He that is at the very pointeof death.<br />

1605 Camden Rem. x It cannot be impertinent, at the verie<br />

enterance, to say somewhat of Britaine. , i6ofy Hollani><br />

Amm. Atarcell. 116 From the very brims of Tigris banke,<br />

as farre as to Euphrates, there was no greene thing left.<br />

1771 LucKOMBE Hist. Printing 401 He.. then draws the<br />

lower part of that noose close up to the very corner of it.<br />

1851 Gallenga ftniy 359 The Milan government, we are informed,<br />

was a bankrupt from the very outset. 187a Rout-<br />

Udge^s Ev. Boy's Ann. 347/1 Reduce this movement to the<br />

very minimum. 1878 Bkowning Ea Saisiaz 18 Quiet slow<br />

sure money.making proves the matter's very root,<br />

f* c. Qualifying pronouns in order to give emphasis.<br />

Sometimes emphasizing identity (cf. sense<br />

10 b). Obs,<br />

IS4S \Z\iMJL ErasfH, Afio^k^vZi. I wyseven veray I myself<br />

am y« manne. 1548 — Erasm. Par. Luke \. 17 And verai<br />

he snal be the expectacion of all nacions. 1561 T. Hoby tr.<br />

Castiglione's Courtyer \. (1577) E v. For very such make the<br />

ereatnesse and gorgeousnesse of an Oration. i6a4 Quarles<br />

je. C137S Cursor M. 22973 (Fairf,), Bot mani man |>at<br />

wele can rede vnderstandis no;t al verray quat ^e vale of<br />

losaphat is to say. £'1384 Chaucer //. P'ame 11, 571 It..<br />

hath so very hys lykenes That spack the word, c 1440 Bone<br />

Florence 1928 The abbas, and odur nonnes by, Tolde hyt<br />

full openlye. That hyt was so verraye. c 1485 Drgby Myst.<br />

(1882) II. 357 The compyler here-of shuld translat veray so<br />

holy a story.<br />

+ b. Qualifying an adj. or pa, pple. Obs»<br />

Not always clearly distinguishable from next,<br />

1387 Tbkvisa ///^e fey. 14*3 Jas. I Kingis<br />

Q. clxix, 01 verray sely wrech, I se wele by thy dedely<br />

coloure pale. Thou art to feble of thy-self to streche Vpon<br />

my quhele. £^1450 in Aungier Syon C1840) 335 None schal<br />

be ouer skypped in any wyse for any suche chaunge, withe<br />

oute a very resonable cause, c 1489 Caxton Somies 0/<br />

Aymon \\\\. 191 Two thousand knyghtes. ., all yonge men<br />

of pryme berde, whiche were very frenshe. 1529 More<br />

Dyaloge \\\. Wks. 244/1 Both those tonges ti.e. Greek and<br />

Latin] wer as verye vulgare as ours, c 1593 in Spalding<br />

<strong>Club</strong> Misc. I. s Your Maiestie and the consell hes to Judg<br />

gif thay be lauchful, and uerray qualifiit.<br />

2. In a high degree or measure ; to a great ex-<br />

tent ; exceedingly, extremely, greatly.<br />

Sometimes emphasized in speaking, and italicized in<br />

printing, to give additional force. (Cf 4.)<br />

a. Qualifying positive adjs. (and ppl. adjs.)<br />

used predicatively, attributively, or absolutely.<br />

a. C1470 Henry IVallace l 86 Erie Patrik than till Berweik<br />

couth persew ; Ressawide he was and trastyt werray<br />

trew. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 328 In the latine it hath<br />

a veray good grace. IS54~S '" Feuillerat Rervls Q. Mary<br />

(1914) 173 Of verey fayer quaint & strange atiier. i^oDaus<br />

tr. Sleidane's Comm. 255 Machlin (a veraye fayreTowne..<br />

in Brabant), a 1578 Lindesav (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot.<br />

(S.T.S.) I. 4 To pray me think it is verray necessarie.<br />

6. a 1500-34 Cav. Corp. Christi PI. n. 513 Those fowlys<br />

the ar full far fro me And werie yvill for me to fynde. 1530<br />

Palsgr. 327/2 Very good /ort bon. Ibid. 828/1 Very farre,<br />

^<br />

very bye, very lowe, etc. a 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie)<br />

Chron, Scot. (S.T.S.) II. 317 The said pest come in the<br />

towne of kirkcaldie that thair deit verrie mony. 1588<br />

Knaresborough Wills (Surtees) I. 169 My father.. ys a<br />

verye old man. 1600 J. PoRY tr. Leo's Africa 56 This isle<br />

is very scarce of oile and of corne. Ibid. iv. 224 Batha,<br />

whereof now there remaine but very few ruines. 1661 Pr.<br />

Rupert in iiM Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 8 Tell<br />

him that [I] am very glad to heere of his recouvry. 1676-7<br />

Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 530 A Bill for exporting<br />

Coals free, or at a verj'easy custome. 1709 Steele Tatler<br />

No. 44 P 6, I have, I fear, huddled up my Discourse, having<br />

been very busy. 1774 Goldsm. Aa/. Hist. (1776) V. 56<br />

They lay very large eggs, .some of them being above five<br />

inches in diameter. 1799 E. Du Bols Piece Family Biog.<br />

III. 175 You say this to relieve me, and 'tis very kind of<br />

you. 1803 Med. Jrnl. X. 304 An intermittent tendency<br />

was also i'tf?> observable in some instances, 1838 T. Thomson<br />

Ghent. Org. Bodies 580 A soft mass,.. very soluble in<br />

alcohol. 1856 Ld. Granville in Life (1905) 1. 211 Very<br />

few of our Embassy were invited \x.o the party]. x88o<br />

Disraeli Endym, Ixvii, Cards of invitation to banquets and<br />

balls and concerts, and 'very earlies',<br />

b. Qualifying another adverb.<br />

1448 Paston Lett. !. 76 Vere hartely your, Molyns.<br />

1530 Palsgr, 814/1 Very erly in the mornyng, au plus<br />

fuatytt. Ibid. 843/2 Very gladly, moult voulentiers. Very<br />

hardly, a Paynes. . .Very seldome, peu sonutnt. 1x553<br />

Udall Royster D. iv. vi. (Arb.) 70 But very well I wist he<br />

here did all in scorne. a 1578 Lindesav (Pitscottie) Chron.<br />

Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 22 The gouernour hard thir vordis verrey<br />

plesandlie. 1630 B, Jonson New Inn Dram. Pers., Sir<br />

Glorious Tipto.. talks gloriously of any thing, but very<br />

seldom is in the right. 1664 Jeb. Taylor Dissuas. Popery<br />

ii. §8. 118 For if it were {.necessary], very extremely few<br />

would do their duty. 1691 tr. Emilianne^s Frauds Rom.<br />

Monks (ed. 3) 130 The next day we set out very betimes in<br />

the Morning towards Mount Alverne. 1711 Addison Sped.<br />

No. 58 p 4 Several Pieces which have lived very near_ as<br />

long as the Iliad it self. 1795 Gentl. Mag. 543/1 Nonjuring<br />

clergymen and their families partook very largely of his<br />

benevolence. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) ifl. 510 Courts of<br />

equity would do very ill by not adopting that rule. 1835<br />

Uhe Philos. Maiiuf. 158 Ihe spindles should revolve very<br />

quickly in the spinning frame. 1867 Drake Chr. Schools<br />

II. iii. 129 The school at Sempringham very soon became<br />

famous,<br />

c. Qualifying past pples, used predicatively or<br />

attributively : ^ Very much. (See Much adv.<br />

I c.) Also exceptionally with Hke vb.<br />

The correctness of this usage, which has been prevalent<br />

from the middle of the 17th cent., depends on the extent to<br />

which the participle has acquired a purely adjectival sense.<br />

1641 in Nicolas Priv. Mem. Dighy (1827) Introd. p. lix,<br />

At which the good Knight seemed very discontented. 1664<br />

Extr.St. P. rel. Friends in. (1912) 215 Faber, a Jerman,..<br />

being a very suspected person, reather of crafty principalis.<br />

1701 Addison Dial. Medals ii. (1726) 35 Many very valued<br />

pieces of French, Italian, and English appear in the same<br />

dress [i, e. dialogue]. 1781 R. Cumberland /4«crf. Painters<br />

(1787) 11.90, I was a very interested and anxious spectator.<br />

1791 W. Roberts Looker-on No. 14 (1794) I- ^79 Betty.,<br />

looked very pleased at several passages. 1804 Syd. Smith<br />

Mor. Philos. (1850) 54 A very over-rated man. x84a Geo.<br />

Eliot Li/e in Leit.^ Jrnls. (1885) L 112, lam becoming<br />

very hurried. 1874 Dasent Half a Life III. 60, I should<br />

so very like to know who this Mr. Ball and his daughter<br />

arc. /*/'


VERY.<br />

expect.. to be free from them? 1753 Miss Collier Art<br />

Torment.^ Gtn, Ruits (181 1) 109 If you know yourself to be<br />

of some consequence, althougn not the very principal person<br />

of the party. 1767 Sterne Tr. Shandy ix. xxx, In the<br />

very next pa^e. 1S49MACAULAY Hist,Eng.\\\, I. 3oSThree<br />

of the very nchest subjects in England. 18^ Barisg-Gould<br />

Wertwohxs v. 53 Whenever they stray in the very least.<br />

1891 E. Reeves Ho/nrward Bound 143 You have missed<br />

tlu very best thing in Kandy.<br />

b. Denoting and emphasizing absolute identity<br />

or difTerence, esp. \i\iS\^ same ox opposite,<br />

?aisoo Chtsier PL (Shaks. Soc) 215 It is the vereye<br />

same (blind man]. 154J Udall Erasvi. Afio^h. i. Socrates<br />

§86eiij, Plato, .. whiche in rebukyng bym [Socrates] did<br />

committe the veraye selfe same faulte, that he rebuked.<br />

x6oi Shaks. Aifs IK 11. iii, 29 That's it, I would haue said,<br />

the verie same. i66aj. Davies tr. Oiearius Voy. Ambass.<br />

182 That which happen'd on the very same day the year<br />

before. 1711 Addison S/>ect. No. 44 f 6 Whose Murther he<br />

would revenge in the very same Place where it was com.<br />

mitted. 1781 [see Selfsame a. ij. 1833 I. Taylor Fanat.<br />

i. 7 The very same spirit of kindness which shouW rule us<br />

in the performance of a task such as the one now in band.<br />

183S T. Mitchell Acham. ofAristoph, 690 fwie., The very<br />

opposite word was of course expected.<br />

f- o. With advs. of time, place, or manner<br />

Exactly, precisely, just ; = Even adv. 6. Obs.<br />

(a) 1530 Palsgr. 8o8/i Ev>*n very now, tout /yn ntayntenant,<br />

a 1553 Udall Roister Z>. iv. vi. (Arb.) 70 T.<br />

Trusty, But when gost thou for him? M. Mery. That do<br />

I very nowe. a 1555 Philpot Exatit. ^ If^n't. (Parker Soc.)<br />

334 It is possible some part of the Church for a time to be<br />

deceived when, .they have a zeal of the truth,, .yea, very<br />

then when they err, and plunge into any vice or sin. 1644<br />

Maxwell Prrrog. Chr. Kings 74 If we alleadge Ignatius,<br />

it is to be feared he'l fare no better, for a great Scholar..<br />

hath very now rejected all we have of him. 1645 Quarles<br />

SoL RecoJtt. VUL 41 Did not that voice, that voted Wisdome<br />

vain But very now, now cry it up again?<br />

(^J "53° Palsgr. 823/2 Very here, very ther, droit cy,<br />

droit la. x6ia Tmo Nolle A^ v. iv. 115 In this place first<br />

you fought : ev'n very here 1 sundred you.<br />

(r) a 159a Greene Aipkonsus n. ii, What newes is this?<br />

and is it very so? Is our Alphonsus yet in humane state?<br />

163a Sanderson Serm. 98 Very so ought we to conceiue the<br />

meaning of the vniversall particle ' Every man *.<br />

rangement, esp. of a particular type (see quot.<br />

1857)-<br />

[1693 tr. Blancarcts Phys, Diet. (ed. 2), Vesania, Madness<br />

from lx>ve. c 1793 Encyct. Brit. (ed. 3) XI. 282 Order IV.<br />

Vesanix.] x8oo tr. Cullen's Nosology 130 note. For who<br />

would consider .. any other Hallucinatio or Morositas,<br />

which do not depend on the judgment, as a Vesania? i8ao<br />

Good Nosology 278 Parr.. makes Vesania tlie genus, and<br />

arranges melancholia, mania, and even oneirodynia as separate<br />

species under it. 1857 Dusglison Diet. Med. Sci.<br />

964/2 Vesania, madness ; derangement of the intellectual<br />

and moral faculties, without coma or fever.<br />

Vesa'Uic, a. Path, [f. L. vt'sdn~us insane +<br />

-ic] Of or pertaining to, of the nature of, vesania.<br />

1899 Alibutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 196 This includes eight<br />

types [of mental disease], namely i. vesanic type.<br />

t Vesa'nous, a, [ad. L. vesanus.'] (See quot.)<br />

1656 Blount G/cjj(>i,'-n tfollowing Cooper), VesanouSfXtia^dt<br />

wood, furious, out of his wit, cruel, outragious.<br />

Vesar, obs. f. Visou. Vesatour, obs. Sc. var.<br />

Visitor. Vescel, Vesohale, -all, -el, obs. ff.<br />

Vessel sb,"^ Ve8oh(e, obs. Sc. varr. Wash v.<br />

f Ve*8CUlent, a. Obs,—° [a.d. med.L. vesculenlus<br />

(full of dainties, f. L. vescus small, dainty),<br />

associated with L. vesci to feed.] (See quots.)<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr.. Vesculent, apt to eat or feed. 1658<br />

Phillips, Vesculent, to be eaten, fit for food.<br />

Vese, ME. var, Vease 0^5^. and Feeze z^.l; obs.<br />

var. VizY V. Sc, Veseal, obs. f. Vessel sb.'^<br />

Veaelr, obs. Sc. f. Visor. Vesen, southern<br />

ME. var. Feeze z/.i Veshel(l, obs. Sc. ff.<br />

Vessel sb.^<br />

tVesiar. Sc. Obs. [{. vesy Nizx v.] An inspector.<br />

So t Vesiater. Obs.<br />

ta 1500 Aberdeen Reg. (Jam.), Cerciouris, vesiaris. 1517<br />

Burgh Rec. Edin. (1B69) I. 167 Vesiater and serchare of<br />

the skynnis. .within the said burgh.<br />

II Vesica (v/ssi'ka), [L. vesica^ a bladder,<br />

blister.]<br />

1. Anat. A bladder.<br />

Rarely used exc. with defining term, esp. v. naiatoria or<br />

4. Repeated in order to convey greater emphasis. V. -urinaria.<br />

X649 Nicholas Papers (Camden) 128, I have a verry verry<br />

[1693 tr. Blancard's Phys. Diet. (ed. 2), Vesica, the Blad-<br />

great jealousy Lord Digby will be left in the lurch. 1653 der, an hollow membranaceous Part, wherein any Liquor<br />

Walton Angler 137 He [the salmonj is very, very seldom that is to be.excerned, is contained.] 1706 Phillips (ed.<br />

observed to bite at a Minnow, .and not oft at a fly. X7» Kersey), Vesica^ a Bladder. [Hence in Bailey, etc.] 1859<br />

De Foe Plague (1896) 46 It was indeed very, very, very Mavne Expos, Lex.<br />

dreadful. 1807 Sir R. W11.SON Prru. Diary 13 July (1862)<br />

II. 317 The retribution may<br />

1 2. A copper vessel used in distilling. Obs,<br />

be just but it is very very<br />

1683<br />

severe. i8a^ T. Hook Sayvigs Ser. il Man 0/ Many<br />

Salmon Doron Medicum i. 21 Put a quarter of the<br />

Fr.<br />

infusion.. into a vesica and powre on more rain or river<br />

I. 306, ' I think him pleasant, and handsome, and —.' ' Oh !<br />

water.<br />

verj', very,' said George. 1837 Dickens Pickw. iii. Oh 16^ — Bate''s Dispens. (1713) 12/2 You may<br />

! I<br />

either distil in a Copper Vesica,.. or.. in a Glass Body.<br />

see. . ; negus too strong here— liberal landlord—very foolish<br />

1704<br />

-very.<br />

J. Harris Lex, Techn. I, Vesica,.. the large Copper<br />

Body Tinned within-side, which is commonly used in Dis-<br />

t C. sb. Truth, verity. Obs.-^<br />

tillation of Ardent Spirits, xyia tr. Pojuet's Hist. Drugs<br />

tifi* WvcLip Rom. Prol.fThes reuokith the apostle to the I. 126 Put ail the Matter into a Copper Vesica, tinn'd<br />

verrey [1388 treuthe] and the gospels bileue.<br />

within. X718 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Distillation, Odoriferous<br />

+ D. Forj zftf or tnio vety, -= Truly, verily, Obs, Plants.. are dislill'd by the Cucurbite, or Vesica.<br />

j$.. Smyth 9f his Dattu 52 in Hazl. E. P.P. III. 203, I 3. Vesica piscis (also piscium^ a pointed oval<br />

am mayster of all, That smyteth with hamer or mall, And<br />

figure, the sides<br />

so may thov me call, I tell the for ueray. c 1550 Rolland<br />

of which are properly parts of two<br />

Crt. I^enus 11. 96 Terpsichore [the] fift is callit in verray. equal circles passing through each other at their<br />

/did. 772 Ane messinger said scho, into verray Thair erandis centres, freq. employed as an architectural feature<br />

gai s, baith nicht and als be day.<br />

and by early artists as an aureole enclosing figures<br />

tVery(e. Obs,—^ (Meaning obscure ; occurring<br />

of Christ, the Virgin, etc.<br />

only as part of a charm.)<br />

The reason for the name (fish's or fishes' bladder) is dis-<br />

c:i386 Chaucer Miller's T. 299 Ihesu Crist and seint puted : see quot. 1813.<br />

Benedight Blesse this hous from euery wikked wight For 1809 T. Kerrich in Archaeol. (1812) XVI. 313 [A figure]<br />

nyghtes uerye \v.rr. very(e, verie, verray] the white pater formed by two equal circles, cutting each other in their<br />

noster.<br />

centers... We are told that it was called Vesica Piscis. 1813<br />

Very(e, obs. Sc. ff. Waky v., Weart a., J. S. Hawkins Gothic Archil. 244 Vesica piscium cannot,<br />

WoEBT V, Veryen, southern ME. var. Ferry v.<br />

Veryly, obs. form of Verily adv. Veryn,<br />

obs. variant of Fern sb.^ Verynes, obs. Sc. f.<br />

Weariness. Verynesse : see Verixess, Very-<br />

Bimilar, obs f. Verisimilar a.<br />

Ver^ete, southern ME. var. Forget v.<br />

t Verzine. Obs. rare» Also versine. = next.<br />

1558 Warde tr. Alexis' Seer. 90 A pounde of Verzine or<br />

Brasyl cutte in pieces. 1599 Hakluvt Voy. II, i. 218<br />

Santfob, Marsine, Versine, Porcelane of China.<br />

11 VerziuOi Obs. rare. Also Yerzina. [It.]<br />

Brazil-wood.<br />

('SSS ^OK,H Decades (Arb.) 80 None other trees then brasile,<br />

whiche the Italians caule Verzino.\ 1588 T. Hickock<br />

tr. C. Frederick's Vo^. 23 b, In whose harbour euerie yere<br />

there ladeth some Shippes with Verzina, Nypa,and Bentamin.<br />

1599 HAKLtJVT i^oy. II. i. 229 There goeth another<br />

ship for the said Captaine of Malacca to Sion, to lade<br />

Verzino.<br />

Ves, obs. Sc, form of was : see Be v,<br />

Vesage, obs. Sc. form of Visage.<br />

Vesalian (v/s^-lian), a. [f. the name of the<br />

lielgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-64).]<br />

L Connected with anatomical researches.<br />

In quot. with reference to body-snatching.<br />

1870 H. Lonsdale Life R. Knox 65 The students, .set out<br />

on Vesalian crusades, and succeeded beyond expectation.<br />

2. Vesalian foramen^ vein : (see quots.),<br />

1891 Cent. Diet. s.y.. The Vesalian foramen (foramen<br />

Vesalii) of the sphenoid bone (a small venous opening), zgos<br />

Hughes'' Man. Pract. Anat. III. 188 The Vesalian, an<br />

emissary vein from the cavernous sinus, which, however, is<br />

only occasionally present. 1913 Dorland's Med. Diet.<br />

1040/2 Vesalian vein^ a vessel which connects the pterygoid<br />

plexus with the cavernous sinus.<br />

llVesania (v^s^'-nia). Path. [L. vesdnia^ f.<br />

vesanus mad, f, ve- not + sdnus sane^] Mental de-<br />

154<br />

therefore, signify a fish's bladder, but a bladder, which<br />

when filled with wind, would be in the form of a fish. x8ao<br />

T. Kerrich \x\. Archaeol. XIX. 353 Observations on the Use<br />

of the mysterious Figure, called Vesica Piscis, in the Architecture<br />

of the Middle Ages, and in Gothic Architecture.<br />

1B45 Parker Gloss. Archit. (ed. 4) I. 399 Vesica piscis, a<br />

name applied by Albert Durer to a pointed oval figure [etc.].<br />

^1878 Sir G. Scott Led. Archit. I. v. 189 Their heads<br />

[sc. of the two portals of Ely] were formerly filled with the<br />

Vesica Piscis.<br />

attrib. 1884 //«/*, Did. s.v.. Vesica piscis Seal, Wimborne<br />

Minster. 1901 Athenxutn 16 Nov, 667/2 A Vesica Piscis<br />

window ofunusual character at Millom Church, Cumberland.<br />

b. ellipt. in tl^s sense. Also attrib. and Comb.<br />

i8ao T. Kerrich in Archaeol. XIX. 361 The precise form<br />

of the Vesicawhich was used. xZa^'^xc.vmk^ Styles Archit.<br />

App. p. xxxvi, A figure standing in a shallow niche, holding<br />

a vesica, probably intended to represent the Trinity. 1878<br />

M'^ViTTiE ChiHst Ch. Cathedr. 68 The figures are combined<br />

in vesica-shaped medallions. 1907 Times Lit. Suppl. 25<br />

Jan. 30/2 The very beautiful vesica form . . adopted in consequence<br />

of the prevailing taste for the pointed arch, and the<br />

fashion for the vesica in architecture.<br />

Vesical (ve-sikal), a. [ad. mod.L. vesicat-is,<br />

f. L. vesica: see prec. and -al. So F. vhical<br />

(i6th cent.), Pg. vesical^ It. vessicak.]<br />

1, Of or pertaining to, formed in, the urinary<br />

bladder.<br />

vj^ Phil. Trans. LXXXVIII. 45 The specimen.., which<br />

was said to be a vesical calculus of a horse. 1857 Miller<br />

Eleni, Chem., Org. 711 Urine, .always contains a little<br />

vesical mucus, together with some other ill-defined azotised<br />

principles.<br />

b. spec, in Anat. of various appendages of the<br />

bladder (see quots.).<br />

1831 R. Knox CloguefsAnat. 511 Vesical Nerves. These<br />

nerves vary in number, and are irregularly interlaced.<br />

1835-6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 388/2 The pelvic and vesical<br />

fasciae. 1840 E. \Vilson Anat. Vade M. (1842) 348 The<br />

vesical and prostatic plexus is an important plexus of veins<br />

! 3.<br />

VESICATION.<br />

which surrounds the neck and base of the bladder and pros*<br />

tate gland. 1881 Mivart Cat 21^ Amongst theni we have<br />

the superior vesical [branch], which goes to the side cf the<br />

bladder.<br />

c. Path. Affecting or occurring in the urinary<br />

bladder.<br />

1846 G. E. Dav tr. Simon^s Anim. Chem. II. 183 When<br />

mucus b separated in large quantity (as in vesical catarrh).<br />

1859 R. F. buRTON Centr. A/r. in yml. Geog. Soc. XXIX.<br />

61 .'\ violent cough and vesical irritation. 1876 Gross Dts.<br />

Bladder, etc. 82 Of the causes of vesical neuralgia very little<br />

is known. 1888 Dolghtv Arabia Deserta I. 527, I found<br />

the women lying on the ground far gone in a vesical disease.<br />

2. Having the form of a vesica ; pointedly oval.<br />

1865 Reader No. 121. 462/2 Seals. .of vesical shape. 1880<br />

Archseol, Cant. XIII. 72 The circular boss or knob, and<br />

the elliptical or vesical shape, are seen upon the jewels in<br />

the cover of the celebrated Durham Gospels of St. Cuthbert.<br />

Vesicant (vesikant), sb. and a. Med, [ad.<br />

mod.L. vesicant-^ vesicans^ pres. pple. of vesicare :<br />

see next and -ant. So F. vhicanty Pg. vesicantej<br />

It. vessicante.']<br />

A. sb. An application employed to raise blisters<br />

a vesicatory.<br />

1661 LovELL Hist. Aniur. ^ Min. ^59 Vesicants. Simple.<br />

Roots,ofthapsia,and pellitoryof Spaine. Seeds, of mustard.<br />

1836 Peuny Cycl. VI. 249/1 The terebinthinate solution<br />

may be used as a most efficacious vesicant. 1871 Garrod<br />

Mat. Med. (^. 3) 417 The pustulants induce a still deeper<br />

action, and are sometimes of greater value than vesicants.<br />

B. adj. Causing, efficacious in producing, blisters<br />

; vesicatory.<br />

i8a6 KiRBV & Sp. Entomol. IV. xlviii. 468 There appears<br />

no particular affinity between the Predaceous and Vesicant<br />

beetles. iSsy Henfrev Elem. Bot. § ^i\ Polygonum Hydropiper,<br />

a common native weed, is very acrid, even vesicant<br />

when fresh. 1864 Garrod Mat. Med. (ed. 2) 54 It is astringent,<br />

irritant, vesicant, or even escharotic, according to the<br />

mode of its application.<br />

Vesicate (ve-sik^'l), v. Chiefly J/^(/. [f. ppl.<br />

stem of mod.L. vesicare-. see Vesica and -ate.]<br />

1. trans. To cause to rise m a blister or blisters;<br />

to raise blisters on (the skin, etc.).<br />

1657 G. Stakkev Helmont's Vind. 173 He will perhaps<br />

apply pigeons or the like to the feet or vesicate the external<br />

members for revulsion sake. 1676 Wiseman Surg. Treat.<br />

VI. viii. 435 Celsus proposes, that.. the externall Parts be<br />

vesicated, to make more powerfull Revulsion from within.<br />

i7»o (^uiNCY tr. Hodges'* Loimologia 189 The Parts thus<br />

vesicated were never suffered to heal till the Malignity of<br />

the Disease was spent. 1753 Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 149 If<br />

..this bark is stripped off with their teeth, it inflames and<br />

vesicates their lips and gums.<br />

b. In pa. pple* Covered with, converted into,<br />

blisters.<br />

1676 Wiseman Surg. Treat, i. vi. 38^ I saw [the arm]<br />

swelled, the Cuticula vesicated, and shining with a burning<br />

heat ofa citron colour. 1802 Jennek /?/i/r. Vaccine Inoeula-<br />

^/(j« (1884) 59 A little red spot will appear on the third day .<br />

which . . becomes perceptibly vesicated. 1899 A Ubutt's Syst.<br />

Med. VIII. 482 Outbursts of persistent wheaMike forma*<br />

tions, sometimes vesicated.<br />

2. absol. To produce blisters.<br />

1809 Phil. Trans. XCIX. 343 The fluid effused by vesicating<br />

withcantharides. 1816 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (ed._2)<br />

I. 315 In America the Lyita cinerea and vittata..zxt. said<br />

to vesicate more speedily and with less pain. 1843 ^' J-<br />

Graves SyU. Clin. Med. xiL 133 Blisters [applied] would<br />

be doubtful, and the probability was that the patient would<br />

sink before they vesicated. 1864 Garrod Mat. Med. (ed. 2)<br />

41 Liquorammoniacfortior. .will vesicate rapidly, ifevaporalion<br />

is prevented.<br />

intr. To become blistered.<br />

^899 J. Hutchinson's Arch. Surg. X. 120 It (i.e. an<br />

eruption] consists of erythematous patches which vesicate<br />

! at their borders and spread.<br />

' Hence<br />

Ve'sicated ///. a., Vesicating vbl. sb,<br />

(also attrib^ and ///. a.<br />

In quot. 1703 app. meaning 'having large air-cells': cf.<br />

Vesiculated a.<br />

1703 Phil, Trans. XXIII. 1393 The Lungs of these Water<br />

Lizards being *vesicaled, and not vesiculated. 1806 Med.<br />

yrnl. XV. 44 Blistering plasters were applied, and the vesicated<br />

parts treated as above. 1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin.<br />

Med. IX. 102 note. Dressing the vesicated surface with the<br />

French blistering paper. 1663 Boyi.e Use/. Exp. Nat.<br />

Philos. II. ii. 61 The Chirurgion, unknown to me, made use<br />

of Cantharides, among other ingredients of his "vesicating<br />

piaister. 1771 T. Percival Ess. (1777) 1. 196 Neither mus*<br />

tard,..nor any other vesicating stimulus but cantharides,<br />

excite this complaint. 1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 249/1 A yellow<br />

viscid matter, .which has no vesicating power. x87a T. G.<br />

Thomas Dis. Women 297 There are two preparations of<br />

vesicating collodion.<br />

Vesication (vesik^jan). Med, [ad. mod.L,<br />

vesicatio, noun of action from vesicare : see prec.<br />

So F. visication (i6th cent.), Pg. vesicafdo^ Sp.<br />

vejigacion, Cf. Vesiculation.]<br />

1, The result of blistering or of rising in blisters<br />

a blister or group of these.<br />

1543TRAHERON Vigo's Chirurg. 11. xi. 25This..appayseth<br />

the paine, and purgeth the vesication or bladerynge and<br />

inflation. 1676 Wiseman Surg, Treat, i. iii. 23, I applied<br />

a Pledgit of basilicon upon it, and dressed the Vesications<br />

with unguent, tutiae. i72oQui\'cv ir. Hodges' Loimologia<br />

1 10 Those poisonous Vesications called Blains. 1769 E«<br />

Bancroft Guiana 105 These leaves are also applied to<br />

vesications, to promote a copious discharge. 1785 C. Kite<br />

in Med. Commnn. II. 47 A small vesication appeared on the<br />

navel. 1813 J. Thomson Led. Injiam. 595 The early opening<br />

of the vesications will, .not occasion pain, 1861 Hulmb<br />

tr. Moquin-Tandon ii. iv. i. 236 The stinging apparatus of<br />

the Medusx..may even give rise to vesications. 1899


VESICATORY.<br />

AllbuWs Syst, Med, VIII. 466 In exceptional cases vesica- :<br />

tions are produced.<br />

2. The formation or development of blisters;<br />

the action or fact of blistering.<br />

x7§3 Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 325 An enlargement of the<br />

eyelids, and vesication of the tunica conjunctix>a. 1807<br />

Med. Jrnl. XVII. 320 A complete vesication had taken<br />

place over the whole extent of the metatarsal hones. 1843<br />

R. J. Graves Syst, Clin. Mf-d. vii. 85 They have no hesitation<br />

in applying a large blister, leaving it on until it produces<br />

full vesication. 1864 Gabrod Mat. Med. (ed. 2) 335<br />

Vesication is also made use of on account of its revulsive<br />

action in internal congestions, as of the head, &c.<br />

Vesicatory (ve-siktr'tari, vesi-katari), sb. and a.<br />

Med, [ad. med. or early mod.L. vesicatortus,<br />

-orium (whence F. vSsicaioiret It. vessuatoriOf Pg.<br />

vesicatorio, Sp. vejigatorio) , f. L. vesica : see<br />

Vesicate v, and -oby.]<br />

A. sb, A sharp irritating ointment, plaster, or<br />

other application for causing the formation of a j<br />

|<br />

1<br />

^<br />

;<br />

Freq. with defining terms, as blood-^ food-, germinal^<br />

seminalyunthilicalvesicles', seealsoGRAAFiAN, Purkinjeav.<br />

1578 Banister Hist. Man v. 64 The intrels, which receiue<br />

the dryer excrement, as the Vcssicle of Choler. 1607 WalkiNGTON<br />

Opt. Glass ix. 103 Those men which want the vesicle<br />

of choloT, are both strong and couragious. 1664 Power<br />

Exp. Philos. r. 4 If you divide the Bee near the^ neck, you<br />

shall see the heart beat most lively, which is a white<br />

pulsing vesicle. 1691 Ray Creation 11. (1692) 63 That the<br />

Lungs should be made up of such innumerable Air-pipes and<br />

Vesicles interwoven with Blood Vessels in order to purific,<br />

ferment, or supply the sanguineous Mass with Nitro-aerial<br />

Particles. \^\'^Q,HV.s%\MtMAnai.\.\. ^1726) 12 The marrow<br />

in the larger cells is also contained in their membranous<br />

vesicles. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) I. il 156 The<br />

vesicles, that go to form the brain. 17^ M. Baillie Morb.<br />

Anat. (1807) 390 The small vesicles which make a part of<br />

the natural structure of the ovaria. 1843 R. J. Graves Syst.<br />

Clin. Med. xxii. 260 These cells may be represented as<br />

so many minute vesicles. 1870 Rolleston Anim. Life<br />

Introd. p. xxxvi. The brain [of Amphioxu^l consists of three<br />

primary vesicles.<br />

Como. 1870 Rolliston Anim. Life 155 Contractile Poiian<br />

vesicle-like sacs are developed.<br />

b. Similarly in Bot,<br />

1670 Phil. Trans. V. 1176 There are found many leaves of<br />

other trees, on which grow Vesicles, or small baggs. 1673<br />

Grew Anai. Trunks i. i. 83 \ simple, white, and close<br />

Parenchyma or Barque ; made up of Vesicles . . hardly visible<br />

without a Glass. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. in. v. (1765)183<br />

Pappaiose, nipplyt when it is covered with Vesicles, little<br />

Bladders. 1766 Compl. Farmer s.v. Vegetation^ All the<br />

roots becoming longer, put forth new branches out of their<br />

sides, the second leaf withers, and its vesicles are emptied.<br />

183a Lindley Introd. Bot, 158 This third envelope always<br />

begins by being a mass of cellular tissue, ..and generally<br />

finishes by becoming a vesicle. 1882 Vines Sachs^ Bot. 59<br />

The older hj-pothesis of a deposition of new layers from<br />

within presupposes that the starch-grains were at first<br />

hollow vesicles.<br />

o. Physics, A minute babble or spherule of<br />

liquid or vapour, esp. one of those composing a<br />

cloud or fog.<br />

1731 Miller Card, Diet. s.v. Dew, The thin Vesicles<br />

of which Vapours consist. Ibid., The Warmth .. forms<br />

those Vesicles that are specifically lighter than the Air.<br />

1794 G. Adams Nat. ^ Exp. Philos. IV. Hi. 446 Clouds<br />

are composed of a mafs of vesicles like soap-bubbles. 1854<br />

Brewster More Worlds iii. 61 The aqueous vapour which<br />

it \sc. the atmosphere] contains, whether it exist in minute<br />

vesicles, or in masses of clouds. 1869 Piiipson tr. Guillemin'<br />

Sun (1870) 42 When the vesicles which constitute clouds are<br />

cooled they unite to form drops. 1884 I. Tait Mind in<br />

Matter (1892) 87 The salt is brought by the travelling<br />

clouds, each vesicle charged with a precious burden.<br />

d. Geol. A small spherical or oval cavity produced<br />

by the presence of bubbles of gas or vapour<br />

in volcanic rocks.<br />

155<br />

_i8ix PiNKERTON Pctralogy IL 328 The vesicles are sometimes<br />

of an oblong form, but often spherical. x8^ Dana<br />

Geol. vi. (1850) 346 Occasionally we see fragments in which<br />

the vesicles are thickly disseminated. 1879 Rutley Stud.<br />

Rocks xi. igi In some of the obsidians of Hawaii the<br />

vesicles are quite spherical.<br />

2. A hollow swelling. rare~^. (Cf. next.)<br />

1671 Marvell Reh. Transp, w. 11 He demonstrates at<br />

large how impossible it was . . for Mankind to be produced at<br />

first from certain Vesicles or Pimples of the Earth.<br />

3. Path. A small, generally round, elevation of<br />

the cuticle containing fluid matter.<br />

^799 Jenner Further Obs. Variolx Vaccina (iSoi) 33<br />

The patient felt no general indisposition, although there<br />

was so great a number of vessicles. x8oi Med. 'Jrnl. V. 338<br />

He has twice scratched off the surface of the rising vesicle.<br />

1847 VouATT Horse viii. 204 Vesicles will sometimes appear<br />

along the under side of the tongue. 1867 Baker AV/tf Tribut.<br />

viii. (1872) 107 Small vesicles rose above the skin. 1876<br />

Bristowe r/*. ^ Pract. Med. (1878) 295 The amount of<br />

fluid relatively to the solid constituents of vesicles varies<br />

very much.<br />

b. Without article.<br />

184s Encycl, Metrop. VII. 755/1 The vaccine pustule runs<br />

a given course of varus and of vesicle,<br />

Vesico- (ve'sik(?), combining form, on Greek<br />

models, of Vesica, occurring in various terms<br />

referring to the bladder in connexion with some<br />

other part of the body denoted by the second<br />

element, as vesico-cervkal^ -intestinal, -prostatic^<br />

-rectal^ etc. (So F. vhico-.)<br />

\<br />

'<br />

,<br />

j<br />

j<br />

'<br />

'<br />

I<br />

j<br />

\<br />

1<br />

'<br />

i<br />

I<br />

|<br />

|<br />

blister or blisters on the skin ; = Blister sb, 3.<br />

Very frequent from c 1650 to c 1780 ; now somewhat rare.<br />

1604 F. Heri.ng Mod. Dejence 18 Vesicatorys to be ap.<br />

plied neere vnto the most principall Part. 1655 Culpepper,<br />

etc, Riverius x. vii. 32 You must apply a Vesicatory to<br />

the forepart of the head. 1676 T. DEGARKNCiEREsCtfr/^/sS<br />

Carrying in his pocket a vesicatory made of cantharides.<br />

170^ F. Fuller Med. Gymn. (1711) 38 It can't be done by<br />

Vesicatories without some Pain. 175J Phil. Trans. XLVI I.<br />

504 These were blistered sUzhtly, by means of a small vesi.<br />

catory. 1803 Med. yrtil. X. 310 A vesicatory applied to<br />

the affected part, constantly relieved the pain, and produced<br />

the desired effect. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 7 The<br />

leaves of Knowltonia vesicatoria are used as vesicatories in<br />

Southern Africa. 1875 H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 561<br />

Epispastics, vesicatories, or, more colloquially, blisters.<br />

B. adj. Of the nature of a vesicant ; capable of,<br />

characterized by, raising blisters.<br />

s6ii WooDALL Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 173 The use of<br />

Vesicatory medicines ; namely, Cantharides in painfull<br />

swolne limbs. 1663 Boyle use/. Exp. Nat. Philos. n. ii.<br />

43 If you duly perpend what I lately mentioned, of the<br />

transmutation of water into hot and vesicatory substances.<br />

1817 KiRBY & Sp. Eiitomol. II. 227 The vesicatory beetles<br />

. .are not improbably defended from their assailants by the<br />

remarkable quality.. that distinguishes them. 1813-7 Good<br />

Study Med. (1829) I. 59 The cerambyx tfiosc/iaius, which<br />

possesses a vesicatory power nearly equal to that of the<br />

fytta. x8^ Rep. U. S. Cominissioiter Agric. (18^) 102<br />

Many of these beetles [sc,*Vif/tf/d^I possess strong vesicatory<br />

powers.<br />

Vesicle (ve*sik*l). Also 6, 8 vesaiole. [ad. F.<br />

visicule, or L. y^jfcw/a Vesicola.]<br />

1. a. Attat. and Zoo!, A small bladder-like vessel<br />

in an animal body ; a cavity or cell with a membranous<br />

integument ; a small sac or cyst.<br />

Various other terms, as vesicocele, vesicoclysis ', vesicoabdominal,<br />

-pubic, -spinal, etc., appear in recent Diets.<br />

x^ Buck^s Handbk. Med. .Sci. VIII. 581/2 The tear,<br />

beginning in a rigid os, extends.. up the cervix to the<br />

*vesico-cer\'ical junction. 1835-6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. I.<br />

400 "Vesico-intestinal fistulae sometimes establish a communication<br />

between the bladder and the ileum or colon.<br />

X878 T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (1879) II. 64 Vesico-intestinal<br />

Fistula is sometimes met with. 1839-47 TodtCs Cycl. Anat.<br />

III. 933/2 The veins in the neighbourhood of the prostate<br />

gland and of the neck of the bladder . . are called the vesicoprostatic<br />

plexus. 1876 Gross Dis. Bladder, etc. 156 Varicose<br />

enlargement of the vesico- prostatic plexus of veins was<br />

described. Ibid. 339 "Vesico-Rectal Fislule is between the<br />

bladder and rectum, and between the latter tube and the<br />

urethra. 1835-6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 400/2 When the<br />

disease is a *vesico-umbilical fistula, the communication is<br />

with the summit of the bladder. 1885 Buck's Handhk. Med.<br />

Sci. I. 526/2 *Vesico-urethral fissure.. is a crack or fissure<br />

between the folds of the mucosa, at the point of junction of<br />

the urethra and bladder. 1839-47 TodtCs Cycl. Anat. III.<br />

943/1 There are a ^air of recto-uterine peritoneal folds in<br />

the female and a pair of *vesico-uterine folds. 1889 Buck's<br />

Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 581/2 All the tissues below may<br />

heal, leaving an opening at the upper angle of the tear—<br />

vesico-uterine fistula. 1835-6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 400/2<br />

* Vesico-vaginal fistulae are sometimes, .the result of the<br />

progress of a uterine cancer- 1876 Gross Dis. Bladder,<br />

etc. 326 Vesico-vaginal fistule is an opening between the<br />

bladder and vagina. 1889 Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII.<br />

580/2 The tear reaches up to, or dissects off the vesicovaginal<br />

tissue from the uterus.<br />

II Vesicula<br />

(v/si-ki/Ha). PI. vesioulaB (-irfli).<br />

[L. vesicu/a a little blister, a vesicle, dim. of<br />

vesica Vksica.]<br />

1. = Vesicle i. Usually in pi.<br />

In Anat. also with defining terms, as vesicular seminales<br />

a. Anat. 17x5 Cheyne Priuc Relig. i. iii. § 12 (ed. 2) 134<br />

Spiral Threads, which divide these hollow Fibrils into so<br />

many elastick Cystes or Vesiculae. X7a8 Chambers Cycl.<br />

s.v. Lungs, A Stone-Cutter, the Vesiculae of whose Lungs<br />

were.. stuffed with Dust. 1771 Encycl. Brit. I. 282/2 Tlie<br />

thoracic duct, .terminates in some subjects by a kind of<br />

vesicula. 1835-6 ToddHs Cycl. Annt. I. 380/2 (Bladder),<br />

Towards the vesiculae it [the cellular coat] is dense and<br />

white, and supports a number of veins. 1849-52 Ibid. IV.<br />

ir, 1431/1 The difficulty of proving the identity of sacs called<br />

vesiculae in other animals.<br />

b. Bot. 1718 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Vegetation, These<br />

Seed-Leaves consist of a great Number of little Vesiculae,<br />

or Bladders. 183* Lindley Introd. Bot. 207 Vesiculae, inflations<br />

of the thallus, filled with air, by means of which the<br />

plants are enabled to float<br />

c. Physics, i-jx^ Derham Phys.'Theol. 1. iii. 22 note.<br />

Vapours being, .no other than inflated Vesiculae of Water.<br />

2. Path, «= Vesicle 3.<br />

X876 DuHRiNG Dis. Skin 43 Vesiculae are circumscribed,<br />

rounded elevations of the epidermis, varying in size from a<br />

pin-point to a split.pea, containing a clear serous fluid.<br />

Vesicular (visiki/Haj), a. [ad. early mod.L.<br />

vesicular-is (whence F. visiculaire, Pg. vesicular,<br />

It. vescicolare), f. L. vesicula : see prec]<br />

1. Having the form or stmcture of a vesicle<br />

bladder-like.<br />

a. Anat. c 17J0 Gibson Farrier's Guide i. App. (1722) 101<br />

These receive the Chyle, .into the vesicular Kernels of the<br />

Mesentery. 17JS Fam, Diet. s.v. Lungs, Its inner Laminx<br />

fill up the Interstices, which are below the Bunches of the<br />

small Lobes [in the lungs], withlittle vesicular Cells. 1822-7<br />

Good Study Med. (1829) V. 10 There are no organs of<br />

generation that differ so much.. as these vesicular bags.<br />

1873 MiVART Elem. Anat. x. 416 A simple vesicular heart<br />

may be continued on forwards into a median artery. x888<br />

RoixESTON & Jackson Anim, Life 859 The nucleus is<br />

single ; it is large when full grown, vesicular, with chromatin<br />

globules or ribbons.<br />

b. Bot. X848 I-TNDLEV Introd, Bot. (ed. 4) I. 147 A vesicular<br />

organ, which he terms Cistome. 1867 J. Hogg<br />

Microsc. II. i. 303 The spores are developed freely in the<br />

vesicular cells destined to produce them. x88a Vines Sachs*<br />

Bot. 514 Their capacity for transport is increased by the<br />

vesicular hollow protrusions of the extine.<br />

c. Physics, i860 A. Greelv Amer. Weather vii. C1888) 60<br />

It was formerly advanced that these minute drops of rain<br />

VESICULATION.<br />

or fog were vesicular— that is, hollow spheres ! 1863<br />

TvNDALL Heat vi. § 224 (1S70) 176 If the particles of water<br />

be sufficiently small they will float . . without being vesicular.<br />

2. Characterized by the presence of vesicles<br />

composed of parts having the form of vesicles.<br />

a. Anat. 1715 Cheyne Princ. Relig. i. vi. § 37 (ed.2) 312<br />

.\ Muscle is a bundle of Vesicular Threads, or of solid<br />

Filaments, involved in one common Membrane. 1833 Sir<br />

C. Bell Hand (1834) 69 Cold-blooded animals.. respire less<br />

frequently than other creatures, . , hence their vesicular<br />

lungs. 1848 Carpenter Anim. Phys. i. (1B72) 76 We find a<br />

form of nervous tissue, . . generally known as the vesicular.<br />

1855 Bain Senses ^ Int. 1. ii. § 16 These central masses all<br />

contain grey substance, the cellular or vesicular matter.<br />

x86o (JossE Rom. Nat. Hist. 364 A true serpent, with large<br />

vesicular lungs.<br />

b. Bot. ^79^ Martvk Lang. Bot., Vesicularis..scabritiest<br />

vesicular or bladdery ruggedness. x8oa R. Hall Elefu.<br />

Bot. 195 Vesicular, .. having small bodies like bladders on<br />

the surface.<br />

C. Physics. 1794 SuLivAN View Nat. I. 357 He calls<br />

them vesicular vapour, whose particles may be distinguished<br />

by the eye. 183a Macgillivray Trav. Humboldt xvi. 204<br />

In the beginning of March the accumulation of vesicular<br />

vapours became visible. X834 Mrs. Somerville C«««jr.<br />

Phys. Sci. x.\viii. 296 The vesicular state constituting a<br />

cloud. 1880 'Times 25 Dec. 5 The silicate of soda was left<br />

in the state of a highly vesicular maps.<br />

d. Geol. i8xi PiNKERTON Petralogy II. 328 {keadifig).<br />

Vesicular Lava. i8i3BAKEWELL/«^r£'rf.G


VESICULI- 156 VESPERTILIONID.<br />

Tro^. Diseases xxxv. 546 There may be evidence hi the<br />

shape of \*e5iculations and thickening of the mucosa of a<br />

greater or less degree of catarrh.<br />

VesiCTlli- (v/si*ki/ni), combining fonn of<br />

Vesiccla, occurring in a few terms, as vesiouli*foroua<br />

a., bearing vesicles; vesi'culiform «.,<br />

resembling a vesicle ; vesiouli'gerousa., vesiculi-<br />

ferous.<br />

1846 Daka Zooph, 135 l^tie inner tentacles clavate_ and<br />

vcsiculigerous. 1850 Mavne Ex^s, Lex. 1330 Vesiculiferom.<br />

"1891 Cent. Diet, s.v., Vesiculiform.<br />

llVesiOTllitia (v/siki/aaitis). Path. [f. VbsiccLA<br />

+ -ms.] Inflammation of a vesicle, esp. of<br />

the seminal vesicles.<br />

1861 BuMSTXAD Ven, Dis. (1879) 183 A case in which<br />

\-esicBHtis terminated in an abscess. iSi^ Buck's Handbk,<br />

Med. Sci. IX. 380/2 In chronic vesiculitis local measures<br />

are of little value.<br />

Vdsioulo- (v/si*ki//b), combining form, on<br />

Greek models, of Vesicula, occurring in a few<br />

terms referring to vesicles in connexion with some<br />

part or thing denoted by the second element, as<br />

resutth-brofukiait -spinal^ -tympanitic,<br />

i88< EncycL Brit. XIX. 35/2 Ano-spinal and vesiculospinsil<br />

centres. 1886 Buck's Handbk. Med. Set. II. 82/1 In<br />

emphysema a characteristic sound, somewhat less resonant,<br />

is heard, which is called vesiculo-tympanitic. 1898 Allbutt's<br />

Sysi. MeiL V. 98 Mingled with this diminished dulness and<br />

with ' the vesiculo-bronchial ' breathing, ..may be heard an<br />

adventitious murmur.<br />

VesiculOSe (v^'sikirfW-s), a. [ad. L. vestculos-us<br />

full of blisters : see Vesicula + -OSE.] Full<br />

of vesicles ; vesicular.<br />

^ 1817 KiRBV & Sp. EntomoL II. 223 The elytra.., shrewd,<br />

ing its vesiculose abdomen, gave it much the appearance<br />

of a fine flower. 1856 \V. CuvRK Van der HoevctCs Zool.<br />

I. 332 Abdomen inflated, vesiculose. 1861 Hagen Synopsis<br />

NeuroPtera N, Atner. 171 Abdomen compressed at base,<br />

vesiculose, triquetral.<br />

Hence Tesicnlcso-, employed as<br />

form, as vesiculoso-cellular adj.<br />

a combining<br />

i8a6 KiRBY & Sp. EntomoL IV. xxxviti. 69 In Sphinx<br />

Ligustri the bronchix terminate in oblong vesiculoso.<br />

cellular bodies, almost like lungs.<br />

t Vesi'culous, a. Obs. [f. Vesicul-a + -ous.<br />

So F. vhiculeux. ] = Vesiculose a,<br />

1698 Phil. Trans. XX. 119 The vesiculous Parts of the<br />

Body; which, according to my Notion, are part Muscles,<br />

part Glands. 171a tr. Pomet « Hist. Drugs I.<br />

Kind covers a Vesiculous Substance.<br />

Vesigh, obs. form of Vizy sb. Sc.<br />

150 This<br />

t Ve'Sike, Obs, Also 6 vesyko, visyko. [ad,<br />

L. !»«/*« Vesica.] a. The bladder, b. A bladderlike<br />

vessel or formation ; a vesicle.<br />

15A0 R. Jonas Birth Man. i. 14 b, Sometyme the vesyke<br />

or bladder, .be also apostumat & blystered, 1545 Raynald<br />

Byrth Mankyndi p. i, Yf . . the visyke or bladder be swollen<br />

or encombred with the stone. 1548-77 Vicary Anat. viii.<br />

(i883) 71 The chest of the Gal., is as a purseorapannicular<br />

vesike in the holownesse of the Lyuer.<br />

Vesir, obs. form of Vizier.<br />

Vesper (ve*sp3i). Also 7//. vespre«. [Partly<br />

a. L. vesper masc. (hence OF. vespre^ older F.<br />

vepre^ Pr. vespre, Sp. vespero, Pg. vespera. It. vesperOj<br />

vespfo)^ evening star, evening, cognate with<br />

Gr, tffwfpos Hesperus, Partly ad. older F. vespres<br />

(mod.F. v^pres\ vespers, evensong, ad. L. vesperas<br />

(nom. vesperx)^ ace pi. of vespera fern, ; hence<br />

also Pr. vespras^ Sp. visperas^ Pg, vesperas. For the<br />

use of the plural form cf. matins^ nones."]<br />

I. In the singular form.<br />

1. poet, (or rhiet.). With capital. The evening<br />

star ; Hesper, Hesperus.<br />

1390 GowER Con/.\\. log Whan that thi liht is faded And<br />

Vesper scheweth him alofVe. 1508 Dunbar Goid. Targe 2<br />

Ryght as the stern of day begouth to schyne, Quhen gone<br />

to B;d war Vesper and Lucyne, 1 raise. 1577 Grangk<br />

Golden Aphrod.^ etc. R iij b, Phebus . . His course was done,<br />

& Vesper she with Luna playde their |)artes. 1503 G,<br />

JPeele Hon. Order Garter B j, About the time when Vesper<br />

in the West Ganset the euenin^ watch. 1633 P, Fletcher<br />

Purple Isl. v. Ixx, Vesper fair Cynthia ushers, and her<br />

train, See, th* apish earth hath lighted many a starre. 1697<br />

Dbyden yirg. Georg. i. 343 Red Vesper kindles there the<br />

tapers of the night, 176a Falconer Shipivr. 1. 657 While<br />

glowing Vesper leads the starry train. iSso Keats Ode to<br />

Psyche 27 Fairer than Phccbe s sapphire-region 'd star, Or<br />

Vesper, amorous glow-worm of the slcy.<br />

trans/. 1815 Shelley Adonais xlvi, Assume thy winged<br />

throne, thou Vesper of our throng I<br />

2. Evening, eventide ; an evening. A\so personif.<br />

Now rare or Obs.<br />

1606 Smaks. Ant. 4- CI. IV. xiv. 8 Thou hast scene these<br />

Signes, They arc blacke Vespers Pageants. 1613 Purchas<br />

Pilgrimage {1614) 123 From which ninth houre the lewes<br />

began their Vespera or Euening...In these Vespers, as<br />

also on the Euen of euery Feast and Sabbath, atter the<br />

euening sacrifice, they which doe any worke. .shall neuer<br />

see good signe of a blessing. 171a Buixjell Spect. No. 425<br />

f 3 The one [companion] waa Aurora . . : The other was Vesper<br />

in a Robe of Azure beset with Drops of Gold. 1798 Cole*<br />

VLiooK. An£. Mar. 76 In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud,<br />

It perched for vespers nine. 1849 Thoreau IVeek Concord<br />

Riv. 26 From highest noon till the red vesper sinks into<br />

the west.<br />

Jig. 1701 Nobris Ideal World i. iii. 160 There cannot be<br />

anv vespers in the great sun of truth.<br />

3. Vespers, evensong. (See 6.) Also trans/, f In<br />

early tjse with a or the.<br />

1636 Ma.s51ngbr Bash/. Lover 1. i. If you miss him when<br />

She goes to the vesper or the matins, hang nie ! 1657<br />

THOvi.Khv.vir.Lougur Daphiis f^ Chioe h.\iy\i,\ will tell you<br />

a storie, one I had at a Tavern vesper. 1737 Ozcirs Rabelais<br />

I. xl. 315 A Mass, a Matine, a Vesper well sun^ is half said.<br />

1815 Shelley Alastor 694 Mighty Earth I'rom sea and<br />

mountain, city and wilderness, In vesper low or joyous<br />

orison. Lifts still its solemn voice. 1844 Metn. Babylonian<br />

Princess II. 309, I knew that many of those with whom I<br />

was acquainted attended mass and vesper at this chapel.<br />

4. ellipt. The vesper-bell.<br />

1808 Scott Martnion 11. xxxiii, Even in the vesper's<br />

heavenly tone, They seem'd to hear a dying groan. 1817<br />

MooRE Lalla R., Paradise f,- P. 440 But, hark ! the vcspei<br />

calls to pray'r.<br />

II. In collective pi. Vespers.<br />

t6, a. In Univ. use: The public disputations<br />

and accompanying ceremonies which immediately<br />

preceded the inception or commencement of a<br />

Bachelor of Arts ; esp. in later use at Oxford, the<br />

day on which these were held, the eve ^the Act.<br />

Cf. Vespery. Obs,<br />

157^ M. Stokys in Peacock Stat. Cambr. (1841) App. A.<br />

p. xxii, The Bedyll shall bryng the Inceptours in Arte to<br />

the Place where the commensement shall be kepte, and so<br />

shall begynu the Vespers in Arte and in Civill. Ibid, p. xxiv,<br />

The Father in Arte m the Ve[s]pers shall sytt in the West<br />

ende off the Chyrche. 1657 Owen Vind. Treat. Schism \.<br />

Wks. 1855 Xlll. 217 A learned gentleman, whom I had prevailed<br />

withal to answer in the Vespers of our Act, sent me<br />

his questions. 1681 Grew Musxunt iv. il. 361, I read<br />

two Publique Lectures at Oxford, on the Vespers of the<br />

Publique Act. 1715 Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) V. 93 Lectures<br />

in the Vespers. The Vespers on Saturday.<br />

fb. The eve of^ festival, or ^the Passion.<br />

16*9 Donne Serm. 73 What a dimme Vespers of a glorious<br />

festivall. x66o Jer, Taylor Worthy Commun. i. § 3. 49 The<br />

Sacrament of the Lords Supper ..being instituted in the<br />

vespers of the passion. 1663 — Serin, t Cor. xv. 2J, 33<br />

And as the Apostles in the vespers of Christs passion, so he<br />

in the Eves of his own dissolution was . . heavie unto<br />

death. 1607 Burghope Disc. Relig. Assemb. 132 Our blessed<br />

Lord in the vespers of his death.<br />

6, Eccl, The sixth of the Canonical Hours of the<br />

breviary, said or celebrated towards evening ; —<br />

Evensong i ; also, the time of this office.<br />

Usually without article, but occas. with the, and sometimes<br />

with a smg. verb.<br />

«6ii CoRVAT Crudities 14, I came into their Church at<br />

the time of prayers in the afternoone, the Nunnes being<br />

then at their Vespers. X644 in Eng. Hist. Rev. Apr. (1913)<br />

341 The parish Church in Ruell where the King and Queene<br />

were at Vespres. 170a in Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ. VII. 127<br />

Afternoon we went to Vespers to ye Abbay of S' Floraux,<br />

a Benedictine Order. C1731 Diary Blue Nuns Ibid. VIII.<br />

92 About three a clock in the afternoon whilst we were at<br />

vespers. 1756 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) IV. 19 On Ascension-eve,<br />

vespers are performed with great pomp and splendor.<br />

1831 G. Downes Lett. Conf. Countries I. 34, 1 stopped<br />

to attend vespers at the Cathedral of St. Denis. 1871 Miss<br />

MuLOCK Fair Prance xv. 142 Vespers is, I conclude, a litany<br />

rather than a mass. 1884 F. M. Crawford Rom. Singer I.<br />

•24 Then we went into the Capella del Coro to wait for the<br />

vespers.<br />

t b. Applied to the Evening Prayer or Evensong<br />

of the Church of England. Obs. tare.<br />

x66o Pepvs Diary 2 Oct., At Will's I met with Mr. Spicer,<br />

and with him to the Abbey to see them at vespers.<br />

O, With distinguishing terms denoting special<br />

forms of this office.<br />

Sicilian vespers: see Sicilian a. 2 a.<br />

a 1700 in Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ. IX. 368 At y» first vespers<br />

of y» Assomption of o' Blessed Lady. 1761 Evening-Office<br />

0/ Church (ed. 2) 300 In the second Vespers, is a commemoration<br />

of S. Paul. Ibid. 363 After Benedicamus Domino,<br />

the Vespers of the Dead are said. 1908 Ch, Times 13 Mar.<br />

3^7/2 Vesi>ers for the Dead, in the form sanctioned by<br />

Bishop Creighton, was sung,<br />

d. poet. Evening prayers or devotions.<br />

1814 Shelley in Dowden Li/e{\^^^') 1. 496 Adieu; remember<br />

love at vespers before sleep, I do not omit my prayers.<br />

i8ao Keats Eve St. Agnes xxvi, Her vespers done. Of all<br />

its wreathed pearls her hair she frees.<br />

7. trans/. The evening song of a bird. Cf.<br />

Evensong a. Chiefly /^^Z.<br />

1678 H. Vaughan Pious Th. 225, I heard last May.. The<br />

pleasant Philomel her vespers sing. 1795-18x4 Wordsw.<br />

Excurs. IV. 1 169 If the solemn nightingale bt; mute, And the<br />

soft woodlark here did never chant Her vespers. 18x3 Scott<br />

Rokeby v. ii, Hoarse into middle air arose The vespers of<br />

the roosting crows. 1854 Thorkau Walden iv. (1884) 135<br />

The whippoorwills chanted their vespers for half an hour.<br />

HI. 8. attrib. a. In the sense * of or belonging<br />

to, used at or for, vespers or evensong *, as vesper'<br />

beil, -carol, -chinu, -hymny Hght, psalm, -song^ etc.<br />

vesper-book (also + vespers book), a vesperal ;<br />

vesper music (see quot.) ; vesper service,<br />

vespers, evensong.<br />

In general use freq. pas--ing Into next.<br />

1794 Mrs. Raucliffe Myst. Udolpho xxxvi. The monastery,<br />

whose *vesper-bell she had heard on the preceding<br />

evening.^ 1844 Dtckens Pictures/rom Italy (Collins) 244<br />

To the ringing of vesper-bells, darkness sets in. 1864 Skeat<br />

Uhlands Poems 223 The sun sinks down, the vesper-bell<br />

bids men to rest and pray. 177a in Catholic Records<br />

Soc. Publ. I. 138, 4 Vols: of Mass <strong>Book</strong>s,.. *Vesperse <strong>Book</strong>.<br />

1850 {title)., Vesper-<strong>Book</strong>; containing the complete Order<br />

for Vespers for the entire Year, according to the Roman<br />

Breviary. 1865 Pall Mall G. No. 140. 3/1 The vesperbook<br />

used by Roman Catholics. i8t8 Keats Endym. iv.<br />

834 Therefore for her these *vesper-caroIs are. a 1835 Mrs. ,<br />

Hemans My own Portrait Poems (1875) 487 Even as a<br />

sound of "vesper-chimes Can wake departed things. x8o8 j<br />

Skurrav Bidcombc Hill 7 The blackbird from tiie ivied<br />

temple chants His *vesperhymn. i866Engel A^i^/. V^auiV<br />

viii. 281 The Roman Catholics., have their Vesper Hymns,<br />

and the singing of these appears to be custoniarjj in most<br />

countries where the Roman Catholic faith prevails. 1892<br />

Ch. Times ^ Nov. 1094/2 An oaken altar.. with *vesper<br />

lights. 1888 Jacobi Printers' Voc. 151 *P'esper music,<br />

plain chant or Gregorian music is thus designated. 1813<br />

Mrs. Hemans Vespers 0/ Palermo in. iii, <strong>Here</strong>.. meet<br />

me, when the bell Doth sound for "vesper-prayer I 1896<br />

SwETE Ch. Serv. 62 The *vesper Psalms were five in number,<br />

recited as at Mattins in regular course, 1797 Mrs.<br />

Raihjmffe Italian vi, The *vesper-service of the monks.<br />

184^ Dickens Mart. Chuz, v, The old cathedral bell began<br />

to ring for vesper service. 1904 Wordsw, & Littlehales<br />

Old Service Bks. 79 The Kvensong or vesper service of<br />

Sunday and other days of the week. 1810 Scott Lady oj<br />

Lake in. xxiii. To-morrow eve.. My *vcsper song [may<br />

be] thy wail, sweet maid ! 1871 Longf. Wayside Inn n.<br />

Baron St. Castinc 169 No day is so long But it comes at<br />

last to vesper-song. 1813 Scott Triertn. 1. i. Holy as hermit's<br />

*vesper strain. x866 Neale Sequences ^^^ 385 These vespertilios .<br />

hang in swarms upon the boughs of Trees.<br />

Vespertiliouid, a. Zool. [ad. mod.L. Vespcrtilionid'm<br />

(see def.).] Of or belonging to the<br />

Fespertilionidx^ a large family of insectivorous<br />

bats, including the common British species.<br />

1875 Dallas in Cassell's Mat. Hist. I. 332 The tail traverses<br />

the interfemoral membrane in the fashion of that of<br />

a Vespertilionid Bat.


VESPERTILIONINE.<br />

Vesperti-liouine, a. {sd.). Zoo/, [f. L. vesfertilidn-,<br />

vespertiHo bat + -ine.] a. adj. Of or<br />

belonging to, comprising or consisting of, a large<br />

distinct group of insectivorous bats included in<br />

the sub-order Microchiroptera.<br />

l«75 G. E. DoBSON in Ann. Nat. Hist. XVI. 350 The<br />

fatnilies of Microchiroptera.. form two natural atlianccii,<br />

which may be called the Vespertilionine and Embaljonurine<br />

alliances respectively.<br />

b. sb. A bat belonging to this group.<br />

1891 Cent. Dkt._<br />

Vesperti'lionize, v. nome-word. [f. as prec.<br />

+ -ize!] /ram. To convert or turn iit/o a bat.<br />

1854 Badham Hatieut. 451 Others.. have vespertilionized<br />

this skate into the Sea-bat.<br />

Vespertinal (vespartai-nal), a. [ad. late L.<br />

vesptrttna/-is, f. L. vesper/inus : see next and -Ai-.<br />

Cf. obs. F. vesper/ina/, -e/.] — next.<br />

iSfi Frascrs Mag-. XIX. 469 All my troubles, cares,<br />

anxieties, perplexities—matutinal, meridional, and vespertinal.<br />

1849 TuoREAU tiWk Cotuord Riv. irg The vespertinal<br />

pout had already begun to flit on leathern fin. 1854<br />

Lowell Cambridge 30 Yrs. Ago Prose Wks. 1890 I. 90<br />

F. became purely vespertinal, never stirring abroad till after<br />

dark. 1901 AtlietiXKin 28 Dec. 876 3 Vespertinal events.<br />

might be dated in Saxon times in four different ways.<br />

Vespertine (ve-spaitain, -in), a. (and sb:).<br />

[ad. L. vesper/Jn-m (hence also OF. vespertin,\\.,<br />

Sp., Pg. vesper/ino), i. vesper Vesper : see -ine .]<br />

1. Of or pertaining to the evening ; coming,<br />

occurring, or taking place in the evening ; s/xc. in<br />

.Is/ro/. (cf. 2).<br />

1501 Arnolds Citron. 168 Vfthou wil kepe late set plantis,<br />

kepe hem from vespertyn reynes. cisjo Rollano Crt.<br />

Venus 11. 695 Kra Phebus rais to the hour vespertine, c 1610<br />

Sir C. Hevimn Astro/. Disc. (1650) 60 The .second is.. the<br />

Vespertine oriental Apparition, which he callelh the last<br />

rising. 1634 Sir T, Herbkrt Trav. (1638) 217 1 he starres ;<br />

their heliacal], acronicall, matutine, and vespertine motions.<br />

1716 M. Davies At/un. Brit. I. 33 The Morning and Vesperlin<br />

Service in that Church. i8i> Carv Dante, Purg.<br />

XV. 140 Far onward as our eyes. .could stretch against the<br />

bright Vespertine ray. 1851 Glbnny Handbli. FL Card. 68<br />

It IS desirable on account of its powerful vespertine fragrance.<br />

1901 Athenxum 18 Dec 877 The vespertine<br />

portion of the ecclesiastical day.<br />

b. Of animals, birds, etc. : Appearing or especially<br />

active in the evening.<br />

In quot 1607 after L. /upiis vespertinus, the Vulgate ren.<br />

dering of Heb. z'eb ^ereb in Hab. i. 8.<br />

1607 TopsEUL Four-/, /leasts 435 This first and vulgar<br />

kinde of Hyaena is bred in Affricke and Arabia. . .God htm.<br />

selfe in holy scripture calleth it by the name of a Vespertine<br />

Wolfe. l8aa Shaw Gen. Zoot. III. I. 114 Vespertine Frog.<br />

..Native of Siberia. 1891 Cent. Diet. s.v., The vespertine<br />

or evening grosbeak, //esperifliona vespertina.<br />

+ 0. Dim, imperfect. Obs,"^<br />

t6>3 Bp. Hall Best Bargaim Wks. (1625) 518 If ye had<br />

already that vespertine knowledge of the Saints which ye<br />

shall once haue in heauen.<br />

2. As/r. and As/rol. Of a star, planet, etc, : Set- \<br />

ting at or just after sunset.<br />

1601 Holland Piiny 11. xvi. I. ti These stars or planets<br />

in their evening setting, are neerest to the earth :. . and then :<br />

they be called Occidentail Vespertine, i. when the sun to- '<br />

ward the evening covereth them with nis raies. 1647 Lilly '<br />

Chr. Astro/, cxxvii. 577 .\n Infortune in the Nativity,, .if<br />

Vespertine, [shows] long Di.seases. 1679 MoxoN /kat/t.<br />

/?iiare-to worthy, c \^S Wyntoun Cron. 11, xii.<br />

1073 Golde, siluir and wesschaelle, Cleynly made of gud<br />

metaille. 1490 Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot. I. 132 For the<br />

caryage of the siluer vesscheall to Lythgow again Payee.<br />

XS«3 OoUGLAS Mneid i. ix. 109 Siluer plait . . was brocht To<br />

set on buirdisj and weschail forgit of gold. 1549 Compi,<br />

ScotL xvii. 145 Coppir, bras, and yrn and vthir mettellis var<br />

meltit to mak vteiisel veschel necessair to serue ane hous-<br />

hald. a 1578 Lindesav (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I.<br />

337 Costlie beding, weschell and naiperie according for ane<br />

king. 1627 [see sense 7].<br />

y, h. 1474 QKX.iG^Chesse \\. v. (1883) 6g He sayde that hit<br />

was better and more noble thynge to shyne in good maners<br />

than in vayssel. 1605 Tryall Chevair. iv. i, And so, sir,<br />

you that walk in pewter vessayle, like one of the worthyes,<br />

will you be rul'd by me? [iSjo Scott Monast. xvi, Every<br />

bit of vassail and silver work have we been spoiled of<br />

since Pinkie Cleuch.]<br />

b. dial. (See quots.)<br />

1854 Miss Baker Northampt. Gloss. 375 Vessel, ..2\\ the<br />

plates, dishes, and culinary utensils which are put into<br />

requisition during a meal. ' Wash the vessel up. Never<br />

applied to a tea-service or to glasses. 1893 Wilts. Gloss.<br />

176 To wash up the vessel is to wash up plates, dishes, &c.<br />

2. Any article designed to serve as a receptacle<br />

for a liquid or other substance, usually one of circular<br />

section and made of some durable material<br />

esp. a utensil of this nature in domestic use,<br />

employed in connexion with the preparation or<br />

serving of food or drink, and usually of a size<br />

suitable for carrying by hand.<br />

Often with defining term preceding (sometimes hyphened*,<br />

indicating its special use, as dairy, drinking^ kitchen,<br />

iiiilk-^ winC'Vessel. See also Air-, Steam-vessel 1.<br />

o. a 1300 Cursor M. 13395 lesus badd fcam Jjan o-nan Fil<br />

|?air gret wessels [Fair/, vessels] o stan O water clere. 1340<br />

A^enb. 235 pe |[»inges pet byej> y-hal^ed, ase ^e uesseles y.<br />

blissed, )>e chalis, ^e copereaus. c 1386 Chaucer Monk's T.<br />

204 Goth, bringeth forth the vessealx . . The which my fader<br />

in his prospente Out of the temple of Jerusalem byraft.<br />

C1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xi. 43 A vessell of gold full of<br />

manna, c 1450 MS. DouceSS fo'- 11 Steep hem with sugre<br />

water.. in to a feyre fessell. CX47X Fobtescue Wks. (1869)<br />

458 Oftyntyms his Highnessc must and will bye. .Wessels,<br />

Wcslments, and other Ornaments for his Chapel. iS»6<br />

TiNDALE Luke V. 37 Also no man poureth newe wyne into<br />

olde vessels. »5So N. C. Wiiis (Surtees, igo8) 208 Such<br />

vessels, barkes, and other thinges as belonges to the tanners<br />

craft. 1577 Hkkmsou England \n Holinsked l.jiof I Aii^Tward<br />

putting it [sc. brawn] into close vessels, they poure .<br />

good small ale. .thereto tyll it be couered. »6io Holland<br />

Camden's Brit. 650 An earthen vessel in which was<br />

hourded a mighty deale of Romaine coine. 1658 J. Harrington<br />

Prerog. Pop. Go7't. 11. ii. 11 His Enemies breaking<br />

down his Statues,.. made homely Vessels of them.<br />

1719 De Foe Crusoe 1. 121 To my great Mbfortune, I had<br />

no Vessel to boil or stew any Thing. 1791 Cowper Odyss.<br />

n. 381 Join thou the suitors, and provide, In separate vessels<br />

Ntow'd, all needful stores, 1831 Brewster Optics iii. 23 Let<br />

the board with its pedestal be placed, .in a glass vessel of<br />

water. 185S Dickens Dorrit ii. ix. Bending over a steaming<br />

vessel of tea. 1907 Verney Mem. I. 8 Queer tin vessels<br />

of many shapes.<br />

Prov.Phr. _ 1599 Shaks. Ifen. K iv. iv. 71 But the saying<br />

is true. The empty vessel makes the greatest sound.<br />

trans/. 1645 Ussher Body Div. (1647) ^oo The third night<br />

(as it seemeth] God caused the Waters to retire into their<br />

Vessels.<br />

&. ci^z^ WvNTOuN Cron. v. 1458 pat. .his blude In til a<br />

weschael tj-cht and gude Sulde be put. a 1500 Ratis Raving,<br />

etc. 101 As lekand weschell haldis no thinge, Sa opin<br />

tung has na traistinge. 1561 W1N3ET /Fij. (S.T.S.) 1. 94<br />

'J'he weschelis and ornamentis appropriat to the seruice of<br />

(jod. 1596 Dalrvmple U.Leslies Hist. Scot. II. 120 In<br />

dischis of daintie, in veschelis of al sortis. 1756 Mrs.<br />

Calderwood yrnl. (1884) 84 They immedially put those<br />

veshells into cold water.<br />

y. 13.. E. E, A tut. P. B. 1713 pou..has hofen l^y hert<br />

agaynes l>e byte dryjtyn, . .& now his vessayles (are] avyled<br />

ill vanyte vnclene. C1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) Lay<br />

pigges in a vessayle, with bothe hande.<br />

6. In various fig. applications. (Cf. 3.)<br />

1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 7859 pe lew t>ey called ' a<br />

voyde vessel ', And forsoJ>e, so hyt fel. c 1315 Shoreham i.<br />

1548 per-fore ech man. .wessche and greydy hysfessel. And<br />

do trewlyche hys charge. 1587 Holinshed Chron. (ed. 2)<br />

III. 832/1 The vessell of amitie betweene the king of Enggland<br />

& the French being first broched by this popes letters.<br />

1599 Shaks. Hen. V, iv. Chorus 3 Of a time, When creeping<br />

Murmure.. Fills the wide Vessell of the Vniucrse.<br />

1605 — Macb. III. i. 67 For them, the gracious Duncan<br />

haue I murther'd; Put Rancours in the Vessell of my Peace<br />

Onely for them, a 1650 May Old Couple v, Gently, my<br />

joys distil Lest you do break the vessel you should fill. 1667<br />

Milton P. L. xii. 559, Greatly instructed I shajl hence<br />

depart, .and have my fill Of knowledge, what this vessel<br />

Ciin containe. 1883 H. Drummond Nat. Law in Spir. W.<br />

( 1 884) 270 Who will not willingly exchange bis shallow vessel<br />

for Christ*s well of living water?<br />

o. The contents of a vessel ; a vcsselful. rare.<br />

1506 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 25 b, The vyntenar<br />

i;yueth frely, .a taste of his wyne though he gyue not the<br />

hole vessell at ones. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj.^ Stat. K,<br />

William 3 Ane free man.. sail gif for multure at the milne<br />

the sextenc veshell.<br />

t d. Arch. (See quot. and Vase i b.) Obs.-^<br />

1704 J. Harris Lex. Tcchn. I, Vessels, in Architecture,<br />

are certain Ornaments, usually set over ihe Cornices, and<br />

S'l named, because they represent divers sorts of Vessels,<br />

which were in use among the Ancients.<br />

t e. slang. The nose. Obs.<br />

1813 Sporting Mag. XLI. 170 There d—n your eyes, I've<br />

tappeid your vessel.<br />

o. fig.<br />

(chielly in or after Biblical use), a. Said


VESSEL. 158 VEST.<br />

of a person regarded as having the containing<br />

capacity or function of a vessel. Freq. const, of (a<br />

conditiwi, quality, etc). Nowor^^.<br />

Few thephr. the weaker vessel^ see Weak «.<br />

n\yM Cursor M. 1967^ pou ga til him {sc. Paul], he es<br />

me le!e. And o mi diesing he es wesscle. 138a Wvclif<br />

2 Tim. it. 31 He schal be a vessel halwtd into honour, and<br />

ratjfytable to the Lord. 1388 — Gen. xWx. 5 Symeon and<br />

Leuy,..fiv>'ngev*ss'ls of wickidnesse. ai^ooN. 7'.(Paues)<br />

Acts ix. 15 For he es maked vnto me a vessel of choos forto<br />

-bere my name bifore kenges ande folke. 1451 Capgravk<br />

Li/e St. Gi^rt xxxviL 115 [They] came on-to be graue<br />

wber-.Gilbcrtes body was hid, and..Jjei lifte up M holy<br />

oessel of God. 15^ Piigr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 19 Therfore<br />

let vs apply our wylles at all tymes to be vesselles of<br />

grace. 155* Lyndesav Dreme 254 The cursit Emprioiir<br />

Nero, Off euerilk vice the horrabyll weschell. 1597 Hooker<br />

Eccl. Fol. V. xlix. § I We know there are vessels of wrath.<br />

ax6a9 Hindf. J. Bruen ii. (1641) 6 If he [God] had a purpose<br />

to reserve him as a vessell of honor, and for his own<br />

house. 1667 Milton P. L. ix. 89 Him after long debate.,<br />

his final sentence chose Fit Vessel, fittest Imp of fraud, in<br />

wber<br />

vestyment, Or any oJ?er vesselement pat fallep to holy<br />

cherches seruyse. Ibid. 0480 For sacrylage, alle J>ys ys<br />

tolde, pat vesselment of cherche ys wybnolde. 13.. E. E.<br />

A Hit. P. B. 1280 Dere disches of golde & dubleres fayre,<br />

[>e vyoles & J>e vesselment of vertuous stones. Ibid, 1288.<br />

t VeSSey. Obs. rare. Also 6 vesse (9 vesey).<br />

[Of uncertain origin. Cf. Fesse 2.] Vessey colour,<br />

a light-blue or sky-blue colour.<br />

156a Leigh Armorie (1597) ii6b, Fishes, or something.,<br />

appertaining to them. Whereof the maisterie must bee of<br />

colour vesse, that is, the colour of the Turcas. c 1573 in<br />

Nichols Progr. Q. Elizab. (1823) I. 413 He hath twoe<br />

clokes, th' one of Vessey Collor garded with . .black Clothe<br />

and twisted lace. (Hence 1826 Hor. Smith Tor Hill I.<br />

186 A vesey-coloured cloak, guarded with black cloth, and<br />

twisted lace of carnation. 1<br />

Vessiole, obs. f. Vesicle.<br />

Vest (vest), sb. Also 8 dial. west. [a. F.<br />

veste, a. It. veste (also vesta^ robe, gown :—L. vestem,<br />

vestis garment, attire, clothing, cognate with<br />

Gr. \


VEST.<br />

initiate's vest.. hung out under my cuirass. 1839 Cassan<br />

Bps. Bath 4- iVells 162 He gave also many splendid vests<br />

to the Churches of Bath and Wells.<br />

3. a. A sleeveless garment of some length<br />

worn by men beneath the coat. (Introduced by<br />

Charles II ; see first quot.) Now? Hist. b. A<br />

short garment worn beneath the coat or jacket as<br />

1887 Lady's IVorld June 256/1 Vests of spotted kersey,<br />

mere, .are made with military collars and two pockets. X913<br />

Daily Graphic 26 Mar. 12/4 The bodices having vests ana<br />

collars of ecru lace. 1913 flay Pictorial Ho. 134P. ii/i It<br />

also vest-pooket voter U.S. (see quot. 1883).<br />

1813 Mass. Spy 3 Dec. (Thornton), He found him asleep,<br />

took from his vest pocket the key [etc.]. i8>8 Webster,<br />

I'estlng, cloth for vests; vest patterns. 1879 G. W. Cable<br />

Grandlsslmes xliii, I could be a confectioner, a milliner, a<br />

dressmaker, a vest-maker. 1883 in Bryce Amer. Comiinv.<br />

(1888) III. V. Ixxxix. 217 The class of 'vest-pocket voters'<br />

—men who come to the polls with their tickets made up,<br />

to the confusion of ' the boys.'<br />

Vest (vest), V. Also 5 Sc. west. [ad. OF.<br />

vestir (mod.F. vetir, = Sp. and Pg. vestir. It.<br />

vestire) :— L. vestire to clothe, f. veslis clothing<br />

see prec.]<br />

I. 1. trans. To place, settle, or secure (something)<br />

in the possession of a person or persons<br />

= Invest v. 6. Chiefly in passive, and usually<br />

j<br />

I<br />

I<br />

,<br />

'<br />

const, in (rarely upon or vnth).<br />

to estates, rights, titles, etc.<br />

a. \Vith reference<br />

e 1415 Wyntoi;n Cron. viil xL 7089 Al Gascon wi)>e >>e<br />

portynance To be insesit and westit He and al his ayris<br />

ijwhit. J47S Rolls o/Parlt. VI. 147/1 That all such astate,<br />

title, right,.. and possession .. in the same persone and<br />

persones and their heires be vested. 1503-4 Act 19 Hen.<br />

yil, c. 34 § 7 The seid Castels .. [shall] in the same persone<br />

or persones and their heires be vested and they therin be<br />

intiteled. 1585 Holinsmed Hist. Scot, in Chron. II. 244/a<br />

The ri§ht of which countie king Dauid affirmed to be<br />

iustlie m him.. as truelie vested in his possession by the<br />

forfeiture. 1650 yimi. Hammond's Addr. |6o. 24 What is<br />

vested in me, I may give or derive to another; what is<br />

intrusted onely, I cannot. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng.<br />

II. viii. (1739) 53 No Legiance is due to him, before the Crown<br />

IS vested upon him. 1701 Lond. Gaz. No. 3830/4 Until all the<br />

said Estates and Interests vested in them are disposed of.<br />

1758 in Naime Peerage Evid. (1874) 68 The late act of<br />

parliament vesting the estates of certain traitors in his<br />

majesty. 1818 Cruisb Digest (ed. 2) II. 22 There were no<br />

words to vest the portions in the daughters till a marriage<br />

with consent. 1847 Bright Sp., Ireland 13 Dec (1876) 1^3<br />

A bill with this title to vest the ownership of the land with<br />

the present occupiers. i8«8 Ld. St. Leonards Handy Bk.<br />

Prop. Law xvi. 107 The Court may direct the parts so laid<br />

out to remain vested in the trustees.<br />

b. With reference to power or authority.<br />

1659 Hammond Oh Ps. Ixxx. 17 By which the power is<br />

vested on him. 1671 Marvill Reh. Traiisp. u 98 The<br />

Government of Religion was vested in Princes by an ante-<br />

cedent right to ChrisL 1691 T. H(ai.e] Acc. New Invent.<br />

p. .<br />

Ixxxvu, That power of abating Nusances . is vested in<br />

both of their Offices, both by Grant and Prescription. 1756<br />

C. Lucas Ess. Waters III. 244 There is a particular jurST<br />

diction vested in the officers. 1774 Pennant Tour Scott, in<br />

'77^t .45 The right of voting is vested by burgess tenure in<br />

certain houses. i8ai W«lleslev in Owen Desp. (1877) 210<br />

It IS my intention to proceed immediately to vest the<br />

administration of the ceded districts in the hands of the<br />

Company's civil servants. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. India<br />

I. 37 The government of the society thus constituted was<br />

vested in an absolute monarch. 1867 Freeman Norm. Cony.<br />

'•533 That va?ue power of recommending a successor<br />

which the Law vested in him.<br />

C. transf,<br />

1*49 RusKiN Stv. Lamps v. fai. 157 If completeness is<br />

159<br />

thought to be vested in polish, and to be attainable by help<br />

of sand paper. 1852 Thackeray Esmond i. iii, Proud of<br />

this confidence and secret vested in him.<br />

2. To put, place, or establish (a person) in full<br />

or legal possession or occupation of something<br />

= Invest v. 5. Chiefly in passive, and usually<br />

const, in (or t ?/^)-<br />

In early use only Sc. in the phrase vested (also vest) and<br />

seized.<br />

1464 in Acc. Fam. Innes (1864) 78 The said schir Robert<br />

deyt last ves(t]it and sesit as of fee. 1488 Acta Dom. Audit.<br />

I<br />

I<br />

a nsual part of male attire ; a waistcoat.<br />

l6«« Pepvs Diary 8 Oct., Vhe King hath yesterday, in<br />

Council, declared his resolution of setting a fashion for<br />

clothes. . . It will be a vest, 1 know not well how ; but it is<br />

• to teach the nobility thrift. Ibid, 15 Oct., This day the<br />

King begins to put on his vest;. .being a long cassocke<br />

close to the body, of black cloth, and pinked with white silk<br />

under it, and a coat over it, and the legs rutHed with black<br />

riband like a pigeon's leg. 1667 in Vertiey Mem. (1907) II.<br />

300, 1 doubt the old fellow must have a new vest and tunick.<br />

z668 Etheredgk She rvoutd ifshe cottldiw. iii, You are not<br />

To learn.. how absolutely necessary A rich Vest and a<br />

Perruque are to a man that aims At their favours. 171a<br />

Overseers' Ace. Holy Crass, Canterb., Payd for mackin a<br />

west and briches for gouddins child, [^Jo. i. 6. i8t8 Scott<br />

Roi Roy V, She wore.. a coat, vest, and hat, resembling<br />

those of a man. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair lix, Provided<br />

with some of the most splendid vests that Calcutta could<br />

furnish. 1907 Dully .Veios 3 Sept. 3/2 Lightish striped<br />

cashmere trousers would not be correct.. if worn with a<br />

dark blue coat and vest.<br />

presently inquired for the principal magistrate of the town,<br />

trans/. 1830 Whittier Mogf Megone 1237 The rivets of<br />

the vest Which girds in steel his ample breast. 1863 Bates<br />

Nat. Amazon viii. (1864) 220 A bird resembling our starling<br />

in size .<br />

. and not unlike it in colour with the exception of the<br />

rich rosy vest. 1876 Hollasd Sev. Oaks i. Among the<br />

charms that dangled from this liquid chain—depending from<br />

the vest of a landscape, which ended in a ruffle of woods.<br />

O. A knitted or woven undergarment for the<br />

upper part of the body, worn next to the skin.<br />

i8ji Catiit. Gt. F.xhlb. iii. 583/1 Cotton,. .spun silk,<br />

merino and Cashmere gentlemen's and ladies* vests. 1883<br />

' SVLVIA ' Lady's Guide to Home Dressm. », Millinery xiiL<br />

107 [List of under-linen], 4 merino vests, [/Jo 5 9.<br />

d. Part of a woman's dress bodice, consisting of<br />

a collar and front, asoally of lace, net, silk, or other<br />

soft material.<br />

(a ' waistcoat blotLse '] has a soft net vest that ends in short<br />

sharp points.<br />

e. atlrib. and Comb., as vtst-maker, -pocket;<br />

b. To invest (a person) witA some quality, esp.<br />

power, authority, etc. Chiefly in passive.<br />

1674 Owen Holy Spirit (1693) 126 It is his Person as<br />

vested with all his Offices, that is the immediate Fountain<br />

of all Grace unto us. 1699 Burnet 29 Art. iv. (1700) 67 He<br />

is vested with an unconceivable hign degree of Glory, 1719<br />

De Foe Crusoe 11. (Globe) 574 God's most glorious and<br />

best Creature,. . vested with a reasonable Soul- 1717 —<br />

Hist. Appar. iv. (1840) 32 They may be reasonably supposed<br />

to be vested with the same powers. 1771 Goldsm.<br />

Hist. Eng. IV. 13 [He was] created a peer, and was soon<br />

after vested with the dignity of chancellor. 1797 Ht. Lee<br />

Canterb. T., Old Woman's T. (IJ99! I. 361 [Thou] art<br />

vested with the mission of thy.. king. 1803 in Gurwood<br />

Wellington's Desp. (18^7) II. 50 note, I further vest you<br />

with full powers to decide any question which may arise.<br />

1817 Jas. Mill Brit. Indiall. iv. ix. 288 To vest the officers<br />

of the Crown in India with powers independent of the<br />

Company. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India I. 227 The<br />

Indian Government was vested with the power of sovereignty<br />

within its own limits.<br />

o. To endow formally or legally with some<br />

possession or property.<br />

1756 Anson's Voyages (eA.%) \. v. 70 This company, in<br />

consideration of a sum paid to the king, is vested with the<br />

property of all diamonds found in Brazil. 1858 in J. B.<br />

Norton Topics 246 We propose .. that every ryot should be<br />

vested with the freeholtl of his farm.<br />

3. intr. To become vested (in a person) ; to pass<br />

into possession ; to descend or devolve upon one as<br />

possessor.<br />

(1839) '^3/2 It beis piefit (>at Williame |)e barde deit last<br />

westit and Sesit in t>e said landis. 1557 Rec. Inverness<br />

(New Spald. 01.) 1.6 For sesing takyn of all landis Wilyam<br />

Paterson his fadyr deit last vestit and sesit conforme to his<br />

serwing. IS97 Burgk Rec. Glasgo^u (liib) I. 186 All landis,<br />

rowmes, heretageis,. .quhairin he deitt last vest and seasit.<br />

167a Petty Pol. Anal. (1691) 329 Of which the Irish that<br />

are vested by restoration, seem rather to take part with the<br />

divested.<br />

174J<br />

Fielding Tom Jones ix. iv, The sergeant<br />

and was informed by my landlord that he himself was vested<br />

in that office, a 1774 Goldsm. Hist. Greece I. io3 Kliltiades<br />

thus vested in the supreme command [etc.]. 1905 Times<br />

8 June 6/4 The Government proposed that the Free Church<br />

should be vested in the property to be allocated to her.<br />

Jig. 1654 H. L'Estrangk Chas. I (1655) 126 Not all his<br />

most gracious and debonair mine towards them could vest<br />

him in that Nations affections, f 1680 Beveridce Serm.<br />

(1729) I. 29 In order to their being actually vested in that<br />

salvation. 1705 Stanhope /"ara/Ar. II. 442 All, who partake<br />

of this Nature, are not onljj certain of, but may in some<br />

sense be said already vested in, the Happiness, which [etc.].<br />

IS9> West \st Pt. Symbol. $ 44 Euerie estate either<br />

executed maintenant, or executorie by limitation of use,<br />

which vesteth in possession by vertue of the Statute of 27<br />

H. 8. 1847 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xli. (1739) 66 In<br />

those days the title vested not unless the Child opened his<br />

eyes, a 1715 Burnet Own Time (1766) II. 137 If the Duke<br />

came to be King, the prerogative would by that vest in<br />

him. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 196 For the right of the<br />

crown vests, .upon his heir. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI.<br />

500 The Court held.. that the whole estate vested in L.<br />

his executors and administrators. 1827 Jarman Powells<br />

Devises 1 1. 223 The principle . . does not apply, if there be an<br />

express declaration that the land shall vest at twenty.one.<br />

1865 Lowell Reconstruct. Prose Wks. 1890 V. 227 In all<br />

cases of land granted to freedmen no title should vest till a<br />

fair price had been paid. 1885 Sir R. Bacgallav in Law<br />

Times' Rep. LII. 671/2 The property vests in the official<br />

receiver oua trustee.<br />

n. 4. trans. In pa. pple. : Dressed, clothed,<br />

robed in some garment. Also without const.<br />

{spec, with reference to ecclesiastical vestments).<br />

1513 Douglas Mnetd vil. ii. 3 And heich abuf. .cleirlie<br />

schane Aurora vestit into broun sanguane. Ibid. xi. 29 In<br />

rob ryall vestit,. .And ryche purpour. 1581 N. T. (Rhem.)<br />

Rev. 1. 13 One like to the Sonne of man, vested in a priestly<br />

garment to the foote. i6n I. W. Ouiiin's Sp. Gram. 297 He<br />

..sales that a Frier stayes for you readie vested at the Altar.<br />

c 165s Milton Sonn. xxiii. My late espoused Saint. .Came<br />

vested all in white, pure as her mind, a 1668 Davenant<br />

Fair Favorite Wks. (1673) 97 Your Brother (Madam) and<br />

he brings A Lady with him, vested like a Nun. 17x8 Ozell<br />

Ir. Tourr.efort's Voy. I. 92 The Priest being vested, sets<br />

about the Preparation of the Bread and Wine at the little<br />

Altar. i;r6i Brit. Mag. II. 362 On the dexter side, a pilgrim<br />

or friar, vested in russet. 1849 Rock Ch. of Fathers<br />

l.v.(iy)3) I. 328 The thurifers and taper-bearers, in our large<br />

collegiate and cathedral churches, were vested in tunicles.<br />

1859 Jephson Brittany vi. 76 A priest, vested in surplice<br />

and stole.<br />

b. transf. s.nd.fig. Also const, with.<br />

1679 Drydkn Troll, tf Cress. Pref, Ess. (Ker) I. 219<br />

Spirits, according to Plato, are vested with a subtle body.<br />

a 1706 Evelyn Hist. Pelig. (1850) I. 81 We see other living<br />

creatures come vested, armed, able immediately to find their<br />

pasture, a 1711 Prior Dial, ietiv. Charles ff Clenard T 18<br />

Hast thou not seen me . . vested in all the Types and Ornaments<br />

that Human Greatness is capable of receiving. 1805<br />

D_. Johnston Serm. for Blind ^^ The brightest ornaments<br />

with which our natures can be vested. 1865 Neale Hymns<br />

Paradise 8 The Saints, in beauty vested.<br />

5. Of a garment : To clothe or cover (a person).<br />

Mfjofig. Cf. Invest v. i b.<br />

VESTA.<br />

1581 Stanvhurst jEneis \. (Arb.) 38 Which plad vested<br />

Helen, from Greece when to Troy she flitted. i8ia Cary<br />

Dante, Parad. XXL 59 The light that vests me.<br />

6. To dress (a person) in a robe or garment, esp.<br />

as a formal act or ceremony. Cf. Invest v. i.<br />

In the 17th cenL chiefly with reference to Oriental usage<br />

1648 W L. Ncwesfr. Turkie 7 My Lord was privatly<br />

informed he intended an affront by not Vesting him 1670<br />

Clarendon Hist. Reb. xv. §47 The Speaker .. vested him<br />

with a rich purple Velvet Robe lined with Ermines. 1695<br />

Voy. Eng. Merch. to Tadtnor in Misc. Cur. (1708) III. 130<br />

To draw him near the City, he vested and caressed some of<br />

his Followers. 1840 H. Jolly Sunday Services 219 The<br />

words formerly pronounced at vesting the baptized with<br />

their white garments, were very solemnly exprtssive. 1868<br />

Gladstone Juv. Muttdi viii. 292 The Charites receive her<br />

on her return from the scene of the Net to Cyprus, where<br />

they bathe, anoint, and vest her.<br />

fig. 1639 G. Daniel Ecclus. ii. 71 Prepare their hearts,<br />

and in Humilitye New vest their Soules.<br />

b. Eccl. To diape or cover (an altar).<br />

1867 Portuary Calendar p. v, Our right.. to vest the<br />

Altar in colours . . is grounded on the old law of the English<br />

church. 1874 MiCKLETHWAlTE Mod. Par. Churches 305 It<br />

IS best for the ends as well as the front of an altar to be<br />

vested. 18^5 Eiicycl. Brit. I. 641/2 Altars are 'vested'<br />

during service; that is, covered with cloths of various<br />

kinds.<br />

7. refl. To apparel or robe (oneself), esp. in<br />

ecclesiastical vestments. Also /f^.<br />

a 1668 Lassels Voy. Italy (1698) 1. 41 Thinking it had<br />

been a priest putting on the amice and vesting himself to<br />

say Mass. vjv] De Foe Hist. Appar. iv. (1840) 30 If we<br />

grant that spirit, may vest itself so with flesh and blood.<br />

1748 Richardson Clarissa (181 1) VIII. 63, 1 shall vest myself,<br />

as I may say, in classical armour, c 1771 in E. H.<br />

Burton Life Bp. Challoner {igoCf) I. ix. 140 Just before the<br />

Bishop vested hiinself to say Mass. 189a C. E. Norton<br />

Dante's Parad. iii. 17 There are who vest and veil themselves.<br />

1905 R. Bagot Passport xvii. 159 Don Agostino<br />

disappeared into the sacristy to vest himself.<br />

b. absol. in tiie same sense.<br />

188a Maskell Anc. Liturgy Ch. Eng. (ed. 3) 219 A com-<br />

mon custom .<br />

. that thepriest (whether or not he vested before<br />

the altar) should vest in the sanctuary. 1892 in A. E. Lee<br />

Hist. Columbus (Ohio) II. 657 Ihe imposing procession.,<br />

moved .<br />

. up the main aisle to the sanctuary where the<br />

celebrant vested.<br />

IIL 8. trans. — Invest v. o. Now rare or<br />

Ois.<br />

1710 De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 36 The Merchant, .vesting<br />

this Hundred Pounds in English Goods. 1771 H. Walpolk<br />

Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) IV. 139 He was then in good<br />

circumstances, and it was said came to vest his money in<br />

our stocks. 1794 Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 247 He vested in<br />

some kind of property.. all, or almost all, that he had<br />

brought out of France. 1804 Earl Lauderd. Publ. Wealth<br />

(1819) 178 He vests his capital either in seed.. or in a stock<br />

of cattle. 184s M'CuLLOCH Taxation Introd. (1852) ii<br />

Her capitalists were tempted to vest very large sums in<br />

foreign countries. 1863 [see Vested ppl. a. 3).<br />

Vest, southern SlE. var. Fast o. ; obs. Sc. f.<br />

West.<br />

II Vesta (ve-sta). Also4Ve«te. [L. K«/a,the<br />

goddess of that name (see sense 1) answering to<br />

the Gr. 'EtrTia, identical with koTta hearth, house,<br />

household.]<br />

1. Mythol. A Roman femaledivinity, the daughter<br />

of Saturn, goddess of the hearth and household.<br />

1387 Trevisa Higden iRolls) III. 73 He jaf a temple.,<br />

wif fyre to (>e goddes Vesta and here maydenes to be<br />

worschippcd. 1300 Gower Conf. II. 157 Sche which was<br />

the Prioresse In Vestes temple the gcddesse. 1513 Douglas<br />

jUneid 11. v. 91 The..garlandis Of Vesta, goddes of the<br />

erd and fyre. 1589 Greene Roumielay Poems (1876) 102<br />

Vesta's virgins with their holy fires Do cleanse the thoughts<br />

that fancy hath defiled. x6oo Holland Livy xxviii. xi. 676<br />

Ihe minds of men were put in feare, for the going out of the<br />

fire in the chappell of Vesta. ^633 Milton Penserosoi-} \a<br />

thou art higher far descended, Thee brighthair'd Vesta..<br />

To solitary Saturn bore. 1697 Dryden /Eneid 11. 395 He<br />

said, and brought me.. The venerable statues of the gods,<br />

With ancient Vesta from the sacred choir. 1718 Chambers<br />

Cycl. s.v. Vestals, The Romans were not the only People<br />

who kept the perpetual Fire of Vesta, in imitation of the<br />

celestial Fires. i8ao Shelley Witch All. xxxiv, Couchetl<br />

..as on Vesta's sceptre a swift flame. 1843 Penny Cycl.<br />

XXVI. 285/1 Vesta was regarded as the goddess of domestic<br />

union and happiness. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 193/1 If<br />

ever the sacred fire of Vesta did go out, the negligent vestal<br />

was to be punbhed by scourging.<br />

altrib. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 193/1 Fire was solemnly<br />

sent from the prytaneum or Vesta temple of the mother<br />

colony.<br />

2. Astr. One of the minor planets, revolving in<br />

an orbit between Mars and Jupiter.<br />

tier) Phil. Trans. XCVH. 245 Observations and Measurements<br />

of the Planet Vesta. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVI. 285/2<br />

Vesta performs its revolution in about 1326 mean solar<br />

days. x868 Lockyer Guillemin's Heavens (^6. 2) ^'^a'^^^<br />

distance, and other elements of the orbit of Vesta, presented<br />

serious differences both with this theory and Bode's law.<br />

3. Used as the distinctive name of a special make<br />

of household stove.<br />

1843 PennyCycl. XXVIL ' 68/2 In. .the Vesta stove ',.<br />

the ashes can be raked from the grate .. without any dust<br />

rising into the room. 1843 Civil Eng. ^ Arch. Jml. VI.<br />

422/2 The various stoves, Vesta, Chunk, &c., . . are all<br />

founded on the Arnott Stove.<br />

4. A kind of wax match. Orig. atlrib.<br />

1839 Cath. Sinclair Holiday House ii. 25 Laura afterwards<br />

singed a hole in her muslin frock, while lighting<br />

one of the Vesta matches to seal these numerous notes.<br />

i8s7 Act 20


VESTAL.<br />

ipoo Matches, 0.0.0^. 1859 Cornwali.is Panorattta New<br />

ly^rlti I. 326 Wax vesla-s pipes, maccaroni, and candles,<br />

1863 Abkl in Z^*/. (etc.) J'hr'L Mag, Nov. 356 Varieties<br />

of wax or Vesta matches. 1864 Strauss, etc Eng, Worksho^t<br />

^33 The vesta boxes are put in parcels of half-a-dozen<br />

and one dozen. 1886 D,C. Murray tint Person Singular<br />

xix, Frost's trembling fingers had to strike one or two vestas.<br />

1899 T. M. Ellis Three Cat*s-tye Rings (>Z The major pulled<br />

a xesta-case from his pocket.<br />

Vestal (vestal), a. and sb. [ad. L. vestalis^ f,<br />

Vesta Vesta. So Sp. and Pg. vestal^ It. and F.<br />

vestaU,'\<br />

A. adj, 1. Vestal virgin^ one of the priestesses<br />

(originally four, subsequently six in number) who<br />

had charge of the sacred fire in the temple of Vesta<br />

at Ronae.<br />

>43*-So tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 473 Cornelia, the most<br />

noble of virgynes vestalle, . . was put m to therthe on lyve.<br />

1^33 Reli.endem Lrfy 11. xix. (S.T.S.) 1. 202 pai condampnuOppia<br />

J>e \-irgine vestal for hir Incest. 1600 Hoi.lanij<br />

Lrty I. XX. 14 Numa. .instituted also a Nuntierie as it<br />

were, of religious vestall virgines. Ihid. xxviii. xi. 676<br />

The Vestall virgin who had the charge that night, .was.<br />

throughly skourged. 160a tr. Sailusi 20 Cataline had..<br />

Debauch d a Lady of Noble Extraction, and a Vestal<br />

Virgin. 1710 W. King Heathen Gods ^ Heroes ix. (1722)<br />

26 The Vestal Virgin Claudia, whose, .freedom of Behaviour<br />

had made her Modesty suspected. 1770 Lanciiorne<br />

Plutarch (1851) II. 882/2 What is there in Rome so sacred<br />

and venerable as the vestal virgins who keep the perpetual<br />

fire? 1865 Lecky Ration, (1878) I. 23 'llie miracles which<br />

clustered so thickly around the vestal virgins. 1891 Farrar<br />

Darkn. ^ Daxvn xlix, In defiance of every law. .he had<br />

recently seized Rubria, one of the Vestal Virgins.<br />

160<br />

then depart thence pure Vestals. 1608 Shaks. Per. iv. v. 7<br />

Shall's go hear the vestals sing? 1717 Pope Eloisa to<br />

Abelard 207 How happy is the blameless vestal's lot !<br />

The world forgetting, by the world forgot. 1784 Cowper<br />

Tc^k IV. 554 The stain Appears a spot upon a vestal's robe.<br />

The worse for what it soils. 1848 Ihackerav Van. Fair<br />

X, She was the most hospitable and jovial of old vestals,<br />

and had been a beauty in her day. 1879 Gladstone Glean.<br />

II. i. 10 He States that he never knew souls more polluted<br />

than those of some of the professed vestals of the Church.<br />

Hence Ve'stalshlp, the state or condition of<br />

being a vestal or virgin,<br />

1893 F, Thompson Poems 42 A mouth too red for the<br />

moon to buss it, But her cheek unvow its vestalship.<br />

t VeBtament, erroneous var. of Vestiment or<br />

Vestment.<br />

z63a Massinger & Field Fatal Do7vty iv. i. H j b, His<br />

vestaments sit, as if they grew vpon him.<br />

Veste, southern ME. var. Fast v. and adv.^<br />

Fist i-^.i<br />

Vested (vested), ///. a. [f. Vest v. + -ed.]<br />

1. Clothed, robed, dressed, spec, in ecclesiastical<br />

vestments. Also^^.<br />

1671 Milton/*.^, l 257 Just Simeon and Prophetic Anna<br />

..spake Before the Altar and the vested Priest. 1769<br />

Goldsm. Des. Vill. 360 The cooling brook, the grassy vested<br />

green. 1841 Chalmers in Hanna Mem. (1852) IV. 256 Why<br />

do I not go forth as a forgiven and vested creature. 184a<br />

WoRDsw. Eccles, So/tn. ni. xxvi. The Vested Priest before<br />

the Altar stands.<br />

b. //er. (See quot.)<br />

ri8a8 Bkrry Encycl. Her. I. Gloss., Vested, habited, or<br />

clothed, as a cubit arm, &c. vested az. or the like.<br />

2. Established, secured, or settled in the hands of,<br />

or definitely assigned to, a certain possessor.<br />

1766 Blackstone Comm. II. i68 K^j/#at ofte tyme a deere is herbored with vestoynge of<br />

mannys eye. Ibid, xxx, If hb lymer be dislaue, late him<br />

vesteye it with his eye. Ibid, xxxiii, And if )>e lymer ouershete,<br />

or kan not put it forth, euery hunter bat ^ere is, ought<br />

to go somedele a broode forto se yf j»ei may fynde Jjc<br />

leghtes with vesteynge of eye.<br />

Vestiarian (vesti|e»'rian), a. [f. Vestiar-y<br />

-t--IAN.]<br />

fuel at all .seasons of the year.<br />

2. A virgin ; a chaste woman ; a nun,<br />

1590 Shaks. Mids. N. \i, i. 158 A certaine aime he tooke<br />

At a faire Vestall, throned by the West. 1593 Nashe<br />

Christ's T. 80 .\ grosse-pencild Painter, who., vnder colour<br />

(rf" drawing of pictures, drawes more to his shady Pauilion,<br />

I<br />

1. Ofor relating to, concerned with, ecclesiastical<br />

vestments or their use.<br />

1850 Marsden Early Purit. (1853) ig The question of<br />

the habits, or as it has since been termed the vestiarian<br />

controversy. 1866 Contemp. Rev. II. 557 The ecclesiastical<br />

Adria, agitated by ritualistic and vestiarian gales, has<br />

thrown up a great heap of pamphlets. x88i Guardian 16<br />

Feb. 2^2/3 We shoula have been well pleased had these<br />

vestiarian differences never found place amongst us.<br />

2. Of, belonging or peculiar to, clothing or<br />

dress ; vestiary. rare~^.<br />

I<br />

VESTIBULARY.<br />

_ 1854 R. H. Patterson Ess. Hist. ^ .-ir/(i862) 34 Whiten,<br />

ing of the seams—a disagreeable vestiarian phenomenon<br />

produced by the surface, or best-coloured portion, of the<br />

cloth being rubbed off.<br />

t Vestiarier. Obs. rare~°. Also vefltyaryer(e,<br />

[t. med.L. v^stidrius sb, Cf, OF. vestiaricur<br />

^^Godef.),] = Vesterer.<br />

c\^ Promp. Parv. 509/1 Vestyarycr [printed -cej (A*,<br />

vestiariere [ii'VwM. MS. vestyarycrej, P. vestyar), r-w//.<br />

arius.<br />

Vestia*rium , rare. [L. vesHdrium, II f. vesti-s<br />

clothes, clothing : sec-ARiUM.] A vestiary, vestry.<br />

185s Thackeray Netvcomes xliv, The chapel by the little<br />

door near to the Vestiarium. il^s Encycl. Brit. I. 13/1<br />

The upper story of the refectory [in a Benedictine abbeyj<br />

is the 'vestiarium*, where the ordinary clothes of the<br />

brethien were kept.<br />

Vestiary (.ve-sti,ari), sb. Forms: 3-6 vestiarie,<br />

4 vestiare, 5 vestyarye, -iarye, 5- vestiary,<br />

[a. OF, vesliarie, vcstiaire^ vestyairCf etc.<br />

(mod.F. vesliaire, = Vr. vesliari, Pg. and It. vesliario)y<br />

or ad. L. veslidriuni clothes-chest, wardrobe,<br />

neut. sing, of vestidrias adj., f. vesti-s clothing,<br />

vesture. Cf. Vestlaky.]<br />

I. 1. A vestry of a church. Now rare or Obs.<br />

cia9o .S". Eng. Leg. I, 455 A lodlich cloth he boujhte for<br />

fif panes J to ^e bischope he gan it bringue. J)e bischop eode<br />

into Jje vestiarie ; is Cope he gan of strepe. 1417-8 Rec.<br />

St. Mary at Hill (1005) 69 For a plomer on Jje vestyarye.<br />

1448 Hen. VI Will in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) 1.<br />

354 The vestiarie to be sette oon the north syde of the saide<br />

Quere. 1503 in Blyth Hist. Notices ^ Rec. Fincham (1863)<br />

57 My bodye to be beryed in the vestiary of Sent Martyiis<br />

Chirche. 1551 T. Wilson Logike (1580) 57 b, The Church,<br />

the pulpite, the vestiarie, the chauncell. 16^ 1". Smith in<br />

Phil. Trans. (1697) XIX. 604 Toward one end of the<br />

English Church, just by the Vestiary, 1717 Bailey (vol.<br />

II), Vestiary, a Vestry or Dressing-Koom. 1819 W.<br />

Tennant Papistyy Storm'd (1827) 212 And monie ane that<br />

day did herrie Braw spulyie frae the vestiary. 1841 Greslfv<br />

For. Arden (1842) 61 The service being at length finished,<br />

..he returned to the Vestiary. 1866 Mrs. k. T. Ritchie<br />

Village on Cli_^\\\\, The cure. -walked thiough bis wild<br />

overgrown wilderness to the vestiary.<br />

b. A room or building, esp, one in a monastery<br />

or other large establishment, in which clothes are<br />

kept. Also, a cloak-room (quot. 1893).<br />

^1450 Capgrave Life St. Aug. 41, I haue do mad 50U<br />

clothis & hosyn and schon..whech I wil bat )»ei be kept in<br />

a comon vestiary, )>at euery man may haue part as him<br />

nedith. 1467-8 Rolls 0/ Parlt. V, 596/2 Davy Chirke,<br />

Yoman of oure Vestiarye of oure Houshold, 1706 Phillii-s<br />

(ed. Kersey), Vestiary, a place in a Alonastery, where the<br />

Plonks Cloaths are laid up; the Friers Wardrobe, i860<br />

AiNswoRTH Ovingdenn Grange 157 The room.. being used,<br />

at the present day, as a vestiary. 186a Sir H. Taylor St.<br />

Clement's Eve ji, i, Go to the vestiary, wherein thou'lt find<br />

Provision of all garbs for the masqued ball. 1893 McCarthy<br />

Red Diamonds IL 161 *A11 right,' said Granton,. .turning<br />

to the vestiary for his light overcoat.<br />

fc. (See quot.) Obs."^<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr. (copying Cooper), Vestiary, ,.^<br />

Wardrobe, Press, or Chest, where apparel is laid, iHence<br />

in Phillips, and recent Diets.]<br />

t2. = Vestibule 1. Cf. Vestry i b. Obs. rare.<br />

138a Wyclif Exod. XXXV. 17 The tenlis in the ;atb of the<br />

vestiarie [L. in /oribus vestibuli\. 138J — 2 Sam. xvii. 18<br />

Thei wenten in a swift paase in the hows of a maner man in<br />

Bahuryni, that hadde a pit in his vestiarye.<br />

H. 3. Clothes, dress, garments, rare^^.<br />

1846 Landor Ima^. Conv. \V'k.s. 1. 467/1 1 hy versicoloured<br />

and cloudlike vestuiry, puffed and effuse, rustling and<br />

rolling.<br />

Vestiary (ve'stiiari), a. [ad. L, vestidri-us<br />

see prec. and -aky 1. Cf. obs. V .vestiaire {\Aiiri).'\<br />

Of, i>ertaining or relating to, clothes or dress.<br />

i6» E. MissELDEN Free 7'rade{cd, 2) 109 The Superfluity<br />

of other Commodities may bee restrained by lawes Vestiary<br />

and Sumptuary. 1648 Bp. Hall Select Th. §93, 271 Some<br />

are for manuary trades, . . another for Vestiary services, 1839<br />

Blackiv. Mag. XXV. 346 'Ihe soul may remain the same,<br />

but a new body is actually given to it by the interposition<br />

of vestiary talent. z866 R. CHA.vishRS Ess, Ser. 11. 113 A<br />

collection of vestiary curiosities. 1870 W. R. Greg Polit.<br />

Problems 167 Some vestiary materials have become more<br />

abundant and lower in price. 1891 Han. Lynch 6". Meredith<br />

78 We learn of vestiary elegances, and temper.<br />

Vestible, obs. form of Vestibule.<br />

Vestibular (vesti-bi/Jlaj), a. [f. next + -ab l.<br />

Cf. obs. F. vestibulaire.'\ 0( or pertaining to, of<br />

the nature of, resembling or serving as, a vestibule<br />

: a, Anat. (Cf. Vestibule sb. 2.)<br />

1836-9 Todd's Cyc.l. Anat. II. 537/1 The vestibular part<br />

of the membraneous labyrinth, .is all that is really fundamental<br />

in the structure of an organ of hearing. 1851 Woodward<br />

Mollusca I. (1856) 23 As in the vestibular cavities of<br />

fishes. 187a Huxley Phys. viii,2ii The vestibular nerve<br />

tells us that sounds are weak or loud, but gives no impression<br />

of tone or melody or harmony. x%^ Allbutt's Syit.<br />

Med. VII. 580 The vestibular termination of the auditory<br />

nerve.<br />

b. In general use.<br />

1861 Beresf. Hope Eng, Cathedr. t^th C. 158 The outer<br />

world was fenced off by the interposed atrium or vestibular<br />

cloister.<br />

C. Zool. (See quot.)<br />

1887 Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 416/1 This pseudostomosis<br />

is due to a folding of the entire sponge, so as to<br />

produce secondary canals or cavities, which may be incurrent<br />

(vestibular) or excurrent (cloacal).<br />

Vesti'bulary a. rare.<br />

1843 in F. H. Ramadge Curab. Consumption (1850) 37


VESTIBULE.<br />

The. .morbid conditions of this vestibulary portion of the<br />

respiratory apparatus.<br />

Vestibule (ve'stibi»I), sb. Also a. 7-8 vestible.<br />

[ad. L. vestibulum (hence F. vestibule,<br />

OF. vestihk, It., Sp. and Pg. vestibulo), entrancecourt,<br />

fore-court, entrance. The origin of the L.<br />

word is uncertain.]<br />

1. In reference to ancient times : The enclosed or<br />

partially enclosed space in front of the main entrance<br />

of a Roman or Greek house or building<br />

an entrance-court or fore-court,<br />

lii some instances approximating to next,<br />

a. i6a3 CocKERAM I, VestibU, the porch of a dore. 1656<br />

Blount Glossazr., Vtstible, . . a void place without the door,<br />

a Porch, an Entry. 1753 Chambirs Cyct. Suppl. s.v.<br />

Atrium, Some have mistakenly confounded the Atrium<br />

with the porch or vestible, from which it was distinct. 1796<br />

BuBNEY Mem. Melastasia II. 163 Porticos, vestibles of<br />

temples, and other public buildings.<br />

/3. a 1751 Bot-iNGBROKE Sttitiy Hist. ii. (1752) I. 19 The<br />

citizens of Rome placed the images of their ancestors in the<br />

vestibules of their houses. 1770 Lakchorne Plutarch<br />

(1851)11. 1081/1 This tyrant. .would not suffer his guards<br />

to do duty in the pab^ce, but only in the vestibule and<br />

porticos about it. 1791 Cowper //iVxrfxi. 943 While ye on<br />

preparation of the feast Attended both, Ulysses and myself<br />

Stood in the vestibule. 1819 Keats Lamia u. 163 He met<br />

within the murmurous vestibule His young disciple. 18x9<br />

Shellev Cyclofs 119 (To) Throw you as balList into the<br />

ships hold. And then deliver you, a slave, to move<br />

Enormous rocks, or found a vestibule. 1891 Farrar<br />

Darkn. ff Dawn i, In its vestibule was a bronze statue '<br />

fifty feet high.<br />

D. In modern usage : A chamber or hall immediately<br />

between the entrance-door and the interior<br />

of a building or house (usually one of some size),<br />

to which it gives admittance ; an ante-chamber,<br />

entrance-hall, or lobby.<br />

«. 1730 Bailev (fob), A I 'ettihte is also used for a Kind of<br />

little Anti-Chamber before the Entrance of an ordinary<br />

Apartment. 1747 in Nairne I'eeragi Evidriice (1874) 80 In<br />

the low vestible ane old clock.<br />

». 1756 .Mrs. Delanv in Autoliiog. f, Curr. (1861) III. 437<br />

Her apartment is the prettiest thing I ever saw, consisting<br />

of a skylight antechamber or vestilmie, adurned in the<br />

Gothic way. 1797 .Mrs. Radcliffe Italian i, He was soon<br />

admitted to a small vestibule, where he found Hianchi winding<br />

balls of silk. i8a8 .•)««. Reg. 76/1 A scene almost of<br />

butchery took place in the staircases and vestibules. x86a<br />

Miss Braddon Lady Audley xxxvi. The clock in the vesti.<br />

bule struck nine as Robert opened the library-door. 1881<br />

OwEMin Nature No. 618. 425 The impressive and rather<br />

gloomy vestibule which leads to the great hall.<br />

Comb. 1887 I'all .Malt G. 11 Nov. 2/2 This room opens<br />

into a long and lofty vestibule-like chamber.<br />

C. transf. ».nA fig.<br />

Freq. from c 1800 j<br />

usu. const, of, as in the first group,<br />

("I «7SS VouNO Centaur ii. Wks. 1757 '^- M' ^« '''"''•<br />

solemn approaches to, or dismal vestibules of, the grave.<br />

1785 Burns Comman-pl. Bk. Oct., If ever any young man,<br />

111 the vestibule of the world, chance to throw his eye over<br />

these pages [etc.). 1800 .'ited. yml. III. 254 There can be<br />

no very great deviation, while we remain at the vestibule of<br />

useful inquiry. 1833 H. Coleridge Lives Northerns 3 A<br />

single copy of verses [by Marvell). keeping its station in<br />

the vestibule of Paradise Lost. 1861 ^. G. Holland Less,<br />

Life iii. 48 To-day we stand in life's vestibule. 187s<br />

GRiNDoNZ.r^i. 4 True figurative language is. .the vestibule<br />

of philosophy.<br />

(*) 17B1 Harris Philol. Eug. 11. iv. 106 Looking upon<br />

Knowledge.. to pass into the Mansions of the Mind thro'<br />

Language, they were careful.. not to offend in the Vestibule,<br />

a 1848 k, W. Hamilton Rem, ^ f'unishm. viiHiSsj)<br />

379 The present is the vestibule to a boundless existence.<br />

•850 Mauricx Afor. t, .Met. Philos. (ed. 2) 131 One large<br />

class of the Platonic Dialogues, which are the induction or<br />

vestibule to the rest. 1873 Svmonds Grk. I'oets \. 3 Language<br />

and Mythology form ihe vestibules and outer courts to<br />

Homer, Pheidias, Lycur^us.<br />

d. An enclosed and covered-in portion at either<br />

end of a railway carriage, serving as a means of<br />

passage from one carriage to another. Also allrib.<br />

in vestibule train (see Vestibi'ledo.). Orig. U.S.<br />

1880 Daily Ne7us 7 May 7/3 Communication was then<br />

established by throwing a board across, and privacy secured<br />

by stretching a piece of canvas above to connect the two<br />

roofs. It was the vestibule train principle established unexpectedly<br />

in a new quarter. 1890 T. M. Coolev, etc.<br />

Railways Amer. 246 A perfectly enclosed vestibule of<br />

handsome architectural appearance between the cars. 1896<br />

Paily Nevis 14 July 9/7 The new vestibule East Coast<br />

train.<br />

2. Anat. (and Zool^. One or other of various<br />

cavities or hollows regarded as forming an approach<br />

or entrance to another, usually a larger or<br />

more important, part.<br />

A number of these, as vestibule 0/ the aorla, larynx,<br />

mouth, pharynx, are specified in recent encyclopedic and<br />

medical Diets.<br />

a. The osseous cavity which forms the central<br />

portion of the labyrinth of the ear and is situated<br />

between the tympanum and the internal auditory<br />

canal, immediately behind the cochlea.<br />

I7«8 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Ear, The Labyrinth . . is divided<br />

into three Parts; the first called the Vestibule. 178s A.<br />

Monro -4 oa/. 72 The other [hole] ends in several very small<br />

canals that allow a passage to the branches of the portio<br />

mollis, .into Ihe vestibule and cochlea. 1836-9 Tod^ts Cycl.<br />

Anat. II. 530/1 Of the compartments of the osseous laby.<br />

rinlh, the vestibule lies in the middle, the semi.circular<br />

canals behind it, and the cochlea in front. l8s6 Todd &<br />

Bowman Phys. Anat. II. 96 The essential part of the organ<br />

of hearing is the vestibule. 1884 CouES A'. Amer. Birds<br />

Vol.. X.<br />

161<br />

188 The bony labyrinth consists of an irregular central<br />

cavity, the vestibule.<br />

b. (See tjuot. 1857.)<br />

1841 Ramsbotham Obstetr. Medicine 55 The Meatus<br />

Urtnarius, . . which is the canal leading to the bladder, is<br />

situated at the further extremity of the vestibule. 1857<br />

Bullock Caseaux Midjui/. 43 The vestibule is a small<br />

triangular space placed at the upper part of the vulva.<br />

1883 Duncan Clin. Led. Dis. It^om. (ed. 2) xvii. 167, I call<br />

them inflammations of the pudendum; but they are often<br />

called inflammations of the vulva, and sometimes of the<br />

vestibule.<br />

o. Membranotis vestibule, the membranous sacs<br />

contained within the osseous vestibule of the ear.<br />

1857 DUNOLISON Med. Lex. s.v.. There is also another<br />

membrane, constituting the membranous vestibule, but it is<br />

not an exact imitation of the osseous cavity.<br />

d. Zool. ~ Vestibulum 2 b. rare.<br />

1875 HUXLEV& Martin Elem.Biol. 87 When fa:cal matters<br />

are discharged, they make their way out by an aperture<br />

which is tempmarily formed in the floor of this vestibule.<br />

Ve'Stibule, v. [Back-formation from next.]<br />

trans. To provide or supply (a railway carriage)<br />

with vestibules ; to unite by means of vestibules.<br />

1891 in Cent. Diet. 1896 Westm. Gaz. 20 Apr. 2/1 The<br />

two cars.. are ' vestibuled ' together by a central lobby.<br />

S904_A^. ^ _Q. loth Ser. I. 346/2 Through carriages on a<br />

certain train between London and Hull will henceforward<br />

be ' vestibuled through ' to an express.<br />

Ve'stibnled, a. [f. Vestibule sb.'] Of a<br />

train : Provided with vestibules. Orig. l/.S.<br />

'•9» T. M. CoOLEY, etc. Railways A mer. 249 The first of<br />

the vestibuled trains went into service on the Pennsylvania<br />

Railroad in June, 1886. 1898 lyestm. Gaz. 26 Apr. 6/4 The<br />

vestibuled corridor dining-car trains on the East and West<br />

Coast routes to Scotland.<br />

Vestibnli'tis. PalA. [f. Vestibule sb. +<br />

-ITIS.] Inflammation of the vestibule of the vulva^<br />

1889 Duncan Clin. Led. Dis. tVom. (ed. 4) xi. 65 When<br />

they do so women suffer.. from slight superficial inflammation—<br />

vestibulitis.<br />

VeBtibolO'tOnXjr. Surg-, [f. as prec. : see<br />

-Tomy.] The operation of cutting or opening the<br />

vestibule of the ear.<br />

^ S908 Lancet 9 May 1341/2 We have come to regard<br />

inferior vestibulotomy as a good and'adequate means of<br />

draining the vestibule in cases of infection.. .Double vestibulotomy<br />

was performed with partial removal of the cochlea.<br />

II Vestibulum (vesti-bi»


VESTIGIALIiY.<br />

AUhutfs Sysi. Meti, V. 727 A triangular foM—the<br />

' vesti*<br />

pa! fold ' of Marshall—formed by a duplicature of the<br />

serous layer, . . passes between the left pulmonaiy artery and<br />

the subjacent pulmonary veins.<br />

b. In general nse,<br />

189s tQth Cent. Jan. 37 They are only the stunted remnants,<br />

the vestigial and atrophied traces indicating the later<br />

stipes of ages of [mentalj development, a 1901 F. W.<br />

Mtbbs Hum. Personality (1903) II. 308 Vestigial beliefs<br />

which still encumbered the spirit have had time to atrophy.<br />

Hence Vestigially ctdv.<br />

190a Amer, A ntkropclorist IV. 33 This conception persists<br />

up through barbarism, albeit vestigially, into civilization,<br />

Vestigian, a. and sb. rare. [f. Vestige +<br />

-IAS.] a. adj. Of or pertaining to, or designating,<br />

the theory of evolution propounded by K. Chambers<br />

in his Vestiges of the Natural History of<br />

Creation {iS ^4). b, sd. One who agrees with or<br />

supports this work or theory.<br />

t86o Darwin in Ltye 4- Leit. (1887) 1 1. 295 The rase would<br />

be a decided difficulty on the Lamarckian or Vestigian doctrine<br />

of necessary progression. 1891 Tablet 12 Sept. 414<br />

Men who had never been known to read a scientific book in<br />

their lives, were found poring over it, and taking sides as<br />

Vestigians and anti-Vestigians.<br />

t Vesti'giai^. Obsr^ [f. L. vestigi-um +<br />

-ART *.] A vestige or trace.<br />

1651 \i\GGS New Disp. § 238 The adored Fontanel!, .helpes<br />

nothing, before the crustous eschar be taken away; and the<br />

vestigiaries of heat and drynesse be first removed.<br />

t vesti'giating. Obsr^ [f. I., vestigi-um : cf.<br />

Vesttg.vting,] Footprints, tracks.<br />

1638 Sir T. Herbert Tran?. (ed, 2) 307 Upon Colombo's<br />

high peake..is also shew'd and scene.. the vestigiating or<br />

footsteps of old Adam.<br />

II Vesti'gium. Pl.vestigia (also 7 vestigia's).<br />

Now rare or Obs. [L. : sec Vestige.] A vestige<br />

or trace ; a mark or indication left by something<br />

destroyed, lost, or no longer present.<br />

1637 N ABBES Microcosm, v. in Dodsley O. /*/._ (1744) V. 355<br />

Repentance stays as the vestigium, Or mark impressed, by<br />

which the past disease Is found to have been. 1644 Digbv<br />

Nat. Bodies v'li. § 7. 50 Experience assureth vs, that after it<br />

{sc. light] is extinguished, it leaueth not the least vestigium<br />

behind it of hauing beene there. 1665 Sir T.^ Herbert<br />

Trot'. (1677) 353 Upon better view I may discover his<br />

(Jerah's] Vestigia near Malaccaamongst his other Brethren.<br />

1749 PAii. Trans. XLVI. 197 Ruinous Heaps and Vestigia<br />

nearly eflfaced by Length of Time.<br />

b. Const, of,<br />

1644 tH. Parker] yus Popnli 54 Neither Nature nor History<br />

afford us any Vestigia of it. 1664 Evelyn tr. Frearfs<br />

Archit. iL 9 Of which there is to this day some Vestigia's<br />

remaining, itm Wollaston Relig. Nat. v. pa So universally<br />

and utterly abolishd, that no part, no vestigium of them<br />

should remain. 1769 E. Bancroft GK/a«rt 42 It is covered<br />

with bark of a light brown colour, variegated by the vestigia<br />

of the fallen off stamina of the leaves. 1771 Ann. Reg. 11.<br />

2oo/i The vestigia of antiquity in a vicinage ought always<br />

to have great weight in determinations of this kind.<br />

to. Spec. (See quot. 1704.) Obs.<br />

i4^5 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth 22 The same Vestigia<br />

of Tendons. .in each [fossil shell]. 1704 J. Harris Lex,<br />

Techn. I. s.v., Vestigia of Tendons, are the little Hollows<br />

in the Shells of Fishes, which are formed on purpose for the<br />

fastening or rooting of the Tendons of their Muscles,<br />

tVe*stigy- Obs. [a. older F. vestigie. or ad. L.<br />

trace.<br />

here rehere<br />

no<br />

nother memorial! or skant any vestigie thereof. Ibid. x.<br />

169 b, It behowued not one stone vpon another nor vestigie<br />

of the temple to stand and remaine. 1637 Gillespie Eng.<br />

Pop. Cerent, in. viii. 102 The Canon Law it self hatli some<br />

vesti^ies of the auncient order. 1644 Digby Naf. Bodies<br />

xxxvi. § 13. 317 We see how the doubting, the resoluing,<br />

..and the lilce, which we experience in beasts, may by the<br />

vestigies we haue traced out, be followed vnto their roote,<br />

+ Ve'Stiilieilt, Obs. Forms: 3-4 uestiment,<br />

4-6 vestyment (5 -mente), 4-7, 9 vestiment<br />

(5 Sc. westiment) ; also //. 3 -menz, 4<br />

-mens, 4-5 -mentz. [a. OF. vestiinent (= Pr.<br />

vesfimen^ Sp. and It. vestimentOj Pg. vesiimentd)^<br />

or ad. L. vestimentum clothes, a garment, etc., f.<br />

vestire to clothe, Vest v. Cf, Vestment sb."]<br />

1. A vestment, esp. one worn by an ecclesiastic.<br />

Common from c 1380 to c t6oo, freq. in pt.<br />

aixa$ Ancr. R, 418 Ne wite ^e nout in oure huse of o5er<br />

monnes ^nges.., ne nout ne underuo ae (>e chirche uesti.<br />

menz. c 1990 S. Eng. Leg. I, 133 ^o seint thomas hadde is<br />

masse i-songue his chesible he gan of weue, AUe is o^>ur<br />

uestimenz on him he let bi-Ieue. 1303 R. Brunnf. Handl.<br />

Synne 9337 Curteynes, or oui>er vestyment, Or any o^>er<br />

vesselement pat falleb to holy cherches seruyse. 1387 TrevisA<br />

Higden (Rolls) V. 87 He ordeyned l?at mynystres of<br />

holy cherche schulde noujt were holy vestymenlis in Jjc<br />

comyn use of every day. CX400 Plowman s Tale in Pol,<br />

Poems (Roils) I. 332 Now been pristes pokes so wide, That<br />

men must enlarge the vestiment. c 1450 Merlin vi. '07 And<br />

ther-with thei risen vp,and toke hym by-twene their armes,<br />

and ledde hym to the vestymentz rioatt. 1513 [CovebdaleJ<br />

Old God^ A'^u (1534) L j. This day the preest hath a redde<br />

vestiment . . , and when he syngeth masse of requiem, he hath<br />

on a blacke vestimenL 1551 Robinson tr. More's Utopia<br />

II. (1895) 287 Thies priestes, ..whiles the armes be fighting<br />

together,.. knele vpon their knees in their hallowed vestimentes.<br />

1596 Nashr Saffron Walden Wks. (Grosart) III.<br />

108 Hee creditted Newgate with the same metamorphized<br />

costly vestiment. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. § 5. 9 Socrates<br />

answereth : you haue reason, and it becomes you well, l>eeing<br />

a man so trimme in your vestiments. i6ox Morgan Sph,<br />

Gentry 11, ii. 27 The High Priests Vestiments was linnen<br />

162<br />

Breeches next his flesh. 1850 Drowning Christmas Eve 11. 1<br />

74 Mine's the same right with your poorest and sickliest,<br />

Supposing I don the marriage- vestiment \rime Testament)<br />

Comb. 1479-81 Rec. St. Marv at Hill (1905) loi The<br />

Vestyment makere. c 151^ Cocke LorelCs B. 10 Stacyoners,<br />

vestyment sewers, and ymagers.<br />

trans/, ^nd Jig. 159c .Spenser F.Q. hi. xii. 29 All that<br />

day she outwore in wandering,. .Till that againe the second<br />

euening Her couered with her sable vestiment i6ao E.<br />

Blount Horae Subs. 30 Howsoeuer a man may appeare to<br />

himselfe more complete, and full, in the vestiments of<br />

Vertue. 1655 T. Vaughan Euphrates 91 With the fire he<br />

attracts the Air which is the vestiment or body of the fire.<br />

i^S6 Hevlin Surv. France 51 There we beheld nature in<br />

her richest vestiments.<br />

2. collect. Clothing, garb, vesture, rare.<br />

1637 G- r*ANiEL Genius of Isle 25 The Naiades in Azure<br />

vestiment, With Hairs vnbound, the willing Sand shall print.<br />

Vestime 'Iltal, a. rare. [f. as prec. + ..m,.]<br />

= next.<br />

1840 Rock Ch, o/Fatliers I. v. 495 John of Salisburj', In one<br />

of his leiter.s to Alexander III, reminds that Pontiff of a<br />

belt,— very likely one of these vestimental ones, which he<br />

had deigned to bestow upon him. 1908 Times 25 Nov. 4/2<br />

If they were going into vestimental matters, it would take<br />

too long.<br />

Vestimentary (vestimcntari), a. [f. as prec.<br />

+ -ARY 1.] Of or pertaining to, in respect of,<br />

clothes or dress ;<br />

vestiary.<br />

Freq, in journalistic use.<br />

1803 in Spirit Pub. Jmls. VII. 15 What has been the<br />

effect of all the sermons, dissertations, essays, and paragraphs<br />

that have been written against vestimentary errors<br />

and offences? 1863 Sat. Rev. XV. 174/2 Such vestimentary<br />

sufferings as he has been exposed to in the changing course<br />

of fashion. 1890 Spectator 10 Mar., An American dentist's<br />

wife was not quite the person to inaugurate a vestimentary<br />

revolution.<br />

Vestin, obs. Sc. form of Westen a.<br />

Ve'Sting, sb, [f. Vest sb. 3 b.] Cloth or<br />

material for making vests or waistcoats. Usually<br />

in pi.<br />

x8a8 Webster, Vesting^ cloth for vests ; vest patterns.<br />

United States. 1851 Catal. Gt. Exhih. in. 495/' Chinese<br />

prints for vestings. Ibid.^ Angora velvet plushes for vestings.<br />

1889 Textile Ne^vs 20 Sept., Advt., Damasks, Vestings,<br />

Piques, Twills. 189a Daily News s Dec. 2/4 The<br />

Berlin vesting is still much liked, as it is produced in such<br />

pleasing combinations of colour.<br />

Vesting, vbl. sb. [f. Vest v. -h -ing i.]<br />

1. The action or fact of investing, confirming, or<br />

establishing, esp. by legal process.<br />

1596 Bacon ^a^. Com. Law ix. (1630) 42 But that holdeth<br />

place onely upon the first vesting of the vse. 1611 Cotcr.,<br />

Vesture^.. z. vesting, inuesting, or putting into possession<br />

of. 1678 CuDWORTH Intell. Syst. 798 This Christian Resurrection<br />

of Life, is the Vesting and Selling of the Souls of<br />

Good men, in their. .Immortal Bodies. 1729 Jacob /.rtw<br />

Diet. s.v. Remainder, The Vesting of the Estate in the<br />

Crown, during the Life of the Father. 1816 G. Bell<br />

Comm. Laws Scot^ (ed. 5) IL 609 Of some Points in the<br />

Vesting of Estates in Trust, Judicial or Voluntary. 18*7<br />

Jarman Devises II. 217 The Court held. .that the adverbs<br />

of time, whc't, &c. do not make any thing necessary to pre.<br />

cede the settling (i. e. the vesting) of the remainder. 1880<br />

MuiRHEAD Ulpian xxiv. §23 It is requisite that, when the<br />

time of vesting arrives, the legatee shall be no longer in the<br />

heir's potestas.<br />

attrib. 1700 Lvtthklu Brie/Rel. (1857) IV. 631 Yesterday<br />

the lords., went thro most part of the land tax and Irish<br />

forfeiture bill ; postponed the first clause, called the vesting<br />

clause.<br />

2. The action or process of putting on, or investing<br />

with, vestments. Also attrib.<br />

1648 W. L. Newes/r. Tnrkie 9 To hinder his Lordships<br />

Vesting, c x66o Jer. Taylor Serm. Wks. 1S31 IV. 144 That<br />

observation of St. Jerome made concerning the vesting of<br />

the priests in the Levitical ministrations. 1875* Simmons<br />

Lay-Folks Mass-bk. 164 The subsequent directions prove<br />

that this vesting was not at the altar. 1905 Times 27 Sept.<br />

4/2 Liturgical vestments are worn., and the vesting prayers<br />

used in the Church of Rome.<br />

t Ve'Stite, v. Obs. rare. [f. h,vestit-i ppl. stem<br />

of vestire to Vest.] trans. To cover or clothe as<br />

with a garment.<br />

1597 A. M. Guillemeau^s Fr. Chirnrg. 42bA [To] vestite<br />

the edges of the vicerationes with plasters. 1657 Tomlinson<br />

Renous Disp. 372 Citrons, .vestited with a thin cortex.<br />

Vestiture (ve*stitiuj). [ad. med.L, vestitura,<br />

f. L. vestire to Vest. Cf. Investiture.]<br />

1. Investiture of a person in an office or with<br />

power, etc. ; = Investiture 2 and 3. rare.<br />

1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIL 419 He resigned to<br />

God and to seint Peter J»e vestiture of prelates Jjat was i-doo<br />

by seculer hondes. 1861 J. A. Alexander Gosp. Jesus<br />

Christ xxxix. 521 A proof of man's original formation in<br />

God's image, and his original vestiture with delegated<br />

power as God's vicegerent.<br />

2, concr. That which clothes or covers: fa. =<br />

Vesture sb. 2. Obs. rare.<br />

In quots. translating L. 7festitura in documents of the<br />

second half of the 13th c.<br />

c Z460 Oseney Reg. (1913I 152 t>e saide Abbot and o|?er<br />

lordes aforenamed.. haue i-suffrid ^at h^ saide John the<br />

vestiture (or grasse) of ^>e same telthe t>e which abode.. in<br />

t>is 5ere alone may gadur & haue. Ibid. 156 pe vestiture<br />

of be saide In-hoke.<br />

b. Clothes, clothing, vesture. Also transf. and<br />

The first quotation is the source of the inexact definition<br />

given by Worcester (1846) and some later Dictionaries.<br />

1842 R. Park Pantology (1847) 472 Under the head of<br />

Vestiture, we include all those arts which relate immedi-<br />

'<br />

VESTMENT.<br />

ately to the manufacture of cloth, and preparation of clothing.<br />

1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xl. (1856)366, I clain^ to be<br />

the first who has reduced all vestiture lo a primitive form.<br />

1856 — Arct. Expi. 1 1, i. 23 A pair of bear-skin breeches,<br />

..the characteristic and national vestiture of this strange<br />

people. 1877 Tinsley's Mag. XX. 512/1 It is night in the<br />

streets of a fair Italian city, and the lonely queen of Habt is<br />

..arraying in snowy vestiiure the tall shafts and broad<br />

walls of marble that rise here and there. 1879 J. Hawthorne<br />

Sebast. Strome II. xi. 175 Mary.. felt herself pointedly un*<br />

equal to introducing her ungainly news under a graceful<br />

vestiture of words.<br />

Hence tVevtitured rtf. Obs.-"*<br />

i6«3 CocKEBAM I, Kw^//«r^// [printed -Jited], apparelled.<br />

Ve'StleSS, a. [f. Vest sb.^ Having no vest<br />

lacking a vest,<br />

1888 Daily News 28 Sept. 5/3 The plucky clergyman<br />

pursued the vestless burglar. 1891 ihid. 29 April 7/1<br />

Bodices are often vestless now.<br />

Ve stlet. Zool. [f. Vest v.] A sea-anemone<br />

of the genus Ceriant/ms, which is invtsled with a<br />

tube-like stem.<br />

i860 GossF. A ctinoiogia Brit. 268 The Vestlet, Ceriajtthus<br />

Lloydii. Ibid. 272 The Vestlet feeds freely in captivity.<br />

* Vestment (vestment).<br />

ment, 4-6 westement(e,<br />

Forms : a. 4 ueste-<br />

4-6 vestement (6<br />

festement). /3. 5-6 -westment, 5 vestraente,<br />

5- vestment (7 vesVment). [a. AF. and OF.<br />

vestement (mod.F. v^temenl)y2.6. L, vestimentum :<br />

see Vestiment.]<br />

1. A garment or article of clothing, esp. one of<br />

ihe nature of a robe or gown ; freq. an outer garment<br />

of this kind worn by a king or official either<br />

ordinarily or upon some ceremonial occasion. Also<br />

collect. J clothing, dress, vesture.<br />

Now somewhat rare or rhet.<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 3701 pe odor o Yi uestement It smelles<br />

als o piement. C1386 Chaucer Sgr's T. 51 This Kainbynskan..In<br />

riall vestement syt on hys deys. 1474 Caxton<br />

Chesse iv. v. (1883) 176 He is bo'jnden to deffende and kepe<br />

them that make his vestementis & couertours necessarye<br />

vnto his body. 1489 — Faytes 0/ A. iv. xvii. 280 The scripture<br />

saith that the vestement of Ihtes]u Crist dide seme to<br />

his apostles white as snowe. a 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie)<br />

Ckron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 374 The heraulds with thair awfull<br />

westmentis. 1500 Shaks. Com. Err. 11. i. 94 Doe their gay<br />

vestments his affections baile? 166s J. Da vies tr. Olearius''<br />

Voy.Ambass. 388 The five principal Persons of the Retinue<br />

had each of them a satin Vestment, and another of Taffata.<br />

X718 Prior Solomon i. 99 A fairer Red stands blushing in<br />

the Rose, Than that which on the Bridegroom's Vestment<br />

flows. X764 Harmer Observ. vi. § 23. 2?o Presents of vestments..<br />

are frequently made in these countries to the great<br />

and those that are in public stations. 1771 H. Wai.pole<br />

y'ertue's Anecd. Paint. IV. 2 Ihe slightness of their<br />

vestment and the lankness of their hair. 1790 Cowper<br />

Odyss.xi. 313 Her charge Of folded vestments neat the<br />

Prmcess placed Within the royal wain. x8a6 Lamb EUa<br />

11. Wedding, She stood at the altar in vestments white and<br />

candid as ner thoughts. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxix.<br />

381 Their clothes saturated with the freezing water of the<br />

floes, these iron men.. did not strip themselves naked.. and<br />

hang up their vestments in the air to dry. 1899 Alibutt's<br />

Syst. Med. VIII. 497 Remembering lo warn [the paiient]<br />

against heated rooms,, .stewing in bed, and any possible<br />

irritation by vestments.<br />

2. A garment worn by a priest or ecclesiastic on<br />

the occasion of some service or ceremony ; a<br />

priestly robe, f In early use also collect., a set of<br />

these.<br />

13.. K. Alis. 1560 iLaiid MS.), pe Bisshop..dude hym<br />

on a vestement, And made.. To jubiter sacrifise. c i4«5<br />

WvNTOUN Cron.v. 1898 Hee [a priest of Jupiter] tuggit wi>e<br />

his teythe in taggis His westment rewyn a! in raggis. c 1485<br />

Digby Myst. (1882) iii. 1183 To my awter I wyll me dresse;<br />

On xall my westment and myn aray. 1560 Bible (Genev.)<br />

2 Kings X. 22 Bring forthe vestements for all the seruants<br />

of Baal. And he broght them out vestements. 1598 J.<br />

HowsoN Serm. 2t May 35 Thimelicus, a dauncer, had<br />

bought by chaunce some holy vestement, and abused it<br />

publickly in the open theater. 1651 Hobbes Lez'iath. in.<br />

xxxvi. 228 The High Priests, .put on the holy vestments,<br />

and enquired of the Lord [etc.]. 1737WHIST0N tr. Josephus^<br />

Antig. m. vii. §2 Over this he (the priest] wore a linen<br />

vestment, made of fine flax doubled. Ibid., This vestment<br />

reaches down to the feet, and sits close to the body. 1796<br />

Morse Amer. Geog. II. 659 The surplice, a vestment of the<br />

Pagan Priests, introduced into churches. 1843 Pbescott<br />

Mexico VI, V. (1864) 371 A few priests, clad in their usual<br />

wild and blood-stained vestments, were to be seen. 1868<br />

Marriott Vest. Chr. Introd. p. v. The attempt .<br />

. to trace out<br />

in detail a correspondence between the 'eight vestments<br />

of the Jewish high-priest, and those of Christian ministry.<br />

b An article of attire worn by the clergy of<br />

various branches of the Christian church, or by<br />

certain of their assistants, during divine service or<br />

on some special occasion ; spec, one or other of<br />

those worn by the priest or priests at the celebration<br />

of the Eucharist ; esp. the chasuble.<br />

In early use perh. sometimes (like med.L. vestimentum')<br />

employed in the collective sense of 'a set of vestments '.<br />

a. X303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 4,6-js 5yr prest or clerk<br />

lene vestement pat halwed ys t>urgh sacrament. 1340<br />

Ayenh. 41 pecrouchen, t>e calices, t>e creyme, ^e corporeaus,<br />

]>e yblissede uestemens. c 1400 Plowman's Tale xxix. in<br />

Pol. Poems (Rolls) I. 311 They halow no thing but for hire.<br />

Church, ne font, ne vestement. c 1450 Mirk's Festial 140<br />

Thys was he fyrst man J>at euer song masse yn vestementys,<br />

as prestes now dol>e. 1493-4 ^^'^- -^^- Maty at Hill Ugos)<br />

199 Payd to mastyr parson for halowyng of the westementes,<br />

xij d. 1549 Bk. Cow. Prayer, Holy Comtnun., The<br />

Priest.. shall put upon hym,. a white Albe plain, with a<br />

vestement or Cope. 1566 in Peacock Evg. Ch. Furniture


- sacred<br />

VESTMENT. 163 VESTRY.<br />

f 1866) 35 Itsm iij vestements— sold to Christopher Baud wine<br />

in anno 1565 who haihe put them to prophane vse.<br />

fi. c^ 1440 rrontp. ParxK 509/1 Vestment.., z'estimenfum.<br />

^1460 FoRTEScuE Alfs. ^ Lim. Mon. \\\. {1885) 125 Often<br />

lytnes he [the king] woU bie riche hangynges and other apparetl<br />

for his howses; vessaill, vcstmentes, and ober ornamentes<br />

for his chapelt. 1509 Will in Archaeologia LXVI,<br />

312 A payre of Vcstmentes of Whit clothe ofgold of Tissue.<br />

1531 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) VI, 23. Item, I will that a vestment<br />

be maide..Qf my daqiaske gowne. ^ 1580 Parsons<br />

xnRelig. Pamphlets {.iZi)'^) 166 For this Sacrifice was Preistes<br />

apparell made : Vestments, Sensors, Frankensence, and the |<br />

lyke. 1600 Fairfax Tasso xi. xiv, In costly vestments<br />

Wiliiam dight, With fear and trembling to the altar<br />

went. 1687 A. LovELLtr. Thez'enot's Trav, i. 82, I shall not<br />

here spend time in describing their way of celebrating Mass,<br />

. .nor shall I speak of their Sacerdotal Vestments. 178a in<br />

J. H. Harting Hist. Sardm. Chapel (1905) 25 Priest's vestment,<br />

two dalmatics to correspond, with maniples and stoles<br />

[etc.]. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xvi, Your years, old<br />

man, and those sacred vestments protect you. 1816 Scott<br />

Antiq. xxv, .Another churchman in his vestments bore a<br />

holy-water sprinkler. 1867 Trollope Chron. Barset II.<br />

xlix. 59 He bad kept his surplice in his own room, and had<br />

gone down in his vestment. z88i A. O'Shaughnessy Christ<br />

xvill Return^ Songs of Worker 10 And where, 'mid all the<br />

glory Of vestments rich, are Joseph's working coat And<br />

Mary's rags?<br />

3. trans/. and_/?^. Something which covers as a<br />

garment ; a covering.<br />

1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 11 8/2 Ryght so the majeste of god<br />

hydde the lyght of hys dyuynyte by a carnal vestement<br />

whyche he toke of our nature humayne. i6so Quari.es<br />

Jonah 1300 Their nakednesse with sackcloth let them hide,<br />

And niue the vest'ments of their silken pride. 1660 Shar-<br />

ROCK Vegetables 40 The verdure, .that is generally the<br />

beauteous vestment of all vegetables. 1669 W. Simpson<br />

Hydrol. Ckym. 146 This hidden spirit.. putting on new<br />

shapes according to the mineral vestment wherewith he is<br />

cloathed. 1753 Hogarth Anal. Beauty x\.%^ Green,, .which<br />

colour nature hath chosen for the vestment of the earth.<br />

1836 Emerson Mature, Lang, Wks. (Bohn) II. 152 A<br />

material image .. arises in his mind, contemporaneous with<br />

every thought, which furnishes the vestment of the thought.<br />

1841 W. A. Butler Serin. Ser. i. x. (1849) 172 His perpetuated<br />

humanity is, then, in heaven,, .the vestment of the<br />

divine priesthood.<br />

4. Contb. in vestment-maker.<br />

Freq. in 15th and early i6th c accounts.<br />

1405 Close Roll, 6 Hen, IV, b, Johannes Est, vestment<br />

makere. 1477-9 Rec. St. Mary at Hill (1905) 80 Item, paid<br />

to a vestment -maker for the mendyng of the Blak Copes.<br />

1530 PAt.scR. 284/2 Vestmentmakcr, chasublier. 1537-8<br />

Rec. St. Mary at //ill {190^ 378 Paid to a vestment maker<br />

for xxvij dayes labour.<br />

Ve'Stment 2. rart-^. [f. Vest v. Cf. Investment.]<br />

A right or privilege with which a person<br />

or body is invested or endowed.<br />

1795 J. Phillips Hist. Inland Navig. Add. 149 It is en-<br />

acted, that they be one body politic and corporate, by the<br />

name of ' The Company of Proprietors of the Mersey and Irwell<br />

Navigation ', with all customary powers, vestments, &c.<br />

Ve'stmental, a. rarc'^. [f. Vestment i +<br />

-AL. Cf, Vestimental a.] Vestimentary.<br />

1849 Rock Ch. 0/ Fathers II. vi. 249 Amongst the few<br />

episcopal ornameius still to be found in England., is one of<br />

the * caligae ', or vestinental stockings of Bishop Waneflete's,<br />

Ve'Stmented, a. [f. as prec] a. Of persons<br />

: Dressed or robed in vestments, b. Of a<br />

service : Celebrated or conducted in vestments.<br />

1859 Sala Tiv. round dock (1861) 338 The black-vestmented<br />

groom of the chambers. 1867 ^st Rep. Comniissioners<br />

i'ubl. Worship 52/1 From your changing the service<br />

from the high choral to the vestmentcd service. 1871 Miss<br />

MuLocK Fair France 143 There came filing in a Hnc of<br />

priests richly vestmented.<br />

VeBtni, southern ME. var. F.xsten v. Vestorie,<br />

obs. f. VestryI. Vestour, var. Vousteb,<br />

boaster. Sc, Vestoure, obs. form of Vesture.<br />

Vestoy, var. Vesteye v. Obs.<br />

Vestral, Vestrical,<br />

see after VaSTRY 1.<br />

Vestrlfieation, etc.<br />

Vestry 1 (vcstri). Forms: 4, 6 westre, 6<br />

vestre ; 5 vestri, 5-6 vestrye, 6-7 veatrie (6<br />

vestorie, 7 veaterie), 5- vestry. [Prob. a. AF.<br />

*v€sl{e)rie, f. Vest v. + -,e)by, substituted for OF.<br />

vestiari€y vestiaire : see Vestiary. Cf. Revestby.]<br />

1. A room or part of a church, usually situated<br />

in close proximity to the chancel or choir, in which<br />

the vestments, vessels, records, etc., are kept, and<br />

in which the clergy and choir robe for divine service<br />

; a room usetl for similar purposes in connexion<br />

with any church, chapel, or place of worship.<br />

The vestry of parish churches is also u in the sayd<br />

westre. 14.. in Wr -Wvilcker 619 Vestihulum, a vestrye.<br />

c 1440 Promp. Parr. 509/3 Vestrye, vesiiarium. 1496-7<br />

Rec. St. Mary at Hill (1905) 225 Kor cblys to brenne in<br />

the vestrye. 1506-7 Ibid. 261 Payd for makyng of ij keyes<br />

for the tresory chest in the vestry, vid. 1540-1 in Archaeo*<br />

logia XIX. 272 On the South Syde of the same Churche<br />

ys the Vestrye well covered with lead^ 1593 Rites 0/ Durham<br />

(Surtees, 1903) 8 When the nionkes went to say or<br />

singe the high masse they put on theire vestments.. in the<br />

Vestrye. 1617 Morvson Itin. 1. 110 In the Vesterie lie the<br />

bodies of nine kings in coffins of wood. 168a N. O. Boileau's<br />

Lntrin 111. 35 With equal pace the Temples Nave they<br />

measure ! Into the Vesiry came; <strong>Here</strong> lies the Treasure 1<br />

i&^ T. Feoger Voy. 1 1 1 The Jesuits are very potent there.<br />

. . Their Vestry is one of the most magnificent that ever was<br />

Seen. 1756-7 Keysler's Trav. (1760) III. 73 Formerly, in<br />

the Tribuna hung a large picture of St. Joseph ; . . but this is<br />

removed into the vestry. 1796 Mme. D'Arblav Camilla<br />

I. 303 ihey sauntered about the church while the Doctor<br />

retired to the vestry to take off his gown. 1798 Southey<br />

Surgeon's Warning xxiii. Three men in the vestry watch<br />

To save him if they can. 1837 I^'ckens Pickm. xxviii.<br />

The ceremony was performed .. in the parish church,, .and<br />

Mr. Pickwick's name is attached to the register, still preserved<br />

in the vestry thereof. 1864 A. McKay //«/. Kilmar.<br />

nock 225 The church consists of a nave with an organ -gallery,<br />

a chancel, and a vestry. 1873 Hale In His Name viii. 73<br />

Candles which furnished the light to the dim vestry.<br />

fig. 1648 Milton Observ. Art. Peace Wks. 1851 IV. 572<br />

So that this rough Garment to deceive, we bring ye once<br />

again. Grave Sirs, into your own Vestry. 1847 Emerson<br />

Repr. Men, StvedenborgVIV%. (Bohn) 1. 324 The worshipper,<br />

escaping from the vestry of verbs and texts, is surprised to<br />

find himself a pa^ty to the whole of his religion.<br />

b. A similar room or part in a temple or other<br />

non-Christian place of worship.<br />

153s CovERDALE 2 Kings X. 22 Then sayde he vnto him<br />

that had the rule of the vestrye: Brynge forth rayment for<br />

all Baals mynisters. 1584 B. R. tr. Herodotus i. 57 In this<br />

sacred house or vestry no image is erected. 1609 Bible<br />

(Douay) £zek. xliv. 19 They shal put of from them their<br />

vestiments..and shal lay them up in the vesterie of the<br />

sanctuarie. 1641 Milton Reforjn. i. Wks. 1851 III. 2 In<br />

Palls and Miters, gold and guegaw's fetcbt from Arons old<br />

wardrope, or the Flamins vestry.<br />

C. A place or room where clothes (f or valuables)<br />

are kept ; a robing room, cloak-room ; f ^<br />

treasure house or chamber. Now rare.<br />

1574 HELLOWEs(7K^«ara'j Fant. Ep, (1577) 263 Also they<br />

make report of your Ladyship here, that you entred the<br />

vestorie or treasure house of Toledo, to fetche the plate that<br />

was there. 1600 Holland Livy xxix. xxi. 725 For alt the<br />

holy money which they found . . they bestowed againe in the<br />

privie vestries where the treasure was kept. 1613 T. Godwin<br />

Rom. Antiq. (1625) log By the Scene in this place, I vnderstand<br />

the partition betweene the players vestry, and the<br />

stage or scaffold. 1684 Bunvan Pilgr. 11. (1900J 192 Then<br />

said the Interpreter again to the Damsel that waited upon<br />

these Women, Go into the Vestry and fetch out Garments<br />

for these People. 1891 G. Gissing New Grub Street I. 198<br />

Where are your out-of-door things? I think there is a<br />

ladies' vestry somewhere isn't there ?<br />

2> In English parishes : An assembly or meeting<br />

of the parishioners or a certain number of these,<br />

held usually in the vestry of the parish church, for<br />

the purpose of deliberating or legislating upon the<br />

affairs of the parish or upon certain temporal<br />

matters connected with the church (see next).<br />

Also without article (^).<br />

(«> 1589 R. Harvey PL Perc. (1590) 24 This worke being<br />

finished and red ouer and ouer by the bead of the parish,<br />

they called a Vestry, wherin they concluded [etc.]. 1596 in<br />

W. H. Hale Prtc. Causes Office (1841) 87 That they cause<br />

a vestrye to be warned on Sondaye next.. to mete at the<br />

evening the same daye. 1640 Minutes Archdeaconry 0/<br />

Essex (MS.) fol. 195 William Petchie..notatur for keeping<br />

a private vestry in Rookitt's hall on Easter Munday in<br />

tyme of divine service. 164s Sir E. Dering Sp, on Relig.<br />

90 1'be Parish Minister to hold weekly Vestries, a 1700<br />

Evelyn Diary 6 Nov. 1692, There was a Vestry call'd about<br />

repairing or new building of the Church. 1762 Foote<br />

Orator \. Wks. 1790 I. 194, 1 did speechify once at a vestry.<br />

1885 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 296/3 Common vestries aie meetings<br />

of all the ratepayers, assembled on a three days' notice.<br />

(p) 1764 in W. Wing Ann. Steeple Aston (1875) 63 It was<br />

agreed at vestry to sow Sandhill tumoops this next year.<br />

1845 Stephen Comm. Laws Eng. (1874) I. 120 The affairs<br />

of a parish.. are regulated in vestry, wliich is, properly<br />

speaking, an assembly of the minister, churchwardens and<br />

parishioners. 1857 Hughes Tom Brown i. iii, He himself<br />

had. .gone birds'-nesting with the farmers whom he met at<br />

vestry.<br />

b. The body of parishioners meeting in this<br />

way and constituting a parochial board or council<br />

of management.<br />

l*his body had formerly the admini.stration and management<br />

of the whole of the business affairs of the parish ; but<br />

now its authority is almost entirely restricted to certain<br />

temporal matters connected with the parish church, its<br />

former powers being invested in the Parish or District<br />

Council.<br />

a 167a M. Wren in Gutch ColL Cur. I. 229 It was very<br />

difficult to find a man, who .. followed the persuasion of<br />

Calvin, who had not also strong propensions to the Eldership<br />

and Vestry, a 1700 Evelyn Diary 6 Apr. 1662, Being<br />

of the Vestry,.. we order'd that the Communion Table<br />

should be set as usual altar-wise. 1708 Swift Reply to<br />

Bickerstaff detected S.'s Wks. 1755 II. i. 167 If I had not<br />

used my utmost interest with the vestry. 1766 Entick<br />

London IV. 45 The vestry is select, pursuant to the will of<br />

William Tudman, who, hoping thereby to prevent the inconveniences<br />

which usually arise from a general vestry<br />

[etc.]. 179a Young Trav. France 549 The first attempt<br />

towards a democracy in England would be the common<br />

people demanding an admission and voice in the vestries.<br />

i8ao SnuTHEY iVesley II. 402 As the vestry would not be<br />

persuaded to erect a gallery, he built one at his own expense.<br />

188a Besant Revolt of Man iv. (1883) 78 The Lower<br />

House.. had degenerated into Something noisier than a<br />

vestry. i88a Encycl. Brit. XIV. 820/1 The vestries and<br />

district boards are entrusted with the management of local<br />

sewers, the lighting, paving, and cleaning of their own<br />

thoroughfares, and the removal of nuisances.<br />

O. Any similar body elected by members of the<br />

congregation of a church and invested with the<br />

conduct of its business affairs ; a meeting of such<br />

body. 1891 Cent. Diet<br />

\ 3. Clothing or vesture. PCii,ofig. Obs. rare.<br />

1606 J. Welsh in Sel. Biog. (Wodrow Soc.) 1 . 22 She shall<br />

be arrayed with the golden vestry, and needlework of his<br />

manifold graces. 1616 B. Jonson Masques, Love freed<br />

\ />"• Ignorance, One o* the Black-guard had his hand in my<br />

vestrie.<br />

4. attrib, and Comb. a. In sense i, as vestry<br />

door, fire J -keeper, window, etc.<br />

1477-9 Rec. St. Mary at Hill (1905) 81 A key to the<br />

vestry dore beneth. 1510 in Willis & Clark Cambridge<br />

(1886) II. 200 The largienge of the vestrie dore. i6xx<br />

CoTGR., Sacristain, a Sexton, or Vestrie-keeper, in a<br />

Church. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals \. iii. 75 They are<br />

Qblig'd . . to give to the Popes Vestry-keeper . . f^ve and<br />

twenty Ducats. 1706 PHiLLii'S(ed. KerseyJ, Vestry- Keeper,<br />

a Sexton, whose Business is to look after the Vestry. 177a<br />

ir. Life Lady Guion II. s, I had taken the office of Sacristan<br />

(or Vestry Nun) and the care of waking the Sisters at the<br />

hour they were to rise. 1844 Dickens Mart. Ckuz. xxxi,<br />

I have left the vestry window unfastened. 1855 — Dorrit<br />

xiv, Having stirred the Vestry fire, he looked round the<br />

shelves of registers.<br />

b. In sense 2, as vestry assessment, -brother,<br />

-business, -consult ( = consultation), meeting, etc.<br />

1631 T. Powell Tom All Trades (1876) 139 Like a Reuerend<br />

vestry wit. 1683 N. O. Boileau's Lutrin i. 224 Him<br />

time preferr'd. . From poor Church- warden to a Vestrybrother,<br />

a 1683 Oldham Satyrs Wks. (1686) 194 At Vestry-<br />

Consults when he does appear For choosing of some Parish<br />

Officer. X75X Genii. Mag.l. 159 In the Parish where I serve,<br />

the Vestry is compos'd of thirty select Members, besides the<br />

Rector, and two Vestry Justices of the Peace, a 1734 North<br />

Exam. 11. v. § 94 (1740) 374 No more of Plot than a Vestry<br />

Meeting to settle their Rates. 1808 Edin. Rev. XII. 509<br />

.\n imperial sovereign summoned to settle a petty vestrysquabble<br />

! 1833 Act 2 & A ^ii^- ^^f c. 37 §63 Such Expences.<br />

.as have beenneietofore defrayed by Vestry Assessment<br />

in Ireland. 188S W. Morris in Mackail Ljfe (1899)<br />

II. 206, 1 don't see why they should not keep out of the<br />

vestry-business.<br />

C. Special Combs. : vestry-book, (a) a book<br />

in which the proceedings of a parochial vestry are<br />

recorded ; (b) a book kept in a vestry in which the<br />

births, marriages, and deaths of the parishioners<br />

are registered ; vestry cess, in Ireland, a church<br />

rate or tax levied by a vestry ; vestry-clerk, the<br />

clerk of a parochial vestry ; vestry -tax, = vestry-<br />

cess.<br />

1773-4 ^1" ^


VESTRYMAN, 164 VETCH.<br />

Ve'Strsnnan. Also ve3try-man, vestry<br />

man. [f. Vestry l 2.] A member of a parochial<br />

vestry.<br />

1614 in W. H. Hale Prfc. Causes O^ce {1S41) 39 So many<br />

of the \'estrie men as shall . . meet there for the makein^ of<br />

' a rate. i6|i 'Smectymnuvs yifni. Answ. Pref. a iij b,<br />

Indeede bee satth, that these were but as our Churchwardens,<br />

or Vestry men. 1651 Cleveland Poems 26 These<br />

linsie-Woolsie Vcstry.men. 1701 Maryland Laws (i7^^i<br />

15 Two New Vestrj'men shall be annually chosen in the<br />

Places of Two others, o >7>i Prior True Statesmen ^<br />

If tbou ever bas't a voice Tho it be only in the Choice Of<br />

Vestry Men or grey-Coat- Bo>*s. 1847 C. G. Addisos Law<br />

&/ Comtra£ts xv. §3. 391 Vestrymen, in vestry assembled,<br />

may, like any other persons, exceed their duties as vestrymen.<br />

1873 B- Harte Fiddletoum yj She was roused by<br />

a formal visit from a vestryman.<br />

Hence Ve'strTm.anly a., befitting a vestryman;<br />

Testrymaiisliip, the position of a vestryman.<br />

1885 Pall Miill G. 12 Jan. 4/1 That may be *vestrymanly,<br />

but it is hardly gentlemanly. 1879 Escott England I. 123<br />

The mere fact of a parochial office being the coveted prize<br />

of a political competition raises its duties above the level of<br />

•vestryman ship.<br />

Vestry-room. Also vestry room. [f. Ves-<br />

TBT 1.] The vestry of a church ; the room in<br />

which a parochial vestry assembles.<br />

17x0 Lond. Gnz, No. 4721/4 The Vestry-Room of the<br />

Parish Church of Lambeth was broke open. 1745 Viner<br />

Abridgm. Lofw Sf Kqtiity XXI. 549 His proper Remedy<br />

for the Injury done by the Defendant, by hindring him to<br />

come into the Vestry-room. 1810 \V. Wilson Hist. Dissent.<br />

Ck. III. 224 He opened a day-school, in the vestry-room of<br />

his meeting. 184a Penny Cycl. XXII. 227/1 It comprehends<br />

a nave, ..and a chantry, now used as a vestry-room.<br />

1891 ' S. MosTVN * Curatica 136, I thought I sliould have<br />

seen you in the vestry-room.<br />

attrib. 1838 Dickens O. Tiuist v, The clerk, who was<br />

sitting by the vestry-room fire,<br />

Vestschipe: see Fastship Obs,<br />

Vestuary. Now arch, [ad. OF. vestuaire<br />

(= Pr. and Cat. vestuari^ Sp. and Pg. vestuario\<br />

or med.L. vestuarium^ f. vestura Vestuke sb. Cf.<br />

Vestiaby j/^.] a vestiary or vestry ; a wardrobe.<br />

Also transf.<br />

c 1490 Caxtos Rule St, Benet 136 Whan in l>e chirche he<br />

shall doo of his seculer arraye and becladdewiththe habite<br />

of the place; those [clothesj that he puttyth off shall be<br />

kept in the vestuary. x6io Holland Camden's Brit. 449<br />

Some., small bones wrapped up in fine silke of fresh colour,<br />

which the Abbot tooke for the reliques of some Saints, and<br />

laied upi>c in his Vestuary. i860 Trench Serm. IVesim.<br />

Abb. xxxii. 368 The trappings of men's outward existence.,<br />

must be laid aside in the vestuary of the grave.<br />

fVe'storage. Obs.—"^ [f. Vesture .r^^.-f -age.]<br />

.\n allowance lor vesture or clothing.<br />

1679 E. Chamberlayne Pres.St.Eng. 11. (ed. 12) 262 Note<br />

that out of the Sergeants afore-mentioned, the King by<br />

Writ, usually calls some to be of his Council at Law, allow,<br />

ing each one Wadage, Feodage, Vesturage, and Regardage.<br />

Vestural (ve-stiiiral), a. [f. as prec -H -al.]<br />

Of or pertaining to vesture or clothing; vestiary.<br />

1831 Cahlvle Sart^ Res. i. i. How, then, comes it.. that<br />

the grand Tissue of all Tissues- -should have been quite<br />

overlooked by Science, —the vestural Tissue, namely, of<br />

woollen or other cloth? 1883 Times 13 Nov. g/3 Vestural<br />

adornments less suited to military purposes than to a masquerade.<br />

1891 Miss Dowie Girl in Knt-p. ii. 17 His<br />

vestural advantages.. are what 1 grudge a man sole possession<br />

of.<br />

Vesture C ve -stiui) , sb. Also 5 vestoure, wester<br />

{gdial, veiter), 6-7 vestur. [a. AF. and OF.<br />

vesture (mod.F. v^ture)^ f. vestir Vest v. Cf.<br />

med.L. and It. vestura^<br />

I. 1. That with which a person is clothed or<br />

dressed : a. With a or pi. An article of apparel<br />

or clothing ; a garment or vestment.<br />

13.. E, R. Alia. P. B. 128S Wyth alle J>e coyntyse<br />

t>at he [i.e. Solomon] cowjTe clene to wyrke Deuised he<br />

l>e vesselment, l>e vestures cleue. ^1384 Chauckr H.<br />

Fame in. 235 AUe and euery man Of hem.. Had on him<br />

throwen a vesture, Whiche that men clepen a cote armure.<br />

o Jwe [things]... The ferst of l>o<br />

ys fode, and vesture J>e secounde. 143S-50 tr. Higden (Rolls)<br />

V. 347 A kny^htc.cloihede also with regalle vesture, as if<br />

be hade bene the kynge. a 1475 Ashbv Active Policy 535<br />

Lete nat thepouer Comyns bedysguised Nee haue precious<br />

clothe in theire Vesture, 103 Ld, Berneks Froiss. I. ccxx.<br />

283 The kyng of Cypre hofpe them to comptayne the dethe<br />

of the kyng, ..and., clothed hymselfe witn the vesture of<br />

doloure. 1535 Covkrdale Ps. xxi. 18 They haue parted<br />

my garmentes amonge them, and cast lottes vpon my ves*<br />

ture. a 1548 Hall Chron. ^ Hen. IV, 13 They adorned<br />

Magdalene .. in roiall and princely vesture. 1601 Shaks.<br />

yul. C. ni. ii. 200 KindeSoules, what weepe you, when you<br />

but behold Our Cxsars Vesture wounded? 1670 Milton<br />

Hist. Eng. III. Wks. 1851 V. 132 The Abbots Coap, which<br />

he had thrown over them, thinking by the reverence of his<br />

vesture to have withheld the murderer. 1790 CowpEk<br />

Receipt Mothers Pict. 75 Could time.. restore the hours,<br />

When, playing with thy vesture's tissued flowers, . , I prick'd<br />

them into paper with a pin. 1813 Scott Trierm, \\\. xxxv,<br />

Her graceful vesture swept the ground. 1855 Macaulav<br />

Hist. Eng. xiii. III. 305 Seers wrapped themselves up in<br />

bulls' hides, and awaited, in that vesture, the inspiration<br />

which was to reveal the future. 1856 Mrs. Browning j^wr.<br />

Leigh I. 887 The rustling of your vesture through my<br />

dreams.<br />

attnb, a 1743 Savage Progr. Divine Wks. 1775 II. 119 To<br />

tear off rings,.. To part 'em, for the vesture-shroud cast lots.<br />

o. transf. andy?f. (Freq. in the 19th c.)<br />

15*6 Pil^r. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 8 For there all shall be<br />

clothed with the vesture of immortalite & garment of glory.<br />

'575-85 Abp. Sandys Serm. (Parker Soc.) 208 To clothe<br />

ourselves with the comely vesture of innocency. i6os<br />

Marston Ant. ^ Mel. n. Wks. 1856 \. 26 Would'st thou<br />

have us sluts, and never shift the vestur of our thoughts?<br />

1653 J- Hall Paradoxes 76 The strongest and most hand*<br />

some Animalls are satisfied in theii owne naturall Vestures.<br />

1717 Dyer Grongar Hill 99 Thus is nature's vesture<br />

wrought. 1738 Glover Leomdas \. 271 The moon through<br />

allthe dreary vapourspreadsThe radiant vesture of her silver<br />

light. 1768 Johnson in Johnsoniana (1836) 438 When a<br />

nation, .acquires new ideas, it must necessarily have a suitable<br />

vesture for them. i86a Stanley Jexv.Ch. \, xii, (1877)<br />

223 The golden clusters of the Syrian vine, . . so beautiful a<br />

vesture of the bare hills of Palestine. 1867 H, Macmillan<br />

Bible Teach, iii. (1870) 45 Nature as a whole was meant to<br />

be for man the vesture of the spiritual world.<br />

d. Conch. (Seequot. ) rare~°,<br />

1755 Gentl. Mag. XXV. 32 Vesture, the inner covering of<br />

a shell that first appears upon removing the epidermis.<br />

2. Law, All that grows upon or covers the land,<br />

with the exception of trees ; one or other of the<br />

products of land, such as grass or com.<br />

145s Rolls of Parlt. V. 305/1, xl acres of Wode, and the<br />

Vesture of the same, in our Forest. 1467-8 Ibid. V. 575/2<br />

The vesture of Grasse and Comes therof. 1583 Fitz-<br />

HERBERT Surv. V, It IS to be enquered of parkes..howe<br />

many acres ar conteyned in them, and for how inoche the<br />

vesture of euery acre may be sold. i6sa Qk\a.\% Stat. Sewers<br />

(1647) ^°S Hs which hath the Vesture or Herbage of grounds<br />

. . m.-iy be charged to the repairs. 1630 Capt. Smith Advt.<br />

Planters 25 The best [ground] is ever knowne by thegreatnesse<br />

of the trees and the vesture it beareth. 1768 Blackstone<br />

Contm. Ill, 210 It is requisite that the party have a<br />

lease and possession of the vesture and herbage of the land.<br />

X817 W. Selwvn Laiv Nisi Prius (ed. 4) IJ. 1217 Where<br />

piamtifF is intitled to the vesture of land, that is, corn, grass,<br />

underwood, and the like. 1869 Austins yurispr,(ed. 3) U.<br />

881 In English Law it has been held that one person may<br />

have a freehold in the soil and another in the vesture. 1885<br />

I^aiv Times Rep. LI I, 572/2 Certain hay, straw, and other<br />

vestures which nave arisen on the said farm.<br />

II. 1 3. The investiture of a pftrson as a novice<br />

in a religious order. ObsJ"^<br />

1639 S. Du Verger tr. Camus' Admir. Events 184 The<br />

two youngest, designated ,to the monastery, were yet farr<br />

from the age not only of profession but of vesture.<br />

1 4. Law. (See qnot. and Investuue.) Obs.—'*<br />

1607 CowELL Interpr., Vesture, . . in the vse of our common<br />

lawe, [is] turned metaphorically to betoken a possession, or<br />

an admittance to a possession.<br />

Hence Ve'sture v. transit to array in a vesture<br />

or vestments, rare.<br />

XS5S Eden Decades (Arb.) 3c^ That he shuld bee honorably<br />

receaued and vestured with silke.<br />

Ve'Stxired, ///. a. [f. prec] Clothed or<br />

dressed in vesture ; wearing vesture. Also transf.<br />

Chiefly in predicative use and const, with or in.<br />

ijai Ld. Berners Froiss, I. ccclxxxi. 640 They ar clothed<br />

in veluet. .and we be vestured with pore clothe. CX530 —<br />

Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 156 She was vestured wythasamyte<br />

of grene. a 18x4 Apostate 11. iv. in New Brit. Theatre<br />

III. 319 When I contrast my naked ignorance. With that<br />

rich-crown'd, that flowing vestured knowledge. x88a Nature<br />

XXVI. 61 Cables have.. been lifted richly vestured with<br />

the spoils of the bottom. X893 R. H. Charles Bk. Enoch<br />

129 They will be vestured with life.<br />

Vestorer. [f. Vesture sb. + -eb. Cf. Ves-<br />

TERER.] (.Seequot. 1877.)<br />

1779 G. Keate Sketdtes/r. Nat. (ed. 2) L 20 The vesturer<br />

conducted us thro* this great repository of the dead. X877<br />

F. G. Lee Gloss. Ecct. ^ Litnrg. Terms 437 Vesturer. i. A<br />

sacristan. 2. A sexton. 3, A keeper of the vestments. 4,<br />

A sub-ireasurer of a collegiate church or cathedral. 1898<br />

Guardian 31 Aug. 1313 The site [of the depository of the<br />

Easter sepulchrej has recently been localized by. .the worthy<br />

hon. vesturer.<br />

Vestynge, obs. form of Fasting vbt. sb.<br />

VeSUVian (v/s«-vian), a. and sb. [f. Vesuvi-<br />

us, the name of the active volcano on the Bay of |<br />

I<br />

Naples in Italy. Cf. G. vesuvian, F. v^suvien.']<br />

A. a(f/. Of or pertaining to Vesuvius ; esp. {a)<br />

like or resembling Vesuvius, orthatof Vesuvius, in<br />

volcanic violence or power.<br />

(a) X673 R. Head Canting Acad. 11 The fury of this<br />

smoaking rage being . . abated, and having pretty well<br />

drench'd their Vesuvian throats. 1809 Campbell Gert.<br />

Wyom. III. XX, Then looked they to the hills, where fire<br />

o'erhung The bandit groups in one Vesuvian glare. X83X<br />

Caklvle Sart. Res. 11. v. Such a fire.. did actually burstforth,<br />

with explosions more or less Vesuvian, in the inner<br />

man of Herr Diogenes. 1878 Huxley in L. Huxley Li/e<br />

(1900) II. XXV. 432_The inflammation of the pudding was<br />

highly successful— in fact Vesuvian not to sa)^ iEtnaic.<br />

i^) 1833 Lvell /'r/wc. Geoi. III. 125 There i> a tendency<br />

;<br />

I of<br />

1 Sea-Painter's<br />

I nothing<br />

in almost all the Vesuvian dikes to divide into horizontal<br />

prisms. 1886 A. Winchell Walks GeoL Field '^j History<br />

records a large number of Vesuvian eruptions. 1897 Qeikie<br />

Anc. Volcanoes Brit. Ii. II. 471 The three modern types of<br />

Vesuvian cones.<br />

t b. Vesuvian salt, aplithitnlite. Obs.<br />

1813 Smithson in Phil. Trans. CIII. 262 This Vesuvian<br />

salt.. has presented no less than nine distinct species of<br />

matters.<br />

B. sb. 1. Min, A silicate of aluminium, lime,<br />

and iron, or other base, occurring massive but more<br />

freq. in square crystals of various colours, found<br />

originally in the ancient Vesuvian lavas ; idocrase.<br />

Named by Werner, the German mineralogist, in 1795.<br />

1796 Kirwan Ele7n. Min. (ed. 2) I. 285 Vesuvian, or<br />

white Garnet of Vesuvius. Found principally in the lava of<br />

Vesuvius. x8is Aikin Min. (ed. 2) 224 Vesuvian occurs<br />

crystallized in groups, or lining cavities, or massive, 1859<br />

R. Hunt Guide Mus. Pract. Geol. (ed. 2) 255 Idocrase<br />

was first observed in the ancient Vesuvian lavas, and thence<br />

it is called sometimes Vesuvian, It is a compound of<br />

silica, alumina, lime, and iron. 18^9 Rutlev Study Rocks x.<br />

142 Idocrase or Vesuvian is in its chemical composition<br />

closelyallied to the lime-alumina garnets.<br />

2. A kind of match or fusee, burning with a<br />

sputtering flame, used especially for lighting cigars<br />

or tobacco-pipes in the open air,<br />

iBS3 Pract. Mechanics Jml. VI. 147 One of Palmer's<br />

Vesuvians is a still more sure.. way of igniting the fuze.<br />

i86a Whvte-Melville /w^/tf^ /)'a?- 348 Striving by the aid<br />

a 'Vesuvian ' to relight my cigar. 1886 R. C. Leslik<br />

Log 103 iJeyoncl a few vesuvians, they had<br />

among them tliat would bum.<br />

attrib. 1879 Man. Artillery Exerc. 175 A vesuvian match-<br />

j<br />

box. 1904 ' E. Nesbit ' Phoenix ^ Carpet i. 4 They tried to<br />

I light it with Vesuvian fusees.<br />

Veau'vianite. Min. [f. prec. -h -ite i.] =<br />

Vesuvian sb. i.<br />

I<br />

I<br />

x^^CasselCs Encycl. Diet. 189a E. S. Dana Min. 480<br />

Vesuvianite was first found among the ancient ejections of<br />

Vesuvius and the dolomitic blocks of Monte Somma.<br />

Veau'viate, v,<br />

Vesuvian.] intr.<br />

nonce-wd. [f. Vesuvi-us: see<br />

Of weather : To be very hot.<br />

5x1876 M. Collins Th. in Card. (1880) I. 166 It vesuviates.<br />

This ^ sudden heat in the atmosphere has something<br />

to do with the eruption of the mountain which killed Pliny<br />

the Elder.<br />

Vesnvin (v/s«*vin). Chem. [a,G. vesuvin, f.<br />

Vesuv-iusj from its explosive property : see -IN 1.]<br />

Phenyl-brown, used esp.<br />

histological preparations.<br />

as a staining matter for<br />

x885 Klein Micro-Organisms 84 Stained with methylene<br />

blue and vesuvin. 1886 Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. III.<br />

678/1 Bismarck Brown, Vesuvin. The chloride of triamidoazobenzol.<br />

X897 ^^tbuit's Syst. Med.ll.4 Bismarck brown,<br />

eosin, or vesuvin may be used as a counter stain.<br />

Vesy, obs. form of ViZY v. Sc.<br />

Vesyke, variant of Vesike Obs,<br />

+ Vesyness. Sc. Obs.-^ [f. *vesjf, aphetic f.<br />

Advisy a. -f- -NESS.] Caution, foresight, prudence.<br />

c 1425 WvNTOUN Crou. VIM. 6555 Wijj wit.. And vesynes,<br />

throu quham Jjai wan This batall.<br />

Vesyte, obs. form of Visit v.<br />

Vet, sb. [Colloquial contraction of Veterinarian<br />

or Vetickinary.] A veterinary surgeon.<br />

x86s H. Marrvat Year in Szveden III. 328 A lieutenant,<br />

accompanied by the vet, did the honours of the stables.<br />

1876 BuRNABV Ride to Khiva xv. (ed. 3) 136 The Kirghiz<br />

themselves have but little faith in doctors or vets. X883<br />

E. Pknnell-Elmhirst Cream Leicestersh. 223 A battered<br />

stud was left in the hands of the groom and the vet.<br />

Vet, V. [f. prec.]<br />

1. trans. To submit (an animal) to examinalion<br />

or treatment by a veterinary surgeon.<br />

1S9X * Annie Thomas' That Affair II. i. u Beau is<br />

shaky in his fore legs. I shall have him vetted before the<br />

races. 1904 Times 9 Mar. 8 i Of the 73 stallions, .only 39<br />

came back for a .second inspection a/ter they had been<br />

' vetted '.<br />

2. To examine or treat (a person) medically.<br />

1898 Mrs. Croker Peggy 0/ the Bartons xiv. You will<br />

have them {sc. friends] round to 'vet 'you. X900 Westm.<br />

Gaz.^ 14 Apr. 2/1 ' Where are you going this afternoon? *,.<br />

' Going to be vetted,' he grunted.<br />

Vet, southern ME. var. Fat a., feet Foot sb. ;<br />

southern dial, var, Fet v. ; obs, Sc. f. Wet z/.,<br />

Wit v. Vetail(l)e, obs. ff. Victual sb, and v,<br />

' A<br />

tVeta-tion. Obs.-'' [f. L. z/^/^z-r^ to forbid.]<br />

forbidding to do a thing.*<br />

i6a3 CocKERAM \. [Hence in Blount and Phillips.]<br />

Vetayll, obs. form of Vici ual sb.<br />

Vetch (vetj). Forms: a. 4-5 fecchCe, 5<br />

fechcho, fehche, fech, 5-6 feche, 4-7 fetche,<br />

4-8, 9 dial, fetch, ^. 5 vache, 5, 9 s.w. dial.,<br />

vatch; 5-7 veche (5 vessche), vech (5 -wrech),<br />

4-6 vetche, 6- vetch (9 veitch). See also<br />

Fatch and Fitch sb.'^ [a. ONF. veche, vecche,<br />

veiche, vesche, = OF. vecce, vece, vesse (mod.F.<br />

vesce^ :— L. vicia^ whence also It. veccia.J<br />

1, The bean-like fruit of various species of the<br />

leguminous plant Vicia.<br />

Also with delining terms, us. gore-vetch: see 3 b.<br />

Occas. used as a type of something of little or no value<br />

(see quots. c 1374, 1632).<br />

a. c X374 Chaucer Troylus in. 936 (Harl. MS), This<br />

seid is by hem that be not worth two fecchis. ^1400 Lan-<br />

/ranc's Cirurg, 209 Oon [cancer] comeh of malancolie rotid.<br />

& bigynne> for to wexe in J>e mychilnes of a fecche or of


VETCH. 165 VETERANIZE.<br />

apese. a 1513 Fabvan Chron. vii. 612 For this scarcyteof<br />

whete in Englande, in many places the people made them<br />

brede of fetche^^ pesyn, and benys. 1533 in Archeuologia<br />

XXV. 519 Feichys bought for sedc.ij combe of fetchys.<br />

155a Cooper Elyot's Diet., Eruufn..is greater and<br />

httterour then a fech. 1615 Latham Falconry (1633) 95<br />

Take of allocs the quantity of a Fetch unwashed. 163a<br />

Rowley ll^oman never vexi u. 26 You may Imagine it to<br />

be 'I'welfc-day at night, and the Beane found in the corner<br />

of your Cake, but 'Tis not wrprth a fetch I'l assure you.<br />

1661 Petit, for Peace 11 The Tetches are beaten out with<br />

a staff.<br />

0, 1388 Wyci.if Ezek. iv. 9 Take thou-.beenys, and tilUs,<br />

and mylic, and vetchis [1382 vetche]. xy^'Y^VL-e.wsK Barth.<br />

De P. R. XVII. xcv. (Bodl. MS.), Amonge codware,.,<br />

titles & vacches be^ smalleste in quantite. c 1483 Caxton<br />

Diai. 22 Otes, vessches, Benes, pesen. 1539 Elvot Cast.<br />

Heithe 84 b, Some is lyke lyttelle redde vetches. 1578 Lvte<br />

Dodoens 482 Afterward there come vp long flat coddes,<br />

wherein are Vetches. 1617 Moryson Itin. in. 112 English<br />

Merchants bring into Italy . . Conny skins, Veches, Kersies,<br />

and sometimes English Corne. 171X Addison Sped, No. 59<br />

f 4 Cicero., was marked on the Nose with a little Wen like a<br />

Vetch. «7S6J- Kennedy C«r/W. IVilton House (17&6) 65<br />

The Busts of Cicero,, .with the Mark of the Cicer or Vetch<br />

on his Face. 1790 Cowper /Had xiii. 715 As vetches or<br />

as swarthy beans Leap from the van and fly athwart the<br />

floor. By sharp winds driven, 1866 C. C. Felton A>tc. ^<br />

Mad. Cr. I. vi, 406 Beans, lupines, radishes. Vetches,<br />

wild pears, when we can. And a locust now and then. 1870<br />

Brvant liiad xiir. II. 32 The swarthy beans Or vetches<br />

bound before the whistling wind. 1901 Daily Ne^vs 12 Mar.<br />

8/6 Some large Swedish gore-vetches are now offering at<br />

attractively low rates.<br />

t b. = FiTC'H j^.l 3 (q, v.). Obs.<br />

2. //. Plants l>elonging to the genus Vicia^ esp.<br />

to the species Vicia sativay the common tare.<br />

Frequently with special reference to the produce.<br />

a. a 1387 Sinon. Bartlwt. (Anecd. Oxon.) 43 Vesces^ \.<br />

fecches I**/ mou-^ pese. 1388 Wvclif Isaiah xxviti. 25 He<br />

schal not sette wheete bi ordre, and barli. .and fetchis in his<br />

coostis. c 1440 Fnllad. on Husb. 1. 237 Lupyne and fetches<br />

slejn, and on thaire roote Up dried, arc -isdounging landes<br />

boote. x6io Shaks. Temp. iv. \. 61 Rich Leas Of Wheate,<br />

Rye, Barley, Fetches, Oates and Pease. 1:1640 J. Smyth<br />

LiTes Berkeleys (i^Zi,) I. 303 From hence also came their<br />

great proportions of wheat, rye, barly, . .and ffetches, apples<br />

and pears, a i66t Fuller H^orlAies, Leicester 11. (1662)<br />

126 Whereas lean land will serve for puling peas and faint<br />

fetches. 1879 Miss Jack.son S'Ard/fA. ^^ord-bk. 145.<br />

^. 155a HuLOEr, lares or vetches, a kinde of pulse or<br />

Ktayne, eruii.i, erunirt, orobum. 1575 in Phillipps Wills<br />

U 1830)457 Corne in thefelde.. .Item,9acresof peaze. . . Item,<br />

la acres vetches. 1576 Fleming Pojtopl. Epist. 352 With<br />

Wlieatc,. . with Vetchesse, with Millette, & all other kinde<br />

of pulse. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 572 Vetches also doe<br />

manure and fat the ground where they be sowed. 1688<br />

R. Holme Armoury 11. 97/2 Vetches, Lentils, Tares, have<br />

leaves like Pease. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. i. no Where<br />

Vetches, Pulse, and Tares have stood, And Stalks of<br />

Lupines grew. 1765 Museum Rust. IV. 386 Beans, Peas,<br />

and Tares or Vetches- I79» A, Voung Trav. France 7 A<br />

piece of wheat ; a scrap of lucerne ; a patch of clover or<br />

vetches. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 28<br />

The vetches attained by the 4th of July a height of ten<br />

inches. 188a * Ouida ' Maremma 1. 188 Amidst the maiden-<br />

hair and the vetches about the orifice of the warrior's tomb.<br />

3. In generic use as a plant-name (or, in early<br />

use, as that of a grain), usually without article or<br />

with the ; also occas., with a and pi., one or other<br />

species of the genus Vicia.<br />

tjBa Wyclif Ezek, iv, 9 Take thou.. bene, and lent, and<br />

mylie,and vetche, 14.. l^oc. in Wr.-Wijlcker 619 K;V/rt,<br />

a wecb. Ibid. 625 IJicia, vache. C1440 Promp. Parv.<br />

153/1 Fetche, corne, or tare, ..vicia. c 153a Du Wes introd.<br />

Fr. in Palsgr. 915 Fetche, uesche. «55> Huloet, Vetche,<br />

fetche, or tAie,passilus. 1578 Lvte Dodoens 482 The Vetche<br />

hath stalkes of a sufficient thicknesse. 1649 J- Ogilbv<br />

yirg. Georg. I. 241 Wouldst thou the Ground sliould Vetch<br />

and Fasels bear. 1707 Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 139<br />

The Chich, Fetch or V"ctch are of several sorts, but the<br />

most known are the Winter and the Summer Vetch.<br />

1750 SHKNsroNE Rural Elegance 204 The tangled vetch's<br />

purple bloom. 1797 Washington Writ. (1892) XIII. 407<br />

Tiic Vetch of Europe has not succeeded with me. i8ai<br />

Clare F/V/. Minstr. II. 144 Heath's creeping vetch, and<br />

glaring yellow brooms. x866 Treas. Bot. 662/2 The true<br />

Laihyri. . are herbs . . with fewer and larger leaflets than in<br />

the vetches, 1867 Baker Nile Tribut. viiL (1B72) 125 A<br />

peculiar species, that resembles a vetch, bears a circular<br />

pod as large as a horse-bean. 1890 D. Davidson Mem.<br />

Long Life viii. 211 In a field of toor (a kind of vetchj,<br />

we saw a fine buck antelope lying pretty well concealed. |<br />

b. With distinguishing names, denoting various<br />

species of Vicia, \<br />

a 1711 Lisle Obsery. Husb. (1757) 125 The pebble-vetch<br />

is a summer-vetch, different from the goar-vetcn and not so<br />

big ; they call it also the rath-ripe vetch. 17*5 Pam. Diet.<br />

S.V., The most known [sorts] are the Winter and Summer<br />

Vetch. 1731 MiLLKR 6"fln/. Dict.s.v. KiV/a, Common Vetch<br />

or Tare. .. White Vetch. .. Many flowcr'd Vetch. 1753<br />

Chambers' CycL Suppl. s.v. Vicia, The species of Vetch,<br />

enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are these: r. The common<br />

cultivated Vetch... 4. The great wild bush Vetch.. . 12. The<br />

white- flowered hairy wild Vetch [etc.]. 1777 Jacob Catal.<br />

Plants 122 Vicia saliva. Common Vetch. .. /^iV/a sepium^<br />

Bush Vetch. Vicia lathyroides, .. Wild Vetch. 1777<br />

LiGHTFOOT Flora Scot. (1789) I. 394 Vicia cracca. Tutted<br />

Vetch. 1796 Withering Brit. PL fed, 3) III. 638 Vtcia<br />

lathyroides. Strangle Vetch. Ibid. 639 V. lutea. Yellow<br />

Vetch. . . V. hybridt. Bastard Vetch. . . V. bithynica. Rough<br />

[see Tufted a. 3 J. 1813 (see Tare sb.'^ 4I.<br />

Vetch. 180s<br />

i8a9 Loudon KncycL PL (1836) 622 (Alany species]. 1843<br />

Penny Cycl. XXVl. 396 [Biennial, Pca-like, Bush, Roughpodded<br />

Yellow and Purple Vetch, etc.]. 1846-50 A. Wood<br />

Class-bk. Bot. 220 ViLia Americana. American Vetch...<br />

V. Carolinians. Carolinian Vetch... K. /^/r/w/crwa. Slender<br />

Vetch. 1850 Mlss Pratt Comtn. Things Seaside 78<br />

The rough-podded Yellow Vetch {Vicia lutea). Ibid. 79<br />

The smooth-podded Vetch (Vicia lan'igata). . .The rare<br />

rough-podded purple Vetch {Vicia Bithynica).<br />

4. Applied, with distinguishing terms, to plants<br />

of various genera more or less resembling vetches.<br />

See also milk-vetch Milk sb. 10 b, wood-z>etch.<br />

Ii56»-i7»7 (see Ax-fitch).] 1753 Chambers' Cycl. Suppl.<br />

App.^ •Ax-vetch, in botany, the English name of a genus<br />

of plants, called by authors secnridaca. 1760 J. Lee Introd.<br />

Bot. App. 330 Ax Vetch: see Hatchet Vetch. 1819 Louimjn<br />

EncycLFl. (1836) 636 /"^aca. * Bastard Vetch. ^^SiCha^^l•<br />

bers* CycL Suppl. s.v. Aphaca, 'I'here i.s only one known<br />

species of Aphaca, which is the yellow vetchling, called by<br />

* bind -weed- leaved vetch. 1578 Lvte Dodoens ^-z<br />

some the<br />

Of the "bitter Veche called in Greeke Orobus, and in latine<br />

Eruum. 1507 Gerarde Herbal 1051 Cich, or true Orobus<br />

..: in F^nglish it is called bitter Vetch. x66i Lovkll Hist.<br />

Anim. rKj.<br />

i8sa Hortus Anglicus II. 243 Lathyrus Nissolia. Crimson<br />

Lathyrus, or Grass Vetch. 1846^ * Hairy Vetch (see<br />

Creeping z'ctch]. 1597 Gerarde Herbal 1055 The first<br />

kinde of "hatchet Fetch, haih many small branches trailing<br />

..vpon the ground. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Peleeinus<br />

or Pelecinum,., Hatchet-vetch, a Weed that grows amidst<br />

Corn. 1728 Bpadlev Diet. Bot., Hedysarum,..\n English,<br />

Hatchet Vetch, or Sickle-wort. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot.<br />

App. 331 Hatchet Vetch, Coronilln. Ibid,, Clusius's foreign<br />

Hatchet Vetch, Biserrulet^ iSag Loudon Encyct. /*/. (1836;<br />

628 Coronilla Secnridaca. Hatchet- Vetch. Ibid. 638<br />

Biserrula Peleeinus. Bastard Hatchet Vetch. 1640 Parkinson<br />

Theat. Bot. logi The greater *Horse shooe Vetch.<br />

Ibid., Many codded Horse shooe Vetch. 1671 Skinner<br />

Etymol. Ling. .4ngl. LIll, Horshoe Vetch, Ferrum Equinum.<br />

ty6o }.hER Introd, Bot. App, S3t Horse-shoe Vetch,<br />

Hippocrepis. 1640 Parkinson Theat. Bot. ^x-j Galega...<br />

Some with us call it "Italian Vetch, but most commonly<br />

Goates Rue. 1718 Bradley Diet. Bot. s.v., Italian Vetch,<br />

or Goats-Rue, in Latin, Galega. 1597 Gerarde Herbal<br />

1060 "Kidney Vetch hath a staike of the height of a cubite.<br />

Ibid., The Starrie Kidney Vetch, called Stella leguminosa.<br />

S640 Parkinson Theat. Bot. 1094 Bladder Pease or Kidney<br />

Vetch of Spaine. Ibid., Crooked Kidney Vetch of Candy.<br />

17S3 Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Vulneraria, The common<br />

yellow- flowered Vnlneraria^ called kidney-vetch, and<br />

ladies finger. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. .-Xpp. 331 Kidney<br />

Vetch, Anthyllis. 1865 GossE Land ff Sea (1874) 7 The<br />

kidney vetch or lady's finger. 1640 Parkinson Theat. Bot.<br />

1098 The most common "Licoris Vetch. 1751 Miller Gard.<br />

Diet., Apios, the knobbed rooted Virginian Liquorice-<br />

Vetch. Ibid,, Astragalus, Wild Liquorice, or Liquorice<br />

Vetch. 1753 Chambers^ Cycl. Suppl. App. s.v., Liquorice*<br />

Vetch, the English name of a genus of plants, known<br />

among botanists by that of glycine. 188a [see Liquorice<br />

41- '597 Gerarde Herbal 1064 Onobryehis montana...<br />

Mountain 'Medick Fetch. 1753 Chambers' Cycl. Suppl.<br />

App. S.V., Medic-Vetch, the name by which many call the<br />

onobryehis. 1760 J. Lre Introd. Bot. App. 331 Medic<br />

Vetch, Hedysarum. 1731 Miller G^rrf. Diet. s.v. Orobus,<br />

Broad'leav d Creeping Orobus, with a small Pod, commonly<br />

caU'd, 'Venetian Vetcn. 1741 Compl. Fam. -Piece 11. iii, 367<br />

Persian Lilly, Lichnis, Venetian Vetch. 1578 Lyte Dodoens<br />

485 The "wilde Vetche [Galega a/^rraj. .serueth onely but<br />

for pasture, and feeding for cattell. 1597 Gerarde Herbal<br />

'053 Of the yellow wilde Fetch, or Tare euerlasting. 1640<br />

Parkinson Theat. Bot. 1067 Aphaca. The yellow wilde<br />

Vetch. 1715 Fam. Did. s.v-, The Seed of the Wild Vetch<br />

is bitter.<br />

5. attrib. and Comb.j as velck flower, -grass,<br />

'leaf, seed; vetch-ieaved, -like adjs.<br />

1715 Fain. Did. s.v.. Vetch Flower mixt with Honey, .will<br />

lake away Freckles. 1731 Miller Gard, Dict.%.\. Orobus,<br />

Wood Orobus, with Vetch-Leaves. 1753 Chambers' Cycl.<br />

Suppl. S.V. Onobryehis, The great, vetch-leaved onobryehis.<br />

Ibid., The Stone onobryehis, with long, and narrow, vetchlike<br />

leaves. Ibid., App.^.\. Grass, Vetch-grass, the English<br />

name of a distinct genus of plants called by authors nissolia.<br />

1831 J. F. .South tr. Otto's Path. Anat. 455 One [knot] as<br />

large as a date seed . . and a third of the size of a vetch seed.<br />

1845-50 M rs. Lincoln Led. Bot. 184 Vicia saliva. Common<br />

vetch-tare. 185a Mundy W«///*(»//« (1857) i4TheKennedya,<br />

with a purple vetch-like blossom.<br />

Vetch, southern diaL variant of Fetch v.<br />

Vetchling (vetjlig). Bot, Also 6 vitchelinge,<br />

7 fetchling. [f. Vbtch -f- -ling.]<br />

1. A plant or species of the genus Lathyrus<br />

(falso Hedysat-um) ;<br />

the genus itself.<br />

1578 Lyte Dodoens 485 Galega altera.. mAy also be wel<br />

called.. in English Small wilde Vetches or Vitchclinges.<br />

1640 [see buckler vetchling in 2]. 1753 Chambers' C^cl.<br />

Suppl. App., Vetchling, the English name of a distinct<br />

genus of plants, known among botanists by that of aphaca.<br />

1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 331 Vetchling, Hedysarum.<br />

i8aa Hortus Anglicus IL 243 Lathyrus Apkacn. Yellow<br />

Lathyrus, or Vetchling. 184a C. W. Johnson Farmers<br />

Encycl. 1 216/2 There are seven indigenous species of vetchling,<br />

or everlasting pea. 1861 S. Thomson IViid Fl. (ed. 4)<br />

III. 200 We have a good many., vetches and vetchHngs. 1894<br />

Daily News 5 June 6/5 Mineral manures, including potash,<br />

give a great development of clover, vetchlings, &c.<br />

2. With distinguishing terms.<br />

1777 Jacob Catal. Plants 57 Lathyrus Pratensis, Tare<br />

everlasting, or common yellow ''bastard Vetchling. 1640<br />

Parkinson Thent. Bot. 1082 Onobryehis elyPeata asjAera<br />

minor. The lesSer 'buckler Fetchling. 184a Hooker Brit.<br />

Flora L 90 L. A^mo//a,..*crimson Vetchling, or Grass<br />

Vetch. 1796 Withering Brit. PI. (ed. 3) IIL 635 Lathyrus<br />

paitistris. Chickling Vetch. *Marsh Vetchling. Ibid,<br />

634 Laihyms pratensis. Common Yellow, or *Meadow<br />

Vetchling. 1834 Brit. Husb. L 511 Lathyrus pratensis, or<br />

meadow vetchling, furnishes a copious, succulent and tender<br />

herbage, 1903 Cornish Naturalist Thames 174 Meadow<br />

vetchling and the tall meadow crowfoot. 1578 Lvte Dodoens<br />

484 Saint F'oin. *Medick Vetcheling. 1731 Miller Gard.<br />

Did, S.V. Onobryehis, Smaller Cock*s-head, with rough<br />

Fruit or Medick Vetchling. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App.<br />

331 Medic Vetchling, Hedysarum. 1843 Hooker Brit.<br />

Flora 89 Lathyrus hirsutus, L., *rough-podded Vetchling.<br />

1753 Chambers' Cycl. Suppl., Aphaca,. .\\v^ ^yellow vetchling.<br />

1775 Essays Agric. 426 The common yellow vetchling,<br />

Lathyrus pratensis, or everlasting tare. 1863 GossE<br />

in Intell. Observer III. 318 The hedgerows are still gay with<br />

flowers; the abundant yellow vetchling, two species of St.<br />

John's wort, the toad-flax ..and hawkweeds supply the<br />

golden colours. 1880 Jefferies Gt. Estate 138 The yellow<br />

vetchling had climbed up from the ditch.<br />

Vetchy (ve'tji),a. rare, [f. Vetch -t- -v.] Composed<br />

of, abounding in, vetches.<br />

1579 Spensf-R Sheph. Cat. Sept. 256 If to my cotage thou<br />

wilt resort, ..There mayst thou Hgge in a veichy bed. 1806<br />

J. Grahame Birds o/Scot. 26 The blooming, vetchy ridge.<br />

Vete, obs. Sc. form of Wet v.. Wit v.<br />

Veteran (veteran), sb. and a. Also 6-7 veterane,<br />

7 -ant, veterean. [a. older F. veteran (F,<br />

vetirany = It., Sp., Pg. veterano), or ad. L. veteranus,<br />

i, veler-j vetus old.]<br />

A. sb. 1. One who has had long experience in<br />

an old soldier.<br />

1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxvii. (Percy Soc) 132 The<br />

military service ;<br />

sturdy knight well named Fortitude. With the noble vetcrane<br />

syr Consuetude. 1681 tr. Willis' Rem. Med. Whs.<br />

Vocab., Veterans, old soldiers. 1700 Astrv tr. Saavedra-<br />

Faxardo II. 248 Even Veterans, who had never kept Guard.<br />

1758 Johnson Idler No. 8 F9 A sound that will force<br />

the bravest veteran to drop his weapon, and desert<br />

his rank. 1769 Junius Lett, xxxiv. (1788) 170 Military<br />

governments, which were intended for the support of<br />

worn-out veterans. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles iv. xix. Veterans<br />

of early fields were there. Whose helmets press'd<br />

their hoary hair. 1843 Pbescoti Mexico 111. ix. (1864) 190<br />

Then came the Spanish infantry, who in a summer's campaign<br />

had acquired the discipline and the weather-beaten<br />

aspect of veterans. i88a Rhys Celtic Brit. iii. 80 Ostorius<br />

establishes a strong colony of veterans at Camulodunon.<br />

2. One who hns seen long service in any office or<br />

position ; an experienced or aged person.<br />

1597 Hooker Eccl, Pol. v. xlii. §5 The Arrians for the<br />

credit of their faction take the eldest, the best experienced,<br />

the most wary and the longest practised Veterans they had<br />

amongst them. 1721 Wollaston Relig.Nat. ii. 34 Asiurdy<br />

veteran in roguery. 178a Miss Bubnev Cecilia 11. ii. 152<br />

The servants were all veterans, gorgeous in their liveries.<br />

1857 Dickens Dorrit 11. vi. Miss Fanny. .said the usual<br />

nothings with the skill of a veteran.<br />

trans/. 1774 Goldsm. Nat, Hist. {1776) III, 22 The new<br />

backely [South African ox] is then joined with one of the<br />

veterans of his own kind, from whom he learns his art.<br />

1837 Whewell Hist, Induct. Sci. I. 422 Sending into the<br />

field a reserve of new physical reasonings on the rout and<br />

dispersion of the veterans.<br />

Comb. 1850 R. G. Gumming Hunter's Life S. Afr. (1902)<br />

95/1 Several of the adjacent veteran- looking trees.<br />

B. adj» L Of soldiers: Having much experience<br />

in warfare or military matters ; long practised or<br />

exercised in war.<br />

161X Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xvi. 2 Veterant Souldiers,<br />

most of which were of skill sufficient to be Commanders<br />

themselues. 165a Earl Monm. tr. Bentivoglio's Hist.<br />

Relat. 170 The Veteran Souldiery of the United Provinces.<br />

1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 55 The veterane Janizaries<br />

were all cither slain or dead. 1759 in loM Rep. Hist. AISS.<br />

Comm. Apj). I. 316 So much has the present War drain'd<br />

them of their Veteran Troops, 1781 Gibbon Decl. lir F. xviii.<br />

(1787) II, 121 The loss of a veteran army, sufficient to defend<br />

the frontiers. 1839 Scott Anne of G. xxxiii, <strong>Here</strong> report<br />

said, that Adrian de Bubenberg, a veteran knight of Berne,<br />

commanded. 1849 Macaulav Hist. Eng, iv. I. 460 His professional<br />

skill commanded the respect of veteran officers.<br />

1870 Emerson Soc. ^ Solit., Courage Wks. (Bohn) III. 108<br />

It is the veteran soldier, who, seeing the flash of the cannon,<br />

can step aside from the path of the ball.<br />

2. Of persons in general : Grown old in service<br />

experienced by long usage or practice.<br />

X7a8 Chambers CvcL s.v., A Veteran Counsellor has a<br />

Voice and Seat at Audiences. 1789 Belsham Ess. II. xl.<br />

502 Did it never occur to this veteran politician that there<br />

are degrees of misconduct? 1814 Dibdin Libr. Comp.<br />

528 The veteran English author was not slow to reply.<br />

1849 Macaulav Hist. Eng. il I, 255 Godolphin had, .early<br />

acquired ail the flexibility and the self-possession of a veteran<br />

courtier. 1883 B. Smith Life Ld. Lawrence II. xxviii, 532<br />

The veteran Viceroy walked round to the sacred spot.<br />

trans/. 1847 Stoddart Anglers Comp. 250 Give me, , the<br />

rush of some veteran water-monarch, or the gambol. .of a<br />

plump new-run grilse.<br />

3. Of things : Old ; long-continued, rare.<br />

1653 Gauden Hterasp. 44 Our old bottcls and veterane<br />

Wines. .are sound, sweet, well-refined, and full of spirits.<br />

1710 Prideal'x Grig. Tithes iv. 208 The payment of Tithes<br />

was grown to be a Veteran and thorough settled Constitution<br />

of this Kingdom. 183a Longf. Coplas de Manrique<br />

Ixvi, By great And veteran service to the state,.. He stood<br />

. .The proudest knight of chivalry.<br />

Hence Veterancy, the state or condition of<br />

being a veteran. Ve'teraness, a female veteran.<br />

Te*teranise v. U.S, a. trans. To render a<br />

veteran, b. inlr. To re-enlist as a soldier.<br />

190a Daily Chron. 23 July 5/3 This cricketer. .is now, in<br />

his 'veterancy, both batting and bowling better than ever<br />

before. x88o Sat. Rev. 8 May 588 On the platform, .many<br />

heroines gathered, some of them "veteranesses in this war<br />

and others recruits to the cause. 1884 A. jf. Johnson's


VETEBASCENT.<br />

Umiv, CycL (1893) I. 355/2 The proportion was at first a<br />

little over three pieces for 1,000 infantry, but as the latter<br />

became more "veteranized this was reduced to about two<br />

pieces. 1891 Ce<br />

of pardon.<br />

Vetiver (vctivaj). Also -veyr, -vert, vitivert.<br />

[ad. F. v^tyver^ ad. Tamil vettiverti (f. ver<br />

root).] = Cuscua-.<br />

[1846 LiNDLEv Veget. Kingd. 113 The Anatherum muricatum,<br />

called Vetiver by the French, and Khus in India.]<br />

1858 SiMMONDS Diet. Trade, Vetiveyr, a name for the<br />

Khuskus grass ; a scent or perfume so named. 1883 /bid.,<br />

Vetivert, a perfumer's name for kuskus root. 1886 Buck's<br />

Handbk. Med. Sci. II. 308/1 Aromatic substances, such as<br />

vanilla, tonba bean, orris, and vetiver root. 1899 M. Thornhill<br />

Haunts Indian Official 18, I saw some [roots of Khus-<br />

khus] once years ago in a shop in Bond Street. It was there<br />

' known under the name of vltivert'.<br />

Vetles, southern ME. variant of Fetles Obs.<br />

Veto (vrti7), sb. [a. L. veto I forbid (ist pers,<br />

sing. pres. ind. oi vetdre) j the word by which the<br />

Roman tribunes of the people opposed measures<br />

of the Senate or actions of the magistrates. Hence<br />

also F., Sp., Pg., It. veto.]<br />

1. A prohibition having for its object or result<br />

the prevention of a proposed or intended act ; the<br />

power of thus preventing or checking action by<br />

prohibition. Freq. in phr. to put (also p/ace, set)<br />

a veto on or upon (something).<br />

1629 Sir W. Mure True Crucijix 1108 Hee who doth<br />

exalt Himselfe to raigne, . . Dare gainst this Law most impudently<br />

stand, And God's great Veto boldly counter-mand.<br />

1654 Trapf Comm., Zach. \\. 13 God . . refraineth the remainder<br />

of mans wrath. ..If he do but. .Interpose his Veto.<br />

1788 H. VValpole Remin. in Lett. (1857) I. p. cxyiii, They<br />

persuaded her to demand of the new King an earl's coronet<br />

for Lord Bathurst. She did— the Queen put in her veto,<br />

and Swift.. returned to Ireland [etc.]. 1794 U. Price Ess.<br />

Picturesque 1. 43 note, Had I not advanced too far to think<br />

of retreating, I might possibly have been deterred by so<br />

absolute a veto from such authority. 1809 Syd. Smith Wks.<br />

{1859) I. 139/1 It is not the practice with destroyers of vermin<br />

to allow the little victims a veto upon the weapons used<br />

against them, 1837 Lockhart Scott III. x. 323 Upon this<br />

ingenious proposition Scott at once set his veto. 1866 Geo.<br />

Eliot F. Holt xxiv, The Rector had beforehand put a veto<br />

on any Dissenting qhairman. 1B67 Baker NiU Tribut. xv.<br />

{1872) 255 They were much displeased at my immediately<br />

placing a veto upon their bloody intentions.<br />

trans/. 1865 Mozley Mirac. lii. 73^ Confounding the resistance<br />

of impression to a miracle with the veto of reason.<br />

2. spec. The act, on the part of a competent<br />

person or body, of preventing or checking legislative<br />

or other political action by the exercise of a<br />

prohibitory power ; the right or power to interpose<br />

prohibition against the passing, or putting in<br />

force, of an enactment or measure.<br />

[1759 E. W. Montagu Anc. Republics JiTi The Carthaginian<br />

constitution, where the single, Veto, of one discontented<br />

senator, referr'd the decision of the most important<br />

affair to a wrong-headed, ungovernable populace.] 1792 A.<br />

Young Trav. Fratu:e 127, I was- .answered, that the King<br />

of France must have no veto on the will of the nation. 1806<br />

Gazetteer Scot. (ed. 2) p. xxviii, In fact, though the king<br />

possessed no veto.^ yet . . nothing could come before parliament<br />

which could require his negative. 1841 .W. Spalding Italy<br />

9f It. Isl. 1. 87 He deprived the plebeian tribunes of every<br />

prerogative except the veto, which he restricted to certain<br />

cases. j86o Motley Netherl. (1868) II. xii. 112 It could<br />

neither enact its own decrees nor interpose a veto on the<br />

decrees of the Governor. 1888 BRVCE/4?«^r, Commw. I.<br />

xvi. 232 The President's veto kills off some vicious measures.<br />

\i. Without article.<br />

1837 Carlvle Fr. Rev. i. vii. i, Journalism is busy, France<br />

rings with Veto. 1879 M. Arnold Mixed Ess., Irish Catkol.<br />

124 The bishops claimed, .the right of veto on the appointment<br />

of professors.<br />

3. attrib., as veto power, proposition, etc.<br />

Veto Act, an act of the General Assembly of the Church<br />

of Scotland, passed in 1834, providing that no minister<br />

should be presented to a parish against the wish of the<br />

congregation.<br />

1838 Edinb. Christian Instructor Jan. 47 Cases of Tain<br />

and Strathbogie.—Veto Act. 1840 in Acts Gen. Assembly<br />

(1B43) 1103 The act anent calls, called the Veto Act. 1861<br />

W. J. FiTZ-pATRicK Life Doyle (1880) I. 163 The friends of<br />

the Catholic claims had abandoned the old veto propositions.<br />

1883 Harper's Mag. Nov. 941/2 While it did not give them<br />

actiial control, [it] allowed the exercise of a veto power<br />

somewhat akin to it.<br />

VETTUMNO.<br />

Veto (vrttf), V. [f. prec]<br />

1. trans. To put a veto on, to refuse consent to;<br />

to stop or block by this means : a. With reference<br />

to legislative measures or similar matters.<br />

1706 Hearne Collect, i Apr. (O.H.S.) I. 213 Letters for<br />

degrees, .vetoed, by the Proctors. 1837 Ht. Martineau<br />

Soc, Amer. II. 210 Mr. Monroe vetoed the bill authorising<br />

the collection of tolls for the repair of the Cumberland road.<br />

1861 yiKY Const. Hist. (1863) III. xvii. 572 Measures passed<br />

by tlie assembly were refused by the council, or vetoed by<br />

the governor. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. I. i. vi. 74<br />

Washington vetoed (to use the popular expression) two bills<br />

only. Ibid. App. 563 The President is permitted to veto<br />

any particular Item.<br />

b. In general use.<br />

1879 E. K. Bates Egypt. Bonds I. vii. 146 Fred's common<br />

sense vetoes this suggestion at once, 1886 H. F. Lester<br />

Under T1V0 Fig Trees 7 The area garden plan was unanimously<br />

vetoed. 1902 BucHAN Watcher by Threshold 1^2,<br />

I proposed shooting, which he promptly vetoed.<br />

trans/. 1871 E. F. Burr Ad Fidem iv. 66 [God] will be<br />

hampered by no necessity of general laws. The nature of<br />

free moral agents will not veto His activity.<br />

2. To refuse to admit or accept (a person).<br />

1885 Graphic 24 Jan. 74/2 The right of vetoing persons<br />

whom they deemed ineligible. 1891 Spectator 21 Mar., The<br />

power of choosing their own Prime Minister, and ..the<br />

power of immediately vetoing and removing him.<br />

Hence Ve'toed ///. a, ; Ve-toing vbl. sb. and<br />

ppi. a. Also Ve'toer, one who vetoes.<br />

1893 Sir a. Gordon Earl 0/ Aberdeen vi. 144 Another<br />

vetoed minister. .applied to the Court of Session to issue<br />

a similar decree.. on his behalf. 1888 A'«w York Weekly<br />

Tribune 24 Oct. i (Cent.), *Vetoer. 1892 Columbus (Ohio)<br />

Dispatch 27 Sept., Cleveland's record as a vetoer of jpension<br />

bills. 1867 Latham Black (^ White Ti. The President.,<br />

used his pardoning and his *vetoing powers. 1890 Daily<br />

News 12 July 5/5 A total of 433 Presidential vetolngs in the<br />

century 1789-1889. 1892 Pa/l Mall G. 18 Feb. 2/2 The<br />

committee suggested the establishment of a controlling and<br />

vetoing body.<br />

Ve'toism. rare. [f. Veto j^. + -I8M.] Exercise<br />

or advocacy of the power of veto.<br />

1897 Westm. Gaz. 17 Dec. (Cassell's Suppl.), Vetoism has<br />

nothing to say against the immense amount spent in that<br />

way.<br />

Vetoist (v/'tiJiist). [f. Veto sb. + -ist.] One<br />

who exercises the right, or supports the use, of the<br />

veto ; one who advocates the possession of a power<br />

of veto, esp. for some particular purpose.<br />

The term has been specifically applied to supporters of<br />

(a) a veto on the appointment of Roman Catholic bishops in<br />

Ireland, {b) the Veto Act of the CImrch of Scotland, (c) local<br />

veto on the sale of liquor.<br />

i8z2 Netv Monthly Mag. V. 484 A little further on you<br />

will come upon another, a group of learned vetoists and<br />

antl-vetoists. 1832 Blackw. Mag. XXXI. 355 The vetoists<br />

..intimate their disapprobation by hissing the unfortunate<br />

performer. 1840 Gladstone Ch. Pi inc. 489 The principle<br />

for which the Vetoists contend I believe Is . . really this [etc.].<br />

X863 A. H. Charteris Life J. Robertson iv. 68 If. .the<br />

vetoists desired to give effect to the people's conscientious<br />

objections. 1896 IVestm. Gaz. 25 Nov. 5/2 He considers<br />

that unless the Liberal Party is dissociated from the Temperance<br />

reformers and Vetoists . . its future will be disastrous.<br />

Hence Vetoi'stic, Vetoi'sticaX adjs.<br />

1815 D. O'Connell in W. J. Amherst Hist. Cath.<br />

Emancip. (1886) 11. 183 He came into Ireland on a veto-<br />

Istical mission. 1861 W. J. Fitz-Pathick Li/e Doyle (1S80)<br />

I. 163 Dr. Milner branded Mr. Pluiiket's bills as vetoistic.<br />

1862 F.C. HusENBETH Life Bp. Milner i^s His subsequent<br />

uniform opposition to every form of Vetoistical arrangement.<br />

t Vetonfy. Obs. Also 5 vetoyne, 6 Sc. vetouii,<br />

veyton, 7 vett'ny. [a. AF. *vetonie, OP\<br />

vetoine, var. (after L. vettonicd) of betoine Betony.]<br />

The plant betony.<br />

a 1400 Stockholm Med. MS. 11. 99 in Anglia XVIII. 310<br />

Betoyne is ^e erbis name, And vetonye eke in same, c 1440<br />

in Thornton Romances p. xx.xvi. Take vervayne, or vetoyne,<br />

or filles of wormod, and make lee therof. 15^9<br />

Compl. Scot. vL 67, I sau veyton, the decoctione of it is<br />

remeid for ane sair hede. 1568 Skevne The Pest (i860) 25<br />

Of herbis. . . Pimpinell, Vetoun, Finkill. a 1689 Mrs. Behn<br />

tr. Co7vley's Plants C.'s Wks. 1711 III. 295 From Spanish<br />

Woods the wholsom Vett'ny came, The only Glory of the<br />

Vettons Name.<br />

Vette, southern ME. var. Fat v., Fet v.<br />

Vettell, obs. form of Victual sb.<br />

(vetz7*ra). [It. :— L. vectura, con-<br />

II Vettura<br />

veyance, carriage, f. vect-, vek^re to convey.] A<br />

I<br />

four-wheeled carriage used in Italy.<br />

1792 [see next i]. 1851 J. Gibson in Lady Eastlake Life<br />

iii. (1870) 45, I proceeded on my way in the vettura. 1M3<br />

C. E. Norton Lett. (1913) II. x. 152 We took a Uttle one<br />

horse vettura and drove, -to Ponte Grande.<br />

llVetturino (vetwrrn^?). PI. -ini. Also 7<br />

-ine. [It., f. vettura : see prec]<br />

1. In Italy : One who lets out carriages or horses<br />

on hire ; also, a driver of a vettura.<br />

In early use, one who provided horses and made other<br />

arrangements for the convenience of travellers whom he<br />

accompanied on a journey.<br />

1617 MouvsoN Itin. i. 99 We agreed with a Vetturine or<br />

letter of horses, that each of us paying him fiftie five Poli,<br />

hee should finde us horses, and horsemeate, and our owne<br />

diet to Rome.


VETUST. 167 VEXATION.<br />

Brescia; but.. I insisted that he should not come for me<br />

without his rcttiira. c 1820 S. Rogers Italy, Harper {iZ^Z)<br />

232 note, Within a crazed and tattered vehicle, .. Then degraded,<br />

and belonging to a Vetturino. 1883 W. H. Russell<br />

in igth Cent. Sept. 483 Asserting my right of way notwithstanding<br />

the fierce opposition of many of the local vetturini,<br />

I toiled up the steep ascent for the hotel. 1905 R. Bagot<br />

Passport xi. 104, I must drive back to Genzano. I told the<br />

veiturino to wait.<br />

2. = Vkttuba. *<br />

1789 A. VousG Autobiog. (1898) viii. 176, I went by a<br />

z'ctturino to Turin. 1857 Ladv A(organ Autobiog. iii.<br />

(1862) I. 16 A lumbering post-coach, the Irish veiturino,<br />

' the leattiern convenience of that time {like those of Italy<br />

of the present day). i88i Blackw, Mag. July 122/1 The<br />

lumbering veiturino . .vizs packed with the jolly party of<br />

bachelors !<br />

3. attrib., as vettunno-carriage^ -fashion, etc.<br />

1838 Murray's Hand-Bk. N. Genu. 193 In vetturino<br />

travelling, he must expect to start at break of day, in all<br />

weathers. 1851 Helps Comp. Solit. \\. 82 It wasnecessary<br />

to stay some time {for we travelled vetturino- fashion) at the<br />

little post-house. 1859 Lever Dai\ Dunn Ixx, A miserablelooking<br />

vetturino carriage stood at the inn door.<br />

VetU'St, a- rare, [ad. L. vetnstus^ related to<br />

veins old.] Old, ancient.<br />

x6«3 CocKEBAM 1, 1637 Bastwick Ahsiv, Inform. Sir<br />

y. Bauks 1 1 Neither novell nor hereticall but according to<br />

both the Divine Scriptures and all Antient trueth, and the<br />

vetustest Bishops, and by the whole clergy of England in<br />

King Henry the eights dayes. 1847 Blackxv. Mag. LXI.<br />

748 This is something too vetust to abide the shock of any<br />

agitation.<br />

Hence Vetu'stness, 'ancientness, antiquity \<br />

1727 Bailev (vol. II).<br />

Ve'tusty. rare-"^. [s^^.Y.,vetustas,Uvetustusi<br />

see prec] Antiquity.<br />

1861 J. H. Bennet IFiftter Medit. m. xv. (1875) 499 Some<br />

had on two or even three of these bournous,..in various<br />

degrees of vetusty and dilapidation.<br />

tVeuterer. Obs. Also veutrer. [ad. AF.<br />

veuirier: see Fewterer, and cf. Vautereb.] As<br />

an epithet of a hound : Employed for hunting.<br />

c 1410 Master o/Game (MS. Digby 182) xv, O^^er \>^x be<br />

()at men clepeth alauntes veutreres. Ibid.^ pat other nature<br />

of .ilauntes is ycleped veuterercs.<br />

Veveres, obs. Sc. form of Viveks, provisions.<br />

Veveri, erron. obs. form of Ivoby.<br />

Vew (vi«). north, dial. Also 6 veiwo, 7-9<br />

iriew, 7 vewe, vue. [Prob. an alteration of Yew,]<br />

A yew-tree, or the wood of this.<br />

16.. in Weber Floddon Field {iZd&) 2,'&i A Scottishe Mynstrell<br />

. . broughte a bowe of vewe to drawe. 1699 M. Lister<br />

jfoum. Paris 215 <strong>Here</strong> are several Acres of young Pines,<br />

Cypresses, Vues, &c. 1796 Pegck Derbictsms Ser. i<br />

(E.D.S.) 79 Vevjor Viciv,. .the yew tree. x8s8-in northern<br />

dial glossaries (Yks., Lanes., Chesh., Derby).<br />

attrib. er adamyseU<br />

was vexid with a fend. 1487 Munitn, de iT/^/rof (Bann.Cl.)<br />

618, I sail neuer inquiet, vex, nor diiitrubit ^ said Abbot<br />

and conucnt. 1535 Coverdale 2 Mace. viii. 32 They slewe<br />

Philarches that wicked personne, which was with Timotheus,<br />

and had vexed many lewes. x^oXiKV^vcSUidane's<br />

Comm. 184 b, He,, .to ihend he might vex the Turkes in an<br />

other quarter, was fully resolved to go foreward. 1576<br />

Flemin*; Panopl. E^ist. 383 By who-;e meanes I am so<br />

molested, vexecl, & disquieted. 1617 Morvson Hin. n. 95<br />

His Lordship hereupon had called the Counsellors to Tredagh,<br />

. . to deliberate how the Army might be imployed most<br />

to vex Tyrone. 1651 Hobbes Leviathan ir. xxvi. 142 He<br />

docs unjustly, and bewrayeth a disposition rather to vex<br />

other men, than to demand his own right. 1738 Weslev<br />

Psalms 11. V, Then shall He in his Wrath address, And vex<br />

his baffled^ Enemies. s8si Shellev Adonais xxxv, Let me<br />

not vex, with inharmonious sighs, The silence of that heart's<br />

accepted sacrifice. 184^ Polson in Kncycl. Metrop. 11.<br />

723/1 When intestine divisions vex a state. 1850 TenkvsoN<br />

In Mem, xxix. With such compelling cause to grieve<br />

As daily vexes household peace. 1887 Bowen Mneid vi.<br />

Ill A thousand arrows, that vexed our flight as we came,<br />

Safe from the ranks of the foemen.<br />

b. Const, with (some action, etc.).<br />

a 1540 Barnes IVks. (1573) 246/1, I wyll bryng you S.<br />

Augusiines wordes, the which was vexed of the Donatistes<br />

wyth thys same reason, a 154S Hall Chron,, Hen. IV,<br />

16b, It was not sufficient.., this realme to be. .vexed with<br />

thecraftie practicesand invencions of the Frenche men. i6jo<br />

Holland Camden's Brit, (1637) 126 They never ceased to<br />

vexe the Britans with skirmishes and in-roades. 1641 J.<br />

Jackson True Evang, T. 1. 40 So did hee ve.xe the Church<br />

with various and interchangeable pomp of sufferances. 1667<br />

Milton P.L,. ii. 801 These yelling Monsters, .bursting forth<br />

Afresh with conscious terrours vex me round. 18*7 Pollock<br />

Course of Time 111. (1869) 62 Whom she praised to-day.<br />

Vexing his ear with acclamations loud.<br />

C. To worry (one) out of something, rare"^.<br />

1878 Prodigal Son iii. 103 Such openhanded fellows are<br />

not often to be found. So we must fasten on him, till we<br />

have stolen and vexed him out of all he has.<br />

2. Of diseases, etc. : To afflict or distress physic-<br />

ally ; to affect with pain or suffering. Now poet.<br />

1489 Caxton Faytes ofA. in. xxi. 219 To putte in pryson<br />

a man that is vexed with suche a maladie what a valyauntnes<br />

were it. 1509 Fisher Funeral Scrm. C'tess Richmond<br />

Wks. (1876) 300 To endure the moost paynful crampes soo<br />

greuously vexynge her. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII,<br />

179 b. He was so sore vexed with the gout that he refused<br />

all suche solempnities. 1596 Mascall Cattle 208 Although<br />

they \_sc. sheep] are housed, they are oftentimes vexed with<br />

cold, a 1614 Donne Biaflai'OTo? (1644) 147 After the persecutors<br />

had beat out her teeth, and vexed her with many<br />

other tortures. 1746 Francis tr. Horace, Epist. i. vi. 42<br />

Would You not wish to cure th' acuter Pains, That rack thy<br />

tortur'd Side, or vex thy Reins? 1784 Cowper Ttuk 1. 582<br />

Feigning sickness oft. They swathe the forehead, drag the<br />

limping limb. And vex their flesh with artificial sores. 1817<br />

Keats On the Sea 9 Oh ye ! who have your eye-balls vex a<br />

and tir'd. Feast them upon the wideness of the Sea.<br />

transf. 1601 R. Johnson Kingd. 9f Comynw. (1603) 22 It<br />

is most certaine, that Flaunders and Brabant are more vexed<br />

with colde and yce then England. 1718 Pope Iliad \\\. 5<br />

When inclement winters vex the plain With piercing frosts,<br />

or thick-descending rain. 18x0 Shelley Prometh. Unb. i.<br />

i6p Lightning and Inundation vexed the plains.<br />

absol. a 1614 D. Dyke Myst. Selfdeceiving 42 The stone<br />

. . so bedded in the bladder, that it cannot greatly vexe.<br />

3. To afflict with mental agitation or trouble ; to<br />

make anxious or depressed; to distress deeply or<br />

seriously ; to worry with anxiety or thought.<br />

1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. clxxiv. Though that my spirit vexit<br />

was tofore In sueuenyng, alssone as euer I woke, By<br />

twenty fold it was in trouble more. 1500-so Dunbar Poems<br />

Ixix. 12, I walk, I turne, sleip may I nocht. I vexit am<br />

with havy thocht. 1535 Coverdale Dan. v. 9 Then was the<br />

kynge sore afrayed,..and his lordes were sore vexed. 1596<br />

Spenser /^ ^. vi. v. 6 She,. day and night did vexe her<br />

carefull thought, And euer more and more her owne affliction<br />

wrought. 1605 Shaks. Lear v. iii. 313 Vex' not his<br />

ghost, O let him passe. 1651 C. Cartwright Cert. Relig,<br />

1. 83 Thus doe we sec Christ to be on all sides so vexed, as<br />

being over-whelmed with desperation. s8o6 Wordsw. Horn<br />

Egremont Castle $$ It was a pang that vexed him then;<br />

And oft returned, again, and yet again. 1847 Helps Friends<br />

in C. 1. viii. 1 54 Most of us know what it is to vex our minds<br />

because we cannot recall some name, or trivial thing, which<br />

has escaped our memory for the moment. 1880 Watson<br />

Prince's Quest (1892) 15 There fell a sadness on him, thus to<br />

be Vext with desire of her he might not see. Yet could not<br />

choose but long for.<br />

b. refi. (In later use passing into sense 4.)<br />

r 1440 Alphabet of Tales 128 pis preste gretlie blamyd<br />

hym for his syn,. .& J>is man wexid hym [= himself] gretlie<br />

and slew hym. 15*6 Tindale John xi. 33 He groned in his<br />

sprct and vexed hym silfe and sayde : Where have ye layed<br />

hym? 1579 Lvlv Euphues (Arb.) 148 Not to eate opr<br />

heartes : that is, that wee shoulde not vexe our selues with<br />

thoughts. i6zx Bible 2 Sam, xii. 18 How will he then vexe<br />

himselfe, if we tell him that tlie childe is dead? a 1653<br />

Binning Serm. (1845) 123 Ye toil and vex yourselves and<br />

spend your time about that body and life. 183a J. J.<br />

Blunt Sk^ Reform. Eng. ii. 35 He vexes himself because<br />

he cannot maxe a hundred watches go by his own. 1873<br />

* OmxiK'' Pascarel \. ^\ Why will you vex yourself about<br />

your father 7<br />

c. To trouble, exercise, or embarrass in respect<br />

of a solution.<br />

i6it Brerewood Lang, ff Relig. f>Z, I could produce other<br />

forceable reasons, such as might.. vex the best wit in the<br />

world to give them just solution. 1871 Markbv Elem.Laiv<br />

§ 531 No subject has vexed English judges more than the<br />

question, what remedy a debtor has for a wrongful . . sale by<br />

a creditor of property which he holds as security.<br />

4. To affect with a feeling of dissatisfaction,<br />

annoyance, or irritation ; to cause (one) to fret,<br />

grieve, or feel unhappy.<br />

a 1450 Mirk's Festial 57 pe forme woman Eue vexude<br />

God more J>en dyd man. a 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie)<br />

Chron, Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 33 This wexit him mair nor all the<br />

troubillis that he had of befoir, and [he] was the mair crabbit<br />

with him sellffe [etc.]. 1591 Shaks. Ttoo Gent, iv, iv. 66<br />

Away, I .say : stayest thou to vexe me here ? 1613 —<br />

Hen. VIII, II. iv. 130 They vexe me past my patience. i66a<br />

in Verney Mem. (1Q07) II. 182 It vexes my very soul to<br />

heare how the base bumpkins triumph. 1676 Hobbes Iliad<br />

I. 312 Which, angry as he is, will vexe him worse. 1710<br />

Swift Lett. (1767J III. 37 Thebishop-.complainsof my not<br />

writing ; and what vexes me, says he knows you have long<br />

letters from me every week. 1714 Lady M. W. Montagu<br />

Let. to IV. Montagu (1887) I. 95 Your letter very much<br />

vexed me, 1809 Malkin GH Bias x. viii. (Rtldg.) 358<br />

Nothing vexes me, but that Antonia has not a thumping<br />

fortune to bring with her. 1835 Politeness ^ Gd.'breeding<br />

28 This boy or girl.. who never sneers at or jeers you, or<br />

tries to vex your feelings. 189a Law Rep., IVeekly Notes<br />

188/1 The defendant had been maliciously making nmses<br />

for the mere purpose of vexing and annoying the pTainnflfs.<br />

\<br />

b. In pa. pple., freq. const, at or iviih.<br />

C1460 Toivneley Myst.xxi. 187 Sir, year vexed at all, And<br />

perauentur he shall here after pleas you. 1555 Phafr<br />

Aineid II. 31 For amends to Pallas wrath, so vext with sore<br />

oflTence. x6ii Cotgr., Se Mar?-ir, to grieue, or sorrow for,<br />

. . be sad, or vexed at, 1664 in Verney Mem. (1907) 1 1. 204<br />

I am slepy and vexet, and now I fear I have vexed you.<br />

X711 Addison Sped. No. 165 f 6 The Curate.., upon the<br />

reading of it, being vexed to see any thing he could not<br />

understand. 1736 Butler Anal. i. iii. Wks. 1874 I. 55 That<br />

inward feeling, which,.. in familiar speech, we call being<br />

vexed with oneself. 1783 Johnson in Boswell Life 15<br />

May, I would have knocked the factious dogs on the head,<br />

to be sure; but I was not vexed. 1833 Ht. Martinf.au<br />

Briery Creek ii. 26 He was amused at some of his foibles,<br />

vexed at others. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. ni. v, A little<br />

vexed that she had spoken precipitately. 1885 'Mrs.<br />

Alexander ' At Bay i, I am always vexed with people who<br />

don't care what they eat.<br />

c. To irritate or tease (an animal).<br />

a 1700 Evelyn Diary 19 Sept. 1657, 2 Virginian rattlesnakes,.,<br />

when vexed, swifily vibrating and shaking their<br />

tailes. 1770 Langhorne Plutarch (1851) II. 1002/2 She<br />

vexed and pricked it [an asp] with a gnlden spindle till it<br />

seized her arm. 1835 Lvtton Rienzi i. iv, Vex not too far<br />

the lion, chained though he be,<br />

6. inir. To be distressed in mind; to feel unhappy<br />

or dissatisfied ; to fret or grieve. Also<br />

const, at.<br />

Common in the 17th cent. ; now rare or Obs,<br />

iS9a Greene Groat's W. Wit Wks. iGrosart) XII. 122 A<br />

yong Gentleman,, .vexing that the sonne of a farmer should<br />

be so preferred, cast in his minde by what meanes.. he might<br />

steale away the Bride. 1598 Marston Scourge of Villanie<br />

III. viii. (1599) 214, I doe sadly grieue, and inly vexe. To<br />

viewe the base dishonour of our sexe. i6zi Lady M. Wroth<br />

Urania 346 If. .we should faile, I should hate my selfe, and<br />

vexe incessantly at my fortune. 1663 Bp. Patrick Parab.<br />

/'/^fr. xxxiii.(i6S7) 412 It makes us vexif webecrossedin the<br />

least of our desires, a 167a Wilkins Nat. Relig. 257 Men<br />

usually vex and repine at that which is extraordinary and unusual.<br />

1770 Mrs. ThraleZ.^//. to yohnsoniijSS) I. 31 Mr.<br />

Thrale particularly vexes lest you should not see Matlock<br />

on a moon-light night. 180^ Charlotte Smith Conversations,<br />

etc. 1. 137 But since it is so, . . I must not vex about it.<br />

H. 6. trans. To disturb by causing physical<br />

movement, commotion, or alteration ; to agitate,<br />

toss about, work, belabour or tenr up, etc.<br />

i6a7 Hakewill Apol. (1630) 151 Even there where they<br />

[the minerals] are most vexed and wrought upon, yet are<br />

they not worne out. 1666 Drvden^ww. Mirab.ccvii, Some<br />

English wool, vex'd in a Belgian Loom, And into Cloth of<br />

spungy softness made. 1697 — Virg, Past. iv. 40 And<br />

sharpen 'd Shares shall vexJhe fruitful ground. 1759 Mills<br />

tr. Duhamefs Husb. u viii. 20 Clay... In these cases laxatives<br />

are to be prescribed,. .and continually vexing it with<br />

the .spade or plow. 1775 Burke Sp, Concil. Amer. Wks.<br />

1842 I. 186 No sea but what is vexed by their fisheries.<br />

1817 Shelley Rev. Islam vii. vii, Some calm wave Vexed<br />

into whirlpools by the chasms beneath. 1861 T.A. Trollope<br />

La Beata II. xviii. 213 Well sheltered from the blasts that<br />

even in summer vex the upper Apennine. 1879 J. D. Long<br />

yEneid vii. 905 His followers they, who vex Ihe Massic<br />

glebe, so fruitful of the vine.<br />

b. To disturb by handling ; to twist, rare.<br />

"673 [R- Leigh] Transp. Reh. 35 He exalts his superciltums<br />

and vexes his formal beard.<br />

O. fig. To press, strain, or urge.<br />

1678" Marvell Def J. H&ive Wks. (Grosart) IV. 191, I<br />

would not too much vex the similitude, a 1680 Butler Rem.<br />

b'ing too nicely overstrain'd<br />

(1759) I. 218 Distinctions,. . By<br />

and vext, Have made the Comment harder than the Text.<br />

7. To subject (a matter) to prolonged or severe<br />

examination or discussion ;<br />

length.<br />

to debate at excessive<br />

a 1614 Donne BiaflacaTO? (1644) 20 The best way to finde<br />

the truth in this matter, was to debate and vexe it. a 1648<br />

Ld. Herbert Hen, VIII (1683) 243, I shall now come to<br />

the business of the Divorce ; so much vexed by our Writers.<br />

1869 Blackmore Lorna D. xli. Be that as it may ; and not<br />

vexing a question (settled for ever, without our votesX let<br />

us own that he was, at least, a. .gentleman. 1877 R. F.<br />

Burton in Athenaeum 3 Nov. 569/1 Upon this point I must<br />

join issue with him, with Stanley, and with others who have<br />

vexed the subject.<br />

Vex, obs. form of Wax v.<br />

Vexable(ve-ksab'l),a. rare.<br />

or f. Vex z;. -h-ABLE.]<br />

[s.6.L.7/exddi/is,<br />

f 1. Troublesome, oppressive. Obs.<br />

i5o« in Antiq. Rep. (180B) II. *32o Without distrobill, ensjTchyng,<br />

or any other vexable demaundsof his liage people.<br />

2. Capable of being vexed.<br />

i8to SooTHEV Lett. (1856) H. 191 The printers use me<br />

ill, but they do not vex me, because I am not vexable by<br />

such things.<br />

Vexation (vekst"'*j3n). Forms: 5-6 vexacione,<br />

-aoyon (5 wexacion), 6 vexatyon, 6vexation<br />

; 5 wex-, vexacioun, 6 vexatioun.<br />

[a. OF. (also mod.F.) vexation, or ad. L. vexation-,<br />

vexdtio, n. of action f. vexdre Vex v. Cf. Pg.<br />

vexafdo, Sp. vejacion, It. vessazione.']<br />

1. The action of troubling or harassing by aggression<br />

or interference (sometimes spec, by unjustifiable<br />

claims or legal action) ; the fact of<br />

being troubled or harassed in this way.<br />

Common in the i6th cent. ; now rare.<br />

C1400 Beryn 3842 Vee shulle fynde. .amendis for to make<br />

For our vndewe vexacioun. 14.. Cal. Anc. Rec. Dublin<br />

(1889) 324 Such persones as will cum to the citte..he fre<br />

withoute eny wex.icion, cumyng, goyng and abydyng a<br />

day befor and a day after. 1481 Coventry Leet Bk. 494<br />

Be his longe defferynges, cautels, vexacions & troubles,


VEXATIOUS.<br />

be wold neoer haue conclucion, but fynde mcasnc^ of tion (in later use in sense 3)<br />

trouble & vexadon to hurt & disheryte the pore comiens disposition, etc.<br />

bete of their rightfull comen, which he wolde do.<br />

icai Act 13 4- 14 //'» ^V//, c iii. S 9 The said maire..<br />

1534 Star Chamber Cases (Selden) II. 319 Henry.. of hK<br />

vexacyus mynde purchased a writtc of monstrauerunt in the<br />

may have and use all.. powers and .luctorities .. without<br />

Comen place ageynst the seid defeudaunt. 1651 G. W. tr.<br />

trouble, lette, or vexacion of any of the Inhabitauntes. 1560<br />

Coquets Inst. 246 Ihey might meerly through envy, and the<br />

D»fS tr. SUiJaiu's Coinm. 144 b, They loved rather the<br />

pleasure they took in being vexatious, take men upon Writs.<br />

vexation of the common wealth, than peace and quietnes.<br />

167(5 WvcHERLEV Pt. Dealer i. i. She is as vexatious as her<br />

itai Sir T. Coventiiv in Fartcscut Papers iCimden) 156<br />

Father was, the great Attorney. 1715 Lomi. Gaz. No. 3343/=<br />

The \-exacions of informers and other new devised straj'nes<br />

The Townsmen . . are . . turbulent and vexatious to the Kegi-<br />

I shall endeavour to repres.se. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Omt.<br />

ment. 1738 WESLEv/'.rai'wwcxviil. iv, Begirt with Hosts of<br />

£v. I. Ixvii. (t739) '6' I'herefore the Law providj:d a \ynt<br />

of remedy against unjust vexation, i^ >r- {''";"'" , f<br />

Cat his spiryt Anoon forsooke his<br />

habiucioun. c 144a Gesta Rom. Ixvi. 298 Abowte cockn<br />

crowe t)e mayde, for gret vexacion hat she hadde with t>e<br />

tempest, fell on slepe. 1493 Pctranylla 18 ;Pynson), Though<br />

she had of brennyngc greate feruence Twene colde and hole<br />

vexacion inportable There was no grutchinge. IJIJ Bar-<br />

CLAV Egtoges ii. (1570) B iv/i In all that thy sight hath<br />

deleciation, Thy greedy tasting hath great vexation, a 1548<br />

Hall Chron., Hen. VI I, 3 b, By the torraentyng and vexacion<br />

of which sicknes, ..tliey cast away the shetes & all the<br />

clothes liyng on the bed. 1577 Hanmer Aiic. EccUs. Hist.<br />

(1619) 148 Maiming, racking, and scourging, and thousands<br />

of other vexations. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. iv. i, 74 That he<br />

. May. .thinke no more of this nights accidents, But as the<br />

fierce vexation of a dreame. i6to B. Jonson Catiline ill.<br />

ii, No noise, no pulling, no vexation wakes thee. Thy<br />

lethargic is such. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. s.v. Assodes<br />

fehii, The Distemper usually arises from the Vexation of<br />

the Stomach by sharp and cholerick Humours.<br />

3. The state or fact of being mentally troubled or<br />

distressed, in later use esp. by something causing<br />

annoyance, irritation, dissatisfaction, or disappointment.<br />

c 146$ Pot., Ret., * L. Poems (1903) 2 Raynyng with<br />

Rewles resenable and Rightfull) The whiche for oure sake<br />

bathe sofferde grete vexacion. c 1471 in Pot. Poems<br />

(Rolls) II. 279 What vexacioun was then To the quene and<br />

the lordis...Then aftur kynge Edwarde thay cryed and did<br />

wepe. isoo-»o Dunbar Pi>ems xxv. 41 Tak consolatioun in<br />

^our pane, In Iribulatioun tak consolatioun. Out of vexatioun<br />

cum hame agane. ISSS Eden Decades (."Vrb.) 71 Contentc<br />

onely to satisfie nature, without further vexation for knowelege<br />

of thinges to come. 1590 Shaks. iMids. N. 1. i. 22 Full<br />

of vexation, come I, with complaint Against my childe, my<br />

daughter Hermia. 1(63 Brit. Spec. loi I'hosc Britains..<br />

did. .so infest the Roman Province, that the very Vexation<br />

of it cost Ostorius his Life. 1715 De Foe Voy. round<br />

Jfor/rf (1840) 344 They let it (a canoe] go to the first cataract,.,<br />

and bad the vexation of seeing it dashed all to pieces.<br />

1781 Miss BURNEV Cecitia 111. viii, [She] very openly expressed<br />

her vexation and displeasure. x8a8 Scott P. M.<br />

Pertli XX, The King, .heard of this new trouble with much<br />

vexation. 1854 Poultry Chron. II. 122/2 The vexation of<br />

the poultry owner when he sees his favourites fall under the<br />

ravages of disease. 1887 RusKiN Prxterita II. 19, 1 spoke<br />

of the constant vexation I suffered because I could not draw<br />

better.<br />

b. In the phr. vexation of mind, spirit.<br />

153s CoVERDALE Isatoh Ixv. 14 Ye shal crie for sorow of<br />

hen, and complayne for vexacion ofmynde. X540-S4CROKK<br />

11/ Chap.Eccles. (Percy Soc.) 49 Nought fynde I butvexacion<br />

Of spryte and mynde. 1560 Bible (Genev.) Eccl. ii. 17<br />

All is vanitie, & vexacion of the spirit. 1588 Fbaunce<br />

Lawiers Logike Ded. F2b, The perpetuall vexation of<br />

Spirite, and continuall consumption of body, incident to<br />

every scholler. x6n Cotgr., A/a>-;vio«, . .chafing, fuming,<br />

vexation of mind. l6al Burton Anat. Met. 11. ili. vll. 422<br />

Many men spend themselues..vpon small quarrels, .. with<br />

much vexation of spirit and anguish of minde. _<br />

i8a8 Scott<br />

F. M. Pertli xiv, She found her reward in vanity and vexation<br />

of spirit,<br />

4. A source or cause of mental trouble or dis-<br />

tress ; a grief or affliction. Chiefly witli a.<br />

1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, iv. iv. 305 Your Children were<br />

vexation to your youth. But mine shall lie a comfort to<br />

your Age. i6it Brinslev Lud. Lit. iii. (1627) 13 It is an<br />

extreme vexation, that we must be toiled amongst such<br />

little petties. l6J8 R. Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. Ill)<br />

165 Sir, I am your vexation in ordinary. 1765 CowPKR<br />

Let. to Lady Hesketh i Aug., It is a mark of their great<br />

charity for one who has been a disappointment and a<br />

vexation to them. 1833 Hr. Martineau Loom Ar Lugger<br />

It. V. 94 It may be a vexation and disadvantage to us.<br />

1879 Froude Caesar xx. 344 My own vexation is, that I<br />

must pay Caesar my debt.<br />

1 5. The action of subjecting to violence or<br />

force ; the fact of being so treated. Obs.<br />

1603 B. Jonson Sejanus iv. ii, As the wind doth try strong<br />

trees. Who by vexation grow more sound and firm. 1610<br />

— Atch. IL V, Name the vexations, and the mattyrizations<br />

0( mettalls, in the worke. 169a L'Estrange Josephus,<br />

AsUii. IV. viii. (i73i) 94 The Earth hath enough to do.<br />

without the superfluous Vexations of the Plow over and<br />

above.<br />

Vexatious (veksi^-Jas), a. Al«o 6 vezacyns.<br />

[f. prec. : see -10U8.]<br />

L Causing, tending or disposed to cause, vexa-<br />

168<br />

: a. Of persons, their<br />

Enemies Vexatious as thick-swarming Bees. 1853 Dickens<br />

Bleak Ho. xxiv. The Lord Chancellor described him, in<br />

open court, as a vexatious and capricious infanL<br />

b. Of things.<br />

1664 Power Exp. Philos. in. 184 If he could but stiffly<br />

wrangle out a vexatious dispute of some odd Peripatetick<br />

qualities, a 1680 Butler Vf^wi. (1759) II. 38 Flies and Gnats<br />

are more vexatious in hot Climates, than Creatures that are<br />

able to do greater Mischiefs. i70S-« Penn in Pennsylv.<br />

Hist. Soc. Mem. X. 108 The business of Beaumont proves<br />

very vexatious to me here. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 176<br />

p I There are many vexatious accidentsand uneasy situations<br />

which raise little compassion for the sufferer. 1804 Abernethv<br />

Surg. Obs. loi The opening of the cyst generally leaves<br />

a vexatious and intractable sore. 184a Loudon Suburban<br />

Hort. 709 It is most vexatious 10 find a fruit tree has been<br />

planted untrue to name. 1869 Freeman Norm. Cong. (1875)<br />

III. xii. 75 It is somewhat vexatious that we have to trust<br />

almost wholly to authorities on one side.<br />

•c. Of legal actions : Instituted without<br />

0. spec.<br />

sufficient grounds for the purpose of causing<br />

trouble or annoyance to the defendant.<br />

1677 Yarranton Eng. Improv. 9 It is a Sin, that a Gentle. \<br />

man., should be the occasion of ruining so many Families.,<br />

by putting them to such vexatious Suits for their Moneys<br />

lent. 1696-7 Act 8-9 William III, c. 11 Diverse evil disposed<br />

Persons are incouraged to bring frivolous and vexatious<br />

Actions. 1746 Francis tr. Hor., Sat. 1. vi. 6 Persius<br />

had wealth by foreign traffic gain'd, And a vexatious suit<br />

with King maintain 'd. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) II.<br />

vi. 72 Their courts were unceasingly occupied with vexatious<br />

suits.<br />

trans/. 1909 H. M. Gwatkin Early Ch. Hist. I. viii, 142<br />

If the charge turns out vexatious {fatumnix gratia) the<br />

accuser shall be severely punished.<br />

(• 2. Full of trouble or uneasiness. Obs.<br />

1644 DiCBV Two Treat. Ded. a iij b, He leadeth a vexatious<br />

life, that in his noblest actions is so gored with<br />

scruples, that he dareth not make a steppe, without the<br />

authority of an other to warrant him. 1671 H. M. tr.<br />

Erasm. Cotloq. 529 Riches and honours which bring not a<br />

pleasant, but rather a careful and vexatious life,<br />

t 3. Vexed, annoyed. Obs.~'^<br />

1756 ToLDERVv Hist. 1 Orphans IV, 106 Heartley grew<br />

vexatious with himself for having parted with the watch.<br />

Vexationsly (veks^-Jasli), cuiv. [f. prec. +<br />

-Lv'''.] In a vexatious manner; so as to cause<br />

annoyance or irritation.<br />

1653 R. Sanders Physiogn. 140 Thy soul is vexationsly<br />

perturbaled. 1709 Swift & Addison Tatter No. 43 p 2,<br />

The rugged Cares and Disturbance that Publick Affairs<br />

brings with it, which does so vexatiously affect the Heads of<br />

other great Men. 1748 Anson's Voy. u. ix. 227 We were<br />

most strangely and vexatiously disappointed, by finding that<br />

the light.. was only a fire on the shore. 1788 Mme. D'Ar-<br />

BLAV Diary 2 Aug. , Very vexatiously, however, my message<br />

arrived, .late. 1S17 S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Re/. III. 531<br />

At the same time difficulties were vexatiously thrown in the<br />

way of the protestant procurator. 1879 S. C. Bartlett<br />

Egypt to Pat. xi. 242 We paused here and interrogated our<br />

Arabs, but, vexatiously enough, we could extract from them<br />

no such tradition.<br />

b. spec, in law. (See Vexatious a. i c.)<br />

1880 MuiRiiEAD Gaius IV. §172 The praetor allows an<br />

, 7-9<br />

oath to be exacted from him ' that he is not vexatiously<br />

denying his liability'. 1883 Law Times 20 Oct. 412/1 The<br />

bankrupt, .must not have vexatiously defended any action.<br />

VexatiousneSS (veks^'-Jasnes). [f. as prec.<br />

4- -NESS.] The character of being vexatious.<br />

i6


VEXILLATOB.<br />

arms under one Standard. 173a Hist. Littfraria III, 5Q7<br />

The quantity of Work perform'd by the Vexillations, ap.<br />

pears to have nearly equalled that of the whole Legions.<br />

tSsi D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (186^) II. in. ii. 44 The vexilU'<br />

tion of the twentieth Legion dedicated four thousand paces<br />

of their wall to the Emperor whose name it bore. 1876 Skknk<br />

Celtic Scot. I. ii. I. 78 The vallum. .had been constructed<br />

by ihe second.. and twentieth legions, or rather by their<br />

ve.viilatioiis.<br />

VexiUator (ve-ksiU'ta.i). [a. med.L. vexHlator^<br />

L vexillttm : see next.] A banner-bearer in<br />

a mystery or a miracle play.<br />

iBoi Strutt Sports er part of a crozier.<br />

1877 F. G. Lke Gloss. Eccl. ^ Liturg. Terms 438 Many<br />

examples of the vexillum are represented in illuminated<br />

MSS. 1905 Ch. Times 3 Feb. 136/3 The vexillum sometimes<br />

attached to a pastoral staff wa*; a ' sudarium ' or<br />

handkerchief, in all probability.<br />

2. Bot. The large e-\ternal petal of a papilionaceous<br />

flower.<br />

«7a7 Bailev (vol. II), I'e.tilium, the Banner of the broad<br />

Single Leaf, which stands upright. X760 J. Lf.e Inirod.<br />

Bot. II. XX. (1765) 116 I'ejcil/um, the Standard, a Petal<br />

covering the rest, c 1780 /."wryc/. Urit. (ed. 3) HI. 446/2 The<br />

superior [petal] ascentfing, (catted the vexillum or flag).<br />

i8ai W. P. C. Barton Flora N. Avter. I. 11 Corolla with<br />

a long sabre-shaped vexillum of a deep carmine-red colour.<br />

187a OuvKR /Jem. /»,»/. App. 304 Corolla [of garden peaj<br />

papilionaceous, white ; vexillum targe.<br />

0. Ornith. The vane or web of a feather.<br />

1867 P. L. Sci-ATER tr. NitzscWs Pterylography 10 The<br />

Barbs., form, with the parts seated upon (hem, the so*called<br />

Vsinc ivexillMm). 187J Coues N. Amer. Birds 2 The<br />

rhachis.. alone bears vexilla. Ibid, 34 Except in the case<br />

of a few of the innermost remiges, their outer vexiUam..ts<br />

always narrower than the inner.<br />

Vexing ( ve-ksiij\ vbl. si',<br />

^ [{. Vex v, •»- -mo i.]<br />

The action of the verb in various senses.<br />

a 1450 Mirk's Festial 281 pat is of no wexyng of ^e fend,<br />

but ofgrace of God. 1530 Palscr. 284/2 Vexyng or troublyng.<br />

conturbatiou. 1611 Cotcr., Inquietation, a disquieting,..<br />

vexing, molesting, troubling. 1617 Hikrom l^ks. II.<br />

263 It is a kind of vexing to him, that he cannot master it.<br />

>66oJf:k. Tavlob Ductor i. i. §2 The first is that which<br />

Nazianzen calls, .accusations and vexings of a man when<br />

he is in misery.<br />

Ve-xing, ///. «. [f. Vex i/.+ ingZ.] That<br />

vexes ; causing vexation.<br />

a 1586 SiDNKV PsatiHs VI. vi, The while a swarm of foea<br />

with vexing feates My life besitteth. 1599 Davies Immort.<br />

SaKlxxu.vi. (1714) 79Treml)linK Fear, and vexing Griefs<br />

.iniioy. 1654 Whitloai say ' Kirieleison ',<br />

sal sho take hir veine by-fore J»e auler at te grece. c 1450<br />

in Aungier //iit. .Syon (1840) 250 Any brother that hathe be<br />

seek..schal first ryse and take his veyne for hys defawtes<br />

and omissyons in tyme of hys sekenes. Ibid. 328 Than<br />

.. the sustres may take ther veynes, and proclanie Iher<br />

defautes.<br />

t Veyor. Obs. Also 5 veyour, vayowr, 7<br />

veioiu (7-8 vejour), veighor. [a. OF. veiour<br />

(also veier, vaier, voier, etc.), f. veier {voter) : see<br />

Vet ».] One appointed to view or inspect a thing.<br />

Vol. X.<br />

169<br />

i^'jo Little Red Bk. Bristol {iqoo) II. 132 Veyours sworne<br />

before John Shipward, Meire, to make vewe and put in<br />

sight of a grond and tenement. 1493 Ibid. 134 The vew of<br />

the partable wall,, .the namysse of the sayd vayowres and<br />

ther verdyt. 1607 Coweli, Interpr., Veiottrs^. .signitieth in<br />

our common lawe those, that are sent by the court to take<br />

view of any place in question, for the better descision of the<br />

right. ai6ss Sir H. Finch Law (1636) 305 An action of<br />

deceit . . must be brought during the life of the Sommoners,<br />

but not when all the Sommoners and veighors be dead.<br />

Ibid. 344 To take the land into the Kings hands by the view<br />

of lawfull men, called thereupon Veyors.<br />

Veyr, southern ME. var. Faib«. ; obs. f. Vair;<br />

var. Verb, spring ; obs. Sc. f. War sb,. Weak v,<br />

fVeyra. .5*^, Obs. [?Cf. Vera.] (See quot.)<br />

1549 Covipl. Scotl. vi, 40 Than the marynalis began to<br />

vcynd the cabil, vitht mony loud cry. ..And as it aperit to<br />

ine, thai cryit thir vordis aseftir foUouis, veyra veyra, veyra<br />

veyra, gentil gallandis [etc.].<br />

Veyre, obs. southern var. Fire ; obs. f. Vair.<br />

Veyton, var. Veton Obs. V&s^e, southern ME,<br />

var. Key a. Ve^er, southern ME. var. Fair a.<br />

Vezar, obs. f. Visor. Veze, obs. var. Feeze<br />

sb, and v,^ ; var. Vease Obs, Vezir, var. Vizier.<br />

fVezon. Obs,"^ (Meaning obscure.)<br />

1706 E. Ward Nud. Rediv. (1707) H. iv. 4 Look, look,<br />

Joan, how the Vezons fight. Who'd think they were so full<br />

of Spite?<br />

Vh-, obs. Sc. variant of Wh-,<br />

V1-, prej\ reduced form of vis- Vice-, (See Vi-<br />

CURATE, -POLITIC, -PRESIDENT, -QUEEN.)<br />

II Via<br />

(vai'a), sb, [L. %na a road or way.]<br />

Several sen.ses of the word (by itself or with Latin adjs,),<br />

which are recorded in earlier and copied in later Dictionaries,<br />

appear to have had no real currency in English,<br />

1. Via LacteUy the Milky Way.<br />

1615 [see MiLKV Way i]. a i6« Sibbes Breathing after<br />

God (1639) 144 As we say of the via lactea,ot Milky way in<br />

the heavens,., it is nothing but a deale of light from a company<br />

of little starres, that makes a glorious lustre. 1704 J.<br />

Harris Lex. Techn, I, Milky^way or Via Lactea, the<br />

Galaxy, is a broad white Path or Track, encompassing the<br />

whole Heavens. 1786 M. Cutler in /.//Q-, etc. (1888) II.<br />

238 In the via lactea he found the whitish appearance completely<br />

resolved into a glorious multitude of stars of all<br />

pa>sible sizes. 1797 Kncyci. Brit. (ed. 3) XIII. 267 He<br />

found that the via lactea and «^^/ar consisted of a collection<br />

of fixed stars. i8oa O. Gregory Treat, Astron.^i<br />

The Via Lactea, Galaxy, or Milky Way, may also be<br />

reckoned under the head of constellations. 1840 T, Dick<br />

Sidereal Heavens 185 'l*his mighty zone .. is sometimes<br />

termed. .the Via Lactea, hyxl more frequently.. the Milky<br />

Way, from its resemblance to the whiteness of milk.<br />

trans/. ai66i Fuller Worthies, London 11. (1662) 208<br />

Sir Thomas More was.. born in Milkstreet, London (the<br />

brightest Star that ever shined in that Via lactea),<br />

2. A way or road ; a highway. Alsoy?^,<br />

1787 ^ J. Williams (A. Fasquin) CA//rf'r. Thespis 11,(1792) 157<br />

'Tis but few little years since the charms of bis voice Made<br />

..thousands lejoice;. . And by walking approv'd thro the<br />

Thesj)ian x>ia, Tho' a slave to the tril>es, prov'd the Drama's<br />

Messiah. ^ 1909 W. J. Don in A. Reid Regality 0/ Kirriemuir<br />

xxiii, 301 It was no mere track, but a substantial via^<br />

20 feet wide.<br />

3. Via media, a middle way ; an intermediate<br />

course or state. Hence via-medialism (see quot.<br />

1881).<br />

1845 Ford Hattdhk. Spain i. 168 The whole nation.. is<br />

divided into two classes— . .bigoted Romanists or Infidels;<br />

there is no via media. 1866 Geo. Eliot F. Holt Introd. 1.<br />

5 They were kept safely in the via media of indifierence.<br />

1881 Church Times X.IX. 128 Via-medialism, then, signifies<br />

a -•ichemc whereof one party is asked to believe a little more,<br />

and the other a little less, than what they conceive to be<br />

true. 1886 Mrs. Lynn Iaston Pastou Careiv xxxW^ThtTc<br />

was no via media, seeing that money was not to be found.<br />

II Via (vai a), in/, Obs, exc. arcA. Also 6 fla.<br />

[It. via (special use of via way: see prec.) *an<br />

aduerbe of encouraging, much vsed by riders to<br />

their horses, and by commanders * (Florio, 1598).]<br />

1. As an exclamation encouraging, inciting, or<br />

preparatory to movement or action, = Onward,<br />

come on, come along, etc.<br />

1596 Fdward III, II. ii. 12 Then via for the spatious bounds<br />

of Fraunce. 1596 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, n. 1. 182 Why Via, to<br />

Ix>ndon will we march. i6os Middleton Blurt, Master<br />

Constabie 11. B iv b. Via for fate. Fortune, loe this is all, At<br />

griefes rebound lie mount, although I fall. 1619 Fletcher<br />

Mons. Thomas 11. ii, Tho, Away then, find this Fidler, and<br />

do not miss me By nine a Clock. La[uncelot]. Via. i6a3<br />

Markham Cheap ^ Good Hutb. i. ii. (ed. 3) 15 First the<br />

voice, which .soundinjj sharply and cheerefull^y, . . crying, / 'ta,<br />

hoiv, hey, and such like, adde a spirit and liuelinesse to the<br />

horse. i8ao Scorr Monast. xxi, He exclaimed, * Thy deathhour<br />

has struck -betake thee to thy sword—Via !<br />

2. As an exhortation or command to depart,<br />

" Away, be off, begone,<br />

1S96S11AK.S. Merch. V, 11, it. gThe.. fiend bidsmepacke,<br />

fia saies the fiend, away saies the fiend, 1611 Chapman May<br />

Day IV. _i. 56 Your reward now shall be that I will not cut<br />

your strings nor breake your fidles, via, away, 1616 II.<br />

JoNsoN Dez'il an Ass n. i, Via Pecunia I when she's runne<br />

and gone. And fled and dead ; then will 1 fetch her, againe.<br />

1818 Scott Rob Roy\\\, Horsewhip the rascal to purpose—<br />

via—fly away, and about it.<br />

b. Used to check argument or reply, or to dismiss<br />

a subject.<br />

1598 Shaks. Merry W. 11. U. 159 Ah ha, Mistresse Ford<br />

and Mistresse Pace, haue I encompass'd you? goe to, via.<br />

1821 Scott KeniTw. vii, And what was Ralph Sadler but<br />

the clerk of Cromwell, . . via t I know my steerage as well as<br />

they. Ibid, xxix. Why, via, let that pass too.<br />

VIAL.<br />

11 Via (vai-a), prep. Also via. [L. via, abl. sing,<br />

of via way. Via sb."] By way of; by the route<br />

which passes through or over (a specified place).<br />

1779 J. Lovell Let. to Adams 13 June, A.'s Wks. 1854<br />

IX. 483 This night is the fourteenth since we first had the<br />

news of his victory, via New Providence. 1813 Sir R.<br />

WiusoN Priv. Diary (1862) II. 139, 1 would sweep through<br />

Berlin, revictual the fortresses, and return via Magdeburg.<br />

1833 T. Hook Parson's Dau. 111. x, Lord Wey bridge., is on<br />

his way to London via Paris. 1881 De Wiudt Fguator 127,<br />

I arranged to proceed through Spain and zii'i Paris, home.<br />

Viability! (v3i,abi-lUi). [ad. F. viabilile<br />

(181 2), or f. Viable a,"^ : see -ity.] The quality<br />

or state of being viable ; capacity for living; the<br />

ability to live under certain conditions.<br />

In common use from c i860.<br />

1843 liouviER Laiv Diet. U.S., Viability, med. jur., an<br />

aptitude to live after birth ; extra uterine fife. 1853 Simpson<br />

Obstei. Path. ^ Pract. 21, I have repeatedly been<br />

astonished at the viability of the infant after traction had<br />

been applied to it. 1870 Maudsley Body ^ Mind ^^ The<br />

general and ultimate result of breeding in and in is to pro*<br />

duce barrenness and sterility, children of a low degree of<br />

viability and of imperfect mental and physical development.<br />

1883 Cent. Mag, Sept. 727/1 An animal or plant which is<br />

only partly adapted to its conditions of existence is ugly in<br />

exact proportion to its lack of viability.<br />

trans/. 1893 C. B. Upton Bases Relig. Belie/in It means<br />

spiritual viability or immortality.<br />

Viabi-lity-. [ad. F. viabiHtS (1878), or f.<br />

Viable «.-] The condition of being traversable.<br />

i88a W. Co^-^Guide Mod. F.n^. Hist. II. 470 The quality<br />

which convicts gave it [Tasmania], can be expressed by one<br />

word * viability ' : they made some roads.<br />

Viable (voiab'l), a.l [a. F. viable (1539), f.<br />

vie life : see -able.] Capable of living; able to<br />

maintain a separate existence.<br />

a. Of children at (normal or premature) birth.<br />

1828-32 Webster, Viable, capable of living, as a newborn<br />

infant or premature child. 1859 Todd's Cycl. Anat.<br />

V. 200/1 The delivery of a fa.'tus of viable or full-grown<br />

size. 1881 Trans. Obstet. Soc. Lond. XXII. 276 Such<br />

narrowing or deformity of the female pelvis, .as will absolutely<br />

preclude the birth of a viable child,<br />

b. In other physical applications.<br />

1885 GooDALE /*//>'.r/W. />V/. (1892) 446 Polyembryony [is]<br />

the production of two or more viable embryos in a seed.<br />

c 1890 Stevenson InSouth Seas \, iv. (1900) 26 To judge by<br />

the eye, there is no race more viable ; and yet death reaps<br />

them with both hands.<br />

e. fig. Of immaterial things or concepts.<br />

1848 Tait's Mag. XV. 702 The rest are waiting for the<br />

proper medium, the viable medium, the medium of harmony.<br />

1883 G. P. Lathrop Hawthorne' s H'ks. XI. 435 What we<br />

have here_ is a romance in embryo ; one, moreover, that<br />

never attained to a viable stature and constitution.<br />

Vi'able* a,'^ [f. L, via way : cf. Viability 2,]<br />

Traversable.<br />

1856 Sat. Rez: II. 151/2 If the building, .has the advan.<br />

tage of standing at the end of a vista, it is but mocking the<br />

needs of the many not to make the vista viable.<br />

t Viadant. Obs. rare. [Irreg. ad. Sp., Pg., It.<br />

viandante, f, via way + andar{e to go.] A wayfarer,<br />

traveller.<br />

163a Lithgow Trav. ill. 129 They are but poorely cled,<br />

yet wonderfull kinde to all Viadants. Ibid, viii. 353 The<br />

voluntary exposement of many vnnecessary Viadants.<br />

Viadge, obs. form of Voyage sb.<br />

Viador, variant of Veedor.<br />

Viaduct (vai-adi^kt). [f. h. via way, after<br />

Aqueduct. So F. viaduc.'\ An elevated structure,<br />

consisting of a series of arches or spans, by means<br />

of which a railway or road is carried over a valley,<br />

road, river, or marshy low-lying ground.<br />

1816 Repton Fragm. Landscape Card. 161, I have ventured<br />

to suggest a hint for such a structure as may support<br />

the road .<br />

. , rather calling it a Via-duct than a Briclge. 1837<br />

Civil Rfig- «5- Arch. JrnL I. 57 Great Viaduct now erecting<br />

over the River Wear, near Sunderland. This viaduct consists<br />

of four large and six small arches. 1869 Times 15 Oct.<br />

7/5 New bridges and viaducts and new streets can do much<br />

in enabling Londoners to pass more quickly to their places<br />

of business. 1869 Fkeeman Norm. Cong. (1875) III. xii.<br />

340 The modern viaduct, a work worthy 01 old Roman days.<br />

attrib. 1831 T, Grahame Lett. N. IVood 22 The Sankey<br />

viaduct bridge.. consists of nine arches of fifty feet span.<br />

1897 Daily News ir Feb. 6/4 The viaduct ganger, who<br />

would be responsible for the erection of timbers.<br />

Viage, obs. var. Voyage sb.<br />

Viaggiatory, rt. nonce-wd. [{.It.viaggiareio<br />

travel.] Given to travelling about.<br />

1847 Medwin Li/e Shelley 1 1. 54 The viaggiatory English<br />

old maids, who scorn the continent.<br />

Vial (vai'al), sb. Forms : a. 4-6 vyol(e, 4-8<br />

viol(e, 4, 6-7 violl(e, 5-6 vyoU(e. h. 5-7<br />

vyal(l, 6 voyalle, vialle, 6-7 viall, 7- viaL<br />

\\^x.fyole,fiol,fiall, etc., Phial sh. See the note<br />

on the letter V,] A vessel of a small or moderate<br />

size used for holding liquids; in later use spec, a<br />

small glass bottle, a phial,<br />

o. 13.. E. B. Allit. P. B. 1280 Dere disches of golde &<br />

dubleres fayre, pe vyoles & l>e vesselment of vertuous<br />

'/'. stones, c 1386 Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol. «S- 240 Sondry<br />

vessels maad of erlhe and glas,..Violes, crosletz, and sublymatories,<br />

Cucurbites and alembikes, C1400 Lan/ranc's<br />

Cirurg, 185 Sette J»e viol vpon soft colis & lete hem boile.<br />

1412-SO LvDC. Chron. Troy 1. 3052 After J>at, for his chefe<br />

socour, Sche toke to hym a viol with licour. 1470-85<br />

Malory A rthur v. x. 178 Pryamus toke fro his page a vyolle<br />

ful of the four waters that came oute of paradys. 1530<br />

22


VIAL. 170 VIATICUM.<br />

pALSCR. 385/1 Vyole, a glasse, fiotUy uioU. cx^sfi ^^•<br />

IxoYD Trtas. Htalth E vj, Mengic them togither and put<br />

them in a v>*ol of glasse, and slop the mouth thereof close.<br />

1609 Dekker Rm}€ns Aim. Wks. (Grosart) IV. a^8 The<br />

lewe..spyed the Violl that the poore man held in his hand<br />

vnder his cloak. 1660 Bovlb AVw E.x^. Php. Meek. vi.<br />

53 The Air in the little Viol began to dilate it self. 1705<br />

Addison Italy 2^2, 1 plac'd a thin Viol, well stopp'd up with<br />

Wax, within the Smoak of the Vapour.<br />

p. a 1450 Mirk's Festial 146 He toke vyals of cristall and<br />

of lambur and of glas, and put J>>'s blod >*n horn, 1530<br />

Palsgr. 284/2 Vyall, a glasse, ^t^//^. 1576 in Feuillerat<br />

Rfvih Q. Eliz. (1908) 275 Two glasse voyalles for the Lord<br />

Howardes ser\'auntes. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's<br />

l'


VIAT OB.<br />

claim for viaticum, and it is always the practice to give subsibtence<br />

money.<br />

O. Provisions taken for use on a journey. Also<br />

transf. (quot. 1862).<br />

1663 Patrick FaraK Pilgr. xviii, It will be a very good<br />

Viaticitm for you, and in the strength of this Food you may<br />

travel many days. l66£ J. Davies Hist. Caribby Isles 239<br />

Afterwards sitting down on the grass, every one fell to what<br />

he had brought along with him for his Viaticum. 1701<br />

WoLLKY yrnl. New York (i86o) 36 This Indian Corn is<br />

their constant Viaticum in their travels and War. 1791 W.<br />

Bartkam Crtr(7//«a 344, I., comforted myself with a frugal<br />

repast of biscuit and dried beef, which was all the food my<br />

viaticum afforded me by this time. 1862 Rawlinson Anc.<br />

Mon.y Chaldxa 1. 135 In the Chaldxan sepulchres a number<br />

of dishes are always ranged round the skeleton, containing<br />

the triaticum of the deceased person. 188a W. G. Blaikie<br />

Livingstone v. S9 Purchasing a loaf and a piece of cheese<br />

as viaticum, he started for a college at Oberlin.<br />

3. transf. s.-R&fig. (from senses i and 2).<br />

a 1618 Davies Wittes Pilgr. Wits. (Grosarl) II. 46/1 And<br />

sith thy Pilgrimage is almost past Thou needst the lesse<br />

Viaticum for it. 1640 Fiecknoe Trav. xxxiii. (1667) 103<br />

Tis to.. travel without viaticum for any to.. undertake a<br />

voyage without the Language of the Country, where he goes.<br />

1649 Je>


VIBRATED.<br />

9. To give a vibratory molioii to (something)<br />

to cause to move to and fro or up and down, esp.<br />

to put in vibration.<br />

with a quick motion ;<br />

a 1700 EvELVS Diary 19 Sept. 1657, 2 Virginian rattlesnakes<br />

.. swiftly vibrating and shaking their tailes. I7«8<br />

Young Lme Fame vi. 107 With skill she vibrates her eternal<br />

tongue, For ever most divinely in the wrong. 1796 Mohse -<br />

/iiKrr. Gtog. I. 221 Their tails terminate with a hard horny ,<br />

spur, whicS they vibrate very quick when disturbed. i8ja I<br />

T. Tavior AfuleiKs vii. 145 Though I vibrated my pendulous<br />

lips M-ith excessive rotundity. 1879 G. Psescott S».<br />

Ttlttkcnc 115 Bars, which, when to be vibrated by the<br />

action of heat, are made of brass, a 18S7 C. C. Abbott<br />

yalMralisfs RamHts 303 The last spotted adder . . vibrated<br />

the tail in a very marked manner.<br />

b. fig. or in fig. context.<br />

181S Keats Cdt to Afolio v, Each vibrates the string That<br />

with its tjTant temper best accords. 187S Lowell fVonistforth<br />

Pr. Wks. 1890 IV. 365 He saw man such as he c.in<br />

only be when he is vibrated by the orgasm of a national<br />

emotion. 1876 — Among my Bks. Ser. 11. 165 The ' Muiopotmos<br />

' pleases us all the more that it vibrates in us a string<br />

of classical association.<br />

O. refl. To bring into a certain state by or after<br />

vibration. rare~'^.<br />

a tSu PoE Talcs, Moiwsfi Una (ad fin.), That feeble thrill<br />

had vibrated itself into quiescence.<br />

Hence Vi-bratod ///. a. ; Vi-bratlng vbl. sb.<br />

1669 Aidr. Young Gentry Eng. 58 The pale face, vibrated<br />

eies, tnequal pulse, -shew this to be under an acute feaver.<br />

1743 Emerson Fluxions 303 To find the Time of a Pendulun?s<br />

vibrating in the Arch of a Cycloid. 188a Bain lilill<br />

iii. 133 There wasa clear walk, which was his principal place<br />

for ' vibrating ', as he [Bentham] called his indoor exercise.<br />

V'i'bratlle(v3i"bratil, -3il),a. [ad. mod.L. *otbratilis<br />

: see Vibrated. + -ilb. Cf. F. vibratile^<br />

1. Of the nature of vibration;<br />

vibratory.<br />

marked or charac-<br />

terized by vibration ;<br />

i8j6Kirbv&Sp. £«/


VIBBATOR.<br />

A. adv. With much vibration of tone.<br />

j86i J. S. Adams jooo Mus. Terms io6.<br />

B. sh. (See first quot.)<br />

1876 STAINER& Barrett /?/c/. ,1///^. Terms ^0 1 Vibrato,<br />

a tremulous quality of tone, as opposed to a pure equal production.<br />

1901 Daily Xcivs 5 Jan. 3/2 Dr. Stanford characterised<br />

the vibrato as the most detestable of devices except<br />

when used in the proper places.<br />

Vibrator (vai-br^'tai). [Aijent-noun, on L.<br />

models, U Vibkatk v. + -or. Cf. It. vibratore.l<br />

1. That which vibrates, or causes vibration.<br />

a. One of the vibrating reeds of an organ, harmonium,<br />

etc., by which the sound is produced,<br />

i86« Catai. Intertiat. Exhib., Brit. 11. No. 3391, Notes<br />

or vibrators, keys, pipes, stops, &c., for harmonium making<br />

or organ building. 1873 Routie^i^e's Vng. Gcntl. Mcig.<br />

Feb. 167/1 This vibrator is the origin of our reed instruments.<br />

1885 C. G. W. Lock Workshop Receipts Ser. iv.<br />

293/1 There can be no escape of wind from the wind-chest,<br />

except through the vibrators and pallet-holes.<br />

b. One or other of various appliances, instruments,<br />

or parts, which have or cause a vibratory<br />

motion or action. Also aitrib.<br />

A number of these are specified in recent American Diets.<br />

1888 EncycL Brit. XXIII. 706/1 A composition roller,<br />

called a vibrator. 1888 jAcoBt Printers I'oc. 152 Vibrator<br />

roliers, thtjse rollers on a machine which have a vibrating<br />

motion, and convey the ink to the slab for distribution.<br />

1906 Daiiy Chron. 6 Apr. 9/5 There are also beauty rollers<br />

and massage vibrators.<br />

2. Math. (See quot.)<br />

1879 Thomsok & Tait Nat. Phil. 1. 1. § 345 The reciprocal<br />

uf this time we shall call, .the rapidity of the system, for<br />

convenience of comparison with the frequency of a vibrator<br />

or of a rotator, which is the name commonly given to the<br />

reciprocal of its period.<br />

vibratory (v3i-brat3ri>, a. [f. Vibrate v. +<br />

-oRY 'K Cf. K. vibtatoire, Sp. and Pg. vibratorio<br />

]<br />

L Of the nature of vibration ; characterized by<br />

or consisting of vibration.<br />

1718 Chambers Cycl, s.v. Vibration^ Sensation is supposed<br />

to l>e perform'd by means of the vibratory Motion of the<br />

Nerves. a 1734 North Lives (1826} I. 247 When the<br />

vibratory pulses are so slow as may Ijc distinguished, sound<br />

vanisheth. 1788 Gibbon Decl, ff F. xliii. IV, 326 An impuKive<br />

or vibratory motion was felt [in the earth]. 1801<br />

Hklsham Philosophy 0/ Mind %^. 41 Impressions made<br />

upon the principal organs of sensations, are vibratory; the<br />

vibratory agitations of light and of air. 1831-7 ^'^ooxi Study<br />

yfed, (1829) IV. 449 The vibratory and irregular action,<br />

which we denominate palpitation of the heart. 1878 PrescoTT<br />

Sp. Tdephotu (1879) 7 The tone or pitch,, .which<br />

depends upon the rapidity of the vibratory movement.<br />

2. Causing or producing vibration.<br />

i75« Burke 5w.^/. 4- B. iv. §21 The smoothness of the<br />

oil, and the vibratory power of the salt, cause the sense we<br />

call sweetness. 1793 Smeaton Kdystone L. § 3J3 So many<br />

vibratory strokes, can do it no service. i8zx Religionism<br />

44 Vibration lends its aid ; for human throats Have vibratory<br />

powers, that swell our notes. 1899 R. W. Trine /«<br />

Tune w._ Infinite \'\. (1900) ie8 Don't be afraid to voice<br />

your desires. In this way you set into operation vibratory<br />

forces which go out and . .make their impress felt somewhere.<br />

3. Of or pertaining to, connected or associated<br />

with, vibration.<br />

1831 Blakey Free Will 170 The vibratory, or automatic<br />

system of Dr. Hartley. 1834 Mrs. Somkhvilte Cohhcx.<br />

i'hys. Set. xvii. 140 All the particles of an undulating fluid<br />

which are at once^ tn a vibratory stale. 1838 Penny Cycl.<br />

XII. 85/2 Producing a peculiar vibratorj* sensation. 1889<br />

Science-Gossip XXV. 43/1 This is explained by the vibratory<br />

theory of light.<br />

4. Capable of vibrating; readily admitting of<br />

vibration.<br />

1839 Darwin Voy. Nat, i. 17 The animals move with<br />

(he narrow apex forwards, by the aid of their vibratory<br />

ciliae. i86j R. H. pATTfcRSON Ess, Hist. ^ Art tj The<br />

vibratory rays of the_ spectrum. 1878 Prescott Sp. Telephone<br />

(1879) 23 It being necessary to keep the vibratory<br />

bells at each station in circuits, in order that calls may Ijc<br />

heard.<br />

b. Of the voice : Vibrant. Also const, wiih.<br />

1890 'R. Boldrewood' Miiur's Right (1899) 95 He..<br />

commenced in a resonant vibratory voice 1891 Clark<br />

KtssELL Marriage at Sea vii, A voice vibratory with<br />

excitement.<br />

II Vibrio (vai-bri^u, vi'briJu). pl. vibriones<br />

(-t?u'n/z) and vibriOB. [mod.L,, f. L. vibrdre<br />

Vibrate y.]<br />

+ 1. A genus of minute nematode worms; an<br />

anguiUule. Obs.<br />

183s KiRBV f/ab. -5- Inst. Anim. I. iv. 150 The species of<br />

I ibrio found in diseased wheat by M. Bauer is oviparous.<br />

1836-9 TodiCs Cycl. Anat. II. 113/2 The higher organized<br />

I'tbriones have distinct generative organs, and are ovovivi<br />

parous.<br />

2. A group or genus ofbacterioid orschizomycetuus<br />

organisms characterized by vibratory motion ;<br />

a member of this genus ; spec, in Bacterioi., a form<br />

of bacterium having vibratile cilia and closely<br />

resembling spirilla.<br />

1870 H. A. NiCHoi-soN Man. ZooL '33 The bacteria and<br />

the vibrios now exhibit a vibratile or serpentine movement<br />

throtigh the surrounding fluid. 1875 Payne Jones erries. 1867 A, L. Adams Wand. Nat.<br />

India 204 A viburnum, differing in several resjiects from tht<br />

Knglish Guelder rose, bloomed sweetly by the sides of<br />

streams. 1884 Athenxnnt 20 Dec. 808/1 The remaining<br />

third include rhododendrons, rues, ..viburnums.<br />

attrib. ^-j^^ Chambers' Cyc^. Soppl., Vibtirnutn Gedls,.<br />

a species of galls, or small protuberances, frequently found<br />

on the leaves of the Viburnum.<br />

Hence Vibn'mlan, a moth of the genus Lozotmnia<br />

; Viburnic a., derived from Viburnum ;<br />

Tibu'rxiin, a substance found in viburnum -bark.<br />

j<br />

'<br />

j<br />

^<br />

j<br />

VICAR.<br />

1832 J. Kennii-: Consp. ButterjL ^ M. 157 The Viburnian<br />

{Lozotxnia Viburnana). 1868 Watts Diet, Cliem. V. 998<br />

The bark and berries of the guelder-rose.. contain valeric<br />

acid (viburnic acid). 1886 Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. 111.<br />

sop/2 The bark [of Viburnum prnnijblinm] is said to conlain<br />

viburnin, valerianic, oxalic, citric, and malic acids,<br />

besides other ingredients.<br />

Vica'inbulate, v. nonce-7vd» [f. L. vicus street<br />

+ ambuldre to walk.] intr. To walk about in the<br />

streets.<br />

1873 M, Collins Squire SHchcster II. xiii. 150 Many<br />

strangers were there among iheni, as Musical Willie, who<br />

vicambulated greatly, soon perceived.<br />

So Vica'mbulist. rare~^.<br />

iSzz Etoniaft I. 5 * To see and to be seen,' is the professed<br />

olject of these unwearied vicambuUsts.<br />

vicar (vi'kaj). Forms: a, 4 vikere, 4-6 vykere,<br />

vyker (5 vykeyr), viker ; 4 veker, 6 -ere ;<br />

4, 6 vicker(6 floker, fycker, vyckyr). $. 4-6<br />

vicare (4 wic-, 6 vycare), 4- vicar (5-6 vycar,<br />

6 Sc, wicar ; 5 vikar, 6 vykar), 6 Sc.y 7 viccar (6<br />

Sc. vyccar, wickar) ; 5 vicour. 7. 4, 7 vicaire,<br />

5 vie-, vycayro ; 4, 7 vicair, 5 vicayr, 6 vycayr.<br />

[a. AF. vikere^ vicare, vicaire (OF. and F. vicaire)^<br />

ad. L. vicdrius substitute (Vicauy sbX), f, vic-is<br />

change, occasion, place (of another), etc. Cf. It.<br />

and Sp. vicarioy Pg. vigario.'\ One who takes the<br />

place of, or acts instead of, another ; a substitute,<br />

representative, or proxy. Chiefly EccL<br />

1. Applied to persons, etc., as earthly representa-<br />

tives of God or Christ ;<br />

also to Christ or the Holy<br />

Ghost as representing the Father.<br />

The second line of the first quot. is partly corrupt.<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 27106 Noght anes to preist his sinnes [to]<br />

serine, Bot elles to godd bot was wicare In mans scappe he<br />

sittes l?are. r 1366 Chaucer A. B.C. 140 God. .hath t>ee<br />

maked vicairS maistresse Of al J^e world, c 1380 Wvclik<br />

WA-s. (1880) 3oSi}> prelatis ben vikerisof crist. C1400 Lovk<br />

Bonavent. Mirr. (1908) 122 The preostes that he hath specially<br />

ordeyned in his stede as his vikeres. 1546 Supplic.<br />

Poore Commons (E.E.T.S.) 73 These hierlinges intend.. to<br />

be taken for Goddes vicars upon earthe. 154^ Udall, etc.<br />

Erasm. Par. St. John xviii. 102 b, If thou Isc. Peter] wylt<br />

succede me as my vicar, thou must fight with no other<br />

swerde than of Gods woorde. i6ai Kukton Anat. Mel. ir.<br />

i. I. i. 290 He calls a Magician Gods Minister and his Vicar.<br />

1651 C. Car rwiUGHT Cert. Reiig, 11. 32 Christ sitting at the<br />

right_ hand of his Father, holds but a second degree with<br />

him ill honour, and rule, and is but his Vicar. 1678 R.<br />

liAHCLAV W/y/. Quakers W. §2. 21 Knowledge might be..<br />

brought to perfection by the holy Spirit, that Vicar of the<br />

Lord. 1829 I. Taylor Enthus. vii. 161 Though the vicar<br />

of Christ [sc. every true Christian minister J be not unconditionally<br />

responsible for the happy result of his labours.<br />

1848 LowKLL Big/otv P. Ser. i. viii. Introd., By and by<br />

comes along the State, God's vicar. 1:1850 Arab. Nts.<br />

(Rtldg.) 496, I tell you again I am Commander of the<br />

Faithful, and vicar upon earth of the Lord of both worlds.<br />

b. spec. Applied to the Pope (t or the Patriarch<br />

of Jerusalem) ; also to St. Peter in a similar sense<br />

(cf. quot. 1548 above).<br />

1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 3837 pat falles hym of office to<br />

halde, For he es in erthe, Codes vicar calde. ?I370 Robt,<br />

Cisylc 50 Hys oon brodur in^ovthe Godesgenerallevykere,<br />

Pope of Rome, as ye may here, c 1440 Gesta Rom. xix. 60<br />

(Harl. MS.) ' How of the Pope?' ' For god is oon,' seid he,<br />

'and l>erfore he hath made a vyker '. 1481 Caxto^ God/rey<br />

ccv. 301 The due godeffroy and the prynce buymont,..<br />

whiche had gyuen to hym this honour as for to be the vy.<br />

cayre of Ihesu Criste in that londe, . .assygned rentes to the<br />

newe Patriark. 1526 Pilgr. Per/, (W. de W. 1531) 203<br />

Heare deuoute chrystyan what saynt Peter the apostle and<br />

hye viccar of Chrystes chirche sayth. 1570 Jewel Sedit.<br />

Bull (1600) 17 Would the Vicar of Christ give this counsell ?<br />

x6^ Penit. Cony.y'ix. (1657) 132 God and the Pope. .are not<br />

alwayes of onemind ; and if Christ confirm not in heaveri<br />

the sentence of his Vicar on earth, we (etc.]. 17x8 Chambers<br />

Cycl. S.V., The Pope pretends to be Vicar of Jesuo Christ on<br />

Earth. 1756-7 tr. Keyslers Trav, (1760) III. 244 The victory<br />

gained by the Most Chrihtian King, Lewis XII. when<br />

he made war upon the Vicar of Christ. 1847 S. Austin<br />

Ranke's Hist. Re/. III. 311 The divine right of the catholic<br />

church, and the character of its head as Vicar of Christ.<br />

1864 Brvce Holy Rom. Emp. x. (1875) 160 Proclaiming that<br />

to the Pope, as God's vicar, all mankind are subject, and<br />

all rulers responsible.<br />

o. nonce-use. (See quot.)<br />

1641 Milton Animadv. Wks. 1851 III. igS For Antichrist<br />

wee know is but the Devils Vicar, and therefore<br />

please him with your Liturgie, and you please his niaister.<br />

2. In early use, a person acting as priest in<br />

a parish in place of the real parson or rector, or<br />

as the representative of a religious community to<br />

which the tithes had been appropriated; hence, in<br />

later and modern use, the incumbent of a parish<br />

of which the tithes are impropriated or appropriated^<br />

in contrast to a Rectou.<br />

a. c 1315 Rletr. Hom. 87 Erles, knihtes, and baronnes,<br />

Presles, vikers, and parsonnes. c 1380 Wvclif Wks. (1880)<br />

76 pci..don neither office of pretalis,.. neither J?e office of<br />

parsones ne vekeris to here parischenes. Ibid. 424 pe fend<br />

hat» founden cautels to bringe in vikeris in persouns stede.<br />

1415 Rolls 0/ Parlt. IV. 290/2 All maner of Persones, and<br />

Vyiceyrs, and Hospitilers. c 1456 Pkcock Bk. t^ Faith<br />

(1909) 224 A greet famed kunnyng mayster of divinite is<br />

curat, and parsoun and viker. 1533 in Archaeologia XXV.<br />

523 To the vykers woman of Dokkynge. Ibid., The vykere<br />

of Snettysham servante. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden)<br />

49 A gret gcneralle processione of alle parsons, vekeres,<br />

curattes, withalle other prestes. 15^ }. Vdall Diotrtphes<br />

(Arb.) 28 How shall we doe for the parsons and vickers ?<br />

/5. ?I388 in Wycli/'s SeL Wks. III. 493 P^^t no persone


VICAB.<br />

nc vicare iie prelate is. cxcusud fro personelc rcsidensc..<br />

ill (>er bencficys. 1401 7- Upland 379 Sith persounes and<br />

xicares alone,.. with bishop-; above hem, were y-nough to<br />

. .do prestes office. 1439 Rolls of Parlt. V, 15 She. .openly<br />

seide unto y« saide Vicar, that she wold never . . have hyni to<br />

hur Husbond. 148a — VI. 210 Upon the same apropriation,<br />

ther shuld be a vicour endowed sufficiently. 1511 Lincoln<br />

IViils (1914) 1. 90 Sir Thomas Markby vykar off the .say


VICAB CHORAL.<br />

1883 American V. 319 Retaining the administration of<br />

the vicarate of North Carolina. 19x0 Q. Reg. Presbyt. Ck.<br />

Aug. 337 In the diocese of Albi,..a number of vicarates have<br />

been suppressed.<br />

Vicar choral. Also vicar-chopal. [Vicar 3.]<br />

(See quot. 1854, and cf. Choral a,^ \ b.)<br />

The pi. occurs in farious forms, as vicars choral^ f vicars<br />

choraiSy and, rarely, vicar chorals.<br />

1530-1 Act 22 Hen. /'///, c. 15 All other.. canons, pety<br />

canons, vicars choral), & cleVkes. 1546 Yorks. Chantry<br />

Surv. (Surtees) 348 The same prebendaries have, .vicars.<br />

under them.. called vicars choralles, which.. are bound to<br />

. discharge the said prebendaryes of all their cures and service<br />

in the sayd church, a x66x Fuller IVorthies^ Wilts,<br />

III. (1662) 157 William Lawes, son of Thomas Lawes, a<br />

Vicar Choral of the Church of Salisbury. 1704 Ace. Imiov.<br />

Abp, Dublin 3 He calls.. the Vicar-Chorals, and orders<br />

them to answer, notwithstanding [etc.]. 1770 In Met//. Rev.<br />

If. Richardson (1822) 14 Vou seem to nave been much<br />

taken with York lilinster and Cathedral Service, would you<br />

like to be one of the Vicars Choral ? 1837-8 Act i & 2 l^ict.<br />

c. 106 § 59 Any Spiritual Person, being Prebendary, Canon,<br />

Priest Vicar, Vicar Choral, or ISIinor Canon. 1854 Hook<br />

Church Diet. (ed. 7) 791/1 F/


VICARIOUS.<br />

Vicarious (vw-, vike'-rias), a. [f. L. vicari-tts<br />

adj. and sb., f. vic-is change, turn, stead, office,<br />

etc. : see -abious,]<br />

1. That takes or supplies the place of another<br />

thing or person ; substituted instead of the proper<br />

thing or person.<br />

1637 GiLLESPiK Eng. Pop. Cerem. \\\. iv. 56 If I..reli-<br />

tously adore before the Pastor^ as the Vicarious Signe of<br />

CIhrisl<br />

himself. 1664 H. Mork Myst. Ini^. 319 The In-<br />

teireges are necessarily reducible to the Regal Power, beuig<br />

but a vicarious Appendage (hcrelo. 1688 Bovlk Final<br />

Canses Not. Things 11. 70 Gravel and little stones.. are<br />

often found . . in iheir stomachs, where they prove a vicarious<br />

kind of teeth. 1709 T. Robinson Viud, Mc^saick Sysi. 29<br />

God. .made tt \sc. the moon] a vicarious Light to the Sun,<br />

to supply its absence in this lower World. 1785 Burke<br />

i>. Nahoh Arcot's Debts Wk-i. 1842 1. 320 These modern<br />

flagell.ints are sure.. to whip their own enormities on the<br />

vicarious back of every small offender. 18*9 1. Taylor<br />

EMtkus. vii. 161 Every right-minded and heaven-commissioned<br />

minister of religion is.. in.. a real sense.. a vicarious<br />

person. 1850 Bi.ackiic /Eschylus 11.68 This, And worse<br />

expect, unless some god endure Vicarious thy tortures. 1853<br />

Abp. Thomson Laws Th. § 30 (ed. 3) 59 The cry or exclamation,<br />

.would be consciously reproduced to represent or<br />

recal the feeling on another occasion ; and it then became<br />

a word, or vicarious sign.<br />

b. Const, of (something), rare.<br />

1831 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 404 The University<br />

and Colleges are thus neither identical, nor vicarious of each<br />

other. 1836-7 — Metaph. viit. (1870) 131 If the science be<br />

able to possess no single name vicarious of its definition,<br />

2. Of punishment, etc. : Endured or suffered by<br />

one person in place of another ; accomplished or<br />

attained by the substitution of some other person,<br />

etc., for the actual offender. Freq. in Theol. with<br />

reference to the suiTering and death of Christ.<br />

169a Bentlev BoyU Led. ix. 319 Some means of Recondilation<br />

must be contrived ; some vicarious satisfaction to<br />

iusttce. i6f)8 NoRRis Pract. Disc. (1707) IV. 137 But as<br />

'reciou> as it was, it was not the very thing that the Law<br />

required, but a Vicarious Punishment. 1736 Butler ^«/i/.<br />

Reiig;. if. v. 211 Vicarious Punishments may be. .absolutely<br />

necessary. 1781 Johnson in Bosxvell 3 June, Whatever<br />

difficulty there may be in the conception of vicarious<br />

punishments. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Aioncm, \\\. (1852)<br />

80 The Christian doctrine of vicarious expiation. 1850<br />

Blackie j^schylus II. 319 The idea of vicarious sacrifice,<br />

or punishment by substitution,, .does not seem to have been<br />

very familiar to the Greek mind, i860 Pusev Min.Proph,<br />

laThe manifold harvest, which He.. should bring forth.<br />

by His vicarious Death. 1883 Gilmour Alongoh xvii. 202<br />

Vicarious suffering too seems strange to them, their own<br />

system teaching that for his sin a man must suffer, and there<br />

is no escape.<br />

3 Of power, authority, etc, : Exercised by one<br />

person, or body of persons, as the representative or<br />

deputy of another.<br />

1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), F^VanV/w, belonging to a<br />

Vicar, subordinate ; as A Vicarious Power. 1777 Johnson<br />

in Bosweil {iga^) I. 126, 1 shall be considered as exercising<br />

a kind of vicarious jurisdiction. 1807 Barlow Cotitnib.<br />

J.<br />

1. 5 Who swayM a moment, with vicarious power, Iberia's<br />

sceptre. 1844 H. H.Wilson Brit, /«//;« II!. 285 Such vicarious<br />

powers wereconferredupon His Majesty's Courts at all<br />

the Indian Presidencies. 1855 Macaulav Hist. En^. III.<br />

487 He had . . held, during some months, a vicarious primacy.<br />

trans/. 1835-6 Todd's Cycl. A fiat. I. 322/1 Redi's opinion,<br />

that the pebbles [swallowed by birds] perform the vicarious<br />

office of teeth.<br />

4. Performed or achieved by means of another,<br />

or by one person, etc., on behalf of another.<br />

1806 Fellowes tr. Aftitan's znd De/iftce Wks. VI. 377 He<br />

had not the courage . . to prefix a dedication to Charles without<br />

the vicarious aid of Flaccus. iBzx Lam u E/ia i. Bachelor's<br />

Complaint^ I must protest against the vicarious glutionyof<br />

Cerasia, who . . sent away a dish of Morellas . . to her husband<br />

at the other end of the table. 1846 Edin. Re^f. LXXXIV.<br />

68 The increasing laxity of the Mussulman world, and the<br />

practice of vicarious pilgrimage, have greatly diminished<br />

the numbers of the sacred caravans. 1877 Gladstone<br />

Glean. (1879) IV. 347 May we never be subjected to the<br />

humiliation of dependence upon vicarious labour. 1891^ H.<br />

Drummonu Ascent Man 301 Unconscious of their vicarious<br />

service, the butterfly and the bee., carry the fertilizing dust<br />

to the waiting stigma.<br />

b. Of qualities, etc. : Possessed by one person<br />

but reckoned to the credit of another.<br />

184a Pl'sey Crisis Eng, Ch. 136 To confound, .individual<br />

duties with vicarious merits, x8^ Froude Hist. Eng^<br />

(1858) II. vi. 36 A system. .where sin was expiated by the<br />

vicarious virtues of other men.<br />

o. Of methods, principles, etc, : Based upon the<br />

substitution of one person for another,<br />

1857 Hughes Tom Bro7vn 11. iii. It may be called the<br />

vicarious method ; it obtained amongst big fellows of lazy<br />

or bullying habits, and consisted simply in making clever<br />

boys.,do their whole vulgus for them. 1870 J. H.Newman<br />

Gram, Assent u. x. 400 On this vicarious principle, by<br />

which we appropriate to ourselves what others do for us, the<br />

whole structure of society is raised.<br />

6, PhymL Denoting the performance by or<br />

through one organ of functions normally discharged<br />

by another ; substitutive.<br />

1780 Encycl. Brit. VI, 4747 The Vicarious Haemoptysis.<br />

i8ai-7 Good Study Med. (1829) I. 650 With a view of exciting<br />

a vicarious action, I opened an issue in one of the<br />

arms. find. 668 Where the complaint is strictly idiopathic<br />

and uncombined, it has often been found to give way to<br />

some local irritation or vicarious drain. 1846 Day tr.<br />

Simon*s Anim. Chem. 11. 170 The vicarious action of the<br />

i^in and lungs. 1877 Foster Physiol. (1878) 477 Vicarious<br />

reflex movements may also !>e witnessed in mammals.<br />

176<br />

Vicariously (vai-, vike»*ri3sli), adv.<br />

+ -LY-.]<br />

[f. prec.<br />

1. By substitution of one thing or person for<br />

another ; by means of a substitute,<br />

1796 Burke Re^tc. Peace \\. Wks. 1808 VIII. 237 Not<br />

beingable torevenge themselves on God, they have a delight<br />

in vicariously defacing . . his image in man, i8a8 Scott<br />

p\ M. Perth xvii, Some one must drink it for him, he shall<br />

be cured vicariously. 1835-6 TodiCs Cycl. Anat. I. 133/1<br />

Respiration is also carried on vicariously in a very large proportion<br />

of animals. 1861 G. Shf.ppabu Fall J. Rome vii.<br />

397 His campaigns were., vicariously carried on by a general<br />

whom common report designated as the Achilles of tiie<br />

Vandals. 1883 ' Ouioa ' ll'anda 1. 60 She never did anything<br />

vicariously which concerned those dependent upon her.<br />

2. As a substitute for another.<br />

1868 Garrod Mat. Med. (ed. 3) 410 To c.-iuse the skin to<br />

act vicariously when the action of other secreting organs is<br />

excessive. 1886 J. Morlev CrrV. J/Zi-c. I. 298 He suspected<br />

the practice by which one man offered up prayer vicariously<br />

and collectively for the assembled congregation.<br />

Vica*rioasxiess. [f. as prec. + -nkss.] The<br />

quality or condition of being vicarious.<br />

1717 Bailey (vol. II). 1858 J. Martineau St7td. Chr.<br />

188 If the vicariousness be not this mere pretence, it describes<br />

an outrage upon the first principles of rectitude.<br />

1874 H. R. Reynolds yohn Bapt. v. § 2. 328 The vicariousness<br />

of the sacrifice makes a more severe demand upon our<br />

conscience and intelligence. 1889 Lancet 27 July 17^/1<br />

Another favourite assertion of the opponents of \accination<br />

—the vicariousness of zymotic mortality.<br />

f Vicariship. Obs. rare-"^, [f. Vicary sby'\<br />

= VlCARSHlP.<br />

ci^yiPilgr. Ly/Manhode i. xv. (1869) 11 Thowshuldest<br />

also not foryeteof whom thow doost the vicarishipe.<br />

t Vi'carly, tf. Obs.-'^ [f. Vicab 2.] Holding<br />

the position of a vicar.<br />

1596 Nashe Saffron Walden Ep. Ded., A deuine vicarly<br />

brother of his, called Astrologicall Richard.<br />

Vi'Carship. Also 6 -shyp, vycar8hip(pe.<br />

[f. Vicar + -SHIP,] The office or position of a<br />

vicar, in various senses of the word.<br />

X534 Henrv VIII in Liber Regis p. viii, Every other<br />

person that hath anydignitie, prebend, vycarship,. .or other<br />

office. 1546 Bale Eng. Votaries i. (1560) 49 The general<br />

commission, whiche he had of Sathan his great mastre, in<br />

that vycarship of his. 1579 Fulke Confut. Sanders 540 Y*<br />

liishop of lerusalem should more reasonably claime this<br />

supremacie & vicarship vnto Christ. t6ii Speed Hist. Gt.<br />

Brit. IX. xii. §66 Lewis of Bauar the Emperour sodainely<br />

..re-called his Vicar-ship or delegation, which bee had made<br />

to Edward, to exercise imperiall power in lower Germany.<br />

1653 H. CoGAN tr. Scarlet Gotvn 66 After his arrival at<br />

Rome, Cardinal Capucino paid him all the profits accruing<br />

of his Vicarship by him administred in his absence. 1677<br />

Sv. Hughes Man ofSin iii, iv. 139 If St. Peters, and so his<br />

Holiness universal Vicarship follow hence. 1739 Swift Let.<br />

to Pope 10 May, There is a man in my choir, one Mr. Lamb;<br />

he has at present but half a vicarship. 176a tr. Busching's<br />

Syst. Geog. III. J30 The crown of Spain held the vicarship<br />

of Siena as a fief of the Empire. 1830 I. Taylor Ancient<br />

Chr. I. 96 The universal vicarship of the bishop of Rome.<br />

1867 R. Palmer P. Hozvard 71 He was recommended to<br />

the master-general by Cardinal Pole for the vicarship of the<br />

province. 1896 Oxford Chron. 25 July 5/4 The Bishop of<br />

Oxford has lost no time in filling up the Vicarship of<br />

Abingdon.<br />

t Vi'Cary, sb^ Obs, Forms : a. 4-5 vioarie<br />

(4 vik-), -arye, 4-6 vycary (4 -arye), 4-7 vicary<br />

(5 -ari), 6 vykary. /3. 4-5 vicori(e, viccorie;<br />

4 vycory, 4-5 vicory, vecory, 5 vicorye. 7. 4<br />

vi(c)kery, 5 vekery, [ad, L, vicari-us Vicar.]<br />

1. = Vicar i and i b.<br />

1303 R. Brunnk Handl. Synne 11789 pe prest >*s crystys<br />

vycarye. 1338 — Chron. (1810) 283 No man has powere<br />

J>er of to deme no wirke, Withoute J?e pape of Rome, Code's<br />

V icarie. c 1381 Chaucer Pari. Foules 370 Nature, vicarye<br />

o the almyghty lord. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xv. 70 Cleregie<br />

is cristes vikery to conforte and to curen. 1502 Arnolue<br />

Chron. (t8ii) 159 Unto the most holyest and fauorablist<br />

Prince in erthe, Vicary and Lieftenaunt of Cryst. 15*9<br />

More Dyaloge w. Wks. 179/2 The Pope which is vnder<br />

Christ vycary & the head of our churche.<br />

2. = Vicar 2.<br />

a, 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 11607 Alle prestes haue<br />

nat powere, .to assoyle |>e. .But hyt be J>y parysshe preste<br />

.., Or at J>y parsone or vycary. ^1330 — Chron. Wace<br />

(Rolls) 5775 To parsones & to vicaries Was graunted grete<br />

seignuryes. c 1386 Chaucer Parson's Prol. 22 (Corpus),<br />

Sire Preest, quod he, art J>ou a vicary Or art |)OU a i>erson i<br />

say soJ>, by py fey, 1417 E. E, Wills (1882) 28 Sir John<br />

Dey, parsone of Bageworthe, . . sir Edward Osbourne, vicary<br />

of Thornecombe. 1463 in Somerset Medieval Wills (1901)<br />

200 The same writinges I send you nowe by the vicarye of<br />

Porestoke. c 1501 Joseph Arim. 253 The vykary of welles,<br />

that thyder had sought, . . Released he was of part of his infyrmyte.<br />

aisj^Skelton Col. Cloute ST^ Of persons and<br />

vycaryes They make many outcryes. 1538 North Country<br />

Wills (Surtees, 1908) 158 To the vicarye of Willoby a<br />

mortuary.<br />

^) y* '377 Langl. P. PI. B. xix. 407 Thanne is many man<br />

ylost, quod a lewed vycory. 1406 E. E. Wills (1882) 12<br />

V wyt to the vekery of the same Kyrke xij d. 14x6<br />

Audelav Poems i6_ Alas he ner a parsun or a vecory. c 1450<br />

Chron. London (Kingsford, 1905) 134 Ther was a prest of<br />

thaksted, that wbas vicory some tyme, whas brent in<br />

Smythfelde, 1479 in Eng. Gilds(\Zjo) 421 The Maire..and<br />

the Vicorye and the Propters [sic\ with them.<br />

3. = Vicar 3,<br />

1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VI. 465 For those men fleynge<br />

the laboure of the qwere. .ordeynede vicaryes to occupye<br />

theire places. 1505 Will R. Gybbys 26 March (Prerog. Crt.<br />

Canterb.), AlsoetoOwen Parsons my rosecuppe. .; but if he<br />

shold dye, thenne to my brethren the Vicaries of the Quere.<br />

VICE.<br />

4. o Vicar 4.<br />

1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 243 He jaf to te pope,<br />

Peter his vicary, a rente by ^e ^ere of everich hous of J»e<br />

kyngdom. r 1430 Pilgi. LyJ Alanhode 1. xiii. (1869) 8 A<br />

tiiaister j sigh fasteby that seemede to be a vicarie of aaron<br />

or of moyses.<br />

6, = V^ICAK 5.<br />

?i4.. S. Eng. Legendary (MS. BotU. 779) in Herrig's<br />

Archiv LXXXIL 383/57 lo myssian J»e vecory l>ey were<br />

l>etake anon, pat he hem cholde make here sacrefise to don.<br />

1422 Vonge tr. Secreta Secret, 214 Whan thou haste mestere<br />

to the Service of ten thousand men, thou cal a gouernoure,<br />

and hym shal Serve ten vicaries, and wyth euery vicarie<br />

shall cvm ten leders. 1491 Caxton / 'itas Pair. 1. clviii.<br />

(1495) 166/2 One of tne sayd chyldren was made Senatour<br />

of Rome; the other Consul of Cartage, and thother vycarye<br />

in Affrytiue. 1648 Hunting 0/ Fox (1649) 8 \et this [council<br />

of state] is not our new intended King ;. .this is but his<br />

vicary.<br />

t Vi'Cary, j/'.^ Obs. Also 5 wycari, 6 vicarye.<br />

[a. AF, and OK. vicarie {vikarie^y or ad. ined.L.<br />

vicdria^ f. L. vicdrins Vicar.] The office or position<br />

of a vicar ; a benefice held by a vicar.<br />

cz4ao in Test. F.hor. (Surtees) II. 119 note. Forasmuch as<br />

I am enfourmetl that there is a vicary voide w*in your<br />

College of Heminynburgh . . I pray yow w' all niyn hert that<br />

ye will graunte liyrn the seid vicary. c 1450 Godstcnv Reg.<br />

437 The lond of the vicary of seynt tiyle. .without the north<br />

gate of Oxenford. Ibid. 580 Longyng. .to the said chirch<br />

of Seynt Petir by the reson of tlie vicary. 1483 Cath.<br />

Angl. i\Qifn Pi. wiyaw'it . .vicaria. 1563 Bkcon Religues 0/<br />

Rome 254 Houses of holy church, graunges, personages,<br />

or vicaries, or any maneries of men of holy church. 1598<br />

Marston .Sco. yUlafiie 1. iii. (1599) 185 By chance , . [he]<br />

Hath got the farme of some gelt vicary. 1613 R. Sheli)o>a<br />

Serm. St. Martins 4 The ambitious Bishop and Monarch<br />

of Rome.. in his pretended Vicary for the Messias.<br />

171a Lond. Gaz. No. 5079/3 The Vicary, part of Killcrusaper<br />

'Jythes.<br />

tVi'Cary, a. Obs, rare. [ad. L. vicdn-us.']<br />

Vicarious ; delegated.<br />

C1400 Apol. Loll. 85 If ymagis be worschipid, not hi<br />

vicary worschip, but by Jie same worschip of God, doutles<br />

it is idolairie. 1660 Lloyd Prim. Epiic. 25 Putting the<br />

J.<br />

liand and seal of his highest Vicary authority, as God's Vicegerent,<br />

to the resolves of the subordinate vicary authority<br />

of the Vicegerents of our blessed Mediator. .Jesus Christ,<br />

VicayT(e, obs. forms of Vicar.<br />

Vice (vsis), sb.^ Forms : 3- vice (5-6 Sc.<br />

wice), 4-6 vyc6 (5-6 ^V. wyce) ; 5 vise, wise,<br />

wisse ; 5 vys, vijs (vyhs, Sc, vis), 6 vyss, Sc.<br />

wya. [a, AK, and OF. vice (mod.F. vicej = Pr.<br />

vicij Sp. and Pg. vicio^ It. vizio) :—L, vitium fault,<br />

defect, failing, etc.]<br />

1. Depravity or corruption of morals ; evil, immoral,<br />

or wicked habits or conduct ; indulgence in<br />

degrading pleasures or practices,<br />

1197 R. Gi-ouc. (Rolls) 4025 Hit is ney vif 5er J>at we<br />

abbep yliued in such vice, Vor we nadde nojt to done, & in<br />

such delice. a 1300 Cursor M. 24701 (Edinb.), If ani man in<br />

vice be cast He mai him draw fra \>^K last And be Jjat he was<br />

are. c 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 4116 In wham al J>e tresor<br />

of malice Sal be hidde with alle maner of vice. 1390 Gowkr<br />

Conf. L 7 Tho was the vertu sett above And vice was put<br />

under fote. c 1400 PUgr. So^vle (Caxton, 1483) iv. xxiv. 70<br />

Vyce destroyeth the myght and the rygour of the sowle.<br />

1447 BoKENHAM Seyntys (Roxb.) 18 God..heryth alle men<br />

gladly Wych to hym preye, puryd from vyhs, a 1500 Ratis<br />

Ravingy etc. 3662 Quhen thai tak it our mesour. Thai<br />

turne in wys and in arroure. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xi.<br />

(Percy .Soc.) 46 Fy upon slouth, the nourysher of vyce,<br />

Whych unto youth doth often prejudice. 1560 Daus tr.<br />

Sleidane's Comm. 1 19 b, That churche. . is replenyshed with<br />

theftes, robberies, and all other kynd of vice. 1620 T.<br />

Granger Div. Logike 123 As, vertue is to be insued :<br />

Ergo, vice is to be eschewed. 1644 Milton Educ. 5 Instructing<br />

them more amply in the knowledge of virtue, and<br />

the hatred of vice. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thez-enot's TraT.<br />

I. 104 It is impossible but that Vice must reign, where<br />

People are so ignorant of the commands of God. 17*9<br />

Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 109 Vice is vice to him who is<br />

guilty of it. 1769 Robertson Chas. V, iv. Wks. 1813 V. 395<br />

In order to avoid vice (says he), men must practise perpetual<br />

mortification. xSai Byron Mar. Fal. 11. i. Vice<br />

cannot fix, and virtue cannot change, . . For vice must have<br />

variety. 1835 Ure Philos. Manuf, 406 To exist by beggary<br />

or plunder, in idleness and vice. 1873 * Ouida' Pascarel<br />

I. 6 You, v.'ho blush for your mirth because your mirth is<br />

vice.<br />

b. Personified.<br />

c 1430 LvDC. Assembly of Gods 602 A son of myn bastard,<br />

Whos name ys Vyce—he Kepeth my vaward. i6oa Shaks.<br />

Ham. III. IV. 154 Vertue it selfe, of Vice must pardon begge.<br />

1634 Milton Comns 760, I hate when vice can bolt her<br />

arguments. And vertue has no tongue to check her pride.<br />

17^ R. Bull tr. Dedekindus' Grobiajius 78 Oft in the<br />

mingled Scene, I've chanc'd to see A rev'rend Vice, a grey<br />

Iniquity. 1754 Grav Progr. Poesy 80 Alike they scorn the<br />

pomp of tyrant-Power, And coward Vice, that revels in her<br />

chains. 1784 Cow per yVif^ in. 106 Vice has such allowance,<br />

that her shifts .^nd specious semblances have lost their use.<br />

1813 Shelley Falsehood ^ Vice 11 Where .. War's mad<br />

fiends the scene environ,.. There Vice and Falsehood took<br />

their stand.<br />

2. A habit or practice of an immoral, degrading,<br />

or wicked nature,<br />

a 1300 Cursor M, 23286 pai . . Ne wald noght here bot l>air<br />

delices, pat drogh J>am vntil ot>er vices. 1340 Ayenb. 17<br />

Vor prede inakep of elmesse zenne, and of uirtues vices.<br />

1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xix. 308 pat loue my^te wexe Amonge<br />

J>e foure vertues and vices destroye. 1493 Yonge tr. Secreta<br />

Secret, 205 Als often (as] he is touchid wyth any wyce.<br />

Ibid., Ofte Prayer quynchyth the Pryck>*nges of vices. 1474<br />

CkXTOH Chesse\. i. (1883)9 Whan he reccheth not ner taketh<br />

hede unto them that repreue hym and his vices. 1545


VICE.<br />

Brinklow Latneni. 79 They seti vp and mayntayne idolatrye,<br />

and other innumerable vices and wickedness. X560<br />

Daus X.T.SUidane's Comvi. 452 Such unaccustomed vices..<br />

seined not so muche to be forboden, as shewed. 1605 Shaks.<br />

Leary. \\\. 170 The Gods are iust, and of our pleasant vices<br />

Make instruments to plague vs. X647 Clarendon Hist.<br />

Reb. I. § 3 Nor [to] speak of Persons otherwise, than as the<br />

mention of their Virtues or Vices is essential to the work in<br />

hand. X7a9 Law Serious C. \\. {1732) 16 How it comes to<br />

pass thai Swearing is so common a Vice amongst Christians.<br />

1771 yunius Lett. x\v. (1788) ^57 There are degrees in all<br />

the private vices. 1818 Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Life<br />

(1870) II. ii. 46 An Englishman's worst vice is more human<br />

than a Roman's best virtue. 1841 Emf.rson Ess. i. x. (1905)<br />

180 The virtues of society are vices of the saint. 1878 J. C.<br />

MoaisoN Gibbon 160 Madame de Maintenon,. .a woman,<br />

cold as ice and pure as snow, was freely charged with the<br />

most abhorrent vices.<br />

b. Const, ^(the vice in question).<br />

1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 5967 pou art fatle J>an yn<br />

J>c vyce Of coueytyse, (>eft, and auaryce. ^1375 Sc. Leg.<br />

Saints Prol. 7 Thru |>e vicis of ydilnes, gret foly.., & vantones,<br />

a 1450 Mirk's Festial 118 |>er may no man fynde a<br />

payne, forto poynych dewly J>e vyce of vnkyndnes. 1500-20<br />

Dunbar Poems xlix. i In vice most vicius he excellis, That<br />

with thevice of tressonemeliis. 1597 Shaks. 2//f«./K,in.<br />

ii. 325 How subiect wee old men are to this vice of Lying.<br />

a 1637 B. JoNsoN Underwoods Iv. Ep. to Friend 8 Not like<br />

their country neighbours that commit Their vice of loving<br />

for a Christmas-fit. 1754 J. Edwards Freed. Will iii. v.<br />

171 The Vertue of Temperance is regarded.. as a necessary<br />

Means of gratifying the Vice of Covetousness. 1839 Tennv-<br />

SON Geraint 195 The dwarf, .doubling all his master's vice<br />

of pride, Made answer sharply that she should not know.<br />

C. In horses : A<br />

bad habit or trick. Also with-<br />

out article (cf. sense 1).<br />

I7a6 Diet. Rust. (ed. 3I s.v., Bad Horsemen occasion most<br />

of these Vices, by correcting unduely or out of time. 1753<br />

Chambers' Cycl. Suj>pl. s.v., The rider is first cautiously to<br />

find whether this Vice proceeds from real stubbornness, or<br />

from faintness. 1810 Sporting Mag. XXXVL 154 The<br />

horse was warranted sound, free from vice, and not more<br />

than three years old. 1847 T. Brown Mod, Farriery 377<br />

Of all the vices incidental to the horse, shying is one of the<br />

worst, a 1901 F. W. H. Myers Hum. Personality (1003I L<br />

200 Those defects of stability which in a horse we call vice.<br />

3. A character in a morality play representing<br />

one or other vice ; hence, a stage jester or buffoon.<br />

Very common C1560-1630J now only Hist.<br />

i55i-« in Feuillerat Revels Edxv, I'l (1914) 73 One vyces<br />

dagger & a ladle with a bable pendante..dehverid to the<br />

Lorde of mysrules foole. 1553 RespubHca (1905) i Avarice.<br />

. .The vice of the plaie. 1573 TusstR Hush, (1878) 247 His<br />

face made of brasse, like a vice in a game, His iesture like<br />

Dauus, whom Terence doth name. x6oo W. Watson<br />

Decacordon {1602) 156 He stands at their deuotion, and is<br />

but like an Ape, a Parrot, or a Vice in a play, to prate what<br />

is prompted or suggested vnto him. 1627 Hakewill Apol,<br />

(1630) 162 Luceia a common vice in playes followed the<br />

stage and acted thereon an hundred yeares. 1645 Milton<br />

CoMst. Wks. 1851 IV. 377 For I had rather. .not to have to<br />

doe with Clowns and Vices. 1767 S. Paterson Another<br />

Trap. L 113 Tom was the vice of every comedy, and the<br />

punch of every puppet-shew of his time. 1801 Strutt Sports<br />

4* Past, 111. ii. 140 note, I remember to have seen a stage<br />

direction for the vice, to lay about him lustily with a great<br />

pole. x886 .\. \V. Ward Old F.ng. Drama (1901) 297 A<br />

favourite piece of borsec mariage. be may withouten vice, his weddyng<br />

was wele dight. 1375 Harbour Bruce vi. 35^ For hardyment<br />

vith foly is vis; Bot hardyment, that mellit is Vith vit^ is<br />

vorschip ay. 1599 Shaks, Hen. F, in, vi. 161 Vet forgiue<br />

me God, That I doe bragge thus ; this your ayre of France<br />

Hathblowne that vice in me, 16^8 Jltnius Paint. Ancients<br />

230 Whiiest they thinke it enough to be without vice, they<br />

fall into that same maine vice to lacke vertues. i^ Palev<br />

Evid. Ill, iv. (i8i^) 319 Contempt, prior to examination, is<br />

an intellectual vice. 1817 Macaulay Ess., Machiavelli<br />

(1897) 44 Ferocity and insolence were not among the \iccs<br />

of the national character,<br />

6. A fault, defect, blemish or imperfection, in<br />

action or procedure or in the constitution of a thing.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Sar^s T, 93 He with a manly voys seith<br />

this message,.. Withouten viceof silable oroflettre. a 1400<br />

Bk. Curiasye 131 in Babees Bk., In salt saler yf J«it t»ou<br />

pit O^er fisshe or flesshe ^at men may wyt, pat is a vyce,<br />

as men me telles. ? a 1400 Morie A rth. 91 1 'i'he vesare, the<br />

aventatle, .. Voyde with-owttyne vice, with wyndowes of<br />

syluer. c 1440 Pallad. on Husb. i, 100 The londis fatte, or<br />

lene, or thicke, or rare, Or drie, or moyst, and not withouten<br />

vice. 1548 Cooper Elyoi's Diet., Anacoluthos, a vice in<br />

writyng or speakynge, whan the wordes aunswere not the<br />

one to the other. 1^)9 Puttenham En^. Poesie in. xxii.<br />

(Arbw) 257 The foulest vice in language is to speake barbarously.<br />

1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies<br />

III. xxii. 188 7'here growes neither bread nor wine in these<br />

Hands, for that the too great fertilitic and the vice of the<br />

soile suffers them not to seede. 1700 Rowe Ambitious<br />

Step-Mother Ded., I will engage not to be guilty of the<br />

common Vice of Dedications. i7«9 Shelvocke Artillery<br />

III. 166 The first and most remarkable Vice in Rockets.<br />

1781 J. Moore View Soc. Italy (179O) \. xxxvii. 405 In<br />

edifices.. capable of sublimity from their bulk the vice of<br />

diminishing is not compensated by harmony. 1810 Southrv<br />

in C. C. Soulhey Life (1849) 1 1 1. 274 The vice of the Friend<br />

is its roundnboutness. 18^ A. W. Fonblanque in Life 8f<br />

Labours {1874) 513 Tenacity to fopperies and neglect of<br />

essentials is the vice of our Service. i88x Armstrong in<br />

Nature XXiy. 451 The viceof the steam-engine lies in its<br />

inability to utilise heat of comparatively low grade.<br />

Vol. X.<br />

177<br />

b. A physical defect or blemish ; a deformity<br />

a taint, imperfection, or weakness in some part of<br />

the system.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Wife's T. 99 Myda hadde vnder his longe<br />

heres Growynge vpon his heed two asses eras ; The which<br />

vice he hydde, as he best myghte. c 1400 Lan/ranc's<br />

Ciriirg. 181 If itsobeJ>atallopuciacomei7of vijsofhumouris,<br />

..l>anne vlcera wole be in t>e skyn. a 1425 tr. Ardcrne's<br />

Treat. Fistula, etc. 81 luyse of caprifoile pat is called licium<br />

availeb hi itself to al ^ vicez of \>ft mouJ;e. c 1^0 Alph.<br />

Tales 218 Demostenes. .laburd so agayn a vice & ane rnv<br />

pediment in his moutlie, \>9X no man myght speke fayrer.<br />

1541 R. Copland Gatyens Trap. 2 Fj, Nat that the<br />

dyuturnyte indyketh the curacyon, but the vyce of the<br />

blode. isga Huloet, Vice of a iihorte breath, or winde,<br />

apnara. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. § 41, 1 perceive<br />

I doe anticipate the vices of age. 1697 Dryden Vir^.<br />

Georg. in. 693 Lauoce the Sore, And cut the Head; for 'till<br />

the Core be found, The secret Vice is fed, and gathers<br />

Ground. 1743 Xx.HeiUer's Surg.-yi-^ Physicians.. attribute<br />

most Disorders of the Body to some Vice in the Blood.<br />

1830 R. Knox Beclar(^s Anat.(>$'\\i^ numerous vices which<br />

consist in a disunion or separation in the median line. ibid.<br />

104 Vices of conformation are observed in some of these<br />

membranes. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. iii. Shall I take a<br />

thing so blind. Embrace her as my natural good ; Or crush<br />

her, like a vice of blood ?<br />

f C. A spoiled or vitiated condition. Obs,<br />

1398 Tbevisa Barth. De P. R. xvi. vi. (Bodl. MS.), Mete<br />

and wyne ikept in suche a vessel take)> an horrible sauoure<br />

and smelle of pe vice of bras.<br />

6. Viciousness, harmfulness.<br />

1837 [Miss Maitij\.nd) Lett.fr. Madras (1843) '62 The<br />

poison..willdry up, ..but..wiU not lose its virtue, or rather<br />

Its vice. 1857 Hughes Tom Brown 11. v, In fact, half the<br />

vice of the Slogger's hitting is neutralized, for he daren't<br />

lunge out freely,<br />

7. Comb. a. With pa. pples., as vice-bitten^<br />

•corrupted, -created^ -haunted^ -polluted^ -wont ;<br />

aho vice-sick adj.<br />

1603 Harsnet Pop. Impost. 115 For a Devil to be so<br />

Vice-naunted as that he should roare al_ the picture of a<br />

Vice burnt in a pece of paper, .is a passion exceeding all<br />

apprehension. 1614 Gorges Lucan 11. 56 These our vicecorrupted<br />

times. 1735 Thomson Liberty 11. 496 Independence<br />

stoops the head7To Vice enslav'd, and Vice-created<br />

Wants. X754 Richardson Grandison V. xxx. 186 What a<br />

paltry creature is a man vice-bitten, and sensible of detected<br />

folly, 1777 Potter Mschylus, Choephorix 337 Rouse, sting,<br />

and drive the vice-polluted wretch With brazen scourges<br />

tortur'd thro' the city, a 1849 H. Coleridge Ess. (1851) II.<br />

223 He has converted.. the over-grown coxcomb boy, into<br />

the vice-sick, dispirited debauchee, 1884 'Edna Lvall '<br />

We Two iv, The usual careworn or viceworn faces. 1890<br />

E. Johnson Rise Christendom 104 Many a vice-haunted<br />

monk must have gone mad but for this resource.<br />

to. With pres. pples., as vice-loathings 'punish^<br />

ing^ -rebuking^ -taming^ -upbraiding,<br />

1508 Sylvester Dw Bartas 11. i. Imposture 506 Viceloathing<br />

Lord, pure Justice, Patron strongs Law's life.<br />

Right's rule; will he do any wrong? Ibid. 11. Babylon 35<br />

Such vice-upbraiding objects Who. . Spares neither mother,<br />

brother, kin, nor kin. i6xx CoTGit.,Satyre, a Sat>Te ; an<br />

Inuectiue. or vice-rebuking Poeme. 1619 A. Newman Pleas.<br />

I'ision {1840) 5 And still, vice-punishing Authority, He<br />

(outlaw-like) would slight. 16^1 H. More Song of Soul<br />

III. III. V, Religious Plato, and vice-taming Orpheus.<br />

8. attrib.^ &> vice-complexion,<br />

163s QuARLEs Embl, II. X. 4 A Hagg, repair'd with vicecomplexion,<br />

paint, A quest-house of complaint.<br />

Vice (vais), sb:^ Forms: (4<br />

viz, vicz), 4-6<br />

vys (5 vijs, 6 Sc. wys), vyse, 5-6 Sc. wisa, 6vise;<br />

4-6 (9) vyce (6 fyce), 4- vice. [a. OF.<br />

vis (also mod.F.), viz^ viiz, etc. :-L. vJtis vine,<br />

with reference to the spiral growth of the tendrils.<br />

So Pr. vitZf It. vile screw.]<br />

1, A winding or spiral staircase. Obs. exc. arch.<br />

U33^'^ Ely Sacr. Rolls (1007) II. 73 In j serrura empt.<br />

pro hostio in le Viz in novo Campanile, ij d.] 138a Wvclif<br />

I Kings vi, 8 Bi a vyce [L. cochlea^ thei stieden vp into the<br />

mydil sowpyngc place, and fro the mydil into the thridde.<br />

1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 8;? He ordeyned games<br />

and plaies, and made walles and vices, and o^r^ strong<br />

places, i^y^ Contract for Fotheringhay Ch. {1841) 28 In<br />

the said stepill shall be a Vice towrnyng, servyng till the<br />

said Body, Isles and Qwere. ci4SoC(?«/m. 5n*/347 Anaungell<br />

come doun fro ^e stage on high, by a vice, and sette a<br />

croune of golde & precious stonez & perles apon be Kingez<br />

hed. i5»5 Bury Wills (Camden) 244 The b^ldyng and<br />

fynysshynge of the vise of Seynt James's Chirche. 1543<br />

Dunmow Churchw. MS. fol. 36, vi. days warke and a half<br />

abowt the sowth ile and the vyse on the stepull. 1648<br />

Hexham ii. s.v. Spille, A Vice to gett up on, or a Windingstares.<br />

1886 Willis & Clark Cambridge 1. 16 A handsome stone<br />

vice or spiral staircase. 1900 Hope in Vorks. Archaeol.<br />

Jrnl. XV. 334 In the north-east corner is a vice, partly<br />

built of glazed bricks.<br />

t to. The case or shaft of a spiral stair, rare.<br />

xifA in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) III. 03 Thei sha!<br />

make. .the Roofe of the vice of the staire. And..shal..<br />

fynde alle the bord and tymbre. -for the Roof of the vice<br />

aforsaid. a 1500 Chaucer*s Dreme 1312, I rise and walkt<br />

..Till I a winding staire found, And held the vice aye in<br />

my bond, And upward softly so gan creepe.<br />

+ 2. A device of the nature of a screw or winch<br />

for bending a crossbow or catapult. Hence bow<br />

(etc.) of vice, Obs.<br />

13. . Coer de L. 3970 Richard bent an arweblast off vys.<br />

And schotte it to a tour. [1371-3 Ace. Exch, K. R. 397A0<br />

tn. 3, ij, vicz ad tendendum balistas.] ?a 1400 Mortc Arth,<br />

2424 Thane they beneyde \read bendyde] in burghe bowcs of<br />

vyse. c 14J5 WvNTOUN Cron, viii. 4227 Awblasteris, and<br />

bowis of wise, And al thynge J>at mycht mik serwice.<br />

VICE.<br />

fb. A mechanical contrivance or device by<br />

which some piece of apparatus, etc., is worked.<br />

Obs. (common in the i6th c).<br />

Orig. no doubt _<br />

implying some application of a screw, but<br />

in later use employed more loosely and perhaps associated<br />

with Device 7 (cf. Vice sb.^).<br />

a 1400 A*. Gloiic. Chron. (Rolls) II. 780 Man mai. .^inche<br />

muche wonder hou hij were arerd For nis ^jcr no>er gyn<br />

ne vys t)at hit my^te do. 1509 Hawes Pait. Pleas, iii.<br />

(Percy Soc.) 15 The little turrets with ymages of golde About<br />

was set, whiche with the wynde aye moved, Wyth propre<br />

vices, a 1513 Fabvan Chron. vi. clvi. 145 Imagys on horse<br />

backe aperyd out of sondrye placis, and after departyd<br />

agayne by meane of sertayne vyces. 1547 Wriotheslev<br />

Chron, (Camden) II. i He shewed a picture of the resurrection<br />

of our Lord made with vices, which putt out his legges<br />

of sepulchree .. and turned his heade. 1597 A. M. tr.<br />

Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. p. xiii b/i The vice, or meanes,<br />

wherby this Instrumente is opened and shutte agayne.<br />

ai6i4 Overburv A Wife, etc. (1638) 169 His whole body<br />

goes all upon skrewes, and his face is the vice that moves<br />

them. x6ai T. Williamson tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard<br />

49 Idolles, and Statues, which artificially are moued by<br />

vises & gynnes. 1650 R. Stapvlton Strada's Low C,<br />

Warres viii. 20 All the power was in the Burgesses, at<br />

whose pleasure they were nominated and moved, like<br />

wooden Puppets with a Vice.<br />

f C, A clasp or fastening for a hood. Obs.~"^<br />

c 1440 Promp. Parv. 510/1 Vice, hood sperynge, spira.<br />

+ 3. A screw. Obs.<br />

Not always clearly distinguishable from sense 2 b.<br />

z4xa-ao Lydg. Chron. Troy iv. 6282 Many vys and many<br />

sotyl pyn In J>e stede he made aboute goon, pe crafty lokkes<br />

vndoynge euerycbon. c 1430 Pilgr. LyfManhode iv. xvii.<br />

C1863) 184 pe anguishe J)at so harde presseth troubel herte,<br />

joat It thinketh it is streyned in a pressour shet with a vys.<br />

1450 Fysshynge w. Angle (1883) 8 [A staff) with a pyke yn<br />

J>e neper ende fastnyed with a remevyng vise. 1537 Inv.<br />

Goods Dk. Richmond 18 in Camden Misc. Ill, A Bedstede<br />

of waynscote. .well kerved, with vices and garthes to the<br />

same. 1551 Sir J. Williams Accompte (Abbotsford Cl.) 73<br />

Paid for viij paier of vices of iron made for the saied seven<br />

images. Ibid. 76 An other paier of candellstickes . . lackinge<br />

a vice. 1571 Dicges Pantom. i. xxvii. H iij b, In his backe<br />

prepare a vice or scrue to be fastned in the top of some<br />

staffe. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 484 A broad goblet or<br />

standing peece there was.. with a devise appendant to it,<br />

for to be set too and taken off by a vice. 1605 Stow Ann,<br />

1281 A Pinnace was made by an house Carpenter;., this was<br />

made to be taken a-sunder, and set togither with vices.<br />

x^wQo^skt Crudities 134 He is pourtrayed in white stone,<br />

. .his deske with a vice turning in it, and his bookes vnder it.<br />

b. A screw-press, rare.<br />

1633 G. Herbert Temple, Agony ii, Sinne is that presse<br />

and vice, which forceth pain To hunt hiscruell food through<br />

ev'ry vein. [1866 Rogers Agric, « (Coopering), a gimlet.pointed<br />

hand-screw employed to hold up the head while<br />

the staves are closed around it.<br />

t 4. A tap of a vessel ; a screw-stopper. Obs.<br />

1530PALSGR. 158 I'nevis, ..a viceofacuppe, orsuchelyke.<br />

Ibuf. 284/2 Vyce to putte in a vessell of wyne to drawe the<br />

wyne out at, chanteplenre. 1564 Richmond Wills (Surtees)<br />

174 One vice of gold enameled, one sylver spone doble gilt.<br />

1591 Harington Orl. Fur. xlu. Ixxv, This took the water<br />

from the azure skie From whence, with turning of some<br />

cock or vice. Great store of water would mount up on high.<br />

x6za in Halybnrton's Ledger (1B67) 305 Flagones of glase<br />

with vices covered with leather, the dozen, xii 11 1653<br />

Ubquhart Rabelais i. v. (1664) 26 The bottle is stopped and<br />

shut up with a stoppel, but the flaggon with a vice.<br />

5. A tool composed of two jaws, opened and<br />

closed by means of a screw, which firmly grip and<br />

hold a piece of work in ])Osition while it is being<br />

filed, sawn, or otherwise operated upon ; used<br />

especially by workers in metal or carpenters. Cf,<br />

Hand-vice,<br />

The spelling vise is now usual only in U.S.<br />

1500 Nottingham Rec. III. 72 Unuin vise et diversa files.<br />

1584 Knaresh, Wills (Surtees) I. 145 All my stiddes,. .one<br />

vice, all my naile tooles and all my hammers. 1677 Moxon<br />

Mech. Exerc. i. 5 The wider the two ends of the Spring<br />

stand asunder, the wider it throws the Chaps of the Vice<br />

open. 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 321/2 The Vice, called<br />

the Bench Vice,..holdeth all sorts of Iron work that requires<br />

Fileing. 1745 Eliza Heywood Female Sped. No. 10<br />

(1748) II. 20I There is no doubt but a pair of globes will<br />

make a better figure in their anti-chambers than the vice<br />

and wheel. 1797 Phil. Trans. LXXXVII. 258 In this<br />

machine the body to be pulled asunder is held fast by two<br />

It is a screw<br />

strong vices. i8a7 N. Arnott Physics I. 177<br />

which draws together the iron jaws of a smith's vice. 1857<br />

Dickens Domt xxiii, A long low workshop, fitted with<br />

benches, and vices, and tools, and straps, and wheels.<br />

1867 F. Francis Angling xiii. (1880) 464 The vice for trout<br />

flies is a smalt brass table vice. 1884 F.J. Britten Watch ff<br />

Clockm. 284 For nearly all operations connected with watchmaking<br />

either the work or the tool is gripped in the vice.<br />

fig- «597 Shaks. 2 Hen. It', 11. i. 24 It I can close with<br />

him, I care not for his thrust. ..If I but fist him once : if he<br />

come but within my Vice. 1866 B. Taylor Poems, The<br />

Waves, Bound in the vice Of the Arctic ice. 1901 Munsefs<br />

Mag. XXIV. 803/1 The doctor's hands, picking at the iron<br />

vise at his windpipe, grew feebler.<br />

b. Used in similes or comparisons.<br />

]8a8 Scott F. M. Perth ii. To secure him with a grasp<br />

like that of bis own iron vice, was, for the powerful Smith,<br />

the work of a single moment. 1S46 Mrs. A. Marsh Father<br />

Darcy II. V. no Catesby stretched out his hand across the<br />

tabic ; took hold of that of his friend, and held it with a grasp<br />

as of an iron vice. 1871 Tyndall Fragm, Sci. (1879) l.xii.<br />

363 The jaws of a gigantic vice appear to have closed upon<br />

them. i8te Harper's Mag, Dec. oo/i The other hand.,<br />

was crossed upon my breast, and held there as if in a vise.<br />

23


VICE.<br />

6. A tool used for drawing lead into grooved rods<br />

for lattice windows.<br />

1706 Philups (ed Kersey), Vice^ . .an Instrument with two<br />

Wheels made use of to draw the Lead in Glazing-work. 1718<br />

Chambers Cycl. s,v., Ihere are some of these Vices double,<br />

and that will draw two Leads at once. 1815 J. Nicholson<br />

Operat. Meckattic 638 A vice, with different cheeks and<br />

cutters, to turn out the different kinds of lead as the magnitude<br />

of the window or the squares may require.<br />

7. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 1) i vice-door,<br />

-foot (sense ; 3) t vUe-candlestick, -hasp, -nail, -pi^j<br />

•4urcas ; (sense 5) vice-bench^ -block, -board, -end,<br />

-Jaw, -iegt -maker, -pin, -post, -screw, etc. ; f vioearoh<br />

(see quot.) ; vice-hand (see quot. ; in mod.<br />

use = next) ; vioe-man, a workman who manipu-<br />

lates a vice (cf. quots.). Also Vice-like a.2<br />

Also zHce-cap^ -chimps -press (Knight, 1875-84).<br />

1387TREVISA Higden. (Rolls) IL 71 pere were somtyme<br />

buldcs wib •vice arches andfonteslr.r voutesjin Jjemanere<br />

of Rome (L. Romano more cocleata\ 1850 We ale Diet.<br />

Terms, * Vice-bench, the bench to which a vice is fixed.<br />

1895 Afodel Steam Engine 94 "Vice Blocks.—Of various<br />

sizes, shapes, and patterns, used as supports upon which to<br />

bend tubes. 1808 A. Scott Poevts 140 An' Vulcan loud,<br />

wi' squeakin clang. Was at the *vice-board rispin Fu' soon<br />

that day. 157a m Feuillerat Revels Q. Eliz. (1908) 176<br />

*Vice candlesticks xii, xiis. iS?^-? ^bid. 263, y^ vice,<br />

candlestidces at xij* the peece, vj». 1687 Miege Gt. Fr.<br />

Diet. I, Mdchoires d'Etau,. .*yice'chops, or the Chops of<br />

a Vice. «3S4 Afem, Ripon (Surtees) IlL 91 In mercede..<br />

reparantis serur. et claves del *Vicedores in ecclesia. 1463<br />

Bury Wills (Camden) 29 Seynt Marie preest tohaueakeye<br />

of mycost of the vys dore goyng vp to the candilbem. 1501<br />

Vatton Churchtv. Ace, (Som. Rec. Soc.) 125 A Key , . for y«<br />

fyce door, isis-3 Rec. St. Mary at Hill (1905) 281 Nayles<br />

for l>e gamettes on the v^-se dore in the steple. 1875 Car.<br />

Pentry fy Join. 35 At the left hand or *vice-end of the bench.<br />

IS33 in E. Law Hampton Crt. Pal. (1885) 348 The dore at<br />

the *\'>'ce fote goj-ng up to the bartyllmentes of the haull,<br />

1644 BuLwEB Chiron. 76 The *Vice-hand or Thumb, extended<br />

out with the Eare.Finger. 161J in Halyburtott's<br />

Ledger (1867) 332 *Vice haspes the dozen, xiis. 1793-4<br />

Mattkews^s Bristol Directory, Austin, Aaron, Clock and<br />

*Vice-maker, Old-market. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade^<br />

*Vice-fnaker^ a manufacturer of iron vices. 1837 W. B.<br />

Adams Carriages 179 The business of the *vice-man is to<br />

file and smootTi the work from the rough marks of the<br />

hammer, to fit joints, and finish screw-bolts and nuts. 1858<br />

SiMMOSDs Diet. Trade, Vice-men, smiths whose work is<br />

at the vice instead of the anvil. 1488-92 Ace. Ld. High<br />

Treas. Scot. I. 85 A grete "vice nail maid of siluer. 1501<br />

Ibid, IL 26 For mending of ane vice nale of the Kingis<br />

cowp that was hrokin. x63X F. Markham Bk. IVar i. ix.<br />

34 His screwes, with which he shall unloose euery *vicepinne<br />

or epgine about the musquet. a 1642 Sir W. SIonson<br />

Naval Tracts 111. (1704) 353/2 They neither want Vice- Pins<br />

nor Scourers. 1694 Motteux Rabelais v. vii. 28 The Hole<br />

for the Vice-pin. 1833 J. Holland Mann/. Metal 11. 145<br />

The vice-pin miendedto be screwed . . is placed in the stock.<br />

Ibid. 146 A very simple machine used for cutting •vicescrews.<br />

1549-50 Burgh Rec. Stirling (1887) 58 The gret<br />

scheris, ane taingis, ane *vice turkes.<br />

t Vice, sb:-^ Obs. Also 4 viis, vijs, wijs, 4-5<br />

viys (4 uiys, 5 vyys) ; 4 vis, vys(e ; 5 vyce.<br />

[a. OF. vis :—L. vis-um, visas face.] Face, visage.<br />

Common in the first half of the 14th century.<br />

axyxi Cursor M. 18841 His vice [r/.rr. vijs, viys] sumdel<br />

wit rede was blend ;<br />

On neseand muih was noght at mend.<br />

rt 1325 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1878) 144 As we.. went<br />

toward paradys; \iyxs he hot him in t>e viis. 1338 R. Brunnk<br />

Chron. (1810) 104 Vnto Jie se side chaced J>ei Sir Lowys, He<br />

durst not abide, no turne Thebald his vis. ?t:x4oo Emare<br />

742 Leue we at |je lady, clere of vyce. cx^oa Laud Troy<br />

Bk. 7733 His vice was red as any nr.<br />

Vice, sb.^ Obs, exc. dial. Also 4 vyse, 6 vise,<br />

.5V. wice, vyce, 9 dial, viae. [Aphetic f. avise,<br />

azyftf, etch, Advice.] Counsel; advice.<br />

1387-8 T. UsK Test. Love i. ii. (Skeat) 1. 60 Now thou<br />

comest goodly by thyn owne vyse, to comforte me with<br />

wordes. a 1500 Lancelot 1909 Alot euery king have this<br />

wice in mynd In tyme. c 1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) v.<br />

23 Sic sen^eoris tymis our weill this sessone ; Vpoun thair<br />

vyce war lang to waik.<br />

a 1847 ^^^' ofWight Gloss. (E. D.S.) 40 Vice, or Kiz^.advice.<br />

fvice, -Ti^.^ Obs, Also 5 vyce, 6 vyse. [Aphetic<br />

f. Device.] Design, figure, device.<br />

a x^oo-sa Alexander 1539(0.), A vesture of vyce of vyolet<br />

flourez. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas. (Percy Soc.) 180 On the<br />

fourth head, on the helmet crest There was a stremer ryght<br />

white, ..Wheron was written with vyse of the best, My<br />

name is Variaunce. a 1650 Sir Lambewell 116 in Furniv.<br />

Percy Folio I. 148 In that pauillion was a bed of price that<br />

was couered ore with goodhe vice.<br />

Vice (vais), sb.^ Chierty .SV. [a. L. vice, ab!.<br />

oivicis (gen. sing.), change, turn, stead, place, etc.]<br />

L Stead or place (of another). Now rare.<br />

1598 Florio, Vece, stead, place, Hew, vice, standing for<br />

another. 1607 Hume Admonit. (Bannatyne CL) 13 If suche<br />

a man, indewed with so gryte giftis, did so, Who ar ye title<br />

ones to succede wittinglie in his vice? 167J Burgh Rec.<br />

Aberdeen (1872) 283 Nominating and setleing ane postmaster.<br />

.in the deceist John Wells his vice. x68i Stair<br />

^<br />

Instit. I. xix. § 55. 397 Succeedincj in the vice is a kind of<br />

intrusion, whereby after wammg any person romes in<br />

possession, by consent of the parties warned. 1838 \V. Bell<br />

Diet. Law Scot. 1027 I'he person succeeding in the vice.<br />

will be subjected as an intruder, unless he have a colourable<br />

title of possession to protect him. xW& Act 31 ^ ^2<br />

Vic. c. loi 5 105 The mediate over superior, as acting m<br />

the vice of such superior.<br />

\ 2. Turn (of sequence or alternation). Obs.<br />

1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) 356 It was Mr<br />

Thomas Sydserf his vice to have sermon that day in the<br />

Grayfrier kirk. 167a Burgh Rec. Aberdeen (1872) 279 Ane<br />

..watch of the inhabitants [to] be setled,..and no person to<br />

178<br />

be absent in their vice without sicVnes.-or vther lawfuU<br />

excuse. X711 Ibid. 344 That the saids elementarians. .be<br />

taught for this vice be Mr. William Mestone. 1775 L. Shaw<br />

Hist. Moray 357 After this, the Family of Seafort claimed a<br />

Vice [of nomination]. \'j^iStatist.Acc.Scot.'^\\.-^\'^^s%x%.<br />

Alexander Hamilton, .and Cunningham of Sea-bank are<br />

vice-patrons [of the parish]. The former has the next vice.<br />

Vice<br />

(vais), sb^ Also 6 vise. [Absolute use<br />

of Vice- prefix^ One who acts in the place of<br />

another ; a substitute or deputy.<br />

In mod. use the second element is usually implied or expressed<br />

in the context, as in quot. 1852.<br />

"597 Harvkv /"nw/w//;/^ 7'. iVaf//^ Wks. (Grosart) hi. 17<br />

The Barbers were serued and they cut them, and were as<br />

loues Vises to make them fit for warre. 1728 Chambers<br />

CycL, Deputy^ is.. frequently used among us, for an Office,<br />

or Employ, not a Dignity; and stands indifferently for a<br />

Vice, or Lieutenant. x8ii Ora ^ Jitliet II. 180 Lord Ber.<br />

Ungton offered himself as Henry's Vice, to conduct the<br />

other end of the table, i8ao Bvbon Mar. Fal. v. iii. 66 The<br />

few.. shall fawn Round a barbarian Vice of Kings' Vicegerent.<br />

1852 Dickens Bleak Hex, Hesolaceshis imagination,<br />

too, by thinking of the many Chancellors and Vices,<br />

and Masters of the Rolls, who are deceased. 1889 Gretton<br />

Memory^s Harkb. 140 It was indirectly a proof of the esti.<br />

mation in which the Vice [ = Vice-chancellor] was held.<br />

Vice, obs. Sc. form of Wise sb. (manner).<br />

Vice (vais), v> [f. VicK sb:^'\<br />

1 1. trans. To fix on with a screw. Obsj~^<br />

154* in Arckxol. Jrnl. XVIII. 144 Item oone Cuppe of<br />

glasse with a cover, the fote being of silver and gilt and<br />

viced on,<br />

2. To force, strain, or press hard as by the use<br />

of a vice ; to fix, jam, or squeeze tightly.<br />

In early use only in highly figurative context.<br />

i6oa Mabston Antonio's Rev. 11. ii. Dj, I see false suspect<br />

Isvicde; wrung hardly in a vertuous heart. 161 1 Shaks.<br />

Wint. T, 1. ii. 416 He sweares. As hehadseen't,or beene an<br />

Instrument To vice you to't, that you haue toucht his Queene<br />

Forbiddenly. 1637 N. Whiting Albino^ Bellama 12 Who<br />

viceth honour, lyes. x8o6 J. Beresford Miseries Hum.<br />

Life VI. iv. You find yourself suddenly viced in, from the<br />

shoulder to the hip. 1849 De Quincey in Blackw. Ma^.<br />

LXVI. 74B The coachman's hand was viced between his<br />

upper and lower thigh. (^ 1859 — Aelius LnmiaWks. X.<br />

306 The glory may envelop one in a voluminous robe,.. or<br />

may pinch and vice one's arms into that succinct garment<br />

[a spencer].<br />

3. intr. To employ or apply a vice. rare~^.<br />

x6ia Sturtevant Metallica (1854) 99 Pressing or impressioning<br />

of things is performed.. secondeiy by screwing<br />

or viceing.<br />

Hence Vi'cing vbl. sb.<br />

1648 Hexham ii, Een vij'singe, a Vicing, or a Screwing.<br />

t Vice, ^.2 Sc. Obs. Also wyce. [app. ad.<br />

OF*, vicier, med.L. vicidre^ L. vitidre to spoil,<br />

vitiate, but with change of meaning.] trans. To<br />

treat arrogantly or oppressively.<br />

For the explanation of ivalentyne see Volentine.<br />

c 1450 Holland Ho7vlat 918 Thus wycit [z-.r. viciit] he the<br />

walentyne thraly and thrawin, That all the fowlis. ,plen5eit<br />

to Natur.<br />

liVice (vdi'si), prep. [L. vice: see Vice sb.^]<br />

In place of ; in succession to.<br />

xyyo Scots Mng. Jan. 55/1, 6th reg. of foot: Capt. Mathew<br />

Derenzy to be Major, vice John Forrest; by purchase.<br />

17B7 Gentl. Mag. Nov. 1015/1 The Lieutenant-Governor<br />

has appointed. .James Miller .. Lieutenant of the said<br />

fort, vice Frederic Gottsched, who is gone to Hallifax.<br />

1806 Beresford Miseries Hum. Life ni. ix, A jarring<br />

bat ;—a right-hand bat for a left-handed player ;—a hat,<br />

vice stumps. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis xxii. He was<br />

gardener and out-door man, vice Upton, resigned. x886<br />

C. E. Pascoe London of To-day xi.(ed. 3J iii It was. .soon<br />

afterwards reorganized, with Mr. Randegger, vice Mr.<br />

Leslie, as conductor.<br />

Vice- (vais), prefix, representing L. vice in place<br />

of : see prec. Originally this governed a following<br />

word in the genitive, but in late L. the tendency<br />

to use the phrase as a compound noun appears in<br />

vicequmstor (equivalent Xo prdquxstor of analogous<br />

origin). In med.L. such formations became common,<br />

as vicecomes, -consul, -decamts, -dominus,<br />

-princeps, -rector, -rex, etc. From the 1 3th cent.<br />

onwards a number of these appear in OF., at first<br />

usually with the prefix in the form oivis-,vi',h\^\.<br />

latterly assimilated as a rule to the Latin original.<br />

Similar compounds with vice- are also employed<br />

in It., Sp., and Pg. The older examples in<br />

English, having been taken immediately from<br />

French, also present the prefix in the reduced<br />

forms vis- {vys-, viz-) and vi- (vy-), subsequently<br />

replaced by vice- (also in early use vize-) except in<br />

Viscount. The more important compounds are<br />

given below as main words ; the following are<br />

illustrations of less usual or more recent terms.<br />

a. With personal designations, especially titles<br />

of office, indicating that the person so called acts<br />

temporarily or regularly in place of, in the absence<br />

of, or as assistant to, another who properly holds<br />

the office or bears the title or name, as vice-abbot,<br />

-agent, -Apollo ^ -apostle, -architect, etc. Also occas.<br />

iransf., as vice-nature.<br />

In the dictionaries of Florio and Mi^ge many examples of<br />

similar forms are employed to render the Italian and French<br />

equivalents, e, g. vice'Captain, .cardinal^ -censor, -commissary,<br />

etc.<br />

a x66x Fuller IVorthies 11. (1662) 50 Gregory of Huntington<br />

VICE-.<br />

..was bred a Benedictine Monke in Ramsey, where he<br />

became Prior, or *Vice.Abbot. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v.<br />

xli. § I A vassal whom Satan hath made his *Vice-agent.<br />

1648 Crashaw Poems (1904) 138 Him the Muses love to<br />

' follow, Him they call their *vice-Apollo. 1641 Smectym-<br />

Nuus ' Vind,<br />

Ausw. xiii. 114 They were Comites, and<br />

Vicarii Apostolorum^ *Vice-Apost!es. 1779 Phil. Trans.<br />

LXIX. 598 M. Forfait. ., *vice-arcliitect of the French navy.<br />

1690 Land. Gaz. No. 2617/2 'I'he Troops there under the<br />

Command of the Ban and *Vice-Ban, were obliged by the<br />

bad weather to separate. i686 Ibid. No. 2201/2 He who<br />

formerly commanded that Gaiison was *Vice-Ba>sa. 1778<br />

Stiles Diary (1901) II. 288 The Diploma Examinatorium<br />

. .was delivered to the President, who gave it to the *Vice<br />

Bedellus, directing him to read it. X671 F. Philii'PS Keg.<br />

Necess, 433 The Baron of Limpurgh *Vice-Butler to the<br />

King of Bohemia. 1600 J. Porv tr. Leo's Africa 1. 10<br />

Hauing first put to flight the *vice-Califa of Aegypt. i860<br />

Aii Year Round No. 46. 475 The unmanageable 'Arry,_who<br />

was a species of *vice-chair, and was also provided with a<br />

hammer. i88a<br />

J. Hardv in Proc. Ber. Nat. <strong>Club</strong> IX. 440<br />

Mr. Charles Watson .. discharged the duties of the vice-<br />

chair. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade, * Vice-chairman, a<br />

person who presides at the lower end of a table, supporting<br />

and aiding the chairman or president ; the deputy-chairman<br />

of a board of officers. 1659 Baxter Key Cath. xlii. 300<br />

Prove that Christ hath commissioned a *Vice-Christ. 1691<br />

— Nat. Churches x. 42 Being an Usurpation of Christ's<br />

Office, and making a Vice-Christ, which is an Antichrist.<br />

171a [see Vick-god]. 1497 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. I. 58<br />

It is thought expedient that the Popes Holynesse comaund<br />

the said aide . . to be publisshed by his *vicecollectour. 1858<br />

Simmonds Diet. Trade,<br />

* Vice-commodore, 2>. deputy com-<br />

mander of a naval squadron. 1631 Weevf.r Ane. Funeral<br />

Mon. 541 Edward the third . . did substitute Edward Bohun,<br />

the Earles younger brother, *Vice-Constable vnder him.<br />

1878 J. Gaibdner Hist, Rich. Ill, iv. 175 Sir Ralph Ashton<br />

was. .appointed Vice-Constable, .to exercise all the powers<br />

of the Lord High Constable for the particular emergency.<br />

1566 tr. Beza's Admon. Parlt. D j, Cathedrall churches,.,<br />

where master Deane, master *Vicedeane, ..readers, vergerirs,<br />

&c. liue in great idlenesse. 1637 Gillespie Eng,<br />

Pop.Cerem.iu. viii. 161 Deanes, Vice-Deans,. .Subdeacons.<br />

1697 Lond. Gaz. No. 3341/1 The Vice-Dean with the<br />

Clergy, made a Congratulatory Speech. 1875 W. H. Jones<br />

Fasti Eccl. San'sb, 265 There is always a distinction to be<br />

observed between a ' Vice-Deaa ' or a ' I.,ocum Tenens ', and<br />

the ' Sub-Dean '. 1647 R. Stapvlton Juvenal 153 He<br />

made choice of his.. master or generall of the horse, or<br />

*vice-dictatour. 1883 Macm. Mag. XLVI. 249 A *vice.<br />

director of the military college. 18x8 Shellev Eug. Hills<br />

244 But Death promised . . That he would petition for Her<br />

to be made *Vice-Emperor. 1844 Thirlwall C^wcf VIII.<br />

IxvL 451 Before Diatus came to Corinth, a council was held<br />

there by the *vice-general Sosicrates. 17x1 Hickes Two<br />

Treat. Chr. Priesth. (1B47) ^ J- ^88 Would he not have been<br />

a *vice-high-priest as well as a viceroy? 1749 Fielding<br />

Tom Jones xi. x, As the law hath foolishly omitted this<br />

office of *vice-husband, or guardian to an eloped lady. 18x7<br />

BvKON Beppo xx'xx. And so she thought it prudent to con-<br />

nect her With a vice-husband, chiefly to protect her. 1609<br />

J. Davies Hum. Heaven 11. cvi, My *vice loues quoth he<br />

are ne'r afraid. 1555 Euen Decades (Arh.) 112 Lupus<br />

Olanus the conductor of one of the shippes of Nicuesa, and<br />

nowe also *vice Leauetenaunt in his steede. X690 Lond.<br />

Gaz. No. 2527/3 And after them Count Popenheim, *Vice-<br />

Marshal of the Empire, carried the Sword of State naked<br />

before the Emperor. 1593 G. Haijvev Pierce's Super.<br />

Wks. (Grosart) II. 212 He hath not played the *Vicemaster<br />

of Poules, and the Foolemaster of the Theater for naughtes.<br />

16x8 Bamevelt's Apol. G j, The Vice-maisters place of the<br />

fees hath not allowed one halfe penny for stipend. 1690 C.<br />

Nesse O.


VICE-ADMIBAL,<br />

.<br />

b» With nouns or adjs. deiivcd from personal<br />

designations, as vice-apostolical, -canceilarian,<br />

-deity, -duchy, etc., or associated in someway with<br />

the holding of office,<br />

•throne.<br />

as vice-chair, -gorvemment<br />

This type is represented in late L. vice-quxstura, med.L,<br />

vice-comitaiis^ -comitatus^ -dominium, etc., and occurs<br />

freely in French and the other Romanic languages.<br />

1641 'Smkctvmnul's* I'itid. Ans^v. xiii. iig He bids him<br />

goe on with speed to execute his "Vice-Apostolicall office.<br />

1843 Whkwell in Life (i83il 285 Much too should I like to<br />

see you in your * Vice-Cancellarian chair. 1850 Thackeray<br />

Petuiennis Ixxvi, The chair was taken by Sir F'rancis<br />

Clavering, ..the *vice-chair beinjj ably filled by — i3arker,<br />

Esq. 18S4 Cyclists' Tour. <strong>Club</strong> Gaz. Mar. 82/1 Messrs.<br />

W, B. Tanner and A. R. Sheppee occupied the vice-chairs.<br />

i8»6 SoUTHEY I'ind. Eccl. Angl. 394 You have to reconcile<br />

the pretensions of the Popes with their practices,, .their<br />

•vice-deity with their crime.s. 1611 Flohio, VicedominanziZj<br />

a *vice-gouernment. 1876 Bancroft //ist. U. S. IV.<br />

xxxvi. iij The offer of a baronetcy and the vice-government<br />

of Virginia. 1856 .Merivale Hisl. Rom. Emt. 1. (1865)<br />

VI. i88 In the mean time he was deputed to hold proconsular,<br />

or *vice-imperial, power beyond the citj-. 1880<br />

SwixBCRNE \<br />

Stud. SAitis. 240 His poor little vice-regal or !<br />

vice-imperial parasite, n 1617 Bavse On Cohss. i. r, ii.<br />

(1634) 97 We must not supply Him with "vice-ministeriall<br />

heads. 1574 Life Jotk Abf. Canierb. Pref. C vij, The same<br />

Austen hauinge thus gotten by conquest this uniuersall<br />

vicepapaci ouer England. 1775 L. Shaw HiH. Moray<br />

343 How far the King may claim a *Vice-Patronage, I<br />

shall not determine. 1677 MiioE Fr. Diet, i, Vicerectorat,<br />

a 'Vice-principalship. 1870 Routledge's Every<br />

Boy 5 Ann, Apr. 211 Fortunate enough to obtain the vice,<br />

principalship of the college. 18M Daily News 23 Oct.,<br />

The • Vice-Provostship of Eton College, c 1890 Stevenson<br />

In South Seas 1. xiv. (1900) 125 He wa.s being haled to the<br />

vice-residency, uncertain whether to be punished or rp.<br />

warded. 1884 A. Forbes Chinese Gordon iii. 114 A royal<br />

salute was fired, and then Gordon had to make his speech<br />

from the 'vice-throne.<br />

O. With verbs, as vice-reign (after viceroy).<br />

l88j Sat. Rev. i June 653/2 If it were not for the Civil<br />

Service, the Viceroy simply could not vice.reign.<br />

Vice-a'dmiral. Also 6 Sc wioe admerall,<br />

weis admirall, 6 vize-, 7 vizadiuirsU, -erall.<br />

[a. AF. visadmirail (OK. visamiral, F. viceamiral)<br />

: see Vice- and Admikal. So It. viceammiraglio,<br />

Sp. and Pg. vicealmirante.']<br />

\. A naval officer ranking next to an admiral.<br />

ISM in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. I. I. 165 Your Grace hath<br />

deputed the Ma.ster of the Rolles and the Vice .Admirall to<br />

examyn the Inglysfa marchaunts robbed and spoyled in<br />

September. 1561 Act 5 Eliz. c 5 § 33 The Lorde Admirall<br />

of Englande.,or..any his Viceadmiralles. 1589 BiccEs<br />

Summarie Drake's If. Ind. Voy. 21 The Lieutenant<br />

generall, the Vizeadmirall, .ind all the rest of the Captaines.<br />

1604 E. Qrimstoni] D'Acosta's Hiit. Indies 111. xi. 156<br />

Returning now to the Viceadmiralles shippe, ..they tooke<br />

the sea. i6ao R. Cocks Diary (Hakl. Soc.) II. 121 The<br />

admerall and vizadmerall gave hyin to understand shipps<br />

were ready to departe. 1670 CovEL in Early Voy. Levant<br />

(Hakl. Soc.) 102 Capt. Kobinson in the Greenwich, as<br />

Admiral,. .and Capt. Wild, in the Assurance, as Vice-<br />

Admiral. 1716 Swift Gulliver, Liltiput viii, I.. desired<br />

his Imperial Majesty to lend me.. three thousand seamen<br />

under the command of his vice-admiral. 1777 R. Wat.son<br />

Philip ll,\\. 259 Philip., giving him Martinez de Recaldo,<br />

a seaman of great experience, for his vice-admiral. 1833<br />

Penny CycL 1. 126/2 There are also vice-admirals and rearadmirals<br />

of each flag, the former ranking with lieutenant<br />

fenerals..in the array. 185S Simmonds Diet. Trade s.v.,<br />

'here are vice.admirals of three grades, who hoist respec.<br />

lively a red, white, or blue flag.<br />

b. (See quot. 1769.)<br />

a 1618 Raleigh Royal Navy (1650) 37 If the Vice-Admirall<br />

of the Shire where men are mustered . . had directions given,<br />

to joyn with the Mustermasters. 1710 J. Chamberlaynk<br />

State Gt. Brit. (ed. 2) 581 A List of the Vice.Admirals.<br />

Sir John Molesworth, Bar., North parts of Cornwall. Earl<br />

Rivers, County of Essex (etc.). 1769 Falconer Diet.<br />

Marine (1780) S.V. Admiral, Vice-Admiral is also a civil<br />

officer appointed by the lords-commissioners of the admiralty.<br />

There are several of these officers established in different<br />

parts of Great-Britain, with judges and marshals under<br />

them, for executing jurisdiction within their respective<br />

districts. 187s Encycl, Brit. I. 159 2.<br />

o. (See Admiral sb. 4.)<br />

1698 Aa 10 Will III, c. 14 § 4 That the Master of every<br />

.«uch Second Fishing Ship as shall enter any such Harbour<br />

or Crecke [in Newfoundland) shall be Vice-.Admirall of such<br />

..during that Fishing Season. 1708 (see Admiral sb. 4I<br />

t 2. A vessel commanded by a vice-admiral. Obs.<br />

c 159s Caft. Wvatt Dudleys Voy. (Hakl. Soc.) 3 Our<br />

Generall concluded that the vice-admerall with her pinness<br />

should sett saile and make for Plimworth before. 1598 W.<br />

Phillip tr. Linschoten ^/i Their names were the Admirall<br />

S. Phillip, the vize Admiral S. Jacob. These were two new<br />

ships. 16x9 Wadswohth I'ilgr. iv. 34 The Caplaine of the<br />

Vice-Admirall., began to encourage his Marriners. 1660<br />

Ingelo Ben'.iv. », Ur. 11. (1682) 180 Lysander commanded<br />

the Vice.Admiral. 1693 Luttrell BriefReL (1857) 'I'- 9<br />

Another Tripoline, their vice admiral, was the next day<br />

taken by the Malta gallies.<br />

attrib. 1706 Stevens Span. Diet. 1, Almiranta, the Vice<br />

Admiral Ship of a Fleet.<br />

3. Conch. A variety of shell of the genns Co««i.<br />

1819 [see A0.MIRAL sb. 7].<br />

Hence Vloa-a-dmixalalilp.<br />

1677 Sir C. Wyche in Essex Papers (Camden) II. ii8<br />

That some man of integrity should succeed him in ye vice<br />

Admiralship of Munstcr.<br />

Vice-admiralty, [f. prec. + -Ty. Cf. F<br />

vice-amiraulJ.'] The office or jurisdiction of a<br />

vice-admiral (in sense i b) ; an area tinder the<br />

libelled i<br />

179<br />

juristliction of a vice-admiral. Court of viceadmiralty,<br />

= vice-admiralty court.<br />

160a Carew Cornwall i. 87 b. The Vice-admiralty is<br />

exercised by Mr Charles Treuanion. 1679-88 Seer. Sen,.<br />

Money Lhas. Jos.<br />

J<br />

(Camden) 29 Daniel Gyles, Marshall<br />

"^ Admiralty of Southampton ?.r-'i<br />

and the Isle of<br />

Wight. ijtaProclam. in Lond. Gaz. No. 3872/2 All Vice.<br />

Admirals, and Judges of the Vice-Admiralties are also to<br />

?i ' n-'^"'^- , '7^ -^^^ dAnneciii 19, Ihat the <strong>Here</strong>table<br />

Rights of Admiralty and Vice Admiralties in Scotland<br />

be reserved to the respective Proprietors as Rights of<br />

Property. 1773 Gentl. Mag. XLIII. 402 Ihe extending<br />

the power of the courts of vice-admiralty to so enormous a<br />

degree, as deprives the people in the colonies, .of their inestimable<br />

right to trials by juries. [1876 Bancroft Hist.<br />

U.S. II. XXXI. 283 Ihe crown lawyers overruled all objections,<br />

.and the king set up his courts of vice-admiralty in<br />

America.)<br />

b. yice-admirally court (see quot. IBS'!).<br />

1761 Ann. Reg. i. 127/2 Their lordships reversed the<br />

sentence of the vice-admiralty court, and ordered restitution<br />

of ships and cargoes. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 69<br />

Appeals from the vice.admirally courts in America.. may<br />

be brought before the courts of admiralty in Engl.ind. 1829<br />

Marrvat E. .Mildniay xxi, The True-blooded Y.inkee w.is<br />

in the Vice-Admiralty Court at Cape Town. 1863<br />

H. Cox Instit. \. V. 28 The Queen.. may regulate the<br />

practice of her Vice-Admiralty Courts abroad. 1867 Smyth<br />

Sailor's Word-bk., Vice-admiralty courts, branches of the<br />

High Court of Admiralty, instituted for carrying on the<br />

like duties in several of our colonies, prize-courts, &c.<br />

Vice-chamberlain. [Vice-.] A subordinate<br />

or deputy chamberlain ; spec, an officer of the<br />

Royal Household under the Lord Chamberlain.<br />

IS4S in Rymer Fadera (1713) XV. 81/1 Our Vicechambcrlane.<br />

Our two Principall Secretaries for the tyme<br />

being. 1589 Cooper Admon. 56 Master Vicechamberlaine<br />

at her Maiesties..tolde the Bishjp that her Maiestie misliked<br />

nothing. 1614 Selden Titles of Honor 358 Vpon<br />

knowledge thereof giuen to the Lord Chamberlaine of the<br />

Houshold or Vicechamberlaine for the time being. 1645<br />

Doc. Lett. Pat. at O-r/. (1837) 403 Bills.. subscribed and<br />

allowed by the Chamberlaine, Vicechamberlaine, or Principal<br />

Secretary of his Maiestie. 169s Ld. Lonsdalk in Eng.<br />

Hist. Rev. Jan. (1913) 93 The Prince had reserved for me<br />

the Vice Chamberlain's place. i7oaZ.(;«ii Gas. No. 3840/t<br />

The Rt. Hon. Peregrine liertie Esq., Vice-Chamberlain to t<br />

Her Majesty. 1780 Burke C£Vo», ^T^/^rwr Wks. III. 287<br />

He has an honourable appointment ;. .and he has the vice<br />

chamberlain to assist him. 1835 App. Munic. Corp. Rep. \<br />

1. 154 The Chamberlains [at Worcester] are annually elected, j<br />

..Their business, which is performed by a deputy called a<br />

Vice.chaniberlaiii, is to receive the rents and keep all the I<br />

accounts of the corporation. \<br />

i<br />

Vice-clia'ucellor. Forms: 5 vlohaunceller,<br />

6 vyohanoeUour, vysohanoelar ; 6 vioechauncelour,<br />

-ellor, -ohanoelor, 6- vloe-ohanoellor<br />

(7 -our) ; Sc. 6 Tioeohancellair, 7 -ellar,<br />

-eler. [a. OF. vi(s)chancelier (F. vice-chancelier),<br />

or ad. med. L. vicecancellarius : see Vice- and<br />

Chancellor sb. So It. vicecancelliere, Sp. vicecaiuiller,<br />

Pg. vicechancelUr.'\<br />

1. The deputy or substitute of an ecclesiastical<br />

chancellor ; spec, the cardinal at the head of the<br />

Papal Chancery.<br />

1431-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 297 This bischop induede<br />

the prior of Dirhem firste with his honoure that he is decan<br />

in that bischopryche and a.s vichaunceller. 1670 G. H. Hist.<br />

Cardinals l. ill. 85 Six of the Abbreviators places are in the<br />

Gift of the Cardinal Vice-Chancellor. a 1700 Evelyn Diary<br />

18 Feb. 1645, Belonging to Cardinal Francesco Barberini as<br />

Vice-chancelor of the Church of Rome. 1845 Sarah Austin<br />

Ranke's Hist. Re/, v. v. We have already alluded to the<br />

proceedings of his vice.chancellor, Waldkirch. 1884 Cath.<br />

Diet, (1897) 263 The more pressing, v^eighty, public, and<br />

solemn affairs of the Apostolic See . . pass through the hands<br />

of the Vice-Chancellor.<br />

2. The acting representative of the Chancellor of<br />

a university, usually the head of a college specially<br />

appointetl to the office for a limited time, or the<br />

principal of the university.<br />

«53"> c^ct 22 Hen. VIII, c. 12 Scolers of the Universites of<br />

Oxford & Cambrydge that goo about beggyng, not beyng<br />

aucthorysed . . by the Comrays^ary, Chauncelloure, or<br />

vichauncelloure of the same. 21540 Barnes IVks. (1573)<br />

222/2 Because I had once submitted my selfe to the Vice,<br />

chauncelour, and I was thereby circunuented. 1577 Hakri.<br />

SON England II. iiL {1877) i. 82 Ouer each vniuersitie also<br />

there is a seuerall chancdor, whose offices are perpetuall,<br />

howbcit their substitutes, whom we call vicechancelors, are<br />

changed euerie yeare. i6>9 Wadsworth Pilgr. Ded. A iij,<br />

I he Keuercnd Vice-Chancellor, Doctors, Procters, Gouernors<br />

of Colledges and Hals. 1681 Lond. Gaz. No. 1656/3<br />

Afterwards several of the Nobility were admitted Doctors<br />

of I.aw, His Majesty allowing the Vice.Chancellor to be<br />

Covered in His Presence, while the Orator presented them.<br />

1705 fbid. No. 4114/1 Mr. Vice.Chancellor, and the other<br />

Members of the University, waited, upon the Prince.<br />

17*3-5 Churchill Author Poems 1767 II. 128 Vice Chancellors,<br />

whose knowledge is but small,.. Ill.brook'd the<br />

gen'rous Spirit, in those days When Learning was the cer.<br />

tain road to praise. 1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 482/1 In both<br />

Ihe English Universities the duties of Ihe Chancellor are in<br />

nearly all ca.ses discharged by a Vice.Chancellor. 1864<br />

J. H. Newman Apol. 235 The late Vice.Chancellor threatens<br />

to lake his own children away from the church.<br />

3. A deputy or subordinate of one or other state<br />

official bearing the title of Chancellor.<br />

1587 Reg. Privy Council Scot. IV. 167 Schir Johnne<br />

Maitland of Thirlstane, knycht, his Majesteis secretare<br />

and vice.chancellair. 1611 Maitland <strong>Club</strong> Misc. III. 113<br />

Appoynting him [sc. the archbishop) to be Vicechanceler<br />

in the Parlement, if my Lord Chancelar thoght not the<br />

Chancelarie and Commisaionarie compatible, c 1653 Kaillie<br />

. now<br />

I<br />

I great<br />

I<br />

VICE-COUNTY.<br />

in Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) Introd. 53 The Vice-<br />

Chancellar was de.id. 1694 Luttkell Brie/ Ret. (1857) III<br />

272 Mr. Hambden, vicechancellor of the exchequer, has laid<br />

down that place. .728 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Chancellor,<br />

Sometimes the Lord Chancellor [of England] had a Vice.<br />

Chancellor, who was Keeper of the Seal. 1777 R Watson<br />

Philip /I, l\. 21-1 She was offended at their artifice, and<br />

immediately despatched her vice-chancellor to complain of<br />

their conduct. 1876 Bancroft Hisl. U.S. V 1 ^4 The<br />

vice;Chancelior [at Moscow), therefore, calmly explained<br />

the impossibility of conceding the request for troops 18S0<br />

Diet. Nat. Biog. XVIII. 49 Eustace (d. 1215), tishop rf<br />

Ely, . became . vice-chancellor and keeper of the royal seal '<br />

and ultimately chancellor.<br />

b. spec. One of the higher judges in the former<br />

Court of Chancery.<br />

1813 Act 53 Geo. Ill, c. 24 To nominate and appoint from<br />

time to tune. .a fit Person, ..to be an additional Judge<br />

Assist.lnt to the Lord High Chancellor,, .and to be called<br />

Vice Chancellor of England. 1823 Egan Grose's Did.<br />

j- iilg. T., Vice Chancellor'scourt, CTedkoi'sUstihift. 1835<br />

loMLlNS Law-Dill. J. s.v. Chancellor, In his judicial<br />

capacity, he hath divers assistanls and officers, vis. the<br />

Vice-Ch.incellor of England, . .the Masters in Chancery,<br />

&c. 1876 Encycl. Brit. V. 390/1 Previous to being merged<br />

in the New Supreme Court of Judicature, the Court of<br />

Chancery consisted of the Lord Chancellor,, .and three<br />

Vice.Chancellors.<br />

Hence Tice-cha-noeUorsliip, the office or dignity<br />

of a vice-chancellor ; the period during which<br />

this is held.<br />

'579 Fenton Guicciard. i. 4 He made the Pope promise<br />

him., the office of vicechancellorshippe (the principallest<br />

place in Ihe Court of RomeX 1589 (?Nashe] Almond/or<br />

Parrat2g T. C. in Cambridge first inuenttd this violent<br />

innouatlon, when as his mounting ambition went through<br />

euery kinde of Ambitus, to compasse the Oflice of the Vice.<br />

chauncelour-ship. 1655 T. Baily Li/e Bp. Fisher 10 But<br />

Vicechancellour-ship, Mastership and all must be laid<br />

downe. 1691 Wood Alh. Oxon. I. 593 He did undergo with<br />

honor the Vicechancellourship of this University.<br />

1761 T. Warton Li/e Bathurst 94 The spirited orations<br />

which he spoke in his Vice.chancellorship. 1813 Sir S.<br />

ROMILLV Pari. Deb. 15 Feb., The Vice.Chancellorship<br />

might in a short time become a sinecure. 1889 W. Wilson<br />

State §426 (1893) 266 (The German chancellor) is..ultim-<br />

^'^ly responsible in every case— even for the non-exercise<br />

of his office. The vice-chancellorship is only a convenience.<br />

Vice-CO-mital, a. [Cf. Vice-county 2 and<br />

CoMiTAL a.] Belonging to a vice-ccunty (sense 2).<br />

.1859 H. C. Watson Cybele Brit. IV. 275 The comital and<br />

vice.comital floras are yet incompletely ascertained.<br />

Vice-consul. [Vice-. So med.L., F., Sp.,<br />

Pg. vice-consul, It. viceconsolo.}<br />

1 1. A Roman proconsul. Obs.<br />

'559 Up. Scot in Strype Ann. Re/. (1709) I. App. x. 33<br />

Certeyn wycked persons, .brought hym before their viceconsul,<br />

called Gallio. 1579-80 North Plutarch (1595) 346<br />

The authorof this epigramme reckoneth the two times of<br />

his being viceconsull, for two whole Consulshippes. x6oi<br />

Holland Pliny II. 526 Aterius Labeo, a noble man of<br />

Rome, .. who otherwise had been viccConsulI in Gallia<br />

Narbonensis.<br />

2. An assistant or deputy of a consul.<br />

1601 W. Parry Trav. Sir A. Sherley 10 The English consulls<br />

and vice consults, igroj W. J. Bruyn's Voy. Levant<br />

xxxii. 121 The next Morning we wailed upon the Vice-<br />

Consul.


VICEGERENCE.<br />

to b^n with, lie [Simon de Montfort] w*as seised of the<br />

Vicecounty of Besiers. 1706 Stevens S^. Diet. 1, Villa-<br />

Nmtva dt Cardenas, a Town in . . Andaluzia, . . made a Vice-<br />

County by King Philip the 4th.<br />

2. A division of a large county, treated as a countyarea<br />

with regard to &e distribution of species of<br />

plants, etc.<br />

X859 H. C Watson Cybeie Brit. IV, 130 Sinaller and more<br />

numerous sections could be formed by dividing the great<br />

counties into vice-counties. *873-^ — Topographical Bot.<br />

(tttle-p.), The iia Counties and Vice-counties of England,<br />

Wales, and Scotland. 1800 Science-Gossip XXVI. iio/i<br />

Not more than ten out of the 312 counties and vice-counties<br />

into which Great Britain is divided.<br />

Vicege'rence. Now rare. [Cf. next and<br />

-BN'CE, So older F. vicegerence {tci* and religious orders were concerned.<br />

X90S R, Bacot Donna Diana xiv. 156 The Papal Court, .is<br />

no freer from petty jealousies . . than the Court of any ruler<br />

in no wise claiming Divine vicegerence.<br />

Viceffereucy (vaisid^i'Tensi). [See next and<br />

-ENCT. ^ojno^.L..vicegerentia{i6oi inDuCange),<br />

It. vicegere/iza.']<br />

1. The office, dignity, or rule of a vicegerent<br />

the fact of rnling or administering as representative<br />

of another.<br />

1596 Dbavton Legends iy. 511 But to the great Vicegerencie<br />

I grew, Being a Title as Supreme as new. x6oo<br />

W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 119 If euery Priest shold<br />

take place agreeing to their Vice-gerencie vnder Christ,<br />

there could be no order kept. 1641 Milton Prel, Episc.<br />

Wks. 1851 III. 73 Timothy, and Titus,. .had rather the<br />

vicegerency of an Apostleship committed to them, then the<br />

ordinary charge of a Bishoprick. /zx668 Davenant Law<br />

arst. Lovers Wks. (1673) 323 The Duke,. .During the time<br />

of your Vicegerency, Remain'd here in disguise, x/oa<br />

Sachevbrell Serm. Univ. Oxford (1710) 9 The highest indignity.<br />

.to any crown'd head is. .denying its vice-gerency.<br />

xj6i Hume Hist. Eng. III. App. 75 James was vaunting<br />

his divine vicegerency. 1845 R. W. Hamilton Pop. Educ.<br />

IX. 334 To gain a just conception of civil government...<br />

If it be tnat Divine vicegerency which many have<br />

descnbed [ctc.J. 1891 Daily News 29 Dec. 6/1 He has.<br />

put to death more than forty persons who have dared to<br />

question his authority or argued against his vicegerency.<br />

trans/. 1711 G. Hickes Two Treat. Chr. Priesth. I. ii. 16<br />

This Vicegerency, or mediatory Office to transact and<br />

minister in sacred Matters betwixt God and Man,<br />

b. A district or province ruled by a vicegerent.<br />

1865 W. G. Palgrave Arabia I. vi. 244 History and tradition<br />

record no rebellious outbreak of any importance during<br />

their sway among the numerous vicegerencies of Arabia.<br />

+ 2. Vicarious nature or character, Obs,<br />

1671 FuvvEL Fount Life viL 18 His sanctifying himself<br />

for us plainly speaks the Vicegerency of his Death. 1679<br />

C. Nesse Antichrist 24 Antichrist,. signifies substitution<br />

and vice-gerency.<br />

Vicegerent (v3is,d2l»T£nt), sb. and a. Also<br />

6 vitz-, 7 vize-gerent. [ad. med.L. vicegerent-<br />

vicegerens, f. L. vicetn (ace.) stead, place, office,<br />

etc, and^*rr^«x, pres. pple. oiger^re to carry, hold.<br />

So F. vicegerent (also -girant)^ It., Sp., Pg. vicegerenie.<br />

The hyphen, formerly not uncommon, is<br />

now rarely used in this and the preceding words.]<br />

A. sb. 1. A person appointed by a king or<br />

other ruler to act in his place or exercise certain<br />

of his administrative functions.<br />

1536 Cromwell in Merriman Life tj- Lett. (1902) II, a6<br />

Thomas Crumwetl.,keper of the privey Scale of our said<br />

soueraigne Lorde the king and vitz^erent to the same for.,<br />

all his Jurisdiction ecclesiasticall within this Realme. 1538<br />

ibid. 151, I Thomas lorde Crumwell,. .Vice-gerent to the<br />

kjmges said highnes. 1545 Act 37 Hen. VIII, c. 17 Censures<br />

ecclesiasticall made by your Highnes and your Vicegerent,<br />

officialls, commissaries, and Judges and visitators. 1593<br />

R. Harvbv Philctd. i Mordred Arthurs kinsman being<br />

appointed Vicegerent in his royalty, gaue great giftes..to<br />

Cerdrick a Saxon. x6o6 G. W[oodcocke1 Hist. Ivstine vi.<br />

30 Lysander whome Agesilaus appointed his Vize-gerent<br />

the time of his ahsence. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt.<br />

Eng, II. XV. (1739) 79 It hath therefore been the ancient<br />

course of Kings of this Nation, to constitute Vice-gerents<br />

in their absence. 1733 Swift On Poetry Wks. 1755<br />

IV, I, 198 Now sing the minister of state, ..Thou great<br />

vicegerent of the king [etc]. 1788 Gibbon Decl. ^ F. Ivii.<br />

V. 671 He was trusted by the sultan as the faithful vicegerent<br />

of his power. 1838 Thirlwall Greece II. xiv. 194<br />

His vicegerent was at first willing to resign his authority.<br />

18^ Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xviii. 95 He intended..<br />

Gloucester to act as his vicegerent in England.<br />

b. In general sense : One who takes the place<br />

of another in the discharge of some office or duties.<br />

1549 Coverdale, etc Erasm, Par. Tim. i. 3 b,- 1 left the<br />

there euen as my selfe, to haue the autoritie as a notable<br />

vicegerent in so excellent and so paynefuU an office. 1641<br />

Baker Chron., Eliz. 24 The Govcrnours of Ireland, .were<br />

at first called I ustices,-. afterwards, Lievtenants, and their<br />

Vice.gerents were called Deputies. 1683 Brit. SPec. 114<br />

(His] Vice-gerent was the Vicar General of Britain, honored<br />

180<br />

with the Title Spectabilis. 1773 Observ. State Poor 47 The<br />

humanity and generosity of some of these parochial vicegerents,<br />

the farmers or managers of workhouses. 1781<br />

Gibbon Decl. c5- F. xvii. (1787) II. 38 These prerogatives<br />

were reserved to the praefects. .: their vicegerents were confined<br />

to the trifling weight of a few ounces. 1851 Husstv<br />

Papal Poiver iii. 130 For what respect will be thought due<br />

to the vicegerents of the holy apostle St. Peter if what they<br />

ordain. -be undone. x868 M. Pattison Academ. Org. iv.<br />

109 There is in all cases, a vice-gerent, who in the absence<br />

of the head exercises his powers.<br />

e. A ruler or commander of a country, etc., in<br />

virtue of deputed power,<br />

"577 HoLiNSiiED CAr»«. II. 482/1 <strong>Here</strong>with he [Richard I]<br />

dothe commaunde them also to obey Robert Earle of<br />

Leycester, whome he appointed.. as his Lieutenant or vicegerent<br />

of those parties during his absence. 1589 Greenk<br />

Tnllies Love Wks, (Grosart) VII. 117 The Romanes had<br />

made mee Vicegerente of their forces, c x6xo IVomen Saints<br />

151 Aspasius the vicegerent of Rome. 1786 Burke Art.<br />

agst. Ir. Hastings Wks. 1842 II. 208 The said Mogul has<br />

been obliged to declare the head of the Mahratta state to<br />

be vicegerent of the Mogul empire.<br />

2. Applied to rulers and magistrates as representatives<br />

of the Deity.<br />

Frequent in the 17th century.<br />

1547-64 Baldwin Mor. Philos. (Palfr.) 74 Princes, being<br />

by God put in authority, are His vice-gerents, and should<br />

therefore require obedience. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst.<br />

IV. XX, (1634) 735 If they [the Magistrates] remember tliat<br />

they bee the vicegerents of God. 1595 W. C[lerke] Pollvtanteia<br />

C iv b, This likewise is the cause why the Prince<br />

is tearmed Gods Vicegerent vpon earth. 1641 Milton Ch.<br />

Govt. V. Wks. 1851 III. 114 We acknowledge that the civill<br />

magistrate wearesan autority of Gods giving, and ought to<br />

be obey'd as his vicegerent. x68i Dryden Abs. Sf Achit.<br />

To Rdr., God is infinitely merciful ; and his Vicegerent is<br />

only not so, because he is not Infinite. 1700 Astry tr.<br />

Saavcdra-Faxardo I. 230 The same has place in Princes,<br />

who are God's Vicegerents in Temporals. 1710 Pkideaux<br />

Orig. Tithes ii. 120 All Governours of Nations being Gods<br />

Vicegerents, they are bound in all things to order tlieir<br />

Government so as will best agree with the will of him. 1840<br />

Thackeray Paris Sk.Bk. (ed. 2) II, 274 * Dieu seul est<br />

grand,' said courtly Massillon; but next to him, as the<br />

prelate thought, was certainly Louis, his vicegerent here<br />

upon earth.<br />

b. Applied to priests, and spec, to the Pope, as<br />

representatives of God or Christ.<br />

1573 R.^ T. Discourse 49 Hee onely is Antichrist that<br />

fayneth himself to do all that Christ can doo, to bee his<br />

vicegerent in earth, to sit in his place. 1593 in J. Morris<br />

Troub. Cath. Forefathers Ser. m. (1877) ^3° Unto all<br />

which things the jurisdiction and authority of the Pope,<br />

Christ's Vicar and Vicegerent, did extend. 1660 Milton<br />

Free Covtviw. Wks. 1851 V. 432 All Protestants hold that<br />

Christ in his Church hath left no Vicegerent of his Power.<br />

1678 Marvell Growth Popery Wks. 1875 IV, 255 The<br />

Pope.. does persecute those to the death who dare worship<br />

the Author of their Religion instead of his pretended Vicegerent.<br />

1737 Challoner Cath. Chr. Instr. (1753) 81 The<br />

Priest that officiates in the Mass officiates as Christ's Vicegerent.<br />

1841 Cdl. Wiseman in E. Purcell Life A. P. de<br />

Lisle (1900) I. xiii. 285 Let me know that the Vicegerent of<br />

Xt. approves of my course, . . and I shall not care for all the<br />

world. J873 H. Rogers Orig. Bible ii. (1875) 78 Moses.,<br />

did not affect to be, like, .the Pope, the visible representative<br />

and vicegerent of God.<br />

trattsf, 1624 Gataker Transubst. 96 They say it to<br />

Christ, whose deputie and vicegerent the Image there is.<br />

C. Similarly applied to man in general or in<br />

some special respect ; also ifi) to nature, the sun,<br />

conscience, etc,<br />

(a) 1601 Sir W. Cornwallis Disc. Seneca (1631) Mm viij,<br />

That this confusion is incident to our Hues, is our owne<br />

fault, since the disorders of a state belongeth to.. the<br />

Gouernors of a state ; so this to man who is Vicegerent of<br />

the earth. i6a6 Jackson Creed viii. x. 93 Our first parents<br />

being Gods vicegerents here on earth, Lords of all his<br />

visible creatures. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 344 IndiflTerently<br />

bent to the Continuance of it, or change j as God,<br />

and his Vice-gerents, her Parents shall think fit. 1845<br />

Encycl. Metrop. II. 561 [A Deity who] communicates to<br />

men a knowledge.. of his purposes that they may he his<br />

vicegerents in executing them. 1861 J. A. Alexander<br />

Gosp. fesiis Christ xxxix. 521 A proof of man's original<br />

formation in God's image, and bis original vestiture with<br />

delegated power as God's vicegerent.<br />

{b) 1646 H. P. Medit. Seige 76 Nature (God's great vicegerent).<br />

1676 Sir M. Hale Contempl. 11. 82 God Almighty<br />

hath substituted the Soul of Man, as his Deputy or-Vicegerent<br />

in that Province which is committed to him. x68i<br />

Flavel Meth. Grace xxxiii. 556 Conscience, .. that noble<br />

power, God's vicegerent in the soul. 1794 G. Adams Nat.<br />

9f E.xp. Philos. {1806) II. xxi. 415 When the sun is said to<br />

rule the day,, .what else can be understood but that he acts<br />

as a vicegerent. 1821 Shelley Hellas Prol. 142 Thou<br />

Destiny ; . . Go, thou Vicegerent of my will, no less Than of<br />

the Father's. 1835 Miss Sedgwick Linwoods iv, Let man<br />

beware how he wilfully or carelessly perverts and blinds<br />

God's vicegerent, conscience. x86o Pvsev Jllin. Propli. 192<br />

They dethroned righteousness, the representative and vice*<br />

gerent of God, and made it rest on the ground. 1881 C. A.<br />

Young Sun i. (1882) 12 It has been reserved for more<br />

modern times.. to show clearly just how. .the sun himself<br />

[is] the symbol and vicegerent of the Deity.<br />

d. Applied to persons as representing some<br />

other supernatural or spiritual power.<br />

1588 SiiAKS, L. L. L. I. i. 222 Great Deputie, the Welkins<br />

Vicegerent, and sole dominator of Nauar. 1615 Hevwood<br />

Foure Prentises i. xviii, Joves great Vice-gerent over all<br />

the world. 1701 De Foe Trueborn Eng. 1. 17 The List of<br />

his (the Devil'sJ Vice-gerents and Commander? Outdoes<br />

your Czesars or your Alexanders. 1715 Poi-e Odyss. xi.<br />

310 Now in the time'.s full process forth she brings Jove's<br />

dread vicegerents, in two future kings. 1763 J. Brown<br />

Poetry ^ Music v. 61 Apollo, the God of Music, was their<br />

VICE-LEGATE<br />

Author [of oracles] ; The Fythia or Priestess was his Vicegerent.<br />

1786 tr. Beckfords Vathek (1868) 104 Merciful<br />

Prophet ! stretch forth thy propitious arms towards thy<br />

Vicegerent<br />

3. A thing which takes the place of another.<br />

1583 Melbancke Philotimus Ccij, If my lasie leggs..<br />

should deny to make this voiage^ my hearte would.. substitute<br />

my handes to be their vicegerentes. 1871 Earle<br />

Philol. Eng. Tongue 390 The pronouns are, as their name<br />

signifies, words which are the vicegerents of nouns.<br />

4. A vicarious bearer ^"sorrow. rare~^.<br />

1594 Southwell M. Magd. Funeral Teares (1823) 73 All<br />

creatures, .leaving me as the vicegerent of all their sorrow,<br />

B. adj. (or attrib.). 1. Taking the place, or<br />

performing the functions, of another.<br />

1577 tr. Bullingers Decades (1592) 853 The Scripture<br />

teacheth that Christ ascended into heauen, and hath<br />

established a vicegerent power, to wit, the holie Ghost.<br />

1667 Milton P. L. x. 56 But whom send I to judge them?<br />

whom but thee Vicegerent Son. 1712 Blackmokk Creation<br />

355 Next Man arose at thy creating word, Of thy terrestrial<br />

realms Vicegerent Lord. 1749 Deity 1 7 But Conscience,<br />

fair vicegerent light within, Asserts its author.<br />

2. Characterized by deputed or vicarious power.<br />

1667 Milton P. L. v, 609 Under his great Vice-gerent<br />

Reign abide [ye], . . For ever happie. 1^7 H. Bushnell<br />

Chr. Nurt. 11. v. (1861) 208 The vicegerent office to be<br />

maintained, and the gracious ends to be secured, make xt<br />

indispensable that parents should themselves be living in<br />

the Spirit.<br />

Hence Vicege'rentsliip.<br />

1600 O. E. (M. Sutcliffe) Repl. Libel}, vi. 157 Let this<br />

Noddy.. shew foorth the popes commission eyther for his<br />

vicegerentship, or for his pretended apostolicke office. 1646<br />

GiLLKSPiE MaU Audis 10 The capacity of a Vicegerent,<br />

which he hath by his Vicegerentship. Ibid. 35 The two<br />

fold Vicegerentship of God and of Christ.<br />

Vice-£fOd, [Vice-.] One who (on earth) takes<br />

the place, or exercises the power, of God.<br />

Freq. in tlie 1 7th cent, as a hostile designation of the Pope.<br />

1600 Darrell Detect. Hai-snet 204 Our Vice Godes which<br />

are here on earth in Gods steade will take vengeance of<br />

those traitors. 1624 Bp. Mountacu Gagg 63 There is an<br />

headship which will not reach' that illimited power giuen<br />

to the Pope, Our Lord, Vice-God vpon earth. 1664 Owen<br />

Vind. Animad. Fiat Lux xvi. Wks. 1855 XIV. 352 The<br />

consequences so startled the wise state of Venice that you<br />

know they disputed it to the utmost with yoiur vice-god<br />

Paul V. X712 ftL Henry Popery Spir. Tyranny Wks.<br />

1853 II. 342 To call them Anti-gods, and Anli-christs, however<br />

they pretend to be Vice-christs and Vice-gods. 1784<br />

R. Welton Chr. Faith ^ Pract. 434 Man is a vice-God in<br />

the world. 1830 Bentham Consiit. Code Wks. 1843 ^^: 3^<br />

On neither side has any vice-god been seen^ or fancied.<br />

1873 L. Stephen Freethinking ix. 347 Man.. is hopelessly<br />

ignorant, but set on a throne and properly manipulated he<br />

becomes an infallible vice-God.<br />

Hence Vice-srodhead.<br />

1659 Baxter Key Cath. xx. 84 Not only the Romish<br />

Universal Monarchy and Vice-godhead, but even its<br />

Patriarchal Primacy was no Apostolical Tradition.<br />

Vice-go vernor. [Vice-.] An official acting<br />

under, or in place of, a governor ; a deputygovernor.<br />

Hence Vice-go *vernorshlp.<br />

1598 Flokio, Vicegouernatore , a vicegouernouri a deputiegouernour.<br />

174* Woodkooke in Hanway Trav. (1762) I.<br />

II. xvii. 77 The governor, vice-governor, and commander of<br />

the garrison, came on board. 1760 Ann. Reg. 73 He has<br />

for some time resided as vice-governor under the King of<br />

Prussia. 184a J. F. Cooi'er Jack<br />

0' Lantern I. 159 Vito<br />

Viti had long before gone up the street to see the vice*<br />

governor. 1876 Bancroft Hist. U. S. VI. 500 (Francis<br />

Bernard] thankfully accepts baronetcy and vice-governorship<br />

of Virginia. 1897 Mary Kincslev W. Africa 393<br />

Spanish possessions . under a Vice-Governor to the Governor<br />

of Fernando Po. Ihid.^ The Vice-Governorship of Eloby.<br />

Vice-Mxig. [Vice-.] One who rules as the<br />

representative of a king ; a viceroy. Also attrib,<br />

X579in Hakluyt Fty. (1600) III. 733 In coasting along the<br />

Island of Mutyr, belonging to the Kmgof Ternaie, his Deputie<br />

or Vice-king . . came with his Canca to vs. x6as Mabbe<br />

tr. Aleman's Guzman d^'Alf. ii. 152 Vnder his protection we<br />

went vp and downe the Ciiie, as if we had beene so many<br />

Vice-Kings of the Country. 1659 Baxter Key Cath. xlii.<br />

300 A Deputy, or Vice-King in Ireland. xiAx— Acc.Sherlocke<br />

vi. 210 There is no netd ofa Vice King to make this a<br />

Kingdom. 1681-6 J. Scott C//r. Z//f(i747) III. 562S0 that<br />

now he is subject to the Father in the Capacity of a Vice-<br />

King to a supreme Sovereign. 1800 Hist. Ind. mAsiat.Ann.<br />

Reg. 24/2 He appointed Don Francis D'Almeyda, Governor-<br />

general, with the pompous title of Vice King of the Indies.<br />

1848 Lvtton Harold iii. iii. 99 Farther still down the hall<br />

'<br />

are the great civil lords and vice-king vassals of the Lord<br />

Paramount '. 1876 Tennyson Harold 11. ii, Thou shalt be<br />

verily king^all but the name— For I shall most sojourn in<br />

Normandy ; And thou be my vice-king in England.<br />

Vice-le*gate. [Vice-, after F. vice-legat or<br />

It, vicelegato (Sp. and Pg. viceiegadd),'] One who<br />

acts as the representative or deputy of a (Papal)<br />

legate.<br />

1549 Sir T. Hoby Trav. 17 in Camden Misc. (1902), The<br />

Pope is lord of yt. Vicelegate there for him was Annibale<br />

Borio. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals 1. iii. 83 To meet the<br />

eldest son of any Prince, or the Ambassadors of the Dukes<br />

of Savoy, . . the Cardinals . . send their Vice-Legats with some<br />

small number of Coaches. 1683 Apol. Prot. France iv. 31<br />

The conference the Queen had, as she passed by Avignon<br />

with the Vice-Legat, which gave him wonderful satisfaction,<br />

pleased them not so well. 1708 Lond. Gaz. No. A^


VICE-LBGATESHIP.<br />

Hence Vlce-le'gTAteship.<br />

1691 Lond. Gaz. No. 2685/1 The Vice-LegatshJp of<br />

Avignon is given to the Bishop of Fieschi. 1818 Gentl.<br />

Mag. Aug. 127/1 In the exercise of the several governments,<br />

..he has.. acquired great praise, as likewise in the Vicelegateship<br />

of Botonia.<br />

Viceless (val-sles), a. [f. Vice sb?^ i.] Free<br />

from vice.<br />

1560 Holland Seven Sages 5 To that effect, that he may<br />

viceless be, Of all yices, and sic thing as gais wrang. 1591<br />

Savile Tacitus, Hist. i. xlix. 27 Galba.. rather vicelesse<br />

than greatly vertuous.^ 1665 Bovle Occas. Reji.v, i:.(i675)<br />

301 Errours about Religion,, .maintain'd by ^fen that are<br />

resolute, and viceless. 1671-4 Lady Warwick Auiobiog.<br />

(Percy Soc.) 164 Mr. Henry St, John was very good natured<br />

and viceless. /bid.. The young men were not viceless. 1847<br />

J. Halliday Rustic Bard 321 Viceless virtue, undecaying.<br />

Shed her lustre on our name. 1890 Sat. Rev. 22 Nov. 575/1<br />

Those who are themselves sinless and viceless.<br />

Vice-lilce, a.^ rare-^. [f. Vice sb.^ i.] Partaking<br />

of the nature of vice.<br />

1590 Nashe Martin Marprelaie Wks. (Grosart) I, 184<br />

Beeing once entered into the vicelike vaine of foolerie, . . I<br />

was caried most wickedlie. .in a scorne against the Saincts<br />

of God.<br />

Vice-like, «.- Also 6^.9. vise-like. [f. Vice<br />

sb^ 5.] Resembling (that of) a vice ; firmly<br />

tenacious or compressive.<br />

1845 Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 127 Traitors! that vice-like<br />

fang the hand ye lick. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Lit,<br />

%yks. (Botiii) II. 104 What he relishes in Dante is the vicelike<br />

tenacity with which he holds a mental image before the<br />

eyes. 1890 D. Davidson Mem, Long Life x. 258 [He] seized<br />

uiy hand in his vice-like fist.<br />

Vieelinge, ME. var./y6^//«^FiCKLiNG vbL sb.<br />

Vicena-rioufl, rt. rare-^. [See next and -ions.]<br />

* Of or belonging to the twentieth ' (Blount, 1656).<br />

Vicenary (vi*senari), sb. and a. [ad. L, vlcindri-uSy<br />

f. viceni, distrib. f. vigintl twenty.]<br />

+ a. sb. One who has command over twenty<br />

persons. Obs.<br />

1603 Habsnet Pop, Impost. 49 Dclicat, another Capuine,<br />

or vicenarie in Sara, hauing vnder him twenty assistants.<br />

b. adj, * Belonging to twenty * (Bailey, 1727)<br />

based on the number twenty. Cf. Vigenaby a.<br />

i8a6 Peacock in Encycl. Metrop, (1845) 1- 37^/' Such a<br />

practice would naturally lead to the formation of a vicenary<br />

scale of numeration. 1834 Penny C}^cl. II. 337/2 In France<br />

the scale from 60 to 100 is strictly vicenary (by twenties).<br />

Vice*nnal». rarr~^. [ad, L. vuenndlia^<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr.^ Vicennals, solemn games and vows<br />

for twenty ..years.<br />

Vice'lUlial, o- Sc. Law. [f. L. vicenni-um : see<br />

next. Cf. L, vUenndlis, F. vkennal^ Extending<br />

to twenty years,<br />

«737 Kames Decis. Cri. Sets. /7JO-J2 (1799) 19 What use<br />

would there be for the vicennial prescription of retours, if a<br />

Eurchasefctc.]. 1785ARNOT Tria/s [1812) 261 Lord Fountainall<br />

laid down this doctrine, that the vicennial prescription<br />

of Crimes had no place with us. x8a6 G. J. Bfxl Comment.<br />

Laws Scot. (cd. 5) I, Vicennial Prescription of Holograph<br />

Obligations, iiijfi W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 770 By the<br />

act 1617, c. 13, a vicennial prescription of retours was<br />

introduced.<br />

H Vice nnium. rarr"^, [L., f, vie-, stem of<br />

vtcies twenty times, etc., + annus year.] A period<br />

of twenty years.<br />

1846 McCuLLocH Ace. Brit. Empire (185^) 11,623 The<br />

danger of dyin^ of consumption, .is greater in this than in<br />

the preceding vicennium.<br />

Vice-pre'sident. [Vice-. So F. vue-prisidenty<br />

It., Sp., and Pg. vicepresidente.'l One who<br />

acts as the representative or deputy of a president<br />

(in various senses); an official ranking immediately<br />

below a president.<br />

1574 tr. Afariorat's Apoccdips 66 Under Sergius the Vicepresident<br />

of Asia . . tber arose a great strife . . aU}ut the keeping<br />

of the Kaster. 1^6 in J. Morris Troub. Cath. Forefathers<br />

(1877) 84 The Lord tvcrs silting as vice-president<br />

with Meare«, HurUtone, Cheeke, and the re>t. 1629<br />

Wai>sworth Pilgr. vii. 64 This North was created D.D. in<br />

Paris, and was sometimes Vice-Pre.sident of the Colledgeof<br />

Doway. 1660 R. Coke Power ^ Subj. 235 The President,<br />

or Vice-president of the Queens Councell established in the<br />

North. 1771 GoLDSM. Hist, Eng. {1789) IV. i8 The college<br />

[Magdalen, Oxford] was filled with catholics; and Charnock.,<br />

was made vice-president. 1796 T, Twining Trav.<br />

India, etc. (1893) 54 The Vice-President always breakfasted<br />

in hb own room. 1800 St. Papers in Asiat, Ann. Reg, 6/a<br />

That nothing, .shall prevent such Governor, when absent,<br />

from nominating a Vice-President and Deputy-Governor of<br />

Fort William. 1841 W. Spalding Italy ^ It. Isl. III. 57<br />

Melzi d'Eril was vice-president : and in the Council of State<br />

were found Serbclloni letcj. 1855 Poultry Chron. III.<br />

411/1 The society consists of a president, vice-president,<br />

committee, secretary, and members. 1874 Bancroft Footpr,<br />

Time ii. 234 The Vice-President becomes an officer of much<br />

power or dignity.<br />

Hence ioe-preside-ntialfZ. ; Vice-pre'side&t*<br />

Mp. Also Tice-pre'sidenoy.<br />

1690 Lond. Gaz. No. 2600/1 The Vice- Presidentship of the<br />

Council of Arragon. 1&04 G. Rose Diaries (i860) II. 132,<br />

I would accept the Vice-Presidentship of the Board of<br />

Trade. 1833 Storv Comm. Constit. U.S. III. 336 Suppose<br />

there shouIcT be three candidates for the presidency, and<br />

two for the vice- presidency. 1889 W. Wilson State § 10^9<br />

(1893) 562 Each party ..nominates the candidates of its<br />

choice for the presidency and vice-presidency. 1904 Daily<br />

ChroH. 20 June 5/6 There has never before been so pronounced<br />

a reluctance to accept the vice-presidential<br />

Domination.<br />

181<br />

Vice-q,ueen. [Vice-.] a. A woman mling<br />

as the representative of a queen, b. The wife of<br />

a viceroy. (Cf, Vicereine.)<br />

1578 T. N, tr. Conq. IK India (1596) 7 His mother and<br />

three sisters. .came to the Hand of Santo Domingo, with<br />

that vicequeene the Lady Mary of Toledo. 1628-9 Digbv<br />

yoy, Medit. (Camden) 77, I ..sent some letters to the Vicequeene<br />

of Sardinia. 1667 Lond. Gaz. No. 221/3 Naples,<br />

Dec. 13... The next day the Vice-Roy went incognito to<br />

visit him, which was the day after returned him by the<br />

Cardinal : who paid also his complements to the Vice<br />

Queen. 1749 Smollett Gil Bias ni. ix, Heavens ! what<br />

luxury and magnificence ! I believed myself in the palace<br />

of a vice-queen. 1796 Nelson 28 Sept. in Nicolas Disp.<br />

(1845) II. 284 If the Enemy land near Bastia, the Vice-<br />

Queen's Vatch may be useful. 1842 Miss Mitford in<br />

L'Estrange Z-i/^r (1870) Ill.ix. 139 Think of., the vice-queen<br />

of Portugal labouring as a bookseller's drudge. 1894<br />

Dublin Re7'. Oct. 463 A great Roman lady, who played the<br />

part of a vice-queen m Judea.<br />

Vice-re'Ctor. [Vice-. Cf. F. vice-recleufy<br />

It. vicerettore, Sp. vicerector^ Pg. -reitor.'\ A<br />

deputy rector (of a theological college).<br />

1629 Wadswobth Pilgr. iii, 12 Entire obseruance and<br />

duly to bee performed to the Rector.., next to the Vice-<br />

Rector as his minister. 1834 in Ushaiv Mag. Dec (1913)<br />

259 Your late worthy Vice Rector has been at Ushaw some<br />

days. 1890 I. Morris in Month. Apr. 491 With Dr. Ferdi-<br />

nand English, then Vice-Rector of the English College at<br />

Rome, . . I left England.<br />

Hence Vice-re *ctorship.<br />

1856 J. Morris in J. H. Pollen Life (1896) vii. 165 When<br />

the Vice-Rectorship of the English College was offered me,<br />

I did not hesitate to accept it.<br />

Viceregal, a. [Vice- + Regal a., after Viceroy<br />

sb.'\ Of or pertaining to, associated with, a<br />

viceroy.<br />

1839 Levkr H. Z-tfrri-^/z^Kix, One of my fellow-passengers<br />

was a gentleman holding a high official appointment in the<br />

viceregal court. 1859 Lang li^and. India 325 He found a<br />

carriage ready to convey him to the vice-regal dwelling.<br />

1874 ^TUBBS Const. Hist. I. xiii. 563 The viceregal character,<br />

which the justiciar certainly possessed.<br />

Hence Vloe-re'^alize v. trans, y to convert into<br />

a viceroyalty ; Vice-re'Gfally cdv,, as a viceroy.<br />

1847 Mrs. Gore Castles in Air xxviii, In many things,<br />

our poor vice-regalized kingdom only too strongly resembles<br />

Ireland. x88x Acadetny April 271 The people whom he had<br />

ruled vice-regally.<br />

Vice-re 'gent. [Vice-. Cf. It. vicereggenu,'\<br />

One who acts in place of a regent.<br />

In some early instances perh. an error for vice-gerent,<br />

1556 Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot. X. 315 To aiie boy rynnand..to<br />

Dunkell witht clois writtingis of the viceregentis.<br />

1581 Marbeck Bk. Notes 842 Who doubieth then, but if the<br />

Pope bee Vicar to the Prince of this world, he is Viceregent<br />

to the Diuell. i6


VIGESIMAL.<br />

The Prince.. took Possession of the Viceroyship of this<br />

Kingdom. 1794 Nelson 24 Oct. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) I.<br />

498 Since your Excellency has taken upon you the Viccroy-<br />

Bhip of Corsica. 1893 Sir H. W. Norman in Mem. (1908)<br />

297, I cannot face the Viccroyship [of India}...! feel I am<br />

not really equal to five years of arduous work.<br />

2. = ViCEBOYALTV 3.<br />

1609 Ro»-LEV Search for Money (Percy Soc.) 24 These<br />

gardners, or guardians, of this their little viceroyship, were<br />

now approached us. 1703 J. Savage Lett. Antients Ixxxii.<br />

225 The Dominion and Viceroyship of the Triballians. 1766<br />

J. Z. HOLWELL Orig, Princ. Anc. Brojnins 11. iv. (1779) ^o<br />

Thus the empire was divided into as many kingdoms, as<br />

there had been Viceroyships and Governments. x8a7 Scott<br />

NapoUoH xlvii, I will. .divide it [jc. Spain] into five. .viceroyships.<br />

3. = ViCKROTALTY 3.<br />

1709 E. Ward tr. Cervantes 200 The Viceroy .. resolv'd to<br />

be more favourable to Don Vincent, in case he should be<br />

found in Valencia, before his Viceroyship was expir'd. x8at<br />

New Monthly Ma^. VI. 51 His viceroyship will never be<br />

forgotten. 1W9 Sir S. Walpole Life Ld. Russell I.<br />

J.<br />

xvii. 460 During the first few months of his Viceroyship.<br />

Vicesiiaal (v^ise'simal), a. rare, [f. L. vJcesim-us<br />

twentieth, f. vlchil'. see Vicenary.] -<br />

Vigesimal a. Also + Vice'sim. Obs.-^<br />

1656 Bloxwt Ghssogr.y I'icesimal^ Vicesim, the same with<br />

Vicenarious. xgoa Daily Chron. 11 Jan. 5/2 Our system<br />

has inherent advantages for conversion over the former<br />

vicesimal and duodecimal system of France.<br />

t Vice'Sime. Obsr^ [ad. l^.vicesima {sc. fars) :<br />

see prec] A twentieth part.<br />

x6oo Holland Livysu. xvi._26o He proposed a law. .concerning<br />

a twentitb part or vicesime, to be levied of their<br />

goods that were made free.<br />

Vice-trea*surer. [Vice-.] One who acts<br />

as the deputy or representative of a treasurer;<br />

spec, an official acting in this capacity in the government<br />

of Ireland.<br />

iS4i-a in R. Bolton Stat. Irei.{i62i) 231 Which shall be<br />

Sroued by writing . .before the two chiefe Justices, the chiefe<br />

;aron and the Vicethesaurer. 1547 Privy Council Acts<br />

(1890) II. 135 The Vicethresaurier of the Mynt at Bristowe.<br />

1551 Sir J. Williams Accompte (Abbotsford) \


VICINITY.<br />

vicin. [ad. L. vidn-us neighbouring, near.] =<br />

Vicinal a. 3.<br />

a 1513 Fabyan CArm. vii. 312 These men .. subdued y«<br />

Partyes, and many other vycyne counlreys. a 1550 Leland<br />

/tin. (1769) V. 2, Aii .Myles a this side Montgomcricis a<br />

River cumming out of the vicine Hilles. 1553 in Hakluyt<br />

I'oy. (1599) I. 229 God, vnder whose merciful! hand nauigants<br />

aboue all other creatures naturally bee most nigh, and<br />

vicine. 1605 L. Hutten Aunswere 28 With.. due regarde<br />

alwaies had, to the easines and familiarity of the Ceremonie,<br />

that it be vicine, hard at hanii, and obvious, not far fetcht.<br />

1661 Glanvill I'an. Dopn. iv. 35 The opening of other<br />

vicine passages might quickly obliterate any tracks of these.<br />

1676 Jas. Cooke Mat-rtKu Ckirurg. iv. 11. i. 715 In Ustion<br />

take heed of Vicin parts, and apply Cauteries through a<br />

Pipe. i8j4 Guide to Aberystwyth 31 The visitor of Aberystwyth,<br />

.parading the Terrace Castle Ruins or the vicine<br />

hills.. gives the subject but an ordinary thought.<br />

Vicinity (visi-niti). [ad. L. vidnitas, {.<br />

vicin-iis : see prec. and -ITT. So It. viciniti, Sp.<br />

vecindad^<br />

1. The state, character, or quality of being near<br />

propinquity, proximity.<br />

iSfa Daus tr. SUidane's Comm. 12 b. For the Frenchmen<br />

in space ;<br />

'^?'?'. ?' '*" ^^""^ offspringe that we do. . : and for the<br />

vicinitie therof are very necessary for the Italians and us.<br />

1604 T. Wright Passions v. § 4. 275 The vicinitie also of<br />

the evill moveth much, for dangers afarre off we little<br />

esteeme. i«4i J. Jackson Tnie Evang. T. ill. 169 The<br />

third IS ' to feed, and eate together '. Another degree of<br />

vicinity, and neerenesse. 1698 Fkver Acc. £. India I, P.<br />

226 The most unhealthy of these [winds] are the South-East,<br />

for that then the .^ir is thicker, by reason of the Seas Vicin.<br />

ity. 1717 Swift St. Irel. Wks. 1755 V. 11. 166 The abundance<br />

and vicinity of country seats, a 1774 Golusm. Hist.<br />

Greece I. 105 But the Athenians were not to be intimidated<br />

by any vicinity of danger. 1815 Scott Betrothed xix. The<br />

Constable alleged the vicinity of the Welsh, as what might<br />

possibly again render the abode of his betrolhe<br />

lykynges in t>e sensualite ware fleschely, vayne, and vecyous<br />

.<br />

., righte so now ^ay ere made gastely, and clene. c 1380<br />

WvcLiF 5f/. Wks. III. 430 pe mor part of men, bi her<br />

yiciose lijf, ben combred in J^isheresye. 1390 Gower Conf.<br />

III. Ill He is so ferforth Amourous, He not what thing is<br />

vicious Touchende love, c 1410 Lydg. Assembly of Gods<br />

2097 From hys gloryous syght thus he vs estraungeth, For<br />

our vycyous lyuyng, thorough owre owne foly. c 1430 —<br />

Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 70 O loode-sterre of al goode<br />

governaunce ! Alle vicious lustes by wisdom to represse.<br />

I53S-* Act 27 Hen. VIU, c. 28 § i Ther \sc. monks']<br />

vycyouslyvyng shamelesly encreasseth & augmentith, 1555<br />

Eden Decades (Arb.) 53 Dissolute lyuynge, licentious<br />

talke, and such other vicious behauoures. 1613 Purchas<br />

Pilgrimage \\. ix. (1614) ^91 Richard lohnson caused the<br />

English, by his vicious liuing, to bee worse accounted of<br />

then the Russes. 1690 Locke Hutu. Und. 11. xxi. § 45 He<br />

. . who<br />

prefers the short pleasures of a vicious Life upon any<br />

consideration. 1736 Butler Anal. i. iii. Wks. 1874 L 54<br />

Vicious actions, considered as mischievous to society, should<br />

be punished. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest viii, The<br />

Marquis pursuing her with insult and vicious passion. 1838<br />

Thirlwall Greece V. xliii. 249 Interpreted by his enemies<br />

as a proof of unmanly luxury and vicious habits. 1875<br />

JowETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 13 Plato attempts to ideniily<br />

vicious pleasures with some form of error.<br />

^. 1535 STF.WARTCrat lijw ful lowe adoune. c 1400<br />

Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton, 1483) iv. xxxv, 83 Vpon theues and<br />

morderers,..niysprowde men and vicious they shalle be<br />

fyers in jugement. C1450 Mirk's Festial 253 For yche<br />

good man ys lol>e forto be yn company wyth a vycyous<br />

man. 1483 Rolls 0/ ParIt. VI. 240/2 Personnes insolent,<br />

vicious, and of inordinate avarice, a 1548 Hall Chron.,<br />

Hen. K, ^3 b, A vicious prince doth muche more hurte with<br />

his pernicious example to other then to hymself by his<br />

peculier offence. isgA Barckley Felic. Man v. 518 Such<br />

as he found rich & vicious, he would depriue them from<br />

the Senate. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage viii. iv. 629 He saith,<br />

that the Armouchiquois are a great people, but haue no<br />

adoration. They are vicious and bloudie. 165a Loveoav<br />

tr. Calprcnede's Cassandra iii. 161, I have known indeed<br />

many of the viciousest persons lead a long life with sweetnessc<br />

and contentment. i7a9 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II.<br />

22 Mankind is in this sense naturally vicious, or vicious by<br />

nature, 1766 Fordyce Serm. to Vug. IVm. (1767) 1. L 10<br />

There are foolish and vicious women. 1793 Holcroft tr.<br />

Lavatefs Pkysiog, xxxi. 164 Vicious men resemble valuable<br />

paintings which have been destroyed by varnish. 1813<br />

Shelley Q. Mab vil 124 Every soul on this ungrateful<br />

earth. Virtuous or vicious, .. Shall perish. 1862 Thackeray<br />

Philip V, I know his haunts, but I don't know his friends,<br />

Pendennis. . , I don't think they are vicious, so much as low.<br />

1874 Green Short Hist. ix. § i. 5S9 Vicious as the stage<br />

was, it only reflected the general vice of the time.<br />

fl. c i^/oo Destr. yr^y 527 Voidis me noght of vitius, ..Ne<br />

deme no dishonesty in your derfe hert. 156a WinJet Wks.<br />

(S.T.S.) I. 44 He causis sumtyme vitious or tyrane princes<br />

. . to haue dominioun aboue vs. 1^96 Dalrvmple tr. Leslie's<br />

Hist. Scot. I, i6» Jn the beginnmg of his regyne a gude<br />

Prince, eftirwarde vitious. i6s8 Burton Anat. Mel. (ed. 3)<br />

II. iii. VIL 330 Themistocles. .was a most deboshed and<br />

vitious youth. 1660 Milton Free Commw. Wks. 1851 V.<br />

451 Monarchs. .whose Aim is to make the People wealthy,<br />

..but otherwise softest, basest, vitiousest, servilest. 1678<br />

L'Estbangk Seneca's Afor. Uyo2) 178 Drunkenness, .does<br />

not make Men Vitious but it shews them to be so. 1755<br />

Young Centaur iv. W*ks. 1757 IV. 200 My les.s vitiou.s<br />

companions fell frequent around me ; and dismal was<br />

their fall.<br />

t b. Const. 0/. 06s.<br />

f 37> Chaucer Boeth. 11. pr. v. 47 pe whiche seruauntes<br />

yif pel ben vicious of condtciouns it is a greet charge and a<br />

destruccioun to \>e house. 1453 Coventry Leet Bk. 278 Vf<br />

eny officers fro this tyme forward be founde vicious of his<br />

body, that then he be put oute of his office in eny wise. 1460<br />

Capgbave Chron. 116 He was vicious of lyvyng. a hunter<br />

outeragious. 1530 Palsgr. 328 Vyciouse of conversacyon<br />

1557 North Gueuara's Diall Pr. Prol. A j b. The man that<br />

ts vitious of his personne. .deserveth to be banished. 1577<br />

Holinshed Chron. II. 1556/1 Some Princes basterd, . . high<br />

minded, full of reuenge, vitious of his body.<br />

o, absoi, with Ike,<br />

1390 Gower Con/. Ill, 226 He putte awey the vicious 1<br />

VICIOUS.<br />

And tok to him the vertuous. 1536 Q. Wishart in Misc<br />

fVodro^vSoc, 18 And by all meanes compell and reproue<br />

the faultie and vicious, a 1581 Campion Hist. Irel v<br />

(1633) 13 In which venue. .how far the best excel! so farre<br />

in gluttonie and other hatefull crimes the vitious are worse<br />

then too badde. 1673 O. Walker Educ. {it^Ti) 220 Most<br />

men have greater averseness to the incompliant than the<br />

vitious. X711 Addison Sped. No. 16 p 3 If I attack the<br />

Vicious, I shall only set upon them in a Body 178a V<br />

Knox Ess. xu. (1819) L 71 With the vicious you must b^<br />

vicious. «i8o5 H. K. White Mel. Hours Ix, She. .has<br />

found, by bitter experience, that the vicious., are devoid of<br />

all feeling but that of self-gratification. 1863 Biogr. Sk. E<br />

fry 72 Her example of devotedness, in the care of the<br />

wretched and vicious, was emulated with blessed effect.<br />

d. The vicious one, ? the Evil One. rarr-K<br />

1713 Shaftesb, Judgm. Hercules i. § 2 He is wrought,<br />

agitated, and torn by contrary Passions. "Lis the last Effort<br />

of the viiious-one, striving for possession over him.<br />

3, Falling short of, or varying from, what is<br />

morally or practically commendable; reprehensible,<br />

blameworthy, mischievous,<br />

c 1386 Chaucer IMelib. r 18 He that is irons and wroth.<br />

may not speke but blameful thinges, and with his vicious<br />

wordes he stiretli other folk to anger and to ire. 1500-30<br />

Dunbar Poems xviii. 38 Thair vicious wordis and vanitie,<br />

Thair tratling tungis. 1531 Elyot Gov. iii. xxii. (1880) 11.<br />

346 All thoughe 1 dispraysed nygarshippe and vicious<br />

scarcitie, . . I desyre nat to haue . . meates for any occasion to<br />

moche sumptuous. 1575 Gascoigne Glasse 0/ Govt. Wks.<br />

1910IL45 To bee opinionate of him selfe is vitious. a 1578<br />

LiNDESAV (Pitscottie) Chro7i. Scot. (S.T.S.) 1. 47 James.,<br />

thinkand it was wicions to denude the auld herietaigof aiie<br />

house [etc.]. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. v. v. 65 It had beene<br />

vicious To haue mistrusted her. 1648 Milton Tenure<br />

Rings ii6si) I Being slaves within doors, no wonder they<br />

strive to have the State govern'd conformably to the inward<br />

vitious rule, by which they govern themselves. i6oa Prior<br />

Ode Imit. Horace ii, .See the Repenting Isle Awakes, Her<br />

Vicious Chains the generous Goddess breaks. 1751 Johnson<br />

Rambler No. 159 ^ 7 A timidity which he himself knows<br />

to be vicious. 1780 Cowper Let. 18 March, The love of<br />

power seems as natural to kings as the desire of liberty is to<br />

their subjects, the excess of either is vicious and tends to<br />

the ruin of both, i8as Jefferson Autob. Wks. 1859 I. 36<br />

Our legislation, under the regal government, had many very<br />

vicious points. 1845 McCulloch Taxation i. iv. 115 We<br />

look upon every system of taxation as radically vicious that<br />

sets the interest and the dutyofindividuals at variance. 1879<br />

Harlan Eyesight viii. 107 Voung people often acquire the<br />

vicious habit of reading with the book held close to the eyes.<br />

t b. Of a person : Holding faulty or wrong<br />

opinions. Obs.<br />

1657 Trapp Comm. Ps. v. 26 Pope John 22 held the mortality<br />

of the soule, and was otherwise erroneous and vitious.<br />

4. Of animals {esp. horses) : Inclined to be savage<br />

or dangerous, or to show bad temper ; not submitting<br />

to be thoroughly tamed or broken-in.<br />

In quot. 1720 in fig, context, referring to persons.<br />

I7X« Shaftesu. Charac. II. 30 "Tho we may vulgarly<br />

call an ill Horse vitious ; yet we never say of a good-one, ,<br />

that he is worthy or virtuous, xyzo Swift Fates Clergy.<br />

men f g People in power may.. drive them through the<br />

hardest and deepest roads.. and will be sure to find them<br />

neither resty nor vicious. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776)<br />

II. 363 Those [horses] naturally belonging to the country,<br />

are very .small and vicious. Ibid. IV. 319 Although in its<br />

native wildness, it is said to be fierce and vicious, this<br />

[nylghau] seemed pleased with every kind of familiarity.<br />

x8i8 Ranken Hist. France IV. iv. iii. 267 A vicious animal,<br />

having injured any person, wasforfeited. i86§ ^L Arnold<br />

Ess. Crit. vi. 19^ Look at that bay horse rearing bolt upright<br />

; what a vicious one ! X893 J. A. Henderson Annals<br />

Lower Deeside 156 Philip, being flung by a vicious horse,<br />

likewise succumbed.<br />

trans/. 1814 Ld, J. Russell in Sir S. Walpole Li/e (1889)<br />

I. iii. 75 He [Napoleon] has a dusky grey eye, which would<br />

be called vicious in a horse.<br />

b. Full of malice or spite ; malignantly bitter or<br />

severe,<br />

i8a5 Jennings Dial, IV. Eng., Vitious, spiteful, revenge,<br />

ful. 1899 Tennyson Marriage 0/ Geraint 194 The dwarf,.<br />

being vicious, old and irritable, . . Made answer sharply that<br />

she should not know. 1908 G. Tyrrell in Petre Li/e (1912)<br />

II, xvii. 348 Three nasty vicious letters against the poor<br />

Baron in the Tablet.<br />

O, transf. Of weather : Severe, inclement.<br />

i88a yamieson's Sc. Diet. IV. 695/2 Vitious weather.<br />

x9oa J. Buchan Watcher by Threshold 81 The weather<br />

seemed more vicious than ever.<br />

II. 5, Law. Marred, or rendered void, by some<br />

inherent fault or defect ; not satisfying legal requirements<br />

or conditions; unlawful, illegal.<br />

X393 in Collect. Topographica (1836) III, 257Toenselethe<br />

same forsaid vicious fenyd chartre. ^1555 Harpsfield<br />

Divorce Hen. VIII (1878) 44 The act being vicious and<br />

nought at the beginning, cannot be by tract of time confirmed.<br />

X56X Reg. Prit}y Council Scot. I. 174, 1 ressavit the<br />

gudis libellit immediatlie fra the saidisCantis eftir the spolia*<br />

tioun thairof, knawing the same to be spulyeit and vicious,<br />

x^S H. Wai.i'ole Otrauto tii, I have consented to put my<br />

title to the issue of the sword—does that imply a villous<br />

title? x88o Muirhrad Gaius iv. §151 Nor can there be<br />

any accession in favour of a party whose own possession is<br />

vitious, i.e. acquired from his opponent violently, clandestinely,<br />

or in defiance of the recal of a grant during pleasure.<br />

Ibid. 513 In the ordinary case it was lawful to use force to<br />

eject a vitious possessor.<br />

b. Vicious intromission^ intromitter (see quot.<br />

1838 and Intromissiox 2). Scots Law.<br />

X678 Sir Ci. Mackenzie Crim. Latvs Scot. i. xix. 5"<br />

(1699) 102 If it be proved that he was actually denuded,<br />

that will liberal him from vitious intromission. 1696 [see<br />

IntromitterJ. X747 in Nairne Peerage F.vid. (1874) 149<br />

Universal and vitious inlromitters with his goods and gear.


VICI0T3S.<br />

17^-8 EftSKiNE Inst. Law Scot. in. ix. § 49 Though vitious<br />

intromUsioD be a delict, it may be referred to oath. Ibid,<br />

% 52 Before he be cited by any creditor as a vitious intromitter.<br />

1838 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 520 The term<br />

vitious intromissicm is applied exclusively to the heir's unwurantable<br />

intromission with the moveable estate of the<br />

ancestor, a 1856 G. Oltram Lyrics (1887) 95 (E.D.D.), I<br />

then attefnpted Villous Intromission, And was immediately<br />

conveyed to prison. Ibid. ai6 Vitious Intromitter.<br />

6. Impaired or spoiled by some fault, flaw,<br />

blemish, or defect ; faulty, defective, imperfect,<br />

bad ; corrupt, impure, debased : a. Of language,<br />

style, spelling, etc. Also trans/, of writers.<br />

1589 Plttenham Eh£. PiHsiem. xxi. (Arb.) 256 It hath<br />

bene said before how . .a good figure may become a vice, and<br />

. .a vicious speach go for a vertue in the Poeticall science.<br />

1638 Baker ir. Balzucs Lett. (vol. II) 208 He shall have<br />

the honour to pur^e his country of a vitious phrase. 1655<br />

Valghan SiUjc Sciiit. i. Pref., The complaint against vitious<br />

verse.. b of some antiquity in this Kingdom. 1695 H.<br />

Wharton in Lau^s li'ks. (1853) V. 371 Atthougii the<br />

orthography be vicious (a matter common to many learned<br />

men m that time). 1711 Shaftksb. Charac. I. 145 Whatever<br />

Quarter we may give to our vicious Poets, or other<br />

Composers of irregular and short-liv'd Works. 1841 W.<br />

Spalding Itai^ ^ It, Isi, 1. 141 His mode of writing was<br />

vicious, rhetoncal, antithetical, and forced. 1883 D, H.<br />

Wheeler By-lVays Lit. 100 It is believed that the Welsh-<br />

Keltic manuscripts are unusually vicious in the texts.<br />

b. Logic. Of arguments, etc.<br />

1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. xiii. § 3. 50 The Induction<br />

which the Logitians speake of;,. their fourme of induction<br />

i say is vtterly vitious and incompetent. 1646 Sir T.Browne<br />

Pseud, Ep. I. iv. 16 If this fallacy be largely taken, it is<br />

committed in any vitious illation, offending the rules of<br />

good consequence. 1697 tr. Bitrgersdicius his Lo^ic^ 11.<br />

viiL 40 If from true premisses follows what is false, it is a<br />

sign that the form of the syllogism is vitious. 1774 Reid<br />

AristotWs Logic v. § 1. 219 The form [of syllogisms] lies<br />

in the necessary connection between the premises and the<br />

coticlusion ; and where such a connection is wanting, they<br />

are said to be informal, or vicious in point of form. 1856<br />

P. E. Dove Logic Christian Faith v. i. 290 We have, .departed<br />

from the region of mind and spirit and introduced<br />

the natural method where the natural method is utterly<br />

vicious and illegitimate. 1864 Bowen Logic vit. 189 It is<br />

not difficult to prove, .that arguments are vicious only when<br />

they fail to observe this method, and are always good when<br />

it is observed.<br />

O. In general use.<br />

1638 Junius Paint. Ancients 228 The uttermost on either<br />

side is vicious. 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet, 4 A vitious<br />

figure of the head is known by sight I7a6 Leoni AlbertCs<br />

Archit, II. 90 b, Rightly supposing that the truth must lie<br />

in some medium between th-^^e two vitious extremes. 1746<br />

Francis tr. Hor., Sat. 11. iii. 35 <strong>Here</strong> the rudechizzel's rougher<br />

strokes I trac'd ; In flowing brass a vicious hardness found.<br />

18^ Art-Union Jmi, Oct 285 The foundations of the<br />

bndge were originally vicious. 1855 Macaulav Hist. Eng.<br />

xxi. iV. 611 A wooden model of that edifice, the finest spedmen<br />

of a vicious style, was sent to Kensington for his inspection.<br />

1880 Eraser's Mag. May 6^2 Thus the country's<br />

money becomes thoroughly vicious: it breaks down in its<br />

most essential quality.<br />

+ d. Of a person: Wrong, mistaken. Obs.<br />

X604 Shaks. Otk. in. iii. 145 Though I perchance am<br />

vicious in my guesse.<br />

7. Foul, impure, noxious, morbid. ? Obs.<br />

X597 G^^f^v.Tiv. Herbal in. xxxv. 1168 Berries, .full ofclammic<br />

or vicious moisture. x6o8 Iopsell Serpents j88 I'heyr<br />

liner is very vitious, and causeth the whole body to be of lU<br />

temperament. 1641 Milton Reform. 55 Thou.. that art<br />

but a bottle of vitious and harden'd excrements. 1656 J.<br />

Smith Pract. Physick 49 The vicious matter must be evacuated.<br />

1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 721 <strong>Here</strong> from the<br />

vicious Air, and sickly Skies, A Plague did on the dumb<br />

Creation rise. x8^i South Otto's Path. Anat. 73 The last<br />

object of pathological anatomy is the consideration of vicious<br />

contents . which have no organic connexion with the animal<br />

body.<br />

fb. Harmful, noxious. Obsr-^<br />

i(^ Earl Monm. tr. BoccalinPsAdvts./r. Parnass. 1. x.<br />

(1674) 12 Those Shops wherein vitious things are sold.<br />

+ 8. Of a part or a function of the body: Morbid,<br />

diseased ; irregular. Obs,<br />

1615 Cbookk Body of Man 304 Who euer saw a conception,<br />

although it were vitious and illegitimate, which was<br />

not couered with a Filme as it were with a Garment ? 1646<br />

Sir T. Browse Pseud. Ep. vii, ii. 342 The vicious excesse<br />

in the number of fingers and toes. 1707 Floyer Physic.<br />

PulsC'Watch 373 The five Members and their Intestines<br />

being changed twice five times by five vitious Pulses. 1733<br />

Cheyne Eng, Malady 11. vii. § 2 (1734) 185 A vitious Liver<br />

seems to be one of the primary,. Causes of Nervous Distempers.<br />

9. Vicious circle, a. Logic, (See sense 6 b and<br />

CiBCLKj^. 19.)<br />

c 179a Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) X. 69/1 He runs into what is<br />

termed by logicians a vicious circle. 1812 Woodhouse<br />

Astron. viiL 52 This seems to be something like arguing in<br />

a vicious circle. 18^ Herschel Stuiy Nat. Phil. 209 It<br />

may seem to be arguing in a vicious circle to have recourse<br />

to observation for any part of those .. conclusions. 1865<br />

MozLEY Mirac. iv. 76 The whole evidence of revelation<br />

becomes a vicious circle. 1876 (see Circle sb. 19].<br />

transf. 1839 Sir H. Holland Med. Notes A Refl. 100<br />

Thus the practice proceeds, in a vicious circle of habit, from<br />

which the patient israrelyextricated without. .injury to his<br />

future health.<br />

b. Path, A morbid process consisting in the<br />

reciprocal continuation and aggravation of one<br />

disorder by another.<br />

1883 Dlscan Clin. Le.t. Dis. IVomen (ed. 2) x. 78 There<br />

ts, in this disease, what is sometimes called a vicious circle,<br />

smd I shall have, in the course of this lecture, to point out<br />

to you several instances of this vicious circle.<br />

184<br />

I<br />

10, Comb.f as viciotts-looking,<br />

1871 ' M. Legrand' Camb. Freshm, 247 The gray mare<br />

expressed her denial, .by giving one or two slight but unconmionly<br />

vicious-looking kicks. 1894 Mrs. Dyan Man's<br />

Ketping{iBgg) 60 Those vicious-looking knives looked as<br />

if they could do such work well.<br />

Viciously (vi'Jasli), adv. Also 4 uioiouseliche,<br />

5 vlcously ; 6-8 (9) vitiously, [f. prec.<br />

-f -LY -.] In a vicious manner,<br />

1. With addiction or inclination to vice ; immorally,<br />

dissolutely.<br />

a 1315 Prose Psalter xlviii. 13 pys her way his sclaunder<br />

to hem ; and efter hij shul plesen uiciouseliche in her<br />

moul>e. C1400 Apol. Loll. 41 .Sum are gostly pore, and<br />

sum bodily ; sum vertuously, and sum vlcously, or synfully;<br />

and sum peynfully. 1415 Hoccleve Addr. to Sir<br />

y. Oldcastle 130, 1 pulte cas, a prelat or a pieest Him<br />

viciously gouerne in his lyuynge. 1446 \.HTiO. Nightingale<br />

Poems i. 285 Moch peple viciously Were in this age dampnably<br />

demeyned. 1509 Barclay Shyp ofFolys {1570) 57 He<br />

was.. Viciously lining in couetise and gyle. 1560 Daus tr.<br />

Sleidane's Comm. 41 b, They live dissolutely and vitiously<br />

at Rome. x6xx Cotgr., Vicieusement, viciously, lewdly,<br />

corruptly, faultily, i68a Sir T. Browne Chr. A/or. i. § 17<br />

(1716) 17 Perversity of Will, immoral and sinfull enormities<br />

..pursue us unto Judgment, and leave us viciously miserable.<br />

1780 CowpER Prog'-. Err. 432 By nature weak, or<br />

viciously inclin'd.<br />

b. In weaker sense : In an improper manner or<br />

to an improper extent ; reprehensibly. Also sfec,<br />

illegally (quot. 1880).<br />

16x7 MoRVSON Itin. III. 17 Many. .are vitiously proud,<br />

that their neighbours should see strangers thus visit them.<br />

Ibid. 35 The Italian being a great and somewhat viciously<br />

curious observer of ceremonious complements. i6ao Venner<br />

Fia Recta (1650) 297 They that against Nature viciously<br />

use the night for the day. 1824 Southey Sir T. More<br />

(1831) II. 200 A practice virtually or rather viciously the<br />

same has been imputed to the Venetian aristocracy. 1880<br />

Muirhead Gains Dig. 512 He eventually prevailed who<br />

proved that he was actually in possession, .and had not<br />

taken it vitiously from his adversary, i.e. cither forcibly,<br />

stealthily, or by refusal.<br />

C. Spitefully, ill-naturedly, savagely; with (or<br />

as with) animosity or intent to injure,<br />

1841 Dickens Bam. Rudge ix, ' I wouldn't,' said Miggs<br />

viciously, 'no, not for five-and-forty pound !' 185a Mrs.<br />

Stowe Uncle Toms C. xxxii, The mill, from which he had<br />

viciously driven two or three tired women, who were waiting<br />

to grind their corn. 187a Rouiledge's Ev, Bo^'s Ann.<br />

114/2 One of the sharp little telegraphic bells rang viciously.<br />

2. Faultily, badly^, incorrectly ; corruptly.<br />

1635-56 Cowley Davideis m. Note §8 Which Lucan<br />

(methinks) avoids viciously by an excess the other way.<br />

1679 Dryden Pref. to Tr. ^ Cres. Ess. (ed. Ker) I. 226 The<br />

thoughts are such as arise from the matter, the expression<br />

of 'em not viciously figurative. x68o Burnet Trav. (1686)<br />

•66 They have the Gospels in Greek Capitals, but they are<br />

vitiously writ in many places. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey),<br />

Viciously, .. covrn-ptXy, falsely, as Viciously ivrit. 1790<br />

Burke Fr. Rev. Wks. V. gi An assembly, .viciously or<br />

feebly composed in a very great part of it.<br />

Viciousness (vi'J"3snes).<br />

Also 5 vyoyows-,<br />

6 vycyous-, vyciousness(e, 6-8 (9) vitiousness,<br />

etc. [f. Vicious a. + -ness.] The character<br />

or quality of being vicious.<br />

1. Inclination or addiction to vice or immorality<br />

depravity of life or conduct.<br />

x^o J. Shirley Dethe K. James (1818) 5 He wexe full of<br />

viciousness yn his lyvyng. ^ 1440 Promp. Parv. 510/1<br />

Vycyowsnesse, viciositas. X509 Barclay Shyp ofFolys Prol.<br />

avijb, Whan this Socrates perceyued themindes of men<br />

to be prone & extremely inclyned to viciousnes, he had<br />

gret affeccion to subdue suche maners. X56X '1". Norton<br />

Calvin's Inst. 11. 72 We bring with vs from the womb of our<br />

mother a vitiousnesse planted in our begetting. 1598<br />

for naught,<br />

Marston Sco. Villa/tie n. vii. 203 Marke those :<br />

but such lewd viciousnes, Ere graced him. 16x5 G. Sandys<br />

Trav. 218 Venus, ..their goddesse of viciousnesse. 1655<br />

Fuller Ch. Hist. 11. 99 Now began the Saxons to be infected<br />

with an universall Vitiousnesse. 1736 Butler Anal.<br />

1. iii. 72 The., advantage., is gained by the action itself, not<br />

by the morality, the virtuousness or viciousness of it. 1796<br />

Bp. Watson Apol. Bible 379 Some men have been warped<br />

to infidelity by viciousness of life. 1838 Dickens Nich.<br />

Nick, xliv, I never will supply that man's extravagances<br />

and viciousness. x89a Tennyson Foresters ni. i. These be<br />

the lies the people tell of us, Because we seek to curb their<br />

viciousness.<br />

transf. 1^3 Melbancke Philotimns Kivb, Hatefull<br />

viciousnes in wordes, and hurtfull loosenes in life.<br />

b. Tendency, on the part of animals, to be<br />

savage or refractory.<br />

1774 GoLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1824) I. 383 In. .this country.<br />

they [sc, stags] are become less common than formerly; its<br />

excessive viciousness during the rutting season, .inducing<br />

most people to part with the species. 1775 Adair /I w;c/-.<br />

Indians 427 The young ambitious heroes ascribed the whole<br />

disaster to the viciousness of my horse, saying * he was<br />

mad'. 1818 Ranken Hist. France IV. iv. iii. § 2. 267 If<br />

the owner of it [sc. an animal] swore falsely, .that he was<br />

ignorant of its viciousness. 1847 T. Brown Mod. Farriery<br />

XT2 It is not an unfrequent occurrence for horses in harness to<br />

back instead of drawing when first started, and some add to<br />

this considerable viciousness. 1908 Animal Managem. 81<br />

A playful habit of snatchingat the man whilst being groomed<br />

which some horses display, may not come under the head<br />

of viciousness.<br />

c. Maliciousness, spitefulness.<br />

1879 HuxLEV Hume 11. viii. 159 One feels ashamed of having<br />

suspected many excellent persons of being moved by<br />

mere malice and viciousness of temper to call other folks<br />

atheists.<br />

2. The quality of being faulty or defective.<br />

VICISSITUDE.<br />

x6ox Deacon & Walker Spirits ^ Divels 90 The absence,<br />

the vitiousnesse, the depriuation or fault of some other<br />

thing. x64a Fuller Holy S( Prof. St. 11. xvii. 114 Then the<br />

low value shews the viciousnesse of it. X687 M. Clifford<br />

Notes on Dryden's Poems iv. 13, 1 intended to have made<br />

no more Animadversions upon the viciousness of your<br />

Style. 175a Carte Hist. Eng. (1755) III. 763 The arret<br />

above mentioned being repealed, these conservators were to<br />

judge of the goodness or viciousness of cloths.<br />

•f b. Faultiness or badness in respect of physical<br />

constitution. Obs.<br />

X669 Sturmy Mariner's Mag. v. xiL 67 The Brimstone<br />

will burn up the gross victiousness [j/c] of the Salt-peter.<br />

1706 Stevens Span. Diet, i, rVciV, . . Rankness, Viciousness<br />

in Land, or the like.<br />

3. Improper or illegal procedure.<br />

i8oa-ia IJentham Ration. Judic, Evid. (1827) II. 458 In<br />

the ca:^es above brought to view, as cases of unfairness or<br />

vitiousness.<br />

Vici-ssitouB, a. U.S. = Vicissitudinous a.<br />

1865 E. Burritt Walk to Land's A'«rfi65 Acity set upon<br />

such a hill could not have been hidden in the vicissitous experiences<br />

of a nation. 1892 Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch 9<br />

June, About all of them reach their affluence .. along the<br />

same vicissitous road.<br />

t Vicissitudal, a. Obs. rare. [f. next.] «<br />

VicissiTUDlNAL a. Heucc t Vici'ssitndally adv,<br />

1508 J. Keeper tr. A. Rotnei's Academi i. 7 The sensible<br />

world hath two parts, one subiect to vicissitudal generation<br />

and corruption ;.. the other is the celestiall world. x6ix<br />

Benvenuto's Passenger i. iv. 322 The which sport they con.<br />

tinuing. for foure times vicessitudally [sic] euery day [etc.].<br />

Vicissitude (visi'sitiz^d). [a. OF. and F.<br />

vicissitude (14th c), or ad. L. vicissiludo, f. vicis<br />

turn, change : see Vice sb.^ and prefix. So Sp.<br />

vicisitudi Pg. vicissitude^ It. vicissitudine^<br />

1. The fact of change or mutation taking place<br />

in a particular thing or within a certain sphere<br />

the uncertain changing or mutability ^something.<br />

X570-6 Lamb.\rde Peravib. Kent 105 Richeborowe. .came<br />

to ruine, by the alteration and vicissitude of the Sea.<br />

i6ss Bacon Ess., Vicissitude of Things (Arb.) 570 The Vicissitude<br />

or Mutations, in the Superiour Globe, are no fit<br />

Matter, for this present Argument. x6^o G. Sandys Christ's<br />

/'a«/(Jnin.2680dire VicissitudeofThings ! x6


VICISSITUDINAL.<br />

of things or conditions ; esp. alternating succession<br />

of opposite or contrasted things.<br />

i6s4 Burton -4 «


VICTIMATB.<br />

RcMiums, the Priest did not kil the Victime, but the Popa<br />

or Victimarie, at the beck of the Priest. 1778 Apthorp<br />

Prtoal. Chr. 398 Who had the same office as the latin<br />

papae and victimaries, that of killing the victims.<br />

•\ ViddniAte, sb. Obs. rare. [ad. L. victimat-<br />

usj pa. ppXe.of ziifimdrc : see next.] = Victim sb.j.<br />

1583 Stubbes Anat. Ahises Ep. Ded,, Sacrifices, Viotimates<br />

& Hotocaustes offred. Ibid, O ij b, Hauin^ offred<br />

vp their sacrifices, victimats and holocaustes to their false |<br />

Gods.<br />

+ Vi'ctimate, v, Obsr^ [f. L. victimdt-, ppl.<br />

stem of victimarcj f. viciima Victim sbS\ (See<br />

qaots.)<br />

16x6 BoLLOKAR Ene:. Expcs., Vtciimat€y to offer in sacrifice,<br />

to kill and sacrifice. x^^^^Si\ivrtGlossogr.^ Victimate,<br />

to Sacrifice, to make an Oblation.<br />

Viotimhood. [f. Victim j*.] The state of<br />

being a victim.<br />

i86« Mrs. Carlylk Lett. (1883) III. 138 Wearing a sullen<br />

look of victinihood.<br />

Victimizablo, a. [f. Victimize v."] Capable<br />

of being victimized.<br />

1841 Emerson Ess. h. iii. (1901) 273 Have you been victimised<br />

in being brought hither?—or, prior to that, answer<br />

me this, ' Are you victimisable t<br />

Victimiza'tion. [f. next.] The action of<br />

victimizing, or fact of being victimized, in various<br />

senses.<br />

1840 New Monthly Mag, LIX. 397 The man who does<br />

not grow savage at victimization is an inert, unsentient<br />

booby. x86o A. L. Windsor Etkica v. 278 On Pope's complete<br />

victimization, perha[is, less stress is to be laid. 1885<br />

L. OiAV^K^T Sympneumata 57 But the victimisation of the<br />

infant terrestrial man was not to be so fully consummated.<br />

1900 Pilot 30 June 544/1 The Companies Bill and the<br />

Money-Lending Bill..nad_ the common object of putting<br />

down fraud and victimisation.<br />

b. Spec, in Theol. (See quot.)<br />

1893 Month April 485 Christ's Body in its Eucharistic<br />

state, which Theologians, when they explain the sacrificial<br />

character of the Mass, call a slate of victimization.<br />

Victimize (vi-ktimaiz), V. [f. Victim j^.]<br />

1. trans. To make a victim of; to cause to suffer<br />

inconvenience, discomfort, annoyance, etc., either<br />

deliberately or by misdirected attentions.<br />

1830 LvTTON Let. Sept., in M, Napier's Corr. (1879) 87<br />

Your contributors are at full liberty to ridicule, abuse, and<br />

(allow the author of Paul Clifford to employ a slang word)<br />

victimize me. 1839 Col. Hawker Diary (1893) II. 166, 1<br />

had the honour of being kindly victimised on the occasion<br />

by our hospitable host, as the leader of the shooting world.<br />

1848 Thackeray Van. FairxWy Becky . . described the occurrence,<br />

and how she had been victimised by Lady Southdown,<br />

b. To cheat, swindle, or defraud.<br />

1839 [see Victimizing ^^X.SL.I. xZ^TLHKCViK.HK\ Bk. Snobs<br />

xxxtx. In a turf transaction, either Spavin or Cockspur<br />

would try to get the better of his father, and, to gain a point<br />

in the odds, victimise his best friends. 1859 J. Lang Wand.<br />

India 20 After several officers have been victimized at play,<br />

their friends are apt to talk about the matter in an unpleasant<br />

manner. 1883 Greenwood Odd People 96 In what way has<br />

the rascal victimised his customer?<br />

2. To put to death as, or in the manner of, a<br />

sacrificial victim ; to slaughter.<br />

1853 7Vz/V'j Mag. XX, 487 Fifty thousand Gentoos were<br />

victimized by the scimitar. 1855 Singleton Virgil II. 541<br />

By this wound 'Tis Pallas, Paltas, victimiseth thee. And<br />

Calceth vengeance on thy cursed blood. 1899 jgtk Cent.<br />

Nov. 816 note, The sacrifice used to be human, and virgins<br />

were victimised on the hill at Kandy.<br />

trans/. x88o McCarthv Own Times Hit. IV. 148 The prisoners.,<br />

must have shared the fate of those who were victimised<br />

outside [by an explosion].<br />

b. To destroy or spoil (plants) completely.<br />

1849 yrnL R. Agric. Soc. X. 1. 96 The wireworm had<br />

been at work to so fearful an extent, that in ten days the<br />

whole crop seemed victimised. x88a Hardy in Proc. Berw.<br />

Nat. <strong>Club</strong> IX. 463 Some shrubs had been victimised by the<br />

winter.<br />

Hence Vi'ctimized///. a. ; Vi'otimizing vbl.<br />

sb. and ppl. a.<br />

X849 SovEH Mod, Housew. 242 •Victimised Cutlets. 1850<br />

Thackeray /*««£?««« Ixiii, [He] had pledged his word.,<br />

to be content with the allowance which his victimized wife<br />

still awarded him. 1855 Smedley H. CoverdaJe iv, A<br />

..system of reprisals which those victimised individuals<br />

appeared.. inclined to resent. 1859 Habits o/Gd. Society<br />

XV. 372 The. . broken sentences of the victimized bridegroom.<br />

t834 Tait's Mag. 1. 392/2 The Jews were to have bis money<br />

any way. If not for their conversion, then for his own<br />

victimizing. 1850 Thackeray Pendennis Iv, There was<br />

no such thmg: there was no victimizing. 1839 Morning<br />

Herald 3 Sept., The defrauded victims of.. a "victimising<br />

artist.<br />

Vi'Ctimizer. [f. prec] One who victimizes<br />

another or others.<br />

183X Fraset^s Mag. IV. 578 A gambling house, in which<br />

the cards arc played for the victim by the victimises X837<br />

Thackeray Ravenstuingu, He. .felt the presence of a victimiser<br />

as a hare does of a greyhound. 1863 Bates Nat.<br />

A mazon II . 46 The dress of the victimisers is arr? nged with<br />

especial reference to their prey. 1879 ' E. Garrett * House<br />

bjf IVorks II. 1^7 Rather partners in fall and loss, than<br />

victimiser and victim.<br />

tVictita'tion. Obs. rare. [f. L. victitdre<br />

to subsist (on something), f. victus food, sustenance.]<br />

The taking of food or nourishment.<br />

|<br />

1597 A. M. tr. GuiUemeau^s Fr. Ckirurg. 51/3 In eatinge j<br />

a'.id drinckinge, without observingc anye rule of victitation. i<br />

*S99 — tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 155/2 He must observe<br />

a good dyet in al his victitations.<br />

Victlar, obs. form of Viotuallkk. !<br />

186<br />

t Vi'ctless, a. Obs~^ [f. L. vict'US food : cf.<br />

Victitation.] Lacking food; hungry, starved.<br />

1615 Chapman Odyss. xvu. 285 Why thou vnenuied<br />

Swaine, Whither dost thou leade this same victles Leager ?<br />

This bane of banquets ; this most nasty bagger ?<br />

Victor (vi'ktsj), JiJ.l Forms: a.<br />

victore, uyctor, 6 Sc, wictor. 3.<br />

4- victor, 5<br />

4-7 victour<br />

(6 Sc. wictour), 5 victur, -oure, vyctour(e,<br />

-owre. [a. AF. victor^ victour (OF. victeur), or<br />

I.* victory agent-noun f. vict~, ppl. stem of vinch'e<br />

to overcome, conquer.]<br />

1. One who overcomes or vanquishes an adversary<br />

; the leader of an army which wins a battle or<br />

war. Sometimes collect., the winning army or<br />

nation. Also const, of.<br />

a. a 1340 Hampole Psalter xxiii. i A bedel ^at eftere l>e<br />

victory cries J>at all |?e land is J>e victors. 1387 Trevisa<br />

Higden (Rolls) II. 99 pe Saxons were victors, and eueriche<br />

prouince, as he was strengere, made hem kynges. c 1400<br />

Destr, Troy 2145 Ofte sith hit is sene. .Tliat a victor of a<br />

victe is vile ouercomyn. 1448-9 J. Metham Jf^^i. (E.E.T.S.)<br />

52/1403 Vowre welffare and prosperyte Is in m^ uyage, 5^<br />

I may uyctor be. 1570 Levins Manip. 171 A victor, z'/V/on<br />

1593 Wyrlev Armorie, Capitall de Buz i, Assailant conqueror,<br />

this braue English king Triumphant victors his<br />

noble offspring. 1606 Shaks. Tr. 8f Cr. iv. v. 67 What shalbe<br />

done To him that victory commands? or doe you purpose,<br />

A victor shall be knowne. 1665 Manlev Grotius'' Lo%V'C.<br />

Warres 235 His Body, when found by the Victors, ..was<br />

exposed to publike shame and laughter. 1697 Drviien<br />

the victor sends<br />

ALneidxu. 497 In vain the vanquish'd fly ;<br />

The dead men's weapons at their living friends. ij6» Hume<br />

Hist. Eng. I. 6 Boadicea herself, rather th^n fall into the<br />

hands of the enraged victor, put an end to her own life by<br />

poison. 1781 Gibbon Decl. iJ- F. xxx. (1787) III. 161 The<br />

Huns..soon withdrew from the presence of an insulting<br />

victor, i8ai Scott Keniltu, xxxvii, The light yet strong<br />

buckler, and the short two-edged sword, the use of which<br />

had made them victors of the world. 1841 Elphinstone<br />

Hist. Ind. II. 567 Two of the surviving brothers soon after<br />

came to an open conflict, and the third attacked the victor<br />

on the morning after the battle, 1B71 R. Ellis Catullus<br />

Ixiv. 112 Thence in safety, a victor, in height of glory<br />

returned.<br />

/3. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 87 pan afterward >ey<br />

serued J>e Macedonyes, when J?e Macedoynes were victours<br />

in )»e est loiides. a 1400-50 Alexander 186 pan sail<br />

\>ax victoure 50W venge on aour vile fais. 1412-20 Lvdc.<br />

Chron. Troy i. 4321 pe feld pei ban, and ben l^at day victours.<br />

c 1440 Promp. ParT/. 510/1 Vyctowre, victor, triumphator.<br />

1508 Dunbar Poems vii. 2oWelcum invincible<br />

victour moste wourthy. 1581 A. Hall Iliad \. 78 Thinking<br />

that victour now he stoode, thus Pandarus doth braue At<br />

the stoute Greeke. 1658 Phillips, Victour^ an overcomer<br />

or Conquerour.<br />

b. transf. andyf^. One who overcomes in any<br />

contest or struggle.<br />

a 1400 Minor Poemsfr. Vernon MS. xxiii. 132 Com tovs<br />

wi(>-outen wene, Victor of olde Enemys. c 1430 Lydc. Min.<br />

Poems (Percy Soc.) 97 Verray victor withe his woundes<br />

fyve. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 90 Help lady that<br />

he.. Of his goostly enmyse may victour be. c 1450 Capgrave<br />

Life St. Gilbert 81 These same maydenes, desyring<br />

to be victouris of her kynde & eke of \)e world. 1508<br />

Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 326, I crew abone that craudone,<br />

as cok that wer wictour. 1567 Gude •$ Godlie B.<br />

(S.T.S.) 23 Christ,. .Victour of deid and hell. 1638 Junius<br />

Paint, Ancients 345 Now having obtained the chase, the<br />

victor calleth for a knife to take essay. 1687 Boyle Mar*<br />

tyrd. Theodora\\\. (1703) 104 O admirable contest ! where<br />

the noble antagonists did not strive for victory, but death,<br />

..that the victor might perish for the vanquished. 173a<br />

Pope E^, Bathnrst 313 There, Victor of his health, of fortune,<br />

friends, And fame, this lord of useless thousands ends.<br />

181 X Shelley Ztwf 7 Since withering pain no power possessed,..<br />

Nor time's dread victor, death, confessed. 1865<br />

Daily Tel. 31 Oct. 6/5 The silent Victor that meets us all,<br />

sooner or later.<br />

fc. Sc. The dux of a school. Obs.<br />

1651 Caldwell Papers {M^h\. CI) I. losToyshoillmaster<br />

and doctor in Glasgow for W^ Mure his candilmas offering,<br />

he being victor that year, 20.0.0. 1724 R. Wodrow L^e<br />

y, Wodrow (1828) 78 The Archbishop Paterson's second son<br />

was then in it [the school], and was what we then called<br />

victor.<br />

2. atirib. (chiefly appositive), passing into adj.<br />

(cf. ViCTORioDS a.), a. Of weapons, etc., as<br />

victor arms, arrow, -banner, -spear, sxvord.<br />

1590 Spenser F, Q. 11. x. 23 He with his victour sword<br />

first opened The bowels of wide Fraunce. 1605 Shaks.<br />

Learv. iii. 132, 1 protest,.. Despite thy victor-S word,, .thou<br />

art a Traitor. 1726 Pope Odyss, xix. 477 My victor arms<br />

Have awed the realms around with dire alarms. Ihid. xxiv.<br />

202 Thro* ev'ry ring the victor arrow went. 1776 Mickle<br />

tr. Camoens' Lusiad 168 O'er the wild waves the victorbanners<br />

fiow'd. Ibid. 229 The victor-spear One hand employed,<br />

1817 Shelley Rev. Islam iv. xxv, Why pause the<br />

victor swords to seal his overthrow?<br />

b. Of persons, animals, etc., as victor brethren,<br />

eagle, god, -hand, -head, -hero, etc.<br />

^1640 Shirley Cont. Ajax ^ Ulysses (1650) 128 Upon<br />

Deaths purple Altar now. See where the Victor-victim<br />

bleeds. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 111. 747 The Victor<br />

Horse, forgetful of his Food, The Palm renounces, and<br />

abhors the Flood. 1703 Pope Thebais 668 To Argos'<br />

realms the victor god resorts, c 1716 Somkrville To Addison,£state^<br />

Warwicks., Thevictor-hostamaz'd, with horror<br />

view'd Th' assembling troops. 1717 Pope Jliad xii. 257<br />

The victor eagle, whose sinister flight Retards our host. 1730<br />

Thomson Sopkonisba 11. ii. 7 If she may touch Thy knee,<br />

thy purple, and thy victor-hand. 1776 Micklk tr. Camoens'<br />

Lusiad 96 On Jordan's bank the victor-hero strode. Ibid.<br />

328 The victor-youth the Lusian flag displays. 1814 Scott<br />

Z(7rrf ij//f^« IV. xxXjO Scotland ! shall it e'er be mine.. To<br />

raise my victor-head, and see Thy hills, thy dales, thy<br />

VICTORIA.<br />

people free? 184^ Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 388, 1, it seems, am<br />

first Of all my victor brethren to declare The triumph past<br />

and coming.<br />

c. Miscellaneous, as victor-deed, -pxan, -palm,<br />

-pomp, shore, -shout.<br />

c 1381 Chaucer Pari. Foules 182 The olyue of pes, & ek<br />

the dronke vyne, The victor palm, the laiirer to dcuyne.<br />

1776 Mickle \.t. Camoens^ Lusiad 171 'Twas his in victorpomp<br />

to bear away The golden apples fiom Hesperia's<br />

shore. 1803 Leyden Scenes Infancy iv. xviii, The groans<br />

of wounded on the blood-red plain. And victor-shouts exulting<br />

o'er the slain, 1808 Scott Marmion 111. xxiv, Shouting<br />

crews her navy bore, Triumphant, to the victor shore. 1814<br />

— Lord of Isles v. xxxii, Then long and loud the victorshout<br />

From turret and from tower rung out. 1819 Keats<br />

Otho I. ii, I wonder not this stranger's victor-deeds So hang<br />

upon your spirit. 1885 J. H. Dell Dawning Grey, Prefatory^<br />

For the leader that shall brin^!; To the field the<br />

mightiest forces, shall the victor-paean ring.<br />

t 3. Victor penny, ^ fee paid to the schoolmaster<br />

by the scholar owning the victorious cock. Obs.<br />

*5*5 Foundation Stat. Manchester Gram. School 15<br />

April, (The Schoolmaster shall teach the children] withoute<br />

any money or other reward taking therefor as cokke<br />

peny, victor peiiy, potacion peny or any other except his<br />

said stipend.<br />

t Victor, J'\ wag.<br />

t Vi'Ctordom, Obs. rare. [f. as prec. -h -DOM.]<br />

The condition of being a victor ; victory.<br />

15*6 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 135 Innumerable<br />

martyrs by the lyght & strengthe of this gyfte had the<br />

triumphe & victordome of paynes vnsptekable. a 1540<br />

Barnes Wks. {1573) 278/1 Then will I stand by, and looke<br />

on, and see what victordome thou shalt get.<br />

t Vi*ctorer. Obs. Also 6 viotorour, victourer.<br />

[Extended form of Victor sb^, in common<br />

use c 1560-1610.] A victor or vanquisher.<br />

"553 Brende Q. Curtius iv. 57 He that is so juste an<br />

enemy, and so merciful a victorour. 1555 Edek Decades<br />

(Arb.) 50 Greater commoditie hath therof ensewed to the<br />

vanquisshed then the victourers. 1577 B. Googe <strong>Here</strong>sbach''s<br />

Husb. 1. (1586) 5 b, The Earth in the meane time<br />

reioysing to be torne with a Victorers shaare. 1601 Holland<br />

Pliny II. 300 The manner was to hang this ridiculous<br />

puppet under the chariots of noble victorers riding in<br />

triumph. 1631 Gouge God's Arro7vs in. § 71. 314 Like<br />

victorers they continued to hold up their banners.<br />

tVi'ctoress. Obs. [f. Victor 5^.1 -h -bss.<br />

Victress.] A female victor.<br />

Cf.<br />

1586 Warner Alb. Eng. u. xi. (1589) 44, I am bis Victor,<br />

but thy selfe art Victoresse of me. 1590 Spenser F. Q. iii.<br />

xii. 44 But when the victoresse arriued there, . . Neither of<br />

them she -found where she them lore. 16x4 Heywood<br />

Gunaik. v. 237 Oh Elphlede mighlie both in strength and<br />

mind. The dread of men and victoresse of thy kind. 1634<br />

[see Victress, quot. 1601I.<br />

II Victoria ^ (viktoa-ria). [L. victoria (or Sp.<br />

and Pg. victoria) : see Victory sb.'\<br />

1. The word employed as a shout of triumph.<br />

1638 Ford Lady*s Trial 11. i, Steal her away and to her<br />

Cast caps and cry victoria t 167a Dryden Assignation iv.<br />

iv, Victoria, Victoria! he loves you, madam. 1691 Wood<br />

Ath. Oxon. II. 284 The judicious reader, .may easily rout<br />

those Troops, which began too soon to cry victoria, and<br />

thought, .but of dividing the spoil. 1855 Kingslev Westw.<br />

Victoria !' shouted<br />

Ho! xxxi, 'There go the rest of them !<br />

Gary, as.. every Spaniard set all the sail he could. i86x<br />

Gen. p. Thompson Audi Alt. Part. III. clxi 175 The<br />

opposite party at the same time made simpletons of themselves<br />

by throwing up their caps and crying ' victoria '.<br />

transf. 1863 Bradford Adz'ertiser 18 July 5/2, If you<br />

conquered, all the post-horns in Europe were set to sound<br />

*<br />

* Victoria I<br />

2. A figure of the goddess Victory. rare^K


VICTORIA.<br />

a 1700 Evelyn Diary 6 May 1645, The stamp of the<br />

Roman Denarius varied:., if with a Victoria, so nam'd.<br />

- (vikt6»Tia). [The name of the<br />

Victoria<br />

Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, etc., from<br />

1837 to 1901, employed attributively or by itself<br />

as a designation of various things.]<br />

1. A light, low, four-wheeled carriage having a<br />

collapsible hood, with seats (usually) for two<br />

persons and an elevated seat in front for the driver.<br />

(1844 Art Union yml. VI. 238 A caliche, .which the<br />

French have named after Queen Victoria.] 1870 Pall Mall<br />

G. 24 Au^. II, I have taken a victoria and driven to the<br />

Porte Maillot to watch the engineers fell the trees in the<br />

Bois de Boulogne. i8j« Maiiv .M. Grant Sun-Maid xi, A<br />

victoria is the prettiest carriage a lady can possible drive<br />

in. 1886 Pall Mall G. \o May 3/2 We are threatened with<br />

an inundation of new cabs and victorias for the coming<br />

season.<br />

attrib. 1903 Motor. Ann. 258 The motor-car best suited to<br />

India would be that. .with a canopy—or, better still, a<br />

victoiia top.<br />

2. Bol. A gigantic species of water-lily, Victoria<br />

regia, indigenous to South America.<br />

1846 LiNDLEY Vcg. Kingd. 4ir Floating plants. .on the<br />

continent of South America, .are represented by Victoria..<br />

Victoria, the most gigantic and beautiful of water plants, is<br />

. .ailed Water Maize in South .America. 185J Phil. Trans.<br />

CXLII. 289 The specimen of Victoria which flowered in<br />

the Gardeiis oftbe Royal Botanic Society. 1866 Treas.<br />

Bot. 1215 The Victoria.. \s2a delighted .. thousands, by the<br />

size of its leaves and the beauty and fragrance of its flowers.<br />

attrib. i8«i Bentlev Man. Bot. 445 The plant is commonly<br />

known in this country as the Victoria Water-lily.<br />

1880 Bessey Botany 558 Victoria re^ia, the Victoria Lily<br />

of the Amazon Valley in South America.<br />

3. Astr. One of the minor planets, discovered by<br />

Hind in 1850.<br />

1851 J. R. Hind Solar System 91 The name selected for<br />

the twelfth member [of the extra-zodiacal group] is Victoria.<br />

Ibid, t)-! The discovery of Victoria, .was quickly followed<br />

by that of another small planetary body. 1868 Lockyer<br />

Elent. AstroH. 328.<br />

4. A variety of domestic pigeon.<br />

1879 L. Wright Pigeon Keeper 208 Victorias are simply<br />

Hyacinths of a lighter shade. i88s Lyell Fancy Pigeons<br />

97 These varieties.. have been promiscuously named Hyacinths,<br />

Victorias and Porcelains in our pigeon literature.<br />

b. yicloria crown{ed) pigton, a queen's pigeon<br />

(Queen sb. 14 b).<br />

c 1881 Casselfs Nat. Hist. IV. 127.<br />

5. A variety of plum characterized by its luscious<br />

flavour and rich red colour. Also attrib.<br />

i860 R. Hogg Fruit Manual 256 Denyer's Victoria...<br />

Skin bright red on the side next the sun, but pale red on<br />

the shaded side. 1883 H. Drummono Nat. Law in Stir.<br />

W. (1884) 364 He arranges his. .plums iti his shop window.<br />

He may tell me a magnum bonuni from a Victoria. 1883<br />

sQth Cent. Nov. 870 Some sixteen years ago. .1 planted two<br />

Victoria plums. Ibid.^ A Victoria plum tree.<br />

6. A kind of woollen dress material.<br />

1891 Times 26 Oct. 4/2 The parcels of miscellaneous<br />

goods.. have consisted of blue victorias, meltons in all<br />

colours, brown Venetians.<br />

7. attrib. a. Victoria Cross, a British military<br />

and naval decoration bestowed for conspicuous<br />

bravery in battle. (Abbreviated V.C.) Victoria<br />

Day, the anniversary of the birthday of Queen<br />

Victoria, May 24. (Also called Empire Day.)<br />

1856 Royal IVarrant in Lond. Caz. 5 Feb. 410/2 The distinction<br />

shall be styled and designated 'The Victoria Cross',<br />

and shall consist of a Maltese Cro.>iS of Bronze, with Our<br />

Royal Crest in the centre, and underneath which an estroU<br />

)>earing this inscription 'For Valour'. 1863 Chambers<br />

Bk. Days I. 319/1 The tst of March, 1857, is one among<br />

many days associated with the bestowal of the Victoria<br />

Cross upon heroic soldiers and sailors. 1901 Scotsman 28<br />

Feb. 7/4 A bill was introduced in the Canadian parliament<br />

to make Victoria day—May 24th—a permanent public<br />

holiday throughout Canada.<br />

b. Misc., as Victoria black, blue. Court, crape,<br />

/rilling, lawn (see quois.).<br />

1888 Jacobi Printers* Vor. 152 *yictoria blacky a fancy<br />

black-letter character. 1891 Cent. Diit , "Victoria blue.<br />

189s Bud's Hamlblc. Med. Sci. IX. 429 Victoria Blue..\%<br />

a brilliant and useful nuclear slain. 1899 Cagney Jttksck's<br />

Clin. Diagnosis x. 437 Staining with alcoholic solution<br />

of Victoria-blue. 184;; M'^Culloch Brit. Emf. (ed. 3; II.<br />

220 The principal sheriff". . visiting the county, .for the purpose<br />

of holding statutory, registration, and small debt, com.<br />

monlycalled*Kii:/o


VICTORY.<br />

enemy or adversary in combat, battle, or war;<br />

sDpremacy or superiority achieved as the result of<br />

armed conHict.<br />

a. With the, as in the phr. to have {get^ wi$t) the<br />

victory. Also const, ^(an enemy, etc.).<br />

13.. A',Aiis.j663 (Laud MS.), Of tioye was )>ermne al<br />

^ story, Hou Grcgeis hatlde:i ^e victory, c 1330 Art/t. e king of gloric, t>athim<br />

hadde ^(Mien be ^ictorie, To ouercomcn his fomen. 1387<br />

Trkvisk Nt^iiem iRoWs) II. 167 pcse men . . bee^» i-wonedto<br />

haue the victorie and |>c maistrie in euerich fijt. ^1400<br />

Desir. Troy 6134 Our ^oddis the gouerne, & soche grace<br />

ienc, pat |k)u the victone wyn, thi worship to saue. c 1400<br />

Maunoev. (Roxb.) ii. 5 When any man had t>e victory of<br />

his cnmy. cs4ao Lydg. Assembiy 0/ Gods loii To wete<br />

whydie of hem shuld haue the victory, thid. 1790 Thus<br />

they contynu fyght for the victory. ^1440 Gesta Rom. iv.<br />

9 (HarL MS.), So )ns yong kny^t . . fought with the enemeys,<br />

and wan Jw victorie. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxxvi.<br />

(Percy Soc.) 190, I.. for her sake shalbe invincible Of tliis<br />

great monster to have the victoiy. 1535 Covkrdalk Dan.<br />

vii. 21, I behelde, and the same home made battail agaynst<br />

the sayntes, yee and gat the victory off them. 159s Kyd<br />

Span. Trag. I. ti. 64 In all this turmoyle, three long houres<br />

and more, The victory to neither part inclinde. i6ix Bible<br />

2 Mitcc. xii. II Whereupon there was a very sore battell;<br />

but ludas side. .got the victory. 1647 Hexham i. s.v.. To<br />

Carrie away the victorie, x666 Pepvs Diary 29 July, A<br />

tetter from Sir W. Coventry tells me that we have the victory.<br />

1737 L. Clarke Hist. Bible (1740) I. ix. 580 For<br />

Lathyros having gotten the Victory, pursued it to the<br />

utmost. 1777 Brand Pop. Antiq. 374 This so encouraged<br />

the Grecians, that they fought strenuously, and obtained<br />

the Victory over the Persians, x8ii G. Bruce Poems 8(<br />

Songs 19 To him.. Wha. .can the victory bestow On those,<br />

who to his precepts bow.<br />

b. Witiiout article.<br />

137s Babboux Bruce i. 473 With few folk thai had wictory<br />

On mychty kingts. Ibid. 111.234 Scipio..has o£f the tempHs<br />

tane llie army3..In name off wictory ofFerryt that. 1398<br />

Trevisa Bartfu De P. R. v. xxiiu (Bodl. MS.), J>e cok<br />

crowi^after bataile & victorie. X4»~ao Lydg. Chron. Troy<br />

I. 3863 Nor in armys conquest nor victorie Ben not assured<br />

vp^n multitude. 1457 Hardvng Chron. in Eng. Hist. Rev.<br />

Oct. (1912) 748 Of his fose he had ay vyctory. I5»6 Pilgr.<br />

Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 15 By the whiche they crucifye the<br />

worlde, and hath victory of it. 1535 Coverdale Ps. Ixxx viii.<br />

43 Thou hast taken awaye the strength of his swerde, and<br />

geuest him not victory in the battayll. 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen,<br />

yit IV. t. 147 Why so ; then am I sure of victorie. Now<br />

therefore let vs hence. 1654-66 Earl Orrery Parthen.<br />

(1676) 515 Surena covered with Blood and Victory came to<br />

my Chamber. 1788 Gibbon Decl.^ F. xliii. IV. 282 Victory<br />

is'thc fruit of moral as well as military virtue. 1791 Cowper<br />

Iliad xvii. 681 For him Jove leads to victory. 1839 James<br />

Louis XIV, I. 144 In following up the flying squadrons<br />

of Grammont and Chalxit, [he] suffered victory to escape<br />

from bis hands. 1847GKOTE Greece 11. xxxi. IV. 229 Victory<br />

still continued on the side of Athens. x88x F. W. H. Myers<br />

IVortiswortk 80 When in victory.. Nelson passed away.<br />

C. personif,<br />

xs^ B. Googe Eglogs^ etc. (Arb.) 124 In fyne lo Viclorye<br />

at bande.., Bent for to spoyle our Foes of Fame.<br />

X594 Shaks. Rick. Ill, v. iii. 79 Fortune, and Victorj; sit<br />

on thy H el me. 1667 Milton P. L. vi. 762 At his right<br />

hand yictorie Sate Eagle-wing'd. 1783 Crabbe Village 11.<br />

152 Victory seems to die now thou art dead. i8so Keats<br />

Hyperion 11. 342 That was before we knew the winged<br />

thing. Victory, mi^ht be lost, or might be won. 1885<br />

Harper sMag. ApnlSiQ/a He. .has now fallen in the arms<br />

of victory.<br />

d. Used interjectionally as an expression of<br />

triumph or encouragement. (Cf. Victoria i i.)<br />

1591 Shaks. i Hen. Vf^ iv. vi. i Saint George, and<br />

Victory; fight Souldiers^ fight. XS93 — 3 Hen. F/, v. L<br />

113 Lords to the field: Saint George, and Victorie. x68i<br />

Flavel Metk. Grace xxviiL 479 The day of a believer's<br />

death is better than the day of his birth. Never till then,<br />

do we put off our armour, sheath our sword, and cry<br />

victory, victory. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam v. Song vi,<br />

Victory, Victory to the prostrate nations ! xSsx — Hellas<br />

948 Victory 1 Victory ! Russia's famished eagles Dare not<br />

to prey beneath the crescent's light.<br />

2. An instance or occasion of overcoming an adversary<br />

in battle, etc. ; a triumph gained by force<br />

of arms.<br />

Cadmean, Pyrrkic victory: see those words. Moral<br />

victory : see Moral ir. 7 c.<br />

« . . Sir Benes (A.) 2500 Ol'te he J^ankede (?e king in glori<br />

Of "grace & is viktori. a 1340 Hami'OLE Psalter xxiiL i<br />

A bedel, |iat efterc be victory cries t>at all >e land is be<br />

victors. cx38s Chaucer L. G. IV. Prol. 22 These olde<br />

aprouede storyis Of holynesse, of regnys, of victoryis, Of<br />

louc, of hate [etc.]. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.)<br />

3 Lyke for Davyd afiyr his victory Reyjoyssed whas alle<br />

Jcnisalcm. xa6o Capgrave Chron. 33 The ix. {labour of<br />

Herculesj is the gret victorie of the beste Achildes, that<br />

blewe out fyre at his mowth. 1508 Dunbar Poems vii. 66<br />

Al parlament thow suld be hyerenownit, Thatdid so mony<br />

viciorysc opteyn. 1584 Powel Lloyd's Cambria u Let vs<br />

. .choose vnto vs a head, to leade, direct, and gouerne vs,.<br />

sith without a head, there is no victorie to be looked for.<br />

x6oi Chcster Lov^s Mart. 33 This Brytish King in warres<br />

a Conqueror, And wondrous happie in his Victories. 1659<br />

B. Habus Parivats Iron Age 53 Where, after they have<br />

been repulsed or routed, they have rallyed. and carried<br />

a*»y nwny glorious victories. 1769 Kobert^om Chas. V,<br />

lu. P35 The victory at Villalar proved as decisive as it was<br />

complete. X815 Morning Chron. 22 June, We stop the<br />

pr««» to announce the most brilliant and complete Victory<br />

wr obtained by the Duke of Wellington. 1856 Froude<br />

Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 00 The victory was great; but, like<br />

many victories it was fatal to the conquerors.<br />

8. Supremacy or superiority, triumph or ultimate<br />

success, in any contest, struggle, or enterprise.<br />

a. With the J or in pi., etc.<br />

188<br />

X3.. Leg. Rood (1871) 88 Mak yi^ in Y^ne armes forj^i,<br />

|>an sail ^ou haue ^»e victori. a X340 Hampolf. Psalter xxvi.<br />

6, I hope J>e victory thoro his help. 1377 Langl. P. PL B.<br />

111. 331 Se what Salamon seith in Sapience bokes, That hij<br />

bat ^iueth^ifies J^e victorie wynnelh. 14. . Tundale's lis. 88<br />

Whom [5C. martyrs] Cryst Jesu eternally in gloryOrdeyned<br />

hath a palme of his victory. 1526 Tindale i ^ohn v. 4<br />

This is the victory that ouer commeih the worlde, euen oure<br />

fayth. 1573-80 Harvey Lett. Wks. (Grosari) 1. 136 From my<br />

chamber the daye after mye victorye. 1597 Hooker Eccl.<br />

Pol. V. IxxL §7 Such is euer-more the finall victorie of all<br />

truth. ? 1639 J. Taylor (Water P.) Part Summers 7'ravels<br />

33 (Hindley, HI), The cooks hath laid small Isles of mutton,<br />

which you may invade With stomach, knife and spoon...<br />

With these, the victory you cannot fail. 1683 Norris<br />

Passion o/Saviour 130 This little Victory He won, Sbew'd<br />

what He could have done. J697 Drydf.n Virg. Georg. iii.<br />

164 Observe, if he disdains to yield the Prize ; Of Loss ini.<br />

patient, proud of Victories. 1719 De Foe Crusoe 11. (Globe)<br />

598 But I hope I have got t!ie Victory over my self. X779<br />

buKKE Corr. (1844) 11.273 We have obtained two victories,<br />

..victories, not over our adversaries, but over our own<br />

passions and prejudices. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi.<br />

II. 74 The victory of the cabal of evil counsellors was therefore<br />

complete. X876 Mozley Univ. Serm. v. (ed. 2) 189<br />

The victory over the terror of death, in self-devotion produces<br />

the highest state of mind.<br />

b. Without article.<br />

c X315 Shoreham vii. 407 Hy^t moste neades for ^je glorye,<br />

Elles hedde y.faylled fyctorjre. X340 Ayenb. 167 Wyi>-oute<br />

pacience non ne het> uictorie. X38a Wyclif Prov. xxii. 9<br />

Victorie and worshipe shal the] purchace, that ^eueth 5iftis.<br />

y )>y<br />

name. 1447 Hokknham Seyntys (Roxb.) 85 He wyl now<br />

defcndyn me, And of al thi serpentys me victrych make.<br />

1500-20 Dunbar Poems lxx.xv. 63 Empryce of pryss, ..<br />

Victryce of wyce, hie genetrice Of Jhesu. 1533 Annf<br />

Boleyn^s Coronal, in Furniv. Ballads fr. MSS. uS^Sj I,<br />

399 He kncwe, certes, that you, victrice, of ail ladies Should<br />

haue the piice of worihynes. 1567 Drant Horace, Ep. x.<br />

U viij. The victris hath a swifte recourse by stealth unto her<br />

place. ? 1633 B. JoNSON Underwoods, Lady V. Digby ix.<br />

96 And, ill her hand With boughs of Palme, [to have] a<br />

crowned Victrice stand,<br />

11 Victrix (vi-ktriks).<br />

tor.] A female victor;<br />

[L., fem. ol victor Vic-<br />

a victress.<br />

165X Biggs Neiv Disp. P 113 Before Nature is victrix in<br />

diseases.<br />

digested<br />

x67a (Tuke] {title). Souls Warfare, Comically<br />

into Scenes Acted between the Soul and her<br />

Enemies, Wherein she comctli off Victrix. 17x6-90 Lett,<br />

/r. Mist's Jrnl. (1J22) I. 174 Carried away by the triumphant<br />

Victrix, who will be proud of the Conquest. X779 G.<br />

Keate Sketches /r. Nat. (ed. 2) II. 9 The victrix has it<br />

[a smockj slipped over her running dress, and marches off<br />

triumphant. X853 C. Bronte Villette xxxii, In his victrix<br />

he required all that was here visible. X895 E. J. Dillon in<br />

Conte.iip. Rev. Nov. 620 A war w hich, if Russia prove the<br />

victrix, will deliver Constantinople and the Balkan Peninsula<br />

into her hands.<br />

Victual.C^^t 1)' •^'^- Forms: a. 4-6 vitaile (4<br />

-aille), vitayle (5 -aylle), 5 vitayll, 5-6 -ail(l;<br />

4-6 vytayle (5-6 -aylle, 5 Sc. wytaylle), 5-6<br />

vytaile (5 -aille), 5 -ayl(l ; 4-5 vetaille (4<br />

-aile), 5 vetayle, 6 -ay 11 ; 5 Sc. wittail(e, -aill,<br />

wytaill,<br />

wictaill,<br />

6 vittayle, -aile, 6-7 vittail ; 5 Sc,<br />

6 -ayll, -ayle, vectayll, 6-7 victail.<br />

&. (Chiefly Sc) 5 vitt-, vet-, 6 vict-, 5-6 vyt-,<br />

vitale; 5 wit(t)-, wyt-, wet-, wictale. 7. 5-6<br />

vital! (6 -al, witall), 5 vytall, 6-al; 5-6 vitell<br />

(5 vet", wetell), vitel, 5 fyt-, 6 vytel(l ; 5<br />

•wetyl; 6vitoll. 5. 5 vittale, 5-6 vittail, 5 (9)<br />

vittal ; 5-6 vittell (5 wytt-, 6 wett-, vyttell),<br />

6, 8, dial.^ vittel, 6-7, 8-9 Jial. vittle (7 victle),<br />

9 dial, fittle, wittle. €. 6 wyltuel, wittual,<br />

7 vittual, 8 vitual ; 6 viotuayle, ^V. "wictuale,<br />

victuale, -wale, -uel(l, 5-7 victuall (6 wictuall,<br />

-wall), 6 vyctual, 6- victual, [a. AF. and OF.<br />

vitaile., -aille (OF. also vitale., -alle, vittalle, victailie)<br />

fem, :— late L. victtmlia, neut. pi. of post-<br />

classical L. victudlisj f. r;zV/«j food, sustenance : cf.<br />

Frov. vit^o)alha, Sp. vitualla, Pg. vitualha. It.<br />

vettovaglia. The variant OF. and mod.F. form<br />

victuaille has been assimilated to the L. original,<br />

and a similar change in spelling has been made in<br />

English, while the pronunciation still represents<br />

the forms vittel, vittle, (See also Vitaly.)]<br />

1. collect. Whatever is normally required, or may<br />

naturally be used, for consumption in order to<br />

support life; food or provisions of any kind.<br />

Occasionally applied to food for animals, but more com.<br />

monly restricted to that of persons.<br />

a. X303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 10555 V was wunt to<br />

lede vytayle To kny^ies t>at were yn batayle. 13.. Sir Beues<br />

(A.) 3025 Al t>us l>emperur haj> him di^t.-par to schipeswi^<br />

gode vitaile. c X385 Chaucer L.G. fV. 1488 HyPsipyle,<br />

Askynge hem a-noon If they were broken or woo begoon Or<br />

hade nede of lodesmen or vitayle. 1399 Langl. Rich.<br />

Redeles in. 371 Devourours of vetaile t>at foujten er J^ei<br />

paide. a X417 York Memor. Bk. (Surtees) I. 222 r ysshe and<br />

other vitaill ar ofte tymes conceled..in this citee. c X450<br />

Mirk's EestialgZ He schuld haue vii ^ereplente|>eof come<br />

and all oJ>er vytayle. a xjoo in C. Trice-Martin Chanc.<br />

Proc. iSth C. (1904) 4 Yf the dette besurmysed to growe by<br />

the hying or sellyng of any maner of vetayll. a XS33 Ld.<br />

BURNERS HuoH xlvi. 156 He shall departe in this lytell<br />

shyppe..and take vytayle in to it for there prouy.syon.<br />

a x^ Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 105 By that waie neither<br />

man nor vitaill could passe or come. X548 Patten Exped.<br />

Scotl. Pref. a viij b. The time and place whan and whither<br />

they shall cum, and with bow much prouision of vitail.<br />

X59S KvD Sol. «5- Pers. iii. 1. 50 Footemen . . well exercised<br />

ill war ; And, as it seemes, they want no needful vitiaile.<br />

j3. X375 Barbour Bruce ix. i68Quhar thai mycht get Till<br />

thame and thairis vittale and met. c X375 Sc. Leg, Saints<br />

XXX. (Theodera) 425 pai ordenyt hyr fare out-rydere, par<br />

witale to be house to by. c 1400 Vwaine ^- Gaiv. 1873 Syr<br />

Alers,.. with swith grete vetale. Come that kastel toasayle.<br />

1^7 Act 3 Hen. VII, c. ix. §3 That every freman..may<br />

iede, cari^, and goo, with his or their Vetale, Ware or merchaundi.se.<br />

a X500 Bermxrd. de cura rei /am. (E.E.T.S.)<br />

110 Geff thow. .base lo sel wetale in gret substance, Se be<br />

na way na derth ^at thou desyre,<br />

y. c 1400 Destr. Troy 5176 In J at prouyns is plenty all<br />

of prise vitell. Of corne, & of catell. X47a Presentmts. 0/<br />

Juries in Surtees Misc. (1890) 23 We say y* yer have boght<br />

of latcunsesanabyll wety), y^ is to say. feche& herrynge,<br />

bothe Thom Smythe & John Clyffe. Ibid. 27 For brynghyng<br />

in of wetell for the welfare ot comhons. .: X475 Henrvson<br />

Fables, Twa Mice 102 (Bann. MS.), Thair barbery wes tane<br />

In till a spens with vitail of grit plentie. XSX3-4 Act 5 Hen.<br />

VIII, c. 6 The great scarcyte of grayne and vytell at this<br />

present tyme. X53X in I. Bulloch Pynours (1887) 61 The<br />

berne of salt, .and all wther witall.. borne be the Pynouris.<br />

X538 Starkev England \. iii. 74 In so much that vytel and<br />

nuryschment suffycyent for them can skant here be found.<br />

1570 Levins Manip. 13 Vital!, /*««, victus.<br />

h. c 1480 IVyntoun's Crcn. I. 564 (MS. E.), Within (mt ile ar<br />

citeis ten Stufht with wtttall gud and men. X483 Cely Papers<br />

(Camden) 108 They schall lacke no men nor vettell. 1494<br />

Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot. I. 247 For a bayte that careit<br />

the wrychtis and thar wyttell to the toche, vs. X573-80<br />

Tusser Husb. (1878) 41 Twise a day giue him fresh vittle<br />

and drinke. X599 Dallam in Early Voy. Levant (HakL


VICTUAL.<br />

Soc.) 88 The Hand Zante hathe all theire provition of vhtell<br />

from ihence. a z6x8 Sylvester Maidens Blush. 355 Th'<br />

Heav'niy Herald, .sees there the Brethren lying Along the<br />

Grasse, and busi« at their Vittle. 1663 Butler Hud. i. i.<br />

316 B'or, as we said, he always chose To carry Vittle in his<br />

Hose. 17*3 Swift SUllaat iVoodpark Wks, 1755 IV. 1. 40,<br />

I must confess, your wine and vittle I was too hard upon a<br />

little. 1748 Marv Leai'or Poems Sev. Occasions 124 When<br />

you gather Strength a little, Ca» walk abroad and eat your<br />

Vittle. 1780 Burns Robin shure in Hairst iv, Robin promised<br />

me A my winter vittle. 1847- in dial, glossaries, etc.<br />

{Wore, <strong>Here</strong>ford, Shropsh., Warw., Gloc, Dorset) in the<br />

\6xm.fiUle. i88i Gd. Words 846/1 It's a pity as you've no<br />

stomach to yer vittle.<br />

«. 1513 Ckomwell in Mcrriman Life ^ Lett. {1902) I. 39<br />

The Krenche men.. lye yn waytc.to destroye the Conductours<br />

of our victuayle. «5S9-66 in Wodroxv Soc. Misc.<br />

{1844) 71 To hinder the victuall from comeing to Edinburgh.<br />

1570-6 W. Lambarde Peramb. Kent 130 Deuouring and<br />

consuming.. the victuall of the countrey. 1603 Knolles<br />

Hist. Turks {1621) 1247 Germenchius hath put in three<br />

moneths victuall into Hust in Transylvania. 16*7 Bacon<br />

Sylva g 649 The Making of Things Inalimental, to become<br />

Alimental, may be an Experiment of great Profit, for Making<br />

new Victual. 1681 H. Nkvile Plato Rediv. 92 The<br />

cheapness of Victual, and the want of Labourers. 1765<br />

Hlackstone Comm. I. 60 It might seem to prohibit the<br />

buying of grain and other victual. 18x7 Byron Beppo xxix,<br />

.\nd Laura waited long, and wept a little,. .She almost lost<br />

all appetite for victual. 1856 Hawthorne Eng. Note-Bks.<br />

(18701 I. 1 1 1 A refreshment-room, with drinks and cakes and<br />

pastry, but , .no substantial victual. 1859 Tennyson Geraint<br />

4- Enid 201 A fidr-hair'd youth, that in his hand Bare<br />

victual for the mowers.<br />

+ b. Produce of the ground capable of being used<br />

as food. Obs.<br />

H^hite zn'ctual (quot. 1799), = next.<br />

c 1374 Chaucer Former A?e 36 Ther as vitayle is ek so<br />

skars and thinne pat nat but mast or apples is ther inne.<br />

c 1386 — Clerk's T. 3 Ther is at the West side of Ytaille.<br />

A lusty playne, habundant of viiaillc. 1615 Bacon Ess.,<br />

Plantation (Arb.) 531 Then consider, what Victuall or<br />

Esculent Things there are, which grow speedily, and within<br />

the yeere. 1627 May Lucan iv. 99 Nor can the souldiers<br />

goe To forrage : the drown'd fields no vittaile leaue. 1798<br />

Malthus PoPul. (1878) 228 This may be justly attributed to<br />

the effects of the scarcity and bad victual in the year 1783.<br />

"799 J- Robertson Agric. Perth 147 The land is pulverized<br />

andbelter made for the succeeding crop of white victual.<br />

C. Sc. Grain, corn. ? Obs,<br />

1473 Rental Bk. Cupar- Angus (1879) I. 171 Alsua tha sal<br />

haue the tend vitale for ij*^ of here and mele. 1557 Rec.<br />

/ttverness (^ew Spald. CI.) I. 7 To.. pay Isbell Damster<br />

the hyest price of ane boll wyttuell andthrepects toentres.<br />

1585 Reg. Mag, Sig. Scot. 292/1 For payment.. of aucht<br />

chalderis 3 botlis wictuall, thairof 45 bollis beir and the<br />

remanent meill. 1609 Skene Reg. Ma/., Stat. Robert /,<br />

36 It is statute be the king, that all they quha buyes<br />

victuall. .fra burgcssis at their granares, they .. may carie<br />

that victuall quhere they please. 1678 Sia G. Mackenzie<br />

Crim. La7vs Scot.\.xx\v.%iiib(^) 119 Usury is that Crime<br />

. .committed in Bargains of Victual, or Tacks. Ibid. 11. xiv.<br />

§1. 3IX A landed man, whose Rent exceeds a thousand<br />

Merks, or ten Chalders of Victual. 17*6 P. Walker Li/e<br />

A. Peden in Biog. Presbyt. (1827) I. 53 He enquired at Mrs.<br />

Steil, if she wanted a Servant for threshing Victual? 1785<br />

Burns i,rd Epist. to Lapraik vii, [Till] a* the vittle [be] in<br />

the yard. An' theekit right. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth<br />

99 In drying on the iron floor, the victual must be constantly<br />

turned. i8i» G. Chalmers Dotn. Econ. Gt. Brit. 262<br />

Though neither the nominal, nor the real, prices of victual<br />

were equal to those of the times of queen Anne. i8sa Galt<br />

Sir A. tVylie xlii, He has been very kind to the poor, having<br />

divided five load of victual among all the needful in the<br />

parish. 1843 Report yedbitrgh Thirtage Trial ^^ A portion<br />

of that corn or victual, ground at the mills, which is kept<br />

by the miller.<br />

fd. ;Seequot.^ Obs,-*"<br />

1688 R. Holme Armoury 11. 341/1 ViUlitOC ViaHdeSfXhit<br />

terra for Hawks meat.<br />

2. pi. Articles of food ; supplies, or various<br />

kinds, of provisions ; in later use esp, articles of<br />

ordinary diet prepared for use.<br />

a. 13.. A'. Alls. 855 (Laud MS.), And Olyfauntz & ek<br />

Camayles, Bobe hij charged wijr vitailes. a 1350 Will.<br />

Palenu 1121 Wei l>ei were wamestured of vitayles i-now,<br />

plentiuosly foral peple. 13187 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 55<br />

Whanne der^e of vitailles is in al Engelond aboute, fwre is<br />

be lasse i-solde. c 1444 Lvtx:. in Pol. Poems\^o\\%) II. 220<br />

10 chese suych vitaylles ther braynes wer to woode. 14S9<br />

Caxton Faytes 0/ A. 11. xxx. 142 Cartes shal folowe for to<br />

bryng and arriue the vitailles fro the shippes. a 1533 Ld.<br />

Berners Huon Ixi. 213 They bare all in to y« shypTS: vy*<br />

tay ties suffycyent. 1555 Edkm Decades ( Arb.) 77 The vytayles<br />

(especially the byskettc breade) corrupted by takynge water.<br />

1496 Bp. W. Barlow Three Serm. ii. 47 Among all other,<br />

limine and Dearth of vittails is not the least. 1607 Dkkker<br />

& Webster Sir T. Wyatt Wks. 1873 I i 1. 103 Good victailes<br />

makes good blood. 1616 R. C. Times* Whistle (1871) 85<br />

Which! paide.., Because they should not think I came<br />

to sharke Only for vittailes.<br />

3. 1375 Barbour Bruce xv. 92 Schlr Eduard gert men<br />

gang and se All the vtulis of that cite. ^14x5 Wyntoun<br />

Cron. VIM. 5027 IHe] Saw his wictalis war nere gane. And<br />

hop of reskew had he nane. 1453-4 Cal. Anc. Rec. Dublin<br />

(1889} I. 380 That at maner of viteiloures..shulde have<br />

bene arrested by har bodys . . that byinn of them any vittalis.<br />

1535 CovERDALE Ps. cxxxi. 15, I Will blesschlr vytales with<br />

increase, & wil satisfie htr poore with bred. 1547 Boorde<br />

fntrod, Knoiul, 11.(1870) 127 In the whych is vsed good<br />

fashion and good vytales. 1575 ^" Harvey Leiter-bk.<br />

(Camden) 97 Mye miserable Mistrisse . . is oftentymes driven<br />

very harde. .for her vittales and lodginge.<br />

y. f:i4oo Melayne 1195 He garte dele his vetells then<br />

Firste amaages oure wonded men. 1401 in Ellis Ori^.<br />

iC*//. Ser. II. T, 15 We faylyth vitels and men. Ibid. i6They<br />

mowe have godes and fytelles plente. c 148s J. Kay tr.<br />

Caoursin's Siege of Rhodes P3 Also they lakked vytalles.<br />

1510 Sel. Cases Crt, Star Chantber (Selden) 205 So he toke<br />

189<br />

fro many pore men their vitals to ther grete hurte. 1545<br />

Brinklow Compl. ii. 13 In London and other placys ther be<br />

many offended with the great price of vitells. 1599 Dallam<br />

in Early I'oy. Lezmnt (Hakl. Soc.) 83 We could not gitt<br />

any vitels. Ibid. 86 We ever had vitals reddie dreste for 3<br />

dayes.<br />

*- 1554-9 *S"on^J


VICTUAIiAGE.<br />

Hence Vi*otu»lled /;>/«.<br />

1855 KiNCSLEY If'fstw. Hot xxxii, Some five and twenty<br />

of the soundest and best victualled ships.<br />

Victnalage. rare. [f. Victual sb,^ Victualling;<br />

victuals.<br />

x62a Mabbk tr. AUmatCs Guzman


VICUNA. 191 VIDUATB.<br />

X834 EM£ycl Metrop. (1843) VI. 350 The Victualling Office<br />

at Plymouth.. is now brought almost into juxta-position<br />

with it \sc. the Dockyard).<br />

b. Boxing slang. The stomach.<br />

1751 Smollett Per, Pic.c, He. .found it impracticable to<br />

smite his antagonist upon the victualling office. 1785<br />

Grosr Diet. Vuig^. Toftgve S.V. -lixo Sporting Mag;, y I.<br />

80 Spring put in a heavy claim on his opponent's victualling<br />

office.<br />

11 Vicuna (vik?^'n^a), vicu'lia. Forms: a. *j<br />

becunia, 7- vicuna, 8-9 vicunna,9va-, vecuna,<br />

vicugna, vicunnia, 9- vicufia. ^. 7 vicugne,<br />

9 vicune. [a. Sp. vicuna (Pg. vicunha), the<br />

Quichnan name of the animal. See also Vigogne,<br />

ViGONE, and Vigonia.]<br />

1. A South American dLmma\{Aucheniavi£unna)i<br />

closely related to the llama and alpaca, inhabiting<br />

the higher portions of the northern Andes and<br />

yielding a fine silky wool used for textile fabrics.<br />

a. i6m R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea 47 It may be surmised,<br />

that it is as that of the Becunia, and other Beasts, which<br />

breed the Beazer stone. 1661 Lovell Hist. Ani/n. ^ Min,<br />

28 The beast is about the bignesse and likeness of a Stagg.<br />

Their hair . . is said also to help the gout : sc. Of that called<br />

Vicunas. 1704 Collect. Voy. (Churchill) HI, 11/2 The Wild<br />

Goats are numerous; theyarecall'd Vicunna's. ij^SAnson's<br />

Voy. I. vi. 68 There are in ail parts of this country a good<br />

number of Vicunnas or Peruvian sheep. 1771 tr. Permty''s<br />

Voy. Malouine IsL (1773) 289 Several of our people went a<br />

shooting . . and saw some carcases of vicunas. 1805 Luccock<br />

Nat. Wool 14 We allude particularly to.. the camel, and<br />

the dromedary, in the East, and the vicuna in South<br />

America. 1847 Prescott Peru{\%y>\ II. 100 His dress.,<br />

was composed of the wool of the vicuna wrought into<br />

mantles, so fine that it had the appearance of silk. 1875<br />

Encycl. Brit. I. 598/1 The vicugna is a much rarer animal<br />

than the alpaca. 1894 Lydekker Roy. Nat. Hist. II. 413<br />

During the wet season of the year the vicunias seek the<br />

highest ridges of the Cordillera.<br />

^. 1604 K. GIrimstone] D'AcosteCs Hist. IndifS iv. xl. 316<br />

Amongst the most remarkable things at the Indies of Peru,<br />

be the Vicugnes, and sheep of the countrie, as they call<br />

them. 1613 Pt'RCHAS Pilgriviage {xi>\^) -jyz The Vicugne<br />

somewhat resembleth a Goat, but is greater, c x8o6 Ace.<br />

Viceroynlty Buenos Ayres 31 note^ There is also a wild<br />

species of the pacos, called vicunes.<br />

2. eilipt. VicuBa cloth ; also, a garment made of<br />

this.<br />

1851 Catal. Gt, Exfub. 491/1 Ponchos :—Plain and<br />

brocade, striped ; aravenas. Vicunas. i8a^ Household<br />

Words 24 Sept. 76/1 The verbiage by which coals are<br />

transformed in to., alpacas, vicunas, ponchos, ..and siphonias.<br />

1883 Daily News 33 Sept. 3/3 A dress of cigar-brown<br />

vicugna. 1887 Standard 15 Sept. 2/1 A thick diagonal<br />

vicuna has been introduced as a jacket cloth.<br />

3. altrib. and Comb., as vicuHa-fur, -hunter,<br />

vicu£La-cloth, cloth made of vicuna-wool<br />

skin ;<br />

(hence eilipt vicuHa-coslume) \ vicu£La-wool,<br />

(a) wool or fur of the vicuna ; {b) a mixture of<br />

fine wool and cotton.<br />

1851 Catal. Gt. Exhib. ^^0/2 Union cloth. . . *Vicuna cloth.<br />

i88a Caulfeild & Saward Diet. Needieiv. 515/1 Vicuna<br />

cloth . . is employed as a dress material, and is very soft in<br />

texture. 1889 Daily News 22 Oct. 6/1 Vicuna cloth is much<br />

in favour for dresses just now. 1884 CasstrH't Fnm. Mag.<br />

Oct. 697/2 The standing figure wears a pale brown *vicuna<br />

costume. 1851 Catal. Gt. Exhib. 487/1 "Vicuna fur, with<br />

woollen back. lUo C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark 135 lliis<br />

ed us down into a valley, where I parted with my young<br />

•vicuna- hunter. 1840 Penny Cyel. XVlII. 278/2 The finest<br />

[ponchosj are made of * vicuna skins. 1804 Gent I. Mae. Nov.<br />

1059 On board., were 20 sacks of * Vicuna [mis^r. Viennal<br />

wool. iBiSAmer. St. Papers, For. Relat. (1834) IV. 327<br />

The imports.. consisted of.. 771 arrobas of vacuna wool.<br />

186s Catal. Intermit. Exhib., Brit. II. Na 4073 Tweeds<br />

. .made from Vicugna wool. 1880 C. R. Markham Peruv.<br />

Bark 135 The exquisite fabrics they weave from vicufia*<br />

wool.<br />

fVi-curats. Obs.~^ [See Vice- prefix.'] A<br />

substitute in ecclesiastical functions,<br />

a 1617 HiERON Aarons Bells (1633) 20 Their unlearned<br />

and for the mo>t part ungodly Vi-Curates.<br />

Vid.i, abbrev. of Vide v.<br />

1609 Skene Ree. Maj. Table 04 The father by reason of<br />

poverty may revoke the gift or donation made to his sotme.<br />

vid. father. Ibid. 95 Querrell (complaint, pley). Vid.<br />

Pleyes. 1706 Stevens Span. Diet, i, Enxaguaduras, vid.<br />

Enjuagaduras. 1736 Ainsworth Eng.-Lat. Diet. i. Index<br />

Geogr., Atrecht. Vid. Arras. 1788 Lempriere Class, Diet.,<br />

iphimedusa, one of the daughters of Danaus.. .KiW.<br />

Danaides. 1801 Levden Scenes Infancy i. xxii. note, Vid.<br />

' Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border*. 1836-9 Todd's CycL<br />

Anat. II. 626/3 Vid- the diagram yf^. 283.<br />

t Vid.^, abbrev. of Videlicet. Obs.<br />

1676 W. Harbord in Essex Papers (Camden) 61 He was<br />

..found guilty of manslaughter by 6, vid: Ld. Trcatsurjer,<br />

Ld. Privy Scale (etc. J.<br />

llVidame (v-rdam). Also 6 vydara(e, visdamme,<br />

7 vidam. [a. F. vidame, OF. visdame,<br />

ad. med.L. vicedoniinus, f. vice- \lQT.' + dominus<br />

lord.] Formerly in France, one who held lands<br />

from a bishop as his representative and defender<br />

in temporal matters.<br />

X5a3 Ld. Berners Eroiss. I. xlv. 25 b/s The Vydame of<br />

Calons dyd marueyles. 1550 Acts Privy Council III. 121<br />

Ordre..for the sending of..oone of the Gromes of the<br />

Chambre, to be furreror harbenger to the saide Visdamme.<br />

1614 Srldkm Titles Honor 2$3E^c\iheT is there in France<br />

any Vidame which holds not of some Bishoprik, vnlesse<br />

that of Beauuais, . .and from the chief Town of the Bishop-<br />

rique are the Vidames denominated. 1635 R. N. tr.<br />

Camden's Hist. FMz. i. 47 The P'rench Embassadour in<br />

England solicited her that the Vidame of Chartres.. might<br />

be delivered to the King. 1680 Mackenzie Sci. Her. 87<br />

To Counts, Vidames, and Viscounts [they allow] a direct<br />

standing Helmet, with 9 Barrs. 17*5 tr. Dufin s Ecct. Hist,<br />

iiih C. I. V. 179 The Advocates and Vidames succeeded<br />

the Defenders, and by little and litt le these last Offices were<br />

abolish'd. x8oi Ranken Hist. Prance I. 334 They employed<br />

a vidame, vice-dominus or commissary. z8o> Ibid.<br />

11. 259 They commissioned generally their avoues, or<br />

vidames, or some superior vassal, to levy and head the<br />

troops of their barony. 185a Sir J. Stephen Lect. Hist.<br />

France I. 131 The advocate or vidame of an ecclesiastical<br />

corporation was usually some powerful count.<br />

trans/. i6as in Birch Crt. .y Times Jos. I (1849) II. 346<br />

<strong>Here</strong> is a speech of a new dignity of vidams to be created,<br />

which should wedge in 'twixt knights and baronets.<br />

Hence f Vidameship. Obs.<br />

a 1641 Spelman Ant. Deeds Eng. Wks. (1723) 11. 342<br />

These Officers obteyned likewise of their Lords the Bishops<br />

to have the Office of Vidameship in Fee.<br />

Viddeful, obs. Sc. form of Widdiful a,<br />

Viddie, obs. Sc. form of Widdy sb,<br />

II Vide (vai'dz), V. imp. [L. vide, imp. sing, of<br />

videre to see.] * See, refer to, consult * ; a direction<br />

to the reader to refer to some other heading,<br />

passage, or work (or to a table, diagram, etc.) for<br />

fuller or further information.<br />

Freq. abbreviated as vid, : see Vid.* ; also occas. as v. V 5.<br />

1565 Cooper Thesaurus App., Pysades, the sonne of<br />

Strophius:.. Vide Pisades. x6a6 Bacon Sylva §59 For<br />

which I haiie compounded an Ointment of Excellent Odour,<br />

which I call Roman Ointment, vide the Reeeit. 1699<br />

EvELVN Acetaria 51 The Limon is somewhat more acute,<br />

cooling and extinguishing Thirst. . . Vide Limon. 1713<br />

Swift Cadenus ^ Vanessa iii She then referr'd them to a<br />

place In Virgil, vide Dido's case. 1813 J. Badcock Dom.<br />

Atnusem. 33 Vide KoWxn passim. 1837 Wilkinson Mann.<br />

^ Cust. Ane. Egypt \\. {1841) I. 66 note. Vide my Egypt<br />

and Thebes, p. 194 note. 1857 Gosse Omphalos xii. 354<br />

note, I have already proved that blood must have been in<br />

..the newly-created Man {vide p. 276, supra).<br />

+ Vide, aphetic form of Divide v, Obs.—^<br />

1:1400 Destr. Troy 1249 The bourder of his basnet [he)<br />

bresies in sonder, And videt the viser with a vile dynt.<br />

+ Videl., abbreviated f. next.<br />

1589 PuTTENHAM En^. Poesie (Arb.) S2 But the three is<br />

made of one number, videl. of two and an vnitie. 1615 W.<br />

Bedwell Moham. Impost. 11. 59 Therefore there remaineth<br />

yet another great difficultie, videl. How this law should be<br />

vniuersall.<br />

II Videlicet (vide*liset, vai-), adv. and sb.<br />

Also 7 videUicet. [L. videlicet, f. vidi-, stem of<br />

videre to see ¥ licet it is permissible. Cf. Scilicet.<br />

The pron. {vi-, vaidiiiset) is also to some extent in use.]<br />

A. cidv. That is to say ; namely ; to wit: used<br />

to introduce an amplification, or more precise or<br />

explicit explanation, of a previous statemeot or<br />

word. (Cf. the abbreviated forms Vid.^, Videl.,<br />

Vidz(t., and Viz.)<br />

i^^Mann. ^ Househ. Exp. (Roxh.) 452 Alleodre percellis<br />

that are enteryd and engfosyd in my lordis book : videlicet:<br />

Fcrst [etcj. 149a in Rymer /'>(Wra(i7ii) XII. 480/1<br />

To serve him in his Werres, . .videlicet, himself, having his<br />

Custrell and Page. 1509 Wi/l in Archaeologia LXVI. 310<br />

Massez of Requiem to be saide and song for my Soule by<br />

Preestes in maner and forme folowing videlicet Euery Freer<br />

[etc.^ 1563 FoxE A. M.


VIDUATED.<br />

coctor's viduate dame.<br />

tVi-duated,/a.///^. and/5^/. a. O^j. [f. L.<br />

vidtiai'y ppl. stem of viduare : sec prec] I-eft<br />

widowed, desolate, or destitute.<br />

x66o Watebhouse Arms


VIED.<br />

1630 BRATHWAnEiif. Genilem. (1641) 24 Lest shee be forced<br />

to vie sighes for their sinnes. 1633 G. Herbert Temple,<br />

Easter in, Since all musick is but three parts vied And<br />

multiplied.<br />

t b. To add on ; to give or take by way of<br />

addition. Obs.<br />

a 1635 Randolph Atnyntas 11. iv, 161 Minds in love. Doe<br />

count their daie^ by minutes, measure howres, . . And for<br />


VIEW.<br />

WiuoE E^gmtiad ix. 970 Towards the Cadmean gale<br />

where full to view Expos'd, the armies and the camp she<br />

knew. 1817 Jas. Mill Brit. India 11. v. vi. 586 One of<br />

the most important features of the case was then held up<br />

to view. 1^ Mrs. Stowk Uncle TonCs C. xl, Tom was<br />

aheady lost to view among the distant swamps of the Red<br />

River, i860 TvNDALL Ginc. i. iii. 28 The snow-floor had, m<br />

fact, given way, and exposed to view a clear green lake.<br />

C Similarly with the. (Cf. 14.)<br />

1585 T. Washington tr. NicJwlay's Vcy. ii. ix. 42 b, Where<br />

be sayth the second to lye on the North part, he may by the<br />

view & eisight onely be reproued. 1603 G. Owen Pembrokeshire<br />

i. (1892) 3 That euerye shere is of biggnes as<br />

the same appeareth to the vy we. 1664 Power Exfi. Phiios,<br />

Pref. 15 The Knowledge of Man (saith the learn'd Venilam)<br />

hath hitherto been determin'd by the View or Sight. i7«i<br />

Rawsav Tartema 148 These give not half that pleasure to<br />

the view. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest 11, It seemed<br />

as if heaven was opening to the view. i8ao Shelley Sky*<br />

lark 50 Like a glow-worm.. Among the flowers and grass,<br />

which screen it from the view ! 1843 Tennyson Vision of<br />

Sin. 23 ITheyl Caught each other with wild grimaces. Halfinvisible<br />

to the view.<br />

d. With limiting terms (possessives, etc.).<br />

1587 Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1357./2 He hath set<br />

downe to the vew of all men these necessarie notes following.<br />

1591 Shaks. Rom. ff Jul, i. L 177 Alas that louc, whose<br />

view is muffled still. Should without eyes, see paih-wayes<br />

to his will. 1614 Latham Falconry (1633) 73 For your<br />

flight to the Heame, it is wrought, flown, and maintained<br />

by the eie and view of the Hawke. 1640 Bp. Reynolds<br />

Passions Ded., This treatise hath had the marvellous felicity<br />

to light on the view. .of a very gracious Princess, a 1668<br />

Lassbls Fty. Italy (1698) II. 118 None are sufferai..to do<br />

or speak anything scandalously that may shock civility or<br />

publick view. 171X Pope Temple Fatne 420 Before my<br />

view appear 'd a structure fair. iSxi Caby Dante, Parad.<br />

xxii. 19 Elsewhere now I bid thee turn thy view. 1833<br />

Tennyson Lady Clara Vere de Vere 34 When thus he met<br />

his mother's view, ..She spake some certain truths of you.<br />

X903 MoRLEY Gladstone I. Pref. note^ Between two and<br />

three thousand papers of one sort or another must have<br />

passed under my view.<br />

fis- «59o Spenser F. Q. in. xi. 11 My Lady and my loue<br />

is cnieily pend In dolefuU darkenesse from the vew of day.<br />

e. Range of sight or vision.<br />

1591 Savile TacitMSf Agricola (162a) 184 Lest any sparkle<br />

of honesty should by mischance remaine within view. x^a><br />

WoLLASTON Reliff. Nat. i. 25 No one can tell, in strict<br />

speaking, where another is, if he is not withtn his view.<br />

a 17M T. Boston Crook in Lot {1S05) 1 1 Providing that the<br />

crook in his lot should not be set afresh in his view. 1850<br />

Tennyson /n Mem. Ixxv, Somewhere, out of human view,<br />

Whate'er thy hands are set 'o do Is wrought 1855 — Maud<br />

I. XX, Was it gentle to reprove her For stealing out of view<br />

From a little lazy lover?<br />

5. An act of looking or beholding ; a sight, look,<br />

or glance.<br />

1581 W. S. Compend. 21 b, The first view would displease<br />

many. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. in. 1. 14^ Mineeare is much<br />

enamored of thy note; On the first view to say, ..I loue<br />

thee. 1611 Sir W. Mure Misc. Poems i. 50 Seik no to<br />

subdue And kill ane hert, bot for a vieu. 1667 Milton<br />

P. L. iL 190 Who (canj deceive his mind, whose eye Views<br />

all things at one view? 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. viii. 53,<br />

I view'd thee first ; how fatal was the View ! 1704 J.<br />

Harris Lex. Techn. I. s.v. Measures^ To see in one View<br />

an Account of the Ancient and Present Measures of several<br />

Parts of the World. 1746 Francis tr. Horace^ Art of<br />

Poetry 495 That gives us Pleasure for a single View; And<br />

this, ten Times reflated, still is new. 1813 Shelley Q- Mab<br />

It. zoo The thronging thousands, to a passing view, Seemed<br />

like an ant-hill's citizens. z886 Cornh. Mag. Aug. 224 For<br />

an hour at each view will this monstrous eye. .gaze analysingly<br />

on many hundreds of stars at once.<br />

b. ellipt. A view-halloo.<br />

1903 Lon^m. Mag. Jan. 244 There is, however, in my<br />

bumble opinion, no great harm in a view when the hare is<br />

first found.<br />

6. The sight or vision ^something. Also with<br />

possessives.<br />

1588 Shaks. Titus A. in. ii. ^5 Out on the murderourt<br />

thou kil'st my hart, Mine eyes cloi'd with view of Tirranie.<br />

1600 Fairfax Tnsso xiv. xiv, Thy weak armies .. Shall<br />

take new strength, new courage at his view. 163a<br />

Guillim's Heraldry (ed. 3) in. ii. 113 Thus should their<br />

view put us euer more in minde, to raise our thoughts to<br />

Godward. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 23 Towards night<br />

[we] got view o\ loanna lie. a 1771 Gray Dante 29 Pisa's<br />

Mount, that intercepts the view C5f Lucca. 1794 Godwin<br />

Caleb Williams 247 The view of his figure immediately<br />

Stroduced a train of ideas into my mind. i8ao W. Irving<br />

ketck Bk. (1S21) II. 29 We had now come in full view of<br />

the old family mansion. 18^ I..ockhart Scott IV. viii. 263<br />

He proceeded to thread his way westwards, across moor<br />

and bog, until we lost view of him,<br />

trans/. 1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. ff Art II. igi<br />

Hitherto the distinction.. appears to have been scarcely<br />

thought of. The distinct view of it was accidentally<br />

obtamed by Stephen Grey, in the year 1729,<br />

7. Visual appearance or aspect,<br />

1551 Records Cast. Knowl. (1556) 152 If the earthe were<br />

of anye bygnes in comparison to the worlde, then should<br />

his scmidiameter beare some vewe of byggenesse to the<br />

semidiameter of the skie. X570-6 Lambarde P ramh. Kent<br />

(1826) 102 The same man also, persuaded partly by the<br />

viewe of the place itseIfe,..supposeth| that Richborow was<br />

of auncient time a citie of some price, itox Shaks. Rom. ff<br />

Jul. I. i. 175 Alas that loue so gentle in his view, Should<br />

DC so tyrannous and rough in proofe. 1603 G. Owen Pembrokeshire<br />

x. (1892) 3 It most Consequent el ye followe that<br />

the shere must be but little, much lesse then other sheres<br />

which seem lesse in vywe. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 142 A<br />

Silvan Scene, ..a woodie l"heatre Of stateliest view. Ibid.<br />

347 A happy rural seat of various view. 1713 Guardian<br />

No. I P I His Countenance is communicated to the Publick<br />

in several Views and Aspects. 1718 Pope Iliad xvi. 203<br />

Like furious, rush'd the Myrmidonian crew, Such their<br />

194<br />

dread strength, and such their dreadful view. x8i3 Crabbf<br />

Tales xviii. 9 As certain ores in outward view the same.<br />

fig' "S8i Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv, in. (1586) 123 To<br />

maintaine himselfe in that view which belongeth to his<br />

calling.<br />

b. Aspect as affected by position.<br />

1847 Leitch tr. C. O. Mailer's Anc. Art 450 The coins<br />

exhibit his head generally in front view.<br />

8. t a- Hunting. The footprints of a buck or<br />

fallow-deer. Obs.<br />

Common in 17th c. works of reference, but merely as an<br />

echo of Turbervile,<br />

1576 TuRBERV. Venerie xxxvi. 97 Then if she aske, what<br />

Slot or view I found, I say, the Slot, or view, was long on<br />

ground. Ibid. 239 The footyng or printe of an Hartes foote<br />

IS called the Slot. Of a Bucke and all other Fallow Deare,<br />

it is to be called the View. 1611 Cotgr., Foulee, the Slot<br />

of a Stag, the Fuse of a Bucke (the view, or footing of either)<br />

vpon hard ground, grasse, leaues, or dust. 1679 Lovell<br />

Indie. Univ. 26 The strain, view, slot or footing of a deer<br />

arc the marks he makes in soiling.<br />

b. A sight or prospect of some landscape or<br />

an extent or area covered by the<br />

extended scene ;<br />

eye from one point,<br />

1606 Bryskktt Civ. Life 93 Hauing the prospect not onely<br />

of the citie, but also of the sea and hauen, . . and some commending<br />

the ayre, some the delightfulnesse of the view.<br />

1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 14, I neuer saw ground more<br />

pleasant for view. 1667 Milton P. L. 11. 890 Before thir<br />

eyes in sudden view appear The secrets of the hoarie deep.<br />

X718 Prior Solomon 11. 22 Fish-ponds were made, where<br />

former Forrests grew; And Hills were levelPd to extend<br />

the View, 1756 Mrs. Calderwood in Coltness Collect.<br />

(Maitl. CI.) 192 It R the finest vine ever I saw ; the ground<br />

lies about it, you would think, in a circle. 1766 [Anstey]<br />

Bath Guide vii. 4 Fine Walks, and fine Views, and a<br />

Thousand fine Things. 1808 Pike Sources Mississ. ii. 220<br />

From the flat roof of the church we had a delightful view<br />

of the village. 1847 Tennyson Princess Prol. 68 <strong>Here</strong> were<br />

telescopes For azure views; and there a group of girls In<br />

circle waited. J883 Manch. Exam. 30 Oct. B/4 A local<br />

resident .. whose house.. has a beautiful view down the<br />

valley,<br />

C. A drawing, painting, print, etc., representing<br />

a landscape or other prospect.<br />

a 1700 Evelyn Diary 18 Jan. 1645, We were then conducted<br />

into a new Gallery, whose sides were paintedwith<br />

views of the most famous places, towns, and territories in<br />

Italy, ijog Uille)t Britannia Illustrata; or. Views.. of the<br />

Principal Seats of the Nobility and Gentry of Great Britain.<br />

X79X Robertson Hist. India App., Wks. 1851 VI. 510 Mr.<br />

Hodges has published views of three of these [fortresses],<br />

cx8ii FusELi in Lect. Paint, iv. (1848) 449 That kind of<br />

landscape which is entirely occupied with the tame delineation<br />

of a given spot, ..what is commonly called 'views'.<br />

1853 Mrs. Carlvlf. Lett. (1883) II. 220 The little view at<br />

the top of this sheet is where I live in London. 1854 Hawthorne<br />

Eng. Note-Bks. (1883) I. 527 A photographist preparing<br />

to take a view of the castle. 1898 Binns Story of<br />

the Potter 222 Portraits, views, and fancy scenes were produced<br />

in different self-colours.<br />

II. 9. Mental contemplation or vision (alone<br />

observation,<br />

or combined with ocular inspection) ;<br />

notice.<br />

Point ofvie^v. see Point sh.^ D. 12.<br />

c 1440 Alpk. Tales 530 per is no thyng bod som peple will<br />

§iff >er vew and t?er fantasye l>er-vnto. 1593 Norden {iitU\<br />

peculum Britanniae. By the travaile and vew of John<br />

Norden. i6ia in Eng, Hist. Rev. April {1914) 249- I w>|l<br />

be bold out of my 2eale and duty to present yt [a proposition]<br />

unto his Magesties vieu. 164a in Verney Mem. (1907)<br />

I. 243 But I hate to have my secrets laid open to everybodie's<br />

view. 1746 Francis tr. Horace, Epist. i. ii. 26 The<br />

Poet sets Ulysses in our View. 176a Kames Elem. Crit. i.<br />

(1833) 20 The mind extends its view to a son more readily<br />

than to a servant. 1846 Whately Rhetoric (ed. 7) Introd.<br />

vi. 34 Such a habit ..also, in a rhetorical point of view, if<br />

I may so speak, often proves hurtful. 1850 HAwtHORNE<br />

Scarlet Letter Introd., One.. who appeared to have been<br />

rather a noteworthy personage in the view of our ancestors.<br />

191 X y H. Round Kings Serjeants 254 After this, the<br />

scalding serjeanty.. fades from view.<br />

b. A single act of contemplation or attention to<br />

a subject.<br />

1570 Levins Manifi.Q^ A view of things, mstimatio. 1676<br />

Dryden Anreng-zebe Ded., The hasty Critick, who judges<br />

on a view, is as liable to be deceived. 1776 Adam Smith<br />

W. N. I. i. V1869) I. 10 The advantage.. is much greater<br />

than we should at first view be apt to imagine it.<br />

10. A particular manner or way of considering<br />

or regarding a matter or question ; a conception,<br />

opinion, or theory formed by reflection or study.<br />

Freq. const, of.<br />

1573 G. H ARVR\ Letter-bk. (Camden) i Uppon a re^asnable<br />

vew of the matter. 1679 Penn Addr. Prot, ii. ii. (1692) 60<br />

Let us take the most impartial View we can. X736 Butler<br />

Anal. I. iii. 50 Good Actions are never punished, considered<br />

as beneficial to Society, nor ill Actions rewarded, under the<br />

view of their being hurtful to it. X780 Mirror No. 100 p i<br />

The view of Hamlet's character, exhibited in my last<br />

Number. 1800 Trevelyan in G. O. Trevelyan Macaulay<br />

(1876) I. i. 22 Miss Hannah took a more unselfish view of<br />

the subject. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. ix. (1852) 281<br />

Atonement presents to us this view of God, 1855 Bain<br />

Senses ^ Int. i. ii. § 8 The application of this view of the<br />

plan of structure of the brain will appear in the sequel.<br />

X884 Sir W. B, Brett in Law Rep. 14 Q. B. D. 798 That<br />

was the view which the judgment of the Court below<br />

upholds.<br />

b. An aspect or light in which something is<br />

regarded or considered. (Cf. 7.)<br />

X713 Guardian No. 5 p 3 The Widow of Sir Marmaduke is<br />

to be considered in a very different View. 1719 Law Serious<br />

C. X. 145 If we consider mankind in a farther view, as a<br />

redeemed order of fallen spirits, X794 Paley Evid. ill. iv.<br />

VIEW.<br />

F 22 We are well warranted in calling the view, under which<br />

the learned men of that age beheld Christianity, an obscure<br />

and distant view.<br />

o. //. Opinions, ideas, or theories, of an individual<br />

or speculative character, held or advanced<br />

with regard to some subject.<br />

1769 Robertson Chas. K, in. f 33 Nor^did his political<br />

views and maxims seem less strange. X79X J. Barlow<br />

Conspir. Kings &6 Gallia's sons.. Make patriot views and<br />

moral views the same. x8x8 Cobbett Pol. Reg. XXXIII.<br />

106 Reformers, not so well able to express as to think,<br />

would have bad an answer to all questions relating to their<br />

views. X84X Arnold in Life ^ Corr. (1844) II. ix. 270 Of<br />

course, he who believes his own views to be true, must<br />

believe the opposite views to be error. X870 Jevons Elem,<br />

Logic it. II It does not seem that the views of the logicians<br />

named are irreconcileable. X883 Laiu Times 20 Oct. 408 The<br />

time must come when the views of our committee will prevail.<br />

d. Without article : Comprehensive survey.<br />

1821-30 Ld. Cockburn Mem. (1856) 177 Allen's single<br />

lecture contained as much truth and view as could be extracted<br />

from all the books in Europe on the subject.<br />

11. A survey, a general or summary account^ oj<br />

something.<br />

X604 Dallington {title). The View of Fraunce. X613<br />

CocKERAM II, The full View of a thing, synopsie. 1647 May<br />

Hist. Pari. Title-p., A short and necessary view of some<br />

precedent yeares. xyag Butler Sertn. Wks. 1874 II. Pref.<br />

14 It may not be amiss to give the reader the whole argument<br />

here in one view, X779 Mirror No. 51, An author who<br />

draws characters in the other manner. .gives a view of the<br />

particulars themselves. 1800 Asiat. Ann. Reg. ii. 44/1, I<br />

proceed finally to offer a combined view of the whole.<br />

18x5 J. Smith Panorama Sci. fy Art. II. 157 With the<br />

record of a late excursion of his we shall close this view of<br />

the practice of aerostation.<br />

12. An aim or intention ; a design or plan ; an<br />

object or purpose.<br />

X634 Sir*!". Herbert Trav. 83 [Nicanor slew Antiochus],<br />

because interposing the view of his ambition. 17x1 Marlborough<br />

in loM Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. 1 . 1 44, 1 haue<br />

no other views then what tend to the firmest vnion with his<br />

Lordship. X759 Franklin Ess. Wks. 1840 III. 483 Whatever<br />

view the governor had to serve by hjs opposition, he<br />

neither did himself or views any service by it. 1771 Wesley<br />

Wks. (1872) V. 20 It is necessarily implied, that a man<br />

have *a sincere view of pleasing God in all things. 18x5<br />

Scott Guy M. xxii, Part of Brown's view in choosing that<br />

unusual tract.. bad been a desire to view the remains of the<br />

celebrated Roman Wall. 1831 Society I. 295, 1 have told<br />

you my views for Jemima. 1849 Grote Greece 11. xlvii.<br />

(1862) IV. 160 Such were the views of Pericles in regard to<br />

his country.<br />

b. Regard or reference to a person or thing<br />

(rare). + Out of a view (0^ with an eye to.<br />

X718 M. ToMKiNS in W. Wilson Dissenting Ch. (1808) IL<br />

540 He assured me he had no particular view to me, or suspicion<br />

of me, when he brought down that sermon among<br />

others to Newington. X7a8 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Choir, But<br />

the antient Ballustrades have been since restor'd ;<br />

out of a<br />

View to the Beauty of the Architecture. 1736 L. Welsted<br />

Wks. (1787) 486 In view to the second tcommandment], this<br />

necessity was greater.<br />

13. A prospect, anticipation, expectation, or<br />

outlook.<br />

17x9 W. Wood Surv. Trade 17 That we were brought in<br />

View of a truly safe, honourable, and advantagious Peace.<br />

17*6 Shelvocke Voy, round World 210 AVe could have no<br />

better views at present than of falling into their hands<br />

sooner or later, 1755 Smollett Quix. (1803) II. 50 He that<br />

hath good in his view, and yet will not evil eschew, his folly<br />

deserveth to rue. X758 S. Hayward Serm. xiy. 408 It gives<br />

the christian . . the sweetest composure in the views of death.<br />

X813 Shelley Q. Mab iv. 253 Are not thy views of unregretted<br />

death Drear, comfortless, and horrible? 18*7 D.<br />

Johnson Ind. Field Sports Pref. p. x, I entertain no view<br />

of any emolument whatever from the present publication.<br />

III. In various phrases.<br />

+ 14. At or to the view (in hawking and hunting) :<br />

By sight. Also in fig. context. Obs,<br />

X486 Bk. St. Albans A), An hawke fiieth to the vew, to the<br />

Beke, or to the Toll. X607 Chapman Bussy D'Ambois 11. Wks.<br />

(1895) 148 Both fell as their spirits flew Upwards ; and still<br />

hunt honour at the view. x6»8 Bp. H. King Exp. Lords<br />

Prayer 144 Tis dangerous to hunt such abstruse mysteries<br />

at the view, or looke too neere. X657 — Poems (1843) 17<br />

Teach me to hunt that kingdom at the view Where true<br />

joyes reign.<br />

16. In (. .) view. a. In (Jke) view of, in the<br />

sight of, so as to be seen by ; also, within sight of,<br />

near enough to see.<br />

tf X548 Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 174 These armies thus<br />

liyng, the one in the conspect and vewe of the other, studied<br />

all meanes and pollecies, how to take aduauntage eche of<br />

other. X594 Sec. Pt. Contention (1843) 122 Richard The<br />

second in the view of manie Lords Resignde the Crownc to<br />

Henrie the fourth. \6^ SiR T. Herbert Trav. 22 An<br />

Hand called Mjeottey scituate in view of some three other.<br />

X667 Milton P. L. 11. 394 Neererour ancient Seat ; perhaps<br />

in view Of those bright confines. X7X9 De Foe Crusoe i.<br />

(Globe) 32 While I was in View of the Moor that was<br />

swimming, I stood out directly to sea with the Boat. 1718<br />

Watts Let. 20 July in Pearsons Catal. No. 76 (1894) 64<br />

Are not my sermons in your view and within your reach?<br />

/XX774 Goldsm. Hist. Greece II. 101 <strong>Here</strong> he chose his<br />

station, in view of a temple dedicated to Hercules. X814<br />

WoRDSW. Excursion ix. 706 For sacrifice performed Exultingly,<br />

in view of open day. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fasr\\^<br />

Shaking hands with them and smiling in the view of all<br />

persons. . .<br />

b. In view, in sight, in such a place or position<br />

also {b) in contemplation or notice,<br />

as to be seen ;<br />

under attention ; {c) as an end or object aimed at.<br />

In the latter uses chiefly after have or keep.


VIEW.<br />

1605 Shaks. Lear v. i. 51 The Enemy's in view. 1667<br />

Milton F, L. i. 563 And now Advanc't in view they stand,<br />

a horrid Front Of dreadful length. 1731 W. Halfpenny<br />

Perspective 4 <strong>Here</strong> inserted more plainly to discover what<br />

part of the Cube is in View. 1769 Robertson Chas. l', iv.<br />

Wks. 1813 V. 415 Hissoldiers, now that they had their prey<br />

full in view, complained neither of fatigue nor famine. 1780<br />

CowpEK Progr. Error 570 None sends his arrow to the<br />

mark in view, Whose hand is feeble, or his aim untrue.<br />

\%\x Sportirtg Mag. XXXIX. 88 The hounds.. were running<br />

a hare hard in view. S856 Kane Arct, Expl. II.<br />

XX vi. 262 There was nothing in view except Dalrymple Rock.<br />

fiS' »757 FooTE Author 11. Wks. 1799 1. 149, Ishall never<br />

be able to hold out long ; I had rather be taken in view.<br />

(3j 1667 Milton P. L.x. 1030 Then let us seek Som safer<br />

resolution, which methinks 1 have in view. 1690 Locke<br />

Hum. Und. 11. x, § i By keeping the idea.. for some time<br />

actually in view, which is called contemplation. \'j'j^ Mirror<br />

Na 66, It is necessary that we keep in view the character<br />

of Lady Anne, 1793 Smeatos Edystone L. Introd. 2 It is<br />

probable the resemblance Josephus had in view, was chiefly<br />

that of the outward form. 1840 Jmt R. Agric. Soc. 1. iv.<br />

455 This should always be kept in view. 1891 * L. Malet'<br />

Wages ofSin II. 38, I have a quantity of work in view.<br />

(c) 1710 Ramsav Prosp. Plenty 165 This, this our faithfu'<br />

trustees have in view, And honourably will the task pursue.<br />

1771 yunius Lett. Iviii. (1788) 312 Liberty.. we all profess<br />

to have in view. ?i78a A. Shirrefs Poems (1790) 278 So<br />

fiercely they fought, having honour in view, Ten hours<br />

quite elaps'd. 1853 Browning In a Balcony Wks. 1907<br />

Gerard, and Genet. 1541 Act 33 Hen. y/lf, c.12 f i, All<br />

inquisicions upon the viewe of persons slayne. .within any<br />

the Kinges saide pallaces or houses. x6oo E. Blount tr.<br />

Conesta^gio 228 Vet vpon view of the horse, they mette<br />

tbem with the keies of the citie. i66t W. Lowth^k in<br />

Extr. St. P. rel. Friends n. (1911) 118 His Maieslyes Justices<br />

of the peace, vpon viewe or haueing Informacion of<br />

such persons soc offending. 1779 Mirror No. 66, The feelings<br />

that arise on the view of ability, self-possession, knowledge<br />

of character. 1815 Ann. Reg., Chron. 47 An inquest<br />

was held, .on view of the Ix-dy. 1841 L'pool Mercury 2/5<br />

An inquest was held before Mr. Curry, on view of the body<br />

of Win. Clare, aged 21.<br />

b. On the view, by simple inspection.<br />

1813 J. BAixroCK Dom, Amusem. 31 Making an estimate<br />

of the original purity of the material • . may be accomplished,<br />

first on the view ; second by heat. 1855 Macaulay Hist.<br />

Eng. XXL IV. 615 The High Bailiff then walked round the<br />

three companies of horsemen, and pronounced, on the view,<br />

that Montague and Fox were duly elected.<br />

O. On vieWy on exhibition ; open to general or<br />

public inspection.<br />

i88j Miss Bradoon Mt. Royal\\\.\\. 104 He shall be on<br />

view ill the drawing-room before dinner.<br />

17. With the (or a) view of^ with the object or<br />

design of (doing something).<br />

1713 Fres. St. Russia II. 112 You acted only with a view<br />

of deceiving me. 1^54 Sherlock Disc. (1759) Li. 18 Religion<br />

must be formed with a View of securing a future Happiness.<br />

iSos O. Gregory Treat, Astron. 257 With a view of ascertaining<br />

more accurately the nature of the sun. 18*7 Fara.<br />

DAY Chent, Manip. xxiv. 590 With the vipw, .of expediting<br />

the acquirement of the necessary habits. 1884 in A. Cawston<br />

Street IMfiro7'. London {i893rio6 Power of taking possession<br />

..with the view of carrying out the necessary work.<br />

b. IVith a view to, with the aim or object of<br />

attaining, effecting, or accomplishing something;<br />

const, (a) with nouns or pronouns, or {b) with verbs.<br />

Also {c), with regard to ; {d) in view of.<br />

(«) 17*8 Chambers Cycl, s.v. Hair, It was with a View to<br />

195<br />

this, that such . .procured their Hair to be shaven off. 1767<br />

CowpER Let. 20 Oct., I am willing to suspect that you make<br />

thi.s inquiry with a view to an interview when time shall<br />

serve. 1833 Hr. Martineau Vanderput .^ S. i. 20 [He]<br />

allowed that such an indulgence might,—especially with a<br />

view to increased knowledge,— be extended to a sufierer like<br />

Christian. 1866 R. Chambers Ess. Ser. 11. 89 Providence<br />

has constituted us with a view to activity. 1875 Helps<br />

Soc, Press, iii. 49 The tendency is more and more to promote<br />

individual effort with a view to individual comfort.<br />

1891 Laiv Times XC. 373/1 The Belgian Government<br />

desired his extradition with a view to his trial in Belgium,<br />

(^) 1723 Present St. Russia I. 160 With a View to secure<br />

the Cuban-Tartars to the Russian Interest. X76S-8<br />

Erskine Inst. La7u Scot. iv. iv. § 55 The forcible.. abduction<br />

of the woman's person, with a view to violate it.<br />

1800 Asiat. Ann. Reg., Charac. 54/2 The troops had been<br />

embarked with a view to retake the island of Grenada.<br />

184a Loudon Suburban Hort. 53 They might.. be advantageously<br />

introduced with a view to watering summer crops.<br />

x8gx Z,aw Times XCII. 105/2 The lady had contracted<br />

specifically with a view to bind definite separate estate.<br />

(c) 178s Palev Mot. Philos. vi. xii, VVar may be considered<br />

with a view to its causes and its cpnduct.<br />

{d) 1808 Eleanor Sleath Bristol Heiress V. 329 With a<br />

view to his approaching nuptials, Lord Castleton presented<br />

him with a handsome service of plate.<br />

C. With this (or that) view, with this intention<br />

VII. 30 Who keeps one end in view makes all things serve.<br />

1878 Stubbs Const. Hist. (1896) III. 453 It may be questioned<br />

whether the advisers of Henry VI.. had any deep<br />

political object in view. 1908 Animal Managem. 291 And<br />

with this in view, the saddles are very generally left on.<br />

C. In that {this J etc.) view^ on that account, for<br />

that reason or consideration. ? Ods.<br />

1734 tr. Rollins A'tc. Hist. (1S27) I. 108 It is in that view<br />

that Socrates, .set so high a value'upon Euripides. 1788<br />

Priestley Lect. Hist. v. lit 401 How vastly profitable these<br />

our plantations arc to us in every view. i8j^ in Scott Chron.<br />

Canongate Introd. App.^ It was in that view that he proposed<br />

to drink to the memory of bis late Royal Highness<br />

the Duke of York.<br />

d. In view of^ in prospect or anticipation of,<br />

with a view to ; \b) in consideration or regard of,<br />

on account of.<br />

(a) 1709 Mrs. Manley Secret Mem. (1736) III. 16 Let us<br />

with a chearful Boldness loose the Reins, in View of attaining<br />

the Latter. Ibid. 27710 view of marrying Ethelinda.<br />

1^9 S. WiLBERFORCE S^. Misslons (1874) 182 He writes to<br />

this lady, in a letter with which she has entrusted me. in<br />

view of this meeting. 1867 C. S. Parker id Quest Re-<br />

^n-tned Part. 197 An unrcformed Parliament, wnich..has<br />

never been more disposed to bestir itself for good than now<br />

in view of approaching


VIEWABLY.<br />

Robertson Ckas. F, m. f 38 To view all the constable's<br />

actions with a mean and unbecoming jealousy.<br />

O. To regard or consider in a certain light.<br />

1765 Mttseum Rust. IV. no If you, gentlemen, view this<br />

matter in that important light I do. 1779 Mirror No. 28,<br />

He seems to have viewed the unhappy people of that<br />

country merely as the instruments .. to furnish himself and<br />

his countrymen with, .wealth. i83« Lewis Use Sr Ab. Pol.<br />

Ttntis X. 84 A third manner of viewing mixed governments.<br />

1861 Palev Aeschylus (ed. 2), Ageun. 1548 note.<br />

So far frcwn regarding the murder of her husband as a<br />

crime^ she views it simply as a just retaliation. 1875<br />

lowETT PUU (ed. 2) I. 32 Wisdom, viewed in this new<br />

Ught merely as a knowledge of knowledge and ignorance.<br />

4. intr. To look or see into something. rare~\<br />

1711 Swift Exam. Na 27 f ii Mr. Harley [is] sagacious<br />

to view into the remotest consequences of things.<br />

Hence Viewed (vi;/d), Viewing,///, adjs.<br />

"577 Grange Goldtn Aphrod. Fijb, For my vewyng eyes<br />

haue seene your paynting penne. 1881 Society 4 Nov. 5/1<br />

The hounds ran on the line of a viewed fox.<br />

Viewably, Of/z/. rare-K [f. Viewz*.] Visibly.<br />

1680 C. 'HzssK Church Hist. 357 Satan was seen to fall<br />

like lightning from heaven, to wit, viewably, violently, and<br />

velociously or swiftly.<br />

Viewed, a. rarr'^. [f. View sb^ Inclined or<br />

given to views or theories.<br />

a 1635 Naunton Fragm, Reg. (1641) 33 It is a certaine<br />

note of the times, that the Queene in her choyce, never<br />

tooke in her favor a meere vew'd man, or a Mechanicke.<br />

Viewer (vi«*9j). Also 5 vywer, vyewer,<br />

5-6 vewer, 6 vewar. [f. View v. + -eb.]<br />

1. A person appointed to examine or inspect<br />

something, either on a special occasion or permanently<br />

; in later use esp. an inspector or ex-<br />

aminer of goods supplied by contract ;<br />

+ spec, in<br />

LaWy one appointed by a court to inspect a place,<br />

property, etc., and report upon it.<br />

Formerly the designation of certain officials in the town<br />

of St, Albans: see A. E. Gibbs Corpor. Rec. St, Allans<br />

(1890) II.<br />

Z415-6 [see View s^. ij. X447 Scriptores Tres (Surtees)<br />

App. ^. cccxiii. The said.. Alexander [etc.].. sail werkmanlike<br />

wirke the said myne..be the sight of certeyn vewers<br />

tharto assigned. 1479-8Z Rec. St. Mary at Hill(ifjo$) iii<br />

Item, payd to the vywers for to ouerse the howse J?at<br />

dyghton dwellith in. Ibid.y Payd for the vywers labour and<br />

aitendaunce at diuerse tymez. a 1548 Hall Chron.^ Hen.<br />

VIII ^ 103 For thecapitalneof the horsemen was appointed<br />

sir Edward Gyldford, by whom the currers and vewers of<br />

the countrey were appointrd. 1601 J. Kevmor Dutch Fish'<br />

1*^(1664) 7 She [the herring-buss] imployetb..at Land..<br />

Viewers, Packers, Tellers, Dressers, Couchers to make the<br />

Herrings lawfull Merchandizes. 1651 G. W. tr. CoTveVs<br />

Inst. 252 The Judg commands the SherifFe, That at a day<br />

assignnl, he cause a view to be taken by such Viewers or<br />

Surveyers, as may certifie the Court [etc.]. 1700 Tyrrell<br />

Hist. Eng. II. 819 Our Regarders or Viewers shall go<br />

through the Forests to make a View or Regard. 1708 J.<br />

CuAMBEKLAYNE St. Gt. Brit. (1710) 490 Viewer and<br />

Examiner of Tobacco [at the Port of London). 1714 in<br />

Hist. Northfield, Mass. (1875) 134 One-half of said fence to<br />

be accounted as Public Fence, and the whole to be under<br />

the viewers for the security of the Great Meadow. 1828<br />

Webster, Viewer,.. m New England, a town officer whose<br />

duty is to inspect something ; as, a viewer of fences, who<br />

inspects them to determine whether they are sufficient in<br />

law. 1834 in Nicolay & Hay A. Lincoln I. 119 note. To<br />

appoint viewers to view and locate a road from Musick's<br />

ferry on Salt Creek. 1863 Cornh, Mag. VII. 323 The very<br />

viewers who first examine the stores, and on the nature of<br />

whose report so much depends. x886 Pall Mall G. 6 Mar.<br />

4/a A large number of viewers, male and female, are kept,<br />

whose sole duty it is to see that everything is faultless and<br />

in good order.<br />

transf. C1540 J. Heywood Witty


VIGIDITY.<br />

1867 Smyth Saiior's IVord-hk., I'ig-ia, a hydrographical<br />

warning on a chart to denote that the pinnacle of a rock,<br />

or a shoal, may exist thereabout. 1875 Beui-ord Saiior's<br />

Pocket Bk. V. (ed. 2) 147 Vigias.—Numerous imaginary<br />

dangers are traditionally inserted in all Ocean Charts. 1899<br />

M. Roberts in Brit. Soldiers (1900) 228 'There's a vigia<br />

marked on the chart for bereaboats,* said Captain Spiller.<br />

Vigi-dity. Obs.—^ [Irreg. f. L. vig-ere to<br />

t<br />

flourish.] Vegetation, growth.<br />

i6a8 T. Spencer Logick 46 Wee haue an example of this,<br />

io the rationalitie of man, and vigiditie of plants.<br />

Vigil (vi-d^il), sby Forms: 3 uigile, 4-6<br />

vigile, 5-6 vygyle ; 4-7 vigille (5 vygylle),<br />

vigill (6 vygill), 5 vigell, vygell, wygell,<br />

6 Sc. wigel, 5-6 vygyl, 6 vigyl, 6- vigil, [a.<br />

AF. and OF. (also mod.F.) vigiie, = Sp. and It.<br />

vigilia :— L. vigilia watch, watchfulness, wakefulness,<br />

f. vigil awake, alert. Cf. ViGlLV.]<br />

1. EccL The eve of (i.e. preceding^ a festival or<br />

holy day, as an occasion of devotional watching or<br />

religious observance.<br />

a tz»s /incr. R, 412 5e schulen eten. .eueriche deie twie,<br />

bute uridawes and umbridawes and joing dawes, and<br />

uigiles. I39| Langl. /*. Pi. C. x. 232 Eche halyday to<br />

huyre hollyche (>e seruice,Vigilesand fastyngdayes fortheremore<br />

to knowe. 1417 E. E. H^ilis (1882) 28 pe date of bis<br />

my testament, .on Setrvsday in |« vygyle of be Holy Trynyte.<br />

143S-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. gi Whiche takynge<br />

b^'m in the vigille of Ester, ?afe choyce to hym (etc.). 1470-<br />

85 Malory Arthur xiii. i.6i2 The vygyl of Pentecost whan<br />

alic the felauship of the round table were comen vnto Gamelot.<br />

15*3 Ld. Berners Froiss, I. ccxiii. 108 b/i And y«<br />

next mornyng, y« whiche was in the vigill ofsaynt Symonde<br />

and lude, the Frenche kynge departed out of Calais. 1555<br />

Edem Decades {\xh.) t\ The thyrdc day before the calendes<br />

of Aprell : which was that yeare the vigile of the Resurrection<br />

of owre Lorde. 1509 Shaks. Hen. Kjiv. iii. 45 He that<br />

shall see this day, and liuc old age. Will yeerely on the<br />

Vigil feast his neighbours, And say, to morrow is Saint<br />

Cnspian. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. iii. xiv. 43 The<br />

dayes from henceforward to the death of Jesus we must<br />

reckon to be like the Vigils or Eves of his Passion. 1704<br />

Nelson Fest. Sf Fasts ix. (1739) 566 If any of these Feasts<br />

fall upon a Monday, then the Vigil or Fast-Day shall be<br />

kept upon the Saturday. 1808 Scorr Marmion 1. xxi. Since,<br />

on the vigil of St. Bede, In evil hour, he cross'd the Tweed.<br />

1834 K. H. DiGBY Mores Cath. v. viii. 233 Bjj the rules of<br />

fraternities of workmen, playing cards on the vigil of Christmas<br />

subject«d offenders to be banished from the society.<br />

1884 AuDis & Arkold Catk. Diet. 843 He even contends<br />

that the law of fasting binds on the vigil of the Epiphany.<br />

trans/, aadyf^. a 1533 Ld. Berners Gold, Bk, M.AureL<br />

(1546J rf iv, The calme seson moste sure, is the vigile of the<br />

more vnfortunc. 1637 T. Jackson Wks, (1844) Vf. 188 The<br />

very time itself. . being the vigils of that great anniversary,<br />

November 5. 1796 Burke Regie. Peace i. (1902) 4a Tliis<br />

manifesto . . is dated . .on the vigil of the festive day of cor.<br />

dial unanimity so happily celebrated by all parties in the<br />

British Parliament,<br />

b, A devotional watching, esp, the watch kept<br />

on the eve of a festival or holy day ; a nocturnal<br />

service or devotional exercise. Chiefly in pi.<br />

14.. Ckaucer*s Prol. 377 (Lansd.), It is ful faire to be<br />

cleped ma dame And gone to vigiles al to-fore, c 1484<br />

E, E. Misc. (Warton CI.) 24 When thy concianse wold the<br />

have mad chastessed. With wygellus, fastynge or with<br />

allmysdede. 1504 C'tess Richmond tr. De itnitatione iv.<br />

viL (1893) 269 Wepe and haue sorowe that thou art yet.. so<br />

slepy to holy vygylys, I55« Huloet S.V., Vigill, or saynctes<br />

euen bcyiige fasted, ^J^rtt/i'/Z/Vw. 1591G. Flctchkr Riisse<br />

Comtuonw. (HakL Soc.) 138 They have also three vigils or<br />

wakes in their great Lent, .and the last Friday, their great<br />

I<br />

|<br />

1<br />

vigil, as they cal it. 1603 Drayton Odes ii. 13 Thy ancient<br />

Vigils ycerely, I have observed cleerely. 1649 Jer. Taylor<br />

Gt. Exemp. 111. xvi. 54 There are some things, .voluntary,<br />

such as are., prostration, long prayers, vigils. ai68i<br />

Wharton Fasts ^ Fest. Wks. (1&3) 31 At length the Vigils<br />

themselves were inhibited ; and these Fasts.. instituted in<br />

their stead. 1781 Gibbon Decl. ^ F. xxviL(i787) III. 34 As<br />

the patience of the multitude might have been exhausted by<br />

the length and uniformity of nocturnal vigils. 1836 J. H.<br />

Newman /"anS^r-w*. III. xxi. (cd. 2) 338 These holy days..<br />

were commonly ushered in by a Vigil or religious watching.<br />

1840 Macaulay Ess.^ Ranke's Hist. F22 Thence he wan.<br />

dered back to the farthest West, and astonished . . the<br />

schools of France by his penances and vigils. 1896 Swete<br />

Ch. Services 29 The solemnity of the Easter vigil was<br />

deepened by a tradition that the Second Coming of the<br />

Lord would surprise the world on some Easter Eve.<br />

trans/. 1390 Gower Con/. II. 110 Ek to thee, Diane, I<br />

preie, . . With al myn herte I wolde serve Be nyhte, and thi<br />

vigile observe.<br />

C. In the phr. to keep {a) vigil or vigils. Also<br />

trans/. (Cf. 4 b.)<br />

«555 W. Watreman Fardie Facions 11. xii. 296 The night<br />

afore euery ordenary holidaie or feastefutl dale, the whole<br />

clergie, and the people, ware bounde to kiepe Vtgill in euery<br />

churche. 1616 m Catk. Rec. Soc. Publ. III. 40 They.,<br />

expose the Blessed Sacrament, institute supplications &<br />

keep a vigil throughout the whole night in prayer before<br />

the same. 1695 Prior Ode to King i, Kt Mary s Tomb, (sad,<br />

sacred Place I) The Virtues shall their Vigils keep. 1714<br />

Pope IVi/e 0/ Batk 385 Visits to ev'ry Church we daily paid,<br />

..The Stations duly, and the Vigils kept. 1717 — hloisa<br />

21 Shrines ! where their vigils paleey'd virgins keep. 1803<br />

Heber Palestine 251 Ve faithful few,.. Who round the<br />

Saviour's cross your sorrows shed, Not for his sake your<br />

tearful vigils keep. i8so W. Irving Sketch Bk. I. 89 The<br />

first discoverer of the river and country, kept a kind of vigil<br />

there. 1884 Addis & Arnold CaM. Diet. 843 St. Charles foroade<br />

the keeping of any vigil except that before Christmas.<br />

d. pi. Prayers said or song at a nocturnal<br />

service, spec, for tlie dead.<br />

Sometimes applied to the Office for the Dead : cf. F.<br />

vigiles des marts, and med.L, vigiliae.<br />

|<br />

197<br />

1483 Caxton G. de la Tour A iv. And .she sayd vygylles<br />

for thedede men. 1671 Milton /'.A', i. i82They in Heav'n<br />

their Odes and Vigils tun'd. 1679 Hist. Jetzer 5 If they<br />

would yet further sing four Vigils for his Soul. 1834 K. H.<br />

DiGBY Mores Cath. v. iii. 84, I have seen the sublime<br />

Cathedral of Amiens on the night of All-hallows, when the<br />

vigils of the dead were sung there.<br />

t 2. A wake. Obs,<br />

^ ^374 Chaucer Troylus v. 305 Of the fyr and flaumbe<br />

funeral. .And of the feste and pleyes palestral At my vigile,<br />

I pray thee take good hede That al be wel. 1606 Holland<br />

Sueton. 234 Upon the top of the Apennine Hill, hee celebrated<br />

a sacrifice, with a Vigil \inarg. Or wake] all night<br />

long.<br />

f 3. a. One or other of the four watches into<br />

which the Romans divided the night. Obs,<br />

e four>e vigile<br />

of J>e ny3t cam Crist to hem, walking on J>e water. 1533<br />

Bellenden Livy (S.T.S.) II. 65 At J^e fourte vigill he rasit<br />

his baner. 1536 — Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 259 The Romanis<br />

. .at the third vigill maid thaim reddy to battall. 1656<br />

Blount Glossogr. s.v.. The fiist Vigil began at six of the<br />

clock in the Evening, and continued till nine.<br />

t b. A place from which watch was kept. Obs,<br />

1533 Bellenden Livy (S.T.S.) I. 284 The romanis.. be<br />

wilfuTl eruptiouns fra t»are statiouns and vigilis [z/.r. wigelis],<br />

effrayit l?e equis.<br />

to. Bot. (Seequot.) Obs.<br />

1783 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 2) X. 8716/1 Vigils 0/ Plants,..<br />

the precise time of the day in which the flowers of different<br />

plants open, expand, and shut. 180a R. Hall Elem. Bot. 196.<br />

4. An occasion or period of keeping awake for<br />

some special reason or purpose ; a watch kept<br />

during the natural time for sleep.<br />

1711 PopF, Temp. Fojne 301 With studies pale, with midnight<br />

vigils blind. 17x3 Addison Guardian No. 120 f 7<br />

There is nothing that wears out a fine Face like the Vigils<br />

of the Card-Table. 1781 Cowper Retirem. 260 Soft airs,<br />

nocturnal vigils, and day dreams ..Conspire against thy<br />

peace. 1817 Byron Man/red iii. iii. 2 He hath pursued<br />

long vigils in this tower. 1818 — Mazeppa x. The patient<br />

scarcli and vigil long Of him who treasures up a wrong.<br />

185s Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxiv. V. 139 His delicate frame<br />

worn out by the labours and vigils of many months. 1879<br />

Beerbohm Patagonia 23, I confess I should have liked<br />

some companion to enliven my weary vigil.<br />

trans/. ^ 1817 Byron Man/red i. i. 6 In my heart There<br />

is a vigil, and these eyes but close To look within. 1843<br />

T. Martini^au Chr, Li/e (1867) 166 The vigils of eternal<br />

Providence.<br />

b. In the phr. to keep a vigil or vigils, (Cf. i c.)<br />

C1695 Kkn Hymn, 'All ^aise to Thee* x, O may my<br />

Guardian, while I sleep, Close to my bed his vigils keep.<br />

1738 PopK Dune. I. 93 While pensive Poets painful vigils<br />

keep. Sleepless themselves, to give their readers sleep. 1748<br />

Gv-KS Alliance 42 There industry and gain their vigils keep.<br />

1845 Hirst Com. Mammoth, etc. 98 Lies some quaintly<br />

sculptured God, O'er the scene no vigil keeping. 1850 S.<br />

DoBELL Roman i. Poet. Wks. 1875 I. 4, 1 steal forth to keep<br />

my twilight vigil. 1856 Harriett Parr * Hear $uy prayer,<br />

O heavenly Father' i. Bid Thy angels.. Round my bed<br />

their vigil keep.<br />

c. Without article : Watching, watch.<br />

x8i6 Byron Siege 0/ Corinth xiii. While he alone, where<br />

thousands pass 'd A night of sleep,.. In sickly vigil wander 'd<br />

on. 1853 Kane Grinnelt Exp. xxiv. (1856) 195 Many miles<br />

to the south. Captain Back passed a memorable term of<br />

vigil and exposure. _ 1856 Merivale Hist. Rom. Emp. xli.<br />

(1871) V, 06 The abiding sense of moral obligation, which<br />

should hold sleepless vigil round the desk of the historian.<br />

1893 C. Taylor Hennas ^ Gospels 35 Hermas and the<br />

twelve virgins keep vigil by the tower.<br />

5. A wakefulness, or period of this, due to inability<br />

to sleep, Somewhat rare.<br />

1747 Berkeley Tar-water in Plague Wks. 1871 III. ^81<br />

In the plague are observed, .drowsiness, anxiety, vigils,<br />

sinking of spirits. x8oa Coleridge Dejection viii, Tis midnight,<br />

but small thoughts have I of sleep: Full seldom may<br />

my friend such vigils keep! iSaa Shelley Fragm. Unfinished<br />

Drama 74 On a wintry bough the widowed bird .<br />

Renewed the vigils of a sleepless sorrow.<br />

6. attrib, and Comb., as vigil-keepings -rage,<br />

service^ -wasted adj.<br />

1819 Shelley Peter Bellsrd vii. xv, To wakeful frenzy's<br />

vigil-rages, As opiates, were the same [pages] applied. 1846<br />

Keble Lyra /nnoc. (ed. j) 240 But who is this that comes<br />

with mantle rude And vigil.wasted air 1 1896 Swete Ch.<br />

Services 29 Every Saturday night was marked by a vigil<br />

service. 1897 R. Kearton Nature Hf Camera 330 llie<br />

terrible loneliness of his vigil-keeping.<br />

t Vi-gil, sb.^ Obs,-^ [a. L. vigil-, see prec.] A<br />

watchman, custodian.<br />

1648 Hkrrick Hesper., Panegyric to Sir L. Pemherton<br />

13 For no black-bearded Vigil


VIGILANTE.<br />

d. Vigiiant men, members of a Vigilance Com- 1<br />

mittee (see Vigilance 3).<br />

U.S.<br />

18*4 Missimri ItiUlligenctr 12 Feb. (Thornton), We hate |<br />

what are called vigilant men ; they are a set of suspicious,<br />

mean spirited mortals, that dislike fun.<br />

2. 01 attention, etc. : Characterized by vigilance. |<br />

1531 'E.vtGT G


VIGONE.<br />

t Vigone. Obs. [ad. F. vigopu : see prec]<br />

(See quots.)<br />

1656 Blount Glosso,p'. To Rdr., The Haberdasher is<br />

•ready to furnish you with a Vigone, Codebec, or Castor, &c.<br />

[bid., Vigone, a kind of Demicaster, or Hat, of late so called,<br />

from the fine Wool, which for the most part they are made<br />

oi, borne by a Icinde of sheep of Spain of that name. 1706<br />

Phillips (ed. Kersey), Vigone, .,3. sort of Spanish Wool!<br />

or a Hat made of that Wooli. 1714 Fr, Bk. 0/Rates 379<br />

Hats of Vieone.<br />

Vigoma (vig^u-nia). Also vigo(g)na, vegonia.<br />

[App. a Latinization of F. vigogne Vigogne.]<br />

1. a. Vigonia wool, vicnna-wool.<br />

1763 Anil, Reg;., Chron. 163, 8 bales Vigonia, and 1 ditto<br />

Alpaca wool. 1804 Genii. Mag. Nov. 1069 Vigona wool.<br />

b. Vigonia cloth, vicuna-cloth. Also ellipt.,<br />

= Vigogne 2.<br />

l8s» Rep. 7uries,E.xhiHtion iSjr, 375/r [Brown & Foster's]<br />

waistcoatings of plush vegonia will be found remarkable for<br />

novelty and excellence. 1857 J. James IVorsted Manuf.<br />

438 Vigonia cloth, merino robe cloth, . . shags, vigogna shags.<br />

2. = Vicu.NA I. rare.<br />

1834 Nat. Phihs. III. Phys. Geog. 55/2 The paco, which<br />

in its domestic state is called bicunia or vigonia. 1839<br />

Penny Cyct. XIV. 73 .\ herd of 36, including the kinds<br />

called Llamas, Alpacas, and Vicunas or Vigonias.<br />

tVi'gfOrate, v. Ohs. [f. L. vigordt-,f^\. stem<br />

of vigordre to animate, invigorate, f. vigor Vigour<br />

see -ate 3.] trans. To invigorate or strengthen.<br />

i6j3 M. KiDLEt Magn. Bodies 63 They will be much re.<br />

sb. :<br />

freshed, vigorated and animated with the polar and direc.<br />

tory vertue. a i3- *- ^l"- 6923 (Laud MS.), We habbej. many pryuee<br />

foo, pat.willen fonde to greuen vs, Bot Jjou (lee make<br />

vigourous! ciyviArtK t, Merl. abbo (Kolbing), Herui,<br />

bat was vigrous & lijt. On l>e scheld him hit a dint hard.<br />

c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gm. Lordsh. 57 Euer ordeyn \A<br />

(wughtes in goodnesse ; ^eld by selnyn glorious & vygerous.<br />

c\^^ Promp. Parv. 510/1 Vygorowse, vigorosus, /erox,<br />

1530 Pai^r. 3j8/i Vygorouse, vigoreux, vigoreuse. 1611<br />

COTCR., Vigoureux, vigorous, lustie, liuely, strong. 1658<br />

Phillips, Vigorous, full of vigour, (. strength, courage,<br />

'""'"fsse. a 1687 Waller Presage Ruin Turkish Emp. 20<br />

Bred in thecamp, fam'd for his valor young: At sea successful,<br />

vigorous, and strong, aijtx Prior Dial. Locke 4-<br />

Montan^e Wks. 1007 If. 238 We commend a Horse for<br />

being Vigorous and Handsom. 1780 Harris Philol. Eng.<br />

Wks. (1841) 450, I have seen great geniuses miserably err.,<br />

and, Ijke vigorous travellers who lose their way, only wantler<br />

the wider on account of their own strength. 1797 S. & Ht.<br />

Lee Canterb. 7". (1799) I. 350 Vigorous in health and youth,<br />

199<br />

to him the water had long been an element almost as familiar<br />

and as natural as air. 1844 Emerson Led. New Eng.<br />

Re/. Wks._(Bohn) I. 268 Men are Conservatives when they<br />

are least vigorous, or when they are most luxurious. They<br />

are Conservatives after dinner, or before taking their rest ;<br />

when they are sick, or aged. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii.<br />

§ 7. 428 At forty-five he was so vigorous that he made his<br />

way to Scotland on foot. 189X Mivart Ess./f Crit. I. 161<br />

The life_ of every healthy and vigorous animal consists<br />

mainly in the repetition of actions which have become<br />

habitual.<br />

b. So of the body or its parts, health, etc.<br />

1618 J. Tavlor (Water P.) Penniless Pilgr. A iiij b, Mithridate,<br />

that vigrous health preserues. 1651 — Joum.<br />

Wales (1S59) 8 He was more then 80 yeares of age, yet of<br />

a very able body, and vigorous constitution. 1683 Burnet<br />

tr. More's Utopia (1684) 131 Their Bodies are vigorous and<br />

lively. 1708 Lond. Caz. No. 4469/4 Thomas Scott,. .round<br />

fac d, little vigorous Eyes. 1784 Cowper Task iv. 363 The<br />

learned finger never need explore Thy vig'rous pulse. 1813<br />

Shelley Q. Mah ix. 65 How vigorous then the athletic<br />

form of age ! 1841 A. Combe Physiol. Digestion (ed. 3) 294<br />

In twenty-five days the dog . . was in the enjoyment of vigorous<br />

health and strength. 1870 Macduff Mem. Patmos xiv,<br />

The strong frame, the vigorous pulse, and undimmed eye.<br />

O. Of plants, etc. : Growing strongly and freely.<br />

Also of growth or vegetation.<br />

1706 London & Wise Retird Card. I. 109 Some Trees<br />

are weak, others strong and vigorous. \^^ Anson's Voy.<br />

I. V. 45 The vigorous vegetation which constantly takes<br />

place there. 1783 Ceabbe Village 11. 119 The tall oak,<br />

whose vigorous branches form An ample shade. 1800 Med.<br />

Jml. IV. 237 My strongest and most vigorous plants grow<br />

in a bed or bank sloping to the south. 184a Loudon Sub.<br />

urban Hort. 37 In general . . the seeds produced by them [are]<br />

the largest and most vigorous of growth. 1881 T. Moore in<br />

Encycl. Brit, XII. 242/1 Near the base of the stem are two<br />

prominent bud,s, which would produce two vigorous shoots.<br />

d. Marked or characterized by, requiring or involving,<br />

physical strength or activity.<br />

1607 Walsh Li/e Virgil r 8 in Dryden Virgil, Which<br />

work took up seven of the most vigorous years of his life.<br />

1711 Steele Sped. No. 260 p i The Time of Youth and<br />

.vigorous Manhood. 1746 Francis tr. Horace, Epist. i.<br />

xviii. 79 While He the vigorous Chace pursues. 1797<br />

Burke Regie. Peace iii. (1892) 213, I mean. .plentiful nour.<br />

ishment to vigorous labour. 1836 J. H. Newman in Lyra<br />

^^^*9) 237 The keenness of youth's vigorous day<br />

^t^-^'<br />

Thrills in each nerve and limb. 1837 Lockhart Scolt I. ii.<br />

77 His professional visits to Roxburghshire and Ettrick<br />

Forest were, in his vigorous life, very frequent. 1856 Kane<br />

Ard. Expl. I. xxxi. 433 It requires the most vigorous efforts<br />

• ^o t«ir from the oak ribs . . a single day's firewood.<br />

2. Full of, exhibiting, characterized by, vigour<br />

or active force ; powerful, strong.<br />

a. Of natural agencies or phenomena, substances,<br />

etc. Now somewhat rare.<br />

(a) a tg4S Hall Chron., Hen. VH, 57 b. He had sayledno<br />

great waye before that a vygorous tempest by reason of contrarietie<br />

of wyndes sodeynly arose. 1631 Lithgow Trav.<br />

VI. 295 (They) tumbled downe . . starke dead, being suflfocated<br />

with the vigorous Sunne. 1660 Boyle Neiv E.rp.<br />

Phys. Mech. xvi. 105 We apply'd a Load-stone moderately<br />

vigorous to the out-side of the Glass. 1770 Langhohne<br />

Plutarch (187J) II. 792/1 The air was dark and heavy, for<br />

want of that vigorous heat which clears and rarefies it. 1794<br />

SULIVAN View Nat. I. 209 At first they [sc. monsoons] are<br />

feeble,_ they afterwards become vigorous. 1909 A. Reid<br />

Regality 0/ Kirriemuir xxw. 315 Granted a more vigorous<br />

now of water, the Northmuir need fear no local rival.<br />

(«) a i«6i Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 2 The fat of venison<br />

is conceived to be. .of all flesh the most vigorous nourishment.<br />

16^1 Ray Coll. Words, Making Salt 209 A Rock of<br />

Natural Salt from which issues a vigourous sharp Brine.<br />

1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. in. 764 The too vig'rous Dose<br />

too fiercely wrought ; And added Fury to the Strength it<br />

brought. 17J8 Chambers Cycl., Elaterium is a vigorous<br />

Purge, and is used in Lethargies. 1759 B- Martin Nat.<br />

Hist. I. 23 Of a more vigorous and high Spirit than the<br />

<strong>Here</strong>ford Cyder. 1801 Mar. Edgeworth Mor. T., Forester,<br />

a Printer, The fresh seeds, . .scattered upon the vigorous<br />

soil, took root, and flourished. i8a6 Disraeli Vio. Grey vi.<br />

!, A pint of most vigorous and powerful wine.<br />

b. Of the soul, mind, etc.<br />

l«4o Walton Li/e Donne in D.'s Serm.Cj, His mind was<br />

liberall, and unwearied in the .search of knowledge, with<br />

which his vigorous soule is now satisfied. 1797 Mrs. Rad.<br />

CLIFFE Italian xvii. His soul became stern and vigorous in<br />

despair, a i8


VIGOTTR. 200 VILD.<br />

quality of living things; active force or power;<br />

activity or energy of body or constitution.<br />

a. In persons, animals, or their limbs.<br />

13.. E,E. A/it't. P. A. 971 Inw>th not a fote, To strech<br />

in pe strete ^ou has no vygour, Bot ^ou wer clene withouten<br />

mote c 1386 Chaucer Afan 0/ Laiv's T. 845, I seye<br />

this entente That right as god spirit of vigour sente To hem,<br />

and saued hem out of meschance, So sente he imght and<br />

vigour to Custance. c 1400 Stntniot/e Ba6. 2738 There was<br />

no man durst hem assayle, For drede of here vigour. 1484<br />

Caxton Fahlfs of /E$0^ v. xii, Thenne the dogge toke<br />

strengtbe and vygour ageyne. t$a6Piier. Per/. (W. de \V,<br />

1531) 356 b, Bycause [he] wolde shewe hym selfemore than<br />

man, he wolde, after that all his blode was shed, reserue in<br />

hym v)-gour and vertue of lyfe. 1588 Shaks. /.. /.. L. iv.<br />

11. 30S As motion and long during action tyres The sinnowy<br />

vigour of the trauailer. 1608 \V u.let Hexa/la Exod.<br />

%y^ His naturall strength or vigor was not abated. 1667<br />

Milton P. L. vi. 436 Now we find this our Empyreal forme<br />

..Inperisbable, and though peirc'd with wound, Soon clos*<br />

ing, and by native vigour heal'd. 1680-90 Temple Ess.^<br />

Health ^ i-cmff Life Wks. 1720 I. 278 That the Natives and<br />

Inhabitants of hilly and barren Countries have not only<br />

more Health in general, but also more Vigour than those of<br />

the Plains. 1717 Prior Alma n, 128 Thus He who runs<br />

or dances, begs The equal Vigor of Two Legs. 1775 Harris<br />

Phihs. Arraitgem. (1841) 289 Health and sickness, vigour<br />

and decay, are all to be found . .in each individual of the<br />

human race. 1783 Crabbe Village \\. 132 When Honour<br />

lovM and gave thee every charm, Fire :o thy eye and vigour<br />

to thy arm. i83iTENNVSONffim>«tf 158 So that myvigour,<br />

wedded to thy b'.ood. Shall strike within thy pulses. 1841<br />

Lane Arab. Nts. \. 113 And this is the cause that prevents<br />

the return of vigour to my body. 1888 Goode Amer. Fishes<br />

276 The Muskellunge, Esox nobilior^ is the rival of the Pike<br />

in size and vigor.<br />

trans/. 1501 in Dunhar^s Poems (S.T.S.) Ixxxviii. 19<br />

London, thou art the flour of Cities all;.. Strong Troy in<br />

vigour and in strenuytie.<br />

+ b. Freq. in ME. verse in the adverbial phrase<br />

wUh (. .) vigour. Also in pi. Obs.<br />

13'.. A". Alls. 1431 (Line), Bote wij? coyntise, and wi(><br />

vigour, He wan of t>at lond |>e honour. 13.. Coer de L,<br />

1936 And ever men bare them up with levours, And slew<br />

them with great vigours, c 1380 Sir Fenunb. 2322 Now<br />

habbe)» t>es frensche lordes stoute conquered J>e stronge<br />

tour, And habbe^ a-slawe & dryuen oute |>e Sar.synz with<br />

vygour.


VILD. 201 VILE.<br />

Vild (valid), a. Obs. exc. arck. or diaL Also<br />

6-7 vylde, 6-7 (9) vilde ; 6 Sc. vyild, 6-7 (9)<br />

vyld, 7 vU'd. [Variant of Vile tz., with excrescent<br />

-d. The earliest instances are Scottish (cf.<br />

tylde for Tile sb^)^ but the form is extremely<br />

common from ^1580 to 1650.] =Vile a.y in<br />

various senses : a. Of action^, things, etc.<br />

1560 RoLLAND Se7-cn Sogcs 48 1 he niorne he sail go to<br />

the deid maist vylde, Howbcit he be my onlie sottin<br />

.Chyldc. 1^68 T, Howell Arb. Ainitie (1879) 35 Shall I be<br />

prest in simpler sort and vylder case then hee. 1597 J.<br />

Payne Royal Exck. 24 Since whose vilde death mame a<br />

good Christian have bene no less vmbraded and reproched.<br />

i598'9 E. FoRUE Parismus i. (1661) 49 With great patience<br />

he endured the imprisonment, continuing in that most<br />

vilde place, a 1613 Overburv A IVt/e, etc. (1638) 38 Her<br />

breath should be as horrible and vild, As evVie word you<br />

speake is sweet and mild. 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet. 158<br />

A vild thing, thus to *force and wrong Nature. 1713<br />

Croxall Orig. Canto Spenser xiv. (1714) 14 With Witchcraft<br />

vild he then enwrapt her round. 1748 Thomson Cast.<br />

Indol. II. xxvi, O hide thy head, abominable war !.. From<br />

Heaven this life ysprung, from hell thy glories vild ! 1767<br />

MiCKLE Concub. I. XX, Loud and angrie then Gan she of<br />

shame and haviour vild complain. 1805 Scott Last<br />

Minstrel \\\. xiii, Could he have had his pleasure vilde, He<br />

had crippled the joints of the noble child. 1853 N. 9f Q.<br />

ist Ser. VI I. 234/1 (N. Cy. snyings). Looks as vild (worthless)<br />

as a pair of Yorkshire sleeves in a goldsmith's shop.<br />

1866 Edmondston Gloss. Shetiofid, Vyldy dirty, filthy, vile.<br />

b. Of persons.<br />

1567 Gudei^Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 122 Quhen I was impotent,<br />

Fragile, vaine, vylde, and pure. 1581 Rich Fareiv. (1846)<br />

116 The desolate damscll.. ceased not to rebuke the vilde<br />

caiiive. 1588 Babington Pro/. Exp. Lord's Pr, (ispfS) 235<br />

The good Prophet had a bad seruant, a vilde Gehczi. 1608<br />

Tarlton Cobler Canterb. (1844) 1^8 Vilde strumpet as thou<br />

art. i6a8 Gaule Fract. The. (1629) 11 Lo how the vildest<br />

Earth-Worme now tumes against thee ! 1656 Hevlin 5«n'.<br />

France 324 That vilde Butcher (Herod] caus'd to cut in<br />

sunder Eucry ^tale childe of two years old and under. 1767<br />

MiCKLE Concub. i. xxii, Shc.clept her Lemman and vild<br />

Slutt aloud. 1865 GiDLEY Aletes 145 Their influence mild<br />

Withdraw from presence of those monsters base and vild,<br />

Intolerance and Injustice.<br />

absol. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. /K, in. i. 15 O thou dull God,<br />

why lyest thou with the vilde, In loathsome Beds? 1607<br />

— Tiwon I. L 15 When we for rccompcncc haue prais'd the<br />

vild.<br />

Vild, obs. So. form of Wild a.<br />

Vilderbeeste, var. Wiluebeestk (gnu).<br />

fVilderoy. Obs."^ The name of some fabric.<br />

1769 LloytCs Even. Post ^o Oct.-i Nov. 420/3 Damasks,<br />

\'iIderoys, Paolis, corded 'labbies.<br />

Vildever, dial, variant of FiEt-DFARE,<br />

Vildimes, obs. Sc. form of Wilderness.<br />

Vi'ldly, adv. Now rare or Obs. [f. Vild a.<br />

Common c 15(^0-1650.] = Vilely adfty.<br />

1575 Chusciivaru Chippes (1817) 127 So vildly agaynst<br />

my honour and trueth. 1588 Babington Prof. Exp. Lord's<br />

Pr, (1595) 234 To haue true good will . .so vnkindely, yea so<br />

vildly requited. i6o> Miduleton Phoenix 11. ii.<br />

J28 Captain<br />

? off with that noble title ! thou becomest it vildly.<br />

1655 Theophania 162 If Parmenio had sense of honor, he<br />

could not thus vildly blemish the vertue of Artemia. 1681<br />

HiCKERiNCiLL Blai.k Non-Conf. ii. Wks. 1716 II. 20 They<br />

are vildly loth to lo>ie their domineering, insulting Kingdom<br />

of Darkness. 1748 Mendez Sqr. Dames 11. xxix. in DcSsIey<br />

Coll. Poems (1755) IV. 150 Have I not cause to weep from<br />

rising morn .. 1 sec my deariing's fame thus vildly torn?<br />

Vi'ldness, Obs. exc. arch, or dial» [f. as prec]<br />

= VlLE.NE.S9.<br />

1507 J. Va-^hz Royai Exck. 35 What vyldnesand wyckednes<br />

is not fownd in many of you ? 160a Dvmmok Ireland<br />

(1^3) 4^ Enraeed with a consideration of the vildenes of<br />

his men, ..[hel Drake from them in a fury. 160^ Markham<br />

Cavai. u (1617) 22 His inward parts may retaine a secret<br />

vildnes of disposition, which may be insufferable. 1654 E.<br />

Calamy Serm. tgOct. (1655) 2 The body of vildnesse shall<br />

then be a body of glory. 1866 Edmondston Gloss. Shetland<br />

140 Vyldness, dirt, 61th.<br />

Vildyveer, dial, variant of Fieldfare.<br />

Vile >'9il)t a.y adv.^ and sb. Forms: 3-4 vil<br />

(3 uil, 4 wil), 3-5 vyl (5 wyl), 5-6 vyil; 3-7<br />

vylo (4 uyle, 5-6 .SV. wyle), 3- vile (3-4 file,<br />

4-5 wile, 5 Sc. wille). [a. AF, and OF, (also<br />

mod.F.) vil masc, vile fem. (- Pr., Sp., Pg, vil,<br />

It. vile) :— L. vllem^ vtlis of low value or price,<br />

cheap, common, mean, base.]<br />

A, adj. 1. Of actions, conduct, character, etc.<br />

Despicable on moral grounds ; deserving to be<br />

regarded with abhorrence or disgust ; characterized<br />

by baseness or depravity.<br />

c 1x90 S. Eng. Leg. I. 192/4 pare ne scholde vil dede ne<br />

word neuere fram hire wende. IJ97 R. Glouc. (Rolls)<br />

4504 Modred.huld hire in spousbruche, in vyl flessesdede.<br />

/bid. 10003 He suor he wotde awrekc be of J>is vil trespas.<br />

1303 R. Brunnk Handl. Synue 1586 <strong>Here</strong> wurdys were al<br />

vyle & waste. 1377 Lancl. P. Pi. B. xiv. 79 So vengeaunce<br />

fel vpon hem, for her vylc synnes. 1393 /bid. C. xxi. 97<br />

Thenne gan faith foully t»c false lewes to despisen, And<br />

calde hem * caytifs a-corscd ', for J^is wasa vjl vilanye. c 1450<br />

Holland lloivlat 226 The Sparrowe Wenus he wesit for<br />

his vyle deidis, Lyand in lichory, laJth, vnloveable. 1477<br />

Caxton Dictes 67 Summe tliinges that ye louc & preyse ar<br />

cuil and vyle. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comvt. 65 These<br />

wycked theues. .cloke al this abomit>ation.. with the couer<br />

of Christianitie, which is the vylest and moste vnworthiest<br />

thine, that can be imagined, a 15S6 .Sidney Psalms v.<br />

tv, Let their vile thoughts the thinckers ruine be. i6as<br />

Bacon £"«., Envy (Arb.) 517 It is also the vilest Affection,<br />

and the most depraued. 1651 Hobbes Lcviath. 11. xviii. 89<br />

Vol. X.<br />

I a<br />

Not onely an act of an unjust, but also of a vile, and unmanly<br />

disposition. 1671 Milton .S'awjfjw 376 If aughtseem<br />

vile. As vile hath been my folly, who have profan'd The<br />

mystery of God. I7a7 De Foe Hist. Appar. iii. (1840) 22<br />

Turning the whole frame of nature upside down by his vile<br />

doings there. 1784 Cowper Tiroc. "jfn Within some pious<br />

pastor's humble cot. Where vile example.. May never more<br />

be stamp'd upon his breast. 1838 Lvtton Alice 82, I see<br />

already that from the world, vile as it is, you have nothing<br />

of contagion to fear. 1848 Thackeray Van. ^arV xxxiii,<br />

'I'hat abandoned wretch,.. of whose vile arts he became a<br />

victim. 1849 Macailay Hist. Eng. v. I. 555 The Earl's<br />

past life had been stained by what they regarded as the<br />

vilest apostasy,<br />

b. Used to qualify nouns denoting faults of<br />

mind or character. " rare,<br />

a 1340 Hampole Psalter ix. i A vile errour it is l>at sym<br />

men says that god does vnrightwisly. Ibid, xv, i-<strong>Here</strong> is<br />

jje vile pride of men confoundid. 1567 Saiir. Poems Reform,<br />

IV. 91 Quhat sail I wryte of joure wyle vanitie?<br />

c. Of names, etc. : Implying (moral) baseness<br />

or depravity.<br />

1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 383 This graved the<br />

moste, y* their religion was described by so vile & contemptuouse<br />

a name. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. 11. ii. 107 Where<br />

is Demetrius ? oh how fit a word Is that vile name, to<br />

perish on my sword I 1743 Bulkelev & Cummins Voy. S.<br />

Seas Pref. p. xvi. The Gentleman, .represented us to the<br />

English Merchants in a very vile Light. 7ou wendes in exile. 1303 R. Brunne IfandL Synne<br />

2597 5yf an okerer my5t founde be, pey helde hym vyler<br />

J^an a lew c 1330 Arth. ^ Merl. 8738 (Kolbing), LeggeJ?<br />

on |>e traitours vile, Spare J> nou^t, ac ste doun ri5t. a 1400-50<br />

Alexander 186 {'an sail \>2X victoure 50W venge on 5our<br />

viie fais. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. 11. 731 Repruffand thaim<br />

as sotiis wille . . For to lieff it fayntly, And leif lownderaris<br />

caytefly. i5oo-«o Dunbar /'4<br />

[see Durance 5]. 1784 Cowper Tiroc. 456 To work at a vile<br />

trade For wages so unlikely to be paid. 1879 Farrar St.<br />

Paid (1883) 68g He had been a slave, in the vilest of all<br />

positions.<br />

6. Of things : Of little worth or account ; mean<br />

or paltry in respect of value ; held in no esteem or<br />

regard. Also absol.<br />

f 1330 Cast. Love 1112 Woldestou l>i finger ^eue, .. So<br />

vnworj? and so vyl chaffare to bugge ? 1340 Ayenb. 82<br />

Hi neconne. .deme. .betuene precious an vil. 1390 Gower<br />

Couf. Pro!. I. 33 This world.. That wliilom was so magnefied.<br />

And now is old and fieble and vil. 1416 Lydc. De<br />

Cuil. Pilgr. 21 132 A thyng of no valu, And. .Most wyl off<br />

reputacioun. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W, de W. 1531) 6 b, The<br />

transytory honours of this worlde sholde appere to vs vyle<br />

and nought. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 233 b, That<br />

doctryne began to waxe vyle to him every day more and<br />

more. 1670 Moral State Eng. 24 Who coniemneth Religion<br />

as a vile thing? who never nameth God but in his<br />

Oaths or Burlesque? a 1677 Barrow Exp. Creediitgj) 23<br />

The vilest and commonest stones. 1678 K. Barclay Apol.<br />

Quakers v. § 23. 171 That it may cut off Iniquity from<br />

him, and separate betwixt the Precious and the Vile. 17CX)<br />

RowE Amb. SteP-Moth. i. i. 261 All returns are vile, but<br />

Words the poorest. Ibid. 424 Everlasting Fame Grows<br />

vile in sight of thee. 1784 Cowper Task v. 589 That low<br />

And sordid gravitation of his pow'rs To a vile clod. x8i8<br />

Shelley Rosa I. ^ Helen 667 AH that others seek He casts<br />

away, like a vile weed Whii.h the sea casts unreturningly.<br />

1867 Morris Jason vi. 388 And all the feasts that thou hast<br />

shared erewiile With other kings, to mine shall be but vile.<br />

1878 Browning La Saisiaz 75 Thou sea, wherein he counts<br />

Not one inch of vile dominion.<br />

b. Similarly of persons (or animals).<br />

1340 Ayenb. 132 fe zo}>e milde wyle by hyalde uor vyl,<br />

na^t ase milde y-praysed, 1390 Gowkr Conf. Prol. I. 112<br />

To so vil a povere wrecche Him deigneth schewe such<br />

simplesce. 1308 Trevisa Barth. De P. R. vi. xiv. (B'odl.<br />

MS.), Soche children for trespas be made vile pore seruauntes.<br />

c 1480 H enryson Fables, Lion e<br />

farest \>a\ sal not by, Bot );e vilist. igji Bradshaiv's St.<br />

Werburge Prol. 20 [He] toke the payne and laboure Thy<br />

legendc to translate.. Out of latine in Englisshe rude and<br />

vyle. 1551 Turner Herbal 115 Cistus. .that cummeth out<br />

of arabia..is viler then the other be. 1700 Prior Car/«,<br />

Sec. iv, With the Blood of Jove there always ran Some viler<br />

Part, some Tincture of the Man. 1746 Francis tr. Hor.,<br />

Sat.tu v. 121 Writes he vile Verses in a frantic Vein? 1756<br />

C. Lucas Ess. Waters III. 259 This vile structure was, this<br />

year, removed. 1818 Scott Br. Lamm, xvii, This appearance<br />

of Craigengelt. .is a most vile augury for his future<br />

respectability. 1841 Barham Ingol. Leg. Ser. 11. Auto-day>',<br />

A Vile compound, .called Olla podrida. 1851 Ruskin<br />

Stones Ven. (1874) I. viii. 91 The vile cathedral of Orleans.<br />

X903 Times 10 Jan. 6/6 It is scarcely possible to conceive a<br />

viler day than . . this,<br />

b. Used as an intensive emphasizing some bad<br />

quality or condition; + also, heavy, severe.<br />

a 1400-50 Alexander j^\t4, pan fandis he furth,..Come to<br />

a velans vale Jjare was a vile cheele. c 1400 Destr. Troy<br />

1249 The bourder of his basnet [he] brestes in sonder, And<br />

videt the viser with a vile dynt. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. 11. L<br />

265 Will he steale out of his wholsome bed To dare the<br />

vile contagion of the Night? 16x5 Work for Cutlers 9,<br />

I think that Powder is a vile bragger, he doth nothing<br />

but cracke. 171a Steele Sped. No. 474 P i 1'° .^*= obliged<br />

to receive and return Visits, .is a vile Loss of Time. 1798<br />

Ferriar Illustr. of Sterne ii. 54 The brightest wit is confounded<br />

with the vilest absurdity.<br />

7. Comb.y as vile-born^ -hearted^ -natured, etc.<br />

a 1548 Hali, Chron.^ Hen. VII, 7 Such a dongehvH knaue<br />

and vylc borne villeyne. 1591 Spenser M, Hubberd 986<br />

Be therefore counselled herein by me. And shake off this<br />

26


VILE.<br />

vile halted cowardrec 1607 Tournkor Rev, Trag. 1. i, I<br />

uonder how ill-featurM, vile-proponion'd That one should<br />

bclctc-J. 1660 Jkr. Tavlor Ductor 1. v. rule 8 §6 The<br />

necessities of women mairieti to. .morose vilc-natur'd hust«iids.<br />

1888 Doughty Arabia Deserta II. 30 The HSyil<br />

princes, .are perhaps mostly like vile-spirited m their youth.<br />

B. adv. = ViLKLY iidv. Now only in combs.<br />

01300 i,"«rt*r 3f. 16461 Iudasstode..for to be-hald and se<br />

Hu vile M ^>ai wit him delt. c 1400 Destr. Troy 2145<br />

Ofte siih hit is scne. .1 hat a victor of a victe is vile ouercomyn.<br />

1590 Spenser F. Q. 11. x. i3 I'he noble daughter<br />

of Corineus Would not endure to be so vile disdaind. 1595<br />

Skaks. John II. L 586 A most base and vile-concluded<br />

peace 160a Marston Antonio s Rev. iv. v. No, no song;<br />

twill be vile out of tune, a 1734 North Lives, Gml/ord<br />

(1890) I. 2S8 Roc was a close servant of Monmouth's which<br />

:<br />

comes vile near siding against his master and benefactor<br />

the Duke of York. 1905 JVeshfi. Gas. 16 Kcb. 1/3 The<br />

vile-smellin;; tramp on which we had taken passage.<br />

+ C. sd. A base or despicable person. Ods.<br />

0400 Latui Troy Bk. 8t8 Sche wolde be more certayn<br />

Thai he schulde here no-wayes be-gile Ne holde here aflfur<br />

for no vile, c 1400 Song o/Rolami 76 They synnyd so sore<br />

in \>SL\ ylk while that many men wept and cursid ^»at vile.<br />

1530 Palscr. 285, 1 Vyle, a noughty person, loricart.<br />

t Vile, V. Obs, AUo 4, 6 vyle, 4 vili. [ad,<br />

AF. and OF. viler to blame, revile, or aphetic for<br />

AVILE V.'\<br />

1. trans. To bring to a vile or low condition ; to<br />

abase or degrade. Also refl.<br />

i»97 R. Glouc (Rolls) 802 (His he bigan is mone ; Alas,<br />

ala^ t>ou lul>er wate [ ~ Fortune), |>at vilest me )>us one, I'at<br />

bus clene bringst me adoun. 01300 Leg. Rood (1871) 34<br />

pe tre wa$ vil and old ; and to vili our lord also..3Ut hem<br />

^'o^te J>at tre to vair ^at he were ^>eron ido. 13.. E. E.<br />

Aim. P. B. 863 Avoy ! hit is your vylaynye, ^e vvlen your<br />

seluen. 1516 Pilgr. Per/. {W. de \V. 1531) 288 That the<br />

hye god omnipotent wolde voudiesafe to vyle hymself so<br />

lowe. 1530 Palscr. 765 2 I'hou oughtest to be a shamed<br />

to vyle thy selfe with thyn yvel) tonge.<br />

a To revile.<br />

a lyoo Cursor AT. 25509 -Suet lauerd !., |>aa felun juus dai<br />

and night, vild [Fat*/, reuiled] J>e wit al ^»air might.<br />

3. To defile.<br />

c 1400 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 147 In Jw ny?t byfore he<br />

viled hym self (L. se/e more<br />

unsemely and be more villiche \Bodl, MS. filich ; L. vi/ior]<br />

in quenchynge of ]>e fyre.<br />

vilely i,v3i'l|li), a(/v. Forms : a. 3-4 villiche<br />

(4-5 fllliche), 4 vylliche, vyllyche. /3. 3-5<br />

viliche (4 vileche), 5 vilich; 4 vilike, wilik ;<br />

4, 6 vyly, 6-7 vylie ; 4, 6-7 vily (4-5 vili), 6<br />

vilio, vilye. 7, 4-5 vileliohe (5 villiliche), 4<br />

vilelik, 4, 6- vilely (6 vylely). [f. Vile a. +<br />

-LT 2, after AF. and OF. vilemenL\ In a vile<br />

manner (in various senses of the adj.).<br />

a. CIS90 S. Eng. Leg. I. 296/82 Huy nomen and drowen<br />

^ holie man villiche ^ru; )>e strete, Forto liuy comen<br />

with^oute toun. ^1300 St. Margarete 123 Hire suete<br />

tendre flesch so fiiliche to-drawe was so; Alias, hou mi^te<br />

eni man for reu^e such dede do. 13.. Seuyn Sages (\V.)<br />

1433 And than before the folk him bring. And thourgh the<br />

toun htm villiche driue. 1340 Ayenb. 133 pet is wylny . . to<br />

by y.hyealde vyi and villiche to by y-dra^e.<br />

^. a 1300 Cursor M. 15833 f>ai huited on him viliker l>an<br />

he had ben a bund. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 2609<br />

No man was so hardy To bryng hym )>yng opunty, pat he<br />

ne shulde vyly be shent. a 1340 Hampole Psalter i. 6<br />

Hatben men sal viUere be dampned. 138S Wvclif Lev.<br />

xviii. 28 Be ^e war, lest it caste out viliche also ^ou in lijk<br />

manere. £1400 Destr. Troy 6912 Vlixes, his aune cosyn,..<br />

To venge of ^at vilany vili dissirit. c 1425 Eng. Cong.<br />

Ireland ^ Of the schame ^t hyme was done, & of t'st )iki<br />

be was so vilich out of hys kynd lond I-dryue. 1553 T.<br />

WiLsoM Rhet. 56 b, We shall sone make our aduersanes to<br />

be lothed, if we. .declare how cruelly, how vilie, and how<br />

maliciously the! haue vsed other men heretofore. 1568<br />

Grafton CAr^x. II. 62, I will neytber cowardlye shrinke,<br />

nor vilye forsake my flocke committed to my charge, 1616<br />

Ckampnev Voc, Bps. 119 For which reason doubtles do our<br />

English Puritans esteeme so vily of ordinations made by<br />

ltisnoi>s- X677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iv, i. iv, § 6. 132 It is..<br />

vile thing, vily to obey any vile thing, such as sin is.<br />

y. 13.. Cursor M. 16951 (G'">tt.), He ^at neuer no sin did,<br />

vr sinnes all he bare, And vilelik for vs was ledd. 13..<br />

K. Alts. 3968 (Laud MS.), Ne had myne hauberk ben<br />

^ strongere pou haddest me vilely yslawe. c 1430 Pilgr.<br />

Ljy/Mankode iv, ii. (1869) 175 pilke beste was disgiscd so<br />

vileliche, and so foule figured |»at [etc.]. 1555 Elen Decades<br />

(Arb.)86 Declaringe howe vylely, vylaynously, and violently<br />

he had byn vsed of omtc men. x^i Mulcastf.r Positions<br />

xxxvii. (1887) 161 So vilely to abuse, where they ought to<br />

honour. 1611 Bible 2 Sam. x. 31 The shield of the mightie<br />

is vilely cast away. 1694 Wood Li/e (O. H. S.) III. 463<br />

The commons [were] enraged at it and spoke vilely of the<br />

£arl of Abendon and his son—calld them Jacobites. 174S<br />

P, 1'homas yml. Anson's Voy. 144 Thi'. so generally re.<br />

ceived, tho' vilely mistaken Opinion, has caused many poor<br />

Sufferers to Endure more.. than from the Distemper it*<br />

self. 1766 GoLDSM. Vic. IV. xxxi, How is it, sir, that., his<br />

daughter [is] vilely seduced as a recompence for his<br />

hospitality? 18x5 Scott Guy M. xxi, Some drawings 1<br />

202<br />

have attempted, but I succeed vilely. 1856 Mrs. Browning<br />

Aur. Leigh ix. 619 A woman proud As I am, and I'm very<br />

vilely proud. 1894 Gladstone //(jraces to God, 1871 Ruskin Eagle's N. §79 Ghastly<br />

convulsions in thought, and vilenesses in action.<br />

3. Low or mean condition,<br />

1549 CoVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. Rom. xv, 41 He therfore<br />

submitted hym self to our vilenes, to thend he would<br />

by"lytle and lylle exalt vs to a hygher state,<br />

4. Extreme badness or worihlessness.<br />

1713 T. Thomas in Portland Papers (Hist. MSS. Comm.)<br />

VI. 74 One [picture] which, upon account of the vileness<br />

of the artist, ought not to have been placed there. 1807<br />

Anna M. Porter Hungar. Bro, iv. (1832) 40 While she plied<br />

the modelliiig-sticks, or the chisel, with equal vileness.<br />

Vilen8(ly, varr. Villains(ly Obs.<br />

Vilentyne : see Volentine.<br />

tVilesse. Obs. rare. [a. OF. vt //esse (-esce)^<br />

var, viel/esce, etc, (mod.F. viei//esse), f, viet/ old."]<br />

Old age.<br />

c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 3a Thouhe she be<br />

yong, yet wol she., take a buffard rJche of gret vilesse.<br />

c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode iv. ix. (1869) i8i pou shalt,<br />

quod she, wite whan J>ou hast seyn vilesse, and Jjat she shal<br />

bicomen in J)ce. And where is vilesse, quod j, and where<br />

dweileth she, and what thing is it? (In ch.lv, p. 202, of<br />

this work the reading viletee is prob. an error for vilece.\<br />

Vilet, Vi'let, obs. forms of Violet.<br />

t Vi'lety, Obs. Forms : a. 3-5 vilte (uilte,<br />

4 filte), 4-5 vylte, 6 vilty, &. 4-5 vilete, 5-6<br />

vylete(e, 6 vilety, 6-7 viletie, [a. AF. and<br />

OF. vi/te ( = It. vi/tci, Pr. vi/tat), f. vi/ Vile a. Cf.<br />

ViLlTY.] Vileness, in various senses ; a vile action.<br />

o. aiu5 Ancr. R. 380, I hwuche uilte, i hwuche wo, he<br />

ledde his lif on eorSe. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 1081 Gret<br />

vilte bou askest ous, wanne we of one kunde Bet> icome.<br />

1303 R, Brunne Hatidl. Synne 5206 He J>at was hanged on<br />

a tre Bysyde Ihesufor vylte. a 1340 Hampole PsalterxXxx.<br />

22 pat ^ou wit ^at ^ou ill did and see ^i vilte. 13. . E. E.<br />

Allit. P. B. 199 Neuer 5et in no boke breued I herde pat<br />

euer he wrek so wyt^erly on werk t>at he made, Ne venged<br />

for no vilte of vice ne synne. c 1400 Rule St. Benet Iviii.<br />

(Prose) 38 Alle l>e uiltez J>at man wilie put hir to. 14 . , ^. E.<br />

Leg. (MS. Bodl. 779) in Herrig's Arckiv LXXXII. 352/84<br />

For^eue hem ^is gult ^at do|> me soch filte. 1483 Caxton<br />

Cold, Leg, 290/1 After the passion the Crosse was moche<br />

enhaunced for the vylte was transported in to preciousyte.<br />

1598 Barret Theor. VVarres v. i. 148 Whosoeuer shall.,<br />

loose the same [horse] through vilty or negligence.<br />

/3, a 1300 Cursor M. 20340 par-for J?aron hei [v.r. haue]<br />

)>ou J>e t!)0ght,..J>at tai do me na vilete, c 1450 tr. De Imitatione<br />

in. xxiii. 93 Having euer in mynde hi.s oune wickednes<br />

& his vilete. 1485 Caxton Chas. Gt. viii. 74 For yf..it<br />

happed that. .[I] put the to deth it shold to me be vylele<br />

and reproche. 1504 Atkvnson tr. De Imitatione in. xxiv.<br />

217 If man consyder well his vylete, pouerie & great indygence,<br />

1576 Bedincfield tr. Cardanus' Comf 57 b, And<br />

misery, vilety, shame,, .are al more euil then death. i6oa<br />

Secar Hon. Mil. ^ Civ. i\\, v. 118 Better it is therefore to<br />

iusttfie honour by Armes, then incurre suspition of viletie.<br />

Vileyn(e, obs. ff. Villain a,, Villein, Vileyne,<br />

etc., obs. ff. Villaint. Vileyns, var.<br />

Villains a. Obs. Vilfta(ly, obs. Sc. ff. Wil-<br />

FDL(LV. Vili, obs, f. Vilely a(/v.<br />

tViliaco. Obs. Also villiaco, vili-, viliago.<br />

[ad. It. vig/iacco ( = Pg. ve//icuo^ Sp. bel/aco^ obs.<br />

F. vi/iaque, vieil/aque) .~pop,L.*vi/t(rccumy -us, i,<br />

L. vi/ts vile.] A vile or contemptible person; a<br />

villain, scoundrel.<br />

a. 1599 B. JoNSON Ev. Mail out ofHum. v. iii, Now out,<br />

VILIFY,<br />

baseviliaco! Thou my resolution ! i6oaDEKKER Satirom.<br />

Wks. 1873 I, 187 Before they came near the great hall, the<br />

faint-hearted villiacoes sounded at least thiice. 1630 J.<br />

Tavlok (Water P.) Jacke-a^Lent Wks. i. 115/2 Panders<br />

are plagued, and the chiefs Commanders of these valorous<br />

villiacoes. .purchase the inheritance of a Jayle.<br />

p. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, iv, viii, 48 Me thinkes alreadie<br />

in this ciuill broyle I see them Lording it in London streets.<br />

Crying Villiago vnto all they meete. 1607 Dekkek &<br />

Webster Sir T. IVyati E ij b, A Dondego is a desperate<br />

Viliago, a very Castitian, God blesse vs. 1651 Randolph's<br />

Hey for Honesty 11, i, 10 \V hy you Villiago 's, my master<br />

has brought home an old lame. .Dotard.<br />

Vllifiige, obs, form of Village.<br />

t Vilicate, v. Obs.''^ [Perhaps a misprint for<br />

vi/ificate^ trans. To vilify,<br />

1646 R. Junius Cure of Misprision §54, 113 Basenesse,<br />

what it cannot attaine to, it will vilicate and deprave.<br />

Viliche, Vilie, obs. forms of Vilely adv.<br />

+ Vili -ficate, /(J, ///(?, Oks,—^ [ad. late L. T/fAficat-us,<br />

pa. pple. oi vi/ificdre Vilify v."] Kenderetl<br />

vile.<br />

a 1440 Found, St. Bartholomew's (E.E.T.S.) 48 This<br />

suttell serpent, iransformyne hym-eelf yn-to the lyknes of a<br />

fair yonge man,.. more vyiyfycat with piecyousornamentis,<br />

than I-bewtified for shynyng of his bewte.<br />

Vilification (,vi:litike"'*j3n). [ad, L. type<br />

^vUificdtio \ see Vilify v. and -fjcation. So<br />

OF, vi/ification (15th cent.).]<br />

1. The action of rendering vile in worth or estate<br />

deg;radation. rare~^.<br />

1630 Donne Deaths Duell (1632) 22 That,. that priuat and<br />

retir'd man., must [in his dust], .bee mingled with the dust<br />

of euery high way. ..This is the most inglorious and contemptible<br />

vilification.<br />

2. Ihe action of vilifying by means of abusive<br />

language ; reviling ; an instance of this.<br />

1653 H. More Def Cabbala Pref, 83, 1 will not deny, but<br />

they nave mingled their own fooleries with it. . ; Such as.<br />

reproaches against the Pleasures of the Body ; Vilification<br />

of Marriage, and the like. 1660 Trial Regie. (1679) 203<br />

Then you spake in vilification of Monarchical Government.<br />

1664 H. Moke Myst. Inig. 230 Either way is declared that<br />

which isa contumely and vilification of God. 1780 Bentham<br />

Princ. Legist, xviii. §34 Ihus we have twogeneraor kinds<br />

of offences against reputation merely; to wit, i. Defamation<br />

and 2, Vilification or Revilement. ^ 1859 Bovo Recreat.<br />

Country Parson iii, 83 If you try. . to live an honest, christian<br />

life, it will go hard, but you will live down such maUcious<br />

vilification, a 1884 M. Pattison Mem. (1885) 522 The<br />

whole literary effort of the Catholic reaction .. had been<br />

directed to beating down his fame by an organised system<br />

of detraction and vilification.<br />

b. An abusive remark or speech, rare.<br />

1709 Strvpe Ann, Ref. I. xxxii. ^24 This epistle was<br />

made up of falsehoods, misrepresentations and vilifications.<br />

a 1734 North Lives (1826) ll. 164 In the mean time vilifications<br />

plenty there were at their tongues' end.<br />

3. The action of bringing into disrepute.<br />

x65a Earl Monm. tr, BentiToglio's Hist. Relat. 134 The<br />

losse of reputation (the soul of Empire) to the Crown of<br />

Spain ; the 'I'ruce being made to the so much vilification<br />

thereof.<br />

Vilifier (vi'lifaiaj). [f. next.] One who vili-<br />

a defamer or abuser.<br />

i6>i Florid, Vilificatore, a vilifier, a debaser. 1691 Wood<br />

fies ;<br />

Ath. Oxon. 1. 103 He [T. Robertson] was a great Oppugner<br />

and Vilifier of the Questionists in the University. 1707<br />

Hearne Collect. 6 June (O.H.S.) II. 18 A Vilifier of the<br />

Common -Prayer, a 17x8 Penn Tracts Wks. 1726 I. 713<br />

Those that are Disturbers and Vilifiers of them that believe<br />

in Him. 1876 Bancroft Hist. U. S. IV. ii. 2B8 Meantime,<br />

the modern Prometheus, .stood conspicuously erect, confronting<br />

his vilifier and the privy council. 1885 A/awcA,<br />

Exam. 28 Mar. 5/4 The apology extracted from ids vilifier<br />

is the smallest retribution which can be exacted.<br />

Vilify (vi-lifsi), V. Also 5-8 vilifle, 7 villtfle,<br />

8 -fy ; vilefy, 7 villefle. [ad. late L. vt/ificare<br />

(Jerome), f. vi/is Vile a. : see -(i)fy. Hence also<br />

it. vilificare^ Pr., Pg. vi/ificar.']<br />

1. trans. 'I'o lower or lessen in worth or value<br />

to reduce to a lower standing or level ; to make of<br />

little (or less) account or estimation. Also reji.<br />

Freq. in the 17th c. ; now rare or Obs,<br />

(a) c 1450 tr. De Imitatione in. ix. 76 If. . I vilifie myself<br />

& bringe me to nou3t,..& make me dust as I am, ^i grace<br />

shal be merciful to me. 1617 Morvson Itin. m. 85 He who<br />

vilifies himselfe, doth not thereby save one penny. 1630<br />

Brathwait Eng. Genilem. (1641) 21 Who humbled himself<br />

in the forme of man..: vilifying himself to make man like<br />

himself. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. Ixii. 253 The<br />

recompenses which God hath promised to those that vilify<br />

themselves to serve him. a 1684 Lkighton Comm., i Peter<br />

i. 23 (1850) 212 Are you not born to a better inheritance?.<br />

Why then do you viHfy yourselves?<br />

(b) 1604 T. yl MGHT Passions v. § 4. 251 Long delayes and<br />

many suites vilifie the giftes ;.,for..it is bought dearely,<br />

which is purchased with long prayers.^ 1645 Milton<br />

Tetrach. Wks. 1851 IV, ij^r Such a mariage, wherin the<br />

minde is so disgrac't and vilify 'd below the bodies interest,<br />

..is not of Gods institution. 1654 Whitix>ck Zof'/tJw/Za 448<br />

Though seeming Commendations,, .yet, .enough to vilifie,<br />

and cneapen the Noblest Merit. 1677 Govt. Venice 129<br />

The Republick of Venice not only detains their Dukes<br />

Prisoners in their Palace, ..but it daily retrenches their<br />

Priviledges, to vilifie them the more. 1768-74 Tucker Lt.<br />

Nat. (18^4) II. 29 It would vilify, and, 1 may say, vulgarize<br />

the Ahnighty, to imagine him resident among ourselves,<br />

X790 HuRKE Fr. Rev. 147 The wealth and pride of individuals,<br />

.makes the man of humble rank and fortune sensible<br />

of his inferiority, and degrades and vilifies his condition.<br />

183^ I, Tavlok Spir. Despot, v. 207 When [a hieraichy'sj<br />

distinctions of rank are of iiuch vast compass as to vilify the<br />

humbler clerical orders.


VILIORATE.<br />

+ b. To make morally vile ; to degrade ; also,<br />

to defile or dirty. Ol>s.<br />

i6is J.<br />

Tavi.or (Water P.) Taylor's Rev. Wks. (1630) ir.<br />

146 I Such Mijtiey, Medley, Linsey-Woolsey speeches<br />

Would sure haue made thee vilifie thy breeches. 1619 H.<br />

HuTTON Follic's Anat. (Percy Soc.) ig You vilific your<br />

selfe with endlesse shame, Imposing scandall to each poet's<br />

name. 1667 Mii.ton P.L. xi. 513 Thir Makers Image.,<br />

then Forsook them, when themselves they villifi'd To serve<br />

ungovern'd appetite. 1684 Contein/>i. St. Matt i. iv. (1699)<br />

38 Altho' the hoiil be of it self of a most Noble Substance,<br />

yet his Vices do so much vilifie it, that he makei^ it more<br />

abominable than the Body. 1781 (see Vilifying/'//, a.].<br />

ai/soi. 1749 Chesterf. J.ett. (1774) 1. 440 Nothing vilifies<br />

and degrades more than pride.<br />

+ c. To bring disgrace or dishonour upon. Obs.<br />

1651 Baxter Inf. Bapt. 1^9 The Anabaptists, .resisting<br />

the most painfull godly Ministers, and reproaching and<br />

vilifying them, by their wicked lives. 1656 Earl Monm. ir.<br />

Bo€calinrs Advts./r, Parnass. i. Ixxx vii. (1674) 117 [They]<br />

blxish to think tliat their Ancestors have so shamefully<br />

vilified their house. 1674 tr. Scheffer's Lapland ix. 34<br />

Their Priests, who either take no care of instructing the<br />

people, or vilify their doctrine by the sordidness of their<br />

lives. 1749 Smollett Regicide u. x, Heav'n shall not see<br />

A deed so abject vilify my name.<br />

2. fa. To depreciate or disparage in discourse ;<br />

to talk slightingly or contemptuously of. Obs.<br />

(passing into next).<br />

1586 Day Eng. Secretary i. (1595) 77 Your Vnclcs care,<br />

was by vilefying his wealth vnto you . . to purchase for you<br />

the endowment of a farre more greater and assured treasure.<br />

1629 H. Burton Truth's Triumph a88 The Pontificiari so<br />

much depressing and vilifying his owne indisposition. 1645<br />

Pagitt <strong>Here</strong>sio^.(ed. 2171 As these Sectaries villefie others,<br />

so they magnifie themselves. 1667 Anne Wvndham King's<br />

Concealm. (i68i) 53 Some envious persons have sought to<br />

diminish and vilifie the faithful services which the Colonel<br />

..performed. 1691 K\t Creation 1.(1692) 162 To disparage,<br />

deride, and vilifie those Studies which themselves skill not<br />

of. 1736 Bl'Tler


VILLA.<br />

Among the tenantr>- of thorpe and vill, Or straggling burgh.<br />

x8bi Clare ViU. Minsir. 11. 69 In every vill, at morning's<br />

earlicsi prime, To early-risers many a Hodge is seen. 1834<br />

Sir H. Taylor Arici'eide 11. m. ii, So in field or forest, Or<br />

in wall'ii town, by stipend lured, or viil Surprised and sack'd,<br />

by turns he lived at large.<br />

+ 3. A villa. Obs. rare,<br />

1684 tr. Eutropius X. 170 [Constantine] died in a publick<br />

Vil! of the City Nicomedia. 1755 Amorv Mem. (1766) 11.<br />

61 He saw a vill, that seemed to him of wood.and consisieii<br />

of ground-rooms. 1766 — BuhcU {1770} MI. 203 The vill<br />

here was ver>- odd, but a charming pretty thing. The house<br />

consisted of letcj.<br />

Vill, obs. Sc. fonn of Will a.<br />

Villa (vi-la). [Partly a. L. vil/a country-house,<br />

^rm, etc., j^erhaps a diminotive from the stem of<br />

vuus >-iUage, hamlet, country-seat partly a. It.<br />

;<br />

vi//a (whence also F., Sp., and Pg. vt'ila) from the<br />

same source.]<br />

1. Orig., a country mansion or residence, together<br />

with a farm, farm-buildings, or other houses<br />

attached, built or occupied by a person of some<br />

position and wealth; a country seat or estate ; in<br />

later and more general use, a residence in the<br />

coimtry, or in the neighbourhood of a town, usually<br />

of some size and architectural elegance and<br />

standing in its own grounds.<br />

a. Among the ancient Romans, Greeks, etc.<br />

j6is G. Sandys Trav. iv. 274 Passing by Ciceros Villa,<br />

euen at this day so called, where yet do remaine the<br />

mines of his Academy. 1644 Stapylton Juvenal i. m<br />

Who built so many villa's? when wast knowne Our<br />

Fathers with seven dishes supt alone? 1697 Wai.sh Lifo<br />

Virgil r 3 The beautiful Villa's of the Roman Nobility,<br />

equalling the Magnificence of the greatest Kings. 1771 H.<br />

Walpole l^ertue's Anccd. Paint. (1786) IV. 254 Pliny has<br />

left us descriptions of two of his villas. As he used liis<br />

iJiurentine villa for his winter retreat [etc.]. 1781 Gibbon<br />

VecL ^ F. xxxvi. (1787) III. 443 'Ibe villa was pleasantly<br />

seated on the margm of the lake. 1797 S. Lysons Kom.<br />

Antiq. Woodchesier 16 The remains of a Roman house, or<br />

rather, perhaps, of a villa. 183a G. R. Porter Porcelain<br />

ft Gl. xiii. 269 The ruins of a villa built by Tiberius in the<br />

island of Capri. 1838 Thirlwall Greece V. 97 The dwellings<br />

which were thickly scattered in the neighbourhood of<br />

the capital .. seem to have been chiefly villas of the more<br />

opulent Sp.irtans, 1879 Froude Caesar iv. 52 Their great<br />

men had country housesand villas, the surest sign of a settled<br />

state of society.<br />

b. With reference to modern Italy or other<br />

Continental countries.<br />

i6ii CoRYAT Crudities 139 A certaine Gentleman called<br />

Bassano..liued at a villa that he had in the country. 1636<br />

Massincer Gt. Dk. Florence i. i. And how, I pray you, (For<br />

we, that never look beyond our villas, Must be inquisitive)<br />

are state affairs Carried in court? (11700 Evrlvn Diary<br />

27 Feb. 1644, We went to see Cardinal Richelieu's villa at<br />

Ruell. Ibid. 10 Nov. 1644, We went to see Prince Ludovisio's<br />

villa. . . The house is very magnificent, and the extent<br />

of the ground is exceeding large. i«7 [S. BkringtonJ<br />

G. di Lucca's Mem. (1738) 238 Their Villa's, or Palaces of<br />

Pleasure, are scattered all over the Country, 1756-7 tr.<br />

Keysler's Trav. (1762) I. 510 The road from Pistoia to Florence..<br />

exhibits no villa's or plantations to the view, and<br />

consequently, .there's the greater number of them in the<br />

neighbourhood of Florence. 1806 Dallaway Obsert'. Fng.<br />

Arckit. X, 232 The capricious lightness of an Italian villa.<br />

1838 Murray's Handik. N. Germ. 320/1 On the borders of<br />

the Havel.. is the little villa of GHenecke, once the residence<br />

of the minister Von Hardenl>erg. 1905 ' G. Thorne '<br />

Lost Cause iii, The gay villa at Nice by the old citadel of<br />

Mont-Albano.<br />

c. In English use. Now merged in next.<br />

1711 Shaftksb. Charac. III. Misc. in. ii. 184 note^ Behold<br />

the Disposition and Order of these finer sorts of Apartments,<br />

Gardens, Villa's ! 15148 Harilf.v Observ. Man i. iv.<br />

S I. 427 The Villas and Cabinets of the Noble, the Rich, and<br />

the Curious. 1799 Med. Jrnl. I. 338 Ihe profits of some of<br />

whom are so extravagant, as to support them in enormous<br />

magnificent town-houses and country villas. 1830 Pkaed<br />

Poems (1865) II. 227 Hurrying madly after marriage To<br />

some lord's villa. 1833 Loudon Encycl. Archil. § 1677 A<br />

villashould always form part of a village, and be placed, if<br />

possible, on rather higher ground. 184a Gwilt Archil.<br />

S 3000 The villas at Foot'.s Cray and Mereworth, imitations<br />

of Palladio*s Villa, Capra,..are the maxima of villas : beyond<br />

this the villa becomes a mansion.<br />

Jig, 174a Young Nt. VA. ix. 1732 What behold I now?<br />

A wilderness of wonders burning round; .. Perhaps the<br />

villas of descending gods !<br />

d. Hence, any residence of a superior or handsome<br />

type, or of some architectural pretension, in<br />

the suburbs of a town or in a residential district,<br />

such as is occupied by a person of the middleclass;<br />

also, any small better-class dwelling-house,<br />

usually one which is detached or semi-detached.<br />

The word is frequently employed in the names given to<br />

particular houses of this type, as Windsor Villa.<br />

1755 Johnson Connoisseur No, 81 f 4, I cannot help<br />

observing, that pe.sons polite enough to be ibnd of such<br />

exquisite refinements, are partly in the same case with the<br />

mechanic at his dusty Villa. 1781 Cowier Retirem. 481<br />

Suburban villas^ highway-side retreats, 'J hat dread th' encroachment<br />

of our growing streets. 179a A. Young Trav.<br />

France (1889) 1:4 To'Havre de Grace, ..the hills almost<br />

covered with little new built villas. 1825 C. M. Westmacott<br />

Eng. Spy I. 318 Incongruous edificies called villas. 1849<br />

Macaulav Hist. Eng. iii. I. 349 No long avenues of villas,<br />

embowered in lilacs and laburnums, extended from the<br />

great centre of wealth. 1853 R. S. Surtees Sponge's Sp.<br />

Tour it 6 The farm houses are dotted about as thickly . as<br />

to look like inferior * villas ' falling out of rank. 1881 Miss<br />

Braodon Mt. RoyalW. ix. 167, I wish you would let me<br />

build you a villa at Torquay or Dartmouth.<br />

I 1<br />

204<br />

2. (See quot.) Obsr'' I<br />

a 1700 Evelyn Diary 6 May 1645, In these [valleys] are<br />

faire Parks or Gardens call'd Villas, being onely places of<br />

recesse and pleasure, at some distance from the streetes,<br />

yet within the walls [of Rome].<br />

3. atirib. and Comb. a. Simple attrib. (passing<br />

into adj.), as villa architecture, garden, -gale,<br />

style, -work, etc. ; villa-house, f {") a house<br />

attached to a villa; {b) a villa residence; villa<br />

dwelling, residence, = Villa i c, d.<br />

a 1700 Evelyn Diary 10 Nov. 1644, In the villa-house is<br />

a man's body, . .petrified. 1813 Scott Let. 13 Mar. in<br />

I.oclcltart, What I shall finally make of this villa-woik I<br />

don't know. i8a8 R. Lugar «///rts of a villa dwelling. I/>id. § 1624 Of the Choice of a<br />

Situation for a Villa Residence. 1844 Disraeli Coningsly<br />

IV. iii, A ..dwelling-house, built in what is called a villa<br />

style, with a variety of gardens and conservatories. 185s<br />

BliOWNiNG Old Pict. in Ftori-ncei, The aloed arch Of the<br />

villa-gate. 1876 ' Ouida' Winter City xii. 367 Mrae. Mila<br />

was organising alfresco dinners in villa gardens.<br />

b. In instrumental or similative combs., as villadotted,<br />

-haunted, -like adjs. Also in objective or<br />

obj. gen. combs., aivilla dweller, owner, etc.<br />

1843 f"t"y Cycl. XXVI. 264/1 The houses are for the<br />

most part neat and villa-like. 1871 Miss Ckaik Fair<br />

France 154 Flat, tame, and villa-haunted, what we should<br />

call Cockneyfied. 1881 Miss Braddon Asphodel III. 148<br />

The smiling waters of Thun, with its villa-dotted shores.<br />

a 1894 Stevenson Lay Morals, etc. (igii) 123 It is. .from<br />

the villa-dweller that we hear complaints of the unworlhiness<br />

of life. 1898 Engineering Mag. XVI. 35 This sort of<br />

villa-owner's selfishness.<br />

Hence (in nonce-use) Villaette (vilaie't),a sm.ill<br />

villa ; Villaftr (vi'lafai), v. trans., (a) to turn into<br />

a villa ; (/') to cover with villas.<br />

1836 Tait's Mae. III. 563 Sweet nestling cottages and<br />

•villaettes upon the shrubby braes. i86a W. H. Russell<br />

Dinry North ^ South (1863) 1. 274 Pretty villarettes {sic\ in<br />

charming groves of magnolia, orange-trees, and lime oaks.<br />

1884 Harpers Mag. Aug. 338/1 [The chateau] has. .been<br />

..restored and *villafied. 1887 Oxford Mag. 9 Mar. 129<br />

A railway which would viUa-fy the shores of Rydal.<br />

Villadom (viladam). [f. Villa + -dom.] 'Ihe<br />

world of villas ; suburban villas or their residents<br />

collectively. (Freq. in recent use.)<br />

1880 Macm. Mag. May 76 Respectable and well-to-do<br />

villadom in the suburban counties. 1888 Eakl of Desaht<br />

Heme Lodge I. i. i Oases in the desert of gorgeous villadom.<br />

1897 S. S. SpRlGGE Li/e IVakley xxv. 233 The street<br />

still reserves many of the features of suburban villadom.<br />

attrib. 1898 Dnity News 2 Mar. 5/6 The roads.. look to<br />

be of the lower villadom type.<br />

Village (vi'leds), sb. Forms : 4- village, 5<br />

vylage, villach-, 5-6 vyllage, 5-7 vilage, 6<br />

wylage, Sc. willage, -aige, v^elage ; also //.<br />

6 vyllagies, Sc. willagies. [a. OF. village,<br />

vilage (mod.F. village), = Vt.vilatge, Sp. village,<br />

Pg. villagem (fem.), It. villaggio :— L. villaticiim,<br />

neut. sing, of villdticus of or pertaining to a villa,<br />

f. villa Villa : see -age. Cf. late L. villagium,<br />

vilatgium.']<br />

1. A collection of dwelling-houses and other<br />

buildings, forming a centre of habitation in a country<br />

district; an inhabited place larger than a<br />

hamlet and smaller than a town, or having a<br />

simpler organization and administration than the<br />

latter. (Cf. the note to Town sb. 4.)<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Pard. T. 225 Henne ouer a myle, withinne<br />

a greet village, a 1400 Sqr. lowe Degre 491 He had<br />

not ryden but a whyle, . . Or he was ware of a vyllage. X4aa<br />

YoNGE tr. Secreta .Secret. 184 A Candrede in frensh and<br />

in Irysh, is a Porcion of grovnde that may contene an<br />

hundrid villachis. 1477 Rotls of Partt. VI. 184/1 In any<br />

Tonne or other village not corporal, c 1515 Coctie LorelCs<br />

B. 14 They sayled England thorowe and thorowe, Vyllage,<br />

towne, cyte, and borowe. 1S73 Tlsser Husli. (1878) 85<br />

Much carting, ill tillage, makes som to flie village. 1600<br />

Shaks, a. Y. L. 111. iii. 60 A wall'd Towne is more worthier<br />

then a village. i6co J. PoRV tr. Leo's Africa vii. 287 A<br />

large and ample village containing to the number of sixe<br />

thousand or mo families. 1617 SloRYSON Itin. 1. 51, I<br />

remember not to haue seene a more pleasant village than<br />

this (the Hague]. 1667 Milton P. L. ix. 448 Forth issuing<br />

on a Summers Morn to breathe Among the pleasant Villages<br />

and Farmes,..The smell of Grain. 1715 Watts Logic 11.<br />

iii. S 4 Consider also, that . . the Customs of different Towns<br />

and Villages in the same Nation, are .. contrary to each<br />

other. 1770 Goldsm. Des. Village i. 1806 Gazetteer Scot.<br />

(ed. 2), IVatlacetown ; a thriving and populous village in<br />

Ayrshire.. .The village nearly joins tothe Newtown of Ayr,<br />

and contains about 960 inhabitants, i860 Mill ICefrr, Govt.<br />

(1865) 115/1 A mere village has no claim to a municipal<br />

representation. 1882 T. CoAN Life in Haivaii 41 When the<br />

meeting closed at one village, most of the people ran on to<br />

the next.<br />

transf. 1604 E. G[rimstone1 D'Acosids Hist. Indies 11.<br />

vi. 94 There are whole villages of these Vros inhabiting in<br />

the Lake in their boates of Totora, the which are tied<br />

together and fastened to some rocke.<br />

pltr. 1770 Gentl. Mag. XL. 559 To express the Condition<br />

of an Honest Fellow and no Flincher, under the Effects of<br />

good Fellowship, he is said to. .Come home by the Villages,<br />

this is Provincial, when a man comes home by the fields he<br />

meets nobody, consequently is sober, when he comes home<br />

by the Villages, he calls first at one house, then at another,<br />

and drinks at all.<br />

b. Applied jocularly to a large town or city,<br />

esp. Lontion.<br />

1825 C. M. Westmacott Eng. Sf>y I. 129, I used to keep<br />

a good prad here for a bolt to the village, la i860 Di;<br />

VILLAGE.<br />

Maurier in Moscheles In Bohemia (1857) 124 Living with<br />

Henley, No. 85, Newman Street.. .This is a very jolly little<br />

village, and I wish you were over here, i860 Hughes Tom<br />

Broivn at Ox/, xxviii, You had much Ijetier come up to the<br />

little village at once, Brown, and stay there while the coin<br />

lasts. 1874 Slang Diet. 334 Bi.mingham is called 'the<br />

hardware village .<br />

O. Cambr. slattg, (See quot.)<br />

x'iA^Slang Did. 266 A Cambridge term for a disreputable<br />

suburb of that town, viz., Barnwell, generally styled 'the<br />

village '.<br />

d. ^'^^S'. A minor municipality with limited<br />

corporate powers (seequots.).<br />

1888 Brvck Amer. Comunv. II. 11. xlviii. 240 A minimum<br />

population of three hundred, occupying not more than two<br />

square mites in extent, may by popular vote become incorporated<br />

as a ' village '. Ibid. 247 Of these villages<br />

and other minor municipalities there are v.irious forms in<br />

different States. Ohio, for instance, divides her municipal<br />

corporations into (rt) cities,.. (/') villages, with two classes,<br />

the first of from 3000 to 5000 inhabitants, the second of from<br />

200 to 3000, . .and Kc) hamlets.<br />

2. The inhabitants or residents of a village ; the<br />

villagers.<br />

86o in F. Gallon Vac. Tour.<br />

(1B61) 114 The literati of the southern Slaves are not to be<br />

found among a higher class than the village clergy, and<br />

masters of village-schools. 1871 Maine {title), Village-<br />

Communities in the East and West. 1883 Smiles in<br />

Longiu. Mag. June 159 He was followed to the grave by a<br />

large number of the village labourers.<br />

t b. Attrib., = village-like ; of the size or constitution<br />

of a village. Obsr~^<br />

164a Jer. Taylor Episc. (1647) 89 In populous Cityes, not<br />

in village TowneSj for no Bishops were ever suffered to be<br />

in village Townes.<br />

c. In objective and obj. genitive, instrumental,<br />

locative, or other combs., as village-founder^<br />

-haunter; village-born^ •dwellings -lit adjs.<br />

1649 G. Daniel Trinaich.^ Hen. V, ccxcix, These..<br />

wrought more With village-haunters. 185a Badger Acstorians<br />

I. 343 The Jes were all Igr&ivy, that is villagedwelling<br />

Arabs, who cultivate the soil. 187a Howeli^<br />

Wedd. Journ. (1892) 270 The landscape of village-lit plain<br />

and forest-darkened height. i88o Cornh. Mag. Jan. 35<br />

The local hero or eponymous village-founder was the man<br />

who cut down the jungle. 1891 Daily News 11 Sept. 3/4<br />

The many village-born men in towns.<br />

d. Special combs. : village burrow, = sense 3 ;<br />

village butler Cant (see quot.) ;<br />

the chief house of a Malay village.<br />

village-house,<br />

X795 Potter Diet. Cant (ed. 2), Village butlers, o\A<br />

thieves, that would rather steal a dishclout than discontinue<br />

the practice of thieving. x86a S. St. Johk Li/i Forests Far<br />

East I. 7 A passage raised on posts three feet above the<br />

ground, led to the great village-house. 1893 W. ^* Hi-;dson<br />

Iil/e Days in Patagonia i. 11 Like, .the vucacha's village<br />

burrows, and the beaver's dam, it is made to last for ever.<br />

Hence Village v. intr., to settle down to a villeggiatura.<br />

Vi'llagedom, the condition or status of<br />

a village; also, the system of village communities.<br />

Vi'llagefal, as many as a villnge contains ; the<br />

whole of the people of a village. Vi'Uagehood,<br />

= villagedom. Vl'llageless a.y having no village,<br />

Vllla'geous a., of or concerned with villages or<br />

village-life, t Vi'Uageship, ? a village community.<br />

Villageward(sa^z'J., in the direction of the<br />

village. Vi'llagism, a mode of expression usual<br />

in villages ; a rustic phrase.


VILLAGE-LIKE. 205 VILLAINIST.<br />

x8i9 BvRON Let. to Hoppner d }\ix\e, I shall go back to<br />

Venice before I *village on ihe Hrenta. 1867 McDowall<br />

Hist, Dumfries xiii. 144 William I. raised it [Dumfries!<br />

from humble "villagedom to be one of the King's own<br />

burghs. t88i F. T. Palgkave Visions Eng. 4 O'er the land<br />

is wrought The happy villagedom by English tribes From<br />

Elbe and Baltic brought, c 1890 Stevenson In South Seas<br />

IV. (1900) 312 A *villageful of jjay companions. 1897 Mahy<br />

KiNCstev /K Africa 401 They come down in villagefuls<br />

among the older tribes. 1890 Murray's Mag. May 662<br />

Caudebec is only redeemed from pure *villagehood by its<br />

possessio.T of a Mayor. 1889 Hissky Tour in Phaeton 169<br />

An old and lonely country church, standing by itself,<br />

*vtllageles^, on rising ground. 1858 THORtAU Lett. (1865J<br />

171 Let it be a local and *villageous book. 176a ir. Busc/iing^s<br />

Syst. Geog. IV. 72 The town contains some corporations<br />

of villages or *villageships. 1883 Haiper's Mag.<br />

Sept. 41^3/2 We strolled *villageward. 1884 May Crom-<br />

UFLiN BroTvn-Eyes aix. Then the two groups, .went back<br />

villagewards. 177a Nl'gent Hist. Fr, Gerund W. 169 To<br />

say, * Command me, in every thing," they would think a<br />

vulgarity and *villagism.<br />

Vi'llage-like, a. [f. Village sb.'\ Like or<br />

resembling a village or that of a village.<br />

1838 Ht. Martiseau West. Trav, I. 251 The village-like<br />

character of some of the arrangements at Washington.<br />

1840 Arnold Hist, Rome (1846) II. xxxv. 437 They lived<br />

mostly in villages, or in small village-like towns. 1864 .*\.<br />

McKay Hist. Kilmarnock 186 The town no longer pre.<br />

sented a village-like aspect,<br />

Vrllager. [f. Village ^^. + -eii^.] One who<br />

lives in a village; now iisnallyf a working-class<br />

inhabitant or native of a village.<br />

1570 Levjns Manip, 80 A y\\\^%fiT,villicus. 1601 Shaks.<br />

Jul. C. I. ii. 172 Brutus had rather be a Villager, Then to<br />

repute himselfe a Sonne of Rome Vnder these hard Conditions.<br />

1634 Milton Comus 166 Som harmles Villager<br />

Whom thrift keeps up about his Country gear. 1718 Rows<br />

tr. Lucan i. 59 Nochearful Maid nor Villager is seen, >75s<br />

Young Brothers 11. i, Eacii villager Is queen of her aflec*<br />

tions. 1796 Morse Avier.Geog. II. 47 Vast districts, which<br />

the nearest villagers took possession of. 1841 Ly iton Nt.<br />

4* Morii. I. i, The desolate parsonage was committed to the<br />

charge of one of the villagers. 1876 BANCsOFr Hist. U. S.<br />

IV. 1. 314 All Frenchmen, alike townspeople and villagers,<br />

were free.<br />

transf. 1634 W. Wood New Eug. Prosp, (1865) 36 These<br />

waterie villagers [ = fish] with thousands more, Doe passe<br />

and repasse neare the verdant shore.<br />

Hence Vl'llaffereM, a female villager, a village<br />

girl or woman.<br />

1873 M. Collins Miraftda II. 22 The vlllageresses were<br />

terribly jealous at first. 1894 A. D'Hekistal Discord, Life<br />

lot She was so indifferent about what the squiresses and<br />

Vlllageresses might say about her.<br />

Vlllagery (viled.^iri, vi-led.^ari). Also 6<br />

villagree. [f. Village sb, + -(e)ry.] Villages<br />

collectively.<br />

Now chiefly as an echo of the Sbaksperian pa.ssage.<br />

1590 Shaks. Mids. JV. 11. i. 35 Arc you not bee, That<br />

frights the maidens of the Villagree. i8>a W. Tennant<br />

Thane of Fife ni. I, Crowding they come from all her coasts<br />

so rife Of villagery. a 1839 Galt D-ruton Destiny (1840) 5<br />

A vista bright appe.^red Of riant villagery. 1883 Blaclnv.<br />

Mag, Jan. 75/2 Unkempt mountain ponies startle the<br />

maidens of the villagery.<br />

Vi'llaget. rare. [f. as prec. + -ET. Cf. older<br />

F. villagette (Godef.).J A little village.<br />

1781 Twining Papers Set. 11. (1887) 81 The mountains.<br />

are, for some distance, so close to the river as scarcely to<br />

leave room for even a villaget. 1846 D. W. Pltghe Harlech<br />

Castle 26 Naenlwrog is a romantic villaget,<br />

Vi*llaffey, a- [f. as prec. + -v.] Somewhat<br />

village-like.<br />

i88a Advance (Chicago) 21 Dec, Washington Street lays<br />

aside entirely the villagey aspect commonly a.-icribed to it.<br />

1889 A. T. Pask Eyes 'i'hames loo The quiet watersidei- .so<br />

villagey, and all that kind of thing, you know.<br />

Villagflo, error ormispr. for vUiago Viliaco.<br />

i8ao Scott Monast. xv, Truly, good villagio, your question<br />

hath in it somewhat of embarrassment.<br />

Villain (vi-lan), sb. Forms: a, 4 vyleyn, 6<br />

viUein(e ; 4 vilaine, 4-5 vylayn (5 vil-), .^-6<br />

vylayne; 5 vyllayn, 6 -ayne, -aine, 5-7 villayne<br />

(7 -ayn), 6-7 villaine, 7- villain. &. 4<br />

velaun, 6 vyl-, vilane {Sc. veill-, vill-, willane),<br />

villan, weUantt-,7 villiane, 7-8 villian, 8 villin.<br />

[a. AF. and OF. vHein, vilain^ villain ( = Prov.<br />

vilatif It. and Sp. villanOf Pg. z'/V/rti)):— popL.<br />

*viilan-um, ace, sing, of *villanus (see Villains<br />

fl.), f. L. villa Villa. See also Villein.]<br />

1. Originally, a low-born base-minded rustic ;<br />

a man of ignoble ideas or instincts; in later use,<br />

an unprincipled or depraved scoundrel ; a man<br />

naturally disposed to base or criminal actions, or<br />

deeply involved in the commission of disgraceful<br />

crimes: a. Used as a term of opprobrious address.<br />

1303 R. Brusnk liandl. Synne 11557 Goddys treytonr,<br />

and ry^t vyieyn ! Hast ^ou no myndeof Marye Maudeleyn,<br />

1320-30 Horn Ch. (Riison) 857 The begger answered in<br />

that tide, Vilaine, cunestow nought ride? c 1380 Sir<br />

Ferutnb, '<br />

54^1 panne he cryde and gan to sayn : Whar ait<br />

bow, Chariis, pow vylayn?' 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. i.<br />

Ivii, Ane me fand, quhilk said, and greit disden^eit, ' Auant<br />

veillane, thow reclus impertite '. CIS90 Marlowe Faustus<br />

vi, Villaine haue I not bound thee to lel me any thing?<br />

1596 Shaks. Tani. Shr. i. ii. 20 Now knocke when I bid<br />

you: sirrah villaine. x6aa Massingbr & Drkkeh Virg.<br />

Martyr iv. iii, Theoph, It matters not. We can discharge<br />

this work without his help. . ..S'a^. Villain ! 1663 CowLtv<br />

Cutter Coleman St, v. xii, Villain, Rebel, Traitor, out o'<br />

my sight. 1764 H. Walpole Otranto i, Presumptuous<br />

villain ! cried Manfred, dost thou provoke my wrath? i8jx<br />

Scott Kenilw, xli, Drunken villain,, .thy idleness and<br />

debauched folly will stretch a halter ere it be long. 185S<br />

KiNGSLEV West^u. Hoi w^'' Villain ! give me your papers<br />

cried Amyas.<br />

b. In descriptive use. (Common from c 1590.)<br />

a. ^1400 Rom, Rose 2183 Tbise vilayns arn withouten<br />

pitee, Frendship, love, and alle bounty. I nyl ressey ve unto<br />

my servise Hem that ben vilayns of emprise. 1474 Caxton<br />

Chesse ni. iii. (1883} 99 They .anr.werd to hym that he was<br />

a vylayne to requyre & desire of them thynge that was so<br />

peryllous. 1483 — G, de la Tour h vij, For he is a chorle<br />

and a vylayne that of his mouthe sayth ony vylony. 1509<br />

liARCLAV Shyp of Folys (1874) II. 182 In all the worlde<br />

nought vyier can I fynde Nor wors, than is a fals unkynde<br />

vylayne. « 1533 Ltj. Hicrners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546)<br />

E vij 1), The greateste vyilany in a villayne is to be gyuen<br />

in largesse of lyes. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. v. i. 29 Thou art<br />

a Villaine to impeach me thus, He proue mine honor, and<br />

mine honestie Against thee presently, if tliou dar'st stand.<br />

i6a4 Capt. Smith Virginia in. 84 Ihe two most exact<br />

villaines in all the Country. 1719 De Foe Crusoe 1. (Globe)<br />

a6o He told me there were two desperate Villains among<br />

them, that it was scarce safe to shew any Mercy to. 1769<br />

Junius Lett, xv. (1788) 89 Every villain fancies himself a<br />

man of abilities. 1813 Byron Corsair i. xi. He knew himself<br />

a villain— but he deem'd The rest no better than the<br />

tiling he seem'd. a 1843 Arnold Hist, Later Rom. Coj/tmw.<br />

(1845) II. 56 The soldiers.. told him that, .if he played the<br />

villain he might win the throne. 1869 Ruskin Q. ofAir<br />

§ 128 They are not made villains by the commission of a<br />

crime, but were villains before they committed it.<br />

transf. 1691 Hartcliffe Virtues 241 Thus they slander<br />

Human Nature, and make a Villain of it.<br />

/3. 1535 Coverdale Job xxx. 8 They were the children of<br />

fooles & vylanes, which are deed awaye from the worlde.<br />

1570 Satir. Poems Reform. (S.T.S.) xiii. 95 Wa worth ^ow<br />

Uillanis that slew that Prince maist wise. 1573 Nottingham<br />

Rec. IV. 154 For be-callyng the Constabelles knaves and<br />

wellanttes. 1593 Harvev Piercers Super. Wks. (Grosart)<br />

II. 319 The Straunge Newes of the railing Villan. 1598 B.<br />

JoNsoN Ev, Man in Hum. (Q.'j v, Gui. 1 obey thee varlet j<br />

but for these villianes—. Mus. Keepe the peace I charge<br />

you sir. 1678 Bunyan Pilgr, i. 132 He hath not been<br />

afraid to rail on you, my Lord,, .calling you an ungodly<br />

Villian. 1704 Hlair in \V. S. Perry Hist, Coll, Amer. Col,<br />

Ch. I. 132 Several of them of the most noted good preachers<br />

he afTronted and abused with the most opprobrious &<br />

villifying names as Dog, Rogue, Rascal, Villin, Jesuit.<br />

1717 Philip Quarll (1816) 66 'i'hose villians had most<br />

sacrilegiously rifled and ransacked his habitation.<br />

C. Used playfully, or without serious imputation<br />

of bad qualities. Also applied to a woman.<br />

1590 Shaks. Com, Err. \. ii. 19 A irustie villaine sir, that<br />

very oft. . Lightens my humour with his merry lests. i6ot<br />

— Tn>el. N, 11. v. 16 Enter Maria. , . Heere comes the little<br />

villaine : How now my Mettle of India '? 1606 — Tr.


VIIiLAINIZE.<br />

Villainise I'vilan^iz}, z\ Also 7-8 TiUanise,<br />

9 villainise. [f. Villain' s^.]<br />

1. trans. To render villainous ; to debase or<br />

degrade.<br />

16*3 tr. Fatnmg's Tkcat. Hon. 111. xii. 487 To blame or<br />

abuse Ladies.. is.. for a man to vUIanire and shame himselfc<br />

1700 Dbvden Wife 0/ Bath's T, 405 Were Virtue by<br />

Descent, a noble Name Could never villanize his Father's<br />

Fame. 1745 Law Ci*ftsid, ^tatt ll'oriJ m. 245 That those<br />

Writings which villanize Mankind Iia\'e a pernicious<br />

tendency towards propagating and protecting Villany.<br />

SL To treat or revile as a villain.<br />

Cf. ViLLAINlZEK below.<br />

1857 Sir F. Palgrave Korm. ^ Eng. II. 437 <strong>Here</strong> in<br />

Rouen had he been villainized, disgraced, liooted, imprisoned,<br />

bullied, degraded.<br />

3. intr. To play the villain.<br />

x88a Ecko 11 Feb. 3 Let us hope that.. these gentlemen<br />

{if. actors), whose mission it is to dabble in crime.., will in<br />

future ' villainise ' no more.<br />

Hence Vi'llaiDiaing vbl. sb. Also Vl'Uaixiizer,<br />

one who reviles or defames.<br />

1599 Sandys Europx Sf>ec. (1605) P iij b, What renouncers<br />

of God, blasphemers of his oiiely begotten sonne, viUanisers<br />

of his Saints. 1678 Cvdwokth Intdt. Syst. i. v. § ^i. 890<br />

The foundation [01 the atheistic ethics and politics] is first<br />

laid in the villanizing of Humane Nature. 1691 Bentlev<br />

Serift, i. i^ in the deba:>ing and villainizing of Mankind to<br />

the condition of iiea^ts,<br />

tVi'llainly, adv. Obs. Forms: a. 4 uilein-,<br />

vilejm-, vyleyn-, vilain-, vylaynliohe ; 4<br />

vUayn-, 5-6 vylayn-, 6 villaynly. ^. 4 vilanliche,<br />

5 wylanlyche ; 4 vilenlyoh, villenliche,<br />

4 vylenly, 5 velenly. [f. Villain a. + -ly 2<br />

]<br />

After the manner of a villain ; villainously, vilely.<br />

a. a i«5 MS. Rawl. B. 520 fol, 49 b, Homsokne : fcat is<br />

quite of amerciament for entre of houses utieinliche ant<br />

bi-tK>ute leue a^en |>e kinges pes. 1340 A} enh. 64 Efterward<br />

huanne mtf zuere^ vileynHche by god and by his hal^en.<br />

C1380 Sir Ferumb, 5345 How wer l>ou so hardy, ..come<br />

armed on |»y stede,..& pus vylayn[li]che on t)y resoun J>y<br />

message to me abede? 1483 Caxton G. de la TVwr evijb.<br />

Within a lytell tyme after she deide vylaynly and sodenly<br />

of an euyll deth. c 1500 Melusine xxi. 130 Perceyue you<br />

not how Uiis Dogges oppressen vylaynly these valyaunt &<br />

worthy crystensf a 1560 Phaer /Eneid ix. Aa iij b, If but<br />

one harme Suffized had their sinne, and not with spyte all<br />

female kinds 'I'hus viliaynly disdain.<br />

^. cx'^jpArth. ^ Merl. 5794(K6ibini;), Sol>aideden, sikerliche,<br />

Defuiland vilanliche, 1 oward . . king Rion. c 1380 Sir<br />

Ferumb. 1825 To..presenty til him with such outrage t>ay<br />

heuedes bi-fore him selue, & so vylenly beode ys message.<br />

c 1400 Laud troy Bk. 7499 Thow art now dede and ouerthrowen,.<br />

.Velenly thow hast thi mede. a 1450 Le Morle<br />

Arth. 1156 Thou ouglitiste with no Ryghte to gabbe on<br />

hym so wylanlyche, thus be-hynde hym, oute of hys syghte.<br />

VillaiUOUS (vi'lanas), a. Forms: a. 4 vylayneus,<br />

5*6 vylaynous, 6 velaynous, vilaynouse;<br />

6 vyllayn-, viUayn-, 6- villainous (7<br />

villainujB, •einous). )3. 4, 6-7 vilanous, 5-6<br />

vylanous, 6 -ouse, vilanus, 4, 6-9 villanous<br />

(6 -ouse); 5 vilenous(e, 6 villenus, 7-8 -ous ; 7<br />

villonous. 7. 6 velanus-, velanous, 7 vealinoua.<br />

[f. Vill.vix sb. + -ous, or ad, OF. viUnneus<br />

msultini;, defamatory.]<br />

1. Of persons: fa. Churlish, ill-bred, tmmannerly.<br />

Obs. rare.<br />

13.. Gaw. \ Knt. 1497 5* af stif in-noghe to constrayne<br />

wyth strenk(>e, \\i yow lykez, 5^^ ^^'y were so<br />

vilanous i^at yow devaye wolde. ? a 1366 Chaucer Rom.<br />

Rose 178 Ful foule and cherlysshe seined she, And eek<br />

vylayneus for to be, And liiel coude of norture.<br />

b. Having the character or disposition of a<br />

villain; infamously depraved or wicked; vilely<br />

criminal.<br />

f iSSo RoLi.AND Crl. Vtnus iv. 281 Not for to say, Venus<br />

is velanous: Bot that hir warkis may na les be vndone Nor<br />

of befoir, bot Vesta is mair Famous. 1570 Levins Mani^.<br />

226 Villanouse,_yfrt^///ffMj', 1596 Shaks. i Hen. IV.w. iv.<br />

138 There is nothing but Roguery to be found in Villanous<br />

man. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. 475 The furious<br />

outrage of that most villanous Rebell Ket. 1623 111 Foster<br />

Eftg. Factories Ind. {1908J II. 244 A plooitof that vealinous<br />

sirompitl Nabar Malle. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India 4- P.<br />

368 They are yet reckoned a Villanous sort of Breed. 1719<br />

De Foe Crusoe il (Globe) 500 We have not half done yet,<br />

villainous Hell-huund Dogs ! 1793 Mrs. Inchbald Ev. One<br />

ha% Faults 111. ii, I repeat, he is the vilest, the most villanous<br />

of men. 1839 Darwin ^oy. Nat. iv. 83, 1 sliould think<br />

such a villanous, banditti-like army, was never before<br />

collected togetiier. 1855 Bkewster Newton II. xv. 56 The<br />

Elector of Hanover, whom the villanous English wished to<br />

deprive of the succession to the kingdom. 1869 D. Cook<br />

Nts. at t/u Flay (1883) I. 116 Mr. Cowper gave a.. careful<br />

portraiture of the villanous Siukely.<br />

O. Miserable, wretched, rare~^.<br />

i^ Stanvhurst Mneis 11. (Arb.) 45 Oh, quod he, what<br />

region sbal shrowd mee villenus owtcast?<br />

2. Of actions : Of the nature of villainy ; marked<br />

by depravity or vileness of conduct ; deserving<br />

severe condemnation on moral grounds.<br />

14., Chattuf's L. G. /K 1824 (Fairf.), Alias of the thys<br />

was a vilenouse dede. 1573-80 BARtr Alv. s.v., A Vilanous<br />

and shamefuU act. 1599 Dallam in Early Voy. Levant<br />

(Hakluyt Soc.) 84 He came but to speaUe with our Turke<br />

abuute their vilanus plott, 1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. 11<br />

Which Figment is still the more vile, if we consider, .with<br />

what villainous and barbarous injuries it must necessarily be<br />

conceived tobcaccompaiiied. 1681 H. Hallvwell /l/^/aw/,<br />

80 [They] have incorporated themselves into the Dark<br />

Society by all manner of villanous and flagitious actions.<br />

1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 27 If their brutish<br />

206<br />

rage led them to one villanous action, they would soon go<br />

on to another. i77« Prikstley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. 127<br />

One villainous action is sufficient to imbitter a man's whole<br />

life. 1813 Shkllev Q. Mtib iv. 184 Their cold hearts blend<br />

Deceit with sternness, ignorance with pride, All that is<br />

mean and villanous. 1837 Lvtton E. Mnltrav. ix. ii, I<br />

have done a villanous thing, but I thought it only a clever<br />

one. X846 Greener Sci. Gunnery 153 A villainous system<br />

of covering or plating barrels with fine iron, over a body of<br />

iron of the most inferior description.<br />

b. Of looks, etc. : Indicative of villainy.<br />

i^iBSovTH^'i Epistle tc Allan Cuunii/gkaffi, I shall show<br />

thee, Allan,. .an array of villainous visages. 1840 Dickens<br />

OldC. Shop xxix, Isaac [had] a very ill-favoured face, and<br />

a most sinister and villainous squint. 1841 Borrow Zincalt<br />

I. iv. II. 284 With an expression so extremely villanous, that<br />

I felt uneasy. 1863 [see Leer sb.^\<br />

3. Of words, etc. : Pertaining to or characteristic<br />

of a villain ; vile, scurrilous ; offensively opprobrious<br />

or profane.<br />

o. 1470-85 Malorv Arth. i. xxvii. 74 The most vylaynous<br />

and lewdest message that euer man herd sente vnto a kynge.<br />

X5S9 More Dyaloge iv. Wks. 261/2 Thus these wretched<br />

heretiques . . lay more vilay nouse rebuke to the great maieste<br />

of god, than euer any one ribaude layd vnto a nother. 1533<br />

— Confut. Tindale Wks. 602/2 Wee fynde not that he<br />

called hym false wretche, nor no suche vylaynous word.<br />

a 1700 EvELVN Diary 28 Apr. 1696, A most villainous reviling<br />

book against K. James. X78a Miss Burnev Cecilia ix.<br />

viii, My heart swelled with indignation at so villainous a<br />

calumny. 1883 Stevenson Treas. /si, 1. i, He at last broke<br />

out with a villainous, low oath.<br />

p. 15*3 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. Ixvi. 36/2 Whan the other<br />

commons sawe that, they began to sterre and sayde to the<br />

burgesses many euyll and vylanous wordes. 1559 Homilies<br />

I. Agst, Contention 11. (1569) M viij b, Pericles being prouoked<br />

to anger with many vilanous wordes, answered not a<br />

worde. 1603 Shaks. Meas.for M. v. i. 265 One that hath<br />

spoke most villanous speeches of the Duke. 1614 RALtiGH<br />

Hist. IVorld v, i. 285 Princes doe rather pardon ill deedes,<br />

than Villanous words.<br />

t*4. Shameful, atrocious, horrible. Obs.<br />

1536 Pilgr. Per/, (W. de W. 1531) 301 b, Euer conspyrynge<br />

for thy grace the moost vyllaynous & sha'mefull deth<br />

of the crosse. 1529 More Dial. Concern. <strong>Here</strong>syes iv. vii.<br />

106/2 To pyteouse and to abomynable were yt to reherse<br />

the vylanouse payne and tormentys that they deuysed on<br />

y» sely women, a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon Ixx. 239 They<br />

are worthy to receyue a velaynous dethe. x6io Holland<br />

Camden's Brit. 359 Prince Edward . . was there put to death<br />

and in most shamefull and vilanous maner his branes dashed<br />

out. 16x6 Barbonr^s Bruce (Hart) 373 As Sir Dauid the<br />

good Brechyne. .Was put to sa villanous a dead.<br />

+ b. Villainous judgement^ a sentence of extreme<br />

severity (see quot. 1641) passed on one<br />

found guilty of conspiracy or other grave offence.<br />

1607 Cowell Interpr.^ VUlenous iudgement . .\% that<br />

whicn casteth the reproch and shame vpon him against<br />

whom it is giuen, as a Conspirltour, &c. 1641 Tcrmes de<br />

la Ley 264 Villeiiious judgment is., that the party found<br />

guilty shall lose the benefit of the law, ..that his lands,<br />

goods & chattels shall be seised into the Kings hands, . . and<br />

his trees digd up, and his body imprisoned. ^ 1769 Black-<br />

.STONE Comm. IV. 136 It now is the better opinion, tliat the<br />

villenous judgment is by long disuse become obsolete; it<br />

not having been pronounced for some ages.<br />

6. Kxtremely bad or objectionable ; atrocious,<br />

detestable.<br />

1596 Shaks. i Hen. 11^, 11. i. 15, I thinke this is llie most<br />

villanous house in al London rode for Fleas. X598 —<br />

Merry IV, 111. v. 93 There was the rankest compound of<br />

villanous smell, that euer offended nostrilL 1607 B. Barnes<br />

Divils Charter v. ii. K 4, Out vpon thee, thou hast poysoned<br />

mee with thy stinking breath or with thy villonous powders.<br />

1638 R, Bakkr tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. Ill) 123 Women<br />

are bound,, .for the very interest of their beauty, to shun a<br />

passion, that makes such villanous faces, and sets so many<br />

wrinkles upon their countenances. x67a Marvell Reh,<br />

Transp, I. 5 The Press (that villanous Engine) invented<br />

much about the same time with the Reformation. X706<br />

Addison Rosamond i. it. Thou art ugly and old, And<br />

a villainous Scold. x8o6 J. Beresford Miseries Hum.<br />

Li/e I. 102 The only place, .which by some villainous mischance<br />

you did not see. x8ax Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885)<br />

I. 20, I passed through that villanous hole, Cricklade,<br />

about two hours ago. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exped. xxvi.<br />

(1856) 214 This is tlje second I have killed with this villainous<br />

carbine. 1884 Chr. World 25 Sept. 719/2 The weather<br />

was villainous. It rained every day.<br />

+ b. k.%adv. Villainously, vilely. Obs,~^<br />

1610 Shaks. Temp. iv. i. 250 We shall loose our time,<br />

And all be turn'd to Barnacles^ or to Apes With foreheads<br />

villanous low.<br />

1 6, Low or base in respect of social position<br />

servile. Obs. (Cf. Villein.)<br />

X607 CoWELL Interir. s.v. Base^ Base lenents be they.,<br />

which do to their lords villeinous service. Ibid, s.v. Villen*<br />

a^e. This villanous soccage is to cary the Lords dung into<br />

bis feilds, to plow his ground [etc]. 1645 Ussher Bod. Div,<br />

(1647) 14J The slavish and villanous estate of the parents is<br />

communicated unto all their off-spring. 1679 Blount A nc.<br />

Tenures 155 note, I suppose, .by sanguiuem suum emere^<br />

was meant, that the Tenant being a Bondman, should buy<br />

out his Villainous blood, and make himself a Freeman.<br />

1766 Blacksione Comm. II. 62 These were the only free<br />

holdings or tenements ; the others were villenous or servile.<br />

7. Comb. J as villainous- looking zfX].<br />

i8^t Borrow Bible in Spain vii. They were villainous,<br />

looking ruffians, 1844 Dickens Pictures fr. Italy (1846)<br />

163 Seeingnothing but. .avillanous-looking shepherd. 1897<br />

Marv Kingslev W. Africa 271, I must admit my good<br />

friend was a villainous-looking savage.<br />

Hence Ti'llainonsness (Bailey, 1727, vol. II).<br />

Villainously (vi*lanasli), adv. Forms : (see<br />

prec). [f. piec] In a villainous manner, in<br />

senses of the adj.; atrociously, vilely, detestably.<br />

VILLAINY.<br />

o. 14S4 Caxton Fables of A uian ix. Better is to lyue in<br />

pouerte tlian to deye vylaynously and uppressyd ofthe ryche.<br />

( 1489 — Hlanchantyn vi. 26 Her true luucr, l?e whiche-.ye<br />

haue betrayd & wounded vylaynously. 1555 Et>EN Decades<br />

(Arb.) 86 Howevylely,vylaynously,and violently he had byn<br />

vsed of owre men. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's \ oy.<br />

I. XX. 25 They were thus villainously intreied, lying along<br />

the ground as halfe desperate. j639Eut.LER Hoiy li'ariii.<br />

xvii. 137 His Sonne was villainously strangled by Alexius<br />

Ducas. X689 Lond. Gaz. No. 2443/3 On Sunday last Sir<br />

George Lockhart . . was Viilaniously [i/c] Assassinated by on«<br />

Cheeseley, who Shot hiiii through the Lack. 1749 t iklding<br />

yi7/«7


VILLAINY. 207 VILLAN.<br />

velonye, welonye ; villonye. €, 7 villainie,<br />

7- villainy, [a. AK. vi/e{^i)ni€, vz'/at'nye, vilanie^<br />

OF. viUinnie^ viilenu, vilanUy vHonie, vilenie (so<br />

mod.K.). etc., = Pr. vilanta, -onia^ Sp., Pg., and<br />

It. xnllania^ whence also med.L. viliania: sec<br />

Villain sb. and -y.<br />

The present spelling was rai'e before the i8th c. and did<br />

not become esiabiisned until the 19th, when it gradually<br />

displaced the more prevalent viilany.l<br />

1. Action or conduct befitting, characteristic or<br />

typical of, a villain ; evil or wrongdoing of a foul,<br />

intamons, or shameful nature ; extreme wickedness<br />

on the part of a person in dealing with others.<br />

a. a isag Ancr. R. 216 Lechurs, l>et habbeS so uorloren<br />

scheome Jret ham nis nowiht of scheome. auh secheS hwu<br />

heo muwen mesi uileinie wurchen. i«97 R. Glouc. (Rolls)<br />

1329 Vor it is ech prince iwis & king vileinie To defouli is<br />

kni^tes t>oru warn he ab )>e maislrie. 1340 Ayenb. 18 He is<br />

wei vileyn and ontrewe auoreye his lhord,..and yelt him<br />

kuead uor guod, and vileynye uor corteysye. 13.. E. K.<br />

Allii. /'. B. 863 Dos away your derf dyn & derez neuer my<br />

gestes, .Xvoy !<br />

hit is your vyiaynye, ^e vylen your seluen.<br />

/J. a 1300 Cursor M. 2422 Bot godd hir [kept] ^at was hir<br />

wit..^at moghl naman o licherie Hir liody necht wit wjl.<br />

anie. 13 . . E. E. A Hit, P. C. 7 r For iwysse hit arn so wykke<br />

(>at in J>at won dowellez, & her malys is so much I may not<br />

abide, Bot venge me on hir vilanye & venym bilyue. 1396-7<br />

in Enz. Hist. Rev. (1907) XXII. 2C)7 We knowe wel J>at<br />

euery tesyng opinli prechid turnith him to velanye t»at euere<br />

was trewe and with cute defaute. c 14x5 Wvntoun Cron.<br />

!i. 981 Tenelayus..mad hym cortasse welcummynge... Bot<br />

he did willany J?ar agayn : pis Tenelayus he walde haf stayn.<br />

a 1533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) E vij b, The<br />

f;rcatcste vyllany in a villayne is to be gyuen in largesse of<br />

yes. 1538 Elvot^ Oiscetaitas, villany inactes; rybauldrie.<br />

i$9S Shaks. yoAn ni. i. 116 Thou little valiant, great in<br />

villanie. Thou euer strong vpon the stronger side, 1616<br />

R. C Timei' IVhistU (1871) 55 From thirst of wcaUh &<br />

golden villany I now am come to brutish gtuttonie. 1679<br />

Haiton Corr, (CamdenJ 199 He hath been twice pillor'd,<br />

and committed alt manner of villaney. 1x17x6 Blackall<br />

i^ks. (1723) I. 95 He will hardly ever l>e able to carry his<br />

Matters so cunningly, but that his Villany will at last be<br />

discover'd. 1771 Junius Lett. liv. (1788) 300 '1 his may be<br />

logic at Cambridge, . . but among men of sense and honour,<br />

it IS folly or villany in the extreme. 1841 Jamrs Brigand<br />

iii. 41 There is some mistake here, and I think some villany.<br />

1855 Macaulav Hist. Eng, xii. Ill, 217 He had<br />

been induced, by the villany of 'I'yrconnel, to trust himself<br />

at Saint Germains.<br />

personi/. ? a 1^66 Chaucer Rom, Rose 166 Another image,<br />

that Vilanye V-clepcd was, saugh I... Vilanye was lyk<br />

somdel That other image \sc. Felony]; and . . She semed a<br />

wikked creature.<br />

trans/. 3iX\d,^g. «6ii Shaks. Cymb.w.n. 13 Nothing rowts<br />

vs,but I'he villany of oure feares. 1638 Sir T. Herbert<br />

Trav. (ed. 2)349 Ignorant of the deceits of men, and unused<br />

to the villany of powder.<br />

Y* '^'3'5 Shorkham III. 328 Ac ys (deadly sin] ^at uoule<br />

wyl al so To swyche fylenye. 1393 Langu P. PL C. vn.<br />

433 Ich can nouht speke for shame The \-ylenye of my foule<br />

mou)»e and of my foule mawe. a 14*5 Cursor M. 4405<br />

(Trin.), <strong>Here</strong> may men se ^ vilcny pat he sou^te on his<br />

lady, a 1450 A"///, de la Tour {1868) 36 He and y hadd<br />

gret communicacion diuersc tymes, but it was neuer in no<br />

ueleni, nor in no euell thought nor in dede. 1584 Stanv-<br />

HUKST /Eneis 11. (Arb.) 61 In father his presence with<br />

spightful villenye cancred, Thee soon that murthrest, my<br />

sight with boucherye stayning. 1596 Spenser F. Q. vi.<br />

viL 23 The gentle knight Would not be tempted to such<br />

villenie.<br />

i. c 1380 Wyclif Tracts Wks. (1880) 204 To be aschamyd<br />

of cche cuyl spcche, & namely of lecherie & euyl contenaunce<br />

of synne & ribaudrie & vilonye. £1430 Hotu the<br />

Good Wi/e in Babees <strong>Book</strong> (1868) 38 Kepe (>ee from synne,<br />

fro vilonye, & fro blame. 1485 Caxton Chas, Gt. 44 Who<br />

wold hauc thought that I shotd hauehadvylonyeofRoUand?<br />

f. 1605 \st Ft. Jeronimo 11. iii. 49 O, that villainy should<br />

be found in the great Chamber. i7»« Woluvston Relig.<br />

Nat. vi. 133 He may .. endeavour to recover what has<br />

been by any kind of violence or villainy taken from him.<br />

i77aPENMANT Tours Scot. (1774) 10 Murdered by assassins<br />

who crossed the moat to perpetrate their villainy. 1819<br />

Sheli-ev Cenci i. iii. 175 Manhood's purpose stem, And<br />

age's firm, cold, subtle vdlainy. 1843 Bethune Sc. Fireside<br />

Stor. \oj Jenny and his other friends declaimed loudly upon<br />

the villamy of Mr. M'Quiddit, in keeping him so long from<br />

his own. 1861 Gem. P. Thomi'son Audi Alt. cxlvu III.<br />

133 The same kind of villainy was meditated in China.<br />

b. With a and pi., thisjhaty etc. An instance<br />

or case of this ; a piece of wicked conduct or dealing<br />

; a vile act or deed.<br />

13.. Genu, if Gr. Knt. 634 Gawan was for godc knawen,<br />

& as golde pured, Voydcd of vche vylany, wyth vertuez<br />

ennourned in mote. 1377 Lanci.. P. Pi. B. xvni. 94 For J>is<br />

foule vyieynyc vcniaunce to 50W alle. 1390 Gower Conf.<br />

\\. i:j3 Him thenkth it were a vilenie, Bot he rewarde him<br />

for his dede. ^1400 Destr. Troy 6912 Vlixes,,To venge<br />

of ^at vitany vili dissirit. 1483 Ca/A. Angl. ^00/ 1 A velany,<br />

dedicus. 1568 Grafton Lkron. II. 755 Rcquiryng them<br />

therefore to stuHie how to rcucnge and punishe so great a<br />

villanie. 1593 Kvd Sp. Trag. in. viit. 12 Bought you a<br />

whistle and a whipstaike too. To be reuengcd on their<br />

yillanies? c 1618 Morvsom Itin. iv. (1903) 483 Though<br />

indeedc they take it rather for a grace to be reputed actiue<br />

in any Villany, espetially Cruelly and theft. 1677 Gilpin<br />

Demoiiol. II, i. 187 Other Errours there are, that lead to<br />

beastly and unnatural Viilanies. 1691 Hartcliffe Virtues<br />

53 Under pretence thereof Wars might be raised, Robberies<br />

and all manner of Viilanies committed. 1715 Dk Foe Voy,<br />

round iVorld (1840) 42 If ihey are honest men and would<br />

not appear in this villany. 174a Fielding J. Andrmvs i.<br />

xjijv, The greatest viilanies are daily practised to please<br />

thee. 18^ Macaulav Hist. En^. vi. II. 152 He was<br />

detcrminetf to keep his place, if it could be kept by any<br />

villany but on^. i860 Gkn. P. Thompson Audi Alt.<br />

cxxviii. III. 86 But such is what the poor have to expect,<br />

when they assistin the villainiesof the rich. 1867 Fkeeman<br />

Norm. Conq. I. 411 ^thelred, if he had not ordered this<br />

villany, at any rate made himself an accessory after the fact.<br />

t 2. Treatment of a degrading or shameful nature<br />

as suffered or received by a person ; ill-usage, injury,<br />

indignity, insult. Obs,<br />

Not always clearly distinct from sen?:e 3.<br />

/t 1300 Cursor M, 17150 Befor mi moder eien. .Sufferd i<br />

al )n& wilani [v.r, velani], 13. . A'. Alts. 2500 (Laud MS.),<br />

per dude Alisaunder curteisie; He kepte hem from vche<br />

vilenye, Darries moder, & darries wijf. c 137S Sc, Leg.<br />

Saints i. {Peter) 548 He . . mad gret playnt of l>e schame, of<br />

t?e vilne, and of pc blame, )>at lytil befor thoHt he. £^1440<br />

Vork Myst, xx\\. 70 And gladly suffir I for thy sake swilk<br />

velany. 1567 Trial Treas. Ciijb, Ve, ye they hane vsed<br />

me with to much vilanie. 1586 J. Hooker Hist. Irel, in<br />

HoUnshed\\.%^li Kildare pursuing Ormond to the chapiter<br />

house doore, vndertooke on his honor that he should receiue<br />

no villanie. X590GREKNE j'^^y'/i/ A'jri:^. Wks. (Grosart) VII.<br />

263 To see villanie offered him, and to holde his peace.<br />

+ b. In the phr. to put (a person) to villainy,<br />

1513 Bbadshaw St. Werhurge II. 207 Wyddowes and<br />

wyues were put to vilany, Maydens were corrupt and slayne<br />

chamfully. 1C48 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark ix. 62<br />

Syth menne shoulde se hym \sc. Jesus] sone after putte to<br />

so muche shame and villany. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus,<br />

CoHCulco, . . to treade vnder foote : to put to extreme vilanie.<br />

t O. ? A punisliment of a degrading or ignominious<br />

nature. Obs.~^<br />

a 1400-50 Bk. Curtasye 56 in Bahees Bk.^ Vf (>ou make<br />

mawes on any wyse, A velany |?ou kacches or euer )>ou rise.<br />

fS. Disgrace, dishonour ; ignominy; discredit.<br />

Obs. (freq. c 1400-r 1500).<br />

c 1375 Cursor M. 803 (Fairf.), pai clad ham |?an for velane<br />

wibbrade leues of fyge tree. 1375 Barbour Bruce ix. 545<br />

Schir Amery . . Raid till Yngland, and purchast ther Of armyt<br />

men gret cumpany, 'I'o venge hym of the velany. c 1410<br />

Chron. Vilod. 2384 V J>e niekely prey.. to correcty hit so<br />

^at y naue no vyleny J»ere-by. 1436 Hen. VI in Rep.<br />

Hist. M.SS. Comm. Var. Coll. IV. 199 To caste this land<br />

oute of alt reputacion into perpetual reprofe, vylonye and<br />

shame thorwgh the wordil, a 1470 Harding Chron. vn.<br />

clxxxi. The kyng Kdwarde had all the viclorye, The kyng<br />

Philyp had all the vilanye. c 1530 Ld. Bkrneks Arth. Lyt,<br />

Bryt. (1814) 23 Dame Luke ., Icnew wtl y^ her doughler<br />

Perron was no mayde, therfore she doubtecf greatly to haue<br />

vylonye. a 1533 — Huon viii, 20 It slialbe greatly to your<br />

veleny and reproche yf I be thus slayne by you. 1565<br />

Jewell Reply Harding (1611) 371 They thought great<br />

villanie in that kind of Death. 1594 T. B. La Primaud.<br />

Fr. Acad, 11. 327 For this cause there is in Shame not<br />

onely a feare of villanie, but indignation also, after the<br />

committing of some fault.<br />

fb. Used predicatively: A fact or circumstance<br />

bringing disgrace or discredit to a person. Also<br />

without const. Obs.<br />

c 1340 Hamfole Prose Tr, sj It es a velany a man for to<br />

be curyously arrayede apone his heuede. .and all his body<br />

be nakede and bare as it ware a beggere, ? a 1366 Chaucer<br />

Ro/u, Rose 12^1 But .she l^ym holpc his harme to aswage;<br />

Hir thought It elles a vyianyc. a 1400 Afinor Poems Jr.<br />

Vernon MS. 533/173 5lf \^^ ^'OU chyde J>i .sogct, Hit is to<br />

J»c vileynye gret. 1467 Paston Lett. II. 308, If I wer ther<br />

withought I had the mor sadder or wurchepfull persones<br />

abought me,.. it shuld be to me but a vyincy. 1470-85<br />

Malorv Arthur 111. viii. 108 Ve haue doone a passynge<br />

fowle dede in the sleyinge of the lady, the whiche will be<br />

freie vylany vnto yow. 01533 L^- Berners Huon Iv. 185<br />

t shal be to you greie velany [ed. 1601 dishonour].<br />

f c. A person or thing that is the source of<br />

discredit or disgrace. Obs, rare.<br />

138a WvcLiF Ecclus. xxiii. 31 He shal ben vileny to alle ;<br />

forth! that he vnderstod not ihedrede of the Lord. 1549<br />

Coverdale, etc. Erasm. Par. Galat. 21 The Gentiles..<br />

coumpte his crosse for a vilanie and reproche.<br />

t 4. To do villainy or a villainy^ esp. to (a person),<br />

in prec. senses. Obs.<br />

a, 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Sywte 6516 The syxte synne<br />

ys glotonye; J>at ys a shameful vyieynye |>at men doun of<br />

mete and drynk. a 1330 Otuel 358 King charles . . was<br />

hende & good, & nolde for hise wordes he^e Don otuel no<br />

vileinie. 1:1380 Wyclif ,V^/. Wks. III. 287 pei.-don hym<br />

more dispite and vileyne )>an didcn Judas Scarioth and<br />

Jewis. a 14S5 Cursor M. 20340 (Trin.), perfore J>eron haue<br />

Jhju Y\ ^>ou5t. .pat ^i me do no vilayne.<br />

^. A 1300 Cursor M. 16306 Pilate said and badd (lai ne<br />

suld do nim \sc. Jesus] na vilanL c 1385 Chaucer L. G. IV.<br />

1B2 } Lucrece,W ni hast thow don this lady vilanye? f 1450<br />

Mirk's Festial 106 By heipe of t>e fende, he made hym<br />

lyke an angyll,and come to dyuers maydyns,..and soo lay<br />

by hoin, and dude hom gret vylany. 1480 Caxton Chron.<br />

Ettg. ciii. 52 b, 1 he kyng Osbright me hath done shame &<br />

vilanye ayens my wyll. 15x6 Pilgr. Per/, (W. de \V. 1531)<br />

254 [They] spared not to do all the vylany & shame to<br />

the sone of god that they coude deuyse. 1597 Shaks. 3<br />

Hen. IV, II. L 130 Pay her the debt you owe her, and vnpay<br />

the villany you haue done her. e vylonye. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 389<br />

Atthalus hadde despitousliche i-scorned ^is Pausania, and<br />

i-doo hym grete vilonye. c 1449 Pecock Repr, \. xvii. 100<br />

Ther in thei doon foul vilonie to Cristis lawe of feith. 1474<br />

Caxton Chesse 11. i. (1883) 20 Thanswer of a noble ik.<br />

debonair prynce That suffred that villonye don to his<br />

doughtcr.<br />

+ 6. To say or speak (a, nOy etc.) villainy^ to<br />

speak evil, to use wicked, low, obscene, or opprobrious<br />

language. Also, to speak villainy of, to<br />

defame or throw discredit on (a person). Obs.<br />

After OF, dire vilonie (Du Cange s.v. Viliania),<br />

(a) a t^po Cursor Af. 7832 For qua lais hand in feloni O<br />

king, or sais him vilani, .. wii-vten grith. He dei. 1303<br />

R. Brunnr Handl. Synne 1549 A nunne. .pat jede to helle<br />

for no (jyng ellys But for she spake euer vyleyny. c 1386<br />

Chaucer Frol. 70 He neuere yet no vileynye ne sayde In<br />

al hislyf vn to no maner wight. I4i9in S. lB>^x\.\\^y Excerpta<br />

Historica (1831) 38 That no man saye no vilony to non<br />

other, throughe the whiche vilony saynge, may falle sodenly<br />

man slaughter, or risinge of people. 1474 Caxton Chesse<br />

II. i, (1883) 20 This prince had also a frende that..sayd on<br />

a tyme as moche villonye unto the prynce as ony man miht<br />

saye. 1483 — Gold. Leg. 424/1 She,. said many Iniuryes<br />

& vyionyes to fyacre contumeleyng & blasphemyng hym.<br />

j6ii Bible Isaiah xxxii. 6 The vile person wil speake<br />

villenie, and his heart will worke iniquitie.<br />

{6) 1470-85 .Malory Arthur xx. xix. 832 Alle the world<br />

wylle speke of yow v>-lony. 1568 Grafton Chron, II. 285<br />

Do not a thing that should blemlshe your renowne, neither<br />

geue occasion for any to speake vilanie of you. 1581 A.<br />

Hall /Had v. 83 Al men of vs great villany would say.<br />

t b. ^o tvonls of villainy. Obs.<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 28531, I ha bene wont thorn lucheri<br />

Wordes to --pek of vilany. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. T. p 22<br />

If. .he be a talkere of ydil wordes of vanite or of vilonye.<br />

1568 Bk. Nurture To Parents, Take heede they speake no<br />

wordes of vilany.<br />

discourtesy,<br />

fS. Lack of courtesy or politeness ;<br />

incivility, rudeness ; boorishness, rusticity. Obs,<br />

£M34o Hampole Pr. Cortsc. 1528 For ]jat somtyme men<br />

held velany Now yhung men haldes curtasy ; And ]>at som<br />

tyme was curtasy c.ild, Now wille yhong men velany bald.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Prol. 740 Crist spak hym self ful brode in<br />

hooly writ. And wel ye woot no vileynye is it. 14.. Voc.<br />

in Wr..\Vulcker 590 fuurbanitas, x-ylonye. C1480 in Hazl.<br />

E. P. P. I, 45 Syr erle, he seyd, take and begyn ; He seyd :<br />

nay, be seynt Ausiyn, That was to me vylony. £1481<br />

Caxtoji Dialogues 2g For I reffuse not The cuppe ; That<br />

were vylonye [F. Tillonic'],<br />

a 1677 Bahrow Settn. Titus iii. 2 Wks. (1687) I. 259 This<br />

practice [of railing and reviling] doth plainly signifie..ill<br />

breeding and bad manners.. . In our modern languages it is<br />

termed Villany, as being proper for rustick Boors. 1694<br />

Drvden Love Triumph, i, i, But this large courtesy, this<br />

overpraise You give liis worth, in any other mouth Were<br />

villainy to me.<br />

+ 7. The condition or state of a villein ; bondage,<br />

servitude ; hence, base or ignoble condition of<br />

life ; moral degradation. Obs,<br />

£1386 Chaucer Pars. T. r g Certes wel aughte a man<br />

hauedisdeyne of synne, and wi(>drawe him fro \>nt J>raldom<br />

and vilenye. 1540 Coverdale Fruit/ul Less. 1. Wks.<br />

(Parker Soc.) 1. 300 Jesus.. took upon himself the most<br />

extreme shame.. to deliver us from eternal villany. 1543<br />

T. Becon Neiv Catech. Wks. 1560 I. 415 1», These, these<br />

goo about to bring vs vnto vilany.<br />

t b. Low or wretched condition. Obs.<br />

1570 Jewel Vie^v Seditious Bull (1582) 47 Haue not they<br />

spoiled & wasted tliose two noble Cuntries & brought them<br />

to such vilanie & miserie, as they neuer felt before?<br />

t8.<br />

Imperfection, defect, or injury ia things.<br />

Obs.-^<br />

c 1400 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) 11. Iviii. (1859) 56 The bones<br />

stoden vp, as men, in the same persones, ryght as they were<br />

byfore, withouten ony spot or vylonye.<br />

0. hase, villainous, or wicked quality.<br />

1703 Addison Dial. Medals ii. (1726) loi Ingratitude..<br />

can arise-from nothing but a natural<br />

of soul.<br />

baseness and villany<br />

Hence f Vi'llainy (in 5 vylonye) v. trans. ^ =><br />

Villain v. i, Obs.—^<br />

1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 113/3 f'or as moche as they hane<br />

dyspyted and vylonyed the blood of Jhesu.<br />

Villakin (vi-lakin). [f. Villa + -KIN.] A little<br />

villa; a villa-residence.<br />

Chiefly in familiar or jocular use, or with some degree of<br />

disparagement.<br />

1730 Swift Let. to Gay 19 March, I writ lately to Mr.<br />

Pope: I wish you had a little Villakin in his neighbourhood.<br />

1730 Gay Let. to Sivi/t 31 March, I am every day<br />

building villakins and have given over that of castles. 1805<br />

J. Almon Corr. Wilkes V. 79 In this cottage (or villakin,<br />

as he usually termed it) he passed the pleasantest hours<br />

which he had enjoyed since the period of his adversities.<br />

184X Tail's Mag. VIII. 258 The villakin was transformed<br />

into a domestic paradise. 1883 Miss Broughton Belinda<br />

II. 159 .Spick and span villas and villakins, each with its<br />

half acre of tennis-ground and double daisies.<br />

Vi'llaless, «• [f. Villa.] Having no villa or<br />

villas.<br />

1833 Eraser's Mag. VIII. 481 The touch at the end, as to<br />

the villaless condition of Bulwer, is admirable.<br />

Vi'llan. Also 6-7, 9 villane. [ad. med.L.<br />

villan-us villager, etc., f. L, villa Villa.]<br />

1. Hist. A villein ; an occupier of land<br />

feudal vill.<br />

in the<br />

i55« HuLOET, Villan, seruus, . . villanus, 1570 Levins<br />

Manip, jo Villane, verna, 1609 Skene AVf. Maj. 98 Gif<br />

ane over-ford causes marie the heires of his vassall, being<br />

in his custodie, with villans (or bondmen) or Burgesses,<br />

quhereby the heires are disparaged [etc.]. 1699 Temple<br />

Hist. Eng. (ed. 2) 255 What Stock they were possessed of,<br />

and how many Villans upon their respective Estates. 1809<br />

Bawdwen Domesday Bk. 9 There are only t wo villanes there<br />

and four bordars having one plough and a half. 1851 T. H.<br />

Turner Pom. Arc/tit. I. iii. 105 To these woods [at Osterley,<br />

Middlesex] resorted moreover all lawless men, fugitive<br />

villans, and persons of the like description.<br />

t2. A villager, a peasant. Obs.<br />

1685 Hedges Diary (Hakl. Soc.) I- 208 Vineyards stored<br />

with excellent good grapes, which the villanes carry every<br />

night to sell at Shirash.<br />

Villan, obs. f. Villain. Villanage, variant<br />

of Villeinage. Villane, obs. f. Villain.


VIIiLANEIiLA.<br />

I VlUanella (vilane-la). PI. -elle. [It., fern.<br />

iSvillam//o rural, iMslicj i. vtl/afw: see Villa in<br />

s6, and a.] (See later quots.)<br />

1597 MoRLKY Introci. A/us. iii. 180 Though many times<br />

the dittie be fine enough, >*et because it carrictli that name<br />

yiiiatuUa ihey uke those disallowances as being good<br />

enough for plow and cart. 1667 C. Simpson Compemi Mus.<br />

159 Then, Cansonets, Vilanella^s, Airs of all sons ; or what<br />

else Poetry hath contrived to be set and Sung in Mustek.<br />

tHence in R. Holme Anttottry (1688) in. 159/2I >«>"<br />

BusBV Did. Aftis.. I ilUnelln, the air of an old rustic<br />

dance, the time of which was gay and brisk, and the measure<br />

suongly marked. 18B4 W. S. Rockstbo in Grove Diet.<br />

flfns. IV. 264 I'iliaHeiia^ an unaccompanied Part-Song, of<br />

light rustic character, sharing, in about equal proportions,<br />

the characteristics of the Canzonetta, and the Balletta.<br />

Villanelle (vilane-1). Also 6 villanell, 7 -el.<br />

[a, F. viilanelUy ad. It. viUamlla : see prec. In the<br />

first quot. i>erh. an Anglicizing of the Italian word.]<br />

1 1. = prec. Obs.<br />

a 1586 Sidney Anadia, etc. (1629) 535 To the tune of a<br />

Neapolitan Villanell. 1603 Tlorio tr. Moniaistte i. liv. 170<br />

The ViltafulUs, homely gigges, and countrie songs of Gasconie.<br />

1685 Cotton tr. Montaigne (1711) i. Hv. I. 472.<br />

2. A poem of fixed form, usually of a pastoral<br />

or lyric nature, consisting normally of five threelined<br />

stanzas and a final quatrain, with only two<br />

rhymes throughout.<br />

The first and third lines of the first stanza are repeated<br />

alternately in the .succeeding stanzas as a refrain, and form<br />

a final couplet in the quatrain.<br />

1877 GossE in Comhitl Mag. July 65 It appears that<br />

vtll^elles may be any length, if only they retain this number<br />

and arrangement of rhymes. 1877-8 Henley in BaU<br />

lades ff Rondeaus (Canterb. Poets) 252 A dainty things<br />

the Villanelle. Sly, musical, a jewel "in rhyme, It serves<br />

its purpose passing well 1886 C. Dick Models etc 90 A<br />

Vacation Villanelle.<br />

Vi'Uaner. rare. [f. Villan + -er i.] = Villan.<br />

186a TouLMiN Smith Pari. Reniemh. Oct. 189 The * Inquisitio<br />

Eliensis ' states that book to have been the record<br />

of an inqubition made on the oaths of the priest, the provost<br />

and six villaners of every Vill.<br />

Villar (vi-lai), sb, and a. rare, [ad. L. villdris^<br />

f. villa Villa : see -ab.] a. sb. A peasant hold-<br />

ing land in the feudal vill; a villein, b. adj.<br />

Pertaining or relating to, concerned with, the<br />

feudal vill or vills.<br />

1874 A. P. Forbes S. Ninlan ^ S. Kentigern Notes 313<br />

Stephen gave his forest of Fumess. .a fishery at Lancaster,<br />

and one or twoviliars with their property. 1897 Maitland<br />

Domesday fif Beyond 13 Manorial and fiscal geography<br />

interferes with physical and villar geography.<br />

Villarsite (vila-Jsait). Min. [a. F. villarsiUj<br />

f. the name of the French botanist D. Villars<br />

(1745-1814): named in 1842 by Dufrenoy.] A<br />

hydrous silicate of magnesium occurring massive<br />

or in rounded grains at Traversella, Piedmont.<br />

S846 Worcester (citing Dana). 1850 Ansted EUm. Geol.^<br />

MiM.t e.tc §429 ^V//arj/^^, silicate of magnesia with iron and<br />

manganese. 1855 Orr's Circ. Sei., Ceoi., etc. 511 Villarsite.<br />

— Prismatic, ..Translucent. Col[our], yellowish-green. 1889<br />

A. Irving Metamorphism pf Rock 55 Villarsite, which<br />

agrees with olivine in crystal form and optical characters,<br />

contains 4 to 6.2 per cent, of water.<br />

Villate (viiA), Hist. [ad. med.L. vUlata,<br />

f. L. viiia Villa.] A feudal territorial division<br />

consisting of a number of vills.<br />

The Latin term has had some currency in English historical<br />

works.<br />

1897 Leader Rec. Burg. Sheffield p. xxvi. Proceedings<br />

were taken against the constable and villate of Wakefield.<br />

Villatic (vilse'tik), a. [ad. L. viUdtic-us^ f.<br />

villa Villa.] Of or pertaining to a villa or villas,<br />

or the inhabitants ; esp. (after the original sense of<br />

villa'), rural, rustic ; village-.<br />

The Miltonic passage has been freely echoed in the 19th c.<br />

see the first group of quots. and 1822-56 in (^).<br />

(a) 1671 Milton Samson 1695 The perched roosts, And<br />

nests in order rang'd Of tame villatic Fowl. x82a Lamb<br />

Corr. (1870) 164 Widgeon, snipes, barn-door fowls, ducks,<br />

geese—your tame villatic things. 1889 Gd, Words Nov.<br />

786/2 [Jacob] herding the tame villatic sheep of his father.<br />

{^i X75> Johnson Rambler No. 147 f8 He.. consulted with<br />

her . . how I might be . . disencumbered from villatick bashful.<br />

ness. 1771-J Ess,fr.Batchelor{\T]-i) 1. 162 Two rebellious<br />

enchanters, whom villatic rusticity styled, Cow-herd^—or<br />

Cow-boys. 1822-56 De Quincey Confess. App. 284 Little<br />

asteroids that formed ample inheritances for the wants of<br />

this or that provincial squire, of this or that tame villatic<br />

squireen. 1846 l.oyini.h Biglow P. Sen i. ix. Introd., A feeling<br />

of villatic pride in beholding our townsman occupying<br />

so large a space in the public eye.<br />

+ Ville '. Afiat. Obs. [ad. L. villus Villus.]<br />

= Villus ^. (Only in pL)<br />

c 1400 Lan/ranc's drurg. 30 fe corde whanne he entri)><br />

into be brawn is departid into many smale J>redif , & J>ei ben<br />

clepid villes \v.r. vylles)— )jat is to seie wrappingis. & b^se<br />

villes ben of iij. manner. 1541 Copland GuydorCs Quest.<br />

Chirurg. Ij b. Of what villes is the stomacke composed ? 1562<br />

BuLLEiN Bulwarkcy Dial. Sorenes 9f Chir. 26 Iskyng [ =<br />

yexingj proccdyng of driyng of the villes of the stomacke.<br />

+ Ville 2, etc., varr. Fille^, chervil. Obs.<br />

c 1265 Voc. Plants in Wr.-Wulcker 557 Cer/oliujUy i. cerfoil,<br />

L villen. 01387 Sinon. Barthol. (Anecd. Oxon.) 15<br />

Cer/oUum, \. villes. Ibid. 43 Ville, cerefolium.<br />

V ille, obs. f. Vill ; var. Kills ^ Obs.<br />

II Villeggiatnra (viled,:5at7iTa). Also (incorrectly)<br />

villegiatura. [It., f. vilUggiare to live at a<br />

villa or in the country, f. villa Villa.] Residence<br />

208<br />

at a country villa or in the country; a holiday 1<br />

spent in this way.<br />

174a Walkole Let. id Mann 1 Nov., 1 don't wonder that<br />

she hales the country; I dare to say her child does not owe<br />

its existence to the Villcggiatura. 1765 Smollett Trav.<br />

xxix. (1766) U. 80 The mountain of Viterbo is covered with<br />

beautiful plantations and villas belonging to the Roman<br />

nobility, who come hither to make the villegiatura in<br />

summer. 1822 Sheli.ev Prose Wks. (1880) IV. 284 Lord 1<br />

Byron is in villeirgiatura, near Leghorn. 1845 Pkescott |<br />

in Li/e LongfcUo-M (1891) II. 22 We V^t^owrvi/leggiatura j<br />

at Pepperell, not fliuing at all to Nahant thi^ summer. 1885 |<br />

Times fwkly. ed.) 18 Sept. 15/3 ITheyJ occasionally left j<br />

the cares and dignity of the Vice-iegal Lodge to come<br />

down for a quiet villegiatura here.<br />

So II Villegiature. Obsr^ [V\ ville^ialurc]<br />

1740 Corr. betw. C'tess Hartford f^ C'tess Panfret (1805)<br />

II. 172, I am sorry the nobility of Florence diti not defer<br />

their villegiature till Christmas.<br />

Villein (vi-l/n). Now Hist. Forms :-o. 4<br />

vilein, 4-5 vileyn, 5 veleyn, 6 vylleyne, 6-7<br />

villeine, 6- villein, 8-9 villeyn; also 6-7 villen.<br />

/3. 5 vylayn, 5-6 -ayne, 6 vynayn(e,<br />

villayne, 6-7 villaine, 6- villain (7 vilain).<br />

[a. AF. villein {vilein^ -eyn, vyleyn^ etc.), var.<br />

villain^ etc., Villain sb. Both types of spelling<br />

have been freely employed for this special sense of<br />

the word, and the tendency to use the form villain<br />

has increased in recent years.]<br />

1. One of the class of serfs in the feudal system ;<br />

spec, a peasant occupier or cultivator entirely subject<br />

to a lord {villein in gross Guess sb^- 2 e) or<br />

attached to a manor {villein regardant Regardant<br />

a. 1) ; a tenant in villeinage; also applied to a<br />

person regarded as holding a similar position in<br />

other communities, a bondsman, t Hence formerly<br />

in general use, a peasant, country labourer, or lowborn<br />

rustic.<br />

a. a 1325 MS. Raivl. B.S20 fol. 56 b, Also lith assise after<br />

excepcion of villenage ^if )}Zt vileyn vnder hi=; louerdes<br />

power purchasede ani lond. 1390 Gower Conf \l\, 325<br />

Nou lete we this maiden hiere, And speke of Dionise ayein<br />

And of Theophile the vilein, Of whiche I spakof nou tofore.<br />

[Cf. p. 320, 1. 1358.] C1400 Maundev. (1839) 191 Olifauntz..<br />

that he makethe for to ben brought up amonges bis Vileynes.<br />

c X450 LovELiCH Merlin 1 1625 And while the veleyn<br />

hadde seyd al this, Evere stood sire Vlphyii and herkened,<br />

j-wys. 1587 HoLiNSHED Chron. (ed. 2) III. 1109/1 In case<br />

my aduersaries villen or bondman be impaneled, I may<br />

lawfuUie chalenge him. 1590 Swinburne Testaments 34<br />

Amongest the second sort are comprehended such as lacke<br />

freedome, & full liberty, as bond-slaue, slaues, and villeines.<br />

1620 J. Wilkinson Courts Baron 146 If any_ Villeine<br />

or Bondman of blood hath purchased any land within<br />

his Lordship, the Lord may seise both it and such villeines<br />

goods at his pleasure. 1648 D. Jenkins Wks. loTheVilleine<br />

of a Lord, in the presence of the King cannot be seized<br />

X699 Temple Hist. Eng. 65 The Villens, that held nothing<br />

but at the Will of the Landlord. 1765 IJlackstone Connn.<br />

1.72 Villeins might be enfranchised by manumission. 1775<br />

Archaeol. III. 80 Is it probable, that two day labourers, and<br />

at that time villeins, should have any fine to compound?<br />

x8x8 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) 1. 256 After the conquest the<br />

estates of the great lords were cultivated by their villeins.<br />

1848 LvTTON Harold i. v, The villeins are many and their<br />

hate is strong. 1875 K. E, Digby Real Prop. {1876) 51<br />

If the villein could not depart from the land, no more could<br />

the lord remove him so long as he rendered the service due<br />

to the lord.<br />

fig. X607 HiERON IVks. I. 333 The scorner and scoffer at<br />

the word, is euen a villen to his own piofanenes.<br />

$. 1470-85 Malory Arthur \mi. iii. 277 Tliat..alle men<br />

of worship maye disseuer a gentylman fro a yoman, and<br />

from a yoman a vyiayne. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 148/2 It<br />

happed upon a day that he tormented a vylayn or a carle<br />

for the couetyse of hys good. 1532 Dial. Laws Eng. 11.<br />

xliii. P V, Yf a vyilayn be made a preste, yet neuertheles the<br />

lorde may sease his goodes. a X548 Hall Chron., Hen. VI,<br />

104 There were slain and taken foure hundred gentlemen<br />

and the villaines frankely let go. 1570 Lambarde Peramb.<br />

Kent 452 Bondseruants, which we do now sence call by<br />

a strained worde Villaines, ar not here talked of. 1600<br />

Holland Ziz^y xLv.xliv. 1233 b, This K[ing]. .waswont. .to<br />

acknowledge & cal himselfe the freed villaine and vassaile<br />

of the people of Rome. 1622 Bacon Henry VII, 156 John<br />

Cut, . . Henry Wyat, and such other Caitifes and Villaines of<br />

Birth, have beene the principall Finders. X698 Fryer Acc.<br />

E. India


VILLEINESS. 209 VINAIGRETTE.<br />

v^'llenage agenst the seid defendauntes. 1551 in J. S.<br />

Leadam S^. Cases Crt. Requests (Selden) 58 To dyscharge<br />

the vyllynage and Iwndage of the bloudde of the said complaynants.<br />

1600 Holland Lh'y xli. viii. noi They that<br />

were to leave such yssue at home, gave their children as it<br />

were in viilenage to some Romane citi/en or other whom<br />

they liked of. 1643 Milton Str^'. Salve 26 Reduced to the<br />

terms of the Peasants of France, "of viilenage and slavery.<br />

1699 Temple Hist. Eng, 59 The Children that were born of<br />

these miserable People, belonged to tlie Lord of the Soil, ,<br />

and thus began Viilenage in England. x8i8 Hallam Mid.<br />

Ages (1872) II. 57 The viilenage of the peasantry in some<br />

parts of Catalonia was very severe. 185a H. Rogers Eel.<br />

Faith 418 Mr. Newman says that it was Cliristions, not<br />

w/c«, that the Church sought to enfranchise; it little<br />

matters; she sought to abolish all viilenage. 1866 Rogers<br />

Agric. 4 Prices I. iv. 70, I do not doubt that the social<br />

state of viilenage existed.<br />

fig. 1590 Spenser F. Q. ii. xi. i No wietchednesse is like<br />

to sinfull vellenage. 16134 Hieron Wks, I. 481 The continuall<br />

gamster is, as it were, in the state of viilenage to his<br />

humor. 1644 Milton Diz>orce 11. iti. 36, I spake ev'n now,<br />

as if sin were condemn'd in a perpetual viilenage never to<br />

be free by law, never to be manumitted.<br />

p. 1589 Warner Albion^s England v. xxiii. loi Ihus<br />

Eiiglands hope with Englands heire in one same Kark did<br />

saile; When desprat from their viilanage was English bloud<br />

of baile. 1607 Topskll Four-/. Beasts 449 For those<br />

[ichneumons] that are ouercume in combates one with<br />

aiK>thcr, are branded with a warlicke marke of Villanage,<br />

or subiection to their Conquerors. 1700 Drvijen IVi/e<br />

0/ BittWs T, 443 Their Glories shine ;<br />

But Infamyand ViU<br />

lanage are thine. 1761 [see Serf 2 bj. 1796 Moti&e. A mer.<br />

Geog. II. 245 Joseph II rendered an essential service to<br />

humanity, in abolishing the servitude or vilianage of the<br />

peasants of Bohemia. 1841 ELfHiNSTONS Hist. Imi, II. 287<br />

The original population., had.. been conquered and reduced<br />

to a sort of villanage by certain Afghan tribes. 1876<br />

FsECMAN Norm, Conq. xxiv. V. 480 While the churl sank<br />

to the state of villainage, the slave rose to it.<br />

V. 16^1 Tertnesdela Ao* 262 b, The division of Villeinage,<br />

is villeine of blood, and of tenure. 183a Ht. Martinrau<br />

Dftttei'ara Vu 22 Then came the bondage and villeinage of<br />

the Gothic nations. 1873 Spkncer Stud. Sociol. v. 103 When<br />

villeinage had passed away and serfs were no longer maintained<br />

by their owners. iWq J^ssof}? Coming o/Frittrs\\.6t<br />

•A man or woman born in villeinage could never shake it off.<br />

3. The body of villeins; villeins collectively.<br />

x8&4 Burton Scot Air. I. i. 31 The French peasantry or<br />

villainage of the period.<br />

Vi'lleiness. rare. [f. Villeik + -ess.] A<br />

female villein.<br />

i6ti Cotgr. s.v. C


VINAIGROUS.<br />

Coach on Two Wheels, dragg'd by a Man, and push'd<br />

behind by a Woman or Boy, or both. i^8 A. Balfour To<br />

Arms xxiv. 272 The vinegrettes plying hither and thilher<br />

. . are like Sedans mounted on two thin wheels.<br />

3. A small ornamental bottle or box usually<br />

containing a s()onge charged with some aromatic<br />

or pungent salts ; a smelling-bottle.<br />

itii .Miss L. M. Hawkins Cteis * Gerlr. I. 55 She had<br />

no resource but silence, her fan and her vittaigrette. »°47<br />

C Bronte Tfatte Eyrtxsi\\ The matrons, meantime, offered<br />

vinaiftrettes and wielded fans. i«66 Geo. Euot P-Holt<br />

ixxix. She.. took up. .a gold vinaigrette which Mrs. Iransome<br />

often lilced to carry with her.<br />

b. trans/. Applied to a person.<br />

1836 T. Hook G. Gurtiry I. iv. 140, I would not.. have<br />

veotuml to confess to my most exemplarj- parent, more<br />

especially in the presence of the fair vinaigrette,, .the<br />

adventure at Twickenham,<br />

VlnaigrouB, a. rarr^. [f. F. vinatgie vinegar.]<br />

Vinegary ; sour-tempered.<br />

1837 Carlvle Fr. Rev. 1. vil. ix. Even the ancient vinai.<br />

grous Tantes admit it; the King's Aunts, ancient Graille<br />

and Sisterhood.<br />

Vinakir, obs. Sc. form of Vinegar.<br />

Vinal (vai-nal), a. [ad. L. vTiial-is (rare), f.<br />

vm-um wine, or directly f. vin-iiin + -al.]<br />

+ 1. Addicted to, fond of, wine. Ohs.~^<br />

1651 S. S. Weepers 6 His Vinal and Venereous temper<br />

opened the little Wicket for the five other Deadly Sinnes.<br />

2. Produced by, originating in, wine.<br />

1658 R. White tr. Digby^s P v. ; obs. Sc. f.<br />

Wind v. Vindage, var, Vkndage Obs, Vindak»<br />

obs. Sc. var. Window. Vinde, southern<br />

ME. var. Find v. ; obs. f. Vine sb.<br />

Vindemial (vindrmial), «. rare. [ad. L. (postclassical)<br />

vindemidl'isy f. vindhnia Vindemy.] Of<br />

or belonging to, associated with, the gathering of<br />

grapes.<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr. [Hence in Phillips, Kersey, etc.]<br />

1819 H. Busk Dessert 418 Yes, come, Lysus, leave thy<br />

lucid rills, Thy ivy borders and vindemial hills.<br />

Viudexuiate (vindrmi^'t), », [f. L. vindim-<br />

idt't ppl. stem of vindemidre^ f. as prec] intr.<br />

To gather ripe fruit, esp. grapes. Hence Vinde'miatiug<br />

vbl. sb.<br />

1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. Aug. 72 Now vindemiate and<br />

take your Bees towards the expiration of this Moneih. 1670<br />

IJ1.0UNT Glossogr. (ed. 3), I'iiidetiiiate, to gather grapes<br />

or ripe fruit in harvest, [Hence in Phillips, etc.] 1728<br />

Chambers Cyc/., Vindeviiaiing, the gathering of Grapes, or<br />

otlierripe Fruits. 1831 Whewell in Todhunter Ace. Writ.<br />

(1876) II. 123 People will ask you to reckon your fruits : so<br />

vindemiate as fast as you can.<br />

Viudexuiation (vind/"mi?'*j3n). [ad. med.L.<br />

vindeniidtiOj f. L. vindemidre : see prec] The<br />

gathering of grapes or other fruits. Also trans/.<br />

andyf^.<br />

1609 C. Butler Fem, Mon. x. (1623) Tij, Of the fruit<br />

and profit of Bees : Wherein is shewed first the Vindemiation<br />

or taking of Combes. 1653^. G- Bacon's /fist. Winds^<br />

etc. 305 Let this be the first Vindemiation or inchoated<br />

interpretation of the Forme of heat. 1669 Worlidge Syst.<br />

Agric. 277 / 'indemiation, the gathering of Grapes, or reaping<br />

the Fruit of any thing ; as of Cherries, Apples, Bees, &c.<br />

1 727 Bailev (vol. Ill, and in later Diets.<br />

V inde'iniatory, a. rare~**. [ad. L. vindemidt-<br />

dri-us (Varro).] (See quot.)<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr. ^ Vindemiatory^ of or balonging to<br />

gathering Grapes, or ripe Fruit in Harvest.<br />

Viudexuiatriz (vindfmi^'-triks), [med, of<br />

II<br />

mod.L. fem. oi vindemidtor vintager, star in Virgo,<br />

f. L. vindemidre : see Vindemiate v.'\<br />

1. A bright fixed star in the constellation Virgo.<br />

1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Vindemiatrix, a Fixed<br />

Star of the third Magnitude, in the Constellation Virgo,<br />

whose Longitude is 185 degr, 23 min. Latitude 16 degr.<br />

15 niin. [Hence in later Diets.] 1728 Chambers Cycl. s.v.<br />

I'irga, Stars in the Constellation Virgo [include].., Upper<br />

of North Wing, Vindemiatrix. 1843 Penny Cyel. XXVI.<br />

373/1 Of the bright stars in this triangle, Vindemiatrix is<br />

the one nearest to the line joining Arcturus and ^ Leonis.<br />

i860 Olmsted Mech, Heav. 347 Twenty degrees north of<br />

Spica, is Vindemiatrix, in the arm of Virgo, a star of the<br />

third magnitude.<br />

2. * A female vintager' (Bailey, 1721).<br />

fVi'ndemy. Obsr~^ [ad. L.wW^W7iZ vintage,<br />

fruit-gathering.] The taking of honey from bee-<br />

hives.<br />

1609 C. Butler Fem. Mon. v. (1623) Kiij, At the Vindemie,<br />

in a fair calm morning, before any Bees be abroad,<br />

shut up close all the stalls in your Garden.<br />

Vinden, southern ME. variant of Find v.<br />

Vindicabi'lity. rare-°. [f. next.] *The<br />

quality of being vindicable, or capable of support<br />

or justification.*<br />

1828-32 Webster (citing yml. ofScience).<br />

Vindicable (vi*ndikab*l), «. [ad. late l^.vindicdbilis<br />

(Du Cange), f. L. vindicdre to vindicate.<br />

Cf. OF. vindicable punishing.]<br />

f 1. Vengeful, vindictive. Obs.-^<br />

1632 Lithgow Trot'. 1. 7 Any obuious obiect of disastrous<br />

misfortune : or perhaps any vindicable action, [which] might<br />

from an vnsetled ranckour be conceiued.<br />

2. Capable of being vindicated ; admitting of<br />

being justified or maintained,<br />

1647 Engl. Mountebank Cast. Sickly Water State s'^^^^'^^<br />

freedoms, liberty of person, property of Estates given away<br />

and become meere Notions, and not vindicable, nor preservable<br />

by Law. 1713 Lond. Gaz. No. 5090/1 The most<br />

vindicable Quarrel can be imagiu'd. 1736 Chandler Hist.<br />

Persec. 436, i think this manner of subscribing to Creeds..<br />

is infamous in its nature, and vindicable upon no principles<br />

of conscience and honour. 1775 S. J. Pkatt Liberal Opin.<br />

xlviii. (1^83) II. 39, I think every work of God vindicable.<br />

1836 J. Hallev in W. Arnot Me/n. (1842) 61 Feelings which<br />

were natural, but by no means vindicable. 1844 H. H.<br />

Wilson Brit. India II. 336 Hostilities in this campaign<br />

were generally prosecuted in a stern and inflexible spirit,<br />

vindicable, perhaps, by the cruelty and treachery of the<br />

Mahtatta princes.<br />

Vi'ndicant. /Ionian Law. l&d.'L.vindicant-,<br />

vindicans, -pres. pp\e. of vindicdre: see next.] The<br />

claimant in a suit.<br />

1880 Muirhead Gaius n. § 24 The praetor adjudges the<br />

thing to the vindicant.<br />

his hand a rod.<br />

/bid. iv. § 16 'Ihe vindicant held in<br />

Vindicate (vi-ndikv't), v. Also 6-7 %%pa.pple.<br />

[f. L. vindicdt-^ ppl. stem of vindicdre (also ven-<br />

dicdre :<br />

punish, etc., f. vim^ ace. sing, of vis force + die-,<br />

stem of iitc^re to say. Cf. It. vindicare, Sp. and<br />

Pg. vindicar, F. vendiquer,^<br />

+ 1, trans, a. To exercise in revenge. Obs."^<br />

1533 Bellenden Livy (S.T.S.) II. 326 Praying t?am lo<br />

provid Jjat t>e peple vindicat na Ire nor wraith [altered to<br />

vse na vengeanc* nor punycioun] on ^am.<br />

see Vendicatez;.) to claim, to set free, to


VINDICATE.<br />

t b. To avenge or revenge (a person, cause,<br />

wrong, etc.). Obs.<br />

i6a3 CocKF.RAM I, Vindicate^ to reuenge. i6ss Stanley<br />

Hist. Philos. I. (16S7) 17/2 Solon declared, thai it behoved<br />

them.. that they should vindicate the Gods cause. 1660<br />

Ingeuo Bcntk'. f, U>: u, (1682) 164 Resolving by God's<br />

assistance to vindicate his Wrongs. 1665 Sir T. Herbert<br />

Trtw. (1677) 67 News.. being bfought King Achbar that<br />

Mirza Sharoph . . had been injured by the Ouzbeg Tartar<br />

the King resolve*^ to vindicate him. 1713 Swikt Catienus<br />

+ / anrjia Wks. 1 755 III. ]i. 18 But Cupid, full of mischief,<br />

longs To vindicate his mother's wrongs.<br />

to. To pnnish'; to visit with punishment. Obs.<br />

163a LiTHGow Trav. vin. 367 There are seuerall Seates of<br />

luslice heere (though none to vindicate beastlinesse). 1659<br />

Pearson Creed i. 86 God is more powerfuil to exact subiaction,<br />

and to vindicate rebellion. 1665 Manlev Crolius'<br />

Lmu C. ll^ars


VINDICATORILY.<br />

OF. vindicateitr. It. vindicatore, Pg, vindicador^<br />

One who vindicates, in various senses of the verb.<br />

fS66 Painter Pal. Pleas. I. 68 For as Romutus was the<br />

first builder and peopler of that citic, so was Caiiiillus the<br />

vindicator and deliuerer of the same. 1647 Clarendon<br />

Hist. Reh. III. § 3 A man, who in the memory of many<br />

Csent, bad sate in that House an earnest vindicator of the<br />

»rs. i^i Baxter Inf.Bapt. 314 Dr. Twissc, and all our<br />

modem vindicators of grace. 1603 Drvden Disc. Satire<br />

Hiss (ed. Kcr) II. 87 A noble soul is better pleased with a<br />

zealous vindicator of Roman liberty, than with a temporising<br />

poet. 1714 FoRTKscuE-Ai-AND Fortcscuc's Abs.ff /-//«.<br />

MoH. Ded. 4 Our Author was so great a Lover and Vindicator<br />

of it Ilhe Engli-ih Constitution]. 1701 Genii. Mag,<br />

Jan. «/i A certain vindicator of the Marbles, .has taken<br />

occasion.. to insult.. Le Clerc x8»7 Scott Surg. Dan.<br />

xtii. When this eager vindicator of betrayed innocence<br />

arrived in the capital of Hyder. 1849 Robertson Sertu.<br />

Ser. I. xi. (1855) 190 Job knew that God was the vindicator<br />

of wrongs. 1884 sped . ^ O^Li. 1320/2 Our author, .has.<br />

entered the lists. -as the vindicator of the claims of the<br />

Highland Crofters.<br />

Hence Ti-ndicatorsUp, the personality of a<br />

vindicator. rarr~^.<br />

1695 J. Sage Fnndam, Charter Presbyt. Pref. (1607) 1 4,<br />

It was necessary for his Vindicatorship to justify this<br />

Separation.<br />

Vindicatorily, adv. [f. Vindicatory a.] In<br />

a vindicatory or justifying manner.<br />

1854 N. P. Willis in Ltfeff Lett. W. /rving- (iZ6i) IV.<br />

179 Thus vindicatorily of his frietid spoke the just and<br />

kind Geoffrey Crayon. 1891 igth Cent. Dec. 1019 'i'he<br />

vindicatorily personal denial of Councils of War in 1866.<br />

Vindicatory (vi-ndik^tsri), a. [f. Vindicate<br />

V. -*- -ORT.]<br />

1. Serving to vindicate ; justificatory, defensive.<br />

1647 Royally RoyallisCs Plea 13 The warre on the Kings<br />

side IS vindicatory and defensorie. 1755 Johnson, Viudicatory^<br />

defensory ; justificatory. 180a Mrs. J. West Infidel<br />

Father 111. 25S No proud aggression of vindicatory virtue<br />

would be '.-isible in her manner. 1863 Gto. Eliot Romola<br />

111. xxiii, A favourable magistracy .. were writing urgent<br />

vindicator^" letters to Rome on his behalf. 1884 tgthCeni,<br />

May 860 The teaching of the parent Legislature does not<br />

end with the record of the famous contentions and vindicatory<br />

triumphs of the past from which it is derived.<br />

2. Avenging punitive, retributive.<br />

;<br />

1655 Bramhall Def. True Liberty 83 The afflictions of<br />

Job were no vindicatory punishments to take vengeance<br />

of his sins, . .but probatory chasti cement 5 to make triall of<br />

his graces. 1765 Blackjtone Cojinit. I. 56 To make the<br />

sanction of their laws rather vindicatory than remuneratory,<br />

or to consist rather in punishments, than in actual particular<br />

rewards. x8oo Ann. Reg. 153 The laws should be vindicatory<br />

on such occasions. 1874 Bl'shnell Forgiveuess '. Error 44 Pleasure brings as<br />

surely in her train, Remorse, and Sorrow, and vindictive<br />

Pain. i8»7 I'ollok Course J'. 11, He. .Amidst vindictive<br />

thunders lets them try The stoutness of their heart. 187S<br />

PosTE Gains 1. Introd., Sometimes the sanction is retribu-<br />

Hve or vindictive, the expression of the conscience or moral<br />

sentiments of the Society.<br />

0. Of deities : Inliicting punishment for wrongdoing.<br />

1703 RowE Ulysses iii. i. Vindictive Jove prepares his<br />

Thunder. Let the Wrong-doer and the Tyrant tremble.<br />

1781 CowpER Export. 407 The fast that wins deliv'rance,<br />

and suspends The stroke that a vindictive God intends, Is<br />

to renounce hypocrisy.<br />

3. Vindictive damages^ damages awarded not<br />

only as compensation to the plaintiff but also as<br />

a punishment to the defendant.<br />

i8i3^««. Rjg.^Chron.bj It seemed established that there<br />

was no gross misconduct ..on the part of the coachman, to<br />

call for vindictive damages.<br />

f B. sb. An act of punishment. Obsr'^<br />

17»6 De Foe Hist. Devil i. i. 12 Who., could give a full<br />

. .account of the deluge, whether it was a meer vindictive,<br />

a blast from heaven ?<br />

Vindictively (vindi-ktivli), adv. [f. prec. +<br />

-LY 2.] In a vindictive manner; revengefully.<br />

1737 Bailev (vol. II). 1755 Johnson, Revengingly., with<br />

vengeance; vindictively. 1827 Pollok Course T. x,_ Has<br />

He not. .given at times Example fierce of wrath and judgment,<br />

poured Vindictively on nations guilty long? 1837<br />

SvD. Smith Wks, {1859) ''• 287/2 Such a power might be<br />

maliciously and vindictively exercised. 1878 Leckv Eng.<br />

in 18th C. I. iv. 534 The leaders of fashion.. steadily and<br />

vindictively derided them.<br />

ViudictiveuesS (vindi'ktivnes). [f. as prec.<br />

+ -NESS.] The state or character of being vindic-<br />

tive ; revengefulness.<br />

+ Vindict. Obs. rare, [ad. L, vitidkta.'] Ven-<br />

1676 Hale Contem^l. i. 476 If it found any corruptions<br />

within, either of Pride, Vain Glory, Insolence, Vindictiyeness,<br />

or the like. 1679 Pranck Add. Narr. 45 That which<br />

makes it more remarkable, is, That this Vindictiveness was<br />

exercised towards men of his own Religion. 1740 Rhjhaku*<br />

SON Pamela (1824) I. 381 <strong>Here</strong>, to recapitulate my faults, is,<br />

in the first place, vindictiveness; I will not call it downright<br />

revenge. 1800 Cogan Passions 11. i. (1802) 195 I here<br />

is a vindictiveness in fear, which may render it dangerous<br />

to its most innocent cause. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India<br />

III. 180 'i'he shield thrown over their dependants against<br />

their tyranny or vindictiveness. ,1884 A. R. Pennington<br />

IViclify'vi. 242 Hetellsus. .that vindictiveness had mingled<br />

geance, revenge ; retribution.<br />

1639 Guild in Spalding Troubles (1828)1. 314 As Simeon<br />

and Levi, pretending religion, but intending their own<br />

private vmdict. 1675 R. Burthogge Causa Dei 141 The<br />

Punishments annexed to them must be executed on<br />

offenders, they being Vindicts and concerning God.<br />

Vindictive (vindi'ktiv), a. and sb. [f. L,<br />

vinduta vengeance, revenge + -ive.]<br />

A. adj. 1. Of persons ; Given to revenge ; having<br />

a revengeful disposition. (Cf. Vindicative<br />

a. I.)<br />

with his rigliteous indignation.<br />

Vindicti'volence. noncc-wd, [f. L. vindida<br />

vengeance, after malevolence. The desire of re-<br />

'\<br />

venging oneself or of taking vengeance^<br />

1865 J- Grote Moral Ideals {i8y6) 261 Ill-will is perhap-s<br />

always a form or mode of vindictivolence, i.e. is connecied<br />

with a feeling of ourselves as somehow wronged.<br />

t Vindi'Ctor. Obs.~^ [Irrcg. f. L. vindicta ]<br />

= Vindicator.<br />

1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. 6 It being a Science that<br />

teacheth the difference of good and evil ; and the Conser-<br />

1616 BuLLOKAR Eng. Expos. f Vindictim, reuengefull, or<br />

apt to reuen^e. \'J^ecn first known at an Egyptian town,<br />

if the Egyptians had no vines. 1870 H. Macmillan True<br />

Vine V. (1872) 190 The celebrated vine of Hampton Court is<br />

a most productive bearer.<br />

A representation ©f a vine in metal, em-<br />

etc. ; also, in mod. use, an omainental<br />

cut by a skater on the ice.<br />

fz 1400 Sqr, Icnve Degre 207 With vines of golde set all<br />

aboute Within your shelde, . . Fulfylled with ymagery.<br />

a 1400-50 Alexander -^b^j Be-twene ^e pelers was pi5t with<br />

precious leuys, Gilden wynes with grapis of gracious stanes.<br />

1506 Lincoln Wills (1914) I. 44 A whyte pece with a coveryng<br />

wroght with grapes or vynes on it. 1633 P. Fletcher<br />

Purple Isl. xr. xlii, Agneia.. spying Methos fenc't in 's iron<br />

vine, Pierc't his swoln panch. x88ii .Sheldon tr. Flaubert's<br />

Salammbd g These cups were embellished on each of their<br />

six golden faces by an emerald vine. 1891 G. H. Kingsley<br />

sp. ^ Tra7t, (1900) 460 When you have a pair of skates on,<br />

and an admiring circle of spectators to excite you into<br />

developing your most exquisite * vines'.<br />

d. collect. Vine-plants. rare~~^,<br />

1779 FoKREsr Voy. N. Guinea 382 The Chinese keep the<br />

ground very clean Ijetween the rows of vine.<br />

2. Jig, a. Applied to Christ, in renderings or<br />

echoes of John xv. i and 5.<br />

CXJJ.S Shoreiiam i. 804 For iesus scy\) \>c vygne he hys,<br />

And tice J>e greyn of wete. 13. . /;. E. Allit. P. A. 628 In<br />

^le water of babtem J)ay dyssente, pen ariie Jiay boro5t in-to<br />

be vyne. 1382 Wvclif John xv. 5, I am a vyne, ^e ben the<br />

braunchis. c 1450 Mj-rr. oure Ladye 281, I as a vyne haue<br />

fruited the swetnesse of smelle. .. In this Chapyter, oure<br />

h>rde ys lykened to a vyne. 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W.<br />

1531) 222 b, For in that our lorde is as a vyne, and all<br />

chiysiyans be as the braunches of the sayd vyne. 1568<br />

Lauder Godlie Tract. 395 Christ Iesus, the faithfull wine.<br />

1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. Ivi. (1611) 308 That true Vine<br />

whereof wee both spiritually and corporally are branches.<br />

1870 H. Macmillan True Vine 26 Its full significance was<br />

not known until Christ, the True Vine, made it known.<br />

b. In allusion to Ps. cxxviii. 3.<br />

1787 M. Cutler in Z,//^,etc. (1888) 1. 289 He.. has married<br />

a wife, who bids fair to be a fruitful vine, for she has had<br />

three children in four year^. 1807 Crahbe Par. Reg. \. 477<br />

Now of that vine he'd have no more increase, Those playful<br />

branches now disturb his peace.<br />

C. In miscellaneous uses.<br />

1590 [see Elm sb. 3]. 1611 Shaks, Cymb. iv, ii. 60 Grow<br />

patient, And let the stinking- Klder (Greefe) vntwine His<br />

perishing roote, with the encreasing Vine. 1639 S. l>u<br />

Verc;er tr. Camus' Admir. Erenis 149 Zotique..had like<br />

a furious wild Boare made a prodigious spoyle in the vine<br />

of many womens honesty. [Cf. Ps. Ixxx. 8, 13.I 1643 [see<br />

Klm j


VINE. 213 VINE.<br />

them which the wilde vine (called of vs Aa^rttjra) doth now<br />

bring forth. 1607 Topskll Four./. Beasts 372 Take of the<br />

stalkes of Vitis ttlba, otherwise called Brioni, or wilde Vine,<br />

two..handfuls. 1731 Miller Gard. Diet. s.v. Vitis^ The<br />

Wild Vine, commonly called the Claret Grape. This Sort<br />

of Grape is pretty well known in England. 1753 Chambers''<br />

Cyct. Suppl. S.V. Vitisy The species of Vine enumerated by<br />

Mr. Tournefort, are these: i.The common, or wild Vine.<br />

1796 Withering Brit. Plant's (ed. 3) II. 67 Redberritd<br />

Bryony. Wild Vine. 1814 Scott Lord of Isles 1. xxviii, As<br />

the wild vine in tendrils spread, Droops from the mountain<br />

Qak. 1855 Miss Pkatt Floiver. PI. I. 18 Clematis vitalba.<br />

..Country people call It. .Wild Vine. Ibid. II. 312 A very<br />

pretty climber ts this Wild Bryony,, .called also Wild Vine.<br />

b. In other special names, chiefly of non-Hritish<br />

plants.<br />

Allegbany vine, an American biennial plant {Adiumia<br />

///w^-i'irt), also called 'climbing fumitory'. Arbor vine:<br />

see SpANrsn a. g. Balloon vine, an Australian plant (see<br />

qiiots.). Bean ^'xxi't^ Phascolus di-ocrsi/oiius (see Bean 8).<br />

t Black vine, black bryony. Burdekin vine, an Australian<br />

species of Vitis (see quot.). Caustic vine (see<br />

quot.). Climbing vine, t (a) the Virginian creeper ; (/>) a<br />

cinchonaceous plant, Psyckotria parasitica. Condor<br />

vine, GoHolohus Cunditrango. Cypress vine, quanioclii.<br />

Deer vine, the twinflower (Z/«//c.i). Granadilla<br />

vine : see GRANAorLLA b. Harvey's vine, an Australian<br />

plant, Sarcopetalum Harueyannin. Hungry vine, tiie<br />

green brier or cat-brier (Swilax). India-rubber vine,<br />

Cryptoite^ia grandijlora. Isle of Wight vine, bryony<br />

or black bryony. Lawyer vine : see Lawyer 6. Link<br />

vine, a West Indian species of vanilla {V, articulata).<br />

Madeira or Mexican vine, the climbing plant Boussingaultia<br />

baselloides^ a native of the Andes. Matrimony<br />

vine : see MATRiMONy 7. Mignonette vine : scj<br />

MiGNONKiTE 3. Milk vine, (a) the Southern European<br />

plant Periphca grxca-, (b) a Jamaican plant, Forsteronia<br />

floributuia. Negro vine, a hairy-leaved species of I'incctoxicum.<br />

Pea vine: see Pka-vine. Pepper vine: see<br />

Pepper sb. 5. Pipe vine: see Pipe sh\ w b. Poison<br />

vine: see Poison isprig; be so drunke that he cannot<br />

spcakc. 1794 Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udoipiw xlix, She<br />

found the old woman within, pickin.:; 'vine-stalks. x888<br />

Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 237 The conformation of the *vine<br />

stem has elicited a vast amount of explanatory comment.<br />

1531 Tindale Exp, t fohn (1537) m He y' is cut from y<br />

*vynestockc. .can nut but abyde vnfrutcful. 1600 Surflet<br />

Counirie Farme in. xxxiv, 497 The Italians graft it [sc.<br />

olive-tree] vpon the vine, boring the vine stocUe tieer vnto<br />

the earth {etcl. 1690 Tkmci.e Ess. Anc. ff Mod, Learn,<br />

(1909) 19 A large Table at Memorancy cut out of the thickness<br />

of a Vine-stock. 1868 Morris Earthly Par, (1870) 11.<br />

in. 3 Above them did they see the terraced way, And over<br />

that the vine-stocks, row on row. 1898 Manson Tr


VINE.<br />

1601 Holland Pliny I. 537 A ceriaine hearbe, which the the purpose, which thereupon look the name Vmea. 1614<br />

Sicilians in their language call Ampclodcsinos, (1. Vine- GoRGKs tr. Lucan 111. 106 Their Vinias to the wall they<br />

bind). i860 lire's Did. Arts (ed. 5) Ili. 966 *Kiiwr Hack, brought, Couerd with greene turfesall aloft. 1678 Phillips<br />

a black procured by charring the tendrils of the vine and (ed. 4). 1718 RowK tr. Lucan 111. 721 Beneath the Vinea<br />

levigating them. 185* Johnson Garif. Z?/c/.,*Vine Bower, close th' Assailant lies, 1783 W', Gordon tr. Livy's Rem.<br />

CietM.Uis I'iticclia. 1854 Forrkster in Proc, H oyal Soc. Hist. II. xvii. (1809) 130 The Vineae and other works were<br />

VII. 156 On the *Vine.Disease in the Port-wine Districts of repaired. 1885 Oman Art War 47 The vinea and testudo,<br />

the Alto-Douro. x6oi Holland Pliny 1. 536 The manner the catapult onager and balista, were as well known in the<br />

of. .planting by a trees side a *Vine Dragon (for so we use tenth century as in the first.<br />

to call the old braunch of a Vine past all service, which ViueSrl (vi'n/.il), a. rare, [ad. L. vJuedlis, f.<br />

hath done bearing many a yeare, and is now growne to be<br />

7inea Vi^v.sb.'] Of or pertaining to vines or wine<br />

hard). 1855 Zoologist XIII. 4680 Speyer gives Agrotis<br />

aquilina as a *vtne-feeder. x66i Walton Angler (ed. living on vines ; consisting of wine.<br />

3) 97<br />

Now for Flies;.. I will name you but some of them, as. .the 1659 H. M«RE Immort. Soul iir. xii. 454 These exhala-<br />

cloudy, or blackish Hie, the flag-flye, the *vine-flye. 1668 tions of the Vineyards must spread, .from., the Canaries to<br />

Chahlkton Onomast. 47 //j,..lhe Vine-Fly. 17*8 Cham- England. ..So that there will be an Hemisphere of vineall<br />

bers Cyd. s.v. Fishing Fiy, Natural Flies are innumerable: Atoms of an incredible extent. 1859 Mavnk Expos. Lex.,<br />

. .the Tawny-Fly, the Vine-Fly, the Shell Fly. 1857 Hen- Vinenlis, applied by Mirbel to plants that grow spontane-<br />

FREV Btn. 5 6.^6 The *Vine Fungus appears to be a plant of ously on tlie vines, ..vineal. 1908 Daily Chron. 30 Oct. 9<br />

this tribe \Oidium\ rarely producing perfect fruit. 1753<br />

Ckatttbers Cycl. Suppl., */'7«tf Gallinscct, an insect of the<br />

gallinsect class, principally found on the Vine, though capable<br />

of living on some other trees, c 1449 Pkcock Repr.<br />

IM. xvi. 383 Whanne money is paled to., a laborer in a *vyne<br />

g.irde!n for his day labour in the same vyne gardein. 1839<br />

W. Chambers Tour Rhine ^7/1 A tolerably lon^ reach of<br />

the river, between banks nchly clad with vine gardens.<br />

c 1440 Alph, Tales 201 When (>aj come l»er, t»e *vyne-garth,<br />

at no frute was in befor, was growyng full of rype grapis.<br />

1687 Mi^GE Gt, Fr. Did. u, Vine-fretter, or * Vine-grub.<br />

1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Vine-grub, a' kind of Worm<br />

that gnaws the Vine. 1753 Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v.,<br />

Reaumur observes, that . . boih the winged and the unwinged<br />

Vine-grubs are females. i6oi Holland Pliny I. 547 Men<br />

are wont to take their *'Vine hookes when they be newly<br />

ground & sharpened [etc.). 1615 Thomas' Did. (ed. 10),<br />

AverrttHCo,. .to purge vines with a vinehookc. t^^xCatk.<br />

Angl. 402/1 A *vyne knyfc, /^il.r, /a/c icula. 1611 Cotgr.,<br />

Serpette,A Vine knife, or Gardeners knife. 1715 Fa/ft. Diet.<br />

S.V. Vintage, You must also provide Paniers, Dresners,<br />

Vine-Knives, Shovels and Rakes. 1597 Gerarde Herbal<br />

I. lxxx\iii. 139 The *Vine Leeke groweth of it selfe in vineyards,<br />

and neere vnto vines in hot regions, whereof it both<br />

tooke the name Vine Leeke and French Leeke. 1852<br />

G. W, Johnson Cottage Gtird. Did. 24/2 A[lliui>i] nmpeloprasum<br />

(vine-leek). x88a Gard, Chron. XVI L 20 The new<br />

*Vine-louse Convention, held at Berne. 1550 Coverdai.e<br />

Spir. Perle vi, Wks. (Parker Soc.) L 115 The heavenly<br />

•vineman bringeth the Christians unto the winepress. 1579-<br />

80 North Plutarch (1612) 368 In the morning.. he went<br />

out.. with his vine-men to labour in his vineyard. 1588<br />

Fraunce La^viers Log. i. i. 2b, The word..isinetaphoricalI<br />

.., being borrowed of the *Vinemayster. 1855 Ogilvie<br />

Suppl. 283 Oidium tuckeri is the *vine-mildew, parasitical<br />

upon the leaves and green parts of vines, x^^y Chambers's<br />

Encycl. IX. 800/2 The vine disease, or vine mildew,, .has of<br />

late years made great ravages. 184a Louuon Suburban<br />

Hort. Ill A . . very efficient mode of destroying the * vinemoth<br />

in France. 1704 Did, Rust. *<br />

(1726), Vine-Pear, or<br />

Damsel-Pear, is gray, reddish, round, and pretty big. 1731<br />

Miller Gard. Diet. s.v. Pyrus, Poire de Vigne, i.e. The<br />

Vine Pear. 1887 IVestm. Rev. June 364 The ravages of the<br />

*vinc-pest with the terrible name of Phylloxera vasteitn.r<br />

in France. 1897 Outing^ XXIX. 434/1 Then came the<br />

terrible vine-pest, and on its heels came ruin. 1587 Greene<br />

Euphues Wks. (Grosart) VI. 237 Alaytng the heate of<br />

Bacchus "vynepresse, with the sweete conserues fetcht from<br />

Myneruaes Library. 163a Lithgow Trav. x. 459 A Vinepresse<br />

house, standing afone amongst Vineyards. 1760-73<br />

H. Brooke F^ool 0/ Qual. (1809) II. 125 As grapes are<br />

squeezed in a vine-press. 1846 Keightlev Notes Virg-t<br />

Georg, II. 4 The vinepress, or va\ in which they trod the<br />

grapes. 1875 Knight Diet. Meek. 2710/2 * Vine-rake, an<br />

implement for pulling sweet-potalo or other vines off from<br />

the ridges preparatory to the digging of the ground. 1601<br />

Holland Pliny I. 406 For the Centurion hath the honour to<br />

carie in his hand a *Vine-rod. /z i66z Holvday Juvenal<br />

(1673) 263/1 They may get a vine-rod, that is, a centurion's<br />

place. 1856 Merivale Rom. Emp,\\\\. (1871) V. 145 Some<br />

showed him the,scars of their wounds, others the marks of<br />

the centurion's vine-rod. 1851 T. W. Harris Insects Injur.<br />

Veg. vi. (1862) 512 Fir Saw-FIy.—<br />

*Vine Saw-Fly.—Rose*<br />

bush Slug. [Ibid. 522 A kind of saw-fly which attacks the<br />

grape-vine,.. named Selandria Vitts. Tlie saw-fly of the<br />

vine is of a jet-black color.] 1886 Conder Syrian Stone-<br />

Lore ix. (1896) 357 The *vine-scrolls and grape-bunches on<br />

the oldest mosaics of the Dome of the Rock. x88i A. C.<br />

Grant Bush-Life xxii. Impenetrable *vine-scrubs Hue the<br />

river>banks at intervals. 1889 Lvmholtz A ff'iong Cannibals<br />

24 Along the streams vine-scrubs often abound. 1831 J.<br />

Davies Alat. Med. 413 Some animals of an inferior class,<br />

such as bull-frogs, the * vine-snail, turtle, viper, crayfish, &c,<br />

1601 Holland Pliny I. 406 The *Yine wand is now entred<br />

into the campe, and by it our armies are raunged Into battaillons.<br />

1736 Bailey Household Did. s,v.. The *vinewater<br />

without distilling, will have the same effect. 1882<br />

Garden 11 Mar. 172/1 Specimens of the black *Vine weevil<br />

(Otiorhynchus sulcatus), a very destructive insect. 1896<br />

LoDE.MAN spray. Plants 280 Fire-worm ; Cranberry-worm ;<br />

*Vine-worm; Blackhead {Rhopobota vaccintana). 1846<br />

LiNDLEY Veg. Kingd. 439 The propriety of placing Leea<br />

along with *Vineworts has been questioned. 1870 H. Mac-<br />

MiLLAN True Vine vii. (1872) 296 «c/^, The vine-worts,<br />

distinguished for their wholesome and nutritious qualities,<br />

seem closely allied to the Umbellifera.<br />

Hence Vine v, trans.^ to graft {in or into a vine)<br />

''5<br />

To obtain a 50 per cent, drop on Italian vineal exports to<br />

that country.<br />

Vineat, variant of Vinet l Obs.<br />

Viaea'tic, a. rare"^, [a. L. vlneatic-tts^ f.<br />

vJtiea Vine sb^ (See quot.)<br />

\t%(i^\j:s\)ti-xGlossogr., Vineatick, belongingto Vines, apt,<br />

or that serves for Vines.<br />

Vine-braucli. Also vine branch. [Vine<br />

sb.'\ A branch of a vine-tree.<br />

r 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 11201 The vyne-braunche with alle<br />

here grapes, c 1440 Fallal, on Hush. Table (1B96) 15 Vyne<br />

braunchis, to cnoynte. 1535 Coverdalk John xv. 6 He<br />

that abydeth not in me, is cast out as a vyne braunche.<br />

1560 BiBLK (Geneva) Nahum ii. 2 The emptiers haue<br />

emptied them out, & marred their vine branches. 1603<br />

Holland PlutardCs Mor. 685 He that gladly would in<br />

winter season weare a chaplet of vine branches. 1673-4<br />

Grkw Anal. PL, Anat. Trunks i. § 8 In Summer time,.,<br />

the Vessels also, in the Barque of a Vine- Branch, do Bleed<br />

a Sower .Sap. 1691 Ray Creation 11. (1692) 128 If in<br />

Summer-time you denude a Vine-branch of its Leaves, the<br />

Grapes will never come to maturity. 1731 Miller Gard.<br />

Did. s.v. Vitis^ That Bulk which they have acquir'd upon<br />

the Vine-branches. 1770 Langhorne Plutarch (1851) II.<br />

1107/1 He lifted up the vinebranch, with which the centurions<br />

chastise such as deserve stripes. 1818-2J Encyd.<br />

Metrop. (1845) XIV. 490/2 The vanilla is a plant of the<br />

thickness of a small vine branch. 1845 J. Coulter Adv. in<br />

Pacific xi. 133 Posts of wood, interlaced by vine branches.<br />

Vined, a^ rare. [f. Vine sb^<br />

1. Ornamented with the representation of a vine.<br />

1577 Harrison England n. xxiii. (1877) 1. 351 A table<br />

hauing at each hand an image vined and finelie florished<br />

both aboue and beneath. 1624 Wotton Elan. Archil, 31<br />

Other licentious inuentions, of Wreathed, and Vined, and<br />

Figured Columnes, which our Author hinibelfe condemneth.<br />

2. Impregnated with the qualities of a vine.<br />

1600 SuBFLET Countrie Farmc iii. x.v.\iv. 408 These<br />

Oliues will tast both of the one and of the other, and become<br />

as it were vined Oliues.<br />

tVinedage, variant of Vendage Obs»<br />

1574 Heli.owks Gueuara's Fani. Ep. (1577) 237 Since<br />

your garden is blasted, your vinedage ended,, .your prime<br />

tyme finished.<br />

Vine-dresser. [Vine sb^ One occupied in<br />

the pruning, training, and cultivation of vines.<br />

1560 Bible (Geneva) Joel i. 11 Houle, o ye vine dressers<br />

for the wheat, and for the barly. x6ii Bible Jcr. tii. 16<br />

Nebuzaradan . . left certaine of the poore of the land for Vinedressers<br />

and for husbandmen, a 1653 Gouge Comm. Heb.<br />

vii. (1655)11. 131 The Apostle exemplifieth the equity of this<br />

..by a Vine-dressers partaking of the fruit of it. 1709<br />

Lond. Gaz. 4556/1 Of these there are, Husbandmen and<br />

Vinedressers, one thou^nd eighty three. 1763 Mills Sys!.<br />

Prad. Husb. IV. 341 That so the vine dresser may dig all<br />

round the vine. x8i8 Lady Morgan Autobiog. (1859) 123<br />

When the vines were all gathered, the vinedressers came in<br />

procession under the castle windows. 1884 J._De Mille<br />

Castle in Spain iv. Shepherds, goatherds, and vine-dressers<br />

stared lazily up.<br />

fig. X770 Burke Pres. Discont. Wks. 1808 II. 273, I do<br />

not mean those branches [of trade] which bear without the<br />

hand of the vine-dresscr.<br />

Vine-fretter. Now rare or Obs. [Vine sb.^<br />

A grub or insect (in later use, a species of aphis)<br />

feeding upon vines.<br />

1608 TorsELL Serpents 105 After the manner of Vinefretters,<br />

which are a kind of CatterpiUers, or little hayrje<br />

wormes with many feete, that eate Vines when they begin<br />

to shoote. 1661 LovELL Hist. Anim. ^ Min. Isagoge c 2,<br />

The butyri in vines, and ipes, and the vinefretter in the<br />

leaves thereof. 1715 Fam. Did, s.v. Diseases of Trees, The<br />

Vine«fretter, a little black Animal, does a great deal of Mischief<br />

to Trees. 176a Mills Syst, Prad. Husb. I. 471<br />

Almost all the peas in his neighbourhood were destroyed<br />

that year by a kind of vermin called vine-fretters. 1777 W.<br />

Hooper Helvetius' Treat. Man I. 91 note, We should, .inclose<br />

a vinefretter in a phial. 1848 Bahtlett Diet. Amer.<br />

374 Vinefretter^ . .an insect very destructive to vines, rose<br />

bushes, cabbages, &c. in the Southern States. 1895 Dublin<br />

Rev, Oct. 444 He considered the generation of vine fretters<br />

from a new point of view.<br />

intr,^ to develop tendrils like a vine.<br />

1579 W. Wilkinson Confut. Fam. Love 15b, The vine<br />

braunch is to be vined in the vine. Ibid. 16 Neither doth<br />

the Greeke or Latin translation afford any such lermes of<br />

vinyng intoavine, as ye seme to import. 1796 C. Marshall<br />

Gardening xv. (1813) 2^7 Sticking pease is to take place as<br />

soon as they begin to vine (or. put forth tendrils).<br />

Vine, obs. Sc. form of Wine sb*<br />

II Vinea (vi-ma). Also 7 vinia, [L. vinea :<br />

see Vine sb!\ A kind of protective shed or penthouse<br />

anciently used in siege-operations.<br />

1601 Holland Pliny I. 406 How to approch the walls of<br />

their enemies, to give an assault under a frame devised for<br />

214<br />

Vinegar (vi-n/gai), J^. Forms: a. 4-6vyne-<br />

4-7 vinegre<br />

gre (4fyn-), 5-6vynagre, 6 -ygre ;<br />

(5 uin-, win-, 6 winnegre) , 7 vin'gre ; 5 venagre,<br />

5-7 venegre ; 5 vyneygre, -aygre, 7<br />

vinaigre. ^. 5-6 vyneger, 6 -egyr, vynyger;<br />

5-7 vineger (7 -ere, vinneger), 6-7 viniger<br />

(7 win-) ; 5 venegur, 6 -eger ; 5, 7 vinager, 7<br />

vinaiger, 5-6 vineager. 7. 6 vynegar, 6vinegar<br />

(8 ven-). 5. 4 vyuacre, 5, 7 vinacre,<br />

7 vinaicre ; 6 vinyoare, vinyker, vyneker,<br />

venyker, -iker, Sc. vinakir, venaker, wynakar,<br />

-akir, 7 Sc. wiuiker. [a. OF. vyn egre (14th cent.),<br />

VINEGAR<br />

vinaigre (so niod.F.), f, z^/w :— L. vimim wine<br />

egrCj aigre Kager a, Ci. l*r. vina'i)grej Sp. and<br />

Pg. vinagrc, It. vinagro. Some of the spellings<br />

are influenced by the later F. form, or by mod.L.<br />

vinitm (tcre.'\<br />

1, A liquid (consisting of acetic acid in a dilute<br />

form) produced by the acetous fermentation of<br />

wine and some other alcoholic liquors or si)ecial<br />

compounds, and employed either pure or with<br />

various admixtures in the preparation of food (or<br />

as a relish to this) and in the arts, etc.<br />

The chief sources of vinegar are indicated by the names<br />

7vine-, malt-, sugar-, and wood-vinegar. Radical vinegar :<br />

see Radical a. g. Thieves' vinegar : see Thief 5.<br />

a. a 1300 Cursor M. 16762 + 13 Vinegre t*t gall \.^ jews<br />

blend And to his mouth put Jjore. c 1315 Shokkham i. 829<br />

A! so longe hyt hys blod, Ase lest l>e forme of wyne, Nau^t<br />

of fynegre kende [^kind] chald. 136a Langl. /'. /'/. A. v.<br />

70 Venim.., or vinegre, I trouwe, Walle)> in my wombe.<br />

a 1425 tr. Ardcrne's Treat. Fistula, etc. 40 pe Inyse of<br />

celidone y-medled wih vinegre and warmed at pe fire. 1489<br />

Caxton F'aytes of A. i. xiv. 37 Flessh, benes, salt and<br />

vynaygre. a \r/. Brit. XXIV. 241/1 All sources of alcohol may<br />

be regarded as possible materials for making vinegar.<br />

h. a 1400 in Rel. Ant. I. 196 Seeth the rote in vynacre of<br />

wyne. 1497 Naval Ace. Hen. VII {iSgt) 88 Vinacre, ..j<br />

hoggshed. c if/oo Kennedy Passion of Christ 963 Intill<br />

wynakar l>ai soupit it full sone. 1533 Gau Richt Vay 41<br />

'Jhay suld..giff to hinie vinakir and gal to drink, 1583<br />

Shuttleiuorths' Ace. (Chetham Soc.) 8 A querte of vinycare,<br />

iiij^. X583-4 Ibid. 16 For foure quartes of veniker, xvj''.<br />

2586 Ibid. s6 A gallon of vyneker, xvj-*. 165a Gaule<br />

Magastrom, 44 The water of the wisemen, the philosophers<br />

vinacre, the minerall water. 1691 in Hawick .Archmoi.Soc.<br />

Trans. (1905) 13/2 I[tem] for osters and winiker, brandi and<br />

^pis, \£,\:>- 6. o.<br />

fig. a 1670 Hacket Abp. Williams i. (1693) 59 To stoop<br />

this Vinacre to the very Lees ; some will say [etc.].<br />

fb, ellipt. The accidental conversion of wine<br />

into vinegar. Obs.'~^<br />

1384 R. Scot Discov. Witchcr. xn. xiv. {1886) 201 A<br />

charme against vineager. That wine wax not eager, write<br />

on the vessell [etc. J.<br />

O. With a and pi. A particular kind, or special<br />

preparation, of vinegar.<br />

1839 Ube Did. Arts 13 'ITie fallacy of trusting to the<br />

hydrometer for determining the strength of vinegars. 1875<br />

H. C. Wood Therafi. (1879) 18 Vinegars are those preparations<br />

in which vinegar, or dilute acetic acid, is used as the<br />

menstruum.<br />

2. In allusive use : a^ With reference to the<br />

painful or harsh effect of vinegar on a wound,<br />

or on the teeth (after Prov. x. 26).<br />

1S48UDALL Erasmus Par. Mark ii, 20 He that put in<br />

the vinegre of sorowe, dyd also giue him the oyle of good<br />

hope. 1590 Nashe Mart. Marprcl. Wks. (Grosart) I. 224<br />

It IS vineger to his teeth, and maketh him very sawcie with<br />

his g. of Cant. 1645 Quarles Sol, Recant, in. xii, To<br />

qualify with oyle The soule-afflicting vin'gre of his toyle.<br />

1656 in Clarendon Hist. Reb. xv. § 109 Our desire is . . not to<br />

pour Vineger but Oyl into the wounds.<br />

b. With reference to Hannibal's use of vinegar<br />

in making his way over the Alps, according to<br />

Livy XXI. 37 (cf. Juvenal x. 153).<br />

Cf. the quotation for vinegar- railing in 6.<br />

1636 QuARLEs Eiegie Wks. (Grosart) III. ii/i We cut<br />

our way Through these our Alpine griefes, and badly rise<br />

With the sharp vinegre of suffused eyes. 1776 in Boswell<br />

Johnson 12 Apr., Davies said of a welbknown draniatick<br />

authour, that 'he.. made his way as Hannibal did, by<br />

vinegar ; having begun by attacking people '. 1779 Warner


VINEGAR.<br />

in Jesse Seiwyn ^ Contetnp. (1844) IV. loS The Alps of your<br />

difficulties subside before you, and without vinegar,<br />

3. fig. Speech, temper, etc., oi a sour or acid<br />

character. (Cf. 5 b.)<br />

x6oz Shaks. Tivel. N. iii. iv. 158 Heere's the Challenge,<br />

reade it : I warrant there's vinegar and pepper in't. i68e<br />

Crowne Hen, Vl^ Prol., A little Vineger against the Pope.<br />

1848 Dickens Dombey xHi, Mrs, Pipchin.. freshened the<br />

domestics with several little sprinklings of wordy vinegar,<br />

1873 [see Verjuice sb. 2].<br />

+ b. In the phr. to wish one at vinegar, Ohs.'^^<br />

1774 Earl Carlisle in Jesse Seiwyn <br />

culcated into the minds of vinegar-makers. x86a Miller<br />

Elem. Chent., Org. (ed. 2) 60 In the ordinary process of<br />

"vinegar-making from sugar and water. 1611 Cotgr.,<br />

Vinaigrier, a "Vineger-man, or Vineger-maker. 1839 Urk<br />

Diet, Arts 1278 "Vinegar manufactory, by malt. x84a<br />

Penny Afag. 29 Oct. 425/1 The vinegar-manufactories are<br />

but few in number. 1669 R. Montagu in Bttecleuch MSS.<br />

(Hist. MSS, Comm.) I. 448 A "vinegar pot, oil pot, and<br />

sugar box. 1854 Mayne Expos. Lex.,Cataplasma Aeeti,<br />

. . the "vinegar poultice ; made of vinegar and bread crumb,<br />

or th» like. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Suppl. s.v., A sort of<br />

•Vinegar-powder, or Vinegar in a dry form. 1599 Nashk<br />

Lenten Stuffe Wks. (Grosarl) V. p^ Let none of these<br />

scumme of the suburbs, be too "vmegar tarte with mee.<br />

itio6 \^Qrxw\Ariosto'5Sat.\\. {161 1) 53 Aviniger tart looke<br />

or dowdy brow. 17*8 Chamiiers Cycl. s.v. Rape, 'I'he Rape<br />

\%. .put into a Place to sour itself, liefore it is cast into the<br />

•Vinegar Vessel. 18^ Ube Diet. Arts 2 When new vessels<br />

are mounted in a 'vinegar work, they must be one third<br />

filled with the best vinegar that can be procured, /bid. 2<br />

5>everal azotized sub«ances serve as re-agents towards the<br />

acetous fermentation,—such as vinegar-ready-made, "vinegar-yeast,<br />

or lees.<br />

b. Attrib., in the sense * extremely sour in<br />

temper or disposition* ; also in combs., as z/^H/'^ar-<br />

faced, -hearted k6\%,<br />

1596 Skaks. Merch, K. 1. t 54 Other of such vineger<br />

aspect, That they'll not shew tneir teeth in way of smile.<br />

1597 Return /r, Parnass. I. ii. 165 Such barmy heads wil<br />

alwaies be working, when as sad vineger wittes sit souring at<br />

ihebottomeof abarrell. 1654 H. L'Kstrange C/ioJ, 7(1655)<br />

28 The Commons nothing mortified with these tart and<br />

vtnacre expressions [of the king], kept close to their proper<br />

stations. xGAxRumpSongsici^T^) 1, 161 From a vinegar Priest<br />

on a Crab-tree stock... Libera nos. 1604 Motteux Rabelais<br />

V. iii. II More grum, vinegar-fac d,. .than any kind<br />

whatsoever in the whole Island. 1824 Miss Ffrkikt.<br />

Inher. xxix. The habitual vinepar expression of his long<br />

triangular visage. 1843 Miall tn Noneonf. II. 145 A peevish<br />

and vinegar- hearted step-mother. 1846 De Quincey<br />

Orthogr. Mutineers Wks. i860 XIV. 108 He was too vinegar<br />

a fellow for them ; nothing hearty or genial about him.<br />

1847 E. Bkoste IVuthering Heights ti, Vinegar-faced<br />

Joseph projected his head from a round window of the barn.<br />

1850 Mrs. Cari.vlk Nexv Lett. (1903) II. 13 Vou may fancy<br />

the vinegar looks of the Lady of the House and the visitors<br />

whom I had kept from their dinner one mortal hour.<br />

6. Special Combs. : 1* vinegar beer, ? beer employed<br />

for conversion into vinegar ; "Vinegar<br />

Bible (see quots.) ; vinegar-eel, a minute nematoid<br />

worm {Angnillula aceti) breeding in vinegar ;<br />

vinegar-fleld, -^ vinegar-yard \ vinegar mother,<br />

vinegar-plant (b) ; vinegar-plant, {d) the<br />

Virginian sumach, Rhus typhina\ (b) a mould<br />

which grows on the surface of liquids undergoing<br />

acetous fermentation ; vinegar-raiUngyJ]f., bitter<br />

abuse; vinegar- tree, = vinegar-plant (a) ; vinegar<br />

worm, = vinegar-eel \<br />

vinegar-yard, a yard<br />

or open space in which vinegar-casks are arranged.<br />

315<br />

1677 Act 2Q Chas. 11, c. 2, For every Barrell of Beere commonly<br />

called *Vineger beere brewed or made to be sold.<br />

Six pence. 1834 Lowndes Bibliogr. Man. I. i3o A most<br />

magnificent edition, called 'The *Vinegar Bible', from an<br />

error in the running title at St. Luke, chap, xxii, where it is<br />

read ' the parable of the vinegar ', instead of ' the parable of<br />

the vineyard '. 1868 Macray Annals Bodl, Lib. 147 Baskett,<br />

the printer, presented to the Library a magnificent copy on<br />

vellum of the 'Vinegar' Bible, printed by him in 1717.<br />

1836-9 Todd's Cycl. Anal. II. 113/2 The Anguitlula<br />

acetif or common *Vinegar.eel. 1842 Penny Ma^. 29 Oct.<br />

426/2 Behind the store-house, .is ihe *viHe^ar-/ield, a. remarkable<br />

feature in most vinegar-works. 1839 Ure Ditt,<br />

Arts 2 The Germans call it the *vinegar mother, as itserves<br />

to excite aceiification in fresh liquors, 1853 Ibid. (ed. 4)<br />

I. I In the vinegar of wine, .there appears a peculiar mouldplant,<br />

belonging to the genus Mycodernta Pars. ; which is<br />

usually called vinegar mother. 1797 Eucycl. Brit, (ed. 3)<br />

XVI. 228/1 The.. Virginian sumach, or *vinegar plant,<br />

Ljrows naturally in almost every part of North America.<br />

1857 Hf.sfrf.v Bot, § 637 Flocculent or gelatinous masses,<br />

constituting the curious object called the Vinegar-plant.<br />

i866 Treas. Bot. 1217/1 The exact mode in which the<br />

Vinegar.plant operates on the solution is not known. 1609<br />

Dekker Gull's Horti-bk. Wks. (Grosart) II. 203 'Ihough,<br />

with HannibatI, you bring whole hogs-heads of "vinegarrailings,<br />

it is impossible for yon to quench or come oner my<br />

Alpine-resolution. 1874 Treas, Bot. Suppl. 1350/2 *Vine.<br />

gar-tree, Rhus typhina. 1896 tr. Boas' Text Bk. Zool. i6j<br />

Afiguillula aceti, the ^Vinegar worm, lives in sour paste<br />

and in vinegar. 1703 Lond. Ga::, No. 3893/4 A Distillinghouse,<br />

Brew-house, and *Vinegar-yard. 1858 Simmonds<br />

Diet. Tratit', /7«. 1885 Advauee {Chicago) 6 Aug. 509/3 A vinegary<br />

visaged lady. 1891 C. Roberts Adrijt Amer. 116 The<br />

only person who was in the house was a vinegary- looking<br />

woman, who told me that I could not stay.<br />

Vine'lty. rare~^. [f. L. vine-us vinous + -ITY.]<br />

Vinons quality or property.<br />

178a Priestley Corrupt. Chr. vi. II. 42 Innocent the<br />

third_ acknowledged that, after consecration, there did<br />

remain in the elements a certain paneity and vineity, as he<br />

called them, which satisfied hunger and thirst.<br />

Vine-leaf. [Vine sb.'\ A leaf of a vine.<br />

( 14*0 Lydg. Assevtblyo/Gods 353 Of grene vyne leues he<br />

weryd a ioly crowne. £1440 Promp. Parv. 510/2 Vyny<br />

\^t.t,patnpinus, abestrum. c 1475 Pict. Voe. in Wr.-Wiilcker<br />

810 Hie pamplus, a vyneleffe. a 1513 Fabyan Chron. vi.<br />

(181 1 ) 160 They were fayne to take vyne leuysto couer with<br />

theyr secret membrys. 1601 Holland Pliny I. Table s.v.,<br />

Vine leaves to be cleansed once in the spring. 1634 Peacham<br />

CompL Gentl. xii. fioo6) 109 Whereby we are taught to<br />

know. . Bacchus by his Vine-leaves. 1731 Miller Gard.<br />

Diet. s.v. Vitis, That vile Taste of a rotten Vine Leaf.<br />

1765 Sternr TV. Shandy vii. xHii, There were two dozen of<br />

eggs covered over with vine-leaves at the bottom of the<br />

kisket. 1818 Shelley Rosal. ^ Helen 1258 lis casements<br />

bright Shone through their vine-leaves in the morning sun.<br />

iSaSEneycl. Brit. XXIV. 238/2 The imago, .shortly afier<br />

lays its eggs upon the upper surface of the vine leaf.<br />

attrib. 1874 H. H. CoLE Catal. Ind. Art S. Kens. Mus.<br />

258 Muslin. Figured; diaper vine-leaf pattern.<br />

b. \ Une-lecfminery an insect infesting vine-leaves.<br />

VINET.<br />

Also vine-leaffolder, hopper, roller. (In recent Amer,<br />

Diets.)<br />

1830 Insect Architecture (L. E. K.) 238 The vine-leaf<br />

miner, when about to construct its cocoon, cuts.. two pieces<br />

of the membrane of the leaf.<br />

Vineless (voinles), a. [f. Vine sb.^ Having<br />

no vines ; destitute of vines.<br />

1898 Mehedith Odes Fr. Hist. 7 Broken hoops, .. vineless<br />

poles, worm-eaten posts.<br />

Vinelet (vai-nlet). [f. Vine sb.^ A young<br />

vine,<br />

i88r Blackmore _ Christimull \\\, A human form.. roiled<br />

in upon a newly-potted platoon of those sensitive vinelets.<br />

Vinell, obs. variant of Vennel.<br />

Vinello, obs. variant of Vanilla.<br />

+ Vi'ner l. Obs. Forms : 4-5 vyner (4<br />

vigner), 5 viner, -ere. [?ad. med. L. vindriumf<br />

f, L. vinum wine. Cf, Vinert i.l A vineyard.<br />

a 1340 Hampolf Psalter\x\\\\. 52 He sloghe in haghil he<br />

yyners of ha. //'///. Cant. Hab. 27 Burioyn sail noght be<br />

in he vyners, 1382 Wvclif Luke xiii. 7 Sum man hadde a<br />

fyge tree plauntul in his vyner. ^1449 Pecock Repr. in.<br />

xvii. 389 The lord of the vyner. .and of the werk doon in<br />

his Vyner.<br />

t viner -. Obs. Also 4 vinour, 5 -oure, vyn-,<br />

vignour ; 6 vyner. [a. OF. vignour^ vigneur,<br />

or AF. viner (Gower) vine-grower; with sense 2<br />

cf. OF, vinier^ vignier wine-merchant,]<br />

L A vine-grower or vine-tlresser.<br />

o. 1390 GowFR Couf. III. 148 The king and the vinour<br />

also Of wommcn comen bothe tuo. 1398 Tbevlsa Barth.<br />

De P. R. .XVII. cxciii. (Bodl. MS.), Vligois be kindevinoure<br />

of he erJ7e,..for his ire rereh vp and susteynel? bowes, frute,<br />

& spraies of vines, a 1470 H. Parkeu Dives ^ Pauper<br />

(W. de W. 1496) I. xxii. 58/1 Some ben shepeherdes, .<br />

some vynours, some of other craftes as the contre axeth,<br />

1474 Caxton Chfsse 11. iii. (1883) 41 Vf the smythes, the<br />

carpentiers, y' vignours and other craftymen saye that it is<br />

most necessarye to studye for the comyn prouffit.<br />

^. 155a Huloet, Vyner, or orderer, or trymmer of vynes,<br />

vineior. 1570 Levins Manip. 77 A viner, vinitor. 1611<br />

Klorio, I'ignaiot a vineroll, a viner, a vine dresser.<br />

2. A member of the Vintners' Company.<br />

i674MAnvELLZ(f. Mayor ^ Crt. Aldermen xviiij And now,<br />

worshipful sirs, Go fold up your furs, And Viners turn<br />

again, turn again.<br />

Vrner3. 6^.^. [f. Vine sb. 4c + -er1,] An<br />

implement for gathering the product of ' vines \<br />

190a Encyel. Brit. (ed. lo) XXVI. 558/1 By the aid of<br />

modern machinery, the [pea-] pods are gathered bya viner.<br />

t Vineroll, alteration of viueron Vignehon.<br />

1598 Florio, Vendemmiatore, a vintager, a vineroll, a<br />

vintner, a maker of wines or a grape gatherer. 1611 Ibid.<br />

Vienaio, a vineroll, a viner, a vine dresser.<br />

vlneron, obs. variant of Vigkeron.<br />

t Vinerous, a. dial. Obs. (See quot.)<br />

1674 Ray JV. Co. IVords 50 P'inerous, hard to please.<br />

Vineiry (vai-neri). Also 5 vinary, 6 vynery.<br />

[ad. med.L. vindrium (cf. VinekI and OF. vignerie)<br />

or f. Vine sb. + -eby.]<br />

1 1. A vineyard. Also in fig. context. Obs.<br />

c 1430 LvDG. Commend. Our Lady 45 Paradys of plesaunce,<br />

gladsom to all good, . . Vinarye envermailyd. a 1513<br />

Fabvan Chron. vii. (1811) 511 The kyng shuld haue in<br />

recompencement of his wrongys, the eriedam of Bygorre,<br />

& the vynery of Ramer,<br />

2. A glass house or hot-house constructed for the<br />

cultivation of the grape-vine. Also attrib.<br />

1789 Abercrombie {title). The Hot-House Gardener on<br />

the.. Methods of forcing Early Grapes,.. and other Choice<br />

Fruits, in Hot-Houses, Vineries, Fruit-Houses, Hot-Walls,<br />

&c. 1805 LouDON Improv. Hot-Houses 34 A considerable<br />

depth [of flue] may generally be obtained.. in vineries and<br />

peach houses. 1842 — Suburban Hort. 215 A vinery<br />

twenty-five feet long by thirteen feet six inches wide in the<br />

roof. 1879 Florist 9f Pomologist Mar. 37/2 A three-quarters<br />

span or hipped roof vinery.. . For general purposes there is<br />

no better form of vinery than this.<br />

3, Vines collectively.<br />

J883 Cent. Mag. XXVI. 720 Overgrown with masses of<br />

vinery. 189^ Outing XXVI. 445/1<br />

grown with vinery and bushes.<br />

Its ruins. .are over-<br />

fVinet^. Obs. Forms: a, 5 vynnett, vynette,<br />

-ett, 5-6 vynet, 5-7 vinet, 6 viuite, 7<br />

vinnet; 5 venett(e, 7 venet. fi. 6 vynyette,<br />

vyniet, viniet, vineyet, vineat, 7 vignet. [ad.<br />

OF, vignete, vignette (whence obs. It. vignetta<br />

(Florio), Sp, vifieta, Pg. vinheta) dim. of vigne<br />

Vine sb.<br />

NETTB sb.']<br />

Keadopted in the i8th century as Via-<br />

1. A running or trailing ornament or design in<br />

imitation of the branches, leaves, or tendrils of the<br />

vine, employed in architecture or decorative work.<br />

14x1-20 LvDG. Chron. Troy 11. 656 And J»e vowsyng ful of<br />

babcwynes{- bahoonsl, pe riche koynyng, [je lusty tablementis,<br />

Vynnettis rennynge in J>e cascmentis. c i4»o Life<br />

Alex. (1913)64 Bitwene l^e pelers of golde, ware hyngande<br />

venettez of golde & syluere, wit leues of golde. And \>q<br />

brawnchez of this venett ware sum of cristalle, . . & sum of<br />

Onyches, and bay semed as (>ay hade bene verray vynes.<br />

a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 7 Appareyled in Crymosyn,<br />

satyne, and purpull, embrowdered with golde and by vynyettes<br />

[Holinslied viniet] ran floure delices of golde. Ibid,<br />

Kyrtels of Crymosyne and purpul satyn, embroudered with<br />

a vynet of Pomegranettes of golde.<br />

attrib. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 93 The Pervincle.. Passing<br />

good and proper indeed for vinet and storie worke in<br />

borders.<br />

2. = Vignette sb. i b and 1.


VINET.<br />

a. 14«7 rattoK Ltll. II. 336 For viij hole vynets, .. prise<br />

the >-}neU, xiid. Item, for xxj demi vynets. 1573 ^''^ !<br />

Limming (1588) s Trace all thy letters, and set thy Vinels<br />

or flo»Tes, and then thy imagery, if thou wilt make any. ^<br />

"579 Fl-l-'O! Confut. Sanders 691 Commonly such super- 1<br />

fluous viniies (I trowe they call them) bee not set to, vntill<br />

they presse the whole leafe. l6i« Peacham Centl. Exen.<br />

I. XV, (i634> 47 You may, if you list, draw..any kinde of<br />

wilde traile or vinet after your owne invention. xSj^Star'<br />

CJutmSer Dtcm cone. Printing 11 July §0 That no person<br />

shall hereafter print ..\-p6n any booke or books, the name,<br />

title, markeorvinnet of the Company or SocietyofStationers. ,<br />

3. 1584 Star Ckamftr Decree Printers >, Stat. (1863) 10<br />

'that everie founder of letter, cutter and pocher, be likewise<br />

bound not to cast any letter, vineyet, mark, singing notes,<br />

or such like. 1611 Cotcr, Vignettes, Vignets; branches, or<br />

branch-like borders, or flourishes, in painting or Ingraverie.<br />

b. An ornamental border on a p.ige.<br />

i«30 Brathwait Eng. Cenllem. Draught of Frontisp.,<br />

Upon the other Border or Venet of the Picture, is presented<br />

a Summer Arbour. lhid~, In the middle betwixt the Venets,<br />

is the Portraiture of a comely Personage.<br />

3. An ornamental title-page or similar production<br />

containing various syitibolical designs or figures.<br />

156a Leigh Armorie (heading). The Description of the<br />

Viniet with the circumstaunce thereof, contayned in the<br />

fyrst Page of the booke. 1570 FoxE ^. * .it/.(ed. 2) I. 688/2<br />

Certaine there were which resorted to him, of whom some<br />

were drawers for his petygree and vyniet. 16*5 F. Markiiam<br />

Bk. Honour IV. iii. § 3 Prudence.. is to be esteemed aboue<br />

all other Vertues : for Philosophy cals it the Guide, .tnd our<br />

Heraulds make it the first in the Vinet.<br />

Hence t Vlnettlng (vignetting) vbl. si. Ohs.<br />

1611 CoTGK. , rignetteiiieiil, a vignetting; a bordering, or<br />

flourishing with the branches of Vines, or other plants.<br />

t Vinet 2. Obs.—^ In5vynet(te. [(. L. vTnea.'\<br />

= ViXEA.<br />

1408 tr. I'egetins' -Art War iv. xv. (MS. Digby 233) fol.<br />

120/2 The vynet [MS. Land vynette] is a gynne of werr &<br />

framed of li^t tymber.<br />

Vineter, variant of Vinter.<br />

Vi'lie-tree. Also 4 vintre, 4-5 vyntro, 4-6<br />

vyne-tree (5-6 Sc. wyne-). [Vine sb."] A tree<br />

of the genus / 'itis bearing grains. Alsoyff.<br />

A 1300 Cursor M, 7159 Arid sua hair corns did he brin,<br />

(air oliues, wit ))air vinlres. a 134a Hamtole Psalter<br />

cxxviL 3 pi wife as vynlre haboundand in sides of \i house.<br />

c I37S Sc. Leg. Saints vi. (T/ioiiias) 401 Ensampil tane ma<br />

be suRiciandly be |>e wyne-tre. 1483 Cat/i. Aug/. 402/1 A<br />

vyne tree, argitis.firopago, vitis. 1501 A cc. Ld. High Treas.<br />

Scot. \\. 105 To the Fianch man that set the wyne treis in ]<br />

Strivelin, xiiijs. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Kpist. 336 The |<br />

Vinelree hath yeelded her purple grapes, by clusters. l6oi |<br />

Holland Pliny I. 519 The manner how to graffe a Vine ;<br />

tree. 16*4 Fisher in F. White Repl. 340 The Saints being<br />

but branches of Christ lesus, the true Vinelree. 1786 G.<br />

Frazer f alio/ Man 136 Vou will be as a fruitful vine-tree.<br />

1786 Abercrombie Arrangem. 43 in Card. Assist., Kver.<br />

green Frees and Shrubs, Proper for. .shrubberies, . . &c. (include).<br />

.Vine tree, winged leaved. 1813 Q. Kev. IX. 159<br />

Oft to mark, with curiouseye. If the vine tree's time be nigh.<br />

•)• Vinetry. Obs.—'^ [App.f. Vinet 1-h-rt.] Or-<br />

nament, decor.ition. In quot. fig.<br />

l6a»PEACiiAM Couifl. Cent. 43 First your hearer coveteth<br />

to have his desire satisfied with matter, ere he looketh upon<br />

the form or vinetrle of words, which many times fall in of<br />

themselves to matter well contrived.<br />

t Vrnew, sh. Obs. Also 6 viuue, 7 vinow, 8<br />

vinnow. [var. of Finew sb. Cf. mod. Hampshire<br />

dial. vinny.'\ Mould, mouUliness.<br />

1538 Elyot, Mttcor, fylth, vinue, suche as is on bred or<br />

meate longe kept. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 9 If it were<br />

not thus well followed, soone would it catch a vinow, begin<br />

to putrifie (elc.|. 1706 Phillips (cd. Kersey), Vincw,<br />

.Mouldiness, Hoariness, Mustiness. a I7»a Lisle Hush.<br />

(1757) 303 Two sorts of vinnow on cheese, one in the nature<br />

of mouldiness, or long downy vinnow, not blue.<br />

+ Vi'liew, 1). Obs. Also 6 venu-, 6-7 vinow.<br />

[var. of Finew v. Cf. mod. Som. and Dev. dial.<br />

vinny^ intr. To grow mouldy.<br />

1570 FoxE A. ff M. (ed. 2) III. 2250/2 Which bread doth<br />

vinow, and mice oftentimes doe"eate it. 1581 [see Finew 7>.\.<br />

1601 Holland Pliny I. 364 Soone it vinoweth and catcheth<br />

a kind of inustiiies.<br />

Hence + Vi-newing vbl. sb.<br />

ISS» Csee FiNEwiNC ibl. sb.\ 1563 Cooper Thesaurus,<br />

Mucor, filthe : vinewynge : hoai encsse. 1^80 Hollvband<br />

Treas. Fr. Tong, Mucilage, venuing, hoarmesse.<br />

+ Vinewed, a. Obs. Also 6 venued, vynued,<br />

uinewed, 7 vinnewd, vinowed, vinnow'd. [1.<br />

ViNKW sb. or V. Cf. FlMEWED a. and ViNiJiEDa.]<br />

Moulded, mouldy.<br />

1538 Elvot, Afucidus, fy\i\iy : vinewed. iS58WARDElr.<br />

Alexis' Seer. (1580) 103 You must take first of the saied<br />

paste, that is not mouldie, vinewed or putrified. _ 1574<br />

Newton Health Mag. 55 Sweete Almonds .. decline to<br />

mo>*sture, unlesse they be vinewed and restie for then they<br />

are drye. 1576 — Lemnie's Complex. (1633^ 179 Such a<br />

like hoary downe, or uinewed mouldinesse. i6ox Holland<br />

Pliny I. 530 It it be let alone,, .(the vine] would proove to<br />

be slender, vinewed, leane, and poore. 1654 Gavton Pleas.<br />

Notes III. it 71 Like a mouldy Cheese, where three parts<br />

are blew and vinnow'd. 1668 WiLKlNS Real Char. 70<br />

Mould, Horiness, Vinnewd.<br />

fig. 160a (see FiNEwED a,\<br />

Hence t Vi newedneBS, Obs. rare.<br />

1565 Cooper Thesaurus, Situs, . .horenesse : mouldinesse :<br />

vinewednesse. 161X Cotgr., C//(»»x/m«


VINO-. 217 VINTAGE.<br />

14. . l''runkenness.]<br />

Vi'nolency. rare. [ad. L. vTfioientia, f. vitwlenttts<br />

: see next and -Excv.] Drtuikenness.<br />

i6a3CocKKRAM I. [Also Bailey (1721), etc.] 1804 Trotter<br />

Drunkenness ii. 21 note^ No bad assemblage of thephaenomena<br />

of Vinolency.<br />

7111016X11: (vai'n^lent), a. Also 4-6 vyno-.<br />

[ad. L. vinolent-us, f. vinum wine.] Addicted to<br />

drinking wine ; tending to drunkenness. j<br />

138s WvcLiF Titus I. 7 It bihoueth a bischop for to be<br />

witnoute crime,.. not proud, not wrathful, not vynolent. |<br />

cxi/iS Chaucer IVi/e's Frol. 467 In ubmmen vinolent is no ;<br />

defence, This knowen lecchours by experience, c 1386 — :<br />

So'upn, T. 223 They ben.. Al vinolent as hotel in thespence.<br />

i4ia-ao LvDG. Chron. Troy 11. 5758 For m.in or woman ^at<br />

is vinolent Is verreyly a beste vnresonable. c 1440 Capgrave [<br />

Life St. Kath, iv. 1533 Venus was lecherous and also<br />

vynolent, 15x5 Barclay Eghges (1570) C vj72 There is wq<br />

secrete with people vinolent. By beastly surfeit, the life is<br />

breviate. 1556 Laldkr Tractate 286 5e ^ulde nocht chuse<br />

vntothatcureAne Vinolent nor wod Pasture. 1656 Blount<br />

Glosso^r. 1837 Wheelwright tr. Aristoph. II. 80 note^<br />

The vinolent propensity of the Athenian females.<br />

Hence Vinolentness, drunkenness. rare~^,<br />

1727 HaII.KY IV'^l. II).<br />

rare—'^. [f. L. vTn-um wine +<br />

Viuo'logist.<br />

-CLOG 1ST.] A connoisseur in wines.<br />

1845 Ford llandbk. .Spain i. 309 The true vinologist ,<br />

should so down into one of the cuevas or cellars and have<br />

a goblet of the ruby fluid drawn from the big-bellied<br />

Tinaja,<br />

Vinomadafied, a. rare-"^. [f. L. v/"«-7//« wine<br />

\- made/ieri io be soaked.] Soaked with wine. '<br />

165* Ureauty of this rarest of vinis [that, etc.].<br />

Vint (vint), V. [Back-formation from Vintner<br />

or Vintage.]<br />

1 1. trans. To sell or vend (wine). Obs.-"^<br />

ijtB North Mem. Music (1846) 112 The taverner finding<br />

the sweets of vinting wine and taking money.<br />

2. To make (wine, etc.); = Vintage v. i.<br />

1857 Trollope Barckester T. xxi. II. 38, I wouldn't give<br />

a straw for the bc^l wine that ever was vinted, after it had<br />

I district<br />

lain here a couple of years. 1908 Academy 11 April 666/1<br />

M r. Pickwick . . drinks a brandy that was vinted and distilled<br />

in Sirius.<br />

Vintage (vi-ntedj), sb. Also 5-6 vyntage.<br />

[a. AF. vintage (1353), altered f. oivindage, vendage<br />

Vendage, OF. vendange, by association with<br />

ViNTER or Vintner.]<br />

1. The produce or yield of the vine, either as<br />

grapes or wine ; the crop or yield of a vineyard or<br />

in a single season. Now rare or Obs.<br />

Quot. 1460 refers to the capture of large supplies of wine<br />

from the French.<br />

c 1450 Brut II. 372 pere l?ay restid ham n while, and sette<br />

^e cuntre yn pees t'i rest tylle J>e vyntage were redy to sayle.<br />

a 1460 Capgrave Chron. 239 Than the vyntage of Ynglond<br />

took a othir felauchip, where thei had a thousand tunne wyn<br />

and V. hundred. 15*3 Ld. Berners Froiss.xxW. (i^ii) II.<br />

55 And there he taryed tyll they had inned all their corne<br />

and vyntage. 1589 Fleming i''irg. Georg. 11. 21 Not one<br />

and selfe same vintage hangs on our Italian trees. 1605<br />

^hCLQii Adv. Leaiti. i. iv. § 11 By reason of their stirring and<br />

digging the mould about the roots of their vines, they had<br />

.<br />

a great vintage. 1657 Burton's Diary (18^8) I. 327 'J'he<br />

commonwealth will be cheated ; for most of the wine of this<br />

vintage is now in the vintners* cellars. 1697 Drvdkn Virg.<br />

Past. V. 109 Two Goblets will I crown with sparkling Wine,<br />

The gen'rous Vintage of the Chian Vine. 1713 Young Last<br />

Day II. 348 Shi»e we in arms? or sing beneath our vine?<br />

Thine is the vintage, and the conquest Thine. 1748 Grav<br />

Alliance 57 With grim delight the brood of winter view A<br />

brij;hter day.. ; Scent the new fragrance of the breathing<br />

rose, And quaff the pendent vintage as it grows. 1818 AI ks.<br />

Shelley /•rankenst. i. (1865) 62 Never did.. the vines yield<br />

a more luxuriant vintage. 1818 Shelley Euganean Hills<br />

221 Where.. the milk-white oxen slow With the purple<br />

vintage strain, Heaped upon the creaking wain.<br />

Jig. 1586 Warner .(4 /(&. Eng. iv. xxi. (1589) 8g The Vintage<br />

of my thrifiles loue isblasteain the bloome. 1647 N. Bacon<br />

Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. ii. (1739) 19 This was the vintage of<br />

Kings and great men, but the gleanings of the People were<br />

much more plentiful. 1820 Shelley Ode Liberty xii. 7<br />

How like Bacchanals of blood Round France, the ghastly<br />

vintage, stood Destruction's sceptred slaves, and Folly s<br />

mitred brood !<br />

b. poet. Wine, esp. of good or rare quality.<br />

1604 Dekker Honest Wh. Wks. 1873 II. 51 We had excellent<br />

cheere, rare vintage, and were drunke after supper.<br />

1725 Poi'E Odyss. IV. 67 In solid gold the purple vintage<br />

flows. i8ao Keats To a Nightingale ii, O f for a draught<br />

of vintage, that hath been Cool'd a long age in the deepdelved<br />

earth. 1859 Tennyson Elaine 266 The great<br />

knight,.. Whom they with meats and vintage of their Lest<br />

And talk and minstrel melody entertain 'd. 1887 Bowkn<br />

Aineid i. 729 Soon for the goblet she asks,. .Then with the<br />

vintage hllsit.<br />

trans/. 1856 B. Taylor Summer s Bacclmnal 109 Where<br />

the crystal vintage of the mountain Runs in foam from<br />

dazzling fields of snow.<br />

c. Used with reference to the age or year of a<br />

particular wine, usually connoting one of good or<br />

outstanding quality ; now spec, a wine made from<br />

the grape-crop of a certain district in a good year<br />

and kept separate on account of its quality.<br />

1746 Francis tr. Horace, Epist. i. v. 6 Nor old, .. nor<br />

excellent, my Wine, Of five Years Vintage, and a marshy<br />

Vine. 1760 JoHN-soN idler No. 97 ^4 He may. .regale his<br />

palate with a succession of vintages. 1817 Bvron Matt/red<br />

11. i. 18 Taste my wine; *Tis of an ancient vintage. 1864<br />

Tennyson Aylmer's F. 407 Honest Avtrill-.fetch'd His<br />

richest beeswing from a binn reserved For banquets, praised<br />

the waning red, and told The vintage. 1888 Encycl. Brit.<br />

XXIV. 605 The principal claret vintages of the igih century<br />

are considered to have been those of 1815, '25, '2S<br />

(etc.]. Ibid. 608 The last year when the wine was shipped<br />

as a vintage.<br />

trans/. 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Libra7y {iByg) III.<br />

231 There are vintages( Loth material and intellectual,<br />

which are more frequently praised than heartily enjoyed.<br />

d. A property yielding \vine. rare^^.<br />

1840 Hood Up Rhine 231 Last summer we purchased a<br />

small cask of wine from a woman whoowns,a little vintage.<br />

2. The gathering of the ripe grapes in order to<br />

make them into wine, including the preliminary<br />

processes of wine-making, as pressing and placing<br />

the juice in the fermenting vats, etc. ; the grapeharvest.<br />

Also in the phrase -^to make vintage (sec b).<br />

id) 1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 14 §2 From Burdeux to<br />

London for everie tonne Wyne at thefyrst vintage,, .xviij.s.<br />

1550 NicoLLs Thuiydides iv. 114b, Sone after that, a Ijtle<br />

bifore the viTitage, that selfe somer. 1560 Hicle (Gencv.)<br />

Miaih vii. i, 1 am as the somer gatherings, & as the grapes<br />

of the vintage. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 405 The grapegatherer<br />

in lime of Vintage. 1656 Blount Glassogr., yin-<br />

/rt^^,.. Vine-harvest, Grape-har\*est, Grape-gathering, Wine<br />

making. 1710 J. Clarke tr. Rohauifs Nat. Philos. (1729)<br />

I. 175 For if it rains a little before the Vintage, the Wine is<br />

sharper. 1790 liuRKE Fr. Rev. 261 The produce of the vintage<br />

in Guienne and Languedoc. 1833 Redding Mod.<br />

Wines iii. (1851) 53 The time of the vintage being fixed, the<br />

gathering is begun as early in the day as possible. 1863<br />

T. G. Shaw IVine, line - Cellar xi. 285 Ihe vintage is<br />

ofien delayed to such a late period of the season as to in( ur<br />

1 five<br />

I like<br />

] b.<br />

i when<br />

'<br />

I whole<br />

the danger of injury from frost. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV.<br />

605/1 The vintage in Me'dcc usually commences between<br />

the middle and end of September and lasts from t«o to<br />

three weeks. 'Ihe process is a very simple one.<br />

/g. f86o PusEY Minor Proph. 197 It was a vintage, not<br />

of wine, but of woe.<br />

...r--. «. t j 1<br />

(b) 1600 Nashe .Summer's Last Hilt Fjb, My Lord askes<br />

thee, what vintage thou hast made? 1609 Bible (Douay)<br />

jer. xxxi. 5 Ihe planters .';hal plant, and til the time come<br />

they shal not make vintage. 1731 Miller Card. Dtct. s.v.<br />

Vttis, My Conjecture is founded upon more than twenty-<br />

Vintages, which I have seen made.<br />

Jig. 1609 Bible (Douay) La?n. i. 12 See if there be sorow<br />

to my sorow ; because he hath made vintage of me, as<br />

our Lord hath spoken. .<br />

The season or time when this is done. Also<br />

with a and pi.<br />

1616 Bullokar Eng. Expos., Vintage, the time of yearc<br />

wine is m.-tde. 1651 R. Child in Hartlib s Legacy<br />

(1655) 148, I lived in Chamntoii two leagues from 1 aris, a<br />

Vintaiae, purposely to see how wine was made in<br />

France. 1764 Harmer Obs€rt>. i. § 18. 43 If -St. Jeromemay<br />

believtd, the vintage of Tudaa is not till (he end ot Sep-<br />

I<br />

I or<br />

be<br />

tember beginning of October. 1858 Simmonijs Utcl.


VINTAGE.<br />

Trade, f^rii/aifr, the season of gathering grapes. 1876 W. C.<br />

BnvANT in St. Nicholas Mag. Dec. 101/2 The cider -making<br />

season in autumn was, at the time of which I am speaking,<br />

somewhat correspondent to the vintage in the wine countries<br />

of Euro)>c.<br />

3. cUtrib^t as vinia^-bal/, -iiay^ -dintur, -eve^<br />

feasty 'festival^ -god, -hofne (after harvest-home),<br />

-fftaMj etc<br />

1876* OuiDA ' IVtMterCity xiv, Forthe Palcstrina •vintage<br />

halls. 1857 Emekson Poems 51 'I'was the "vintage-day of<br />

flcid and wood. 183B Miss Pariwe River ^ Desert II. 31<br />

A •vintage-dinner, at which I have just assisted. i8a6<br />

Mas. Hemans Forest Sanctuary i. xliii. The hour, the<br />

scene,, .came floating o'er my mind—A golden •vintage.eve,<br />

a i8ao S. Roghrs Jacquel, Poems {1839) 24 Thro' Provence<br />

had ceased The vintageand the 'vintage- feasL 1846 Grote<br />

Greece ( 18691 I. 36 Even the spontaneous joy of the vintage-<br />

(east was conferred by the favour.. of Dionyscs. 1833<br />

PkiUlcg, Museum II. 297 The difficulty of assigning a<br />

•vintage festival to the month of February, ito? Encycl.<br />

Brit. vll. 247 The lesser Dioiiysia.. were held. .in the<br />

month of December. This was a vintage festival. 1873<br />

Symonds Gr^. /'oets ix. 276 The cultus of the *vintage-god<br />

[sc. DionysusJ. 1657 Thornley tr. Longus^ Dafiknis btan vintager doth crop from Methym vine. i6ix Cotgr.,<br />

yendengeur, a Vintager, or vine-reaper. 1706 Phillips (ed.<br />

Keriey), yinlager, a Vine-reaper, or Grape-gatherer. 1731<br />

Miller Gard. Did, s.v. Vitis, Because there are green<br />

Grapes that the Vintagers ought not to gather and mingle<br />

with the others. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St.'Pierre*s Stud.<br />

Nat.iijqai II. 454 The basket of the vintager, and the<br />

apron of the reaper. 1806 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. IV. 719<br />

'I he annual dances of the vinlai^ers, in which they smeared<br />

their faces with lees of wine. 1846 Landor Story 0/ San*<br />

lander Wk». II. 464 The officer was. .threatening both<br />

vintagers and mules for their intractability. 1887 Pater<br />

Imag. I'oriraits 167 The sharp sound of a IJell—death-bell,<br />

perhaps, or only a crazy summons to the vintagers.<br />

fig. iMo H. More Apocat. Ajioc. 147 They are the same<br />

that are pressed here by Christ's Vintagers or Grapepressert.<br />

1865 Mozlkv Mirac. \. iii. 207 An element of<br />

n-opbecy . . unfolding itself beneath the fostering care of the<br />

Divine vintager.<br />

b. tranf. Also aitrih.<br />

1607 ToPSELL Four'/. Beasts 6 A . . hill, abounding in these<br />

beasts [jr. monkeys], who are a great hinderance to the poore<br />

vinugers of the countrey of Calechut, for they will climbe<br />

into the high palm trees,.. breaking the vessels set to re.<br />

ceiue the Wine. 1899 T. U Peacock Mis/ort. Elphin 16<br />

From the flower cups of summer on field and on tree Our<br />

mead cups are filled by the vintager bee. 1871 I^well<br />

Study \iVind. 7 A dozen of these winged vintagers Uc<br />

rolnns] bustled out from among the leaves.<br />

2. A bright star in the constellation of Virgo.<br />

After \»vindemiator\ cf. Vinormiatrix.<br />

1588 Ashley Wagenat^s Mariners Mirr. Bj, Pra:uinde<<br />

miatrix. The Vintager. 1601 Holland Pliny J. 604 Eleven<br />

daies before the Calends of September,., the star named in<br />

218<br />

I^tiiic Vindemiator, /. the Vintager, beginneth to shew in<br />

the morning.<br />

Vi'utaging, vbL sb. [f. Vintage v^ The<br />

action or jirocess of gathering the grapes at the<br />

vintage.<br />

1830 H. N. Colkridge Grk. Poets (1834) 218 Then follow<br />

successive representationsof acityat peace,..of reaping, of<br />

sheaf-binding, of vintaging. 1870 Morris Earthly Par.<br />

III. 28a And timorous must he let the time go by For<br />

viniaging. 1890 O. Cra wfurd Round Calendar in Portugal<br />

198 i he maize-harvest. .comes just after the vintaging of<br />

the grapes.<br />

t Vintaine. Obs. rare. Also 5 vintayne.<br />

[.1. OF. vintaine, -eine, -ene, (also mod.F.) vinglaine<br />

(= Pr. and Pg. vintena, Sp. veintena), f.<br />

vingt twenty.] A company of twenty soldiers, etc.<br />

13.. Sir Beues (A.) 3367 Make we J>re vintaine, pat be<br />

gode and certaine ! pe ferste ich wile me self out lede.<br />

1:1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) XXV. 114 pai er wele arayd and<br />

ordaynd by thowsands, hundretlis and vintaynes.<br />

II Vintem<br />

(vintch). Forms: a. 6 vintiin<br />

(vinton), 7 ventin, vinteen, 8 vinten, 8-9<br />

viutin. ^. 8-9 vintain. 7. 8-9vintem. [Pg.<br />

vintcm, f. z^/w/f twenty.] In tlie coinage of Portugal<br />

and coimtries colonized from there : A small<br />

silver coin of the value of 20 reis, equivalent to<br />

about i\d. sterling; also, a copper coin of the<br />

same value.<br />

a. 1584 Barret in Hakluyt Voy. (1599) II. l a74» 5 vintons<br />

make a tanga, and 4 vintenas make a tanga of base money.<br />

1598 W. Phillip tr. Linschoten \. xxxv. 69/1 There is likewise<br />

a reckoning of I'intiins^ which is not likewise in coyiie,<br />

but onely named in telling: of the.se foure good, and fiue<br />

Ijadde doe make a Tan^as, 166a J. Davies tr. Mandelslo's<br />

Trav. II. (1669) 86 Eight of these Hasarucques make a<br />

Ventin. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India i^ P. 207 The Tango,<br />

5 Vintcens. 1743 Hulkelev & Cummins Voy. S. Sens 206<br />

We had hitherto been suppli'd at the Rate of eight Vintins<br />

each Man per Day. 1775 Twiss Trav. Portug, i^ Sp. 22<br />

Exacting a vinten, or about three halfpence per head. 1805<br />

T. LiNDLEV ypy. Brazil 260 The ships. .sell the beef on<br />

board by retail, at two vintins a pound.<br />

3. 1718 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Coin, Portuguese Coins.. .The<br />

Vintain, whereof tlie'y have two sorts, -the one Silver, and<br />

the other Hillon. 1819 J. H. Vaux Mew. I. 218 They stop,<br />

and eni^ity their [water-J vessel, for which they receive a<br />

vintain.<br />

y. X736 Chandler llisf. Persec. 183 Dr. Geddes tells us<br />

of one. .who was allowed no more than three Viniems a<br />

day; a Vintem is about an English penny farthing. 1801<br />

Southkv in C. C. Soutliey Life (1849I '* '3^ ^''^ ferry<br />

price varies, .from one vintem to nine,—that is, from a penny<br />

to a shilling. 1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 326/2 At Rio de<br />

Janeiro, .there are vintenis of copper also current for 20<br />

rees. 1856 H. Owen <strong>Here</strong> ^ There in Portugal 122. I<br />

purchased.. for three vintents (a trifle more than threepence),<br />

a capital figure of a negro dandy.<br />

t Vintenary. Obs, rare. Also -are, [ad.<br />

med.L. vintendrius, f. vintenum twenty : cf. next.]<br />

A military officer in command of twenty men.<br />

c 1450 Contin. Brut 540 Sir John Ward, knyght, with x<br />

Centenaries, .and viij vyiitenaries. Ibid. 541 Sir Howell<br />

Griffith. .with..ij Cand iij vintenares, and iiij M'CC Walshmen.<br />

tVintener, Obs. rare. [ad. OF. vintenier<br />

{vingt-), f. vintene Vintaink.] = prec.<br />

c 1450 Contin. Bfut 541 The nombre of Jjc retenue..,that<br />

is to say, of erles, ..Constables, Centeners, capteyns, vynteners.<br />

Archers on horsbak [etc.]. 1533 [see next].<br />

t Vinteney. Obs. rare. \i. UF. vintene, vinteine<br />

Vintaine.] = Vintaine.<br />

1533 Chron. Calais (Camden) 156 One vintener with his<br />

hole vinteney shall kepe the stand watche. Ibid. 157 The<br />

saide vintener and constables, .shall not depart more than<br />

fy ve of the vinteney and iij of the constables at one tyme.<br />

t Vi'Hter. Obs, Forms : a. 3 viniter, 5<br />

vineter. ^. 5 vintere, vynter, 5 vinter. [a.<br />

AF. viniter, vineter, vyn-, vinter, OF. and early<br />

xtioe souJ?half of ))e toune &<br />

sut>pe J>e spicerie, Hii breke fram ende to ober & dude al to<br />

robberie. Vor Jjc nier was viniter, hii breke ^e viniterie.<br />

1428 E, E. iVills {iS^2) 77 lohnToker, Citezein and Vineter<br />

of London, c 1430 Lvdg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 192 I'he<br />

vintere tretethe of his holsom wynes, Of gentille frute<br />

bostethe the gardener, i486 Rcc. St. Mary at Hill (1905)<br />

10 lohn Walworth, late Ciiezein & vynter of london.<br />

Hence tVi*ntere«B, Vi-ntress, =ViNTNEREas.<br />

1681 RvcAUT tr. Gracian's Critick in The Nobles.. were<br />

served with Cups of Gold, which a pritty Nimph, the<br />

Vinteress of this Habylon, filled with much Courtesie. X7«7<br />

Bailky (vol. II), Vintress, a Woman Tavern-keeper.<br />

Vintiin, obs. form of Vintem.<br />

Vintir, obs. Sc. form of Winter.<br />

Vintner (vi-ntnaj). Forms: a. 5vyntenere,<br />

-tyner, 5-6 -tener, 6 tenar {Sc. ventonnar),<br />

6-7 vintener ; 6 vyntoner, 7 vintoner. 0. 5-6<br />

vyntner(e, 6- vintner (8 vinctner). [Alteration<br />

of Vinter.] One who deals in or sells wine ; a<br />

wine-merchant ; fan innkeeper selling wine.<br />

o. f 1430 LvDO. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 211 Masouns,<br />

carpenterys, of Vngelond and of Kraunce, Hakerys, browstcrys,<br />

vyntenerys, with fressh lycour. c 1440 Promp. Parri,<br />

510 Vynienere, vinarius. c 1470 Cath, Anel. 402/1 (Add.<br />

MS.), Vyntyner. 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 25<br />

Or as the vyntenar gyueth frely to his customers or byers<br />

a taste of his wyne. 1530 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec,<br />

VINY.<br />

Ox/ord (1880) gi Novyntoner sliuld set any wyne a broche.<br />

1587 HARKtsoN England it. vi. (1877) 1. 149 Such [wine] as<br />

was anie waies mingled or brued by the vintener. 1617<br />

MoRVsoN Itin. \\\. 156 J hey had not our Vinteners fraud<br />

to mixe their Wines. 1636 J. Tavlor (Water P.) Trav.<br />

Signes Zodiack A v b, All the worthy Company of Vintoners.<br />

1669-70 Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 301 One<br />

Mr. Wadlow, a vintener, . .was represented as notoriously<br />

faulty.<br />

0. c \i^


VINYL. 219 VIOLAN.<br />

in. in Sullen Old Pi. (1882) I. 19 Not Bacchus drawn from<br />

Ni&a downe with Tigers, Curbing with viny rains their<br />

wilful heads. 171a ir. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 143/2 Coloquintida<br />

is a Fruit.. that grows upon a climbin;; or viny<br />

Plant. 1715 Pope Iliad 11. 701 Whom strong Tyrinthe'.s<br />

lofty walls surround. And Epidaure with viny harvests<br />

crown 'd. x8i6 Ann. Reg., Chron. 539 The cranberry is of<br />

the low and viny kind. 1848 Bailev Festiis (ed. 3) 213<br />

Who enter are by kindest angeW clad. .in robes Woven of<br />

sunset clouds, while viny wreaths Gemberries bearing form<br />

their coronals.<br />

^i. fig. Of an embrace: Clinging, close.<br />

a 1586 Sidney Arcadia iv. (1605) 395 These unfortunate<br />

louers. .not forgetting with vinie embracemen ts, togiue any<br />

eye a perfect moddell of affection. '<br />

2. Abounding in, full of, or covered with vines;<br />

bearing or producing vines.<br />

x6za Drayton Poly-olb. xv. 109 The Skeld, the goodly<br />

Mose, the rich and Viny Rheine, Shall come to meet the<br />

Thames. 1633 P. Fleicher Pise. Eel. 11. xiij, From thence<br />

he furrow'd many a churlish sea, The viny Rhene, and<br />

Volgha's self did passe. 1680 Morden Geog. Kect., Germany<br />

(1685) 115 Wurtzburg,. .environed with Meadows, Gardens,<br />

and Vinie Downs. 17*9 Fenton Ded. Lady Harley 104<br />

Wks. {1790) 375 'i'rophtes, atchicv'd on Gallia's viny plains.<br />

1735 'J'noMSON Liberty 1. 58 Haise's viny coast; where<br />

peaceful seas., ever kiss the shore. 1841 W. Spalding //(i/y<br />

Hf It. Isl. I. 277 The steepest, but most lovely of pleasurepaths,<br />

conducts through viny woods and white villas to<br />

[etc.]. 1854 F. Tennyson Days .\<br />

1. A musical instrument (in common use from<br />

the fifteenth to the eighteenth century) having five,<br />

six, or seven strings and played by means of a bow.<br />

Now llisi. or arck.<br />

a. x^^CKXjosG.dela TVwrk vj.SyreGeflTroy called hym<br />

before hyni and dt:maunded hym wheie his vycll and clauycordeswerc.<br />

ax^iO-y^Cov.CorfiusChr. Pi. 1.538 The whyle<br />

thatt I doresst, Trompettb, viallisand othur armoneSchall<br />

ble> the wakyng of my maieste. a 1533 Ld. Berners Ifuon<br />

li. 170 He spyed lycng beside hym an harp and a vyall<br />

heron he coude well play. 1540 Rutland MSS. (Hi^t.<br />

MSS. Comm.) IV. 304 To a man to hcipe to hryng the<br />

wyalls betwixt Croxton and Belwer, \\d. 1578 E. CLtKKe:<br />

in Hakluyt Way. (1600) III. 751 1 hey were exceedingly<br />

delighted with the sound of the trumpet, and vialles. i6a6<br />

Hacon Syiva % 102 If any Man think that the String of the<br />

How. and the String of the Viall, are neither of them Kquall<br />

Bodies,.. he is 111 an Errour. 1664 Pepys Diary 28 Sept.,<br />

So home, and find Mercer playing on her Vyall, which is<br />

a pretty instrument. 1684 Bunyan Piigr. 11. I1847) 336<br />

Christiana, .could play upon the Vial.<br />

3. lua Aec. Ld. High Prens. Scot. VIII. 149 To be..x<br />

piir of hois to the four playerris on the veolis, four trumpettis<br />

uf ware, and twa taburnerris. 1560 Bible (Genev.) Amos<br />

V. 33 For I wil not beare the melodie of thy violes. 1581<br />

Marbeck liJk. 0/ Notes 545 .Sing vnto him with Viole, and<br />

instrument of ten strings. 1604 Dkkkek ICing's Enter,<br />

tainm. Wks. (1873) I. 307 Nine Boyes..sang the dittie<br />

following to their viols and other instruments, a 16x9<br />

HiNOK J. Bruen iii. (1641) 10 By occasion of Musitians and<br />

a chest of Viols kept in the house, he was drawn by desire<br />

and delight into the Dancing -schoole. 1676 T. MACt:<br />

Muiic's Mon.i^j The Viol is an Instrument. .very much<br />

in use. 174J VoUnc Nt. 'Ph. viii, 745 Dost call the bowl,<br />

the viol, and the dance, Loud mirth, mad laughter? 1776<br />

Hawkins Hist. Music IV. ni. vii. 339 Compositions of many<br />

parts adapted to viols, of which there are many. 1801<br />

Blsby Diet. Mus. S.V., I'he viol was for a long while in such<br />

high esteem as to di>pute the pre.eminence with the harp.<br />

1839 LoNCF. Black Knight v. Pipe and viol call the dances.<br />

Torch-light through the high halls glances. 1875 Fortnum<br />

Maioliea x. 88 On another [cup] are the figures of a gentleman<br />

and a lady who plays the viol, in the costume of the<br />

iSth or early i6tb century.<br />

+ b. One who plays a viol. Obs. rare,<br />

540 in Vicary's Anat. (1888) App. xii. 341 Item, for Hans<br />

Highorne, Viall, wagis, xxxiij s. liij d. 1647 L. H award<br />

Cra-.VH Rev. « Musicians and Players,. .Six Sackbuts<br />

Eight Vials: 'Inree Drumsteds.<br />

2. With distinguishing terms, denoting esp. the<br />

form or tone of the instrument.<br />

See also Bass-viol, gamba viol Gamba ' i (quots. 1598,<br />

S710), iyra viol Lyra 5, and Viol da gamba.<br />

x6ii CoHVAT Cruditifs 250, I heard much good musicke,<br />

..especially that of a treble violl. 166s [see Viol da gamba<br />

iX 1664 Pefvs Diary 5 Oct., The new instrument was<br />

brought called the Arched Viall,. .being tuned with lute-<br />

strings, and played on witli kees like an organ. X7a4<br />

Short Expiic. P'or. IVds. in iMiis. Bks., yioia Bastardo, a<br />

Bastard Viol, which is a Bass Violin, strung and fretted like<br />

a Bass Viol. 1730 Bailey (fol.), Viola tenoro, a Tenor-<br />

Viol. Ital. 1836 DuBOUKG Kw/mi. (1878) 9 The wiW class<br />

— conststing of the viol d'amore, or treble viol ;<br />

the viol da<br />

braccia, or tenor viol ; and the viol da gamba, or great<br />

viol. 1889 Grove's Diet. Mus. IV. 267 Viola di Fagotto<br />

(Bassoon Viol), a name sometimes given to the Viola<br />

Bastarda.<br />

b. Viol d"*amove or d^amour (see quot. iSoi).<br />

Cf. viola tt'amore s.v. Viola ^. The F. form viole d'amour<br />

is also occasionally employed.<br />

a 1700 EytLVN Diary 20 Nov. 1679, The viold'amore of<br />

5 wyre-strings plaied on with a bow. 1760-72 H. Brooke<br />

Fool o/Quai.{iZoc)) UL 145 The psaltery, the viol damor^<br />

and other instruments. i8ox Busby Diet. Mus., Viol<br />

d'Amour, or Love Viol, a viol, or violin, furnished with<br />

six brass or steel wires, instead of sheep's-gut, and usually<br />

played with a bow. [1856 Mrs. C. Clarke tr. Berlioz<br />

Instrumentation 29 The viole-d'amour is peculiarly appropriate<br />

to chords of three, four, or more notes.] 1880 Shorthouse<br />

y. inglesant xxiii. If you could accompany me for<br />

some months, with your viol d amore, across the mountains.<br />

1889 Daily News 25 Jan. 2/2 Two performers upon that<br />

once obsolete but recently revived instrument, the viol<br />

d'amcre.<br />

t 3. A variety of organ-stop. Obs.~^<br />

1688 Brr. Smith in Hopkins Organ (1870) 453 Choir<br />

Organ.. -A Violl and Violin, of mettle,. .61 pipes,. .12 foote.<br />

4, atlrib, and Comb., as viol bowj -case, class,<br />

-lesson, -play, species, -string; viol-maker, -tuning,<br />

A 1668 Davenant Play-house to Let Wks. (1673) 76 A<br />

man may biin^ a Pageant through the streets As privatly<br />

upon my Lord Mayor's day. As a burden of Viol-cases<br />

hither. 1674 Playi-ord Music loi In the choice of your<br />

Viol Bow, let it be proportioned to the Viol you use. 1676<br />

T. Mack Music's Mou. 258 This. .may suffice for the Best<br />

Directions in Viol-Play. Ibid. 264 Viol-Lessons of all sorts<br />

of Forms, and Shapes; Suited to the Five Best of the Viol-<br />

Tunings. 1687 MitcE Gt. Fr. Diet. \x, A Viol-maker, nn<br />

Faiseur de Violes. ^TJ^ Hawkins Hist. Music IV. in. vii.<br />

342 That sweet and delicate tone, which distinguishes the<br />

viol species. 1836 [see 2]. 189^ H. N. Howard Footsteps<br />

Proserpine 7 Life is the viol-string, Love is the melody.<br />

Hence Tiol v, intr., to play the viol. rare^^.<br />

1865 J. M. Ludlow Epies Mid. Ages II. 212 A thousand<br />

dancini;, and a thousand violHng.<br />

+ Vi*ol, sb:^ Naut. Obs. Also 7 vial, violl,<br />

vyoU ; 8-9 voyol, 9 voyal. [Of obscure origin.]<br />

(See later quots.)<br />

16*7 Capt. Smith SeoJuan's Gram. 11. 8 The violl is<br />

fastened together at both ends uith an eye or two, with a<br />

wall knot, and seased together, e 1635 Capt. Botelkr<br />

Dial. Sea Services (1685) 236. 1667 Davbnant & Drvden<br />

Tempest 1. i, Afust within. Our vial's broke. Vent, within.<br />

Tis but our vial-block has given way. 1711 W, Suthercand<br />

Shipbuild. Assist. 153 VioTcabl'd, as big as the Fore Stay.<br />

Ibid. 165 Viol, a large Hawser used to heave in the Cable.<br />

1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1780', Voyol, a large rope<br />

used to unmoor, or lieave up the anchors of a ship, by<br />

transmitting the effort of the capstern to the cables. 1841<br />

R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. 133 Viol, or Voyal, a larger<br />

messenger sometimes used in weighing an anchor by a<br />

capstan. (Cf. 1867 Smyth Sailor's tVord-bk. 713 Viol, or<br />

Voyol, a large messenger formerly used to assist in weighing<br />

an anchor by the capstan.) 1869 W. M, Thomas tr.<br />

Hugo's 'Pollers 0/ Sea 191 Its chain was there, and. .might<br />

still be of service, unless tlie strain of the voyal should break<br />

away the planking.<br />

b. attrib., esp. in viol'block.<br />

1667 {see above). 1694 in Navy Board Lett. xxix. 833<br />

Blocks. Vyoll, of 54 inch. 1751 Smollett Per. Pic. Ixxii,<br />

He may man his capstans and viol block, if he wool ; biit<br />

he'll as soon heave up the Pike of TeneriflT, as bring his<br />

anchor aweigh ! 1704 Riggi"g ^ Seamanship I. 157 Voyol<br />

or Viol Block is a Targe Mngle-sheaved block. .. It is used<br />

in heaving up the anchor. (1867 Smyth Sailor's IVord-bk.,<br />

Viol Qt Voyol Block, a large single-sheaved block through<br />

which the messenger passed when the anchor was weighed<br />

byihe fore or jeer capstan. Ibid., This voyal-purchase.]<br />

Viol, obs. form of Vial,<br />

Viola ^ (vai-fJla). [a L. wV/a violet.]<br />

+ 1. The violet. Alsoyf^. Obs. rare.<br />

1:1430 Lvix;. Minor Poems (1911) 300 Haile, fresshe Rose,<br />

planted in lericho ! Swettest viola, that neuer shal fade.<br />

c 1480 Henrvson Fables^ Lion


VIOLANTIN.<br />

1850 Ansteo Elem. Geoi., Afin. etc. § 407 Pistacite, . . Vio><br />

lane, Withainite,are either synonyms or varieties of Epidote.<br />

1857 Dana Min. (186a) iS-j Violan ts a dark violet-blue<br />

mineral, resembling glaucopbane. x86ft Watts Diet. Chem.<br />

V. 1000 Violoii^ a ;Ailicaie of aluininiuii), calcium, magnesium,<br />

and sodium. ..It occurs massive, and in indistinct,<br />

elongated, granular concretions.<br />

Violan(d, obs, variants of Violin.<br />

Violant, obs. form of Violent v,<br />

Violantin (v3i(Jlge*nlin). Chem. Also -ino.<br />

[f. L. viola Viola 1 + ;,Allox)antin.] * A compound<br />

containinjj the elements of violuric and<br />

dilituric acids ' (Watts).<br />

1866 W. OoUNG Ahzm. CJtem. 128 Baeyer has increased<br />

the list of compounds by his discovery of pseudo-uric acid,<br />

hydantoine. violantine [etc.]. 1873 Watts Fowues" Chem.<br />

(ed. 11) 939 Hydurilic acid. -with nitric acid of ordinary<br />

strength.. yields alloxan, together with violuiic acid, violantin,<br />

and dilituric acid.<br />

Violar, variant of Violeu,<br />

t Vi'Olary. Obs.-~^ [ad. L. violdriunij f. viola<br />

Viola 1.] A violet-bed.<br />

1657 Thorni-ey tr. Longus' Dapknis 9f Ckloe 182 The<br />

Violaries, how are they spumed and trodden down !<br />

Viola-scent, a. rare-^. [f. L. viola Viola i.]<br />

* A]>iironchinj; a violet colour' (Smart, 1840),<br />

'tViolastre. Obs.-^ [11. 01^ , vioiastre {mo^.Y<br />

viol&tre) violaceous.] (See quot.)<br />

c 1400 Mauhdf.v. (1839) xiv. 160 There ben also Dyamandes<br />

in Ynde, th:it ben clept Violastres (for here colour is liche<br />

Vyolet, or more browne than the Violettes),<br />

Vi'Olate, pa.ppU. and ///. a. Now ov\^ poet.<br />

Also 5 violatt, 6 -at, -ait, 6 vyolate, ^V. weolait.<br />

[ad. L. violdt'us^ pa. pple. of violate i see<br />

next.]<br />

1. Characterized by impurity or defilement,<br />

trt^Ss Digby /l/j-i^ (1882) ill. 1557 Now, lord of lordes,<br />

to Jn bly^syd name sanctificatt, most mekcly my feyth 1<br />

recummend. Pott don ^ pryd of mameiites violatt ! 1513<br />

Douglas y£neid\. i. 12 For weill wL-^t Eneas In violait ( L.<br />

pollut0\ luif. .quhat thingis mycht be controvit By wemen<br />

in fury rage that stranglie lovit. 1594 IVarres Cyrus C ij,<br />

The prince .. bare my daughter thence with violate hands<br />

Vnto his pallace. 1856 Mrs. H. King Disciples, Agesilao<br />

Jililoiio (187^) 30J Take home the lesson to thee,.. Who<br />

makest of ihis lovely land, God's garden, A nation violate,<br />

corrupt, accurst.<br />

2. As pa. pple. Violated, in various senses of the<br />

verb; subjected to violation or injury.<br />

1503 Hawes Examp. Virt, vii. iiz Mayden and moder<br />

yet not vyolate. a 1513 Fabvan Chrou. vii,32i The peace<br />

.. was, by the kynge, vyolate and broken. 15SS Euen<br />

Decades {.krh.) 317 Wherwith. .no parte of the maiestie of a<br />

kyn^ is vyolate. 1590 H. Barrow BriefDiscoverie 4 That<br />

heauenly patterne left by the Apostles was soone violate.<br />

/( 1619 FoTHERBY Atheont. II. ii. § 5 (1622) 203 If lustice may<br />

be violate, for any cause at all. 1675 Marveul Corr. Wks.<br />

(Grosart) II. 479 It was declared and resolved to be an uii-<br />

douted ancient standing order, not to be violate. 1733 W.<br />

Crawford Infidelity {1836) 159 The law of innocency.,<br />

being violate by man's apostacy. 1847 Tesnvson Priuc. vi,<br />

44 And now, O maids, behold our sanctuary Is violate, our<br />

Laws broken.<br />

b. = VioLATEn///. a.<br />

1655 Theophaniii 169 My Fathers blood, Agnesias languishing<br />

griefs, my violate marriage,, .raised several passions.<br />

Violate (vai-^^'t), v. Forms : 5 violatt, 6<br />

-at, 5-6 vyolat(e, 6 voyolate, Sc. wiolate,<br />

violet; 5- violate, [f. L. violat-^ ppl. stem of<br />

violdre to treat with violence, to outrage, dishonour,<br />

injure, etc]<br />

1. trans. To break, infringe, or transgress unjustifiably;<br />

to, fail duly to keep or observe : a. An<br />

oath or promise, one's faith, etc.<br />

1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 347 His bloode be schedde<br />

in lyke wyse that' dothe violate and breke this bonde of<br />

luffe. 15*6 Pilgf. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 187, I haue<br />

despoused you to a noble man, se y' you violate not your<br />

fayth & spousage. 1558 Knox l-'irst Blast (Arb.) 50 If any<br />

man be affraid to violat the oth of obedience, which they<br />

haue made to siiche monstres. 1596 Edw. Ill, iv. iii. 27<br />

Ah, but it is mine othc, my gratious Lord, Which 1 in conscieoce<br />

may not violate. 1624 Capt. Smith yirginia 111.<br />

viii. 76 Your promise I find . .euery day violated by some of<br />

yoursubiects. 1651 Hobbks Leviatk.x. xiv. 68 A Power set<br />

up to constrain those that would otherwise violate their<br />

faith. 1769 RoBKRTSos Cluis. K, vii, Wks. 1813 III. 53 The<br />

indeceucy of violating a recent and solemn engagement.<br />

1777 R. Watson Philip II, 11. (1839) 25 Being convinced<br />

that Henry would never violate the truce of Vaucelles.<br />

183^ Thirlwall Greece I 239 Fearing lest the sight of the<br />

fertile land.. might tempt the Heracleids to violate their<br />

compact with him. 1844 H, H. Wilson Hrii. India I. 189<br />

These arrangement-^ were scarcely concluded when the<br />

Kaja manifested a dis|>osition to violate them. 1878 Brown*<br />

INC La Saisiaz 18 .She violates the bond.<br />

b. A law, commandment, rule, etc.<br />

155J HuijOET, Violate a lawe or custome, soluere legem,<br />

uel morem. 1579 LvLV Enphues (Arb.) 195 Thou praisest<br />

ye Empresse for instituting good lawes, and grteuest to see<br />

them violated by the I^adyes. x6xi Biblk Ezek. xxii. 26<br />

Her priests haue violated my law, and haue prophaned<br />

mine holy things. 1651 Hobbics Lez'inth. it. xxvii. 153 He<br />

which does Injury, .should suffer punishment without other<br />

limitation, than that of bis Will whose Law is thereby<br />

violated. 1691 Hartclipfk Vir/nes 363 If we live contr.-iry<br />

Co this, we violate the I.aw of him that made us. 1726<br />

Swift Gw/Z/Vrr- II. vii, Power,, .liberty, and. .dominion. All<br />

which, however happily tempered by the laws of that kingdom,<br />

have been sometimes violated by each of the three<br />

parties. 1774 Hubkk Corr. (1844' L 485, I have not usually<br />

made any scrui>lc to violate, in some degree, the strict letter<br />

i would<br />

; buried.<br />

; violate<br />

I Patient<br />

220<br />

and sumtnwn jus of decorum and propriety. 1836 J.<br />

Gilbert Chr. Atoneifi. vii. (1852) 204 It is of the essence<br />

of atonement, that while it protects all rights, it must not<br />

violate any. 1841 W. Spalding Italy .\ It. IsL 111. 126<br />

The sovereigns, resolved to violait their own late piecedents<br />

of non-intervention. 1875 Manninc; Mission H, Ghost<br />

i. II The predestination of God in no way violates or takes<br />

away the perfect liberty of the human will.<br />

C. Abstract and moral qualities, etc.<br />

1588 KvD HoHseh. Philos. Wks. (1901) 253 First wold 1 that<br />

the parched earth did riue, ..Ere I to lose or violate my<br />

chastity beginne. 1671 ^lu-ioa Samson A. 893 An impious<br />

crew Of men., violating the ends For wliich our countrey<br />

is a name so dear. 171^ Wollaston Relig. Nat. vi. 137<br />

He that would not violate truth, mu.st avoid all injustice.<br />

a 1745 SwihT Hen. /, Wks. 1768 IV. 290 He was a strict<br />

observer of justice, wliich he seems never to have violated.<br />

1794 Paley Evid. III. vii, {1817) 360 UifFerences of opinion<br />

..accompanied with mutual clianty, which Christianity<br />

forbids them to violate. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr, Atonem. iii,<br />

(1852) 62 Let not the Rationalists be suB'ered, in the very<br />

name of justice, sacred 'as it is, to violate justice. 1892<br />

Tennyson Daivn iii, The press, .easily violates virgin Truth<br />

for a coin or a cheque.<br />

2. To ravish or outrage (a woman).<br />

c 1^0 Alph. Tales 57, 1 hafe violatt & fylid many mens<br />

wyvis, & per chuldie. a 1533 Ld. Behneks Hnon cxiii.<br />

398 He made it to be cryed in euere strete that no man<br />

shulde be so hardy on payne of dethe to vyolat any woman,<br />

or deflowre any inayd. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's<br />

Voy. I. XV. 16 [To] see hi.s wife and his daui^liters rauished<br />

and violated. i6xi Cotgk., Forcer^.. io violate; force, or<br />

rauish (as a woman). 1696 Phillips (ed. 5). 1709 .\ddison<br />

Tatter No. 117 f 4 She was discovered by Neptune, and<br />

violated after a long and unsuccesful Importunity. 1754<br />

Sherlock Disc. (1759) L xiii. 344 We gratify our Lust by<br />

violating his Wife or Daughter. 1841 Ei.phinstone Hist,<br />

hid. 1 1 . 509 This young man, . . having attempted to violate<br />

the wife of a Bramin, was imprisoned. 1879 Fife-Cookson<br />

IVith Armies 0/ Balkans 38 It was alledged however that<br />

they [sc. the Cossacks] committed .separate exce.-^ses of their<br />

own, violating all the Turkish women tfiey could find.<br />

absol. t8ai Shelley Helltxs 951 Impale the remnant of<br />

the Greeks ! despoil 1 Violate 1 make their flesh cheaper<br />

than dust<br />

3. To do violence to ; to treat irreverently ; to<br />

desecrate, dishonour, profane, or defile.<br />

1490 Caxton Eneydos xxi. 76, I haue not rented, vyolated<br />

ne broken, the pyramydeof his faders sepulture, ta 1500<br />

Chester PI, (Shaks. Soc.) I. 2171'his man.. Is not of God,..<br />

Which doth voyolate the Saboath daye. 1513 Douglas<br />

Aineid xi. xi. 127 Quha evir with wond dois hurt or violat<br />

Hyr haly body onto me dedicat. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasni.<br />

Par. Jolut xix. 115 k place perdye detestable and violated<br />

with dead bodyes. 1579 W. Wilkinson Confut. Familye<br />

0/ Love 13 Gods ministery is an holy and sacred thing,<br />

in thought not to be violated. 163s Pagitt ChristianO'<br />

graphie I. iii. (1636) 129 If by chance any Catholicke Priest<br />

shall celebrate upon one of their Altars, they violate it and<br />

breake it. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. {1677) xj They<br />

commonly violate the graves of those dead men we<br />

1673 Lady's Calling 11. i. § 7 She that listens to any<br />

wanton discourse has violated her ears. X797 Mks. Rad-<br />

CLIFFE Italian xvi, What sacrilegious footsteps thus rudely<br />

this holy place. 1846 Arnold Hist. Later Roman<br />

Commiv. I, vii. 277 Some of the most famous and richest<br />

temples, .were violated and ransacked. 1849 James Woodman<br />

ix, It would be searched, and the sanctuary violated.<br />

rejl. 1606 Shaks. Ant. ^ CI. iii. x, 24 Experience, Man<<br />

hood, Honor, ne're before, Did violate so it selfe.<br />

b. To destroy (a person's chastity) by force.<br />

159J Arden 0/ Feversham 38 That injurious riball, that<br />

attempts To vyolate my deare wyues chastiiie. x6io Shaks.<br />

Temp. I. ii, 347 'J'hou didst seeke to violate The honor of<br />

my childe. 1769 Blacks tone Cx.\v, No boy attempted<br />

to violate the sanctity of seat or peg.<br />

+ 4. To vitiate, corrupt, or spoil, esp. in respect<br />

of physical qualities. Obs.<br />

1555 Eden Decades (.^rb.) 98 If wee. .consyder the largene.s<br />

and wydeiies of. .the mouthes of the famous ryuer of<br />

Ister,.andliowe farre they violate orcorrupte the salte water<br />

with their freshenes. i5(>8 Yong Diana 61 But this mischieuous<br />

absence doth violate and dissolue those things,<br />

which men thinke to be most strong and firme. 1620 Vennek<br />

Via Recta vii. 131 They breede phlegme, violate the lung.s,<br />

and soone offend the stomack, .by their windie and cloying<br />

substance. 1656 Stanley Hist. Philos. iv. iii. (1687) 141/2<br />

He said, that Coals, when they forsake the nature of Wood,<br />

acquire a solidity not to be violated by moisture.<br />

•f* b. To damage or injure by violence. Obs.<br />

1595 Daniel Civ. Wars i. Ixxxiii, Like to a River that is<br />

stopt his Course Doth violate his Banks. 1606 G. W[oodcockk]<br />

Hist. Ivstine xliv. 136 For first it lieth not within<br />

the railing heate of the Sunne, as AfTricke doth; neither is<br />

it violated with outragious windes like France. 1634 T.<br />

Johnson Parey''s Chirnrg. xv. xiv. (1678)335 If the fracture<br />

violate.. the spinal marrow contained therein, then the<br />

can scarce scape death. 1658 Evelyn Fr. Card.<br />

(1675) 208 Couch it down without violating any of the<br />

leaves. 1675 J. Rose Eng. Vinfyard Vind. 41 Fear not<br />

your ves.sel if well made ; since the force of the working.,<br />

will not violate it as some imagine,<br />

t c. To despoil ^something. Ods.~^<br />

1646 G. Daniel Poems Wks. (Grosart) II. 57 When the<br />

bleake Face of winter spreads The Earth, and violates the<br />

Meads Of all their Pride.<br />

1 5. To treat (a person) roughly or with violence ;<br />

to assail or abuse. Obs,<br />

a i6s8 Pkeston lireastpl Love (1631) 88 If a man should<br />

come and violate thee with ill termes thou wouldest be<br />

angry with him. 1639 Chas. 1 Dedavations Wk.s. 1662 II.<br />

VlOLATIOIf.<br />

27 Precedents of former times were di.MaWyed, the Speaker<br />

violated (etc.J. 1635 R. N. tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. 111. 239<br />

The Act was made against those which should viwlate the<br />

king by seditious writings.<br />

6. To break in upon ; to interrupt or disturb ; to<br />

interfeie with rudely or roughly.<br />

1667 Milton P. L. iv. 883 To question thy bold^entrancc<br />

on this place; Imploi'd it seems to violate sleep. 1697<br />

Drvden /Eneid xii. 474 O Trojans! cease From impious<br />

arms, nor violate the pv.-ace. 17x2 Wollaston Relig. Nat.<br />

vi. (1724) 132 Since he, who begins to violate the happiness<br />

of another, does what is wrong. 1775 Johnson Tax. no<br />

Tyr. 31 Le;;islation passes its limits when it violates the<br />

purse. 1796 W. CoMiiE Boydell's Thavtes II. 3 (Pope's]<br />

garden has not yet beeir violated. It retains its early form.<br />

1809 W. Irving Kuickerb. 111. vi. (1849) 175 The dark forests<br />

which once clothed those shores hrtd been violated by the<br />

savage hand of cultivation. 1819 Shelley Cenci v. i, 13 To<br />

violate the sacred doors of sleep.<br />

7. To treat without proper respect or regard ; to<br />

do violence or injury to (feelings, etc.) in this way.<br />

x69a Dryden St. Euremont's Ess. 81 Never were they<br />

more careful of hindring the Majesty of the Roman People<br />

from being violated. 1705 Addison Italy, Monaco 15 They<br />

have never entertain'd a Thought of violating the Publick<br />

Credit. 1713 Bekkeley in Guard. No. 3 Pi A Body of<br />

Men, whom of all other a good Man would be most careful<br />

not to violate, I mean Men in Holy Orders. 17*9 Uuti.kr<br />

Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 24 Man may act. .in a way disproportionate<br />

to, and violate his real proper nature. 1798 Hloomfield<br />

F'armer's Boy, .Summer 336 Ere tyrant customs<br />

strength sufficient bore To violate the feelings of the poor.<br />

1817 Shelley Rev. Islam vm. x.\vii, Do ye thirst to bear<br />

A heart which not the serpent Custom's tooth May violate?<br />

183a Lamb Elia 1. Compl. Decay Beggars, Do we feel the<br />

imagination at all violated when we read the 'true ballad ',<br />

where King Cophetua woos the beggar maid?<br />

Hence Vi'olating vbl. sb.<br />

1548 CoofEK Elyot''s Diii., Violatio,..^ violatyng, a<br />

breakyng. 1581 Nowhi.l & Day in Confer. \. (1584) Cij,<br />

Master Campion did vs wrong, to charge vs with violating<br />

of the Maiestie of the holy liible. 1585 T. Washington tr.<br />

Nicholar's I'oy.u. xiii. 48 b, The violating and deflouring of<br />

, .hisdaughteis, & other Ladies. i6iz Cotgr., Violation, a<br />

violation, or violating. 1671 Phillips (ed. 3)8. v. .VacnVwj,<br />

A robbing of Churches, or violating of holy tbing.s. 1765-8<br />

Erskine Inst. Law Scot. iv. iv. § 52 'Ihe violating of a<br />

bride, or espoused virgin. 1769 in Bostcn Gaz. 8 Jan. (1770)<br />

3/1 Since the Tories are so set upon ruining this continent,<br />

as not even to scruple the violating their own plighted faith.<br />

Violated (vai-Jl^Hed), ppl, a. [f. prec. + -ED ^.J<br />

That has been subjected to violation.<br />

1593 Shaks. Lucr. 1059 Thou shalt not know The stained<br />

taste of violated troth. 1600 — A. V.L. iii. iL 141 Violated '<br />

vowes, twixt the soules of friend, and friend. i6as K. Long<br />

tr. Barclay's Argenis 111. xxi. 217 He foresaw the infamy<br />

of violated hospitality, 1645 Milton Tetrach. Wks. 1851<br />

IV. 164 They argue nothing to the continuance of a false or<br />

violated Mariage. 1697 Dryden A£neid xii. 221 Of ev'ry<br />

Latian fair, whom Jove misled 'l"o mount by stealth my<br />

violated bed, c x-jGio Smollkit Ode to ludep, 6 Deep in<br />

the frozen regions of the north, A goddess violated brought<br />

thee forth. 1784 Cowpeh Task 11. 340 By him the violated<br />

law speaks out Its thunders. z8a8 Tvtler Hist. Scot.<br />

I. ti8 In vindication of his violated rights. 1879 Dixon<br />

Windsor II. xii. 131 The violated charters were restored.<br />

Violater (vai-


VIOLATIVE.<br />

coiistUuiion. i8a4 L. Mukbav Erig. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 232<br />

Of ihis rule ihere aie many violations to be met with. 1863<br />

KiNGi-AKE Crimea (1877) I. 360 it would be regarded by<br />

the Czar as a flagrant vioUttioii of treaty. 1875 Jowtxr<br />

/*/«/


VIOLENCE.<br />

Now often merging into next, with an intensive sense. i<br />

c 1384 Chaucer /A Fame 11. 775 For whan a pipe is blowen ,<br />

sharpe, The aire ysiwyst with violence, c 1386— Cam. Veom,<br />

Frol i T. 355 Thise metals been of so gret violence, Oure<br />

walles mowe nat make hem resistence. 1:1400 Maundev.<br />

(Rojcb.) xxxiii. 151 Sum ware drouned by violence of pe<br />

wawes. i4i6LYDG./?tf(;w//. /*//i'>'. 12210, I.-sawha whel \<br />

..By vyolence tourne aboute Contynuelly to-for my face.<br />

ic6a Daus tr. SUidane'sCoiiwt. 414 b, Than chiefly was the<br />

citie meruelouslye beaten with shot, the violence wherof<br />

was so great, that [etc J. 1603 Shaks. Meas./orM.nu 1.<br />

125 To be imprison'd in the vicwle-;se windes. And blowne<br />

with rcsilesse violence round about. «6io Holland Crtw/«<br />

list's Brit. 513 The river Aufon.-breaketh forthwith more |<br />

violence upon the flats adtoyning. i6s9 Leak lyater-wks. \<br />

I To make the Water enter therein with force, . . the vessel . . |<br />

shall be made as high as may be, that it may give so much [<br />

the more violence to the Water. 1703 MoxoN Mech. Exerc. 1<br />

84 The shorter the Stuflfthat the Tennant is made on, the<br />

less Violence the Tennant is subject to. 1793 Smeaton<br />

Edysiom L. §61 note^ The strokes of the sea may at the<br />

Ed>-stone be so great as to wash the poison out again from<br />

the wood, that in a situation of less violence could, .slowly<br />

insinuate itself. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. L 104 He knocked<br />

a fourth lime, and with violence. i86a Darwin Fertil.<br />

Orchitis ii. 57 The pollinia cannot be jarred out of the<br />

anther-cells by violence. 1895 Law Times Rep. LXXIIL<br />

156/2 Two vessels.. drifted through the violence of a storm<br />

on to the toe of a breakwater.<br />

4. Great force, severity, or vehemence ; intensity<br />

^some condition or influence.<br />

1390G0WER Cimf. L 280 Wrathe.. Which hath htsewordes<br />

ay so bote. That all a manncs pacience Is fyred of the violence.<br />

1-1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xv. 70 Oft tymes he fell<br />

by violence of |jat sekeness. Ibid, xviii. 81 pe grete violence<br />

of hete J>al dissoluez J>aire bodys. 1577 Googe <strong>Here</strong>sbach's<br />

Hitsb. 28 Rye..sufferelh the violence of mystes and froste.^^<br />

1604 E. G[rimstone1 D'Acosta''s Hist. Imiies 11. x. 103<br />

Arabia, the which is buint with the Suniie, having no<br />

showres to temper the violence thereof. 1658 Phillips s.v.<br />

Itttercident^ An extraordinary critical day, ..being caused<br />

by the violence of the disease. 1701 J. Purcell CAtf/:cA<br />

(1714) 137 If an Inflammation arises, ..Bleeding is to be<br />

order 'd, and repeated according to its Violence. 1794 Mks.<br />

Radcliffe Myit UdolphoxXx, .She went off as peacefully as<br />

a child, for all the violence of her disorder was passed. 1809<br />

Med, Jml. XXI. 518 The inflammatory complaints, particularly<br />

pneumonia, have recurred with considerable violence.<br />

1874 j. L. Patterson Ess. Ke/ig: fi')<br />

142 To ej^pect that the violence of party spirit Js never more<br />

to return. i8ai Scott Kenihv. xxxii, I said nothing to<br />

deserve such a horrid imputation as your violence infers,<br />

1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind. II. 321 It was concluded by<br />

Akber's reproving the mullahs for their violence.<br />

+ 6. Violation (?/"some condition. Obs."^<br />

at cristis Innocent. 1539 More<br />

Dyaloge iv, Wks. 274/1 Al our dedes good or badde ascend<br />

or descende by the violent hande of God. 1588 Shaks. Tit.<br />

A. III. ii. 22 'leach her not thus to lay Such violent hands<br />

vppon her tender life. 1597 in Maitl. CI. MiiC. 1. 129 A. H.<br />

..IS futid,,ane quha hes put violent handLs in his father.<br />

1605 Shaks. Macb. v. viii. 70 His tiend-like Queene, Who<br />

(as 'tis thought) by selfe and violent hatids, 1 ooke off her<br />

life. r66a Bk. Com. Prayer, Burial DeatU The Office ensuing<br />

is not to be used for any that . . have laid violent hands<br />

upon themselves. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xii. iii, He<br />

laid violent hands on the collar of poor Partridge. 1753<br />

Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Vices, Staying him \sc. a hor>eJ,<br />

by degrees, with a steady, not a violent hand, c 1850<br />

Bryant The Path 70 What guilt is_ theirs who, in their<br />

greed or spite, Undo thy holy work with violent hands !<br />

fc. With to (a person or thing), Obs,<br />

1588 Shaks. Tit. A. v. ii. 109, I pray thee doe on them<br />

some violent death, They haue bene violent to me and mine.<br />

1645 IsiiLTON Tetrach. 67 Colluders your selves, as violent<br />

to this law of God by your unmercifull binding, as the<br />

Pharises by their unbounded loosning !<br />

4. Of actions : a. Characterized by the doing of<br />

harm or injury ; accompanied by the exercise of<br />

violence.<br />

13. . £. E. Allit. P. B. 1013 J>is was a vengaunce violent<br />

J>at voyded j^ise places, pat foundered has so fayre a folk &<br />

J>e folde Sonkken. c\-^ Antecrist in Todd Three Treat.<br />

Wyclif \\t pe first peisecution of be chirche was violent,<br />

whcnne cristen men weren coinpellid bi exilyngis, beiyngis,<br />

i<br />

I<br />

!<br />

:<br />

!<br />

,<br />

j<br />

'<br />

;<br />

'<br />

I<br />

:<br />

1<br />

I<br />

Out-run the pawser. Reason. Ibid. iv. iii. 169 Alas poore<br />

Countrey,.. Where violent sorrow seem es A Moderne ecstasie.<br />

1697 Dryden ALneid i. 948 A love so violent, so<br />

strong, so sure, That neither age can change, nor art can<br />

cure. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 120 p 10 This natural Love<br />

in Brutes is much more violent and intense than in rational<br />

Creatures. 1789 W. Buchan Dom, Med, (1790) 119 Love<br />

is perhaps the strongest of all the passions ; at least, when<br />

it becomes violent, it is less subject to. .control. 1797 Mrs.<br />

Radcliffe Italian i, She was of violent passions, haughty,<br />

vindictive, yet crafty and deceitful. z8o8 W. Wilson Hist,<br />

Dissent. Ch. I. 272 Parker was a man of violent passions.<br />

t e. Of taste or smell : Very strong. Obs.<br />

1604 E. G[himstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. xxvii.<br />

284 It hath a strong savour, and in my opinion, too violent.<br />

ijrSo Newgate Cat. V. 232 In the morning she perceived a<br />

violent smell of sulphur.<br />

f. Of colour : Intensely or extremely bright or<br />

strong; vivid. Also y?^. of outline.<br />

1768 Sterne Sent. Journ.., Le Dimanche, As the blue was<br />

not violent, it suited with the coat and breeches very well.<br />

1873 B. Harte Fiddletown 11 Her hair, which was a very<br />

viofcnt red, was [etc.]. 1886 Ruskin Prseterita II. 204 The<br />

accurate study of tree branches . . had more and more taught<br />

me the difference between violent and graceful lines. 1888<br />

Cent. Mag. Feb. 539/1 Rouge, if too violent, by a natural I<br />

& de^s to make sacrifice to ydols. 1548 Cooper Elyot's<br />

Dii.t., A'a///f7,.. violent taking of a persone. 1598 Shaks.<br />

Merry W. in. ii. 44 To these violent proceedings all my<br />

neighbors shall cry aime. 1606 — Tr.


VIOLENT.<br />

In later use (f>) tending to a weaker sense.<br />

[a) 1398 Tkevisa Barth, De I\ R. m. xv, (1495) 60 By<br />

vyolent stoppyng of the throte and of the arter>'es. 15*6<br />

Pilsr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 114b, By the violent fall of<br />

the sayd crosse in to the morteys. a 1547 Si;rrev in Totters<br />

Misc. (Arb.) 27 The lofty pyne the great winde often riiies<br />

With violenter swey falne turrets stepe. 1595 Shaks. ^ohn<br />

V, vii. 49 Oh, I am scalded with my violent motion And<br />

spleene of speede, to see your Maiesty. 1601 — A/fs Weil<br />

in. ii. 113 O you leaden mess^igers, That ride vpon the<br />

violent speede of fire. 16&4 H. Power Exp. Philos, 93 We<br />

perceived., the little particles of air.. on the suddain to<br />

become more visible by a violent and rapid dilatation. 1669<br />

SruRMV Mariner's Mag. v. xii. 60 The Piece is Level, and<br />

will carry the Bullet Horizontally in his violent Course.<br />

17*5 De You. Voy. round World (1840) 332 There was.,<br />

some more violent motion at a distance. 1798 S. & Ht.<br />

Lf.k Canterb, T. \\. 133 Wine acted powerfully on a constitution<br />

already feverish with violent exercise. 1837 Whe-<br />

WKLL Hist. Induct. Sci. (1857) I. 7 Classifying them into<br />

Natural Motions and Violent Motions.<br />

Kb) x8s7 Miller Elem. Chem., Org. viii. 536 The action of<br />

bromine upon indigo is analogous tothat of chlorine, though<br />

It is less violent. 186a H. Spencer First Princ. r. v. § 32<br />

(1875) iig During those early stages. .both political and<br />

religious changes., are necessarily violent ; and necessarily<br />

entail violent retrogressions. 1868 Bain Mental ^ Mor.<br />

Set. IV. iii. 341 A certain impetus has been given,. .and, if<br />

restrained outwardly, it seems to be more violent inwardly.<br />

c. Tending to wrest or pervert the meaning,<br />

i7»o Watekland Eight Serm. 104 That we ought not to<br />

be wise beyond what is written, nor put a violent Construetion<br />

on any Passages.<br />

5. t a. In violent, by force or constraint. Obs—^<br />

c 1440 Al/^h. Tales 148 feii. .told hym M \>a\ tuke not his<br />

son & made him freer ( = friar J in violent, bod he ofTerd hym<br />

^erto on his awn gude wilt.<br />

t b. Due or subject to constraint or force ; not<br />

free or voluntary ; forced. Oh.<br />

1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 124 They desyre the I<br />

kynge to forsee, that there be no violent counseil called, in j<br />

a place suspect & perillous, to the intent that vnder the<br />

name of a counsel, the true doctrine be not extinguished.<br />

1574 Hellowes Guenara's Earn. Ep. (1577) 297 All violent<br />

marriages engender hatred betwixt the married. i6a5 N. ,<br />

Carpenter Geog. Del. 11. v. (1635) 71 This conformity of the<br />

water dropps in a round figure Is rather Violent, then<br />

Naturall. 1667 Milton P. L. iv. 97 Ease would recant<br />

Vows made in pain, as violent and void.<br />

c. Of death : Caused by or due to physical vio- 1<br />

lence ;<br />

not natural.<br />

1588 Shaks. Tit. A. v. ii. 108, I pray thee doe on them !<br />

some violent death. 1593 — 2 Hen. F/, i. iv. 34 The Duke :<br />

yet liues, that Henry shall depose: But him out*liue, and<br />

dye a violent death. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 11. xxL 114<br />

Though Soveraignty..is,..in its own nature, not only sub- '<br />

ject to violent death, by forreign war ; but also [etc. J. 1790 \<br />

Palev Sert$t. Wk:e danger of the ;eirlie violent proffeittis<br />

vpoun the persones. 1678 Sir G. Mackenzie Crim.<br />

Laws Scot. II. vi. \ 4 (1699) 190 When spoiliies or ejections<br />

arc civilly pursued, the conclusion is violent profits (which<br />

is the double Rent of the Lands, and restitution of thething<br />

craved). 175a W. Stewart in Scots Mag. (1753) 294/1 It<br />

can be no more than violent profits, which is often modified<br />

in inferior courts. 1765-8 Erskine Inst. Law Scot. \u vl<br />

{ 54 Violent profits arc so called, because they become due<br />

on the tenant s forcible or unwarrantable detaining the<br />

possession after he ought to have removed. 1814 Scott<br />

Wav. Ixvi, Even when ye hae gottt;n decreet of spuilzie,<br />

(^pression, and violent profits against them. 1838 W, Bkll<br />

Diet. Latv Scot. 1028 In rural tenements, the violent profits<br />

are held to be the full profits which the landlord could have<br />

made... In urban tenements, the violent profits are generally<br />

estimated at double the stipulated rent.<br />

6. Of persons, their temper, etc. : Displaying or<br />

exhibiting passion, excessive ardour, or lack of<br />

moderation in action or conduct. Cf. sense 3.<br />

1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. in. § 149 If this Bill were once<br />

passed.. the Violenter Party would be never able to prosecute<br />

their Designs. 1654 Gataker Disc. Apol. 27 Some of<br />

the violenter sort of the other partic. 1706 Hearne Collect.<br />

(O.H.S.) 1. 291 Dunster, one of y« Violentest Whiggs. 1715<br />

Burnet Hiit. Own Time (1766) I. 155 One of the violentest<br />

Ministers of the whole party. 1769 Burkk Corr. (1844) I.<br />

215 He entertained me with an account of the present state<br />

of Lord Chatham's politics ; violent, as before, against the<br />

ministry. 1858 Ld. Granville in Fitzmaurice Li/e (1905)<br />

I. 306 Shaftesbury,. is much more violent for you than he<br />

was against you. x888 S. Maimon Antob. ix. 59 In my<br />

passions I was violent and fmpatient.<br />

ahsol. 1681 pRVDEN Abs. ^ Achit. To Rdr.,The Violent on<br />

both sides will condemn the Character of Absalom. 17x3<br />

Pope Lett. (1735) I. 200, I am no way displeased that I<br />

have offended the Violent of all Parties already.<br />

7. Of language, or writings: Resulting from, indicative<br />

or expressive of, strong feeling.<br />

1749 Fielding Tom Jones xi. v, Hc.concludedbya very<br />

fond caress, and many violent protestations of love. 1818<br />

Scott Hrt, Midi, xiv, The letter,.. the contents of which<br />

were as singular as the expression was violent. i8a6 Disraeli<br />

Viv. Grey v. xi He wrote violent letters, protesting<br />

his innocence. i8^» j. Morlev Voltaire (1886) 5 The temperament<br />

which mistakes strong expression for strong judgment,<br />

and violent phrase for grounded conviction.<br />

II, 8. In intensive use: Very or extremely<br />

I that<br />

I<br />

; HAM<br />

I<br />

I<br />

;<br />

223<br />

I great, strong, or severe, a. In legal nse, chiefly<br />

j<br />


VIOIiENTNESS.<br />

5. coUog, In a flashy or showy manner *<br />

; loudly*.<br />

178a Mmk. D'Arblay Diary 15 Dec, She was violently<br />

dressed,—a large hoop, .. ribands and omanients extremely<br />

shown.<br />

Vi'Olentness. ? Obs, [f. Violent a.] The<br />

state or quality of being violent; violence.<br />

169a Sir W. Hope Fencing Master 148 If all that take not<br />

a»-ay the violentness of his Pursuit. 17*7 Bailey (vol. II),<br />

V'ioUniness^ Violence, Korcibleness, Vehemence, Sharpness,<br />

Boistcrousness, Outragiousne;^ 1737 Hracken Farriery<br />

Impr. (1756) I. 24 The Violentness of the Seasons. 1748<br />

Washington JmL 4 Apr.. Writ. (1889) I. 5 ^h'S ^^y «"r<br />

tent was blown by ye violentness of ye wind.<br />

llViolento. Obsr"^ [It. :— L. viohnUts Violent<br />

a.] A violent person ; one using or inclined<br />

to use violence.<br />

ai66t Fuller Worthies, C^"'^*"^^- '• (1662)218 He. .was<br />

no Violent© in the Troubles of Francford, but with all<br />

meekness to his might, endeavoured a pacification.<br />

Violer (vai-jJlaj). Now arch. Also 6 Sc, veolar,<br />

6, 9 violar, 7 vioUer. [ad. OF. violcur (AF.<br />

violour) : see Viol sh^ and -er ^,] A player of the<br />

viol, in early use esp. one attached to the household<br />

of the king, a noble, etc. ; a fiddler.<br />

Chiefly in Sc. use, and frequent in Scottish records and<br />

accounts of the i6th and 17th centuries.<br />

1551 Ace. Ld. Hi^k Treas. Scot. X. 32 To the saidis vlolaris<br />

to by thame leveray. 1551-a ibid. 67 Be the lordis<br />

compositouris speciale command to my lord governouris<br />

\-eolaris. 1^7 Flemi.sg Contn, HoUnslied III. i^sti/a An<br />

other stateiie pageant, .made by an other companie of the<br />

rhetoricians, called painters or violers. 1617 in 3»rfAV/.<br />

Hist. MSS.Cowm, 413/1 His Maiesties violens that accompaneit<br />

the saidis knychtis to this burgh. 1678 Sir G. Mackenzie<br />

Critii. Laws Scot. w. iv. § i (1699) 185 James Johnstoun<br />

Violer, arraignedbefore the Magistraisof Edinburgh.<br />

a i-jzz Sir J. hwa^K Decisions (1759) I. 364 A Violer. .was<br />

serenading in the night-time with his fiddle. 1824 Scott<br />

Redgauntlet let. xii, They have brought another violer<br />

upon my walk ! 1825 — Belrot/ied kkx, I had forgot, .the<br />

distance bet\veen an Armorican violer and a high Norman<br />

baron. 1843 James Forast Days iv, Come, Master Violer,<br />

let us hear the notes of the catgut.<br />

Violescent (v3i(?le*sent), a. [f. L,. viol-a<br />

Viola 1 + -ESCENT. Cf. Violascent (z.] Tending<br />

tinged with violet.<br />

to a violet colour ;<br />

1847 Webster. 1893 Vizetklly tr, Zoia's Dr. Pascal 1,<br />

Under the sky of a fiery, violescent blue. 1896 — tr. Zola's<br />

Rome 4 The yellow .sunflashes.. sharply outlined the violescent<br />

shadows.<br />

Violet (vai-iTlet), ^b^ Forms : 4- violet (6<br />

Sc, violat), 4-7 violett, 5-6 vyolet (5 -ett,<br />

wyolet) ; 5-6 violstte (5-6 -ete), vyolette (5<br />

-ytte) ; 5 vyalett, vielet, 6 vilet, 7-9 vi'let.<br />

[In senses 1-2, a. O¥.vioicte,violei(e{mo^.¥. vio~<br />

lette, = It. viohtta, Sp. and Pg. violeta)^ dim. of<br />

vioU Viola ^ In senses 3-4, a. OF. violete^ vielcte^<br />

vilette fern., or violet^ vielet^ vilet (mod.F. violet)<br />

masc, of similar origin.]<br />

1. A plant or flower of the genus Viola, esp. K.<br />

odorata^ the sweet-smelling violet, growing wild,<br />

the flowers are usually<br />

and cultivated in gardens ;<br />

purplish blue, mauve, or white. a. In sing,<br />

without article or with the.<br />

C1330 Artk- (J- Merl. 3061 Mirie it is in time of June,..<br />

Violet & rose flour Wonel> |?an in maidens hour. 1387<br />

Tkevlsa Higden (Rolls) i. 261 Of (jat hille [the stones]<br />

smelle^ swete as violet, c 1400 Filgr. Sowie (Caxton, 1483)<br />

IV, xxviii. 74 The white lely, the rede rose, the fresshe violet.<br />

c 1440 Palliid. on Husb. i. 1014 In busshis, treen, & herbis<br />

they may fynde Herbe origane, and tyme, and violette.<br />

c i4f8o Henkyson Fables, Lion ^ Mouse iii, The rosis reid<br />

. . and the purpour violat bla. c 1530 Crt. 0/Lffve ccvi, Eke<br />

eche at other threw the floures bright, The primerose, the<br />

violcte, and the gold. 1589 Gkkene Menaphon (Arb.) 36<br />

There growes. .the cowsloppe, the primrose, and the violet.<br />

1667 Milton P, L. iv. 700 Underfoot the Violet, Crocus,<br />

and Hyacinth with rich inlay Broiderd the ground, a 1718<br />

Pkior Garland i, The Pride of ev'ry Grove I chose, The<br />

Violet sweet, and Lilly fair. 1785 Martvn Lett. Bot, xxxi.<br />

(1794) 477 Antirrhinum, Fumitory, Violet, Impatiens, and<br />

Orchis. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. ^tfr/iWsSSTheviolet<br />

is well known to be coloured by a blue matter which acids<br />

change to red. 1855 Kincsley Heroes^ Titeseus i. 199 The<br />

meadows [are sweet] with violet.<br />

b. With a and pi. : A single flower, plant, or<br />

species of this.<br />

C1374 Chaucer Boeih. i. met. vi. (1868) 25 Vif \>o\x wilt<br />

gadre violettz, ne go |7ou not to J>e purper wode whan )Te<br />

feide chirkynge agriseb ofcolde. ^1400 Maundev. (1839)<br />

xiv, 160 <strong>Here</strong> colour is.. more browne than the Violettes.<br />

14.. Now. in Wr.-Wulcker 712 i/ecviola, a vyolytte. 1483<br />

Catk. Angt. ^Qili A violett, viola. 1576 Fleming Panopt.<br />

Epist. 352 What man is able to affirme, that he euer sawe<br />

the Springtide without Marche Violettes? 1598 Vong<br />

Diana 469 Roses and vilets strewing. 1613 Dekker<br />

Strange Horse Race Ep. Ded , It can bee no shame 10<br />

gather a Violet, growing close to the ground. 1697 Dryden<br />

Virg. Georg. iv. 269 He spoils the Saffron Fl w'rs, he sips<br />

the Blues Of Vi'lets. i7«B-46 Thomson Spring 448 Where<br />

purple violets lurk With all the lowly children of the shade.<br />

1791 CowpEB Odyss. V. 86 Meadows of softest verdure,<br />

purpled o'er With violets. t8ii A. T. Thomson Lond. Disp.<br />

{1818) 408 Violets have an agreeable sweet odour, and a very<br />

slightly bitter taste. 1880 Bessey Bot. 551 The genus<br />

Violn, the Violets, includes about half of the species of the<br />

order.<br />

o. colled. Ane same m-iner. Il/iii., Oile of<br />

violettz. 156* 'i'uKNER Herbal w. 164 Violettes make a man<br />

to slepe, and they are good for the disease of the vuula,<br />

1563 HvLL Art Garden. (1593) 83 The Violets ought especialTy<br />

to be gathered in March, and dryed in a shadowey<br />

place of the aire. 1631 Jordan Nat. Bathes vi. (1660) 41 If<br />

Matthiolus his reason were good, then Roses and Violets,<br />

and Vinegar should be hot. 1718 Ql'iNcv Compl. Disp. 181<br />

Violets. .are in everyone's acquaintance, for their Use in<br />

Medicine. 1736 Bailey Housh. Diet., I'iolets :irco( a. laxative<br />

quality, and are us'd medically in syrups, juleps, conserves,<br />

oils, &c. 1855 Mayne E-xpos. Lex. 539 losacchar,<br />

..old name for the sugar of violets. 1861 Henti.ey jl/a«.<br />

Hot. 458 The Violets generally, have been used on the Continent,<br />

as demulcent expectorants. 1887 Lady 20 Jan. 38/3<br />

Small cut-glass dishes of pink and white bon-bons, together<br />

with candied violets.<br />

d. Jig^. (Applied esp. to persons.)<br />

141S-S0 Lydc. CAr^«. 'J'roy 111.4380 Somme also.. With<br />

I»e lillye of virginite And violettis of parfit chastite, As-<br />

cendid ben a-boue ]>e sterris clere. 14. . — 'J'o My Soverain<br />

Lady 96 O violet, O flour desiree, Sith I am for you so<br />

amorous [etc.]. c 1440 J 'ork Myst. xxv. 498 Hayll ! vyolett,<br />

vernand with swete odoure. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, v. ii. 46<br />

Welcome my sonne : who are the Violets now. That strew<br />

the greene lap of the new-come Spring? 1842 Tennyson<br />

Will Waterproof \a,j How out ofplace she makes 'Ihe violet<br />

of a legend blow Among the chops and steaks !<br />

2. \Vith specific epithets : a. Denoting sj>ecies<br />

of ViolUy or varieties of the common violet.<br />

The number of these is very large, and only the older or<br />

more prominent are illustrated here. Tournefort's species<br />

(53 in nil) are enumerated in Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. (1753)<br />

s.v. Viola; later lists may be found in Loudon Kncycl. PI,<br />

(i8-'9-36) i£6 and Johnson Cottage Card. Did. (1852)912-3.<br />

Americian species are given by Gray Man. Bot. (i860, etc.)<br />

and in recent American dictionaries. See also Dogviolet.<br />

1753 Chambers* Cycl. Suppl. s.v. / iola. The purple "alpine<br />

Violet, with very small leaves, c 1710 Petiver Catal. Ray's<br />

Fng. Herbal Tab. xxxvii, *Bog Violet. 1777 Lightfoot<br />

Flora Scot. (1789) II. nog P'iola A/V/'fl, .."Hairy Violet.<br />

X578-160X *March Violet [see Makch sb.^ 2 b]. X7a8<br />

Bradley Dict.Bot.^.w. Viola, Single March Violets. Jbid.y<br />

Double March Violets, 1731 1\Iiller (Pan/. Diet. s.v. Viola,<br />

Greater hairy March Violet, without SnielL 1^$^ Chambers'<br />

Cycl. Suppl. .'i.v. Viola, The round-teaved *marsh Violet.<br />

1777 X.XGMTVOOT Flora Scot. (iySRADnoN R. Godwi?i i. There were no<br />

tears in the large *violet-hueti eyes. 1S20 Shelley Frometh.<br />

Unb. IV. 107 Two runnels of a rivulet, Between the closs;<br />

moss *violet -in woven. Have made their path of melody.


VIOLET.<br />

i8j^ Greenhouse Cot»p. 1. 107 Purple ''violet-like flowers on<br />

coriaceous roundish leaves. 1840 Mrs. Norton Dicam 238<br />

The *violet-scented lanes — the warm south-wall. 1859<br />

Geo. Eliot A. Bede xii, An afternoon in which destiny.<br />

poisons us with violet-scented breath. 1851 Mrs. Browning<br />

Casa Guidi Wind. i. 411 Like some new bee-swarm<br />

leaving the old hive, Despite the wax. .so *violet-sweet.<br />

C. With vbl. sbs., as violetfarming, -plucking^<br />

'poisonings setting. »<br />

fi44o Pallati. on Husb, (1896) 268 Vioiette settyng in<br />

Feuerer. 1833 T. Hook Parson's Dau. i. i, Daisy-picking<br />

and violet-plucking [were now] the only pursuits she really<br />

loved. 1896 Westm. Gaz. 28 Oct. 8/2 The aljove case of<br />

violet-poisoning. 1902 Daily Chron, 17 July 6/3 Rose<br />

culture, violet farming, bee-keeping, or poultry rearing.<br />

6. Special Combs.: f violet-apple, a violetscented<br />

sort of apple; violet-blind d., colourblind<br />

as regards the violet rays of the spectrum<br />

heiice violet-blindness ; f violet-pear, a violetscented<br />

sort of pear ; violet-powder, a variety<br />

of toilet-powder; YitncQ violet-poxoder \h. \ f violet<br />

tables, lozenges made from violets and sugar ;<br />

violet tree ;?) ; violet-wood, {a) kingwood<br />

{b) the wood of the Australian Acacia pendula ;<br />

{c) the wood of Andiraviolacea, a tree of Guiana<br />

violetworts, Lindiey*s name for the Violace:^.<br />

1664 in Evelyn Pomona 47 <strong>Here</strong>fordshire affords several<br />

sorts of Cider-apples, as. .the Gennet-moyle, the Summer.<br />

*vio!et or Fillet,and the Winter-fillet. 1676 Worlidgf. Cyder<br />

163 The Violet-.AppIe is of a most delicate aromatick taste.<br />

1894 Abnev Colour Vision (1895) 70 The kind of colour<br />

that these colour blind imagine as white, wliether they bo<br />

red-, green-, or *vioIet-b!ind. Ibid. 73 So far I have only<br />

met with what appears to be one genuine case of "violet<br />

blindness. 1683 Evelyn A*a/. Hor(.{cd.-j) 104 ''Violet-pear.<br />

Petworth-pear, otherwise called the Winter- Windsor. 1858<br />

SiMMONDS Diet, Trade, *l'ioiet-pozvder, powdered starch<br />

or flour scented, used, .to powder the skin. 1859 Habits 0/<br />

Gd. Society 1. 114 The use ofviolet-powder after shaving, now<br />

very common ... is one that should be avoided. 1876 Miss<br />

Brouchton yoan vi, She has, however, violet-powdered<br />

her fresh cheeks. 1620 Venner Via Recta vii, 147 There<br />

is.. made of Violets and Sugar, certaine Plates, called<br />

'Violet Tables, which are very pleasant to the taste. 1878<br />

H, M. Stanley Dark Cont. II. ix. 281 Vou may also see<br />

here[fc. Rarundu] the Strelitja vagina, or the wild banana,<br />

or the *violet-tree, and the oil-berry tree. 1698 T. Fboger<br />

yay. 129 Letter-wood (as they call it) and that of * Violet, .,<br />

are very common in that country. 1843 Holtzapfkel<br />

Turning I. 89 King-wood, called also Violet-woocl, is imported<br />

from the Brazils. x8sa [see Myall ^J. 1866 Treas.<br />

Bot, 1218/2. 1846 Lindlev I'eg. Kiug.i. 338 The *Violetworts<br />

are di.-itinctly de5ned by their definite stamens,<br />

tVi-olet, sb:^' Obsr-^ [ad. It. violetta^ dim. of<br />

viola \'iOLA ^.'\ (See quot. and cf. Violette.)<br />

s688R. HoLMKArwoury in. xvi. (Roxb.) 58/1 The Violet<br />

or Violin, a diminitiue of the viol, being a very small Instrument,<br />

yet in all respects answereth to the forme of the<br />

Treble Viole in the body.<br />

Violet (vai'tXIt't), a. Also 4-6 violett, 5 vyolet(te,<br />

vyelett, vlalet, 6 violitt. ^a, OF. violet<br />

vielet, villet (naod.F. violet') adj. : see Violet sb.\<br />

Cf. It. violetto, Pg. violete.l^<br />

1. Having the colonr of violets ; of a blue or<br />

blaish-purple colour.<br />

In early use only of woven fabrics.<br />

1370 Bjiry IVills (Camden) 5, j violett toga, c 1440 Promp,<br />

Parr'. 509/2 Vialet, yn colowre, violacens. 1464 Maldon<br />

(Essex) Court Rolls Bundle 40, No. 6, ii togas blewe et<br />

yyolette, i dobelet. c 1481 Cely Papers (Camden) 202 Item<br />

iij stykkes of tarny sateyn or els vyelett sateyn of Bruges.<br />

i5»4 l^incoln IV'ills (1914) 1. 130 S. violitt reband with silver<br />

aglyttes. 1544 Knaresborough Wills (Surtees) I. 34 To<br />

Agocs Gill my violett kirtell. 1575 ^*'^'^y.<br />

^'f'<br />

Council<br />

Scot. III. 195 Thre single pandis, freinyeit with violet silk.<br />

ci6ao MoRVSON Itin. iv. v. i. (1903) 438 Next rode some<br />

20, of the Pope's Chamberlayns and cheefe officers, cloathed<br />

in gownes of violett Cloth. i8ir Sir H. Daw Cheni.<br />

Philos. 223 The luminous particles at the violet end of the<br />

spectrum. 1857 Miller F.lem. Chem., Org, viil 537 Boiling<br />

nitric acid colours it violet, i88f Marq. Differin in Lyall<br />

Life (1905) II. 64 Directly fronting you, risesa magni5cent<br />

violet stretch of mountain.<br />

b. Qualifying colour^ hue, tint^ etc.<br />

CX400 Maundev. (Roxb.)xvii. 80 Men find dyamaundz of<br />

violet colour. 1548 Cooper Elyot's Diet., Violarius, he<br />

that dieth violet colour. i6ox Holland Pliny II. 621 There<br />

is not one of these Ameythysts, but it is transparent with<br />

a Violet colour. 1622-3 Essex Archdeaconry Depositions<br />

Bk. (MS.) 27 Feb. 26 One cloake for a man made of broade<br />

cloath and of a violett couler. 1648 Hexham ii, Pen Violette<br />

venve, a Violet Dye or colour. 1706 London & Wisk<br />

Retir'd Gard. I. ix. 41 The Maugeron is [a plum] of a<br />

Violet Colour, large and round. 1750 tr. Leonardits' Mirr.<br />

Stones 79 The carbuncle brandishes its fiery rays, of a violet<br />

colour, on every side. 1800 tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 419<br />

Hydrogen gas alters the colour of bismuth, and gives it a<br />

violet tint. 1834 J. Forbf.s La^'nnecs Dis. CAM/(ed.4)4D5<br />

The lung . , was of a violet hue, soft and flabby, a 1878 \V,<br />

Carleton Farm Ballads (1893) 84 The squire swore oaths<br />

of a violet hue.<br />

O. Qualifying names of other colours, as violet<br />

blacky bhtey etc<br />

In later use frequently hyphened (cf. next), and in some<br />

cases (esp. violet-blue) also repr. the sb, used attrib.<br />

17x8 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Red, In Limning, and Fresco,<br />

for a Violet Red, .. they use a natural F.arth found in England.<br />

178a Latham Gen, Syn. Birds 1. 11. 754 The quills<br />

of a violet brown. 1819 Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool.<br />

XI. I. 3 The wings.. are of a fine deep violet-blue. 1843<br />

Florist's Jrnl. (1846) IV. iii Flower-spike producing three<br />

to four flowers, and very handsome, of a beautiful violetpurple,<br />

188a Garden 17 June 418/1 The petals.. bordered<br />

with violet-crimson.<br />

Vol, X.<br />

225<br />

d. Forming adj. combs., vls violet- blackj 'blue,Gtc.<br />

Many e.vamples occur in Shaw's Ge?t. Zooh<br />

1697 Drvden Virg. Georg. iv. 394 From one Root the<br />

rising Stem bestows A Wood of Leaves, and Vi'let-purple<br />

Boughs. i«3 Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Star-zvort^ The<br />

tall hairy New England aster with very large violet-purple<br />

flowers. xSoa Shaw Geu. Zool. III. n. 423 Violet-black<br />

Snake, with the abdomen and sides crimson. 1819 Stephens<br />

I/'id. XI. I. 59 The upper parts of the body [are] violet-red.<br />

1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 746 The whole liquid<br />

assumes a very strong and fine violet-blue colour. 1887 W.<br />

Phillips Brit. Discomycetes 70 Hymenium violet-brown;<br />

juice violet.<br />

2. a. In names of varieties of fruits or plants, as<br />

violet clover ^ maize f plum, etc. Also ellipt.<br />

1706 London & Wise Retir'd Card. I. 147 The Fourth<br />

ikind is} the Violet* Fig. Ibid., The Violet ripens perfectly<br />

well. « 172a Lisle Husb, (1757) 379 A violet-plum,<br />

a standard,.. which is a plum that does not cleave fiom<br />

the stone. 1725 Fam. Diet. s.v. Plum, The Violet Damson<br />

or Maugeron Plum. 1760-72 tr. Juan ^ Ulloas V'oy,<br />

(ed. 3) II. 140 They first pulverize the cochineal by grinding,<br />

and after mixing four ounces of it, with twelve of violet<br />

maize, they form it into square cakes. 1786 Abercrombie<br />

Arrangem. 13 in Gard. Assist, Cherry plum, Violet plum,<br />

Apricot plum, i860 Hogg Fruit Mnn, 72 Figs. ..Skin<br />

dark. Flesh red. ..Early Violet, Malta. Ibid. 251 Purple<br />

Gage (. .Violet Gage). 1867 Chambers's Eneycl. IX. 803/2<br />

The Violet Moss {Byssus Iolithus),.yiisis formerly in use as<br />

a popular remedy for feverish cutaneous eruptions. 1890<br />

Times 22 Sept. 4/2 The cut of violet clovers in France is not<br />

likely to be large,<br />

b. In names of birds, insects, etc., as violet<br />

beCy cormorant^ crab, creeper^ heron, etc. ; violetear,<br />

one or other species of the genus Petasophora<br />

of humming-birds ; violet-fly, an artificial fly<br />

used in angling ; violet-tip, an American butterfly<br />

(see quot.).<br />

Latham's names are repeated in Shaw's Gen, Zool.<br />

(181 1-26).<br />

1845 Eneycl. Metrop. XIV. 153/1 A *violet bee, which<br />

they now sent offifrom the balloon], flew quickly away with<br />

its usual humming noise, c i88a Cassetl's Nat. Hist. V.<br />

367 'I'he Violet Carpenter Bee {Xylocopa violacea) . .'inhabits<br />

the south of Europe. 1785 Latham Gen. Synop,<br />

Birdsm. 11.600 *Violet Corvorant...This bird is said to be<br />

wholly black, glossed with violet. 1826 Stephens Shaw's<br />

Gen. Zool. XIII, i. 86 Violet Cormorant, Phalacrocorax<br />

violaceus. 1774 Golds.m. Nat. Hist. (1824) III. 86 The<br />

* Violet Crab of the Carribec Islands. 1895 Pall MallG.<br />

26 July 2/3 The much advertised land-crabs are precisely the<br />

same 'violet crab ' . . found on similar tropical islands. 178a<br />

Latham Gen. Synop. Birds I. n. 705 *Violet. Creeper. 1861<br />

Gould Trochilidae IV. PI, 223 Brazilian *VioIet-ear. Ibid.<br />

PI. 226 Mexican Violet-ear. 1887 R. B. Sharfe G«ulds<br />

Trochilidx Suppl. V, PI. i Petasophora Germaua, Guiana<br />

Violet-ear. 1676 Cotton Walton's Augler 11. vii. (1874) 253<br />

A fly called the *Violet-Fly; made of a dark violet .stuff;<br />

with the wings, of a grey feather of a mallard. 1787 Best<br />

Angling {fifX. 2) 101 The Violet fly. ..Dubbed with dark<br />

violet stufT, and a little dun bear's hair mixed with it. 183a<br />

LvrTON Eugene A. i. Ix, The old Corporal .. busily employed<br />

in fixing to his line., what anglers.. call tho' violetfly<br />

, 18x5 Stephens .9/iaw'f Gen. Zool. IX. 11. 249 *Violet<br />

Grosbeak, with a streak above the eyes. 1785 Latham<br />

Gen. Synop. Birds III. 1, 97 *Violet Heron,, .of a blueish<br />

black, glossed with violet. 1788 Ibid. I. n. 756 *Violet<br />

Humming Bird;. .the whole head, the neck, back, breast,<br />

and belly, of a violet purple. 1864-5 J. G. Wood Homes<br />

ivithout H. iv,I(i868) 88 The * Violet Land Crab of Jamaica<br />

{Geearcinus rurieola) is the most familiar of these creatures.<br />

183a J. Rennie Consp. Butterfl. ^ M. 205 The *Violet<br />

Pygmy i^Microsetia violaceella). Wings;.. first pair deep<br />

black, with a tinge of violet. X785 Latham Gen. Synop.<br />

Birds III. 11. 600 *Violet Shag. Violet Corvorant. x^<br />

Baibd Cycl. Nat, Set. 307/2 Jauthina. The "Violet Shells.<br />

—A genus of molluscous animals belonging to the class<br />

Gasteropoda. X845 Gosse Oeean vii. (1849) 343 The *Vio<br />

let-snaif (yofithina/ragilis),. .\j\\Qse shell. .is of a pearly<br />

white above, and beneath violet. 1873 Dawson Earth .V<br />

Man iv. 76 Those singular molluscous swimmers by fin or<br />

float known to zoologists as violet-snails. 1783 Latham<br />

Gen. Synop. Birds II. 11. 574 *Violet Swallow, ..general<br />

colour of the plumage deep blue, reflecting violet in different<br />

tints. Ibid, i, 222 'Violet Tanager, . .colour of the plumage<br />

a deep violet. Ibid. 57 *Violet Thrush,.. the whole plumage<br />

of a changeable violet blue, x88x S. H. Scudder<br />

Butterfiies 167 The most conspicuous case [of dimorphism]<br />

is in the largest, the *'Vio\ct-Tip{Polygoniainterrogatiouis),<br />

where the two forms were once universally considered distinct<br />

species.<br />

o. With names of minerals, etc.<br />

1796 KiHWAH Elem. A/in. (ed. 2) II. 280 Violet Cobalt ore.<br />

1830 De la Beche Rep. Geol. Cornwall, etc, xv. 497 The<br />

violet rock crystal, or amethyst, seems scarce. 1867 Cham,<br />

bers's Eneycl. IX, 803/2 VioletStones, . .certain stones found<br />

upon high mountains, as in Thuringia. ..which, in consequence<br />

of being covered with.. Violet Moss, emit a smell<br />

like that of violets. 1871 Routledge's F.v. Boy's Ann. June<br />

335 Violet ebony is used for making inlaid chairs.<br />

3. In parasynthetic combs., as violet-eared,<br />

-headed, -hooded, -horned, -ringed, etc.<br />

178a Latham Gen. SynoA. Birds I. 11. 767 *Violet-Eared<br />

Humming Bird ;. .beneath theears, is a very splendid violet<br />

spot. 1898 Daily Ne^vs 12 Feb. 6/3 Violet-eared waxbills,<br />

African firefinches, black-crested yellow bulbuls. X78a<br />

L.\THAM Gen. Synop, Birds 1, 11. 718 "Violet- Headed<br />

Creeper, Certhia violacea. 1815 Stephens Shaw's Gen.<br />

Zool. IX. I. 8 Violet-headed Curucui (Trogon violaceus).<br />

1847 Tennvson Princ. 11. 354 With .scraps of thundrous<br />

Epic lilted out By •violet-hooded Doctors. x8aa Hortus<br />

Augl. II. 10 "Violet-horned Poppy. 1880 A. H. Swinton<br />

Insect Variety 4 A "violet-ringed Oak Eggar caterpillar.<br />

x8ai Shelley Fpipsych.(x)Axi thou not. . A *violet-shrouded<br />

grave of WoeV a i8aa -^ Death Adonis 4 Wake *violetstolcd<br />

queen, and weave the crown Of Death. 1786 Abercrombie<br />

Arrangem. 77 in Gard. Assist. ^ White, "violet<br />

VIOLIN.<br />

striped [tulip]. X803 Shaw Gen. Zool. IV. ii. 382 Violetstriped<br />

Acanthurus. Acanthurus Sohal. X78a Latham<br />

Gen. Synop. Birds I. ir. 754 *Violet Tailed Humming Bird.<br />

i8iiShaw Geu. Zool. VIII. 1.208 "Violet-throated Creeper.<br />

Certhia affinis.<br />

Violet (vai-Jlet), v. [f. Violet sb> or «.]<br />

1. trans. To tin^e with a violet hue.<br />

x6a3 tr. Favine's 'J heat. Hon. i. iv. 35 For the Noble<br />

Kings of France mourne in Scarlet violetted. 183a [R,<br />

Cattermole] Beckett, etc. 192 The sea, Yet darklier violeted,<br />

almost frowned With splendor. X855 Meredith<br />

Amazing Marriage v, One flank of the white in heaven<br />

was violetted wonderfully,<br />

2, intr. To gather violets,<br />

18x3 Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Life {1870) I. 226 To.<br />

morrow I shall go violeting, 1827 Mrs. Hemans in H. F.<br />

Chorley.il/ew/. (1836) 1. 151 Having accompanied you again,<br />

and again, as I have done, in ' violetting and seeking for<br />

wood-sorrel, 1873 Argosy XVI. 270 How delightful was<br />

that day among the Kentish Downs! We began it by<br />

violeting in the woods.<br />

Violet-coloTired, a. [Violet j^ Oceana<br />

ii. 27 Looking round us and down into nothing but the<br />

violet-coloured ocean.<br />

Violetish (vai-JletiJ), a. [f. Violet sh?--^<br />

-ISH.] Somewhat violet in colour.<br />

x87X Routledge's Ev. Boy's Aun. June 359 A grey partaking<br />

of a violetish tone. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 24 Feb. 16/3 Its<br />

flesh is a violetish black or a blackish violet, overrun by a thin<br />

network of white veins.<br />

Viole 'tte. rare^^. [ad. It. violetta.} = Violet<br />

sb/'i<br />

1884 Haweis My Musical Life I. 239 The smaller viols or<br />

violettes of the seventeenth century fell into violins.<br />

Violety (vai'^eti), a. [f. Violet .f^.i + -y.]<br />

Of or belonging to violets; more or less violet in<br />

colour.<br />

183X Keightlev Mytlwl. Anc. Greece^ It. 399 His<br />

mother called him lamus, Violety. 1891 T. Hvrdv Tess<br />

(1900) 06/2 Dark eyelashes and brows, .. and large eyes<br />

violety-oluey.blackish.<br />

Violin {y^\divny val'^in), sb. Forms : 6 violine,<br />

7 vyoline, viallin, 7- violin, [ad. It.<br />

violino (Pg. violinOf Sp. violin)^ f. viola Viola 2,<br />

Of. ViOLON.]<br />

1, A musical instrument in common use, having<br />

four strings tuned in fifths and played with a bow ;<br />

a fiddle.<br />

In general structure the vIoHn is composed of a resonant<br />

box of elaborately curved outline, and a neck or handle<br />

from the end of which the strings are stretched over a bridge<br />

to a tail-piece.<br />

X579 Spenser Sheph, Cal., April 103, 1 see Calliope speede<br />

her to the place, where my Goddesse shines : And after her<br />

the other Muses trace, with their Violines. 15B9 R. Harvey<br />

PI. Perc. (1590) 6 Then were it high time for. .all Peace.<br />

Makers, to put vp their pipes, or else in steed of the soft<br />

violine, learne to sound a shrill trumpet, x6o8 B. Jonson<br />

Masques Wks. (1616) 964 The first [dance] was to the Cornets,<br />

the second to the Vyolincs. 16x8 Bolton F'lorus<br />

(1636) lis Some excellently pleasing lesson plaid upon soft<br />

winde-instruments, or Violins. 1^0 Pepys Diary 6 Mar.,<br />

I played upon a viall, and he a viallin, after dinner. iTxr<br />

Steele Sped. No. 258 f 4 Violins, Voices, or any other<br />

Organs of Sound. X756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) II. 10<br />

Orpheus or Amphion in bronze, playing upon a violin. 1843<br />

LvTToN Zanoui i. j, He was not only a composer, but also<br />

an excellent practical performer, especially on the violin.<br />

1884 Haweis My Musical Life I. 237 The violin is not an<br />

invention, it is a growth.<br />

trans/, 1670 Lachard Cont. Clergy 62 People. .presently<br />

phanst'd the Moon, Mercury.and Venus to be a kind<br />

of violins or .trebles to Jupiter and Saturn.<br />

b. With distinguishing terms.<br />

160X B. JoNsoN Poetast, iii. iv, Come, we must haue you<br />

turne fiddler againe, slaue, 'get a base violin at your backe.<br />

c 1670 Wood Life (O.H.S.) I. 212 Before the restoration<br />

of K. Charles 2 and especially after, viols began to be out of<br />

fashion, and only violins used, as treble-violin, tenor and<br />

bass-violin. 1685 Plavford {title), The Division- Violin :<br />

containing a Collection of Divisions upon several Grounds<br />

for the Treble. Violin. J7a8 Chambers Cycl. h.v., The Word<br />

Violin, alone, stands for Treble Violin. Ibid., The Counter.<br />

Tenor, Tenor, or Bass-Violin. 1888 Eneycl. Brit. XXIV.<br />

245/1 The tenor violin, in compass a fifth lower than the<br />

treble violin, appears to have preceded the latter.<br />

C. To play first violin^ to take the leading part.<br />

(Cf. FiDiiLE sb. I b.)<br />

1780 Mme. D'Abblav Diary May, [He] seemed to think<br />

nobody half so great as himself, and. .chose to play firstviolin<br />

without further ceremony.<br />

2. One who plays on the violin ; a violinist.<br />

1667P1 pvs /^/rtr>'2o Feb., They talked how the King's<br />

viallin. Bannister, is mad. c 1670 Wood Life (O.H.S.) I.<br />

485 Thomas Baltzar, one of the violins in the king's service.<br />

1690 J. Jacksom Let. to Pepys 25 Dec, Corelli the famous<br />

violin playing, in concert with above 30 more. xS^^ Penny<br />

Cycl. XXVI. 346/3 At the early age of twenty he was<br />

chosen to fill the situation of first violin in the royal chapel<br />

of Turin. 1878 Miss Fothekgill {title). The First Viofin.<br />

29


VIOLIN.<br />

3. A variety of organ-stop, rarc^,<br />

1688 [see Viol si>.^ 3J.<br />

4. aitrib. and Conth,, as violiit-boio, -case, class<br />

family y etc; violin-maker^ -niakitig^ -player<br />

violin hike, -s/iapeii adjs.<br />

1858 SiMMONDS Diet. Trade^ *yu>lin'bh,<br />

rhombic octahedrons.<br />

t Viorne, Obs.~^ [a. F. viorne (16th c.) :—L.<br />

vllmrna, pi. oi viburnum.'] The wayfaring-tree.<br />

1637 Holland Camden's Brit. 421 inter vibuma Cupnssus,<br />

that is, the Cypresse-lree amongst the Viorncs<br />

[1610 among smal twigges].<br />

Vipa*rlous, app. a mistake or misprint for<br />

vivacious * tenacious of life ',<br />

1849 LvTTON Caxtons XII. ii, .\ cat the most viparious is<br />

limited to nine lives.<br />

Viper (vai'pai). Also 6 vyper, vypar, vepor.<br />

[a. OF. vipere^ vipre (mod.F. vipere,^ Vx. vipera,<br />

vipra, vibra fem., vibre masc.,Sp.and 1'^. vibora^<br />

It. vipera) or ad. L. vipera viper, snake, serpent,<br />

contracted from vlvi-pera, f. vivus alive, living,<br />

and parere to bring forth. See nlso Wiveb.]<br />

1. The small ovo-viviparous snake Felias bents<br />

(formerly Coluber berus or Vipera communis),<br />

abundant in Europe and the only venomous snake<br />

found in Great Britain ; the adder ; in general<br />

use, any venomous, dangerous, or<br />

or serpent.<br />

repulsive snake<br />

The flesh of the viper was formerly regarded as possessing<br />

great nutritive or restorative properties, and was frequently<br />

used medicinally.<br />

1516 TiNDALK Acts xxviiu 3 When Paul had gaddered a<br />

boundle of stickes. And putt thein into the fyre, a viper (be<br />

cause off the heet) creept out. 154S Brinklow Lameut.<br />

116 The vypar aboue all other ..serpentes is most fullest of<br />

poyson. 1551 Turner //*; (^a/( 1 568) i.Bv,Garlyke..helpeth<br />

tlie bytyng of a veper. 1583 Gbef.ne Mamiliia 1. Wks.<br />

(Grosari) II. 74 The Elephant being enuenomed with the<br />

Viper, eateth him vp, and is healed. 1616 Bullokar Eng.<br />

Expos., Viper, a venemous serpent in some hot countries<br />

lying much in the earth, hauingashort taile, which gratetli<br />

and maketh a noise as he goeth. 1634 Pkacham Compl,<br />

Gentl. (ed. 2) xii. 109 Some mortals also are kiiowne by their<br />

cognisances, as. .Cleopatra by a viper. 1697 Dkvden Viig.<br />

Georg. III. 629 With that rank Odour from thy Dwellingplace<br />

To drive the Viper's Brood, and all the venom 'd Race.<br />

1750 tr. Leonardus' Mirr. 67o«cs- 65 The proper virtue of<br />

the Sicilian is, to subdue the poison of vipers. 1769 Pennant<br />

Brit. Zool. III. 17 Vipers are found in many parts of<br />

this island. 1805 Binglev Anim. Biog. (ed. 3) III. 95 The<br />

Viper is the only one, either of the Reptile or Serpent tribes,<br />

in Great Britain, from whose bite we have any thing to fear.<br />

1857 Borrow Romany Rye App. ix. The duty of the true<br />

critic is to play the part of a leech, and not of a viper.<br />

trans/. EiTi^ Jig. 1535 Jove ApoL Tindale 24 .\t not these<br />

the venomouse tethe of vepers that thus gnawe a nother<br />

mannis name? 1555 Kuen Decades {Xrh.) 193 'these blind<br />

and swalowyng sandes, the Spaniardes caule Vypers :<br />

And<br />

that by good reason, bycause in them many shyppes are<br />

entangled. 1606 Shaks. Tr. 4- Cr. iii. i. m^ Hot bloud,<br />

hot thoughts, and hot deedes, why they are Vipers, is Loue<br />

a generation of Vipers? 1713 Waterland Serm. Assizes<br />

Cambr. 13 Special care therefore must be taken to find out<br />

this lurking Viper [sc. piidej in our Bosoms, and to cast it<br />

far from us. 1819 Scorr Ivanhoe xxvii. Then comes remorse,<br />

with all its vipers, mixed with vain regrets for the past.<br />

b, ZooL Applied with distinguishing terms to<br />

other species of the genus Vipera^ the sub-order<br />

Viperina, or snakes resembling the common viper.<br />

For Itomed, pit, red, sand, water, yellow viper, see those<br />

terms.<br />

1736 Mortimer in PhiL Trans. XXXIX. 25^ Vipera<br />

fusca : the brown Viper in Virginia. In Carolina it is<br />

called the Truncheon-Snake. xw Catesbv Nat. Hist.<br />

Carolina (1771) II. 44 The Black Viper . . is short and thick,<br />

of slow motion. Ibid, 45 The Brown Viper, .is. .in length<br />

about two feet, and large in proportion. tj'jZ Encycl. Brit.<br />

(ed. 2) III. 2t^/i The Vipera, or common viper of the<br />

shops. . . It is a native of Egypt, and other warm countries.<br />

180S Shaw Gen, ZooL III. n. 377 Egyptian Viper.<br />

Ibid. 382 Swedish Viper. 1834 M^Muktbie C«2/iVrV^«/wi.<br />

Kingd. 185 Viplera] brachyura, Cuv. (Ihe Minute Viper.)<br />

1843 Penny CycL XXVI. 347/2 Variegated Viper—that<br />

described by Mr. Bell from Hornsey Wood. 1845 Encycl.<br />

Metrop.XA.y. 1099-1101 [Various species]. x86x Hulme<br />

tr. Moguin-Tandon 11. v. i. 250 The Vipera Berus (DaudJ<br />

or Small Viper (Coluber Ammodytes, Linn,). x88x Nosehorned<br />

viper [see Viperling].<br />

C. ZooL One or other of the snakes belonging<br />

to the genus Vipera, of which the common viper<br />

is the type, or to the family Viperidse.<br />

The vipers were formerly classified (following Linnaeus)<br />

under the order Coluber, from which they are now separated<br />

(cf. quot. 1834). The Viperidae form one of the four families<br />

into which the suborder Viperina (or Solenoglypha) is now<br />

divided.<br />

180S Shaw Gen. ZooL HI. ti. 364 The species (of Coluber]<br />

differ greatly in size and habit, according to their respective<br />

tribes; some, as the Vipers, having large, ftattish, and subcordate<br />

heads, with rather short than long bodies and tails.<br />

1834 McMurtrie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 185 The vipers,<br />

most of which were confounded with the Colubers by Linnffius,<br />

on account of their double sub-caudal plates, require<br />

to be separated from them from the circumstance of theuhaving<br />

poisonous fangs, c x88a Cassell's Nat. Hist. IV. 311<br />

The Vipers ( Viperida;)..hsiVfi a large broad hea


VIPER.<br />

1613 J. Taylor (Water P.) it-'aUr/ntns Sidf Wks. (1630)<br />

173, I will regard such Vipers and their slander ho little,<br />

that their malice [etc.]. 1649-4 Vicars God in Mount (1844)<br />

149 That most mischievous Viper of our Church & State<br />

too, Mathcw Wren Bp. of Elie. 1693 Drvden Juvenal \\,<br />

8j6, I (she confesses) in the Fact was cautiht; I'wo Sons<br />

dispatchingt at one deadly Draught. What Two, Two<br />

Sons, thou Viper, in one day? 1S19 Shf.llev Cenct i. iii.<br />

165 Cenci {to Beatrice), 'I'hou -painted viper! Beast that<br />

thou art I Fair and yet terrible ! 183a Warren Diary<br />

I. ate Physic. II. ii. 85 ' Cannot this infamous scoundrel [>e<br />

brought to justice?' * I inquired. If he were, he may<br />

pfovc, perhaps, not worth powder and shot, the viper ! ' 1846<br />

ftlRS. A. Marsh Father Darcy II. iv. 85 *What a genera-<br />

tion of vipers !<br />

' thought he, ' what a hydra brood of oppressors<br />

I' 1850 Mabsden Early Purit. (1853) 403 The<br />

seditious carriage of some vipers of the lower house.<br />

3. Jn other figurative or allusive uses: fa. In<br />

allusion to the supposition that the female viper<br />

was killed by her young eating their way out at<br />

birth. Ohs.<br />

Cf. Pliny NaU Hist. x. Ixn. 82.<br />

1601 B. JoNsoN Pottaster v. iii, Out viper, thou that cat'^t<br />

1<br />

thy parents, hence I 1608 Shaks. Pen 1. i.64, 1 am no viper,<br />

yet I feed "<br />

On mother's flesh which did me breed.<br />

b. In allusion to the fable of the viper reared<br />

or revived in a person's bosom : One who betrays<br />

or is false to those who have supported or<br />

nourished him ;<br />

Snake sb. 2 a.<br />

a false or treacherous person, Cf.<br />

Partly after the similar L. uses, in sinu7e fresh, is a sovereign remedy<br />

against the stinging of bees. .and other venomous insects.<br />

1776 G. White Selbome 20 April, This little fry [of fifteen<br />

vipersj issued into the world with the true viper spirit about<br />

them. 1S43 /Vwwv O'tV. XXVI, 349/1 Pliny, Galen, and<br />

others pr.iise the efficacy of viper flesh in the cure of ulcers<br />

(etc.). 1870 fjii.i,MORE Ir, Eigitier's Reptiles ^ Birds ii. 88<br />

Such are the terrible weapons of the Viper group, 1891<br />

'Son of Marshrs' On .Surrey Hills 61 Viper-oil,. you<br />

would find in all the woodmen's cottages. 1894 Daily<br />

Netvs 8 Feb. 5/4 By heating some viper virus at a temperature<br />

of 85 degrees Centigrade.<br />

o. With intensive force (passing in later use into<br />

adj.), = Venomous, extremely bitter, viperous.<br />

591 Svi-VKSTKR Du Bartas i. vi. 05 York and Lancaster,<br />

Ambitious broachcrs of that Viper- War. 1605 fbid.j Sonn.<br />

Late Peace xxviii, All the tempests of our Viper-Warrc.<br />

1788 Burns I^oeVs Progr. 30 Viper-crtlics cureless venom<br />

dart. 1876 Sir E. M, Thompson t'hron. A. de Usk 221 'J he<br />

viper rate of Ixjmlardy, split up into Guelphs and Ghibel<br />

lines. 1899 Miss B. Harraden Fowler 75, I can't abide<br />

the little viper man. /bid. 83 He don't like that little viper<br />

gentleman any more than I,<br />

6. Special combs., as vii>er-broth, broth made<br />

from vipers, or in which a viper has been boiled,<br />

formerly supposed to possess nutritive or invigorating<br />

properties: viper-fish, a deep-sea fish of<br />

the family ChaulioJonlidm, csp. Chaitliodus sloani<br />

{Cent. Did. 1S91) ; viper-gourd, an East Indian<br />

climbing gourd, Triihosanthes colitbrina, remarkable<br />

for its Ugliness {Treas. Bot, 1866;; vipergrass,<br />

=" viper's grass ; also atlrib, ; viper-jelly<br />

(cf. viper-brolh) ; f viper-mouth (see quot. and<br />

cf. viper-fisk alx)vc); f viper-stone, = Serpentine<br />

sb. 3 ; viper-weever, the lesser weever,<br />

Trcuhinus vipera; viper-wine, wine medicated<br />

by an extract or decoction obtained from vipers,<br />

formerly drunk on account of its supposed restorative<br />

or vitalizing<br />

Viper i.<br />

properties; f viper-worm,<br />

1707 Floveb Phjtsic. Puite-Watch 327 Hunted Venison,<br />

227<br />

Stale Meats, "Viper Broths, or Wine. 173a Arulthnot<br />

Kult-s 0/ Diet in Aliments^ etc. i. 509 Viper-broth is both<br />

anti-acid and nourishing. 1843 Fenny Cycl. XXVI. 349/1<br />

'rhe lingering belief in the wonderfully invigorating qualities<br />

of ' viper broth ' is not yet quite extinct in some places.<br />

1656 J. Smith Pract. Physick 238 Topicals must be Specifical<br />

Resolvers, as *Viper.grasse. 1711 C Cleve tr. Cmvleys<br />

J'lants III. C's Wks. III. 347 Viper-grass, full of a milky<br />

Juice Good against Poison. 1757 A. Cooper Distiller m.<br />

XV. (1760) 1 70 Of Viper-grass ten Ounces. 1771 Eticycl. Brit.<br />

III. 102/2 A decoction tnade of barley,.. viper-grass root,<br />

and liquorice. 1796 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 232<br />

Wall Viper-grass, /bid., Common Viper-grass. 1863 Prior<br />

Brit. PI. 234 yipcr-grASS,.. Scorzonera edulis. 170a R.<br />

Mead /'m(»«j 34 Jhe Patient ought to eat frequently of<br />

* Viper Gelly; or Broth. 1743 Catesbv Nat. Hist. Caroli'ia{iy7i)<br />

II. J jg n/era Ji/ar/»a, the *Viper-Mouth. This<br />

Fish is eighteen inches in length. f^i,B Phil. Trnns.\L.<br />

442 Speaking of the Serpentine or *Viper-Stone, he relates<br />

a very extraordinary Accident. 186^ Col'ch Brit. Fishes<br />

II. 48 The * Viper Weever, however, is common on most of<br />

the shores of Britain and Ireland. 1631 Massinger Beleeve<br />

as You List IV. i, Your *viper wine, So much in practise<br />

with gray bearded gallants, [is] But vappa to the nectar of<br />

her llppe. 1631 Quarles //ist. Samson Wks, (Grosart) II.<br />

149/2 Their Viper-wines, to make old age presume To feele<br />

new lust, and youthfull flames agin. 1745 Emza Heywood<br />

FemuleSpect. No. 12 {1748) II. 292 Lady Frolick pouring a<br />

glass of viper wine down his throat. z8oa Shaw^^w. Zool.<br />

in. II. 372 Galen .. relates very remarkable cures of tliis<br />

disease [sc. elephantiasis] performed by means of viper wine.<br />

1896 Academy 28 Nov. 448/3 The legend that I_-ady Digby<br />

died of drinking viper-wine, 1591 Sylvester /)>( Bartas<br />

I. vi. 199 'I'h' innammel'd Scorpion, and the "Viper-worm,<br />

iS9» — Tri. Faith iv. v, The deadly sting of th' ugly Viper-<br />

Worm.<br />

b. Si^ecial collocations with z'iper^s, forming<br />

names of plants, as viper's bugloss, the plant<br />

Echium vulgare or a variety of this; viper's<br />

grass, a plant of the genns Scorzonera, esp. S^<br />

hispanica ; f viper's herb, viper's bugloss ; viper's<br />

plant, viper's grass.<br />

1S07GERARDE //erhal II. cclxxii. 658 *Vipers Buglosse, or<br />

wall Buglosse. 1678 Phillips (ed. 4), Vipers Buglosse, a<br />

•Solar herb, the roots and seeds whereof are Cordial and<br />

Kxpellers of Melancholy. 1698 Petiver in Phil. Trans.<br />

XX. 402 In Texture very much resembling our Vipers<br />

Bugloss. 1777 Jacob Catal. Plants 33 Echium angHcum,<br />

Knglish Viper's Bugloss. Echium vnlgare. Vipers Bugloss,<br />

1840 /'Vtfr/f;V7r«/. {1846)1, 106 .\ flinty soil nourishes<br />

the Three-leaved Speedwell and the Viper's Bugloss. 1869<br />

KusKiN Queen 0/Air % 87 It [the serpent spirit] enters into<br />

ihe forget-me-not, and the star of heavenly turquoise is<br />

corrupted into the viper's bugloss. 1597 Gerarde Herbal<br />

It. ccxlii. 596 There be diuers sorts of plants conteinedvnder<br />

the title of Viperaria, Scorzonera, or "Vipers grasse. i6b9<br />

Parkinson Paradisus 301 This Spanish Vipers grasse hath<br />

diuers long, and somewhat broad leaues. /bid., 'i his purple<br />

flowred Vipers grasse hath long and narrow Jeaues. 1718<br />

< )zEM. tr. Toume/ort's I'oy. 1. 174 A Flower of an inch and<br />

half diameter, yellow, like that of the common Vipers-grass,<br />

184J J. B. Kraser Mesopot. ff Assyria xv. 359 East of<br />

Mosul, a species of vipers'-grass, .abounds, and affords a<br />

plentiful nutriment, 1^5 Oelamer Kitchen Gard. (1861)<br />

32 Scorzonera, Viper*.s-Grass, or Spanish Salsify. 1597<br />

CiERARDB Herbal 11. cclxxii. 659 It is called. .in English<br />

vipers Buglosse, Snakes Buglosse, and of some *vipers<br />

herbe, and wilde Buglosse the lesser. 1884 tr. De Candolles<br />

Orig. Cultivated I"*I. 45 Scorzonera hispanica-.-wn'^ formerly<br />

supposed to be an antidote .igainst the bite of adders,<br />

and was sometimes called the *vipt;r's plant.<br />

Hence (chiefly in nonce-use) Vi'poran, fVipeTeal,<br />

t Vi'perod, Vlpo'rian adjs,^ of or pertaining<br />

to a viper ; viperinc, viperous ; Vipe'rifornt<br />

viperinc.<br />

1877 Talmage Serm. 338 The acid of a soured life, the<br />

a., having the form of a viper ;<br />

'viperan sting of a bitter memory. 1748 Phil. Trans.<br />

XLV. 662 Hence perhaps the *vipereal Venom ..may<br />

derive its Force. 1560 Fitzwilliam /.et. in Fronde Hist.<br />

A"'/f-. (1863) VIII. lb There was not under the sun a more<br />

craftier "vipercd undermining generation. x866J. \\. Rosi:tr.<br />

Ovids Met. 115 And Perseus triumphant homeward brings<br />

*Viperian spoils, rit. II. 552 The great Pox which<br />

can scarce ever l>c cur'd without Viperals or Mercurials.<br />

t VipereOUS,«. 0/'j.~' [f. L. t'f/^^r^-Kf (hence<br />

It. vipcreo)^ f. Vipera Viper: see -ecus. Cf.<br />

ViPERious rt.] Viperous, venomous.<br />

In the first cjuot. after Ovid Metam, iv. 490 ; in the second<br />

translating Virgil Atneidwx. 349-51.<br />

c i6jo Rohinson Maty Magd. 547 A dreary hagge of<br />

Acheron . . in the palaces of Pleasure stood, Shakinge y« frie<br />

of her vipereous brood, /bid. 565 And one vpon y« wretched<br />

mayd shee slunge, That ..glided on her brest with gentle<br />

h.a.st, And there vipereous cogitations plac't.<br />

Vi'pereSS. z-^/-^. [f. Viper -j- -ess,] A female<br />

viper. In quot.y?^.<br />

1647 R. Stapvi.ton Juvenal 102 But Pontia did confesse,<br />

* My sons I would have poyson'd '. Viperesse !<br />

Vi-perine, j/'. » n/r^. [f. Vipek + -i.ne 5.] (See<br />

quot.)<br />

i86t HuLMi: tr. Moqutn'Tandon ii. v. ii. 204 Prince Lucicn<br />

Bonaparte has shown that the poison of the Viper consists<br />

essentially of a principle to which he has given the name<br />

Echidnine or Viperine.<br />

Viperiue (v;*iperMn, -^in), a, and sb.^ Also<br />

S -in. [ad. L. vtperiU'US (hence OF. viperin^ I''.<br />

vip^rin, It., Sp., and Pg. viperiito), f. vipera<br />

Viper : see -ine i.]<br />

1. Resembling a viper or that of a viper ; having<br />

VIPER-LIKE.<br />

the nature or character of a viper ; venomous,<br />

viperous; viper-like. Chiefly in fig. or allusive<br />

use (cf. Viper 3).<br />

a i55o/w/a^(r HyPocr. \\. 291 in Skelton's Wks. (1843) II.<br />

426 H is county pallantyne Haue coustome colubryne, With<br />

codes viperyne And sectes serpentyne. 1604 R. Cawdrky<br />

Table Alph. (1613), Viperine, like a viper, or of a viper.<br />

1648 E. Simmons Pre/, to Wodenote's /lerm. Theol. A 8 b,<br />

If ever the Title of Rex diabolorum was rightly applyable<br />

to the King of this land, 'tis since ttie viperine birth of these<br />

miscreants. 1657 J. Sergeant Schism Dispach't 22 Lingua<br />

viperea I Viperine tongue ! 169; Evri.vn Numism. ix. 299<br />

Cssar Borgia's Viperine Aspect. 1716 M. Davies Athen.<br />

Brit. II. 150 Of all the Poetick Salts,., the Satyrical {is] most<br />

Viperin and Piercing, the Kclogist and Idilian the most<br />

Country.wise and Native. 1873 /^outledge^s Vng. Gent I.<br />

Mag. ^\x\\e 401/ 1 He [a grass-snake] raised himself up in<br />

true viperine fashion.<br />

+ b. Jig. Of glosses (see Viper 3 a). Obs.<br />

1647 Tbapp Comtn. Matt. v. 22 Our Saviour, .taking away<br />

their viperine glosses that did eat out the bowels of the<br />

text. 1648 Commoner's Liberty 18 Had he any other way<br />

to weaken what must of necessity be inferred from them,<br />

but by such ^'iperine glosses.<br />

c. Of persons.<br />

165a Gaule Magastrmn. 362 Archilocus, a viperine satyrist,<br />

and not onely so, but a petulant obscure poet. 1716 M.<br />

Davies At/un. Brit. II. 'lo Rdr. 40 Implacable Enemies of<br />

the most invenemated Viperin, or rather Draconick kind,<br />

who are .. continually gnawing and corroding the very<br />

Bowels. .of the Church of England. 1845 Hkowning /.ett.<br />

{1899) I- 48 A viperineshe-friendof minewho, I think, rather<br />

loves me, she does so hate me. X903 Times 16 Dec 11/5 The<br />

convention of the virtuous heroine and the viperine adven.<br />

turess.<br />

2. Of or pertaining to a viper ; obtained from or<br />

natural to vipers.<br />

1608 TovsvAA. Serpents 286 They [tortoises] eate Origan,<br />

for that herbe is an antidote against Viperine poyson for<br />

them. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. x. ^47 Viperine<br />

Medicines are good in the Itch and Leprosie. 170a R.<br />

Mead J'oisons 33<br />

'I'he main Efficacy of the Viperine Flesh<br />

is to quicken the Circle of the Blood. 1728 C'hambi-.us Cycl.<br />

s.v. Kyi^r, The Virus, .proves a nimble Vehicle to carry the<br />

Viperine Spicula almost every where suddenly. 1851 W. J.<br />

Bkodekip Z-^arri />". Note Bh. Nat. [1852) 224 The viperine<br />

remedy had classical authority for its ministration. 1904<br />

Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Sept. 670 These two being examples of<br />

mixed colubrineand viperine poisons.<br />

3. Zooi. Of snakes : Resembling or related to the<br />

common viper ; now spec, belonging to the suborder<br />

Viperina {Soknoglyphd).<br />

1803 Shaw Gen. Zool. III. 11. 355 Viperine Boa. Boa<br />

I 'iperina. 1870 Gii.lmore tr. Fign/er's Reptiles


VIPEBLINQ. 228 VIRAGO.<br />

III. t, They'll else blast all llie comforts of your life, And,<br />

viper-like, with death return your fondiie^^ 18^ Klandrau<br />

Marz'ard Episodes 277 He couldn't bring himself at that<br />

late day to arise, viper like, from the hearthstone and smite.<br />

B. adj. Like or resembling a viper.<br />

1888 EncycL Brit. XXIV. 247 The genus Echis consists<br />

of but one species (£. cariHat^...\\. is a viper-like snake.<br />

1903 Westm. Gaz. 3 Mar. 2/1 The noise of the little brass<br />

viper-like being in the corner as it whirred and hissed and<br />

snapped its teeth.<br />

Vi*perling. [f. Vipbb + -iixc] A young<br />

viper.<br />

1847 Biacinv. Mag, LXII. 299 Young viperlings come<br />

into the world in full maturity of malice. 1881 Daily Ncivs<br />

28 Dec 3/2 About three weeks ago the nose-horned viper<br />

..distinguished herself by presenting the Gardens at one<br />

fell swoop with six-and-foriy viperlingts 1897 G. C. Bateman<br />

yivariu7fi 222 The Viper produces, at one time, from<br />

thirty to 6fty little Viperlings.<br />

Viperous (vsi-peras), a. Also 6 vyperos,<br />

-ouse, viperouse, 7-8 viperous ; 6 vipros, 7<br />

Tiprous, 7-8 /ivA vip'rous. [f. Viper -t- -ous.]<br />

L Of or pertaining to a viper or vipers.<br />

Rarely in literal use.<br />

/5^. 1535 Stewart CroH. Scoi, (Rolls) 11. 144 With vipros<br />

vennum inwart in his mynd, ..DissaitfuUie that tyme he<br />

gart him trow, That he wrocht ay for his plesour and prow.<br />

x6oa Rowlands Tis Merrie tvhen Gossips vuete (Hunter,<br />

CI.) 13 No viperous tongue thy pleasant vayne will strike.<br />

1608 D. TIuvillI Ess. Pol. ^ Mor. 130 With the filthy slime<br />

of their malicious and viperous iawes. a 1665 J. Goodwik<br />

Filled w. th^ Spirit (i86j) 55 Men of a viperous spirit, and<br />

desperately set upon their own ruin and destruction. 1765<br />

Beattie Judgm. Paris ciil, Censure spreads the viperous<br />

hiss around, a 1859 Macaulav Hist. Eng. xxv. (i86i) V.<br />

304 Papers about the brazen forehead, the viperous tongue,<br />

and the white Hver of Jack Howe. 1886 Daily Ne^vs 8 April<br />

5/3 What viperous venom and what rat-like rage.<br />

at. X614 Gorges Lucan ix. 391 Rut when she [Medusa]<br />

comb'd her crawling crowne, The viprous venome trailed<br />

downe, 1706 De Foe yitre Divtno xii. 268 In vain supplies<br />

of vip'rous Blood they bring.<br />

t b. In allusive use (see Viper 3 a). Obs.<br />

xS6x T. Norton Calvins Inst, m. v. (1634) 319 Out of<br />

that ancient custome the confessions and satisfactions that<br />

are at this day used, tooke their beginning. Truly very<br />

viperous births. 1603 J. Davies (<strong>Here</strong>f.) Wits Pil^r. Wks.<br />

(Grosart) II. 52/2 The Viperous Iron Teeth of Time may<br />

gnaw away, to wrack, through my Works Wombe. 1638 Sir<br />

T. Herbert Trav, (ed. 2) 127 Whether [it bej. .from vapors<br />

in^endred in the bowels of the earth, and loth to bee imprisoned<br />

in a wrong orb, (the subterranean fire] rends its<br />

passage by a viperous horrid motion ; or [etc.].<br />

2. Composed or consisting of vipers. Freq. with<br />

admixture of sense 4,<br />

Chiefly in fig. use or as a term of opprobrium, esp. in<br />

Tiperous hrood ox geruratiott; freq. in the ijthc, now rare<br />

or arch.<br />

fiS' «S38 Bale Tkre La-wes 1754 Oh ragynge serpentes<br />

and \->'pcrouse generacyon. isSiS J. Hooker Hist, Irel. in<br />

Holinsked II. 42/1 The loose life of that viperous nation.<br />

160S Dent Patkw. Heaven 152 This viperous brood [of<br />

liars] doe but watch their times and opportunities. 1643<br />

Quarles Loyal Convert Wks. (Grosart) I. 142/2 A viperous<br />

Generation (which hath long nested in this unhappie<br />

Island). 1670 Devout Commun. (1688) 124 That the Lord<br />

of all should.. take into his bosom the viperous brood, that<br />

have so often spit their venom in his face ? 1706 E. Ward<br />

Hud. Rediv. (1707) II. vii. 13 For in this pious Christian<br />

Nation There is a vip'rous Congregation [etc.]. 17x4 L.<br />

Milbourne Traitor^s Re^vard Pref., His way of extolling<br />

his viperous generation is so very impudent and rediculous,<br />

that fete.]. 1814 SouTHEV Roderick v. 115 These were<br />

Witiza's hateful progeny; And in an evil hour the unhappy<br />

King Had spared the viperous brood. 1874 Farrar Christ<br />

viii. (1884) 53 A formalism and falsity which made them<br />

vipers of a viperous brood.<br />

lit. 1648 J. Beaumont /'jyc^^ii. 128 She. .rent from thence,<br />

before Psyche's astonish 'd eyes, that viperous fry Which her<br />

snarl'd soul in unfelt bands did ty. 1688 Phil, Trans.<br />

XVni. 128 Vipers, and all the Viperous Brood.<br />

fb. In allusive use (cf. 4 b, and see Viper 3 a).<br />

16x5 W. Hull Mirr, Maiestie 39 Sinne is a viperous brood:<br />

the life of the daughter, is the death of the mother, 1627 in<br />

Rushw. HisU Coll. (1659) I. 514 This forwardness of you is<br />

the more remarkable, when that Viperous Generation, .do,<br />

at ease, with tooth and nail, essay to rend the Bowels of<br />

their Mother. 1648 Canterburie March B 2, Hence Viprous<br />

Brood ! what make you heare, Who thus the Kingdomes<br />

Bowels teare?<br />

to. Of hair, etc. Cf. Snaky a. i. Obs, rare.<br />

1633 P. Fletcher Purple IsL xii. xxx, Her viperous locks<br />

bung loose about her eares ; Yet with a monstrous snake<br />

she them restrains. 1648 J. Beaumont Psvche xi. 8 Then<br />

from his own viperous Tresses He Pluck*d three large handfuU<br />

of his longest Snakes.<br />

3, Of actions, qualities, etc. : Worthy of or befitting<br />

a viper; malignant, treacherous, venomous.<br />

Very common in the 17th c. ; now rare ox arch.<br />

iSca Brisklow Compl. xxiii. 48 b, How haue thei bewitched<br />

the Parlament howse in making such vyperos aciys<br />

as the beast of Rome neuer made him selfe I i«5 in Strype<br />

Eccl, Mem. (1721) III. App. xlvi. 142 Their wicked lyves,<br />

and viperouse behaviour toward the said bbhope. 1604<br />

Coke » State Trials 26, I want words sufficient to express<br />

your viperous treasons. 1631 \S^^\'t.K A fu. Funeral Mon.<br />

252 The viperous malice of this Monkish broode. 1646 J.<br />

Hall Poems i. xi. 27 Wee'l suffer viperous thoughts and<br />

cares To follow after silver hairs. «i7i6 South Serm.<br />

(1744) X. 285 Let us now see into how many cursed consequences,<br />

this viperous piece of viUanyislike to spread itself.<br />

18x4 JEFFERSON IVrit. (1830) IV. 399 Passions so vehement<br />

and viperous.<br />

b. Of language, writings, etc.<br />

1605 Camden ^fw. Epit. 34 Vpon Stigand-.I findc this<br />

most viperous Lpiuph in an old Manuscript. 1611 Shaks.<br />

Cymb. III. iv. 41 'Tis Slander, .. whose tongue Out-venomes<br />

I<br />

: all the Wormes of Nyle ; . .the Secrets of the Grauc this<br />

viperous slander enters. 163* Lithgow Trav. 1. 3 The<br />

viperous murmurings of miscreant villaines. 17*8 P.Walker<br />

Life Peden (1827) 270 This is a viporous, groundless wicked<br />

Story. 1809-10 CoLERiocK Frietui (1865) 58 In one of those<br />

viperous journals, which deal out profaneness, hate, fury,<br />

and sedition throughout the land, i860 Motlky Neihcrl.<br />

(1868) I. ii. 37 Wit.. expended in darting viperous epigrams<br />

at Court-ladies. 1905 Athenxum 12 Aug. 217/1 Lockhart<br />

was. .annoyed. .especially by the viperous notes from a<br />

Whig hand.<br />

4. Of the nature cf a viper ; resembling a viper<br />

in character or action ; having the attributes or evil<br />

qualities of a viper,<br />

Freq. in the 17th c. ; now rare.<br />

1593 G. Harvev Piercers Super. Wks. (Grosart) II. 20<br />

Good Sir, arise, and confound those Viperous Cryticall<br />

monsters. 1607 Shaks. Cor. in. i. zSTSpeake breefely then,<br />

For we are peremptory to dispatch This Viporous Traitor.<br />

i6ai in Foster Eng. Factories Ind. (1906) I. 347 These<br />

viprous, dessemblinge, and crockadillike currs. 16S0 Spirit<br />

of Popery 24 The Viperous Author of the Reformed Bishop.<br />

1760 H. Brooke P'ool ofQual. (1800) I. i3oNo6tep-dames,<br />

nor viporous instruments, shall ever hereafter insinuate be.<br />

tween us. i8ai Shelley Adonais xxxvi, What deaf and<br />

viperous murderer could crown Life's early cup with such<br />

a draught of woe ?<br />

+ b. In allusive use (see Viper 3 a). Obs.<br />

1591 Shaks. i Hen. K/, 111. i. 72 Ciuilldissention is a viper-<br />

ous Worme That gnawes the Bowels of the Common-weaUli.<br />

1603 J. Davies (<strong>Here</strong>f.) Microcosmos Wks. (Grosart) I. 56/2<br />

Woe woorth such vip'rous Cousins that wil rend Their<br />

Mother's wombe (the Common-wealth) to raigne, 1648<br />

Hunting ofFox 11 Such viperous Schismaticks as would<br />

eate out their way. 265a Bf.nlowes Theoph. xn.ix, Twas<br />

vip'rous Nero slew his own indulgent Mother.<br />

O. fig. Of things.<br />

1803 VVoRDsw. Prelude ix. 576 The stings of viperous remorse,<br />

Trying their strength, enforced him to start up,<br />

Aghast and prayerless. 1880 Sat. Rev. No. 1311. 734/1<br />

Considering how much damage these viperous little craft<br />

are likely to do in war. 1885-94 ^' Bridges Eros «$ Psyche<br />

April xi, A savage beast, The viperous scourge of gods and<br />

humankind.<br />

Hence Vi'peroasly adv.^ in or after the manner<br />

of a viper; venomously; Ti'peronsnesso'iperous<br />

nature pr character; venomosity. rare.<br />

1587 Holinshed Chron. III. 419 In that copious treatise<br />

hauing spoken as maliciouslie & *viperouslie as he might.,<br />

of VVickliffes life. 1648 J. Beaumont Psyche in. 210 O how<br />

the peevish and reluctant elves (Mad with their own birth,)<br />

viperously contend The worried bowels of the heart to rend I<br />

1649 Cockayne Found. Freedom Vind. i Whose seeming<br />

sugered words are mixed with wormwood, promising fairnesse,<br />

but viperously stinging the poore despised Army.<br />

i7a8 P. Walker _Z//^ Peden To Rdr. (1827) p. xxv, Mr.<br />

William Vetch,, .in his dotted old Age, wrote so viporously<br />

and maliciously against him. 1G51 Mr, Lovers Case 37 Is<br />

it possible that such virulencyand '"viperousness of words as<br />

these should proceed from any other Principle ? 1717 Bailey<br />

(vol. II), Viperousness.<br />

Vi'pery, a. rarr-"^. [f. Viper + -y.] Consisting<br />

of vii>ers ; viperous.<br />

1909 R, Bridges ParaPhr, Virg, /Eneidsi. Poems (1913)<br />

458 On those convicted tremblers then leapetb avenging<br />

iisiphone with keen flesh-whips and vipery scourges.<br />

t Vi-politic. Obs. [yi-pre/.l (Seequot.)<br />

1632 B. JoNSON Magn. Lady i. vii, [He is] a Vi politique !<br />

Or a sub-aiding Instrument of State I A kind oflaborious<br />

Secretary To a great man 1<br />

+ Vi-pre-sident. Obs.-"^ [f. Vi- + President<br />

sb^ A vice-president.<br />

a 166S Davenant Masque Poems (1672) 164 We have had<br />

new orders read in the Presence -Chamber, by the Vi-<br />

President of Parnassus.<br />

t Vipseys, obs. var. of or error for Gipsies.<br />

1610 Holland Camden s Brit. 715 Those famous waters<br />

which commonly are called Vipseys, rise out of the earth<br />

from many sources not continually, but every second yeere,<br />

and beeing growneunto a great bourne runnedowne by the<br />

lower grounds into the sea. 1674 Blount Glossogr, (ed. 4).<br />

1727 [see^ Gipsies]. 1777 Ann. Reg. 11. 146 Vipseys or<br />

gypseys in Yorkshire, .means a torrent which flows only<br />

now and then or once in a few years.<br />

Vi-CLUeen. rare. [Vi- />r^] A vice-queen.<br />

1862 H. Marryat Vear in Sweden I. 327 There Linalies<br />

like a vi-queen in her grave.<br />

Vir, variant of ViRit Sc.<br />

tViragin. Obs. rare, fad. L. viragin-y stem<br />

oi virago, Cf. It. viragineT] = Virago.<br />

1576 FoxE A. ^ M. (ed. 3) 2005/2 This most rough brake<br />

(wherwith this Viragin rather then Virgin., boasted her selfe<br />

to be .sent of God to ryde and tame the people of England).<br />

165s Fuller Ch. Hist. vi. 364 The aforesaid two Virgins, ur<br />

rather Viragins, travelled to Rome with three the most<br />

beautifull of their society.<br />

Viraginiau (virad^i-nian), a. and sb. [f. L.<br />

viragin- (see prec.) + -IAN.] a. adj, = Vira-<br />

GiNOUS a. b. sb. The language of a virago.<br />

164a MiLioN Apol. Smect. Wks. 1851 111. 292 The reniembrance<br />

of his old conversation among the Viraginian<br />

trollops, 1869 O. W. Holmes Old Vol Life, Citiders fr.<br />

Ashes (1891) 242 Her face. .showed itself capable of something<br />

resembling what Milton calls the viraginian aspect.<br />

1899 B. Cai i:s Lady ofDarkness ii. 12 She was rating him<br />

in voluble viraginian.<br />

Viragi-nity. r^r^-**. [f. as prec. -^-ITy.] The<br />

character or qualities of a virago.<br />

1846 Worcester (citing Q. Rev.).<br />

ViraginoUS (vira^-dginss), a. [f. as prec.<br />

-ous.] Of the nature of, having the characteristics<br />

of, a virago.<br />

1666 Third Adv. Painter 24 She dry'd no tears, for she<br />

was so Viraginous, But only snufling her trunk Cartilagin*<br />

ous. 1835 Brockett A'. C. Gloss, s.v. Stang, He is carried<br />

through the whole hamlet, with a view of exposing or shaming<br />

the viraginous lady. 1886 Sat, Rev. 10 July 58 Besides<br />

the viraginous loves of Fanny Douglas there is much other<br />

love-making in the novel. 1890 Ibid. 16 Aug. 214 Virile<br />

was exactly what Mme.de Stael was not, though she may<br />

have been viraginous.<br />

Hence Vira'glnonsly adv.<br />

1644 R. CuLMEH Cathedral Nemsfr. Cantcrb. 21 In comes<br />

a Prebend's wife, and pleaded for ihe Images there, and<br />

jeered the Commissioners viraginously.<br />

Virago {y\it%o). Also 6 virragoo, 7 ver-,<br />

vyr-, firago. [a. L. virago a man-like or heroic<br />

woman, a female warrior, etc., f. vir man. Hence<br />

also OF., F,, and Sp. virago.']<br />

1 1. Woman. (Only as the name given by Adam<br />

to Eve, after the Vulgate rendering of Gen. ii. 23.)<br />

c 1000 Mlvmc Horn. I. 14 Beo hire nama Uirago, J?aet is,<br />

fa;mne, for3an 3e heo is of hire were genumen. a 1300<br />

Cursor M, 633 Virago gaf he hir to nam ; ^ar for hight sco<br />

virago, for malted o J?e man was sco, 1388 Wvclif Gen. ii.<br />

23 And Adam seide..This schal be clepid virago, for she<br />

IS takun of man. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 37 b/i, And Adam<br />

gaf here a name lyke as her lord and said, she shal be called<br />

Virago, whiche is as moche to saye as made of a n^an and is<br />

a name taken of a man. la igoo Chester PI. i. 150 Sbee<br />

shalbe called, 1 wisse, Viragoo, nothing amisse, For out of<br />

man tacken shee is. 1547 liooROE Brei'. Health ccxlii. 82 b,<br />

First when a woman was made of God she was named<br />

Virago because she dyd come of a man. 1576 Gascoigne<br />

Drootiie Doomes Day i. p 6 Before Kva sinned, she was<br />

called I'trago, and after she sinned she deserved to be<br />

called Eva.<br />

2. A man-like, vigorous, and heroic woman ; a<br />

female warrior ; an amazon. "^ow rare.<br />

1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 413 The strong virage<br />

[L. virago potentissiina\ Elfleda.,halp moche her broJ>er<br />

pe kyng in jevynge of counsaile. a 15x3 Fabvan Chron.<br />

VI. clxxx.(i8ii) 178 Elfleda,..this noble venqueresse Virago<br />

and made, whose vertue can I nat expresse. 1513 Douglas<br />

^neid xn. viii. 56 The mynd. .Of Juturna, the verray<br />

virago; Quhilk term to expone, be myne avis, Is a woman<br />

e.\ersand a mannis office. 1553 Eden Treat. New Ind.<br />

(Arb.) 24 One of his wiues. .decketh her selfe moste gorgiousIy..and<br />

procedeth like a Virago stoutly and cherefully<br />

to the fire, where the corps of her husbande was burnte.<br />

158a Stanyhukst ^neis\. (Aib.) 34 No swarms or trooping<br />

borsmen can apale the virago. 1613 Pl'rchas Pilgrimage<br />

(1614) 383 This Sultan presented bin with the head of that<br />

Virago Periaconcona vpon the top of a Launce. a 1641 Bp.<br />

MouNTAGUy4. ^ M. (1642) 361 Shee so ruled as Queene eight<br />

yeers and better t a man-like virago of a stout and noble<br />

spirit. 1677 W. Hl'bbabd Narrative (1865) II. 20 I'hat<br />

young Virago kept the door fast against them. 1712-4<br />

I'opE Rape Lock v. y] To arms ! to arms ! the fierce virago<br />

cries, And swift as lightening to the combate flies. 1781<br />

CowTER Let. 5 Mar., And as to the neutralities, I really<br />

think the Russian virago an impertinent puss for meddling<br />

vith us. 1831 Carlvle Sart.Res, iii. xi.Did not the same<br />

virago boast that she had a Cavalry Regiment, whereof<br />

neither horse nor man could be injured. 1885 zgth Cent.<br />

May 472 She [VittoriaColonna] was a virago, a name which,<br />

however misapprehended now, bore a different and worthy<br />

signification in her day.<br />

f b. Applied to a man. Obs, rare.<br />

£'x6oo Day Begg, Bednall Gr. iv. i. (1881) 78 Come iheij,<br />

my mad Viragoes, . .now I'll turn swaggerer myself. 1601<br />

Shaks. Twel. N. ni. iv. 300 Why man, hee's a verie diuell,<br />

I haue not seen such a firago. . . 1 hey say, he has bin Fencer<br />

to the Sophy.<br />

3. A bold, impudent (+ or wicked) woman ; a<br />

termagant, a scold.<br />

1 1386 Chauckr Mnn of Law's T. 359 O Sowdanesse,<br />

roote of Iniqiiitee, Virago, thou Semyrame the secounde<br />

|eic.]. 1680C. Nesse C//. ///j^ 178 God sets this black brand<br />

upon this virago Jezabel. 1724 Swivx Quiet LifeV^Vs, 1755<br />

Iv, I. 48 He saw virago Nell belabour, With Dick's own<br />

fctaff, his peaceful neighbour. 1770 Burke Corr, (1844) I.<br />

^30 No heroine in Billingsgate can go beyond the patriotic<br />

icolding of our republican virago. 1838 Jas. Grant Sk.<br />

Loud. 175 It now devolved on her to act the part of a wife<br />

who played both the tyrant and virago at home. 1865<br />

Trollope Bclton Est. xxvii. 329, 1 believe Lady Aylmer to<br />

be an overbearing virago, whom it is good to put down.<br />

X891 C. Roberts Wf/r^if Aiiicr. 90 Three women—a mother<br />

and two daughters. These were the greatest viragoes 1<br />

ever saw.<br />

transf. 1713 Warder True Amazons (ed, 2) 23 But the<br />

Numbers are not great of these forward Viragos = I young<br />

bees]. 1793 G. White Sclborue Hi, Every hen is in her turn<br />

the virago of the yard.<br />

4. a. attrib.^ chiefly appositive, as viragofamHy^ girl, heroine^ etc. ; aho virago-sfrain,<br />

1598 Florio, Bri/alda,a. .mankinde, virago woman. 1621<br />

J. Taylor (Water P.) Superb. Plagellunt C vi. Like shainelesse<br />

double sex'd Hermaphrodites, Virago Roaring Giiles.<br />

1639 G. Daniel Vervic. 161 But the Virago Queen.. doth<br />

aggravate Th' aggreived Lords. 1746 Francis tr. Hor.^<br />

Sat. I. i. 131 But a bold wench, of right virago strain, Cleft<br />

with an a.\e the wretched wight in twain. 1760-2 Goldsm.<br />

Cit. IV. Ixii, Petticoated philosophers, blusterinc heroines,<br />

or virago queens, a 1843 Southey Comm.-pl. Bk. (1851) I.<br />

470 Edward Ill'squeen Philippa wasofaviragofamily. x86a<br />

Ansted Channel Isl. 360 Montfort was taken prisoner ; his<br />

countess, one of the virago heroines of tlie time, was besieged<br />

in Hennebon. 1891 Farbar Darkn. i^ Dawn i. If she had<br />

not made Galba and his virago-mother feel the weight of her<br />

vengeance, it was only because they were too insignificant.<br />

b. Comb., as virago- like.<br />

1602 Marston Ant. ^ Mel. Induct., Wks. 18^6 I. 4 An<br />

Amazon should have such a voice, virago-like. 2615<br />

Bkathwait Strappado (1878) 92 He doth renew his battery,<br />

and stands too't, And she, Vyrago*like, yeelds not a foote.<br />

Hence Vira'goish a., somewhat resembling, or


VIRAGON.<br />

characteristic of, a virago; Tira'^oshlp, the<br />

character of a virago.<br />

1666 KiLLiGREw Siege 0/ Urbin i.ii, How shall we answer<br />

at ihe Resurrection ? for our Viraq;oships ? for our own, antl<br />

others blood, thus shed ! 1887 E. Berdoe St, BernariVs<br />

288 The over-dresied, robust, virasioish lady patient. z888<br />

LadvD. Hardy Dang. Exper. I. iii. 59 Mrs. Brown*s rather<br />

viracoish, coarse-featured face. ^<br />

t Viragon, irreg. f. Vibagin or Virago.<br />

1641 I'ox Borcalis Cjb, Wherein Women against the<br />

I^ws of God, Nature, Nations, they act Man, and play the<br />

very Viracons.<br />

Virall, obs. f. Vibl. Virallay, obs. f. Vire-<br />

LAi. Viranda, etc., obs. f. VEitANnA. Virandoed,<br />

var. Veranua(h)eu a. Virchippe, ob>.<br />

f. Worship. Virdingal, obs. var. Farthingale.<br />

t Vire, sb.'^ Obs. Also 4 fyre, 4-6 vyre, 5 Sf,<br />

wyr, wyir. [a. OF. vire ( = Prov., Sp., Pg. vira)y<br />

f. virer to turn.] A form of quarrel or bolt for a<br />

cross-bow. (Cf. Viretox.)<br />

1375 Barbour Bruce v. 595, I haf a bow, hot and a vyre.<br />

Ibiii. 623 He Losit the vyre and leit it fle. 1390 Gowkr Con/.<br />

1. 164 As a fyre Which fieth out of a myhti bowe, Aweie he<br />

fledde for a throwe, c 1400 I^aud Troy Bk. 4802 Thei fau^t<br />

vn-armed in here atyres With longe Arwes and scharpe vires.<br />

c 1425 Cast. Perscv. 2113 in Macro Plays (1904) 140, 1 schal<br />

slynge at |?ec many a vyre, & ben a-vengyd hastely here,<br />

c 1500 Lancelot 1092 The red knycht, byrnyng in loues fyre,<br />

Goith to o knyclit, als swift as ony vyre. 1513 Douglas<br />

^neid V. xi. 16 This virgine sprent on swifilie as a vyre.<br />

fVire, J^.2 Obs.—^ In 5 wire. [ad. L. »/>/«.]<br />

= Virus.<br />

c 1400 Lan/raiic's Ciritrg.^ 77 For eucry oldc wounde<br />

hauynge rotnes or wire, )>at is ^inne venymous quyttir or<br />

ony oHr WnS-<br />

+ Vire, i^.^ Obs, rare. Also 5 Sc. wyre, vyre.<br />

[ad. OF. virer to turn : cf. Veer z^.-]<br />

1. trans. To whirl or throw.<br />

1375 Barbour Bruce xvii. 702 lohne Crab. . In his fagattis<br />

has set the fyre, An-.! our the wall syne can thame wyre.<br />

2. inlr. To turn ; to wind about.<br />

1456 Sir G. Have Laxo Arms (S.T.S.) 119 As the dure<br />

tumis about apon the herre, . . and vyris and revyris. n 1586<br />

SinNEV Arcadia (1622) 436 No, no, hee hath vired all this<br />

while, but to come the sooner to his affected end.<br />

t Vire, z'.2 Obs. rare~~^. (Origin and meaning<br />

doubtful: cf. Vire j//.l)<br />

f X400 Laud Troy Bk. 5448 Many a Gregey was euel<br />

al^red, With brode arwes al to-vired ; The! wounded hem<br />

with arwes brode.<br />

Vire, southern dial, var, FiBE ; obs. Sc. f. Wire,<br />

Virelay (virel/'j. Now Ilisi. or arch. Forms:<br />

4-7, 9 virelai (5 virallay, 7 virilai, 9 -lay), 5-6<br />

vyrelay ; 4 verelai, 6-7, 9 verilay, 6 ver(re)lay.<br />

[a. OF. virelai (14th c), an alteration (prob.<br />

after /a« Lay sb.^) oivireli'. see Virly,] A song<br />

or short lyric piece, of a type originating in France<br />

in the 14th century, usu. consisting of short lines<br />

arranged in stanzas with only two rhymes, the endrhyme<br />

of one stanza being the chief one of the next.<br />

Chiefly current in the Chaucerian period, from ^1575 to<br />

1610, and in the 19th cent.<br />

<br />

lys, & vyrelayes. 1300 Gower Con/. I, 133 kM. he caa<br />

carolles make, Rondeaf, balade and virelai. 14. . Lydg. Ta<br />

Soverain Lady 40 Thus nutny a roundel and many a virelay<br />

In fre^^&he Englisshe..! do recorde. 1483 Caxton G.<br />

de lit Tour A'}, For in that time I made., vyrelayes in the<br />

mooste best wyse I cowde. a 1500 Chaucer's Drenteg^s<br />

Som to make verclaies & laies, And som to othere diverts<br />

pleyes. ijaj Ld. Berseks Froiss. II. xxvL 30/1 Whiche<br />

boke was called the Melyader, conteyninge all the songes,<br />

baladdcs, rundeaux, and vyrelayes, whiche the gentyll duke<br />

had made in his tyme. 1579 Spenser Shepk. Cnl. Nov. 21<br />

But if thou algate lust light virclayes, And looser son^s of<br />

louc to vndcrfong. 1593 Draytom Eel. iii. 55 With damtie<br />

and delightsome straynes of dapper Verilayes. 161^ J.<br />

Davies (Hcref.) Eclogue 34 Let thy Virilaies Kill enuious<br />

cunning swaines..With enuy. 1700 Dryoen Flower^ Lea/<br />

365 And then the Band of Flutes bc^an to play, To which a<br />

Lady sung a Virelay;. 179S H. WalpoleZ.*^. to Mrs. //.<br />

More 13 Feb., I received your letter and packet of lays and<br />

vtrelays. 181a D'Israeli Calam. Auth. (1867) 76 Thus he<br />

lived, like some old troubadour, by his rhymes, and his<br />

chants, and his virelays. 1851 Mrs. Browning CasaGuidi<br />

IVimi. I. 233 O Dead, ye shall no longer.. Drag us backward<br />

by the garment thus. To stand and laud you in longdrawn<br />

virelays ! 1880 F. Hueffkr \n Afacm. Mag. No. 255.<br />

51 Every one will admit that a halting rondel or virelai is<br />

simply an abominatim.<br />

trans/. 164a H. More Song 0/ Soul n. i. iii. 5 You chearfull<br />

chaunters of the flowring woods, ..To mournfuU note<br />

turn your light verilayes, Death be your song, and Winters<br />

hoary sprayes. 1818 Milman ^awwri/i The merry birdj<br />

..sprina-tide virelays carolling.<br />

Virelle, obs. form of Virl.<br />

Vireut (v^ia'rent), a. [ad. L. virent-, vireiis^ ;<br />

pres. pple. oivirere to be green. Cf. IL virenle.'] '•<br />

fl. Verdant; fresh, not faded. Obs.<br />

595 Z-^Wm* in. ii. 11 By reason of the fatall massacre<br />

Which shall be made vpon the virentplaines. 1606 N.Baxter<br />

Sidmy's Ourauia, Song E iv b. Then comes the Deaw, and<br />

doth them recreate : Making them fresh, virent, and fortu*<br />

nate. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 94 In these [rootsl<br />

yet fresh and virent, they carve out the figures of men and<br />

women. 1646 G. XiKHWA. Poems Wks. (Grosart) I. 33 For<br />

through y» Place is nothing witberd ; butstill-virent Bayc:»<br />

. . Appearc.<br />

2. Green in colour.<br />

1890 J. Wbicht Retrospect ii. 69 Let not the virent snake<br />

229<br />

entwine thee round. 1837 Tait's Mag. IV. 107 The sun.,<br />

illuminated its virent tints. 1852 Bailey Festus (ed. 5) 490<br />

One hand a staff of virent emerald held.<br />

Vireo {y\'^t\6). Ornith. [a. L. vireo^ -eonis<br />

(Pliny) sotpe small bird, perhaps the greenfinch.]<br />

Any small American bird belonging to the genus<br />

Vireo or the family Vireonidsc, ; a greenlet, a flycatcher.<br />

Many species are distinguished by special epithets, as<br />

black-capped^ black-headed., blue-heeided, gray, mountain,<br />

plumbeous, red.eyed, ".vhite-eyedy yellow-throated^ etc.<br />

1834 Audubon Ornith. Biogr. II. 287 The Vireos quench<br />

their thirst with the drops of dew or rain that adhere to the<br />

leaves or twigs. 1845 Hin


ViBaiLlANISM. 230 VIRGIN.<br />

the Virgilian Verse, Quadmpfii.inti put>\-m [etc.]. 1718<br />

J. TRAPptr. I'ir^/ Pref. to /Enei^ (1735) 1. p. Ixxxvti, What<br />

could be more well-man ner'd, more delicate, and truly Virginian?<br />

c 1754 Warvon in Boswell "JohHson (1904) ].<br />

180, I told him, I thought it a very sonorous hexameter. I<br />

did not tell him, it was not in the Virgilian style. 178a V.<br />

Knox Ess, Ixiii. (1S19) I. 26 The style (of the poem] is benutiful<br />

and Virgilian. 1846 Keightlkv iV^/« * "/>f., Georg.<br />

II. 485 This mode of supplying the ellipse, .is certainly the<br />

more Virgilian. 1886 Swinburne Misc. 151 An instinctive<br />

dignity and precision not unworthy to be called Virgilian.<br />

b. Virgilian lots [tr. L. sortes Virgiliattse], a<br />

method of divination consisting in taking a passage<br />

of Virgil at random.<br />

1838-45 Encyci. Afetnf. XXIV. 737/1 It is said that<br />

Charles I. and Ix)rd Falkland made trial of the Virgilian lots<br />

a little before the commencement of the great civil war.<br />

2. Of agricultnre : Practised according to the<br />

methods described in the Georgics of Virgil. Also<br />

of persons following these methods.<br />

xjM^ W. Benson yir^tTs Husk 11. Pref. p. xvi, I am<br />

certam the Husbandry of England in general is Virgilian.<br />

1731-3 TuLL Horse- Hi>t'ing Husb, xix. 271 The Virgilian<br />

farmer must be content to have only his Labour for his<br />

Travel. 1764 J. Randall (//V/f), The Semi-Virgilian Husbandry,<br />

deduced from various Experiments.<br />

B. sb. 1. One who is specially devoted to, or<br />

skilled in, the study of Virgil's works.<br />

1577 Grange Golden AphroH.^ etc. Q iij l\ You would a<br />

good Virginian be.<br />

2. One who practises agriculture after the<br />

methods laid down by Virgil,<br />

1731-3 TuLL Horse-Hoeing Husb. xix. 272 The Virgilian<br />

is commonly late in his sowing. Ihid. 279 This puts the<br />

Virgilians upon a Necessity of using of Dung.<br />

Hence Vir^i'lianism, the characteristic style of<br />

Virgil ; a Virgilian expression.<br />

1850 L. Hunt Antobiog. x. (i860) 164 When I had the<br />

pleasure of bearing him [Campbell] afterwards, I forgot his<br />

Vir^ianisms.<br />

t Virgils, sK pi. Obs,—^ [ad. L. Virgilis&:\<br />

The Pleiades.<br />

c 1440 Pnllad, en Hush. x. 154 In simer tyme hym Hkelh<br />

we! to glade, That whan Virgilis doun goth, gynneth fade. |<br />

Virg^iu (va'jd.^in), sb. and a. Forms ; a. 3, 5 !<br />

uirgine, 3-7 virgine (6 wir-), 4, 6 virgyno<br />

(5 wir-), 4-5 vyrgyne (4 wyr-), 5 vyrgina.<br />

0. 4 uirgin, 4-6 virgyn (5 uirgyn,6 wirgynne),<br />

5-6 vyrgyn (6 wyr-), 5- virgin (5 wyr-, 6 wirgin).<br />

7. 4 vergyno, 4-5 vergine (4 uer-),<br />

vergyn. 5. 5 vyrgene (wyr-), 5-6 virgen(e.<br />

[a. AF. and OF. virgitUy virgenCy viergene^ etc.<br />

(= It. vergine, Sp. virgen, Pg. virgem) :— L. virginetHy<br />

ace. of virgo maiden. OF. also had the<br />

reduced forms virge^ vi4rgej mod.F. vierge^<br />

I. 1. EicL An unmarried or chaste maiden or<br />

woman, distinguished for piety or steadfastness in<br />

religion, and regarded as having a special place<br />

among the members of the Christian church on<br />

account of these merits.<br />

Chiefly ased with reference to early Christian times.<br />

c laoo Trin. Cofl, Horn. 185 Dar haue^ . . martirs, and confesters,<br />

and uirgines maked faier bxie inne to wunien.<br />

a 1225 Leg. Kaih. 2310, I J»e feire ferreden of uirgines in<br />

heouene. £'1*90 Beket •zyyz in 6\ Eng. Leg. I. 172 Fair was<br />

l»at processioun..Of Martirs and of confessours and of virgines<br />

ber-ta 1303 R. Hkunne Handl. SynneZ^io And she<br />

ys callede Seynt lustyne, A martyr and an holy vyrgyne.<br />

13.. E. E. Allit. P. A. 1098 pis noble cite.. Was sodanlyful<br />

..Of such vergynez in be same gyse ['at was my blysful an.<br />

vnder croun. 1389 in Eng. Gilds {187a) 8 .Seint Katerine be<br />

gjoriouse virgyne and martyr, c 1430 Li/e St. Kath. (1884)<br />

59 pe wykked tyraunt..saat in hys astat and bad b^t be<br />

holy virgyn schold be presented to hym. 1500-20 Dunhar<br />

Poems XXV. 46 Patriarch is, profeitis, and appostillis deir,<br />

Confessouris, virgynis and marteiis cleir. c 1610 Wq^iten<br />

.SW«/* (i886) 92 Modwene.. became the mistresse of verie<br />

many like professed and hoHe virgins. i6s» J- Taylor<br />

(Water P.) Sfwrt Relat. Long yourn. (1859) 10 The pious<br />

and chaste virgin Winifrid. 17*8 Chambers Cycl, s.v., Iti<br />

the Roman Breviary, there is a particular Office for Virgins<br />

departed. 1810 E. L). Clakke Trav. Kmsia (1839) 56/1 A<br />

host of saints, virgins, and bishops, whose pictures covered<br />

the walls. i86» Burton Bk. Hunter iv. 326 St. Ursula and<br />

her eleven thousand virgins.<br />

2. A woman (esp. a young woman) who is, or<br />

remains, in a state of inviolate chastity ; an absolutely<br />

pure maiden or maid.<br />

In earl^ use chiefly of the Virgin Mary : cf. 4 and 5.<br />

a i3ioin Wright Lyric P. xxx.83 When y lyggeondethes<br />

bed, ..On o ledy myn hope is, moder ant virgyne. c 1375<br />

Sc. Leg. Saints Pto\. 50 Til schoconsawit godissone, ..scho<br />

beand altyme vergine chaste, a 1400-50 Aie.rnnder 4665<br />

Voide & vacand of vic^s as virgyns it ware, c 1430 Lydc.<br />

Attn. Poems (P*:r>,-y Soc.) 8 .Alle clad in white, in tokyn of<br />

clennes, Lyke pure virginis as in ther cnietuis. ^1485 E.<br />

E. AfisciWAnon CI.) 36 When hedyssenddyt. -tntoachast<br />

wombe of a wyrgene dene. 1536 BKi,t.ENi)EN Cron. Scot.<br />

(1821) II. 163 He that revisis ane virgine, bot gifschodesire<br />

him in manage, sal be heidiL 1568 Satir. Poems Reform.<br />

xlvii. 58 Remember first ^our former qualitie, And wrak na<br />

virgenis with ^our wilfull weir. x6oi Shaks Alts Well 1. 1.<br />

146, I will stand for't a little, though therefore I die a Vir-<br />

;in. 1634 W. TiRWHYT tr. Balzac's Lett, (vol.1) 318 Nor am<br />

f Ignorant that never any woman was so vicious, who haih<br />

..A heretofore bin a Virgin. 1671 Milton P. R. 1. 138 Then<br />

[thou] toldst h*rr doubting how these things could be To<br />

her a Virgin, that on her should come The Holy Ghost.<br />

«737 Whiston Josephus. Antig. iii. xii. % 2 Moses.. permitted<br />

him \sc. the high-priest] only to marry a virgin.<br />

%io^ Med. Jrnl. XVII. 494 Ruysch's subject, though not a<br />

virgin, may have yet lieen troubled with tliis complaint.<br />

1845 Day tr. Simons Anim. Cfum, I. 230 The venous blood<br />

of virgins gave, in 1000 parts [etc].<br />

Jig. 1526 TiNDALE 2 Cor. xi. 2 For I coupled you to one<br />

man, to make you a chaste virgen to Christ, i860 Pusf.y<br />

Min. Proph.ioy God regarded as a virgin, the*people whom<br />

He had made holy to Himself; He so regards the soul which<br />

He has regenerated and sanctified.<br />

b. An old maid, a spinster.<br />

1759 Johnson Idler No. 53 P 6 Lady Biddy Porpoise, a<br />

lethargick virgin of seventy-six.<br />

o. transf. Of things.<br />

x6ao Capt. Smith Nc.v-En^. Trials Wks. (Arb.) I. 243<br />

From which blessed Virgin [i.e. the colony of Virginia]..<br />

sprung the fortunate habitation of Somcr lies. Ibid.^ I'his<br />

Virginssister (called New Kngland, Apt. 1616, atmy humble<br />

suite). 1756 Nugent Gr. Tour, France IV. 303 They give<br />

it [sc. Peronne] the name of yirgin^ because it was never<br />

taken. 1837 Whkwem. Hist. Induct. Sci. iv. iii. 2^2 In the<br />

language of the New Platonists, the number seven is said to<br />

be a virgin, and without a mother. 1897 IVestm. Gaz. 18<br />

Jan. 8/3 tiimilarly,in Africa, the highest mountain is still a<br />

virgin.<br />

d. Virginity. (After i Cor. vii. 37.) rare.<br />

1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemplar Disc. iv. § 12 S. Jerome<br />

affirms that, to be continent in the state of widowhood is<br />

harder, then to keep our virgin pure.<br />

e. Entom. A female insect producing fertile<br />

eggs by parthenogenesis. (Cf. 12 g.)<br />

1883 Imperial Diet, (and in later Diets.).<br />

3. A young woman, a maid or maiden, of an age<br />

and character affording presumption of chastity.<br />

13.. Sir Beues (A.) 2689 A wende, a mi^te leue namore.<br />

And 5et him ]>ou^te, a virgine Him brou3te out of al is pine.<br />

c 1380 WvcLiF Wi's. (1880) 330 God . .seil> hi lob |>at a man<br />

shuld make couenaunt w\\t hise wittis to ^enke not on a<br />

virgyne. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) 111. 37 Wliiche conimaundede<br />

also virgynes to be mariede with owte eny<br />

dowery. c 1450 Mirk's Fcstial 16 Then wasschosomeke yn<br />

all hor doyn^ys, J»at all othyr vyrgenes called hor qweiie<br />

of maydens. 1538 Starkey England 11. i. 151 The wych<br />

some schold .. m dystrybutyd .. partely to the dote of<br />

pore damosellys and vyrgynys. 1579 e hali gast, born o<br />

Jre virgine marie, r 1360 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 21 He is \>g<br />

sone of J»e vergyne marie. ^ vyrgyne, Nyne score 5er euene, & nyne. c 1340<br />

Hampole /v. Cohsc. 4370 t>is was \)at lohan saw in a vision<br />

Of hym |>at semed l^e virg>*n son. 1390 Gower Con/. II.<br />

>86 For be that cause the godhede Assembled was to the<br />

inaniiede In the virgine. c 1489 Caxton Sonnes 0/ Ayinnn<br />

i. 37 God, that of the vyrgyn was borne in l>edeleym. i5»6<br />

Pilgr. Per/, (W. de W. 1531) 10 b, Hymselfe saycnge in the<br />

gospell, Excepte ye eate the flesshe of the sone of the virgyn<br />

[etcl. 1555 Eden Decades (.Arb.) 139 Desyringe almyghtie<br />

God and the blessed virgin to fauour his beginninges. i6a3<br />

Cockeram III, Valentiuenns^ a certaine heretiques, who<br />

held opinion that our Sauiour receiued not his flesh from the<br />

blessed Virgin. 1643 Caryl Expos. Job xx. 17 And this is<br />

the food which the Virgins son our Immanuel was prophesied<br />

to eat. 1704 [see Annunciation 2]. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's<br />

Trav. {1760) I. 286 The church of the holy virgin at<br />

Lireyo. 17517 Coleridge Christabel i. 139 Praise we the<br />

Virgin al! divine Who hath rescued thee from ihy distress !<br />

iBoi Scott Eve St. John xl,' Alas ! away, away !<br />

' she cried,<br />

' For the holy Virgin's sake !<br />

' 1867 Jas. Campbell Balmerino<br />

ir. ix. 122 A full length figure of the Virgin and<br />

Holy Child standing within a Gothic niche. 1876 Bancroft<br />

Hist, U. S. II. xxxiii. 329 Uttering a special prayer to the<br />

immaculate Virgin.<br />

b. A picture or image of the Virgin Mary ; a<br />

madonna.<br />

a 1^00 Evelyn Diary 23 April 1646, There are two<br />

Kacristias, in one of which is a fine Virgin of Leonardo da<br />

Vinci. i8«3 Galt R. Gilhaize ix, M>; grandfather, -seized<br />

the Virgin's timber leg, and flung it with violence at them.<br />

1840 Penny Cycl. XVII. 140/1 A most exquisite Virgin in a<br />

tabernacle in the open street at Prato. 1883 Parker's Guide<br />

to Ox/ord 87 Ihe niches have been filled with the Virgin<br />

and Child [etc.].<br />

6. A person of cither sex remaining in a state of<br />

chastity. Usually in pi.<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 24685 He ledis lijf lik til angels, For<br />

uirgins all ar \>z\. iwo Gower Con/. III. 277 Hou that<br />

Adam and Eve also Virgines comen bothe tuo Into the<br />

world and weie aschamed [etc.]. c 1440 Alpk. Tales 297<br />

When |>e Emperour Henrle and Ranegunde his wyfeabade<br />

alway dene virgyns. 1451 Catgravk Li/eSt. Gilbertxxxi.<br />

107 Fro |?at tyme in whech he was take fro J>e world, a-non<br />

was he set a-mongis J>e dauns of virgynes.<br />

7. A youth or man who has remained in a state<br />

of chastity.<br />

c 1330 Arth. ^ Merl. 891 j (K.), J>isNacien5. .bicome presl,<br />

niesse to sing; Virj^ine of his bodi he was. c 1386 Chaucer<br />

Pars. T'.Pgso Virginitee b.iar oure lord Ihesucrist, and virgine<br />

was hym' sclue. c 1450 Ix)VElich Grail xxxix. 559 A<br />

virgyne evere schal he be alle da^es of his lyve certcinle.<br />

1470-85 Malory Arthur xvii. xviii. 715 Thow arte a clene<br />

\yrgyn aboue all knyghtes. a 1513 FABVANC/irt?//. vi.ccxiv.<br />

232 This kynge Edwarde lafte after hym no childe, for he<br />

V as accoinpted for a virgyn whan he dyed. 1585 T. Wash-<br />

ington tr. Nicho/ay*s I'oy. ni. xvi. 101 These Calenders.,<br />

say themselues to be virgins. 1613 J. Hayward Norm.<br />

Kings -2^6 It is certaine also that Ansehne, the most earnest<br />

enforcer of single life, died not a Virgine. 1653 H. Cogan<br />

tr. Scarlet Gown 14 It is held for certain, by them which<br />

know him, that he is still a Virgin. 1700 Tyrrell Hist.<br />

Eng. II. 78s He was reputed a Pure Virgin. 1847 *•<br />

pyaccPs Li/e St. Philip Neri 11. xiii. 253 A famous harlot, .<br />

having heard it said that Philip «-as a virgin,, .audaciously<br />

boastpd that she would cause him to fall. 1880 A. I. Ritchie<br />

(7/. St. Baldred 49 King Malcolm [IV] is universally said<br />

to have died a virgin.<br />

/ig. 1798 Lamb Rosavmnd Gray iv. 498 His temper had<br />

a sweet and noMe frankness in it, which bespake him yet a<br />

virgin from the world.<br />

8. Astr. = Virgo.<br />

c 1480 Henkyson Fobles, Fox ^- Wol/ iv, Mercurius, the<br />

Cod of Elotptence, Inio the Uirgyn maid his residence.<br />

c 1491 Chast. Goddes Chyld. 11 Whan the sonne in tyme of<br />

yere begynneth to wythdrawe dounwarde thenne reigneth<br />

lie in a planete that we call Virgyne 1509 Hawes Past.<br />

Plens. XLiv. (Percy Soc.) 216 Tyll peace and mercy made<br />

right to encline. Out of the Lyon to enter the Vyrgyne.<br />

c 1550 Rollani) Crt. I 'cnus Prol. 43 The Virgin, Libra, and<br />

the Scorpion. 1596 Si-enser F. Q. v. i. 11 The Virgin, sixt<br />

in her degree. 1667 Milton P. L. x. 676 Thence down<br />

amaine By Leo and the Virgin and the Scales, As deep as<br />

( npricorne. 1697 Creech Manilius 11 70 The Twins, Vrn,<br />

Virgin force his Sign to bend By Nature's I-aw. 1730-^6<br />

Thomson Autumn 23 When the bright Virgin gives the<br />

beauteous days, And Libra weighs in etpial scales the year.<br />

1762 Falconer Shipwr. 1. 157 Now, in tlie southern hemi-<br />

•phere, the sun Thro* the bright Virgin and the Scales had<br />

run. 1868 LocKVER Guilletnin's Heavens (ed. 3) 326 The<br />

Virgin and Bootes are, with the Lion, the most important<br />

constellations in view.<br />

9. a. eilipt. Applied to varieties of apple and<br />

pear.<br />

1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. 80 The Squib-pear, Spindle.pear,<br />

Virgin, Gascogne-Bergamot. x886 Cheshire Gloss. 378<br />

I 'irgins, a kind of apple.<br />

b. Ent. Applied to species of moths and butter-<br />

"<br />

flies.<br />

x83a J. Renmie Coftsp. Buiterfi. ft M. 49 The Virgin<br />

(Triphaina Innuba.) Wings two inches to two inches onethird,<br />

of uniform colour. ^ Ibid. 100 The Virgin (Brepha<br />

Pnrthcnias) appears the end of March.<br />

10. ailrib. and Covib., as virgin-biiih , -born<br />

adj., -produced ^^y-t -violator, -worship', virgin-<br />

bower, = Virgin's boweb; virgin-stock, the<br />

Virginia stock; virgin-tree, Oriental sassafras.<br />

165a Crashaw Carmen Deo Nostro Poems (1904) 271 The<br />

*virgin-births with which thysoveraign spouse Made fruitful!<br />

thy fair soul. 1864 Pusey Lect. Daniel v\n. 484 That<br />

announcement of the Virgin-birih of Him, of whom it is<br />

said, she shall call His Name Emmanuel. 1899 Daily Ne-MS<br />

j6 Sept. 7/1, I fail to see how those who deny the virgin<br />

birth of Our Lord can in any way claim part in the Christian<br />

Church, \t^x Milton P. R. iv. 500 Then hear, O Son of<br />

Uavid, *Virginborn. 1846 Trench Mirac. 46 The Virginborn,<br />

the Son of the Most Highest. J7a5 Fam. Dict.^<br />

^Virgin-boiver, a Plant of which there are two sorts [etc.).<br />

t8io Scott Lady 0/Lake i. xxvi, 1 he clematis, the favourd<br />

flower Which boasts the name of virgin- bower. 1861<br />

N. Syd. Soc. Vear-bk, Med. ^ Surg. tSbo, 377 They are


VIRGIN. 231 VIRGIN.<br />

altogether equivalent to "virgin-produced 'zooids'. 1786<br />

AatiBCKOMBte Cani. Assist. 55 Sweet peas, pansies, "virginstock.<br />

1891 Cent. Diet. s.v. Stocky Ihe somewhat similar<br />

Malcolmia mafitiiiia,..m England called Virginia or<br />

virgin stock. 1866 Treas. Bot. 1219/1 "Virgin-tree, Sassafras<br />

t'arthenoxylon. 1603SHAKS. Meas.Jor M.\. i.41 That<br />

Angelo is an adulterous thiefe, An hypocrite, a "virgin violator.<br />

1848 KiNGSLKY'.S'a/«/'f i'rag. Iiiirod. p. xviii, I should<br />

. . have copied the introduction o£ "Viryin-worship into the<br />

original tale.<br />

11. Ill possessive collocations: virgia^s garland,<br />

a garland of flowers and coloured paper formerly<br />

carried at the funeral of a maiden ; f virgin's<br />

honey, -oil, =vtr^'n koney^ oil (see 17b); f Virgin's<br />

sea, = Virginiafi sea Virginiaw a. i d ;<br />

Virgin's spike (scie Spike sb^- i bj ; *{• virgin's<br />

thread (see quot.).<br />

1825 BKOCKErriV.C. Gloss.^ *VirgitCs garland^ many<br />

country churches In the North are adorned with these garlands<br />

; In token, says Bourne, of esteem and love, and as aii<br />

emblem of reward in the heavenly Church. i8s8 Craven<br />

Gloss t Virgin's Car/a/ii/s. Many- of the Churches in the<br />

Deanery of Craven are .adorned with these garlands. [Description<br />

follows.] 1879-^1 Miss Jackson Shropsh. Wordi>k.<br />

^63 Virgins-garlands still exist; as,. at MInsterley,<br />

where there are several, the most recent of ihem being of<br />

the date 1764. 1611 Cotgr., Mielvierget *Virgins honii,<br />

the hoiiie wliich of it selfe, and without pressing, distills<br />

from ihe comlje. 1785 hum. Diet. s.v. Empyema, They<br />

mix a quartern of Virgins Honey, with two Paris Pints<br />

thereof. 1611 CorcR., Huile Virginal^ ^Virgins Oyle<br />

the Oyle that comes from the Oliue of It selfe, and withont<br />

pressing. 1603 in Shirburn Ballads txxvii. 7 His Empyre<br />

. . Halfe which her bea%ome foorth doth lay fron» German to<br />

the Virgin's [v.r. Virginian] se.i. 170^ Diet. Rust. (1726',<br />

Virgin S'Tlireoii, a sort of Dew, which flies in the Air,<br />

like smalt untwisted Silk or Yarn, and falling lipon the<br />

Ground or Plants, changes it self into a form like a Spider's<br />

web.<br />

II. attrib. jassing into adj. 12. Of persons<br />

(usually of the female sex) : lieing a virgin or virgins<br />

; remaining in a state of chastity.<br />

Virgin Queen, a name for (^ueen Elizabeth of England.<br />

1560 Bible (Genev.) "Jer. xiv. 17 For y" virgine daughter<br />

of my people is destroyed, .with a sore grleilous plague.<br />

1^99 Shaks. Much Ado v. lii. 1;^ Pardon, godde-tse of the<br />

night, Those that slew thy virgin knight [sc. Hero).<br />

1611 SfEEu I'luat. Gt. Britain 1. xi. 21/1 Ursula, ..with<br />

her companie of canonized Virgin-Saints. 1633 FoRt><br />

Broken Heart Prol., The virgin isters then deserVd fresh<br />

bays. Ibid. 111. v. To virgin-wives, such as abuse not wedlock<br />

By freedom of desires. 1658 BKsr.owES Tlteoph. vi. xxv.<br />

Hail, blessed Virgin-Spou.se, who did^t bequeath Breath<br />

unto him, who made thee breathe ! 1697 Drvdem /Kneid<br />

XI. 754 The Volscians, and their virgin leader, wait His lasC<br />

commands. 7 Polloic Course T. x. Stars, the virgin<br />

daughters of the sky. i8u L. Ritchie IVand, by Seine<br />

40 The virgin-martyr SL Honoria.<br />

b, la predicative use. Also^^., and const, of<br />

and to. rare,<br />

1667 MiLTOM P. L. IX. 376 Likest she seemd..to Ceres in<br />

her Prime, Vet Virgin of Proserpina from love. 1849-50<br />

Alison Hist. Europe XIV. xcvi. § 21. 218 Germany, alike<br />

virgin to revolutionary passions, and unused to revolutionary<br />

suffering, has had a firebrand tossed into its bosom.<br />

1859 Tennyson Guinevere 553 Yet not less, O Guinevere,<br />

For I was ever virgin save for thee.<br />

O. The Virgin Mother, the Virgin Mary.<br />

r«i7ii Ken Sion Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 321 His Virgin-<br />

Mother had Angelick Grace] iTao Welton Suffer. Son<br />

of God I. X. 2^2 The Humble Deference of the sacrect<br />

Virgin


VIRGIN.<br />

b not. twt Mortimer //iisl: (1721) 1. 283 TJie H?y<br />

which firsi flowsof it self from the Combs is called V irgin<br />

Honey (as is also the Honey which comes from the hrst<br />

Years Swarm). I77« Fletcher ^/t/M/ Wks. 1795 ' "^<br />

'<br />

tute. Some poorhungr>- hearts will say, One ihmg ;s needful<br />

for us. We cannot have too much virgin-honey . 1BO7<br />

rcmli.sons Cycl. Arts App. 695/1 Any exi^nments on<br />

this subject must be with virgm honey, or that drained from<br />

the new comb, a 1718 Woodward ^at. Hist. Fossils \.<br />

tnic> 1. S97 Lead-Grains so pure as nearly to approach the<br />

Flnenei of •Virgin Lead. l6«?.«'V.. ^''^,^^;'^<br />

•Virgin-Mercurythey call that, which discovers itself without<br />

At help of fire. 17S7 " Ap/"-V fri^'. t-?*") IJ- '44<br />

Viruin mercury, .is that which is entirely prepared by<br />

S2. ,6«>*.V- Trans. IIL 821 Yet sometimes there<br />

are great Masses found all "f P^'Sdr", which is call d<br />

•Viriinmettal. 1740 Somerville HMmct 1. 202 W th his<br />

Plam Of toughest 'virgin Oak in rising [hel aids H.s tremb-<br />

UrTLimbs. 1719 BoVER Diet. Roy„l 1, De think v>'rgc,..<br />

sw«r^SJ pure ?)>.l, 'Virgin Oyl. .853 Ure Diet. Art; II.<br />

284 In the district Monlpellier, they apply the term virgin<br />

oil to that which spontaneously separates from the paste of<br />

crushed olives. 1857 Miller F.lcm. Clum., Or^. 359 I he<br />

ripe olives are first subjected to pressure without the applica.<br />

tion of heat ; in this manner the finest oil, or virgin oil, is<br />

obtained. 1758 Borlase Nat. Hist. Corniu. 199 ihe most<br />

perfect copt)er..is the Malleable (from its purity called in<br />

Cornwall the •Virgin-ore). 1811 Bvron Sardanap. iv. 1,<br />

The miner lights Upon a vein of virgin ore. 1611 Cotgr.,<br />

rarchtmin verri, Cleere Parchment, *virgine Parchment<br />

1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Firgin Parchment,<br />

a sort of fine Parchment made of the Skin of a young<br />

I^mb. i8»3 Scott Quentin D. xiii. It was fastened round<br />

his middle by a broad belt of virgin parchment. 1839 Urk<br />

Diet. Arts 897 The best [olive oil), ca^ed *virgin salad oil,<br />

is obtained by gentle pressure in the cold. 1888 i«c* s<br />

Handbi. Med. Sci. VI. 297/1 In this way the bubbles and<br />

sour odor are developed, and what is known as "Virgin<br />

Scammony" is produced. I7»6 Shelvocke !;);. round<br />

World 167, 1300 dollars weight in ingots of *virgin silver.<br />

177« Ad*m Smith W. N. 1. xi. 11. 1. 182 Silver is very<br />

seldom found Virgin. 1B06 Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 10<br />

It had the appearance of metallic, m.-illeable, or what is<br />

called, virgin silver. 1873 E. Spon Workshop Receipts<br />

Ser. I. 238/2 The silver found in the trade, even under the<br />

name of virgin silver, retains traces of copper. 1833 J.<br />

Holland Manuf. Metal II. 39 Run, or "vugm steel;—<br />

which, indeed, in the proper sense of the term, is no steel at<br />

Cunnerxv. 16 inis is caiieo soipnur > ivum, iiiu uy ou.,i„<br />

Virgin Sulphur. iiszCH>.«BmsCycl.s.v.SuJp;ii,riulp/iur<br />

viimiii, native or virgin sulphur, is that which 15 dug in this<br />

form out of the earth. 1706 /I r< 0/ Fainting C1744) 283 On<br />

this they laid their "virgin tints, with light strokes of the<br />

pencil 1753 Hogarth Anal. Beauty xiv, 190 Let us then<br />

'<br />

call class 4 of each colour bloom-tints ', or, if you please,<br />

•virgin tints', as the painters call them. .1799.G- =>".t»<br />

Laboratory I. 430 Take the first, or 'virgin wine, which<br />

runs of itself from the grapes.<br />

18. Comb., as virgin-eyed, -minded, -vested zA]s.<br />

1848 B. D. Walsh Aristoph. -^inote, Jove's virgin-eyed<br />

daughter. 1867 Earl Lvtton Lett. (1906) I. 224 There<br />

exists nowhere.. a more virgin-minded community of young<br />

men. 1871 Swinburne Songs be/. .Sunrise, Quia Multum<br />

Amavit 18 Thou wast fairest and first of my virgin-vested<br />

daughters. . . . ., „<br />

Hence Vi'rgln v. a. tntr. with it. I o remain a<br />

virgin, b. trans. To speak of, mention (virgins).<br />

1607 Shaks. Cor. V. iii. 48 That kisse I carried from thee<br />

deare: and ray true Lippe Hath Virgin'd it ere since.<br />

1615 Massinger AImc Way m. ii, Marg. You 11 haveme,<br />

sir, preserve the distance that Confines a virgin? Over.<br />

Virgin me no virgins ! I must have you lose that name, or<br />

you lose me.<br />

(vS-idijinal), sb. Forms : 6 virgin-<br />

Virginal<br />

alles, -ynal(le)8, 6-7 virginallts, 6- virginal(s,<br />

7-8 virginelles. [App. of the same formation as<br />

ViBGiXAL a.,but the reason for thename isobscure.]<br />

1. A keyed musical instrument (common in England<br />

in the i6th and 17th centuries), resembling a<br />

spinet, but set in a box or case without legs.<br />

a. In plural form, applied to a single instrument.<br />

IS30 Palsgr. 711/1 Set my virgynalles, entonnez nies<br />

espviettes. a 154a Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 8 Exercisyng<br />

hym self dayly in . . plaiyng at the recorders, flute, virginals,<br />

and in setting of songes. 1591 Florid ziid Fruites 129<br />

He plaies also upon the cittarn, virginals, violme and llute.<br />

1601 B. JoNSON Ev. Man in Hum. CQ.) 11. in. 161, I can<br />

compare him to nothing more happely, then a Barbers<br />

virginals; foreueryone may play vpon him. 1660 Pepvs<br />

Diary 8 Dec., Her daughter played after dinner upon the<br />

virginals. i66» Plavford Skill Mus. i. i. 4 But Lessons<br />

for the Organ, Virginals, or Harp, two staves of six lines<br />

together are required. 1710 J. Ciiein in E. Dunbar .yc.<br />

Li/e (1865) 15, 1 can. .play on the Treble and Gambo, Viol,<br />

Virginelles and Manicords. 1786 Lounger (lySj) II. 192.<br />

1 could play pretty well on the Virginals at home. 1823<br />

RoscoE tr. Sismondi's Lit. Eur. (1846) 1. v. 128 The clancord<br />

was a sort of spinet resembling the virginals. 1841<br />

Barham Ingol. Leg. Ser. 11. Nell Cook, And fine upon the<br />

virginals is that gay Lady's touch. 1873 Dixon Two Queens<br />

XIL iii. II. 298 Himself a player on the virginals and organ.<br />

b. A pair of virginals, in the same sense. (Cf.<br />

Paibj*.'6.)<br />

icu Test. Ehor. (Surtees) VI. 159 A paire of virginals.<br />

US Lane. Wills (Chetham Soc.) II. 67 My best paire of<br />

viTginalls. 1630 Dkkker 2nd Ft. Honest Wh. H iv. No,<br />

for she's like a paire of Virginals, Alwaies with lackes at<br />

her taile. l6«6 Pepvs Diary 2 Sept., Hardly on« lighter<br />

or boat in three that had the goods of a house in, but there<br />

was a pair of Virginalls in it. 1684 Bonvan Filgr. 11. 93<br />

"The Dining.Room, where stood a pair of excellent Virginals.<br />

175s J. Collier (Tim Bobbin) Let. Wks. (1775I<br />

177 You know I have a pair of rusty old Virginals in a<br />

Corner of the School, which have about eight Strings left<br />

out of forty-five.<br />

23.2<br />

c. As a singular, with plural denoting more than<br />

one instrument.<br />

The plural use (u) prob. preceded the singular.<br />

( Empedocles \.n.<br />

The grass is cool, the seaside air Buoyant and fresh, the<br />

mounlain flowers More virginal and sweet than ours. 1889<br />

Jos Thomson Trav. Morocco 24 From no point of view..<br />

does Tangier look so beautiful and virginal.. as from this<br />

particular gateway.<br />

tVirgina'lity. Obs. rare. [f. prec.-f -ITV.J<br />

The state or quality of being virginal.<br />

a 1450 Kilt, de la Tour 149 Within her pure uirginalite of<br />

her flcsshe, blode, and bone, the Sone of God toke humanite.<br />

1721 Bailey, Virginality, Maidenliness.<br />

(vS-jdjinali), ao'z'. [f VIRGINAL<br />

Virginally<br />

a. + -L\ '^.] In a virginal manner ; like a virgin.<br />

1882 Stevenson Men ^ B. 35 Virginally troubled at the<br />

fluttering of her dress in the spring wind. 188a Miss C. P.<br />

WooLSON Anue loi Young ladies, dancing virginally by<br />

themselves. ,.. ^ . .<br />

t VirgineOUS,<br />

a- Obs. rare. \i. L. virgzne-us<br />

(f virgin-, virgo virgin) + -ous.] Virginal, virgin<br />

1585-7 Rogers 39 Art. Pref. (1607) r3 Her Faith, he:<br />

wisedome her virgineous and chast behauiour he would<br />

euer celebrate. 1694 Motteux Rabelais V. 248 Your Phrase,<br />

robustly propt, with ease produces Fractions in many weak<br />

Virgineous Cruises.<br />

r v tt '<br />

her<br />

Id<br />

r<br />

t Virginet, var. of (or error for) \ irginal sb.<br />

1 c 1680 AsHMOi.E Mem. (1717) 4 Mr. Henry Hinde, Orgaqist<br />

of the Cathedral, . . taught me the Virginetts and Organ.<br />

Obs. [-head.] -next.<br />

tVirginhead.<br />

1598 Sylvester Dii Bartas 11. i. Eden 662 Unlike it is.<br />

Such blessed state the noble flowr should miss Of Virgin,<br />

head 1611 Davifs (<strong>Here</strong>f.) Sco. Folly Ep. cxxv, Two<br />

J-<br />

foes of honord name in Honors bed, (The field) desirde (like<br />

virgins newly wines) To lose their valours lusty virgin-head.<br />

Vi-rginhood. [f. Virgin j


VIKGINIAN.<br />

of *Virginia Cedars . . afford excellent Timber for many Ui.es.<br />

1888 Efuycl. Brit. XXIV. 258 2 The principal timber trees<br />

..are.. yellow or pitch pine; red or Virginia cedar. 163 1 in<br />

Capt. Smith IVks. (Arb.) 564 Whatsoeuer is said against<br />

the *Virginia Come, they rinde it doth better nourish<br />

than any prouision is sent thither. 1704 Petiver Gazopkyl.<br />

M. xiv, This adheres to Trees by its hoary fibres, as our<br />

•Virginia Creeper doe:* to Walls by its tendrels. 1786<br />

Abercrombie 6'ar/. 153 Xrain and nail climbers —<br />

to walls, &c. as virgin's bower, passion flower, Virginia<br />

creeper, &c. 1857 Henfrey Bot. §452 The species of<br />

Ampelopds known as 'Virginia Creepers' exhibit some<br />

intetesting phacnomena. 1870 Dickens E. Vrood it, The<br />

Virginia creeper on the cathedral wall has showered half its<br />

deep-red leaves down on the pavement. 1639 Parkinson<br />

Parad, 612 Vitis^ sen potins Hedtra Virginensis, the<br />

•Virginia Vine, or rather luie. 1607 in Capt. Smith Wks.<br />

(Arb.) 97 We daily feasted with good bread, *Virginia<br />

pease, pumpions and putchamins. 1657 Coles Adam in<br />

Eden 333 Some have called the yellow Lupine Spanish<br />

Violets,.. and.. 'Virginia Roses. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey),<br />

* Virginia-Tobacco, the Tobacco-Plant growing in<br />

those Parts. 1786 Abercrombir Card. Assist. 115 Sow..<br />

cape- marigold, yellow sultan. Vin;inia tobacco, &c. x6s9<br />

Parkinson Parad. 564 The 'Virginia Vine, .beareth small<br />

Grapes witliout any great store of iuice therein. Ihid. 612<br />

This slender, but tall climing Virginia Vine (as it was first<br />

called; but luie, as it doth better resemble). 1651 R. Child<br />

in Hartlib's Legacy (1655) 36 The hill where their Corn is<br />

planted, called *Virginia.Wheat. 1688 Phil. Trans. XVII.<br />

078 English Wheal {as they call it, to distinguish it from<br />

Maze, commonly called Virginia Wheat).<br />

C. In names of birds, insects, etc., as Virginia<br />

bat, chafer, didapper^ frog, goatsucker, red-bird,<br />

snap-beetle, squirrel;<br />

cardinal grosbeak,<br />

Virginia nightingale^ the<br />

1688 Phil. Trans. XVII. 991 The Night Raven, which<br />

some call the *VirKinia Bat, is about the bigness of a<br />

Cuckow. 1704 Petiver Gazopkyl. Dec. 111. Tab. xxvii,<br />

Marshal's •Virginia Chaffer. t^B&Phii. Trans. XVII. 997<br />

Tcale, Wigeon,..*Virginia-Didapers. 1706 Phillips (ed.<br />

Kersey), * Virginia- Frog, a kind of Frog that., makes a<br />

noise like the bellowing of a Bull. i-jZ^hKruKnGen. SynoP.<br />

Birds II. II. 595 * Virginia Goatsucker., inhabits Virginia in<br />

summer; arrives there towards the middle of April 1688<br />

Phil. Trans. XVII. 995 Of "Virginia Nightingale, or red<br />

Bird, there are two sorts. 1695 Lond. Gaz. No. 3108/4 A<br />

Parcel of choice Virginia Nightingales, with choice Mock-<br />

Birds,, .are to be sold by Tho. Bland. 1706 Phillips (ed.<br />

Kersey), Virginia-Nightingale, a Bird of a pure scarlet<br />

Colour, with a tuft on the Head. 1731 {see Red «. 17 bj.<br />

1808 A. Wilson /J w«r. Omith. (1831) II. 273 Numbers.,<br />

having been carried over both to France and England, in<br />

which last country they are usually called Virginia nightingales.<br />

1783 Latham Geu, S^itop. Birds II. 11. 777 Tetrao<br />

Virginianus, "Virginia Partridge, smallerthan the Common<br />

Partridge. z8o8 A. Wilson Amer. Omith. (1831) II. 276<br />

They are generally known by the names red-bird, "Virginia<br />

red-bird,.. and erested red-bird. 170a VT:\\\v.v.Gazophyl. i.<br />

1 10 The Velvet-eyed *Virginia Snap-Iiectie. 1609 in CapL<br />

Smith /^A"j, (Arb.) p. c, I tould him of the "Virginia squirills<br />

which they say will fly.<br />

d. Miscellaneous combs., as Virginia tobacco<br />

(cf. 3) ; Virginia fence, a rail fence made in a<br />

zig-zag manner ; to make a V. fence (see quot<br />

1861) ; "Virginia reel, a country-dance.<br />

1745 Franklin Drinker's Diet. Wks. 1887 II. 26 He<br />

[being drunk] makes a "Virginia fence. i78^ANBUKev Trav.<br />

II. 324 The New Englanders have a saying when a man<br />

is in liquor, he is making Virginia fences. i8s6 T. Flint<br />

Recollections 206 The universal fence split rails, laid in a<br />

worm trait, or what is known in the North by the name of<br />

Virginia fence. 1844 P. H. Gosse in Zoologist II. 708 The<br />

fences, which are almost wholly made of rails set up in the<br />

zig-zag fashion so general in the north, commonly called a<br />

Virginia fence. 1861 Lowell Biglow P.Sct. ii. Introd., Poet.<br />

Wks. (1912) 285 * Virginia fence, to make a :<br />

' to walk like a<br />

drunken man. 1859 Bartlett Diet. Amer. (ed. 2) 497<br />

'Virginia reel, the common name throughout the United<br />

States for the old English ' country-danse *. 1694 Salmon<br />

Bate's Dispens. (1713) 14/1 If you steep good "Virginia Tol>acco<br />

in the Water, . .it will be much more effectual. 1747<br />

W. Douglas Brit. Settlements N. Amer. (1760) I. 116 Vir.<br />

gtnia tobacco, and Brazil, and Varinas totxu:co, differ upon<br />

this account.<br />

2. ellipt. A variety of tobacco grown and manufactured<br />

in Virginia. Also aitrib.<br />

1618 in CapL Smith IVks.iXrh.) 541 There are so many<br />

sofisticating Tobaco-mnngers in England, were it ncuer so<br />

bad, they would sell it for Verinas, and the trash that remaineth<br />

should be Virginia. 1650 B. Discolliminium 47<br />

My bare purse will reach no higher then to Democraticall<br />

Virginia, which many times tasts like some Levellers old<br />

leathern linings. 1681 T. Flatman Heraclitus liidens<br />

No. 9 (1713) L 53 The Reforming Troops, .offering the In.<br />

cense of Virginia, and the Drink-offering of the Bottle, to<br />

their Idol of the Long-sword. 171a Addison Sped. No.<br />

329 p6 He bid him stop by the way at any good Tobacconist's,<br />

and take in a Roll of their best Virginia. 1803 Sir A.<br />

Boswell Spirit of Tintoc xix. He's ta'en his spleuchan frae<br />

hisbreeks For a quid o" the right Virginia. 1864 Hawthorne<br />

^y. Felton{\^%^ 301 A. .German pipe. .puffed out volumes<br />

of smoke, filling the pleasant western breeze with the fragrance<br />

of some excellent Virginia.<br />

3. Astr. One of the minor planets.<br />

1868 LocKVER Elem. Astron. ^28 Minor Planets [include]<br />

..48. Doris. ^9. Pales. 50. Virginia. \in^ Encycl. Brit,<br />

II. 807 /a Virginia [discovered]<br />

guson [at] Washington.<br />

1857, October 4 (by) Fer-<br />

Virginian (vaid^i-nian), sb. and a.^<br />

+ -ANJ<br />

[f. prec.<br />

A. sb. One of the aboriginal natives or inhabitants<br />

of Virginia.<br />

1588 Hariot Brief Rep. Virginia Bib, [If mulberry<br />

trees are planted] there will rise as greate prolite in time<br />

to the Virginians, as.. doth now to the Persians. 1607-ia<br />

Vol. X.<br />

233<br />

in Capt. Smith Wks. (Arb ) 79 Of the manner of the Virginians<br />

governement. 1619 Middlkton Love


VIRGINITY.<br />

Therefore marriage was in repute, and virEmity in disesteem.<br />

1871 Freeman Norm. Cong. (1876) IV. xix. 422 An<br />

exaggerated reverence for virginity had been growing up in<br />

theCnarcb from the beginning.<br />

b. Of men (esp. ecclesiastics or other religious<br />

persons).<br />

c xyj^ Sc Ltg. Saints xxxvi. {Baptisf) 14 Angele als calHt<br />

wes ne [John the Baptist), fore kepyng of verginite, 138a<br />

Wycuf Jokn Prol., Double witnesse of virginyte is jouun<br />

to hym..in this that he is seid loued of God byfor othere<br />

disciplis. 1430740 Lydg. Bochas i. (Bodl. MS.) 58/2 He<br />

lyued euer in virg>-nyte. 1456 Coventry Leet Bk. 288 John<br />

EuauKgeUst. Holy Edward, crownyd kyng, brothur in virgin>te.<br />

1585 T. Washington tr, Nidtolay's Voy. iii. xvi.<br />

loi Heethat wil enter into this religion must . . obserue .<br />

nrginitie and abstinence. 1615 Bedwell Mohanu Impost.<br />

11. 1 68 By this perfection, that is, by virginitie, it is knowne<br />

that he was of God accepted for his perfection. 1657<br />

Fabindon Serm. (1672) H. 1191 Some have placed Perfection<br />

in Virginity,., making themselves eunuchs for the kingdom<br />

of heaven ; and have laid an imputation upon the<br />

state of Matrimony as most imperfect. 1658 Bromhall<br />

Treat. Specters v. 307 f He] defended the married Priests<br />

against the Monks, which observed the vow of Virginity.<br />

1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1877)11. App. 538 The resolution<br />

of Eadward. .to devote himself to a life of perpetual<br />

virginity. 1884 Catk. Diet. 556/2 Catholic feeling.. has<br />

attadbed itself strongly to the virginity of St. Joseph,<br />

C. Of women. Also in plirasesyf(?z«/tfr, gem., etc.,<br />

of inrginiiy^<br />

Mary,<br />

chiefly with reference to the Virgin<br />

CX386 Chaucer Pars. 7*. F948 The thridde manere of<br />

chastitee is virginitee, and it behoueth ^at she be hooly in<br />

hcrte and dene of body, thanne is she spouse of Ihesu<br />

crist and she b the lyf of Angeles. 1390 Gower Con/. II.<br />

336 And thus cam this Calistona Into the wode of Tegea,<br />

Whcr sche virginite behihte Unto Diane, c i^xo Hoccleve<br />

Mother qfGoa'6$ Wei oghten we thee worsshipe & honure,<br />

Paleys of Cryst, flour of virginitee, 1432-50 tr. Higden<br />

(Rolls) Vi. 91 Seynte Etheldreda,..whiche contynuede in<br />

virginite thau^he sche was mariede twyes. 1447 Boken-<br />

HAM S^ntys Introd. (Roxb.) 6 Whan I gan inwardly toremembre..Ofhyrthatis<br />

gemmeofvirgynyte. 1500-90 Dunbar<br />

Poems Ixxxvi. 17 Roiss Mary, . . O chast conclaif of clene<br />

virginite. That closit Crist but crymes criminale. 1540 Hykde<br />

tr. Vives Instr. Ckr, lVom.i.\\. (1541) 15 b, Virginite was<br />

euer an holy thinge euen amonge theues, breakers of Sayn.<br />

tuary, vngratiousliuers [etc.]._ 1603 Dekker Patient Crissill<br />

816 Master Fameze, sweet virginilie is that inuisible Godhead,<br />

that turns vs into Angells, that makes vs saints on<br />

earth, and starres in heauen. 1634 Milton Comus 738<br />

List Lady,, -be not cosen'd With that same vaunted name<br />

Virginity, X71X Addison Sped, Na 164^ P 5 That Vow of<br />

Virginity in which she [a novice] was going to engage herself.<br />

19x1 Edin. Rev. July 62 Jacqueline aspired to the<br />

veil, dedicated herself to virginity and the spiritual life.<br />

d. Personified.<br />

£:x40o Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton, 1483) iv. iv. 60 This noble<br />

lady was suster to Aungels and was cleped vyrgynyte.<br />

es ar y dye, pat y may wepe my virginite. 13..<br />

E. E. Allit, P. B. 1071 By how comly a kest he was clos<br />

J>ere, When venkkyst wasnovergynyte, nevyolencemaked.<br />

£1400 Laud Troy Bk. 18560 For me is leuere in my centre<br />

Be sclayn in my virginite, That I falle not in joure<br />

handis, t>an go with 50W. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron.<br />

III. 130 pat scho mycht murnand be Twa moneth hir virginite.<br />

i5oo-aa Dunbar Poems Ixxxiv. 13 Evin so women<br />

wairis thair virginitie On thame that maist ar holdin onworthie.<br />

1588 Shaks. L. L. L. i. i. 298, 1 denie her Virginitie:<br />

I was taken with a Maide. X634 Sir T. Herbert<br />

Trav. -zo The [Malagasy] youth scarce knowing twelue,<br />

the maid ten yeares m the World, the title of Virginity.<br />

1709 Addison Tatier No. 102 F i Some pleaded their unspotted<br />

Virginity ;others their numerous issue. 1750 Johnson<br />

Rambler No. 39 P S The reproach and solitude of antiquated<br />

Virginity. 1796 H. HvNrERtr.St.'Pierre*s Stud. Nat. (1799)<br />

II. 543 They dispense premiums on virginity 1 1825 Scott<br />

Lett. 24 Aug. in Lock/iart, The celebrated * Ladies ' . . who<br />

. .selected this charming spot for the rep>ose of their timehonoured<br />

virginity. 1884 Cat/t. Diet. 556/2 Mary, then,<br />

was the Virgin Mother of God. She remained in perpetual<br />

virginity.<br />

b. Freq. in phrases, esp. with possessives, as io<br />

ravish^ rob^ etc. (a woman's) virginity\ to keep^<br />

lose, etc. (one's) virginity ; sometimes with<br />

approximation to a concrete sense.<br />

1390 Gower Con/. IL 316 Thus this tirant there Beraft<br />

hire such thing as men sein Mai neveremor be yolde ayein,<br />

And that was the_ virginite. /hid. 339 To robbe the virginite<br />

Of a yong innocent aweie. ? X4oa Qoixlev Ballade<br />

xii. in Vorksk. Arc/ixol, Jml. (1908) XX. 46 This Tereus<br />

kyng, The virginite rauysht by treson Of Philomene, c 1440<br />

Gesta Rom. ix. 23 (Harl. MS.), Whan he was ded, J>er come<br />

a kny^t, and spoiled me of my virginite. 1485 Caxton St.<br />

Wenefr. 9 She chase leuer the smytynge of of her hede than<br />

to lose her vyrgynyte. 1563-81 Foxe A. Sf, M. 94/2 Her<br />

heare hanging about her shoulders in two parts deuided<br />

(wherewith her shamefa^t chastitie and virginitie was<br />

couered). 1599 Shaks. Much Ado iv. i. 49 If you..Haue<br />

vanquisht the resistance of her youth, And made defeat of<br />

her virginitie. i68a Rowlands Good Newes ^ B. 21 Since<br />

Nans_ virginity past help is lost, They'l teach him what<br />

a maidenhead will cost, c: 1706 Prior True Maid r For<br />

my Virginity, When I lose that, says Rose, 111 dye. 1728<br />

Chambers Cycl. s.v., That the next Relation, .of the Maid's,<br />

shall undertake to enjoy her before him, and takeaway her<br />

Virginity. 1759 A. Butler Lives Saints (ifiai) X. 489<br />

These holy martyrs seem, ,to have met a glorious death in<br />

234<br />

defence of their virginity from the army of the Huns. x866<br />

B. Taylor On Leaving California Poems 272 Mother of<br />

mighty men, thou shalt not mourn Thy lost virginity.<br />

j^g. x65a Cbashaw Carmen Deo Nostra, -yd Ele^y 6 O<br />

had he nere been at that cruell cost Nature's virginity had<br />

nere been lost.<br />

fo. With a or pi. Obs,<br />

1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta*s Hist. Indies v. xv. 367<br />

Some were appoynted to serve theGuacasand Sanctuaries,<br />

keeping their virginities for ever. 1632 Lithgow Trav. iv.<br />

157 The men.. and the Virgines. .both shall haue their Virginities<br />

renewed, as fast, as lost. 1634 W. Tirwhyt ir.<br />

Balzac's Leti. 269 Nor was ever any virginity so britle, as<br />

that she brought into the world.<br />

d. Used as a title : A virgin or unmarried<br />

woman, rare^^,<br />

X755 M RS. F. Brooke Old Maid No. 9. 64 You must know<br />

then, my good sister virginity, that [etc.].<br />

3. ^g. The state of being virgin, fresh, or new.<br />

1610 G. Fletcher Christ's Vict. 11. lix, See, see the<br />

flowers that . . blowe. And of all, the virgin rose, . . How<br />

they<br />

all unleaved die, Loosing their virginitie. 1639 Fuller<br />

Holy War xix. (1647) 31 Cana the less.., where he shewed<br />

the virginity of his miracles, turning water into wine. 169a<br />

South Serm. (1744) XL 8 As the purest water.., when it<br />

slides into a dirty and a muddy Kennel, it immediately<br />

loses its clearness and virginity. 18.. Whittier Pr. Wks.<br />

(i88g) IL 187 What avail your abstract theories, your hopeless<br />

virginity of democracy, sacred from the violence of<br />

meanings? 1896 Daily News 14 Feb. 5/4 Pretty well for<br />

what Lord Rosebery would call the virginity of the<br />

Session. 19x5 J. Kelman Salted ivith Fire ix. 121 Men's<br />

prejudices, .had destroyed what Ruskin calls the virginity of<br />

the eye, and it was the main endeavour of Jesus to restore it.<br />

Hence Virgi'nityship, spinsterhood.<br />

1741 Mrs. Montagu Lett. \. 299 Old Virginityship is<br />

certainly Milton's Hell ' Where hope ne'er comes that comes<br />

to all.'<br />

Vi'rgin-like, a. and adv, [f. Virgin sb^<br />

A. adj. Resembling a virgin or that of a virgin<br />

characteristic of or befitting a virgin ; maidenlike.<br />

1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 1. 432 Oh cursed and<br />

furious envie!.. seeing by thee man was first beguiled, and<br />

induced afterward.. to water the earth, being yet virginelike,<br />

with his brothers blood, a X593 Marlowe & Nashe<br />

Dido III. iii, And here we met faire Venus virgine like. Bearing<br />

her bpwe and qiiiuer at her backe. 1603 Florio Montaigne<br />

III. v. 520 When I heare them bragge to have so<br />

virgin-like a will and colde minde. i6xx Shaks. Cymb. iii.<br />

iL 22 Oh damn'd paper,.. Art thou a Fcedarie for ibis Act,<br />

and look'st So Virgin-like without? 172X Strvpe Eccl.<br />

Mem. II. 376 [To] restore unto it again that Virgin-like<br />

Attire, a 1794 Sir W. Jones Enchanted Fruit Wks. 1799<br />

VI. 189 Rich bowls... Some virgin-like in native pride,<br />

And some with strong Haldea dyed. 1848 Thackeray yan.<br />

Fair iii, She had previously made a respectful virgin-like<br />

curtsey to the gentleman.<br />

B. adv. — ViHGiNLY adv. rare.<br />

'595 J- Weever Epigr, (1599) Evj, Chaste Lucreda<br />

virgine-fike her dresses.<br />

tVi'rginly, a, Obs.-^ [f. as prec. +-ly1.]<br />

Virgin, virgin-like.<br />

X548 Udai.l, etc. Erasm, Par. Luke xxiv. 88 Dooe ye not<br />

knowe the menyng of it to bee the enclosure & tabernacle<br />

of the virginly chastitee, whiche neither any inortall man<br />

entreyng vnto it, ne the soonne of God..liath violated or<br />

defoiled?<br />

Vi'rginly, adv. [f. as prec, 4- -ly 2.] 2; As or<br />

like a virgin ; in or after the manner of ;<br />

a virgin<br />

in a way becoming to a virgin or virgins,<br />

1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. ^g^/j The holy ghoost shewed<br />

unto saynt germayn of ancerre how she shold serue god<br />

holyly & virgyiiely, X823 Moore Rhymes on Road v. 34<br />

Whose beginnings are virginly pure as the source Of some<br />

mountainous rivulet. 1895 Meredith Amazing Marriage<br />

I. XV. 161 Virginly sensible of treasures of love to give.<br />

Virgin's bower. [Virgin sb, ii.] The<br />

British climbing shrub Clematis Vilalba^ tra-<br />

veller's joy.<br />

^597 Gerarde Herbal u, cccxiii. 741 Vpright Clamberer<br />

or Virgins Bower, is also a kinde of Clematis. x688<br />

Holme Armouiy 11. 68/2 The Virgins Bower groweth like<br />

the Honysuckle. 1796 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) IL<br />

500 Traveller's-joy. Great Wild Cli.Tiher. Virgin's Bower.<br />

i8x8 Keats Endytn. 11. 417 Virgin's bower, trailing airily,<br />

184a Florist's frnl. (1846) III. 36 The twisting or bending<br />

back of the petioles over any horizontal body,.. as in the<br />

Virgin's bower. 1870 Morris Earthly Par, III. iv. 261<br />

And woodbine, and the odorous virgin's-bower, Hung in<br />

great heaps about that undyked tower.<br />

b. Applied to other species of Ckmatis^ esp. to<br />

the American species C, virginiana, or employed<br />

as book-name for the whole genus.<br />

x668 WiLKiNS Real Char. n. iv. § 6. in Clematis, Virginsbower.<br />

X7S3 Chambers^ Cycl. SuppL, Virgins Bovver, .<br />

in botany, the name of a genus of plants ; . . The flower is of<br />

the rosaceous kind. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 331<br />

Virgin's Bower, Clematis. 1771 J. R. Forster Flora<br />

Amer. Septentr. 25 Clematis viorna. Virgin's bower,<br />

violet. Virg. Car. 1845-50 Mrs. Lincoln Led. Bot. 65<br />

One of our most beautiful climbing plants is the Clematis<br />

virginica, or virgin's bower. X856 Delamer Fl. Garden<br />

(1861) 158 Virgin's Bower Clematis moniana, Viticella,<br />

and its varieties, are hardy climbers, pretty when trained<br />

over lattice-work. _ 1866 Whittier Maids of Attitash 15<br />

Hardback, and virgin's-bowcr. And white-spiked clethraflower.<br />

1880 Bessey Bot. 564 Clematis, the Virgin's Bower,<br />

of many species.<br />

c. With distinguishing terms.<br />

X704 Diet. Rust. (1726) s.v., The Purple Virgin's- Bower. .<br />

The Double-purple Virgin's- Bower. 1707 Mortimer Ihtsb.<br />

iilii) IL 190 Double Virgins Bower is a climbing "Tree,<br />

fit to cover some place of Repose. 1731 Miller Gard.<br />

Diet. s.v. Clematitis, Purple creeping Climber, or Single<br />

I<br />

I<br />

'<br />

j VuTcans<br />

VIRGO.<br />

Virgins Bower. Ibid.t Blue Climber with a double Flower,<br />

or Double Virgins Bower. iBzz Hortus Anglicus IL39<br />

Clematis Cirrkosa. Evergreen Virgin's Bower. 1863<br />

Chambers's Encycl. III. 73/2 CiejtiatisJiammuia, a native<br />

of the south of Europe and north of Africa, , .is the species<br />

known as Sweet Virgin's Bower.<br />

Vi'rginsllip. rare. [f. as prec. -*- -ship.] The<br />

personality of a virgin.<br />

a title or form of address.<br />

Used with possessives as<br />

1643 H. More Song of Soul i. in. xlvii, And Gabriel<br />

sware he would wait upon Her Virginship. 1673 Davenant<br />

Distresses v. i, Will your vex'd Virginship Vouchsafe to<br />

stay here, till you be well swadled.<br />

Vi'rgin's milk. V Obs. [transl. med.L, lac<br />

virgims.l A chemical preparation having a<br />

milky appearance : a. A cosmetic preparation or<br />

wash for cleansing or purifying the face or skin<br />

(see quots.). Cf. I^ac virginis i.<br />

x6ooSuKFLET Countrie Farme in. Ixxiii. 604 Virgins milke<br />

is thus made with a filtre. Ibid., This virgins miike is good<br />

to heale ringwormes and saucie and red faces. 1694 Salmon<br />

Bate's Dispens. (1713) 289/1 The Tincture [of Benjaminl<br />

made with the Alcohol of Wine, being mixt with a great deal<br />

of Water, makes a kind of Milk, which by some is call'd<br />

Virgins Milk, which serves for a Wash for the Face and<br />

Skin. 17XJ tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs L 187 This Tincture<br />

of Benjamin and Storax is call'd Virgin \sic\ Milk. i72x<br />

Bailev, Virgin's milk, a sort of Chymical Composition,<br />

called Benjamin water, 1835 Penny Cycl. IV. 257/1 A<br />

solution of benzoin in alcohol, added to twenty parts of<br />

rose-water, forms the cosmetic called Virgin's milk.<br />

•{"b. (See quot.) Obs. rare"^.<br />

X704 Harris Lex, Techn. 1, Virgin's Milk, is made of<br />

J.<br />

dissolving Saccharum Saturni [i. e. lead acetate] in a great<br />

deal of Water: It will turn white as Milk; whence the<br />

Name. [Hence in Bailey.]<br />

t Virginty, Obs. rare. In 4 vergynte. [f.<br />

Virgin sb. : see -ty.] Virginity.<br />

13. . E. E. Allit. P. A. 767 In hys blod he wesch my wede<br />

on dese, & coronde clene in vergynte.<br />

Virgfin wax. Also virgin-wax 5-8 vir-<br />

;<br />

gin's wax. [tr. med.L. cera virginea : cf. ViRGjy<br />

17 b and II. So F. cire-vierge.'] Orig., fresh,<br />

new, or unused bees-wax, sometimes that produced<br />

by the first swarm of bees ; in later and more<br />

general use, a purified or fine quality of wax, esp.<br />

as used in the making of candles; white wax.<br />

a, 13. . K. Alis. 334 (Line. MS.), After, he tok virgyn wax,<br />

And made a popet after l^e quene. a 1^00 Sgr. lowe Degre<br />

688 She sered that body with specery, With wyrgin waxe<br />

and commendry. « 1425 tr. Arderne''s Treat. Fistula, etc.<br />

30 pan putte to a Htle oyle of olyue,. .wi)> als miche virgine<br />

wax togidre dissolued at J'e fire by it self. £'1440 Promp.<br />

Pa>-v. 510/2 Vyrgyne wex, cera virginea. 150a Ace. Ld,<br />

High Treas. Scot. II. 37 Payit to Robert Bertoune for<br />

virgyne wax that he brocht hame to the King. 1538 in<br />

W. M. Williams Ann. Founders" Co. (1867) 55 The Her&e<br />

to be garnyshed with xxx other great Tapers with ij<br />

Branches of Virgyn waxes. X594 Plat Jcvsell-ho. 57 An<br />

excellent cement for broken glasses. Take one part of<br />

Virgin-wax [etc.]. X626 T. H[awkins1 tr. Caussins Holy<br />

Crt. 9 He hath imprinted ail his perfections vpon our<br />

Sauiour..as one should impresse a golden seale vpon<br />

virgin-waxe. ^164$ Howell Lett. (1650) I. 33 They say,<br />

the young King's picture was found in her closet in virginwax,<br />

rt 1711 Ken Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 310<br />

Like Virgin-Wax, he soft'ned the hard Bone, And wrought<br />

it till to female shape 'twas grown. X79S W. Blake Lett.<br />

(1906) 54 Take a cake of virgin wax. .and stroke it, .over<br />

the surface of a warm plate. 1821 Scott Kenilva. vi, Besides<br />

lesser lights, the withdrawing-room was illuminated<br />

by four tail torches of virgin wax. 1861 HuLMEtr. Moquin-<br />

Tandon n. iii. ccix, Wax which has been completely deprived<br />

of its colour is called virgin or white wax.<br />

fig. a 1586 Sidney Arcadia 11. xii. (1912) 229 You use vile<br />

spight..to melt that Virgin-waxe, Which while it<br />

is, it is all Asias light.<br />

attrib. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe Wks. (Grosart) V. 256<br />

The most intenerate Virgine wax phisnomy. 1654 Gayton<br />

Pleas. Notes iv. viii. 223 The convoy presently departed,<br />

leaving him . . with a Virgin-waxe-light, m a golden Candlestick.<br />

&. 149s Trevisa's Barth. De P. R. xxx. Ixi. 897 The more<br />

newe wexe is the more able it is to take inpressyon and<br />

pryntynge of dyuers fygures and shapes, and suche wex is<br />

callyd vyrgyns wexe. X535 IVardr. Kaih. Arragon 41 in<br />

Camden Misc. Ill, Item, seevyn hooUe tapers of vyrgyn's<br />

waxe. 1567 M aplet Gr. Forest 37 Cerfolie . . being wrought<br />

& tempered with Virgins Waxe, remedieth all kinde of<br />

swelling. X607 Walkington Opt. Glass 39 The purest<br />

virgins wax. X658 Rowland tr. Moufefs Theat. Ins. 915<br />

Simple and natural Wax is the thicker part of the combs<br />

that contains the honey ; and it is either virgins wax, or of<br />

a second sort ; virgins wax is that the younger swarms of<br />

Bees make from the young branches of flowers. (That is<br />

the first Swarm put into a new Hive.) 1660 Boyle New<br />

Exp. Phys. Mech. x. 76 Slender Tapers of white Wax<br />

(commonly called Virgins Wax). 1736 Bailey Housek,<br />

Diet. s.v. Eye-salve, lake one ounce of May butter, half an<br />

ounce of virgins wax [etc.].<br />

II Virgo (v3-Jg(7). Astr. [L. : see Virgin sb.\<br />

(With initial capital.) a. The zodiacal constellation<br />

lying between Leo and Libra ; the Virgin,<br />

b. The sixth sign of the zodiac, which the sun<br />

enters about Aug. 20-23.<br />

axooo in Saxon Leechd. III. 244 An Jraera tacna ys<br />

xehaten aries, . .fifta leo', syxta uirgo, )>set is mseden, X390<br />

Gower Conf. III. 121 After I,eo Virgo the nexte Of Signes<br />

clepeil is the sexte.


VIBGOUI.E(E.<br />

as virgo may with gemini bewar. 1664 Butler Hud. II. iii.<br />

534 Quoth Wizard, So ! In Virgo? Ha ! quoth Whachum,<br />

Na Has Saturn nothing to do in 't. 1697 Creech Manilius<br />

II. 70 .\gainst the Crab and Bull the Goat declares, And<br />

Virgo too, and Libra feels his Wars. 1771 EncycL Brit, I.<br />

460/2 In 14 days afterwards, the moon comes to Virgo and<br />

Libra, which are the opposite signs to Pisces and Aries.<br />

17S7 Burns Let. to Mmrc 2 Aug., Yet I went on with a<br />

high hand with my geometry, till the sun entered Virgo,<br />

a month which is always a carnival in my bosom. 1843<br />

PrtiHyCj'c/.XXVl. 373/1 Virgo,.. the sixth constellation<br />

in the zodiac... It is best known by two remarkable stars ;<br />

the first, Spica (a Virginis):..the other, Praevindemiatrix,<br />

or Vindemialrix (« Virginis). 1868 Lockver GMtllemin's<br />

Heaz'eiis (ed. 3) 395 This zone . . is known under the name<br />

of the nebulous regions of Virgo.<br />

+ VirgOule(e. Obs. Also 7 vergoule. [a. F.<br />

Virgoiilie, the popular pronunciation of Vilkgoureix,<br />

the name of a village in the province of<br />

Limousin (Hatzf.).] = next.<br />

1699 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (ed. 9) 18 Pears. Winter Musk, .<br />

Vergoules, the great Surrein. Ihid. 134 Ice-Pear, Dove-<br />

Pear, Virgoule, Readman's-Pear. 1719 London & Wise<br />

Comfl. Card. 53 La VirgouUe. The Virgoulee, otherwise<br />

call d the Bujaleiif, Chambrett, the Ice-Pear [etc.]. Ibid.<br />

160 Autumn, and Winter Pears, especially the largest ; as<br />

the Beums, i'irgmUs, and Ban.Cretiens. 1741 Compl.<br />

Fam.-Piece 11. iiL 406 These Pears; [Nov.] Martin Sec,..<br />

Virgou le, Sucrevert.<br />

II virgonlense (v»rg«I&). Also 7 Virguleua.<br />

7, 9 Vergouleuse, 8 Virgoleuse. [F. ot>gouleuse,<br />

f. Virgoulee (see prec.).] A jnicy variety<br />

of winter pear. Also aitrib. with pear. Cf.<br />

Vkeoaloo.<br />

1698 .M. Lister Journ. Paris (1699) 159 The Virguleus<br />

Pears were admirable. 1(99 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (ed. 9) 167<br />

Pears. Bergamot de Busy. Vergouleuse. 1706 GentiCs<br />

yardiiiier Solitaire 40 The Marquise, the E,ister Bergamot,<br />

the Virgouleuse. 1715 Fam. Diet. s.v. Pears, Pears<br />

which become ripe in November.—The Virgouleuse is an<br />

old Pear, well known for its Goodness. 1818-31 Webster,<br />

Vergoul,.use, a species of pears contracted to vergaloo.<br />

«845 A. ). Downing Fruits >, Fruit trees Amer. 450<br />

Virgouleuse... An excellent old French variety [of winter<br />

pear). .It is, however, a very different pear from the Vir.<br />

galieu of New.York, which is the White Doyenne', i860<br />

HoGC Fruit Mail. 219 Virgouleuse... Fruit large and<br />

pyriform. Skin smooth and delicate, pale lemon colour...<br />

November till January.<br />

II Virgnla (v5-jgiala). [L., small rod or twig,<br />

critical mark, dim. oivirga twig, rod, wand, etc.]<br />

1. Zool. A small rod like growth or formation :<br />

+ a. One of the spines of a ray. Obs.<br />

i«6i Lovei.l Hist. Aitim. ^ Min. bjb. They {sc. rays]<br />

take their prey, by hiding themselves in the inudde and I<br />

putting out their virgula;, and so alluring the smalt fishes,<br />

comming to them as weeds.<br />

b. The rod-like axis of a graptolite.<br />

1907 Fossil Ini-ertebr. Anim. Brit. Mus. 47 The colony<br />

acquired a median supporting rod or virgula ; this ended<br />

often in a disk.<br />

2. t a. Virgula divina or divinatoria, a divining-<br />

or dowsing-rod. Obs.<br />

1656 Cowley Pindar. Odes, To Mr. Hobs Note 28<br />

Virgula Divina (see Divining vbl. si. 2). 1669 Worlidge<br />

Syit. Agric. vL i 3. 80 It is th; onely Plant for the Virgula<br />

Divina, for the discovery of .Mines. 1674 Blount Gtosso'r.<br />

(ed. 4), Virgula divinatoria, is a Rod of Hazel, wherewith<br />

Miners pretend to discover where the Ores of Metalls lie.<br />

1691 LocKK Lower. Interest 40 Not of the nature of the<br />

deusing.rod, or virgula divina, able to discover mines of<br />

gold and silver.<br />

b. = Ron sb. 6 b.<br />

i8a6 Peacock in Eucyct. .Metro!: (1845) I. 411 Of this<br />

description are the virgube, or rods of Napier, which were<br />

formerly much celebrated and very generally used.<br />

3. fa. = ViBQULE I. Obs. rare.<br />

iTi8 Chambers Cyel. s.v. Point, A Point with a Virgula,<br />

cali'd a Semicolon. Ibid. s,v. Comma.<br />

b. Mus. (See quots.)<br />

i8ai Bi;sBV Diet. Mus., Virgula, the name of one of the<br />

ten notes used in the middle ages. 1876 Stainer& Barrktt<br />

Diet. Mus. Ternti 450/1 Virgula, (i) The stem or tail of a<br />

note. (2) .\ neume.<br />

Virgnlar (va-jgi«?15j), a. [f. L. virgula (see<br />

prec.) •^ -arI.]<br />

1 1. Of musical syncopation ; Denoted by a smaU<br />

dash or stroke. Obs.~^<br />

1609 Douland Ornith. Microl. 51 To the same Signe<br />

there may belong a double Diminution, to wit ; virgular and<br />

numerall, thus : (p 2. Virgular syncopation is much used.<br />

2. OfOgham characters, etc : Having the shape<br />

of small thin rods ;<br />

consisting of slender rod-like<br />

lines or strokes.<br />

i8»7 G. HiGGiNs Celtic Druids 3 Another example of an<br />

Irish character called a virgular ogham. Ibid. 35 The<br />

virgular alphabets of the Druids.<br />

Vi'rgalate, a. [ad. L. virgulat-us, f. virgula :<br />

see -ate] (See qnots.)<br />

1840 Smart IValier'j Diet., Virgulate,.. shifxd like a<br />

liule rod. 189a Crozier Diet. Bot, Terms 199 Virgulate,<br />

diminutive of virgate, shaped like a little twig or rod.<br />

Virffole (v5ugi«l). [a. F. virgule, or ad. L.<br />

virgula Vikoula.]<br />

L A thin sloping or npright line ( /, |<br />

) occurring<br />

in medixval MSS. as a mark for the caesura or as<br />

a pimctuation-mark (frequently with the same value<br />

as the modern comma).<br />

1837 Hallam Hist. Lit. i. viii. {26 In the manuscripts<br />

of Chaucer, the line is always broken by a csesura in the<br />

middle, which is pointed out by a virgule. 1895 HoFE-<br />

235<br />

MAN Beginnings of Writing m According to Orozco y<br />

Berra these virgules or commas represent the verb to blow<br />

or to hum.<br />

2. Clockmaking. (See quot.)<br />

1884 t'. J. Britten Watch ^ Clockm. 2S4[A] Virgule. .(isj<br />

an escapement having points of resemblance to the verge<br />

and to the horizontal,<br />

t Virguler, error for prec. or Virgula.<br />

1610 Marcelline Triumphs Jos. /, Cj b, Let them<br />

measure the Syllables, weigh the Words, controule the<br />

pomts and Virgulers.<br />

tVirgult. Obs. [ad. L. virguUa (nent. pi.),<br />

bush, thicket, copse, slips or cuttings of trees, f.<br />

virguia Virgula.]<br />

1. A bush or shrub ; a set of young shoots ; a<br />

branch or twig.<br />

ij^ox Douglas Pal. Hon. i. Prol. xii, Amyd the virgultis<br />

all in till a fary, As feminine sa feblit fell I down. 1656<br />

Blount Giossogr., Virguli^ . . a company of young shoots, or<br />

many young tender Sprigs and Sprouts growing together<br />

out of the ground. 1657 Tomlinson Kenou's Disp. 240<br />

Certain red berries adhere to its virgults.<br />

2, A thicket or copse.<br />

1736 Drake's Eboracuni 1. vii. 334 A loft and a virgult, and<br />

three other measures of land,<br />

Virgu-ltate, a. rare-°. [f. mod.L, virgult-um<br />

(see next) + -ate.] Virgulate.<br />

1888 Cassflts EncycL Did,<br />

II Virgultum<br />

(vajg^-lt^m). Bot. [mod.L.<br />

see Virgult.] A young slender branch or twig.<br />

x866 Treas. Bot. 1219/2 ;<br />

and in recent Diets.<br />

fVir-hime, southern ME. var. Fire-iron i.<br />

t^iWS Gioss. W. lie BibbtisTv. in Rel. Ant. II. 81 Flint,<br />

cailJeun % vir-hirne, lefnsH.<br />

Virial (vi-rial). Physics, [a. G. virial (Clausius),<br />

f. L. vir-^ pi. stem of vis force, strength.] In<br />

Clansius* kinetic theorem of gases : (see quots.).<br />

1870 tr. Clansiiis m Lond., eic Philos. Mag. Aug. 123<br />

We will therefore give to the mean value which this magni.<br />

tude has during the stationary motion of the system the<br />

name of FrWa/of the system. 1875 EnzV/j (see<br />

next), after rubicund.'] In a green state.<br />

1599 A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Pkysicke 191/2 Take<br />

hojjpes with the stalckes, and roote, ether vincunde, or<br />

e.\siccated,<br />

Vi rid, a. poet, and rhet. Also 7 viride. [ad.<br />

L. virid'is green, blooming, vigorous.] Green,<br />

verdant.<br />

1600 Fairfax Tasso xii. xdv, Her tombe was not of viride<br />

Spartane greet. Nor yet by cunning hand of Scopas<br />

wrought. 1658 H. Crompton PieHdes 82 The virid Marjoram<br />

Her sparkling l)cauty did but see. 1794 T. Tavloi*<br />

Pausanias* Dtscr. Greece I. 61 There is, also, a temple of<br />

Earth the nurse of youths, and of virid Ceres. iSia H. & J.<br />

Smith Rej. Addr. x. (1873) 97 The pillars, .blooming in<br />

virid antiquity, like two massy evergreens. 1866 J. B. Rose<br />

tr. Ovids Met. 341 And as he spoke the virid bough upon<br />

Wound a-s he wa.s, the dragon turned to stone.<br />

Roman Antiq. [L. viridd-<br />

li Virida*rium.<br />

Hum plantation of trees, pleasure-garden, f. viridis<br />

ViBiD ?V/«r£ to<br />

grow green, f. viridis Vibid a.] (See quots.)<br />

VIRIDITY.<br />

i6»3 CocKERAM I, Viridate, to wax or make greene. i6«6<br />

Blount Glossogr.^ Viridate, to make green and lusty<br />

fVindeer. Obs-"- [ad. med.L. viridaHus<br />

(see ViRiUABY j^.), after words ending in -€er^ A<br />

verderer,<br />

1609 Skene Reg. Maj., Stat. K. William 12 Gif he be<br />

found the third time with grene wode, he sail be presented<br />

to the virideer (the keiper of the grene wode and grassej<br />

t Viri-deous, a. Obs,-'^ [Irreg. f. \..viHd-is<br />

ViiiiD a.] Virid.<br />

1688 Holme Armoury 11. 313/2 Viridis, virideous, green,<br />

colour.<br />

Viride'SCence. rare. [Cf. next.] The quality<br />

of being viridescent.<br />

1841 Blackm. Ma^. L. 697 An artist of this school.. is<br />

signalized by the flatness and viridescence of his canvass in<br />

a moment. 191s Natio7t 25 May 282/2 More like potatoes<br />

than_the tender viridescence that we like best.<br />

Viride'SCent, a. rare. [ad. ppl. stem of late<br />

L. viridescire to become green, f. viridis ViRiD a. :<br />

see -ESCENT.] Somewhat green or virid. Alsoyf^.<br />

1847 Darlington Amer. Weeds, etc. (i860) 433 Virid.<br />

escent, greenish. i88 Stevenson Lett. (1899) II. 158 The<br />

front of the mountain ivied and furred with clinging forest,<br />

one viridescent cliff. 1907 Sat. Rev. 5 Oct. 420/2 Philosophers,<br />

like gods, may have a crude and viridescent old age.<br />

llViri'dia. Chem. [mod.L., f. L. viridis<br />

Virid a. Cf. Viridine 3.] A vegetable alkaloid<br />

obtained from the rootstock of Veralrum viride,<br />

an American variety of white hellebore ; jervine.<br />

1874 Garrod & Baxter Mat. Med. 383 The researches of<br />

Dr. H. C. Wood have led him to conclude that Viridia and<br />

Veratroidea both exert a depressant influence on the heart.<br />

Viri'dian, sb. and a. [f. L. virid-is Virid a.]<br />

a. sb. Veronese green, b. adj. Of or pertaining<br />

to this colour,<br />

i88a W. T. Suffolk in Science Gossip Mar. 49 The following<br />

list of colours contained in my own box may prove<br />

useful . . . Viridian. [Note.] A transparent oxide of chromium,<br />

perfectly permanent, of great u.se both by itself and in<br />

compounding other greens. ^ 1903 Sat. Rev. 21 Mar. 356/2<br />

The patch of green bank shimmering up to viridian pitch<br />

encouraged by.. greys.<br />

Viri'dic, a. Chem, [f. as prec. + -ic] Viridic<br />

acid (see quot.).<br />

1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 1002 Viridic acid,.. am acid<br />

produced by the oxidation of cafi'etanic acid in presence of<br />

ammonia.<br />

Viridine (vi ridain). Also -in, [f. as prec. +<br />

-INE. Cf. F. viridine,']<br />

1. Bol, = Chlorophyll, Chromule.<br />

1837 p. Keith Bot. Lex, 59 The pulp constituting the<br />

parenchyma of the leaves was at one time designated by<br />

the appellation ol viiidine, because it is generally of a green<br />

colour. 1859 Mayne Expos. Lex. s.v.<br />

2. Dyeing. A green aniline dye (see quots.),<br />

1875 lire's Diet. Arts (ed, 7) 1. 72


VIRIDOUR.<br />

ifas T. Hook Sayings Ser. n. Passion ^ Princ. W, What (<br />

iatelfectual viridity that exemplary creature possesses<br />

i^ Ckattib. Jrni, IX. 99 A desire to extenuate, .my dear i<br />

'<br />

parent's viridity and trustfulness in the matter. 1859 Helps<br />

Fritmds in C. Scr. 11. I. viii. 264 The next in innocency;—<br />

may we say, in viridity?<br />

t Viridour. Ods. rare. In 6 virydour. [ad,<br />

med.L. znridarius verderer, with ending assimilated<br />

to Vbrdour^.] « Vebdebeb2 I,<br />

?I3.. Charter 0/ Forests in Amolde Ckron, (iSii) 212<br />

[That] eaerych forester of our fee from hensforth attache<br />

plees of forest as wele of grasinges as of our veneri and them<br />

presente to y« virydour of y« prouince.<br />

Viri-fio.a. rarr-^, [f. L. vir-us Virus + -(i)ric.]<br />

Virulent, poisonous.<br />

iSSs Pali MaltG. 20 Jan. 4/1 I' was further ascertained<br />

that the maximum of vinfic effect is produced in the medulla<br />

oblongata.<br />

Virile (vi'rail, -il, V3i»'r3il, -il), a. (and sb.)*<br />

Also 5 viryle, 6 vyryll, 6-8 viril (7<br />

-ill), [a,<br />

OF. viril or ad. L. viriHSy f. vir man : see -ilb.<br />

So F., Sp., Pg. viril, It. viriU,1<br />

1. Of, belonging to, or characteristic of a man<br />

manly, masculine; marked by strength or force,<br />

a. Of things, qualities, etc.<br />

X490 Caxton Eneydos ix. 36 O the fortytude viryle of<br />

wymmcn, or loos & pryce of chastytc femynyne. 1604 T.<br />

Wright Passions^ Clymact. Ytars 3 The next clymactericall<br />

yeere in them of solide and virile constitution is an 100.<br />

1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 11. iii. (1739) 17 And yet the<br />

power of this grew as virile and Royal, as u would acknowledge<br />

no Peer but the Parliament. 167^ J. Goodman Penit.<br />

Pard. III. ii. (1713) 292 There is a virile state of vertue<br />

attainable when duty is tturned into nature. 1728 Chambers<br />

Cyci. S.V., The Virile Age. .is the Strength and Vigour of a<br />

Man's Age, viz. from thirty to forty-five Years. x8aa T.<br />

Tavlor Afuieius viii. 175 Stammering words of an uncertain<br />

meaning, she breathed out her virile soul. 1858 Gen.<br />

P. Thompson Audi Alt. Part. II. Ixviii. 7 It was an act<br />

not reconcileable with virile sense, on the part of either the<br />

proposers or the accepters. 1875 G. Maciwnald Malcolm<br />

III. XV. 199 She punished her husband for the virile claim to<br />

greater freedom.<br />

absol. 1876 Stedman Victorian Poets (1887) 407 Only the<br />

virile and heroic can fully satisfy her own nature and master<br />

it for good or evil.<br />

b. Of dress : Denoting the attainment of man's<br />

estate ; distinctively belonging to men in contrast<br />

to youths (or women).<br />

1603 HoLU^ND Plutarch's Mor. 51 Having put on your<br />

virile robe and growen to mans estate. 1631 Brathwait<br />

Eng. Gentlew. (1641) 340 One of this ranke. .forbore not to<br />

uDWoman herselfe, by assuming not onely a virile habit, but<br />

a virago's heart. 1738 Chambers Cycl, s.v. Kobe^ At Rome,<br />

they gave the Name Virile Robe, Toga Viri/is, to a plain<br />

kind of Gown which their Youth assumed when arrived at<br />

Puberty. 1761 Ace. 0/ <strong>Book</strong>s in Ann. Reg. 298/2 Girls<br />

wore it [i-e. the firxtexta] till they were married, and youths<br />

till they took the viril robe. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair<br />

xliv. The assumption of the virile jacket and pantaloons.<br />

2. Of persons : a. Full of masculine energy or<br />

strength ; not weak or effeminate.<br />

151a Helyas in Thorns Prose Rom. (1828) HI. 51 He<br />

semed almost a man viril in his force. 1S80 Scribner's<br />

Mag. iMay 124/1 His instrument broke for want of a firm<br />

and even hand to use it—.a virile, devoted master to prolong<br />

the strain. 1890 Hosmer Anglo-Sax. Freedom 319 All had<br />

. . been disciplined and made strongly virile by that priceless<br />

polity . . which had been inherited from Anglo-Saxon ancestors.<br />

1S93 J. Strong New Era 102 The more virile a man<br />

is the more positive are his defects.<br />

t b. Of a woman : Nubile. Ods.~^<br />

1^8 Hexham ii, Manbaer,. .a maide that is Martageable<br />

or ripe for a Husband, or Virill.<br />

O. Of sex : Male.<br />

1697 Evelyn Numism. viii. 287 A Treatise of Illustrious<br />

Women showing how far they surpass the Virile Sex in all<br />

sorts even of Martial undertakings and Affairs.<br />

d. absol. as sb, A virile person.<br />

1903 Critic XLIII. 374/1 It is the fashion of the* viriles*<br />

—to coin a word—to stigmatize the poetry, .as ' decadent.*<br />

3. Virilt member (or yard\ the male organ of<br />

generation.<br />

1541 R. Copt.ANO Gwydi)»'j Quest. Chimrg. Kj, It is the<br />

yerde vyryll that is the cultyuer and labourer of the felde<br />

of mankynde. 1607 Topsell Four-/. Beasts 89 But it is<br />

good to leaue as many of the vaines and nerues of the virile<br />

member vntouched and whole as may be. 1610 Holland<br />

Camden's Brit. i. 135 Frico, whose image they devise and<br />

pourtray with a great viril member. X7»8 Chambers Cycl.<br />

5.V. Penis, The Member, or virile Member,.. one of the<br />

Srincipal Organs of Generation in the Male Kind. 1856<br />

Iayne Expos. Lex. 672/1.<br />

Hence Tl'rileness, * manhood, manliness'.<br />

I7»7 BAlLtY (vol. II).<br />

Virilescence (virile-sens). [See next and<br />

-XNC£.] The condition of becoming virile, spec.<br />

of assuming physical characteristics of the male.<br />

1836-9 TodtCs Cycl. Anat.lX. j\tj-z The change to virilescence<br />

in the former \sc. birds] bein^ more marked and<br />

striking than in the latter \sc. mammalia). 1853 Dungllson<br />

Med. Lex. 908 Virilescence, . the state of the aged female<br />

in which she assumes certain of the characteristics of the<br />

male.—Mehliss. 191s A. Harrison in £»^. ^^z/. Feb. 493<br />

The virilescence of women would seem to imply the emasculation<br />

of men.<br />

Virilescent (virile-slnt), a. [f. Vibile a. +<br />

-E4CBNT.] Assuming characteristics of the male.<br />

1836-9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. II. 716/2 Two cases in which<br />

a virilescent type was shewn principally in the hair of the<br />

female deer.<br />

236<br />

Virilify<br />

trans. To make virile or manly.<br />

(viri-lifai), v, [f. Virile a. + -ipy.]<br />

1849 J. Wilson in Blackxv. Mag^. LXVI. 647 It is merely<br />

his manhood that quails, which his wife has to virilify.<br />

t Viri'liously , o,dv. Obs. rare. [Irreg. f. L.<br />

virilis Virile a.\ Manfully.<br />

163a LiTHGOw Trav. V, 178 [The] Knights of St. lohn..<br />

virihously expulsed the Saracens from thence. 1637 —<br />

Siege 0/ Breda 25 The Enemy did divers times sally forth<br />

upon them, but they were ever viriliously repulsed backe<br />

to their owne repugnable limits.<br />

Virilism (vi-riliz*m). [f. Vibile a. + -ism.] A<br />

form of hermaphroditism.<br />

1896 Nat. Science Sept. 154 They can be referred to in.<br />

fantilism. .and virilism.<br />

Virility (viri-liti). Also 6-7 -tie, -tye. [ad.<br />

F. virilite (OF. virilite) or L. virililas, f. virilis<br />

Vibile a. : see -ity, So It, virility, Sp. viHlidady<br />

Pg. 'idade.'\<br />

1. The period of life during which a person of<br />

the male sex is in full vigour ; mature or fully<br />

developed manhood or masculine force.<br />

1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. i. 531 The parts are<br />

these; infancie, childhood^ youth, adolescencie, virilitie,<br />

and old age. i6a3 J. Wodroephe AfarriKv Fr. Tongue<br />

yj^h The first Aage of Man is called Virilitie, in which nee<br />

is in his Best Force, Vnderstanding and Disposition. 165a<br />

J, Wright tr, Camus' Nat. Paradox i. 4 At such years<br />

as but just passing out of Virility he saluted only the first<br />

and freshest time of Old-Age. 17*8 Chambers Cycl. s.v.<br />

Virile, For which Reason some compare Youth to Summer,<br />

and Virility to Autumn. 1757 Burke Abridgm. English<br />

Hist. Wks. X. 329 When a young man approached to<br />

virility, he was not yet admitted as a member of the State.<br />

i8as-7 Good Study Med, (1829) II. 27 At puberty it [the<br />

pulse] is only 80; about virility 75. 1859 Mayne Ex^os*<br />

Lex. 1333/2.<br />

b. transf. ox fig.<br />

i6» A. Court Constancie i. 41 The ruine of Townes is<br />

still at hand;. .they haue their Youth, their virility, their<br />

Olde age, like men. 16*7 Donne Sertn. 2T4 Our Virility,<br />

our holy Manhood, our religious Strength consists in a<br />

faithfuU Assurance [etc.l. 1671 E. Panton Si^ec. Juventutis<br />

89 In the Youth and Virility of our Empire our Nobles<br />

handled all affairs of State. 1875 Maine Hist. lust. xiii.<br />

395 Dming the virility of his intellect.<br />

C. Masculine vigour ; masculinity of sex.<br />

1890 Amer. Naturalist Nov. 1030 We may infer, therefore,<br />

that sexual power and high sexual characters go hand<br />

in hand, and that in proportion to the .idvance toward<br />

organic perfection virility increases. 1898 Ailbutt's Syst.<br />

Med. V. 839 Both these men were literary men of more<br />

sensitiveness than virility,<br />

2. +a. The generative organs. Obs. b. The<br />

power of procreation ; capacity for sexual intercourse.<br />

1597A.M. ir. Guillemeau^s Fr.Cltirurg.2h/2That suture<br />

or seame which passeth along the virilitye. i6n Spekd Hist.<br />

Gt. Brit. IX. iii. §23 William of Anco was punished with<br />

losse of both his eyes and his virilitye. 1650 Bulwer<br />

Anthropomet. 205 He neverafter would trust any of his<br />

Eunuchs with any part of their virility. 1659 Milton Civ.<br />

Po7ver Wks. 1851 V. 316 No less then the amercement of<br />

thir whole virilitie. 1721 G. Roussillon tr. Vertofs Rev,<br />

Portugal 1^6 The King.. was for bringing half the prostitutes<br />

of Lisbon to prove his virility. 1756-7 tr. Keyslers<br />

Trav. (1760) III. 194 Such mutilated persons as have voluntarily<br />

and deliberately deprived themselves of their virility.<br />

1859 Mavne Exfos. Lex. 1333/2 Virility,.. mort particularly<br />

the generative power ot man.<br />

+ C. pi, = prec. Obs.<br />

1646 Sir T. Bkowne Pseud. Ep, in. ix. 124 Castrated animals<br />

in every species are longer lived then they which retaine<br />

their virilities. 1650 BuLwEK/4«Mro/(7w«/. 206 Sealing up<br />

his Virilities in a Box, delivered it unto the King.<br />

3. Manly strength and vigour of action or<br />

thought ; energy or force of a virile character.<br />

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mar. 1275 Yet could they never<br />

observeand keepe the virilitie of visage, and lion-like looke<br />

of his [sc. Alexander], 163a Lithgow Trav, v, 211 Thus..<br />

discharged he the function of his calling . .with prudent and<br />

magnanimous virilitie. 1716 .'Vddison Freeholder No. 26.<br />

?7, I have lately been told of a Country-Gentlewoman,<br />

pretty much famed for this Virility of Behaviour in Party-<br />

Disputes. 1768 Tucker Lt. Nature I. 262 Etymologists<br />

derive virtue from virility, supposing it to denote a manly<br />

strength and vigour of mind. 1845 Ford Handbk. Spain \.<br />

2 Thus the virility and vitality of the noble people has been<br />

neutralised. 1855 Motley Dutch Rep. \\. i. (1866) 118 The<br />

famous moustache upon her upper lip was supposed to indicate<br />

authority and virility of purpose. 1891 Farrar<br />

Darkn. i^ Dawn xi.v, A mind in which every spark of<br />

virility was dead, and which was rapidly degenerating into<br />

a mass of sensuous egotism.<br />

b. transf,<br />

1597 MonLzv Introd. Mus. 177 These motions be more<br />

masculine causing in the song more virilitie then those<br />

accidentall cordes. 1889 W. Wilson State §1195 The<br />

result some day to be reached will be normal liberty, political<br />

vitality and vigor, civil virility. 1894 E. Brooks in<br />

Educator iVhWdiA.) Oct. 15^ Those universal and comprehensive<br />

principles of education which unite the parts of the<br />

science into an organic unity of power and virility.<br />

t Viring-rope. Obs.-^ [app, f, Virez*.] ?A<br />

warping rope.<br />

1336 Ace. Exch. K. R. 19/31 m. ^ (Publ. Rec. Off.) In<br />

Ix. petris cordis de canabo . . pro tribus viryngropes indt<br />

facie nd is.<br />

fVirlnus, obs. var. Verinas, Varinas.<br />

x666 J. Davies Hist. Caribby Isles 192 It is made more<br />

excellent than that which commonly goes under the name<br />

of Virinus-Tobacco.<br />

VIRON.<br />

t Viripotence. Obs.—° [f. Vibipotsnt a.l<br />

see -ENCK.] 'Marriageableness' (Bailey, 1727).<br />

So t Vlrl-potenoy. Obs.-^<br />

165* Peyton Catastr, Ho. Stuarts (1731) 6 Mary Stuart<br />

, .when she attained to viripotency, was bought for a Consort<br />

to the Dauphine of France.<br />

t Viri'potent, ".' Obs. [ad. late L. viripotent-,<br />

viripotens, f. vir man, husband +polens able.]<br />

Of a woman : Physically fit for marriage ; of a<br />

marriageable age.<br />

1587 HoLiNSHED Chron. (ed. 2) III. 38/1 The kings<br />

daughter affianced, .vnto him, and being now viripotent or<br />

manable. /hid. 101/2 He would not suflfer his Sonne xo<br />

marrie hir, being not of ripe yeares nor viripotent or niariable.<br />

1623 CoCKERAM i. 1656 Blount Clossogr,<br />

t Viripotent, a. ^ Obs.~' [a.A.'L. viripotent-,<br />

viripolens (Plautus), f. vires strength.] Possessed<br />

of strength or energy.<br />

1646 Gaule Cases o/Conscience 113 Of giving Potions to<br />

make people love or hale as they please. Making the<br />

Strength of youth impotent, and dead Bodies viripotent.<br />

+ V iritrate. 06s.— ^ [Of obscure origin : cf.<br />

ME. irate, trat TiiciT sb.-'\ An abusive term applied<br />

to an old woman.<br />

c X386 Chauceii Frtars T. 284 This Somonour clappeth at<br />

the wydwes gate Com out quod he, thou olde virytrate, 1<br />

trowe thou liast som frere or pieest with thee.<br />

Virk, dial. var. Firk v. Virk(e, obs. Sc. ff.<br />

WoKK V. Virkin, dial. var. Firkin. Virking,<br />

ol)S. Sc. f. Working vbl. sb.<br />

VirL Now only Sc. Forms :<br />

(5 vyrolfe), virol. /3. 5-6 vyral, 6 wyrall,<br />

viral(l. 7. 5 vyrille, vyr-, virelle, 6 wiirell,<br />

a. 5-6 vyroU<br />

9 virrel, 8- virl. [a. OF". virol{e and virelle:<br />

see ViBOLE, Verkel, and FERRULE.] A band of<br />

metal, ivory, or bone, placed round the end or<br />

some other part of a piece of wood, etc., to keep it<br />

from splitting or wearing ; a ferrule.<br />

a. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 510/2 VjTolfe, of a knyfe {K.<br />

uirol, P. vyroll.), sfiruln. cusa Medulla (Cant. MS.),<br />

Tolus est summitns templi eminens rotunditas, a bolle or<br />

a toppe or els a rownde vyrolle. 1530 Palsgk. 285/1 Vyroll,<br />

uirolle. 1^ Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 319 Ane battirt<br />

..montit upoun ane auld stok, and hir axtre and quhclis<br />

garnysit with foure virols of irn.<br />

^. 1496 Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot. 1. 289 Item, for iij«<br />

nalis to the wyndbandis and the vyralis, iiij.s. 1503 /6id.<br />

II. 389 Item, for sevin score viraiis and diamandis for speris,<br />

ilk pece vj d. 1547 in N. 4- Q. 9th Ser. IX. 109,2 Item<br />

three staves, every of theym having a picke with two<br />

graynes at the nelher end and a wyrall of Iron tynned.<br />

iSSa in Strype Sect. Mem. (1721) II. 539 One of the king's<br />

canes, . . garnished with gold ; and having at the end a viral<br />

of gold.<br />

y. 14.. in Wr.-Wiilcker 735 //tfC jf//rw/a, a vyiille. 1481-4<br />

Ace. Exch. K. R. A,gbhi (Publ. Rec. Off.) Vitelles Plates<br />

pro diversis poleys. 1483 Cath. Angl. 402/1 A vyrelle of<br />

a knyfe. ijtt Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot. IV. 272 Foure<br />

dusson of wirrellis with diainontis. 1715 Ramsay Gentle<br />

Sheph. 1. i, A winsome flute, O' plum-tree made, wi' iv'ry<br />

virles round. 1787 Burns Brigs Ayr 84 Five taper staves<br />

as smooth's a bead, Wi' virls an' whirlygiguins at the head.<br />

1813 W. Tennant Anster Concert in Li/e (1861) I. 25 Braw<br />

flute, wi' ivory virls, man- 1890 Service Notunduiiis 1*5,<br />

I gaed in to Willie Gaud's as I cam bye and got him to put<br />

a new vitrei on my staff.<br />

trans/. x8a3 Galt Gilhaize xii. He walked with slow and<br />

tottering steps, wearing a virl of fur round his neck.<br />

Hence 'girled ///. a., furnished with a virl or<br />

ferrule. Also 'Vi'rlet, a small virl.<br />

^n-i Statist. Ace. Scot. IX. 371 The blade is.. set in a<br />

halt of Tortoise-shell, or stained horn, girt with silv.r virlets.<br />

x8aa Galt Sir A. ll'ylie III. v. 35 An ivory headed cane<br />

virled with gold. 1842 D. Vedder Poems 217 A staff. .Cut<br />

frae the gallows wood, Weel virled about wi' murderer's<br />

banes.<br />

Virlat, obs. Sc form of Varlet.<br />

t Virly. Ohs.~^ [ad. OF. virely, vireli, in origin<br />

probably a meaningless refrain employed in<br />

dancing songs.] A light dance, or sport accompanied<br />

by dancing.<br />

C1430 Ptlgr. Lyf Manhode iii. xxx. (1869) 152 Boistows<br />

j am. and hahinge, and wronger Tothe virly j gohippinge.<br />

Virm, obs. Sc. f. Worm sb. Vlnnet, obs. Sc.<br />

var. Wormwood. Virmilion, obs. f. Vermilion.<br />

Virmin, obs. or U.S. f. Vermin sb.<br />

II 'Virole. Her. Also virolfi. [a. F. virole<br />

ring, ferrule (see Virl), and virol4 provided with<br />

a ferrule.] (See quots.)<br />

1722 A. NisuET Her. 226 From Vires^ are the Terms<br />

Viroles, and Virole, in the Blazons of Figures, that have<br />

Hoops and Rings round them. 1780 Edmondson Her. II<br />

ViroU, is the hoop, ring, or mouth-piece of the bugle or<br />

hunting horn.<br />

Hence Viroled a.<br />

c 1828 Berrv Encycl. Her. I. Gloss., Virolled, this term<br />

is sometimes used for the garnishings of the buglc-hom,<br />

being the rings or rims, which surround it at various parts.<br />

t 'viron, sb. Obs. Also 4 viroun, 5 vyrouu,<br />

vyrown, vyme. [a. OF. viron (f. virer to turn),<br />

used as prep, or in the phr. en viron Envibon.]<br />

1. Circuit, compass ; a circling course. /« (he<br />

viron of, round about.<br />

a 2380 St. Augustine 1221 in Horstm. Altengl. Ze wattres wondurliche He<br />

schewed. 1382 Wyclif Judg. ii. 12 The .'.ones of Vrael..<br />

folweden alien goddis, goddis of the puple that dwelten in<br />

the viroun of hem. c 1400 Arth. 8f Merl. (L.) 1616 pe rede


VIBON.<br />

dragoun . , Drof ]>eo white feor adoun In to )>e pleynes a<br />

gret vyroun. c 1440 Pronip. Parv, 510/2 Vyrne, or sercle,<br />

. .£in€St ambitus^ circulus.<br />

2. In viron, round about ; = Environ oiiv.<br />

ci weren ful of ijen. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys {Roxb )<br />

107 Summe blewe so sore that the Haume up sprong Aboutyn<br />

hyr sydyseven in vyroun-


VIBTUALLY.<br />

iievght that is to wyte of place, of rcmuneracion or reward,<br />

of knowlecbe, aod cwf vertualyte or strengthe.<br />

•f* b. Something endoweti with virtue or power.<br />

1614 Kauiich Hist, iVorlH 1, L 7 This omnipotent Spirit<br />

of God., St. Augustine sometimes taketh..for the holy<br />

Ghost; sometime for a winde or breath, ..or. .for a created<br />

N'irtuaiity.<br />

2. Essential nature or being, apart from external<br />

form or embodiment.<br />

i6«6 Sir T. Browne Pseuti, Ep. vii. il 343 In one<br />

graine of come . . there lyeth dormant the virtuality of many<br />

other, and from thence sometimes proceed an hundred<br />

eares. 1688 R. L'Estrange Brief Hist. Times 11. Pref.,<br />

The Two Main Pillars of the Old Cause were the Protestation<br />

(that was afterwards Emprov'd into a Covenant) and<br />

the Virtuality of the Sovereign Power in the Two Houses.<br />

i8« tr, Custine's Empire ofCzar II. 272 When the church<br />

abdicates its liberty, it loses its moral virtuality. 1858 H.<br />

BusHNELL Nai, et he do ine ^e his uertu. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne<br />

5852 ' Pers ', he seyd, ' . . l>ou art weyl with Ihesu ; He shewej?<br />

for t>e grete vertu.' 1338 — Chron, (1810) 184 If 5our God<br />

be so clere, & of so grete vertewe. As 5e preche oft tide.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1391 For though so he that Mars<br />

is god of Armes Youre vertu is so greet in heuene aboue<br />

That (etc. J. a 1435 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula, etc. ^7<br />

pat it[Bubol may neuer be cured. .but if it plese god..for<br />

to help wtj» his vnspekeable vertu. a 1450 Mirk's Fesiial<br />

6 Hopyng )?at Jje vertu of Cryst schull put away his tempiacyon.<br />

1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. xqj-z After the passion of<br />

Jhesu Cryst. .he was transported from Infirmyte to Vertu.<br />

'557 ^' ^'' (Genev.) Epist. iiii, In his owne vertue he rose<br />

agayne. 1570 T. Norton tr. Nmvets Cateck. 25 b, All<br />

things would runne to ruine, and fall to nothyng, vnlesse by<br />

hys vertue, & as it were by hys hand, they were vpholden.<br />

1594 Drayton Idea 489 All unclean Thoughts, fouleSpirits<br />

cast out in mee, Onely by Vertue that proceeds from thee.<br />

165s Stanley Hist. Philos. 1. 1. 14 That the world is animated,<br />

and that God is the soul thereof, .. whose divine<br />

moving vertue penetrats through the element of water.<br />

1738 Wesley Ps. lxxx. xx. Look on them with thy flaming<br />

Eyes 1"he Sin-consuming Virtue dart. 1850 Neale<br />

Med. Hymns (1867) 27 Michael, who in princely virtue<br />

Cast Abaddon from on high.<br />

b. An embodiment of such power; esp.//., one<br />

of the orders of the celestial hierarchy.<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 10523 Godds virtu or gret prophet. Or<br />

angel elles >ai him let. 13.. A". E. A Hit. P. A. 1125 l>e<br />

steuen mo^t stryke J>ur5 Jw vrhe to helle, pat J>e vertues of<br />

heuen of loye endyte. 138a Wvclif Mark xiii. 25 Vertues<br />

that be in heuenes, schulen be mouyd. 1398 Trevisa De<br />

P. R. II. xvi. (1495) c j b/2 The seuenth ordre [of angels] is<br />

Vertues. 1533 Gau Richt Vay 4 And siclik ihay dremit<br />

and maid innumerabil pouers and vertus and laid to siclik<br />

orisons. 1575 Timme tr. Marlorafs Expos. John 146/a<br />

Hee hath committed these partes in charge, to the Angell.<br />

For the which cause the Angelles are called, powers, or vertues.<br />

1584 R. Scot Discov. IVitchcr. xv. iL (1B86) 315 Two<br />

and twentie legions of divels, partlie of the order of vertues,<br />

& partlie of the order of thrones. i6ao Quarles Peutxologia,<br />

Glot'ia Coeli 13 Where troups of Powers, Vertues,<br />

Cherubins,..Arechaunting praises to their heauenly King.<br />

1667 Milton P. L. x. 460 Thrones, Dominations, Princedoms,<br />

Vertues, Powers, a 1711 Ken Hymnothco Poet.<br />

Wks. 1721 III. 200 Virtues, who turn the orbs celestial<br />

round. 181S Cary Dante, Par. xxviii, 113 Dominations<br />

first; next them, Virtues; and powers the third. 1880<br />

EncycLBrit. XI. 792/1.<br />

+ C. An act of superhuman or divine power; a<br />

' mighty work * ; a miracle. Obs.<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 19566 (Edin.), pe haligaste, it was sa<br />

gode, bate t?a men |jat it undirfange mo^te do suilc uirtuz<br />

and sua strange. ^1305 St. Christopher 127 in E. E.P,<br />

(1862) 63 On such god, he setde, 5e schulde biieoue: t>at<br />

such virtu mai do. «: 1375 Sc, Leg. Saints x. {Matthew)<br />

232, I traste lat ^u ma do J^e sammyne-lyk vertu fore his<br />

sake. 138a Wyclif Matt. xi. 20 Thanne Iliesus began for<br />

to seie repreue to citees, in whiche ful manye vertues of<br />

hym ben don. c 1400 Apol. Loll. (Camden) 28 Crist in a<br />

coost of J>e Jewes mi^t not do ani vertu ^r. for \>k vntrou|».<br />

i5a6TiNDALEMrtrAvi. 2 What wysdom is this ihatisgeven<br />

vnto him ? and such vertues that are wrought by his hondes ?<br />

2. Conformity of life and conduct with the principles<br />

of morality ; voluntary observance of the<br />

recognized moral laws or standards of right conduct<br />

; abstention on moral grounds from any form<br />

of wrong-doing or vice.<br />

a laas Ancr. R. 26S Nu hit is vertu. .uor to wakien, uor<br />

hit greueS ^. 1390 Gower Con^. I. 7 Tho was vertu sett<br />

above And vice was put under fote. 1399 Langl. Rich.<br />

Redeles iti. 206 So vertue wolde flflowe whan vicis were<br />

ebbid. c 14SO Hoccleve Mot/ter ofGod o Modir of mercy,<br />

..pat of al vertu art superlatyf. 1484 Caxton Fables of<br />

j^sop IV. XX, The roote of alle vertue is obedynce and<br />

humylyte. 1531 Elyot Gw. ii. x, If vertue be an election<br />

annexed unto our nature, and consisteth in a meane, which<br />

is determined by reason. 1545 Brinklow Lament. 79<br />

Reformacion or redresse-.wherby to expulse vice, and encreace<br />

vertu. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. m.<br />

iL 71 b, [They] haue enclined, & finally returned vnto their<br />

naturall and primitlue vertue. i63X Burton Anat. Mel. 1.<br />

i.ii. xi,Theprincipall Habits are two in number, Vertue, and<br />

Vice. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos. I. in. 107 He describes<br />

morall vertu in his discourses and writings. 1691 Hart-<br />

CLiFFE Virtues 9 There were also those, who taught, That<br />

Virtue was that excellent thing, in which we should find our<br />

chiefest Good. 1736 Butler Anal. i. iii. §4 Virtue consists<br />

in a regard to what is right and reasonable, as being so ; in<br />

a regard to veracity, justice, charity, in themselves. lyjt<br />

Chatham Lett. Nephew ii. 7 Lessons of honourj courage, .<br />

humanity, and in one word, virtue in its true signification.<br />

X791 Burke Corr. (1844) III. 200 Vice is never so odious.,<br />

as when it usurps and disgraces the natural place of virtue.<br />

i8s8 Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 83 He thinks that to propose a<br />

reward for virtue is to render virtue impossible.^ 1850 F. W.<br />

Robertson Led. 75 That alone is virtue which has good<br />

placed before it ana evil, and seeing the evil, chooses the<br />

good. 1875 JowETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 179 Unless we know<br />

whether virtue is one or many, we shall hardly know what<br />

virtue is.<br />

phr. [1669 Dryden Tyraiintc Love n. i,To follow Vertue,<br />

as its own reirardj "^697 Vanbruch Reletpsev. iii, Virtue is<br />

its own Reward : There's a Pleasure in doing good, which<br />

sufficiently pays it self, 1756 Home Douglas in. i. 1771<br />

Smollett Humph, CI., To D, Leivis 12 June, I shall be<br />

content with the reflection, that virtue is its own reward.<br />

18^ Smedley F. Fairlegh xxxviii, Supposing this^ ini-<br />

quitous engagement . . broken<br />

to be its own reward?<br />

off by your exertions, is Virtue<br />

VIRTUE.<br />

b. Personified, or rej^^arded as an entity,<br />

140S Hocclkve Let. Cupid 457 Vertu so dignfc is and so<br />

noble ill kynde, That Vice and she wol not in feere abide.<br />

c z4ao Lydc. A ssembly of Gods 2074 Then may ye say ye<br />

have a sure staff To. , walke by the way of Vertu hys loore.<br />

1x1586 Sidney Arcadia iii. xx. If ever Vertue tooke abodte<br />

to shewe his (else unconceaveable) beautie. 1593 Shaks.<br />

3 Hen. VL III. ii, 63 That toue which Vertue begges, and<br />

Vertue graunts. 1607 Dekker Northw. Hoe v. Wks. 1873<br />

III. 73 Virtue glories not in the spoil, but in the victory.<br />

1660 Ingelo Bentiv, i^ Ur. 11. (1682) 68 If Virtue be so happy<br />

when it is afflicted. 169a Prior Ode Imit, Horace viii,<br />

Virtue is her own Reward, With solid Beams and Native<br />

Glory bright. 17*6-46 Thomson Winter 1039 Virtue sole<br />

survives, Immortal never-failing friend of man. 1770G0LDSM.<br />

Des. Will. 108 But on he moves to meet his latter end.<br />

Angels around befriending Virtue's friend. 1799 Campbell<br />

Picas. Hope \. 530 So Virtue dies, the spouse of Liberty !<br />

1818 CoLKVUOGv: Friend (1865) 72 A wound in feelings<br />

which virtue herself has fostered. 1B60 All Vear Round<br />

No. 64. 322 Man may bow before virtue, but virtue never<br />

bows before man.<br />

C. spec. Chastity, ^exual purity, esp, on the pari<br />

of women. Of easy virtue : see Easy a, 1 2.<br />

X599 Shaks. Much Ado iv. i. 84 Hero it selfe can blot out<br />

Heroes vertue. 1706 Estcoubt Fair Example v. i, Ne'er<br />

let the fair one boast of Virtue prov'd Till she has well<br />

refus'd the ^Ian she lov'd. 1740 Richardson I'amelaiiSa^)<br />

I. xiv. 252, 1 say not this, to excuse the lady's fall : Nothing<br />

can do that ; because virtue is. . preferable to all considerations.<br />

X749 Fielding Tom Jones 11. iii. That order of<br />

females whose faces are taken as a kind of security for<br />

their virtue. 1819 Shelley Peter Bell 3rd in. viii. There<br />

are mincing women, mewing.. Of their own virtue. 1885<br />

Mabel Collins Prettiest Woman ii, She played the woman<br />

of virtue—and played it well.<br />

transf. 1845 M^Culloch Taxation i. iv. (1852) 121 The<br />

tax will then fall with its fuH weight upon men of integrity,<br />

while the millionaire of ' easy virtue ' may well-nigh escape<br />

it altogether.<br />

d. .SV. Industry, diligence, rare.<br />

1546 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 757/2 Quhairthrow all vii tew<br />

and marcnandice within the said buri;h is abusit, ceissit and<br />

dekeyit. 1641 Sc. Acts, Chas. /(1B17) V. 657/2 It isnecessar<br />

that in everie schyre at leistthair be ane schooll or hous of<br />

vertue erected. I6id. 658/2 Any parcellis of cloth, seyis, &c.,<br />

. . made in the saidis houses of vertew. 1803 Scott Let, in<br />

Lockhart (1837) I. xi. 386 In many parts of Scotland the<br />

word virtue is limited entirely to industry,<br />

3. With a and pi. A particular moral excellence ;<br />

a special manifestation of the influence of moral<br />

principles in life or conduct.<br />

anas Aticr. R. 368 I>et o3er J^ing is..deuociun, reoufuU<br />

nesse, nierci, pite of heorte. ., edmodnesse, & o3re swuche<br />

uertuz. cx»30 Hali Meid. 1 3 pis is ^et J>e uertu |>at halt.,<br />

ure feble flesch..in hal halinesse. « 1300 Cursor M. 571<br />

Alle virtus has [that] saul i-wis, ^at vte o sin vnsaked is.<br />

c\-^x%Spec, Gy Wariu. 71, I wole t>e teche, Faire uertuz<br />

for to Uke And foule hewesto forsake. 1377 Langl./*. PI<br />

B. XI. 370 Sufi'raunce is a souereygne vertue. c 1400 Destr.<br />

Troy ^oiy Ho..voidet all vanities, & virtus dissyret. I4as<br />

YosGE ir. Secreta Secret. 147 The beste good of all is good<br />

of vertues and grace, c 1440 Jacob's Well 82 Ot»ere synnes<br />

am contrarye toon vertew, as pride iscontraryetolownesse.<br />

»Sa6 Pilgr, Perf, (W. de W. 1531) 2 All maner of goostly<br />

matter, concernynge the perfeccyon of graces and vertues.<br />

1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie 111. xxiii. (Arb.) 274 Ihe word<br />

became not . . her sex, whose chiefe vertue is sham efasi nesse.<br />

1601 Shaks. Alfs Well iv. iii. 84 Our crimes would dispaire<br />

if they were not cherish 'd by our vertues. 1644 M ilton<br />

Areop. (Arb.) 44 How great a vertue is temperance, how<br />

much of moment through the whole life of man? x68a<br />

BuNYAN Greatness of Soul^V.%, 1853 I. 138 It is a sport<br />

now to some to taunt and squib and deride at other men's<br />

virtues. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr, III. 207 They confess<br />

too, that Self-Denial is a Christian Vertue. 1761 Hume<br />

Hist. Eng. il. xxviii. 136 Courage, preferably to equity or<br />

justice, was the virtue most valued. 1797 Godwin £nguirer<br />

i. ii. 9 Human virtues without discrimination are no<br />

virtues. 1835 Thirlwall Greece I. 321 Thousands.. proclaimed<br />

the virtues of the deceased prince superior to those<br />

of all his predecessors. 1865 Lubbock Preh. Times xiv.<br />

{1869) 553 Neither faith, hope, nor charity enters into the<br />

virtues of a savage.<br />

transf. 1680 Moruen Geog. Red., China (1685) 423 Their<br />

chief practice or special Virtues are Theft, Murder and<br />

Adultery. 1719 Young Busiris \. i. When rage and rancour<br />

are the proper virtues, And loss of reason is the mark of<br />

men. x8ao Byron Mar. Fal. iv. ii, But they were not<br />

aware that there are things Which make revenge a virtue by<br />

reflection.<br />

b. In enumerations of certain moral qualities<br />

regarded as of special excellence or importance, as<br />

the four cardinal virtues (see Cardinal a. 2), the<br />

three theological virtues (see Theological a. i),<br />

or the seven virtues opposed to the seven deadly<br />

sins, .<br />

cx3«> Cast. LoT'e 827 J>at bej> J>e seuen vertues wij> winne<br />

To ouercome be seuen dedly sinne. 1387 Trevisa Higden<br />

(Rolls) I. 5 pe metynge of J>e ^.re waies of |>e ^\it vertues of<br />

deuynyte, and (>e metynge of foure weies of J>c foure chief<br />

vertues.


VIRTUE.<br />

o. All the Virtues^ a name given to the Opposition<br />

in the House of Commons in 1815-16.<br />

On the model of* All the Talents ' applied to the Grenville<br />

Ministry of 1806-7 : see Talent sb. 6 d,<br />

i8t6 Sir G. Bingham Lett. 1 Jan., in Comh. Mag. (1900)<br />

Jan. 34 Bonaparte.. has heard that 'Alt the Virtues', with<br />

Sir Francis Burdett at their hefcd, were to advocate his<br />

cause and recall.<br />

d. A personified moral quality, or a representa-<br />

tion of this in painting, sculpture, etc.<br />

1851 E. J. MiLUNGTON tr. DidrotCs Chr, Iconogr. V. 84<br />

Each Virtue bears a characteristic attribute. . . Liberty, like<br />

..the twelve sister Virtues, .is decorated with a large nim.<br />

bus. 1885 J. R. Ai.i.EN Early Chr. Symbolism 277 Crowned<br />

figures armed with shields .. to symbolise the Virtues<br />

trampling on the Vices overcome.<br />

4. To make {a) virtue of necessity (or f need)^ to<br />

do with apparent willingness, or as if performing<br />

a meritorious action, what one in reality cannot<br />

help doing; to submit to circumstances with a<br />

good grace.<br />

After OV./aire de necessiti vertu, h./acere de necessitate<br />

virtutem (Jerome In Rufinum 3, n. a).<br />

(«) c 1374 Chaucer Troylus iv, 1586 Ihus makeb vertue<br />

of necessite By paciens, and J>enk ^at lord is he Of fortune<br />

ay, J>at nought wolc of here recche. C1386 — Sqrs. T.<br />

593 That I made vertu of necessitee And took it wel<br />

syn J>at it moste bee. 1411-3 Hocclevh De Keg. Princ.<br />

1252 Make of necessite, reed I vertu ; For better rede can<br />

I non. C1480 Henkyson Test. Cresseid ^y% I counsall<br />

the male vertew of ane neid. 1578 Whetstone ^nd Pt.<br />

Promos ff Cass. v. v. Good Maddame way, by lawe, your<br />

Lord doth dye. Wherefore make venue of necessity. 1646<br />

Earl MoNM. Ir. Biondis Civil Wars v. 115 Villandras<br />

weighing the danger made vertue of necessity, hee went to<br />

Toulosse. 1659 Wright tr.<br />

J. Camus' Nat. Paradox x.<br />

245 However, I will have patience, and making Vertue of<br />

Necessity, I will forbear.<br />

0) «S^ Stocker Civ. IVarres Lawe C. i. 28 b, They<br />

were en^rced to behaue themselues..and of necessitie, to<br />

make a vertue. 1588 Greene Pandcsto (1607) 10 Shee was<br />

faine to make a vertue of her neede. 1614 Day Festivals<br />

X. (1615) 297, 1 wil make a Vertue of this Necessitie. 1639<br />

S. Du Verger tr. Camus' Admir, Events 46 They make a<br />

vertue of that necessity. 1677 W. Hughes Man o/Sin 11.<br />

ix. 144 Their Modem Doctors, whom the Arguments of the<br />

Protestants have compelled to make a Vertue of Necessity.<br />

a 1708 [see Necessity sb. 5]. 1764 tr. Gil Bias 1. v. L 21<br />

And making^ a virtue of necessity, I put the best face I<br />

could upon it, and went about the work she set me upon.<br />

1837 [see Necessity sb. 5J.<br />

b. To make a virtue of, to make a merit of, to<br />

gain credit by.<br />

184a Lover Handy Andy xiii. Mat, who saw Furlongwas<br />

near the mark, thought he might . . make a virtue of telling<br />

him.<br />

5. Superiority or excellence, unusual ability,<br />

merit, or distinction, in some respect.<br />

138a Wyclif Wisd. X. 2God..ladde hym out fro his gilte,<br />

..and ^af to hym vertue of hauynge alle thingus. £1384<br />

Chaucer //. Fame ir. 18 Now shal men se Vf any vertu in<br />

the be To tel al my dreme aryght. c 1400 Brttt 1. 229 Miche<br />

peple wer out of here mynde, vt God hat> sent ham her<br />

myndc a^eyn ^ou? vertu of |?at holy martr*. c 1450 Holland<br />

Houlate 264 Thir fowlis. . weraly awysit, full of wirtewe,<br />

The maner, the mater, and how it remanyt ^147$<br />

Ran/Coillear 162 Thow hes walkit, I wis, in mony wyld<br />

land, The mair vertew thow suld haue, to keip the fra blame.<br />

1484 Caxton Fables of Auiatt xii, For what veitue that<br />

ony man hath none oughte to preyse hym self. i6oa<br />

S^egkfsCfuiucer (ed. 2) civ, Vertue flourisheth in Chaucer<br />

still, Though death of him hath wrought hb will. 1631<br />

Makkham Cheap Hiisb. (ed. 6) i. iL 10 Our English Gentry<br />

. .aime for the most part al no more skill than the riding<br />

of a ridden and perfect horse, which is but onely the selling<br />

forth of another mans vertue. i8a8 Macaulay Ess.^<br />

Hallam's Coitstit, Hist. (1897) 85 That unsparing imparlialily<br />

which is his \sc. Hallam's] most distinguishing virtue.<br />

b. An accomplishment. Now rare or Obs,<br />

15. . Aberdeen Reg. (Jam.), The singcir to pas & remane<br />

in Pareis for ane yeir to leir wertcws. 1591 Shaks. Two<br />

Gent.\\\.\.'^\-i,Sp. Item, she can wash and scoure. La. Aspeciall<br />

vertue. 1608 — Per. iv. vi. 105 Proclaim that I can sing,<br />

weave, sew, and dance, With other virtues, which I'll keep<br />

from boast. 1615 Markham(^/V/e citee of<br />

Aeon . , florisshed and stode in his vertue, loye and prosperite.<br />

1484 Caxton Fables 0/ Msop iii. xvi, He that<br />

gouerneth not wel his bely withe grete payne he may hold<br />

the other lyrames in theyr strengthe and vertue.<br />

7. The possession or display of manly qualities;<br />

manly excellence, manliness, courage, valour.<br />

In later use tending to pass into sense 2.<br />

13. . Coerde L. 2810 A baroun of gret vertewe. a 1400-50<br />

Alexander 5324 Quat may >i vertu now a-vaile & all J^ine<br />

vayn pride? IIali Meid. i? Engel &meiden beon euening in<br />

uertu of meidenhades mibte. £^1330 R. Bkunne Chron.<br />

(i8io) 18 pe Kyng with ^w maistrie went in to be toun, pe<br />

pris he had wonnen in vertew of Criste's passioun. 16x7<br />

Fortescue Papers (Camden) 29 They should talke of the<br />

points of religion but by way of discourse, and not as in<br />

vertue of the commission (etc.! 1660 Jer. Taylor Worthy<br />

Commun. \. iv. 75 Christ in heaven perpetually offers and<br />

represents that sacrifice to his heavenly Father and in<br />

vertue of that obtaines all good things for his church. 1703<br />

Maundrell yottrn. Jerus. (1707) 105 In vertue of which<br />

perswasion, the Olives, and Olive stones, and Oyl which<br />

produce, became an excellent commodity in Sp^in.<br />

Sherlock Disc. (1759) ^* " 77 ^^ *** '^^ Head of all<br />

in Virtue of having created them. 1793 Smkaton<br />

Edystone /.. 1 344 The experiment . . was ordered in virtue<br />

of an observation that had occurred in the course of the<br />

work. i833_ Ht. Martineau Three Ages u. 39 In virtue of<br />

wroght..With I<br />

I<br />

I<br />

i<br />

j<br />

j<br />

'<br />

an office which he heldj he had liberty to pass through the<br />

palace garden. 1879 \ roudk Csesar xiii. 188 He remained<br />

a senator in virtue of his quaestorsbip.<br />

Jas. 1 Kittgis Q. xx, In vere, that full of vertu is and gude,<br />

Quhen nature first begynneth hir enprise. 1596 Spenser<br />

F.Q. V. i. 10 The blade, .was of no less virtue, then of fame.<br />

(b) C1350 Will. Palerne I<br />

284, I ^ conture..bi vertu of j<br />

}»ing J»at |>ou most in l»is world louest. to be j<br />

I<br />

excused fro bis somonynge of worldly prelat. c 1386<br />

Chaucer Parsons T. r 340 It may wel '<br />

wexe fieble and worth, I<br />

faille hy vertu of baptesme and by the grace of god thurgh<br />

penitence. 1495 Rolls ofParIt. IV. 290/1 That they mowe<br />

be vertue of the same lokett, be fully excused att alle lymcs. '<br />

149s Act II Hen, VII^z, 53 5 i Noo. .personc the whiche '<br />

. .therwith entermedlede to your use or by vertu of your [<br />

letters patentes. 1553 in Feuillerat Revels Q. Mary (1914)<br />

149 By vertue of a warraunte sygned with her Nfaiesties<br />

ounc handcs. 1587 Fleming Contn. Holvished III. 1376/2<br />

They shall loose the fiue shillings that iheyshould receiue.<br />

by vertue of my will. 1617 Sir T. Wentworth in Fortescue<br />

Papers (Camden) 25 When indeed he was in effect out of j<br />

the Commission before, by vertu of that direction. 1663 '<br />

Heath Flagellum (1672) 47 Upon some pretence of private<br />

business of the Colonels and by vertue thereof in a Disguise '<br />

of a Servant [etc]. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 283 I<br />

So we Christians by vertue of our Covenant with God in ;<br />

Christ, are separated from all otherSocieties. \6qiEftg.AHc.<br />

Const. Eng. 44 Violating the Fundamental Laws and consti.<br />

tutions of the Government by vertue of which he became<br />

King. 1785 Burke Sp. Nabob Arcot Wks. 184a 1. 318<br />

No others, by virtue of^ general powers, can obtain a legal<br />

title, .to exercise those special functions. 1838 Thirlwall<br />

Greece III. 287 The refugees who retired by virtue of the<br />

treaty from Amphipolis, found shelter at Eion. 1868<br />

Lockyer Elem. Astron. 8374 The planets, when they are<br />

visible, appear as stars, and, like the stars, they rise and<br />

set by virtue of the Earth's rotation.<br />

(c) c i>^ .V. Eng. Leg. I. 11/346 And Jwru^ vertue of >e<br />

holie croiz he ouer-cam alle is fon. c 1330 Sir Tristr. 1894<br />

Hole sche was & sounde J»urch vertu of his gle. c 1380 Sir :<br />

Ferumb. 157 pe barouns.-prayede god Jjorw vertue of hem i<br />

Schold sauye hem that fro hebc men. deuocyown. c 1430 Lyac. Min.<br />

Poems (Percy Soc.) 9 Thes rialle gilTtes been of verieu<br />

most, Costly coragis most sovereignly delyte. 1549 Latimer<br />

Plojtght-rs (.Vb.) 32 Purposinge to euacuate Christes death,<br />

to make it of smal efficacitie and vertue. 1567 Gude ^<br />

Godlie B.iS.T.S.) 14 Our haptisme dotit with sane tit ude.<br />

And greit vertew, to wesche our sinfulness. 1841 Myers<br />

Cath. Th. in, § 17. 64 Few questions.. could well be rhore<br />

important, if Divine virtue is to be ascribed to every letter<br />

of Scripture.<br />

d. Superiority or excellence in respect either of<br />

kind.<br />

or of operation ; worth or efficacy of any<br />

«390 Gower Conf. IIL j6 Selden get a domb man lond.<br />

Tak that proverbe, and understond That wordes ben of<br />

grete. c 1400 Destr. Troy 8388 The walles [werej vp<br />

stones full stoute, stithest of vertue. 14*3<br />

1665-6 Phil. Trans. I. 282 Vet have these two Load-stones<br />

no connexion or tye, though a Common Center of Virtue<br />

according to which they joyntly act. 1669 Bunvan Holy<br />

Citie 153 Gold is the choice and chief of all Metals both for<br />

colour, and vertue. 1^79 Forrest yoy. N. Guinea<br />

339 The latter [sc. cinnamon] is vastly superior in richness,<br />

sweetness, and virtue. x^i*C\9.\ Datite, Par.viu 132 The<br />

elements Are by created virtue inform'd. 1830 Hekscmel<br />

Study Nat. Phil. 59 There is virtue in a bushel of coals<br />

properly consumed, to raise seventy millions of pounds<br />

weight a foot high. 1883 N. York Chr. Union 21 June,<br />

The new Sound steamer * Pilgrim * is regarded as a model<br />

of mechanical and constructional virtue.<br />

+ e. Of laws, etc. : Operation, vigour. Obs.<br />

C14SO Hari. Contin. Higden (Rolls) VIII. 511 Whiche<br />

statute was ordeynede to talce vertu and begynnynge at the<br />

feste of the Purificacion. 1471-5 Rolls ofParIt. VI. 162/1<br />

That the said late Ordenaunce . , be and siond in strenght<br />

and vertue, unto the xxvi day of May, 165a Needham<br />

Selden^s Mare CI. 59 The Sea- Laws which were used and<br />

in full force and virtue in both the Empires were borrowed<br />

fiom the Rhodians. 1686 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. L 171 All<br />

those laws shall and are hereby Continued to Stand and be<br />

in full force and Vertue untill y« End of the first Session,<br />

t f. In virtue J virtually. Obs.<br />


VIRTUE. 240 VIRTUOSO.<br />

the sun., will be prevented from exhaling the virtue of your<br />

manure. 1769 Mrs. Raffald Eug, Housekpr. (1778) 1 It<br />

will draw all the virtue out of the roots or herbs, and turn<br />

it to agood gravy. 1845 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 11 The<br />

virtue of Su Martin's precious relics was in the most active<br />

operation during the mth and sixth centuries.<br />

b. In sense 9 c<br />

c IS50 Mtid, Maregrttt xlv, Sclawen was )>c dragun<br />

t>oru t>c uertu of ^ rod. c 1340 Hampole Pr, Come. 3821<br />

Pardon, .es of J>c tresur of haly kirke, pat es gadirde..Of<br />

J>e vertu of Crestes passion. 138a Wvchf Rom. i. 16 Forsoth<br />

I schame not the gospel, for it is the vertu of God in<br />

to heltbe to ech man bileuynge. ^ 1450 M.E. Med. Bk.<br />

other Vertue of this Water. 176* H. WxLPOtK Vertue*<br />

Anecd. Paint. (1786) I. 280 It is said in the note that Sir<br />

Nathaniel was famed for painting plants, and well skilled in<br />

their virtues. 1796 Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 324<br />

The plants of this class are supposed to have various spe*<br />

cific virtues. x8o6 Med. Jml. XV. 327 Have practitioners<br />

yet proved the full virtues of the digitalis? 1838 Murray's<br />

Hand-bk. N, Germ. 374/2 The hot mineral springs,. owe<br />

their virtues to the presence of sulphur and alkaline salts.<br />

1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics viii. iv. (i860) 11. 53 Each<br />

planet, according to its mind or mood, shed virtues healing<br />

or harmful into minerals and herbs.<br />

b. Of animal bodies, the elements, or other<br />

(Heinrich) 138, I coniure 50W fyue croppes in Jw verieu of<br />

)m V woundcs, ^t crist sufTred on )»e roode treo. 1473<br />

Warkw. CA»wi«, 18 Kynge Edwardcrequyrede hyme by<br />

the vertu of sacrament that he schulde pardone alle tho<br />

whos names here folowe. 1516 Pitgr. Per/. (Pynson) r. vii.<br />

20 Hauyng grace and werkyiig lherafter..by tne vertue of<br />

the same he may meryi and deserue the crowne of glory.<br />

1557 N. T. (Genev.) Pkil. iit 10 That I may knowe him,<br />

and the vertue of his resurrection, a 1617 Bavne On Eph.<br />

(1658) 23 A thing wrought not by any power of nature but<br />

by the vertue of Gods Spirit, a 1639 Hinde J. BruenVu<br />

(1641) t63 Doth not the vertue of the death and resurrection<br />

of Christ require it, that henceforth wee die unto sin. .?<br />

O. In sense 9 d.<br />

(Z1340 Hampole Prose Tr. 2 It falles the flesche may<br />

noghte of his vertu noghte defaile ay whils J»e saule ia<br />

swylk joyes is rauyste for to joye. c 1386 Chaucer Syr.'s T.<br />

302 But fynally the kyng asked the knight The vertu of<br />

this courser, and the might. And prayd him tellen of his<br />

governaunce. 1477 Norton Ord. Alck. i. in Ashm. (1652)<br />

19 For cause efficient of Mettalls finde ye shall Only to be<br />

the vertue Minerall. 1535 Coverdalr Wisd. xix, 19 The<br />

fyrc had power in the water (contrary to his awne vertue),<br />

1584 Sir T. Ckaloner {title\ A shorte Discourse of the<br />

most rare.. Vertue of Nitre, wherein is declared the., cures<br />

by the same effected. 159a Dasiel Co/up/. Rosawond "Wks.<br />

(1717) 47 Pleasure had set my wcll-schoord Thoughts to<br />

flay,<br />

.\nd bid me use the Vertue of mine Eyes, a i6s8<br />

RKSTON Effectual Faith (1631) 118 If it bee the vertue of<br />

ahorse to goe well; If it be the vertue of a knife to cut well,<br />

physical entities.<br />

Expulsive virtue : see ExPtJi.siVE «, 1,<br />

C1384 Chaucer H. Fame ii. 42 For so astonyed and<br />

a-sweved Was every vertu in my heved. c 1386 — Prol. 4<br />

Whan that Aprille..hath..bathud every veyne in swich<br />

licour. Of which vertue engendred is the flour, c 1400<br />

Lan/ranc^s Cirurg. 15 pe vertues of lymesjxju must knowe,<br />

J>at he se, whanne \>G worchinge of ony vartu failith in ony<br />

lyme. 1451 Capgrave Li/e St. Gilbert 120 Hir left arme<br />

had lost pe vertue of felyng. 1480 Caxton Myrr. in. viiL<br />

145 The sterres that ben in heuen whiche haue vertues on<br />

therthe. 1544 Phaer ^& (1560) Sv, When achilde<br />

nesethout of measure, that is to say with a long continuance<br />

& therby the brayn & virtues animal be febled, it is good to<br />

stop it. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy, iv. xxix.<br />

151 The sacred fountayne..is of such a vertue, that putting<br />

into it any burning thing [it] is sodainly extinguished. 1604<br />

E. G[rim5tone] tr. D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iii. xxi. 188<br />

This moisture from heaven hath such a vertue, that ceasing<br />

to fal vpon the earth, it hreedes a great discommoditie and<br />

defect of graine and seedes. a z6b8 Preston Effectual<br />

Faith (1631) 59 If the Loadstone be of such a vertue, let it<br />

show it by attracting the Iron to it. 1684 R. Waller Nat.<br />

Exper. 46 The imperceptible pores of those passages by<br />

which the attractive Vinue issues out. 1709 T. Robinson<br />

Nat. Hist. IVestmoreld. v. 26 A very active Principle, or<br />

Virtue, that operates in the Generation of Stones. 1755 B.<br />

Martin Alag. o/Arts ^ Sci. 389 What seems most wonderful,<br />

is, that the magnetic Virtue should not be interrupted<br />

by the Glass.<br />

if it be the vertue of a Soldier to fight well. 1634 Sir T,<br />

Hf.rbekt Trav. 20^ Ac the top [of the date palm].. is a soft<br />

pith, in which consists the soule and vegetatiue vertue of<br />

that tree. 1759 Franklin Lett. Wks. 1840 V. 364 Both<br />

these stones nave evidently the two properties;.. the virtue<br />

seems strongest towards one end of the face. 1815J. Smith<br />

Panorama Sci. ff Art II. 170 A piece of soft iron, .capable<br />

of supporting as much as the magnet from which it derives<br />

its virtue. 1841-4 Emerson Ets.^ Sp'ir, Laivs Wks. (Bohn)<br />

I. 57 The virtue of a pipe is to be smooth and hollow. 1878<br />

Browning £a.S'a/j/a2 370, 1 shall, .bless each kindly wrench<br />

that wrung From life's tree its inmost virtue.<br />

d. In similar use of immaterial things, f Also<br />

C. In miscellaneous uses.<br />

i486 Bk. St. AlbanSf Her. aj, Ther ben here the verluys<br />

of Chyualry. 1568 Grafton Ckron. II. 2o6Money is of so<br />

great a vertue that it corrupteih Popes. z6sf Hobbrs<br />

Thucyd. (i8a2j 70 For a great and a little claim imposed..<br />

by way of command hath one and the same virtue to make<br />

subject. 1676 HoBBEs Iliad Pref. (1686) i Concerning the<br />

Vertues of an Heroick Poem. 170a Rouse's Heav. Univ.<br />

Advert, 4 They may inwardly perceive by a most4>owerful<br />

and most secret Vertue imprinted in their Souls and Hearts,<br />

18x5 J. Smith Panorama Set. at herbe also )>at doth no bote. 1390<br />

GowER Con/. III. 129 The seronde is noght vertules, Clola<br />

or elles Ptiades It hatte. 1548 Udall^ etc. Erasm. Par.<br />

Mark ix. 58 In the presence of the disciples they depraued<br />

the name of Jesu, as a thing vertuelesse, and of no efficacie,<br />

1600 Fairfax Tasso vi. Ixviii, And vertuelesse she wisht<br />

all herbes and charmes, Wherewith false men encrease their<br />

patients harmes. 16*7 Hakewill Apol. 11. v. §3, I do not<br />

consent with them who would make those glorious Creatures<br />

of God vertulesse. c 164a Observ. his Majesty's late A nsw.<br />


VIRTUOSO. 241 VIRTUOUS.<br />

full of learning' (Baretti) :—L. virtuosus: see<br />

VlRTU0U3a. Hence also K. virtuose^ \ virtuoso^<br />

It is frequently difficult in particular instances to decide<br />

which of the senses is intended.<br />

+ 1. One who has a general interest in arts and<br />

sciences, or who pursues special investigations in<br />

one or more of these ; a learned person ; a scientist,<br />

savant, or scholar. ObsJ^<br />

Sometimes tending towards a depreciatory sense, as in a.<br />

a. 1651 ill Brent tr. Stupis Counc. Trent (1676) xxv,<br />

There have happened to come to Venice., divers Virtuosi in<br />

several professions. 16&0 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Meek.<br />

Proem 2 Perceiving by Letters from. . Paris, that several of<br />

the Virtuosi there, were very intent upon the examination<br />

of the Interest of. the Ayr in hindring the descent of<br />

the Quick-silver. 1684-5 — ^fin, li^aters 73 The little<br />

Bodies that the ingenious Mr. Lewenhoeck, and since him<br />

divers other Virtuosi, have observ'd in Water wherein<br />

Pepper has been infus'd. 1709 T. Robinson Nat. Hist,<br />

li^estmoreid. xii. 69 That new Rypothesis so stiffly main*<br />

tained by some of our learned Vtrtnoii. 1759 Dublin Sac.<br />

IVeekly Observ. I. No. 26. 172 Some Virtuosi tell you that<br />

continued Fermentation and repeated racking certainly<br />

s[x>il your Cyder. 1754 Fif.lding Voy. Lisbon p 16 The<br />

former receives the thanks of mankind ; the latter [i. e. the<br />

antiquary] of that valuable part, the virtuosi. [1855 Kingsley<br />

iVestiuani Hot xvi, Philip .Sidney.. has given up his<br />

rightful place toward the head of the table that he may<br />

have a knot of virtuosi all to himself]<br />

3. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Advts./r. Parnass. i.<br />

V. 8 The gallant Dispute which arose .. between some<br />

L'^tterati of the State, deserves to be written ; every one<br />

of these Vertuosie defended their own Opinion as the<br />

best. 1665 Glanvill Scepsis Sci. x'u 58 As great Wits, as<br />

it may be e'rc saw the Sun, such as Pythagoras, Des-Cartes,<br />

Copernicus, Galileo, More, Kepler, and generally the vertuosi<br />

of the awakened world. 1700 T. Bkow.n tr. Ftesny's<br />

Amusem, 36 The Projectors who are generally broken<br />

Citizens, were coop'd up in the Counters and Ludgate<br />

..the Vcrtujsi were confined to Gresham-College.<br />

y. 1636 Blount Glossogr.^ Virtuoso^ . . a learned or ingenious<br />

person, or one that is well qualified. 1660 In/.<br />

Lit. II. viiu §61 The well-known word virtuosi, applied to<br />

these lovers of what wai rare and beautiful in art or nature.<br />

1851 D. Wit-sos Prk, Ann. (1863J I. v. 153 Ihe virtuosi<br />

to who^ in^pection it was submitted. 187$ Morley Crit.<br />

Mite. Ser. 1. (1877) 349 For intellectual dilettanti and<br />

moralising virtuosiy,<br />

8. c 16^ CowLEV Queen's repairing Somerset-house 86 If<br />

any prouder Virtuoso's sens: .\t that part of my Prospect<br />

take ofTence. 1657 Dkvden & Dk. Newcastle Sir VI/. Mar^<br />

ail \\\. (beginning), I am sure, in all companies I pass for a<br />

virtuoso, a 1700 EvKi.YN Diary i Mar. 1644, One of the<br />

greatest virtuoso* in France, for his collection of pictures,<br />

achates, medalls, and flowers, xjaa Mandevillk Fah. Bees<br />

u. 414 Look upon the mighty labours of antiquaries,<br />

botanists, and the vertU'>so's in butterHies, cockle-shells, and<br />

other odd productions of nature. 1749 Fielding Tom yones<br />

vm. X, A great number of nicknacks and Curiosities, which<br />

might have engaged the attention of a virtuoso. 1787<br />

Mme. D'Arblay Diary June, Virtuosos being next, .named.<br />

Colonel Manners inveighed against them quite violently.<br />

\Z*^Gentl. Mag. XCV. l 332 The Virtuoso will appreciate<br />

justly this small volume as a very instructive and agreeable<br />

manual. 1858 Mrkivale Rom. Fmp liii. (1^65) VI. 324 For<br />

painting and sculpture, as Grecian arts, he may have acquired<br />

the taste of a virtuoso. 1885 J. Payn Talk of Town<br />

1. 183 He was a virtuoso and antiquary himself, and therefore<br />

recognised the full extent of his danger.<br />

tram/. 1819 Lytton Dezis holy niayde. 1536 Cromwell in Merriman Lije 9f<br />

Lett. (1902) 11. 21 Soo hath his grace I tliinke chosen the<br />

vertuost lady and the veriest gentlewoman that lyveth.<br />

rt 1578 LiNUESAY tPitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 157<br />

Queue Margarit was werie wyse and werteous in hir husbandis<br />

lyme, bot sune efter his deid. .sclio became leichorous<br />

of hir body. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. iv. ii. 136 Mistris<br />

Ford, the honest woman, the modest wife, the vertuous<br />

creature, that hath the iealious foole to her husband. i6xz<br />

Bible Prov. xii. 4 A veituous woman is a crowne to her<br />

husband. 163a High Commission Caj^J (Camden) 265 That<br />

she being a vertuous and a chaste lady, he called her whore<br />

often tymes. 171a Steele 6/*^c/. No. 286 p i In my Opinion,<br />

and in that of many of your virtuous Female Readers. 17..<br />

Suffolk Miracle ii. in Child Ballads V. 66/1 Her beauty<br />

was beyond compare, She was both virtuous and fair. 1796<br />

' H. Hunter tr. St.-l'ierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) III. 77 She<br />

will be virtuous', said she, 'and she will be happy : I knew<br />

calamity only in ceasing to be virtuous'. 1837 Lyttqn<br />

£. Maltrav. 11. i, Madame D'Epinay's memoirs are of this<br />

character. She was not a virtuous woman—but she felt<br />

virtue and loved it. 1843 Bethunk Sc. fireside Stor. 35 A<br />

virtuous woman.who has given her heart . . toone whom [etc.].<br />

i" o. Used as a title of courtesy in addressing or<br />

referring to persons, esp. ladies of rank or eminence,<br />

Obs.<br />

c iS3a Du Wes Introd. Fr. In Palsgr. 896 Most illustre,<br />

ryght exellente & ryght vertuouse lady my lady Mary of<br />

Englande. 1588 Kvn Housek. Philos. Ded., To the Worshipfvll<br />

and Vertvovs Gentleman Maister Thomas Reade,<br />

Esqvier, Health and all Happines. x6i6 Sir W. Mure<br />

Misc. Poems xvii. title. Epitaph of the wery excellent, vertuouse..<br />

and trulie honoured Lady, the Lady Arnestoun.<br />

a 1700 Evelyn Diary 4 Feb. 1668, I saw the tragedy of<br />

'Horace' (written by the virtuous Mrs. Phillips).<br />

d. absol. (as pi.), chiefly with tke.<br />

1390 GowER Coil/. III. 226 He putte awey the vicious<br />

And tok to him the vertuous. ^ I4>S Wvntoun Cron,<br />

VII. 832 He chastit ^>a Jiat war wiciousse, And relewit al<br />

werluouSMC. 1589 Nashe A/iat. Absurd. Wks. (Grosart)<br />

1. 35 The acts of the ventrous, and the praise of the<br />

vertuous. 1597 MoRLEY Introd. Mus. Ded., A second being,<br />

.causing vs Hue in the mindes of the vertuous, as it<br />

were, deified to the posieritie. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. iv.<br />

xlvi. 373 As if^ the Vertuous, and their Vertues could be<br />

asunder. ^1711 Ken Urania Wks. 1721 IV 498 They<br />

priz'd an humble modest Air, Sang more the Virtuous than<br />

the Fair. 1759 Johnson Rasselas xxxvii[i,] But the angels<br />

of affliction spread their toils alike for the virtuous and the<br />

wicked. C1805 Levoen in Li/e ^- Poems (1875) 195 The<br />

.•ioft descending dews of sleep, That bathe the virtuous in<br />

serene repose. 1846 Mrs. A. Marsh Father Darcy Il.viii.<br />

137 Theesteem of the noble and virtuous 1 would still retain.<br />

e. Of the disposition or mind.<br />

1584 PowEL Lloyds Cambria 398 Of a good and vertuous<br />

disposition. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. i. i. 189 Slen. If I ^<br />

drunke, He be drunke with those that haue the feare of God,<br />

and not with drunken knaues. Euan. Sogot-udge me, that<br />

is a vertuous miiide. i6oa Ld. Cromwell iv. i. 20 He was<br />

my Maister, And each vertuous part, That lined in him, I<br />

tenderd with my hart. 1634 Milton Comus 211 These<br />

thoughts may startle well, but not astound The vertuous<br />

mind. 1660 Ingelo Bentiv. ff Ur. 11. (1682) 196 ManyVerluous<br />

Dispositions are fair Resemblances of the Divine<br />

Perfections. 1780 A. Hamilton Let. to Miss Schuyler<br />

Wks. 1850 I. 187 A virtuous mind cannot long esteem a base<br />

one. 1784 CowpER Tiroc. 436 The most disint'rested and<br />

81


VIRTUOUS.<br />

virtuous minds. 1816 Shelley /Jarwiwi 0/ World u, 136<br />

The bliss . . Which . . Dawns on the virtuous mind.<br />

f. Sc, Diligent or industrious in work.<br />

Perhaps due to Prov. xii. 4 : see b. above, quot. 1611.<br />

17*5. Ramsay GeniU Shtik. u ii, I've heard my honest<br />

uncle afien say. That lads should a' for wives that's verluous<br />

pray, a iSaj Scott in Jamteson Sc. Diet, Suppl. s.y., Her<br />

daughter was the most virtuous woman in the parish, for<br />

that week she had spun sax spyndles of yarn.<br />

3. Of acts, life, manners, etc. : Characterized by,<br />

of the natnre of, virtue ; according with, or conforming<br />

to, moral law or principles ; morally good<br />

or justi5able.<br />

Occas. in a weakened sense: 'estimable, commendable,<br />

praiseworthy.'<br />

cxyjs Sc. Leg. Saints xix. 6^4 God to christolore gafe<br />

sic grace of vertuyse larc. Ihici. xxxvi. 424 Aganis l>aim,.<br />

|>at awantis Jiaim-selfe of uertuise lif. a 1393 Chaucer<br />

GcntiUsse 17 Ther may no man . , beqweythe his heyre his<br />

vertuous noblesse, a 1400 Apol. Loll. 36 In meknes, pouert,<br />

paciens, & labour, & o>er vertuus dedis. 1450 Lett. Marg.<br />

0/ Anj'tm, etc. (Camden) 97 'I'he womanly and vertuoiise<br />

governance that ye be renowned of. 1484 Caxton Fables<br />

0/Auian xi, Noneoughte to preyse hym self but oughte to<br />

doo good and vertuous werkcs whereof other may preyse<br />

hym. 1509 Fisher Srmi. Wks. (1876) 271 Blewyd are tho<br />

whiche haue made vertuous ende and conclusyon of thcyr<br />

lyfc in our lorde. 1585 T. Washington tr. Ntcholays Voy.<br />

II. vii. 37 [They] are much giuer. too musick and all other<br />

vertuous & honest exercises. 1607 Shaks. Timon in. ii.<br />

44 If his occasion were not vertuous, I should not vrge<br />

it halfe so faithfully. 1667 Milton P. L. veil 550 That what<br />

she wills to do or say. Seems wisest, vertuousest,discreetest,<br />

best. I7i« Steele Sped. Na 500 p 3 There is one thing I<br />

am able to give each of them, which is a virtuous Education.<br />

1759 Johnson Rasselas xxxiii, The present reward of<br />

virtuous conduct. 178a J. Brown Commend. Vieiv Nat. e ves


VIBITLENT.<br />

ViRDS. So OF. and ¥. viruleni^ It., Sp., and Pg.<br />

virulento.^<br />

L Med. + a. Of wounds or ulcers : Characterized<br />

by the presence of corrupt or poisonous<br />

matter. Obs. (passing into next).<br />

c X400 LaJt/ranc's Cirnrg. 77 marg.. Off olde verelenC<br />

woundcs. Ibid. 80 If ^ vlcus b« virulent, hat is to seie<br />

venemi, loke if ^at ^e venym i?at goib out be redisch or<br />

^elowisch. 1541 R. Copland Guyiion's Form. R iv, The<br />

gouernati accomplysshynge the entencyon after the vlceracyon<br />

is to drye the rottenesse tiiat is thycke and flesshy,<br />

Llody, and vyrulent. 1578 LvTt: Dodoens 28 Chamaepitys<br />

..l.-iydupon great woundes, a;id virulent., healeth the same.<br />

1600 SvfLVi-v.T Countrie Farwe 11. xlii. 266 A certaine person,<br />

well knowen vnto me. hauirig a virulent vlcer, in manner of<br />

a Polipus in his nostrils. i-jxZ Chambers Cyci., Ulcers are<br />

. .Virulent, which instead of Pus, or Sanies, yield a malignant<br />

ViruSf &c.<br />

b. Of diseases, etc. : Characterized by extreme<br />

malignancy or violence.<br />

1563 T. Gale Aniidot. 22 b, Yf the desease be malygne or<br />

Virulent,.. put in more of the Argentum Viuum. 1604<br />

Salmon A'd/^'j /?/i/««^. C1713} 28/i'lt maybe us'd.-inthe<br />

Cure of virulent Gonorrhoea's. 1748 Anson's Voy. i. x. loa<br />

The scars of wounds which had been for many years healed,<br />

were forced open again by this virulent distemper. 1799<br />

Med. Jml. I. 203 They deny that the contagion has become<br />

more frequent ..while the disease itself has thus been rendered<br />

less virulent and fatal. 1866 Rogers Agric. f^ Prices<br />

I. iv. 66 Scurvy in its most virulent form, and leprosy, were<br />

common disorders. 1871 Tvnoall Fragni. Set. (1879) I. v.<br />

178 Germs. .which may be pushed by foul air into virulent<br />

energy of reproduction.<br />

trans/, i860 Emeksom C^«rf. Life^ Fate Wks. (Bohn) 11.<br />

327, 1 find the like unity in human structures rather virulent<br />

and pervasive. 186^ Merivale Ront. Snip. Ixv. VIII. 170<br />

A virulent insurrection was still glowing throughout a large<br />

portion of the empire. 1871 TYNt>ALL/'>«^///. Sci. (1879) II.<br />

xiii. zggThere is often a virulent contagion in a confident tone.<br />

2. Of serpents, material substances, plants, etc,<br />

Possessing venomous or strongly poisonous qualities<br />

; highly injurious or fatal to life ; extremely<br />

noxious.<br />

1577 Stanvhuhst Descr. Irel. 7/2 in HolinsfudW^ Ireland<br />

bred no snake before' S. Patrick was borne : ergo^ it<br />

engendered no loade, no Adder, no Frogge, nor any other<br />

virulent worme. 1634 Sir T. Hekbkkt 'frav. 196 They<br />

giue the too forward maydens a virulent potion. 1657 W.<br />

Cole Adam in Eden c. The Viper and all other virulent<br />

Creatures whatever. 1671 R. Bohun IVittd 132 Herbs or<br />

mineralls, with Virulent, and Deleterious Qualities. 1807<br />

J. E. Smith F/tys. Hot, 316 How the same soil. .should in<br />

a leaf of the vine or sorrel produce a wholesome acid, and in<br />

that of a spurge or manchineel a most virulent poi->on.<br />

1839 Carlvle Chartism i. (1858) 4 While the virulent<br />

humour festers deep within, poisoning the sources of life.<br />

1877 F. T. Roberts Hamibk. Med. («l. 3) I. 8 In certain<br />

cases it contains specific agents in the causation of disease,<br />

and promotes their development or renders them more<br />

virulent.<br />

fig. 1894 P. PiNKERTOM Adriatica^ On Asolan Hills^<br />

Jealousy's virulent darts. Fortune's opprobrious thrusts.<br />

+ b. Potent, powerful, effective. Obs.~^<br />

>S99 A. M. tr. Gabelhouer^s Bk. Physicke ifi A very ex-<br />

cellent water for the payne. of the heade...It wilbe very<br />

good and virulent for the heade.<br />

c. Obnoxiously violent or strong, ftonce-use.<br />

1771 Smollett Humph. C/., To Sir IK. Phillips 6 May,<br />

Nay, I am convinced that she has likewise a most virulent<br />

attachment to his person; though her love tfcver shows<br />

itself but in the shape of discontent.<br />

3. fig. Violently bitter, spiteful, or malignant<br />

fuUofacrimonyorenmity : a. Of action or feeling.<br />

1607 HiERON Wks. I. 325 Where hee rules, there is a rancourou*<br />

heart and a rayling tongue,'there malicious and virulent<br />

courses cannot bee wanting. 163a Massincer Maido/<br />

Hon. III. iii, I bring you. .the sting Of virulent malice, festering<br />

your fair name. Plucked out and trod on. 1796 Dk,<br />

Wharton in }LXi\%Orig. Lett. Ser. 11. IV. 339 Every virulent<br />

vote, every passionate rtproach . . are so many real commendations<br />

of my conduct. 1769 yttnius Lett. %v. (1788)<br />

89 The virulentexaggeration of party must be employed, to<br />

rouse.. the passions of the people. 1815 W. H. Ireuind<br />

Scribbleomania 98 On my head I may draw down your<br />

virulent spite. 185s Brewster Newt^it II. xviii. 165 We<br />

have failed, like Mr. Baily, to discover the ground of Flamsteed's<br />

virulent antipathy to Halley. 1867 * Ouida ' C.<br />

Castlemaine*s Gage i She was hated by Whig beauties<br />

with virulent wrath.<br />

b. Of speech or writing.<br />

1631 StarChamb. Cases (Camden) 29 He is greatly faulty<br />

in his virulent termes and charging the same upon my Lord<br />

Falkland. 1689 Wood i:/> (O.H.S.) III. 315 A virulent<br />

pamphlet.. wherein he foolishly reflected on Kmg William.<br />

1713 Steele Englishm. No. 15. loi It is impossible.. to<br />

escape the virulent Pen of that Rascal the Examiner, 1777<br />

Priestley Disc. Pitilos. Necess. 172 Your virulent censures<br />

of myself., are abundantly too severe. 1840 Macaulay Ess.^<br />

Clive (1851) II. 526 The meetings were large, stormy, even<br />

riotous, the debates indecently virulent. 1868 Freeman<br />

Norm. Coftq. II, App. 540 He stops twice in the course of<br />

his history to apostrophize. . Harold. .In terms of virulent<br />

abuse.<br />

O. Of persons, their dispositions, etc.<br />

i6i» PuRCHAs Pilgrimage (1614) 215 Let him take heed of<br />

striking hb wife, said another, or to be virulent in termes<br />

against her. 1647 Clarendon Contempl. Ps. Tracts (1727)<br />

472 Let the virulent tongues of ill men traduce us with what<br />

calumnies they please. 1693 J. EDWARt)S Author. O. 4- N,<br />

'Pest. 150 ( Appiun), a virulent writer against the jews. 1714<br />

Swift Pres. St. Aff. Wks. 1841 I. 495 Since the virulent<br />

opposers of the queen.. have so far prevailed, .as to make<br />

leicj. i79« Gouv. Morris in Sparks Life ^ Writ. (1832) 1 1.<br />

327 His enemies here are as virulent as ever. 1833 I. Taylor<br />

Fanat. i. 3 The deluded religionist, even when virulent in<br />

an extreme degree. 1855 Macaulay //if/. Eng. xiii. III.<br />

243 .<br />

276 He had since disgusted some virulent fanatics by his<br />

humanity and moderation. 1883 F. M. Peard Contrad. I.<br />

42, I am glad you don't consider me very virulent.<br />

Hence Virulent 7;. iratis., to render virulent.<br />

1661 Feliham Kcsoives (ed. 8) 11. Ivi. 301 They say.<br />

Certain spirits virulented from the inward humor, darted on<br />

the object, convey a Venom where they point and fix.<br />

Virulently (vi-rizJlemli), adv. [i. prec. +<br />

-LY -.] In a virulent manner ; with virulence or<br />

violence : a. Of actions, language, etc.<br />

*599 Broughton's Lett. xi. 38 The raising of whose bones,<br />

more virulently, then truly, you obiect to this our /l/oj^a/icailland.<br />

1607 R. C[ahew] tr. Estienfu's World Wend. 274<br />

There was neuer yet controuersie in Christian religion so<br />

stoutly, so vehemently^ nor so virulently canuased and<br />

yentil.ited. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. 11, § loi Which,<br />

it may be, made the other to be the more virulently remembered.<br />

1709 Hearke Collect. (O. H. S.) II. 306 Sachevereli<br />

. . levell'd his. .Anathemas most virulently against him.<br />

1783 Hailes Anc. Chr. Ch. ii. 23 The device of forging<br />

acts of Pilate, in which Christ was virulently defamed.<br />

x8i6 ScoTT Bl. Dwar/'w, Sentiments so virulently misanthropic.<br />

1856 Miss Mulock J. Halifax xxvi. Catholics<br />

were hunted down both by law and by public opinion, as<br />

virulently as Protestant nonconformists.<br />

b. Of poisons, diseases, etc.<br />

x63a Massincer & Field Fatal Dowry ur. i. This<br />

potion that hath wrought so virulently 1 1858 Copland<br />

Diet. Pract. Med. III. 11. 1341/2 The., effects of the malady<br />

having become thus virulently contagious. 1867 H. Macmillan<br />

Bible Teach, vi. 112 Though some kinds are virulently<br />

poisonous, yet a large number are highly useful to<br />

man. 1876 yml. R. Geog. Soc. XLVI. 54 Several are<br />

pitted with sinall-pox, which ranged virulently, .about ten<br />

years ago.<br />

Vi'mlentness. rare, [f. as prec. + -NESS.]<br />

Virulence.<br />

^1676 Hale True Relig. 111.(1684) 43 These bitternesses<br />

and virulentnesses.. have been commonly of two kinds. 1717<br />

Bailey (vol. II), Virulentness, poisonous Nature; also<br />

Maliciousness.<br />

II Virus (vaia-ros). [L, virus slimy liquid,<br />

poison, offensive odour or taste. Hence also F.,<br />

Sp,, Pg. vtn4S.']<br />

In Lanfranc^s Cirurgie (c 1400) 77 the word, explained as<br />

*a thin venomy quitter', is merely taken over from the<br />

Latin text.<br />

1. Venom, such as is emitted by a poisonous<br />

animal, Also^^.<br />

1599 Brottghtons Lett. iv. 14 You. .baue. .spit out all the<br />

vints and poyson you could conceiue, in the abuse of his.<br />

person. 1701 M^M.n Poisons 26 The Story of Cleopatra..<br />

pouring the Virus of an Asp into a Wound made in her Arm<br />

by her own Teeth. 17*8 Chambers O-c/. s.v. Viper, By the<br />

Microscope, the Virus [of the viper] was found to consist of<br />

minute Salts in continual Motion. 1867 Dk. Argyll Rergn<br />

of Law i. 37 That the deadly virus shall in a few minutes<br />

curdle the blood. 1879 R. T. Smith Basil Gi. ix. iii He<br />

it was who hollowed the minute sting of the bee to shed its<br />

virus through.<br />

2. Path. A morbid principle or poisonous substance<br />

produced in the body as the result of some<br />

disease, esp. one capable of being introduced into<br />

other persons or animals by inoculation or otherwise<br />

and of developing the same disease in them.<br />

X7»8 Chambers Cycl., Virulent^ a Terni apply'd to any<br />

thing that yields a Virus j that is, a corrosive or contagious<br />

Pus. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl.^ To Sir W. Philip<br />

3 Oct., When lie examined the egesta,z.r\d. felt his pulse, he<br />

declared that much of the z'irus was discharged. 1799 Med.<br />

frnl. I. 44B Whether opium applied externally, may or<br />

may not prove an antidote to the canine virus. 1800 Ibid,<br />

III. 352 Ihc pustules.. contain a perfect Small-pox virus,<br />

i8a6 S. Cooper First Lines Surg. (ed. 5) 165 In consequence<br />

of the virus being mixed with the saliva of the rabid animal.<br />

1878 T. Bryant Pract. Sing. I. 73 It should never be forgotten<br />

that it is the virus which infects the system. 1899<br />

Allbutt'i Sysi. Med.VWl. 602 Possibly there is some virus<br />

acting on the nerve-centres.<br />

attrib, x86o W. T. Fox in Trans. Obstetr. Soc. 1 1. 210 The<br />

general symptoms being the result of virus action. Ibid.<br />

228 This latter action is alike common to all forms of virus<br />

disease.<br />

3. fig. A moral or intellectual poison, or poisonous<br />

inHuence.<br />

17^8 Warner in Jesse Selwyn 4- Contemp. (1844) III. 317<br />

Venice is a stink


VISA.<br />

Hence 'Ti-** v. trans., to \isi. Also Vi'saed<br />

^/. a.<br />

1S47 Webster s.v. /*/V, Hence, travelers speak of getting<br />

their passports vistud. 1858 Homans CycL Commerce<br />

1500/2 For each passport so visaed, 1896 li^estm. Gaz.<br />

3 Mar. 3/2 For want of the same readily visaed passport.<br />

tVi'Sable,<br />

'?. Obs.—^ [f. Vise z/. + -able.]<br />

Able to plan or act wisely.<br />

c 1440 LovELiCH Merlin ix. 9544 (TheyJ seiden he was a<br />

worthy knyht, vayllaunt & vysable jn every fyht.<br />

Visage (vi'zed^), sb. Forms: 4-6 vysage (4<br />

fysa^e), uisage, 4- visage (4, 5 .SV., wisage,<br />

wysage), 5 visache, 6 visadge, 6 Sc. visag<br />

(wissag), vissage ; 4 vysege, fisege, 5 fyssege ;<br />

5 vesage, -ayge, Sc, wesage, 6 ^V. vessage.<br />

[a. AF. and OF. (also mod.F.) visage,-^^, visage,<br />

visaje, Pg. visagem. It. visaggio^ i, L, 'vis-us face<br />

(cf. Via sb>) : see -age.]<br />

1. The face, the front part of the head, of a<br />

person (rarely of an animal).<br />

1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 5S87 He hydde hys<br />

vysege al |»at he my^t, Out of knowlych of here sy?t. 13 .<br />

Coerde L. 827 Sche gahchyd herself in the vysage. c 1340<br />

Nominale (Skeat) 14 Forhede, visage, and browes. c 1380<br />

Sir Ferumb. 1162 (>e bond J»at is fysage was bonnde wy)».<br />

f 1400 Lan/ranc's Cirur^. 141 To treten of anotamie of ^e<br />

visage, a j^$o Afirk's /-'estial 141 Then had \>U Vaspasyan<br />

..a inaledy yn hys vysage. ^1489 Caxton Sonnes 0/<br />

Ay$non ix. 230 They scratched theyr vysages & pnUed<br />

theyr heeres. 1568 Graftos Chron. II. 296 He was sore<br />

hurt in the bodye and in the visage. 1588 Shaks. /,, L. L.<br />

V. ii. 144 Vpon the next occasion that we meete, With<br />

Visages displayd to talke and greete. 163a J. Porv in<br />

Ellis Orig. Lett, Ser. 11. III. 272 One out of the house dischardgedhaileshot<br />

upon Mr. Atturntes sonnes face, which<br />

..pitifully mangled his visage. 1653 W. Ramesev Astral,<br />

Restored 297 Rubbing their feet about their visage and<br />

head, whence the vulgar usually say at such times, the<br />

cat washeth her face. 1697 Drvden ^neid ix. 1019 Scalp,<br />

face, and shoulders, the keen steel divides ; And the shared<br />

visage hangs on equal sides. 1715 Pope Iliad 11. 331<br />

Sbmnk in abject fears, From his vile visage (he] wiped the<br />

scalding tears. 1784 Cook's Voy. II. iv. i. 273 Sometimes<br />

the orator of the canoe would have his face covered with a<br />

mask, representing either a human visage, or that of some<br />

animal. 1797 Godwin Enquirer 1. xii. 108 There are no<br />

wrinkles in his visage. 1843 Borrow Bible in Spain vi,<br />

The sun burnt my visage, but I heeded it not. 1847 C.<br />

Bronte y. Eyre xxvi. The maniac bellowed : she parted<br />

her shaggy locks from her visage, i860 Tvndall Glac. i.<br />

v. 41 The ruddy lire-light . . lending animation to the visages<br />

sketched upon them \sc. the walls] with charcoal.<br />

't'b. In em's (or the) visage, in or to one*s face,<br />

X430-40 LvDC. Bochas V. X. (1554) 120 b, On a day, the<br />

story telteth us, With Aflfricans and folkcs of Chartage,<br />

Sipbax the Romaines met in the visage. 1470-85 Malokv<br />

Arthur t. xi. 61 But euer the xj Kyiiges and their hooste<br />

was euer in the vysage of .Arthur. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg.<br />

18/2 That the moneye-.he tooke and dyde with all his<br />

prouffyt, and [it] was prevyd in his vysage that [etc.]. 1521<br />

Burgh Rec. Stirling {\Z%-f) 12 Frier Wynssent. .protestit<br />

solemnitlyin presensof the saidis bailies, and in the vesiagh<br />

\sic\ of the haiU court, that [etc.].<br />

2. The face with reference to the form or proportions<br />

of the features,<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 18858 O suilk a modfir, wel slik a child.<br />

Wit fair wisage. 13.. K. Alts. 6425 (I^ud MS.), Ano]>er<br />

folk bisiden is, WiJ» brode visage, & pleyn, I wys. 1375<br />

Barbour Bruce i, 383 In wysage wes he sumdeill gray.<br />

-uerse in somme caas or of body or of membres<br />

..or of the visage. (11533 Lu. Berneks Huon xxiv. 71, I<br />

neucr sawc.soofayre a creture in y* visage. 1550 J. Coke<br />

Eng. ff Fr. Heralds §5, Saynt Gregory.. writeth,.howe<br />

the vysages of Englande resemble more unto aungelles tlian<br />

earthly creatures. 159* R. D. Hypnerotovtachia 34 b,<br />

With a visage adulterated betwixt a mans and a Goates.<br />

x6a5 B. JoNSON Staple News 11, i, Shun. And such a parboil'd<br />

visage !<br />

Fit. His face looks like a dyer's apron, ju^t.<br />

1697 Drvden ALneid ix. 890 Old Butes' form he took, . . His<br />

wrinkled visage, and his hoary hairs. 171a Steele Spect.<br />

No. 518 P9 The intrinsick Worth. .is ordinarily calculated<br />

from the Cast of his Visage, the Contour of his Person [etc.].<br />

X769 E. Bancroft Guiana 133 The visage of this animal is<br />

erect, & pretty much resembles that of the Quato. 1775<br />

AoAiR Amer. Ind. 5 Their faces are tolerably round, contrary<br />

to the visage of the others, which inclines mucli to<br />

flatness. x8so W. Ikving Sketch Bk. I. 72 Their visages,<br />

loo, were peculiar : one had a large head, broad face, and<br />

imall piggish eyes. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola iii, A visage<br />

like mine, looking no fresher than an apple that has stood<br />

the winter. x866 G. Macdonald Ann, Q. Neighb. xxxii.<br />

(1878) 554 The form of her visage was altered.<br />

3. The face or features as expressive of feeling or<br />

temperament ;<br />

the countenance.<br />

133^ R. BRUNNKCAr^w*. (1810) 308 BoldelyJ>ei bed bataile<br />

with village fuUe austere. at tellenhem treut^e,<br />

noo drede )»ei frozen heere owen confusion, c 1400 Rom.<br />

Rose 7^e welkyn. 1570-6 Lam-<br />

BARDE Peramb. Kent (1826) 395 This is the lively visage in<br />

deede, both of the one and the other.<br />

7. An appearance or aspect. -^ By the first visage^<br />

at first sight.<br />

142a Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. 157 Ofte tymes verite hath<br />

a vysage of lesynge, and ofte tymes a lesynge hath a coloure<br />

of verite. 1456 Sir G. Have Laxv Arms (S.T.S.) 193<br />

As be the first visage it semys that he suld nouthir obey to<br />

the tane na to the tothir. 1531 Elyot Gov. i. x, To here<br />

ihinges merueilous and exquisite, whiche hath in it a visage<br />

of some thinges incredible. 1693 Ray Creation i. (ed. 2) 103<br />

'J'he sad and melancholick Visage of their Leaves, Flowers<br />

and Fruit. x8ix Pinkerton /*^/?a/. I. 351 Noble serpentine,<br />

.is generally of a dark leek green, and of an unctuous<br />

visage. 1905 Times, Lit. Supp. 27 Jan. 28/3 Freeman.,<br />

tries to reconstitute the visage of the towns Pippin.. took<br />

and the towns he passed by.<br />

f 8. An assumed appearance ; an outward show<br />

a pretence or semblance. Obs.<br />

1390 Gower Con/ III. 227 Thing which men nevere afore<br />

knewe He broghte up thanne of his taillage, And all was<br />

under the visage Of werkes which he made tho. 1524 St.<br />

Papers Hen. V/II, VI. 280 Demonstracions and colorable<br />

deallnges, .sounding more to a shewe and visage then to<br />

any parfite frute. 1534 More Com/, agst. Trib. iii. Wks.<br />

1211/2 They see him so many times make a great visage of<br />

warre, whan he myndeth it not. 1604 Shaks. Oth. i. i. 50<br />

Others there are Who trym'd in Formes, and visages of<br />

Dutie, Keepe yet their hearts attending on themseUies.<br />

a 1684 Leighton Comm. 1 Pet. iii. 15 ' Be not deceived;<br />

God is not mocked.' He looks through all vis.ages and<br />

appearances, in upon the heart.<br />

t b. To give a visage, to create an appearance<br />

or impression. Obs.<br />

1549 Bonner jn Foxe A. Sf M. (1563) 717/1 Lest that<br />

they tarieing with such preachers should.. gyue a vysage<br />

to the encouragement of other. Ibid. 718/1 Your tarieng<br />

with him still . . shal geue a visage, that there doctrin is<br />

tollerable.<br />

9. Comb., 2,% visage-burner, -changed ad].<br />

i6j5 K. Long tr. Barclay's Argenis 11. viii. 88 As once in<br />

Tyre Pale, guilty, visage-chang'd Penthevs appear'd. z8a4<br />

J. BowRiNG Batavian Anthol. 158 Beast—annoyer—visageburner—<br />

Fair-one's spoiler— maiden's hate,<br />

t Vi"Sage, v. Obs. rare. [f. prec. F. envisager<br />

is recorded only from 1583, and there is no independent<br />

evidence for Palsgrave's visager^<br />

VIS-A-VIS.<br />

1. trans. To face or confront.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Merch, T. 1029 Al hadde man seyn a<br />

thyng with bothe hise eyen, Yit shul we wommen visage it<br />

hardily, And wepe and swere and chide subtilly.<br />

2. To look upon or at ; to regard or observe.<br />

1450 Paston Lett. I. 150 My Lord was with the Kyiige,<br />

and he vesaged so the mater thatalle the Kynges howshold<br />

was and is aferd ryght sore. 1530 Palsgr. 765/2 This man<br />

hath vysaged me wellsythe I cameinadores. 1531 Elvot<br />

Goz>, 11. ii. The theues. .humbly approched to Scipio, who<br />

visaged them in suche fourme that they.. made humble<br />

reuerence.<br />

Hence +Vi'saging vbl. j/^., meeting, encountering.<br />

Obs,<br />

a 1500 Gough Chron. in Six Town Chi-on. (1911) 159 The<br />

duke of Somerset! and Sir John Nevyle knyght son of the<br />

Erie of Salisbury had grete visagyng to gidder at London.<br />

Visaged (vi-zed^d), a. [f. Vjsage j^^.] Having<br />

a visage of a specified kind.<br />

Frequent (from the 15th c.) as-the second element in<br />

combs., e.g. black-, close; double', grim-, hard-, long-,<br />

sharp-visaged : see these adjs.<br />

13.. A'. Alls. 6351 (Laud<br />

Visaged after hounde I wys.<br />

MS.), Anojjer folk bisyde is<br />

X607 Walkington Opt. Glass<br />

65 By reason of his sad heavy humor, always stoically<br />

visaged. x6t3 T^vo Noble K. v. iii. 52 Arcite is gently<br />

visagd. X638 Mayne Luciau (1664) 132 Before his arrivall<br />

he made a linnen head to his Dragon, visaged like a Man,<br />

and painted like one. 1865 H. Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. 11.<br />

ii. (1868) 153 Christ passes before us visaged in sorrow. 1894<br />

Heslop Northumbld. Wds. 375 Hickory/yeced, pockmarked,<br />

ill visaged.<br />

Visar, obs. Sc. form of VisoB.<br />

Visard.(e, obs. forms of Vizard.<br />

II Vis-a-vis (vi:zav/"-), sb.jprep., and adv. Also<br />

8 viz-a-viz, 8-9 vis-a-vis. [F. vis-h-vis face to<br />

face, f. vis :— L, visum, ace. of visits sight, face :<br />

see Vis sb,'^'\<br />

A. sb, 1. A light carriage for two persons sitting<br />

face-to-face. Obs. exc. Hist.<br />

X753 H. Walpole Let. to G. Montague 17 July, He was<br />

walking slowly, .with., two pages, three footmen andaw/Vd-vis<br />

following him. 1768 J. Byron Na^r. Patagonia (ed.<br />

2) 230 The common vehicle hei^e is a calash, or kind of vis-<br />

Ji-vis, drawn by one mule only. X781 W. Hayley Triumphs<br />

0/ Temper 11. 98 Her quick eyes sparkle with siu-prise to see<br />

The glories of a golden viz-a*viz. 183X Sir J. Sinclair<br />

Corr. II. 357 It is necessary to purchase a very strong carriage.<br />

. . A vis-a-vis is the best shape, made so that it can be<br />

converted into a bed. 1844 Act 7


VIS-A-VIS.<br />

1814 Scott If^av. Ixi, Waverley .. found himself in the<br />

desired vehicle, Tis-d-vis to Mrs. Nosebag. 1841 Mrs.<br />

MozLRY Lost Brooch II. XX. 142 Only too well pleased lo<br />

find myself once again vh a vis to Constance Duff. 1870<br />

Disraeli Lothair xxi, Lothair was there vis-a-vis with<br />

Miss Arundel.<br />

Hence Vls-^via v, ; Tis-ii-visness.<br />

1839 LEVERy/. Loi-reguer vi, -Xhe hissing kettle on the<br />

hob was vis a vis'd by a gridiron with three newly. taken<br />

trout, 1887 E. GuRNEY Tertium Quid I. 371, I doubt<br />

whether it would involve anything like the sense of vis-avis-ness<br />

or parallelism, suggested to me now by such a<br />

phrase as ' posited myself in space '.<br />

Vise, abbrev. form of Viscount.<br />

Viscaclia (viskcenja). Also 8 viscaoho, 8-9<br />

viscaccia, 9 vizcacha, vischacha. [a. Sp. viscacha<br />

(also biscacha Biscacha), ad. Quichuan<br />

{Ji)tiiscacha. Hence also F. viscaq7ie.'\ One or<br />

other of two large burrowing rodents of South<br />

America, related to the chinchilla.<br />

a. The Za^/////;; c«z;iVr/V, inhabiting the upper<br />

Andes from Chill to Ecuador ; the Alpine viscacha.<br />

1604 E. G[bimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. xxxviii.<br />

314 There are other small animalles which they cail Viscochas,<br />

and are like to hares, although they be bigger. 1781<br />

Pennant Hist. Quadrup. 1 1. 376 Allied to this [Cape Hare]<br />

seems the ViscachoSy 01 V'iscachas^ mentioned by Acosta<br />

and Fcuill^, in their accounts of Peru. i8ox Shaw Gen.<br />

Zool. II. I. 209 Viscw.cia. . . This species is said to have the<br />

general appearance of a Rabbet. i8zi W. Walton Peruv.<br />

Sheep 175 They afford furs and ornamental skins,, .particularly<br />

the viscacha, which is a species of rabbit. 1849 Sk.<br />

Nat. Hist.f Mammalia IV. 126 The general colour of the<br />

viscacha of the western acclivities of the Peruvian Andes.<br />

is grayish ash, clouded here and there with a tint of brown.<br />

1879 E. P. Wright Animal Li/e (Cassell) 196 I'he Alpine<br />

Viscacha {Lagidiitm cuvierii) inhabits the lofty Andes of<br />

Chili, Bolivia, and Peru.<br />

b. The Lagostomus trickodactyUts of the southem<br />

Argentine pampas.<br />

X836 Partington's Brit. CycL Nat. Hist. II. 26 The Viscacha<br />

{Lagostomus trichodactyius) is about the size of a<br />

rabbit. 1855 prr'j Circ. Sci.yprg. Nat. III. 464 The Viscacha.<br />

.inhabits the great plains of Buenos Ayres, where it<br />

digs burrows for itself. £^i88s CasseiCs Nat. Hist. III.<br />

138 The Viscacha lives on the Pampas from Buenos Ayres<br />

to the borders of Patagonia.<br />

So Vlscache. rare~^.<br />

1847-9 'I'odds Cyci. Anat. IV. I. 373 In the viscache the<br />

squamous portion of the temporal bone ts. .deeply indented.<br />

t Viscate, /;*/. fl. Oh.-^ [ad. I,, viscdt-us:<br />

cf. next and Inviscate v,'\ Inviscated.<br />

c 1400 Liin/ranc's Cirurg. 136 Wlke blood is not viscat tn<br />

J>e substaunce of dure matris, as pe mater is in empostymes.<br />

Visoated, ppl. a. [f. L. viscCit-usy pa, pplc.<br />

of viscare, f. viscus, viscum birdlime.] (See quots.)<br />

16*3 C0CKERA.M I, I'iscatedy taken with Bird-lime. 1656<br />

Bloi;nt G/ossogr.^<br />

lime.<br />

Viscated^ dressed, or taken with Bird-<br />

II Viscera (visera), sb.pl, [L., viscera \i\tcxm\<br />

organs, pi. of viscus Vrscua 2. Cf, It. viscere, Sp.<br />

and Pg. visceras, F, visc^res.']<br />

1. Anat, The soft contents of the principal cavities<br />

of the body ; esp. the internal organs of the<br />

trunk; the entrails or l-owels together with the<br />

heart, liver, lungs, etc.<br />

1651 BtGCS Ntiv Disp. p 174 Exhausting the stock of aliment<br />

from the vasa and I'tscera. 1667 Phil. Trans, II. 545<br />

Also lifting up the Viscera of the lower Belly. ijriSQfiNcv<br />

Compt. Disp. Ill For in the Intentions, the Seat of the<br />

Complaint is most commonly in the Viscera. 1750 PkiL<br />

/"ra/w. XLVII. 83(11 Uj to keep them from touching the<br />

abdominal viscera of this animal. 1801 Med. Jrnl. V. 500<br />

Instancing its powerful effects in obstructions of the viscera,<br />

especially in hver cases. 1845 Budd Dis. Liver yi Great<br />

stress is laid on the case of the mollusca, animals whose<br />

liver is generally immense in proportion to their other viscera.<br />

1878 W. H. Dall Later Preh. Man 18 The viscera<br />

had evidently been removed, but the muscular and cutane*<br />

ous tissues were in tolerable preservation,<br />

•\\i. fig. - HowEL j(^.* 3, Obs.<br />

X65S P^ CuLVERWEL Treat. 11. vi. (1661) 141 Do you think<br />

now that God will trust these with his more special mercies,<br />

with his viscera and tender mercies ?<br />

2. transf. The interior ; the inner parts : =<br />

Bowel sb.^ 4.<br />

1709 T. RoBtNSON Vind. Mosaick Syst. 41 If the Atheist<br />

wilt venture himself into the Interior Viscera or Bowels of<br />

the Earth. i8>8 Lights 4- Shades I. 210, I dived into the<br />

viscera of Newgate-market.<br />

Visceral (vi'seral), a, [ad. med.L. visceralis<br />

(Du Cange) internal, f. viscera', see prec. So<br />

OF. visceral (fig.), F. visciral^ Sp. visceral^ It,<br />

viscerale.]<br />

+ 1. a. Affecting the viscera or bowels regarded<br />

as the seat of emotion ; pertaining to, or touching<br />

deeply, inward feelings. Obs,<br />

1575 Fenton Gold. Epist. (1582) 117 Thys warre is called<br />

Viscerall, for that it is bredde and begon in the hearte, and<br />

dissolueth and takes ende in the hearte. i6s6T. H[awkins]<br />

tr. Caussin's Holy Court 288 He is vnited to all men, as<br />

oftentyinesas they receyue him, by a viscerall transfusion of<br />

himseffe, as one shouUl melt one waxe within another. 1617<br />

DoNS'E Serm. (1640) 28^ Christ here sends Paracletum in a<br />

more entire and a more internall and more Viscerall sense—<br />

Comforter. 1640 Bp. Reynolds Passions xi. 109 Love is of<br />

all other the inmost and most viscerall affection ; and there-<br />

' fore called by the apostle. BoweU '. of love<br />

f b. fi^. Lying in the entrails or inward parts.<br />

i6s4 Donne Serm. xvii, (1640) 167 There is the land of<br />

245<br />

Gold, centricall Gold, viscerall Gold, gremiall Gold, Gold<br />

in the Matrice and womb of God.<br />

2. Phys. Of disorders or diseases: Affecting the<br />

viscera or internal organs.<br />

1794 in Morse W;wr. Geog. I. 500 The Lebanon pool is<br />

famous for having wrought many cures.. even in visceral<br />

obstructions and indigestion. 1845 Ford Handbk. Spain<br />

II. 91Q A spring.. much frequented for visceral disorders.<br />

1862 Smiles Engineers HI. 247 Disease also fell upon him,—<br />

first fever, and then visceral derangement. 1876 IIristovvk<br />

Th. ^ Piact. Med. (1878) 288 'Ihe visceral lesions and<br />

cachexias which supervene on ague.<br />

3. Anat. Of or pertaining to, consisting of, situated<br />

in or among, the viscera.<br />

i8s6 KiRBY & Sp. Entomol. xxxviii IV. 62 The bronchix<br />

..may be considered as consisting in general of. .visceral<br />

ones which enter the cavity of the body, and are lost<br />

amongst the viscera and the caul [etc,]. 1853 Kanr<br />

Grinnell Exp. xxx. (1856) 259 The lost art of petrified visceral<br />

monstrosities seen at the medical scliools. 1870<br />

RoLLESTON Am'm. Li/e Introd. p. xix, In the sub-kingdom<br />

vertebrata. .visceral systems exist in specialized and differentiated<br />

forms. x88o Bastian Brain 34 Such communicating<br />

branches are especially numerous in the course of the<br />

visceral nerves.<br />

b. Visceral cavity^ that part of an animal body<br />

in which the viscera are contained.<br />

1846 Dana Zooph. (1848) 11 A visceral cavity closed<br />

below. 1851 S. P. Woodward Mollusca i. 31 Sea-water is<br />

admitted to the visceral cavity of many of the moUusks by<br />

minute canals. x868 Duncan Insect iVorld Introd. 14 It<br />

is the unoccupied portions of the great visceral cavity<br />

which serve as conductors to the blood.<br />

4. Pertaining to the viscera of animals used as a<br />

means of divination.<br />

1833 Mks. Browning Prometh. Bound Poems 1850 I. i6r,<br />

I.. taught what sign Of visceral lightness, coloured to a<br />

shade, May charm the genial gods. x86i Col. Hawker in<br />

C. E. Byles Life * Lett. (1905) xvii. 382, I have visceral<br />

augury.<br />

5. Anat. a. Visceral layer, a portion of the<br />

arachnoid membrane.<br />

1840 G. V. Ellis Anat. 13 That portion of it. which<br />

covers the brain, or the visceral layer, is separated from tiie<br />

brain by a considerable interval. 1875 Sir W.Turner in<br />

Encycl. Brit. I. 865/1 Many anatomists regard the arachnoid<br />

as the visceral layer of a serous membrane.<br />

b. Visceral arch y one of a set of parallel ridges<br />

in the region of the mouth in the embryonic skull.<br />

Visceral cleft, one of the intervals between the<br />

visceral arches.<br />

1870 Rolleston Anim. Life Introd. p. xlvii. The malleus<br />

of Mamnialta . . being developed out of the proximal elements<br />

of the first visceral arch. 187a Mivart Elem. Anat. i.<br />

(1873) 5 These arches are separated by temporary aperfures<br />

termed 'visceral clefts'. 1875 Sir W. Turxer in Encycl.<br />

Brit, I. 8-ii/i Immediately below each maxillary lobe four<br />

arches, called branchial or visceral, arise in the ventralaspect<br />

of the head.<br />

Hence Vi'soerally adv. (In quot.y?^.)<br />

a 1636 C. FitzGeffrev Comp. to7u. Captives iil. (1637) 38<br />

Then shall your compa-^sion extend it selfe more visceralTy<br />

towards your afflicted brethren.<br />

Viscerate, v. 'are, [f. Visceka + ate :i,<br />

after eviscerate.'] Irans. To eviscerate, disembowel.<br />

Alsoyf^.<br />

17J7 Bailkv (vol. II), FiVc^r/i/;^, having the Bowels taken<br />

out. ij^ sporting Mag. XII. 53 A butcher was employed<br />

one evening to viscerate a mare. 1830 Examiner 659 i<br />

A vain pretender, who.. falls a victim to his temerity and<br />

is dissected ;—viscerated to the edification of the profession.<br />

Visoeration. rare-^. [ad, L. viscerdlio, f.<br />

viscera Viscera.] (See quots.)<br />

1613 CocKERAM I, I'isceration, a dole of raw flesh. 1656<br />

Blount Glossogr. (after Cooper), Visceration.. ^ood chear,<br />

a dole or distributing raw flesh at the death of rich men, or<br />

when hogs are killed ; also the garbage that Hunters give<br />

their Dogs.<br />

Viscero- (vi-ser*?), combining form, on Greek<br />

models, of L. viscera Viscera, employed in anatomical<br />

terms, as viscero-branchidl, 'pericardial^<br />

-pleural (etc.), adjs. Also viisceropto'fiis Path.<br />

(see quot. 1897).<br />

The more correct combining form visceri- is given in<br />

some dictionaries, as viscericardial, etc.<br />

1W3 E. R. Lankbster in Encycl. Brit. XVI. 667/1 The<br />

pericardium is extended soastoforma very large sac passing<br />

among the viscera dorsal wards.. the viscero. pericardial<br />

sac. Ibid, 679/3 The visceral nerves of the viscero-pleural<br />

ganglion.pair. 1888 Hov/e.^ 8i Scott Huxley «f Martins<br />

Biol. i. 108 Viscero-utotor nerves ; seen to arise from both<br />

sympathetic and lumbo-sacral plexus for distribution to the<br />

pelvic viscera. 1888 W. Hrrdman in Encycl. Brit. XXIII.<br />

613/1 A third great sinus, the viscero-branchial vessel. 1897<br />

AllbHtt''s S^st. Med. III. 587 The names enteroptosis or<br />

visceroptosis have been applied to cases in which various<br />

abdominal organs have become displaced from their normal<br />

positions. 1905 H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 11 In other<br />

cases the symptoms are due to visceroptosis.<br />

t Viscero Be, a. Obs.~^ [-ose.] = next.<br />

1690 }, KnwARtJS Demonstr. Exist. God 11. (1696) 83 This<br />

viscerose sort of flesh is most suitable . . to those vessels and<br />

parts of the body which are composed of it.<br />

tVi'scerous, a. Obs. [f. ViscER-A + -ous.]<br />

Of the nature of, resembling that of, the viscera.<br />

1657 W. Coles Adam in Eden x!ix. It [fumitory] prevaileth<br />

in Chronicall diseases arising from stoppings ofthe<br />

viscerous parts. 1668 Culpeppf.r & Colk Barthol. Anat.<br />

Introd., Viscerous flesh or the flesh of the Bowels. waS<br />

Chambers Cycl. s.v. Flesh, The Antients made five different<br />

kinds of Flesh :. .The third, Viscerous, as the Flesh of<br />

the Stomach and Intestines.<br />

VISCONTIEL.<br />

Viscid (vi'sid), a. [ad. late L. viscid-us, f.<br />

L. viscmu birdlime (see Viscous a.).<br />

OF. viscide, It. viscido.]<br />

Hence also<br />

a glutinous<br />

1. Of fluid orsoftsubstnnces : Having<br />

or gluey character ; sticky, adhesive, ropy. (Cf.<br />

Viscous a. I<br />

.)<br />

1635 Brathwait Arcad. Pr. 235, I meane by sweatings<br />

and suffumigations to extract all those viscid and oily<br />

humours. 1657 Physical Diet., Viscid phlegm^ clammy<br />

tough phlegm, roping like birdlime. 167a Grew Auat.<br />

Roots I. iii, $21, 1 call it a Balsame;. . Yet not a Terebinth;<br />

because, nothing near so viscid or tenaceous as that is.<br />

174J Loud,


VISCOSE.<br />

ViSCO'Se, J*. U' L viscum birdlime + -OSE -.]<br />

A special form of cotton pulp, applied to various<br />

industrial purposes.<br />

1896 IVestm. Cox. 10 April 8/2 A. .contract for sacks in<br />

this new cotton pulp, to which the name of viscose is given.<br />

t Viscose, 'I. Ods. [ad. l^ vtsidS'tis : see Vis-<br />

cous a.]<br />

Viscid, viscous.<br />

c S400 Lan/roitcs Cirurg. 33 (Addit. MS.), Synwys by ;<br />

kynde bub nessche and viscose, a x4ss tr. Ardernes \<br />

Trtat.Fishtia^ etc. 78, Itavoideb'«J"eranlyventoseiiez,and j<br />

wonderfully putte^ out viscose fleume & putrified. 15*6<br />

Fi/gr. Ptrf. (W, dc W. 1531) 118 The nature of a passyon<br />

of ire or fyUhy pleasure of the body is so viscose & cleuynge, 1<br />

that harde it is for a begynner in perfeccyon to put it away<br />

whan he woldc. 17*7 Bailey (voL II), Viscose, clammy,<br />

sticky, glewy. 1775 PhiL Trans. LXV. 224 A viscose<br />

matter, like that which is seen on fish newly caught, issues |<br />

from them.<br />

Viscosi'meter.<br />

[f. L- viscds-us Viscous a.<br />

see -METER.] An instrument for measuring the<br />

viscosity of liquids.<br />

1S66 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 1003 Viscosimeter. This<br />

name is given by Dollfus to an apparatus for measuring the<br />

viscosity of colouring liquids thickened with gum, &c.<br />

i8Sa Crookes Dyeing ^ Tissue.Printing 381 To test the<br />

strength of a sample, it is dissolved in water,.. and tested<br />

with the vi'^osimetcr.<br />

Viscosity (viskpslti). Also 5-6 viscosite, 6<br />

-tye,6-7-tie. [a. OK. vtscosite (F. viscositi) or<br />

ad. med.L. viscosiiaSj f. L. viscds-us viscous : see<br />

-ITY. So It. znscositd, Sp. viscosidady Pg. -idade.'\<br />

1. The quality or fact of being viscous ; viscidity. !<br />

n 14*5 tr. Ardeme's Treat. Fistula^ etc. 65 Bole with his<br />

drynes and viscosite consumij) J>e moistenes. c 1530 yudic.<br />

Urines in. vi. 50 b, Suche maner of froth sheweth alway more<br />

viscosite .. of humours in y" body, than doyth ony other<br />

maner of froth. igSa Hester Seer. Phiorav. iii. iv. 9 It<br />

taketh awaie the viscositie in the Stomacke, and openeth<br />

the powres. z6so Venner Via Recta iv. 80 The Perch is.<br />

a little inferiour. ., by reason of some viscosity in it. 1669<br />

BoVLE Contn. New Exp. 11. (1682) 140 That liquor is very<br />

thin, and hath no viscosity to resist the pervading body.<br />

1686 Goad Ceiest. Bodies i. ix. 31 Rarity is nothing but a<br />

Privation of Density, . . Friability of Viscosity. _ 1733 Chevnk<br />

Eng. Malady iii. iv. (1734) 304 The phlegm in the Glands<br />

..is nothing but the Viscosity of the Serum of the Blood.<br />

1771 T. Percival Ess. (1777) I. 190 To dissolve a general<br />

lentor and viscosity of the whole mass of fluids. i8« W. P.<br />

C Barton Flora N, Am^r. I. 65 The extreme viscosity of<br />

its pubescence, has caused it to receive the specific name it<br />

bears. 1899 Altbult's Syst. Afed.VU. 245 The resistances<br />

due to the viscosity of the blood in the arteries.<br />

_^g. x66a M. W. Marriage-Broa/aer V. i, So I, bymy viscosity.<br />

Labouring for life in love-lime [am] drown'd in<br />

Cupid's galli-poL 190a Spectator 29 Nov. 825/1 Vehicular<br />

tramc. .will, .block itself from its inherent viscosity.<br />

aitrib. 1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. -V. 461 The determination<br />

of the viscosity coefficient of the blood.<br />

b. Magmiic viscosity^ tendency on the part of<br />

a magnetic medium to retard the magnetizing force.<br />

1891 Electrical Engineer 16 Sept. 287/1 Up to the frequency<br />

tried—i.^., about 125 per_ second—there is no sign<br />

of magnetic viscosity; the magnetic cycle is unaffected [etc.].<br />

2. A viscous substance ; a collection of viscous<br />

matter. Cf. Viscidity 2,<br />

'545 Ravnald Byrtk Mankynde 56 Linesede oyle, or<br />

oyle of fenegreke, or the viscosite of holioke, and suche<br />

other. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau s Fr. Chirurg. 27b/2<br />

When the stomacke is burthened with anye cruditye of vndigested<br />

meat or drincke, or with anye other viscositye<br />

w£itsoevcr. 1646 Sir T. Bkowne Pseud. F.p. 80 As is^<br />

observable in drops of syrup, oyle and seminall viscosities.<br />

1651 French Distill, v. 143 It openeth obstructions, and<br />

urgetli viscosities of the stomack and bowells. 1707<br />

Fi 'loyer Physic. PulsC'lVatch 297 These Viscosities depend<br />

on Heat. 1794 R. J. Sulivan Vievi Nat. I. 493 The sand<br />

..has, by the means of a calcareous viscosity infiltrated by<br />

the sea, become so hard, as to become stone.<br />

Viscount (vai'kaunt). Forms: a. 3-6 viacounte<br />

(4 vescownte), 5- viscount (6 viscont).<br />

^. 5 vycounte, vicouute, vicound, 6 Sc. vecount,<br />

6-8 vioount (7 vicont). [a. AF. ves-^<br />

viscounte {-cunte, •contc'), OF. visconte^ viconle (F,<br />

vicomte)yi. vis- YiCR- + C0unee Count sd.^, after<br />

med.L. viacomes; cf. Vicb-count. So It. vis-<br />

£onte^ Pg. viscondcj Sp. vizconde.']<br />

1. Hist. One aciing as the deputy or representative<br />

of a count or earl in the administration of a<br />

district ; in English use spec, a sheriff or high<br />

sheriflF.<br />

13»7Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. wThe erle Pictaveusc<br />

..ravesched his owne viscountes wyT ibid. 165 Oon Wydomanis,<br />

viscounte of Lemovik . . foond greet tresour of<br />

gold. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 1984 Sir Valyant of Vyleris.<br />

made siche avowcz. To venquyse by victorie the vescownte<br />

of Rome ! 1484 Caxton Chivalry 23 Kyngcs oughte to<br />

baue under them dukes, Erles, vycountes and other lordes.<br />

^1513 Fabyan Chron. vii. (i8n) 287 Otho. .pursued after<br />

y* vaungarde of the kyng, of y« which were capitayns y*<br />

vicounte of Mylyon, and one named fryer Gamy. 1568<br />

Gbaftoh Chron. II. 113 The Vicount of Melun, a verye<br />

noble man of the realmeof Fraunce. 1579 Expos, Terntes<br />

Lavj 181 b, Viscount is a magistrate, and officer, of grat<br />

authoryty whom wee commonly call (Sherife). 1630 Wadsworth<br />

i^res. Estate Spain 32 Vicountes of Spayne, and<br />

the value of their Lordships, of which they are Vicounts,<br />

1710 J. Harris Lex, Techn. II, Viscounty . . Vicount^ signifies<br />

as much as Sheriff. i86x Ld. Brougham Brit. Const.<br />

iii. 42 All the freeholders assembled under the viscount or<br />

sheriff. 1867 Frfkman Nonn. Cong. (1877) I. v. 302 Neal,<br />

the valiant Viscount of the district.<br />

Comb. 1611 CoTGK-, K/cww/Z/Vr, of a Vicount, Vicountlike.<br />

'<br />

1 x6it<br />

i (Worcs.<br />

i Whom<br />

I shyp<br />

I long<br />

I<br />

I 8<br />

\<br />

i f<br />

1 1586<br />

I thense<br />

246<br />

b. Tn the island of Jersey : (seequots.).<br />

1694 Falle Jersey ii. 65 Before whom rideth the Viscount,<br />

or Sheriff, with liis Staff of Office erected, one End thereof<br />

on the Pommel of his Saddle. i86> Anstkd Channel Isl.<br />

IV. xxiii. 525 In Jersey there is an officer called Vicomle, or<br />

Viscount, who represents the High Sheriff of an English<br />

county.<br />

2. A member of the fourth order of the British<br />

peerage, ranking between an earl and a baron,<br />

Occas. contracted Visc.y Visct.<br />

This use of the tiile dates from the reign of Henry VI,<br />

when John, Baron Beaumont, was created Viscount Beaumont<br />

by letters patent of 12th February, 1440.<br />

1450 Rolls ofFarlt. V. 189/2 Notwithstondyng that Viscountes<br />

were not erecte nor create, in the tyme of..oure<br />

Fadre. c 1475 Contin. Brut 602 pe Duke of Northfolke, J>e<br />

Erie of Warwyk, Lord Facounbryge, & Vicound Bowser.<br />

a 1548 Hall Chron.^ Rich. IIl^ 25 b, Fraunces loide Louell<br />

was then made Vicount Louell, and the kynge his chamberlain.<br />

Ibid.t Hen. F///, igo The kyng . . created the<br />

vicount Rochforth Earle of Wilshire, and the vicount Fitz-<br />

] met<br />

I by<br />

\ 2.<br />

I<br />

I 161<br />

\ Phillips<br />

water was created Earle of Sussex. i6a8 Bukt'on Anat.<br />

Mel. (ed. 3) I. ii. i[i.xi, A Knight would be a Baronet, and<br />

then a Lord, and then a vicount, and then an Earle. 1631<br />

Milton Ep. M, Win. 3 The honour'd Wife of Winchester,<br />

A Viscounts daughter, an Earls heir, a 1700 Evelyn Diary<br />

17 Oct. 1664, 1 went with my Lord Visct. Cornebury to Cornebury<br />

in Oxfordshire. 1765 Blackstone Comni. 1. 385 All<br />

degrees of honour are not of equal antiquity. Those now<br />

in use are dukes, marquesses, earls, viscounts, and barons.<br />

i^io Penny Cycl. XVII. 369/2 Peers of the Realm;., the<br />

persons who fall under this description are the dukes, marquesses,<br />

earls, viscounts, and barons. i88a Ci'ssans Her.<br />

(1893) iSo The privilege of wearing Coronets was accorded<br />

to Viscounts by James the First.<br />

3. In Continental usage : The son or younger<br />

brother of a count.<br />

2848 Thackeray Van. Fair xxviii, The postillion who<br />

drove us [to Waterloo] was a Viscount, a son of some bankrupt<br />

Imperial General.<br />

Viscountcy (vai'kauntsi). [f, prec, + -cy.]<br />

The title, dignity, or rank of a viscount.<br />

x868 Daily Neivs 6 July, He exchanges a barony in the<br />

peerageof Ireland. .for aviscountcy, the fourth order in the<br />

peerage of the United Kingdom. zZ&^ L'^ool Mercury -^<br />

Mar. s/r Her Majesty has conferred the dignity of a viscountcy<br />

upon Sir Henry B. W. Brand. 1887 Ttvin Soul<br />

I. xvi. 169 Neither Baronetcy nor Viscountcy rewarded his<br />

zeal.<br />

Viscountess (vsi-kauntes). [See Viscount<br />

and -ESS. So F. vicomlesscy It. visconiessa, Sp,<br />

vizcondesa^ Pg. viscondessa^<br />

1. The wife of a viscount ; a peeress of the fourth<br />

order of nol>ility,<br />

1475 Rolls ofParlt. VL 134/1 Margaret Viscountesse Lisle,<br />

wy fe of the said Henry Bodrugaii, which is a grete estate of<br />

this Reame. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. Ixi. 80 b/2 The<br />

erle then sent letters, .desyrynge the kynge to suffre his<br />

cosyn the vycountes to be in peas. i$tg Act 21 Hen. V///,<br />

c, 13. § 17 Any-Chapeleyne of any Duches Marques Countesse<br />

Vyscountesse or Baronesse. 1578 Chr. Prayers in<br />

Priv. Prayers (1851) 521 The Viscountess. Viscountesses I<br />

do not spare ; For of them I have no care. 1643 Doc^.<br />

Lett. Pat. at O.rf, {i%-ij) 377 A Lease made. .to the said<br />

Viscountesse of parcell of the lands. 1689 Loud. Gaz. No.<br />

2444/1 A Pursuivant, a Vicountess, Vicounts. 17*8 Chambers<br />

Cycl. s.v. Vicount, A Viscountess may have lier Gown<br />

bore up by a Woman, out of the Presence of her Superiors<br />

and in their Presence by a Man. iy$i Gnw Long Story<br />

134 Why, what can the Viscountess mean? 1805 in A.<br />

Duncan Nelson (1806) 333 His relict Lady Viscountess<br />

Nelson. 1876 T. Hardy Ethelberta (1890) 317 Rather disappointed<br />

at this aspect of a viscountess's life, 1890<br />

Froude Ld. Beaconsjield xiv. 211 Mrs. Disraeli became<br />

Viscountess Beaconsfield.<br />

2. A particular size of slate.<br />

1878 D. C. Davies Slate ^ Slate Quarrying 136 Princesses<br />

. . Duchesses . . Marchionesses . . Countesses . . Viscountesses<br />

18x9. .Ladies.<br />

Viscountial, a. rare. [f. Viscount + -ial.]<br />

= ViCONTlEL a.<br />

X751 Eng. Gazetteer s.v. Lincoln, This city is a Co. of<br />

itself, .ind has a vi^countial jurisdiction for aom. round.<br />

t VisCOUUtry. Obs.-^ [-RY,] = next.<br />

a i66x Fuller Worthies, Westminster 11. (1662) 242 He<br />

forgot that he was but Lord Verulam. A Viscouniry that<br />

began and ended in him dying issu'less.<br />

Vi'sconutship. Also 7 vicount-. [f. Viscount<br />

4- -SHIP.] The dignity of a viscount ; a<br />

viscountcy.<br />

[see Viscounty 2]. a 1647 Habington Surv. Worcs.<br />

Hist. Soc.) I. 33 Concearninge the Devereuxes, in<br />

are included the Earldome of Essex and vicountof<br />

<strong>Here</strong>ford. 1651 Howell Venice 25 Crema was a<br />

time under the Vicountship of Milan untill the yeer<br />

1405. 1881 Mrs. Lynn Linton My Love I. xii. 215 The<br />

few years of his Viscountship,<br />

Viscounty (vai-kaunti). Also 6-7 vicountie,<br />

-ty. [f. Viscount + -Y. Cf. OF. vis-yViconte{i,<br />

etc., F. vicomUj It viscontado^ Sp. viz-, Pg. viscondadoj<br />

and med.L vicecomitatus.'\<br />

1. A viscount. Obs~^<br />

J. Hooker Hist. IreL in Holinshed IL 131/2 From<br />

by iourneies he marched and went to Corke, being<br />

in the waie by the vicounties of Roch and Barrie, and<br />

sir Corman Mac Teege.<br />

Hist. The office or jurisdiction of, the territory<br />

under the authority of, a viscount.<br />

1 CoTCR., Vice-conte, a vicountie, a vicountship. 1706<br />

(ed. Kersey), Viscounty, the Territory of a Viscount;<br />

asortof Lordship, or Jurisdiction in France; as The<br />

Viscounty of Turenne is very considerable. 1756 Nugent<br />

Gr. Tour, France IV. 286 Caen has a provostsnip, a pre-<br />

VISCUOUS.<br />

sidial, a vicounty, an office of the fmances of the admiralty,<br />

and other royal tribunals. 179a A. Young Trav. France 6<br />

Mons. Colmar, a Jew, bought the seignory and estate, including<br />

the viscounty of .Amiens, of the Duke of Chaulnes.<br />

1859 Jephson Brittany xvjii. 288 The Viscounty of Dinaii<br />

. .became.. the herila;;e of a young lady. 1868 Freeman<br />

Norm. Cong. (1876) II. viii. 252 William was now at a<br />

point in Neal 's own viscounty, at no great distance from his<br />

own casile. 1898 S. Evans Holy Graal 46 Five brothers<br />

shared among them the viscounty of that city [Marseilles],<br />

3. = ViscouNTcr.<br />

1859 Lever Dav. Dunn Ixxii, * But the title ? '<br />

' The Viscounty<br />

goes with the English property.' 1874 Dixos T7vo<br />

Queens xviil vii. III. 353 About the time when he received<br />

the viscounty of Rochford. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 9 Nov. 10/2<br />

His Majesty has. .been pleased to confer the dignity of a<br />

Viscounty upon Lord Iveagh, K.T.<br />

Viscous (viskas), a. Forms : 5-7 viscouse,<br />

6 vyscous, 6- viscous ; 6 vys-, viscus. [a.<br />

AF. viscous (Gower), or ad. L. viscosus (cf. Viscose<br />

a.), {. viscum (also viscus) mistletoe, birdlime<br />

made from mistletoe-berries. Cf.F. visqucux^<br />

It., Sp , Pg. viscoso-l<br />

1. Of substances : Having<br />

character. Cf. Viscid a. i<br />

a glutinous or gluey<br />

c 1400 Lanfrancs Ciritrg. 33Senewis bi kynde l>en neische<br />

& viscouse. 1533 Elyot Cast. Helthe (1541) 8 b, Flewme,<br />

. . thycke, viscouse lyke byrde lyme and heuy. 1543 Boordk<br />

Dyetiiry xii. (1870) 264 The whyte of an egge is viscus and<br />

colde. 1547 — Brev. Health § 207 Uy eaiynge of euyl &<br />

vyscus meates & euyl drinkes. 1578 Lvte Dodoens 721<br />

The fruit is.. of a viscus or clammie substance. 1605<br />

TiMMR Quersit. 1. X. 39 He cast up from his stomacke all<br />

impurity, tough and viscous. 1664 Power Exp. Phihs. i.<br />

52 A Nitt is an Egge glewed by some viscous matter to the<br />

sides of the hair it sticks to. 1686 Goad Ceiest. Bodies i.<br />

xviii. 120 Gossamere. .is nothing else but the viscous misty<br />

vapour, furled up by the warm alteration of the Air. 1718<br />

J. Chamberlayne Relig. Philos. I. ix. § 3 A viscous Liquor<br />

like Turpentine. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters I. 37 Some<br />

sustain, that the Chaos, -was a mass of a certain kind ot<br />

viscous or mucous water. xSaa Imison Sci. ff Art I. 107<br />

Water and Mercury may be considered as among the most<br />

perfect fluids. Others as oil &c. are viscous or imperfect<br />

Huids. 1859 W. H. Gregory Egyptll. 72 The rocky walls<br />

were black and sticky, and seemed to sweat a thick, fatty,<br />

viscous liquor. 189;^ Allbutt's S^-st. Med. II. 800 The<br />

blood drawn during life is dark and viscous.<br />

trans/. i8gg A U^'/ttt's Syst. Med. VI. 158 Contact with<br />

the abnormal surface sets up an immediate viscous metamorphosis<br />

of the platelets.<br />

b. Physics. Imperfectly fluid ; intermediate<br />

between solid and fluid ; adhesively soft. Also<br />

used with abstract sbs. (as state ^ etc.).<br />

(a) ii^'j'WH¥.viE.\.\. Hist. Induct. Sci. {f:d.. 2)xvni. III. 683<br />

The ice ofa glacier is. .supposed to be a plastic or viscous<br />

mass. 1863 Baring-Gould Iceland 194 The edges of the<br />

molten [lava] stream cooling and resisting the tension of<br />

the still viscous centre. 187a C. King Mountain. Sierra<br />

Nev. xii. 261 The water converted into steam, blew up the<br />

viscous rock in such forms as we find. 1880 Times 1 Dec.<br />

10 His researches on tidal retardation from the action of a<br />

satellite on a viscous planet.<br />

(b) 1830 Hekschel Study Nat. Phil. 223 The solid,<br />

liquid, and aeriform state, to which, perhaps, ought to be<br />

added the viscous, as a state iniei mediate between that of<br />

solidity and fluidity. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. viii. (1856).<br />

57 Forbes' beautifully simple views of a viscous movement.<br />

1860TYNDALL Glac, 11. xvi. 311 The inquiry as to what Professor<br />

Forbes really meant when he piopounded the viscous<br />

theory. 1863 — Heat ii. § 34. (1870) 36The viscous character<br />

of the space between the poles instandy disappears.<br />

2. jig. Adhesive, sticky.<br />

1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. xxiii, § 33. 100 These gratie<br />

solemne wittes-.haue more dignity then- focliciiy : But in<br />

some it is nature to bee somewhat viscouse and inwrapped,<br />

and not easie to turne. 1660 in Harl. Misc. (iZog) I. 276<br />

Our magistracy and judicatures, .have, .been intrusted in<br />

such viscous and birdiimed fingers.<br />

3. Bot. Of leaves: = Viscid a. 2.<br />

1712 tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs 1. 37 Leaves, like those of<br />

Linseed, but.. more viscous. 1857 A. Gray First Less. Bot.<br />

Gloss., Viscous, . .having a glutinous surface.<br />

Hence Vi'scously adv.<br />

1878 Abnev Photogr. 55 Note if the collodion flows freely,<br />

viscously, or lumpily.<br />

Vi'SCOUSneSS. Now rare or Obs. [f. prec]<br />

The quality of being viscous; viscosity.<br />

1594 Plat Jeivell-ho., Soyle 28 It is an erronious opinion<br />

to thinke that Marie . . is to be knowne from other moulds by<br />

the fattiness,- or viscousness thereof. i6ia Woodall Surg.<br />

Mate Wks. (1653) 238 The thicknesse and viscousnesse of<br />

Sulphur. 1674 Grew >I«rt/. PI., Disc. Mixture v. vL §3<br />

The very Cause of the said Viscousness of Phlegm, is<br />

chiefly some great Acidity in the Blood. 1706 Stevens<br />

span. Diet. I, Viscosidad, Viscousness, C\a.mmin*:ss. 1757 T.<br />

liiRCii Hist. Royal Soc. IV. 256 Dr. Lister, .added, that<br />

holly might turn [into stone] suddenly by reason of its<br />

viscousness and tenacity.<br />

t Viscnous, «. Obs. [Iireg. f. h.viscum^-us<br />

+ -ous.] Viscous,<br />

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 618 They testific.a repletion<br />

of grosse, viscuous or slimy humours, and a great<br />

perturbation of the spirits within. 1635 Swan Spec. M. v.<br />

§ 2 (1643) 135 When the Exhalation by reason of the want<br />

of viscuous matter is not enflamed. 1655 T. Vaughan<br />

Euphrates 24 It is even so with the World, for it was originally<br />

made of a seed, of a seminall viscuous Humidity or<br />

Water. 1705 Phil. Trans. XXV. 1977, I expected Water,<br />

but there was only a viscuous darkish Humour. 1706<br />

London & Wise Retir'd Gard'ner I. ii. 8 The coldest and<br />

most viscuous Dungs or Soil, such as Cows-Dun§. 1771<br />

Encycl. Brit. II. 468 The albumen is a cold, viscuous,<br />

white liquor in the egg.<br />

Hence Vi'scnonsness.


VISCUS.<br />

1644 DiGBV Nat. Bodies xxiii. (1658) 262 The soHdness<br />

and viscuousness of the substance will not permit it to evaporate.<br />

fl Vi'SCns ^. Obs. rare, [app.a. L. vhcus birdlime,<br />

glue.] A soft viscous substance or mass.<br />

1643 J. Steer tr. Exp. Chyrurg. viii. 36 This following<br />

Viscus. .in-:arnateth all sorts of corrupt ulcers. 1673 Ray<br />

yourii. Lozv C. 457 Snails takes alive shells and all, and<br />

pounded in a mortar till they become a perfect pap or<br />

viscus.<br />

^I.Viscas - (vi-skps). Anat. [L. viscus, usually<br />

in pi. viscera Viscera.] One or other of the soft<br />

internal organs of the body.<br />

17J8 Chambers Cyci., Liver, a large glandulous Viscus,<br />

of a red sanguine Colour [etc.]. 1754-64 Smellir Midwif.<br />

1. 144 A t-^nsion of the part ensues affecting the nerves of<br />

that Viscus. 1771 En yd. Brit. I. 238 1 It passes next behind<br />

the liver, through the great sinus of that viscus. 1804<br />

Abernethv Sur^. Obs. 236, I felt the bladder, and could<br />

puncture that viscus. 1839-47 Todds Cyci. Anat. HI.<br />

208/2 In other parts of the bxiy they assume various<br />

appearances peculiar to each viscus or organ. 1879 Spe?*-<br />

CER Data Ethics m. 33 Imperfection of any viscus, as<br />

lungs, heart or liver,<br />

trans/. i9»aT. Castle /ntrod. Boi. 260 Sap or lymph..<br />

must either be intermediately conveyed to some viscus<br />

proper to give it elaboration, or immediately distributed<br />

throughout the whole body of the plant.<br />

Visdamme, obs. variant of Vipame.<br />

Visdome, obs. So. form of Wisdom.<br />

t Vise, sby Obs.-' [Cf. Vise v.'\ View, contemplation,<br />

regard.<br />

a 1450 MvBC Par. Pr. 66 Thus thys worlde )>ow moste<br />

despyse, And holy vertues haue in vyse.<br />

Vise, sbJ^ Coalmining. Also 7 weyse. [Of<br />

obscure origin. Cf. Veise.] (See quots.)<br />

i67« G. Sinclair Misc. Observ. Ifydrostat. (1683) 281<br />

That which the coal-hewers term the vise, or some of them<br />

the weyse of the gae. .which in effect is. .but a dark vestige<br />

of the dipp or ri';e, that the body which now constitutes the<br />

gae, should have had naturally, if it had been perfected.<br />

»7*9 J; WiLLtAMS Min. A'ingd. I. 13 Your conductor, with<br />

the p )int of a pick, can open up a little of the vise or fissure<br />

in the pavement, /h'd. 14 The mine has been made in the<br />

vise or fissure of the slip. [See also Vestigia.] 1886 J.<br />

Barrowman Sc. .Mining Terms 69 P^eizi:, vees, vise, the<br />

line of fracture of a fault or hitch.<br />

Vise, var. (now usually C/.S,) of ViCK sb.- (see<br />

also sb.^, etc.) ; obs. f. Vi.ss ;<br />

(manner) ; obs. f. WiHEa.<br />

obs. Sc. f. Wise sb.<br />

t Vise. V. 0^. Forms : 4-5 vise, 5 wyae, 5-6<br />

vyse, 6 .SV. vyiss, wys. [Partly (i) aphetic f.of<br />

avisi Advise v. or Devise v. : partly (2) a. OF.<br />

(mod.F.) T'lV^r :—pop.L, *visare, f. vfs-f ppl, stem<br />

of L. vidire to see. Cf. Vizy z'.l]<br />

1. trans. To devise, contrive, make.<br />

cijas Song 0/ Yesterday 14 in E. E. P. (1862) 133 pis<br />

dayaslecf we may be liht With allc J>e mur)>es >at men<br />

may vise To reuele with ^tsc buyrdes briht. a 1400-50<br />

Alexander 4636 5* vise 50W ^ar-of [sc. goldj vessell lor<br />

vanyte & pride, /bid. 5651 pe names of all ^ prouynces<br />

& i»e places J>at he was prince ouire.. ware visid all in versis<br />

in variant letters.<br />

2. refl. To bethink oneself {well or better) ; =<br />

Advise ». 5.<br />

a 1330 Syr Degarre 542 Nou I schal vise me bette. c 1375<br />

Sc. Leg. Saints xliii. {Ceciie) 345 For-)?! is gud je wyse ^u -<br />

weilc, or ?e ty ;)e al varldis sele. a x^oo-^ Alexander ( D.) 75 1<br />

pan ayres hym forth alexander & hys aynde takes . ..wysez<br />

hym how he say wald or he aunswer ;he!des. a 1500 in<br />

/f(t//> Iia:'iH^, etc. 81 Thar ^ha is 5liai, th.ir nay is nay,<br />

Thai wysthmn weili, ore at thai say. a 1568' This ll-'aridis<br />

joy* in Bannatyne MS. (Hunter. CI.) 202 Dreid God, do<br />

Weill ;..Seik weill at weill, and vyiss the voundir weil.<br />

b. trans. To think of as useful or necessary.<br />

a 1400-50 Alexander 1-26 pen takis to him tresour 8:<br />

trus^e% in ba^gis. . .And oSire nccessari notis as nedis to his<br />

craftis To silce salmary dangell as him self vyscs.<br />

3. To advise, counsel, direct (a person); = Advise<br />

V, 9.<br />

a 15*9 Skeltom Replyc. ngst. Yng. S.:olers 297 Therfore I<br />

vyse you to forsake Of heresy the deuyllysshe scoles. a 1553<br />

Udall Royster D. i. iv. (Arb.) 26 Weil mocke muche of hir,<br />

and kcepe hir well 1 vise ye. 1587 Mascali, Goz't. Cattle,<br />

Horses < 160:1) loi To trust all currant horse-coursers, I vise<br />

thee to Ijeware.<br />

b. With clause as object ; — Advise v. 9 c.<br />

1581 A. Haix lUeid V. 08, I am content answerd the God,<br />

but in your place I vise For better end, that Pallas she do<br />

take the enterprise.<br />

4. intr. To look on (something).<br />

a 1400-50 Alexander 1539 "A ve^ioure to vise on of violet<br />

floures. Il>id.i,qi,s pan come a flijtir in of fowls as fast as<br />

it dawid, To vise on as vowtres as vermeon hewid.<br />

b. To reflect on ; to consider, contemplate.<br />

1568 T. Howell Newe Sonets (tSyg) iiS'Within whose<br />

troubled head, such thronge of thoughts doth rise, That<br />

now on this and then on that, I cease not oft to vise.<br />

6. trans. To look at or regard attentively or<br />

closely; to observe, rare.<br />

1550 Bale Eng. Votaries n. 88 She loked smothely<br />

vpon him (the storye siyth) and he as gcntyllye vy.icd her<br />

agayne. ^1557 Asp. Parker /'j. cxix. 352 inure my hart<br />

1 purpose yet all whole thy lawcs to vyse.<br />

Hence f Vised///, a., = Advised///, a. i;<br />

tVi-aing vbl. sb.^ advice, counsel.<br />

c 1375 .SV. Leg- Saints xxxvi. {Htiptista) 496 .Scho glutcrit<br />

liyme rycht ofie With wysing fare ^ wordis softe, 1422<br />

YoNGR tr. Secreta Secret, 130 Yf thou wolte largely lyue .<br />

thrc ihyngis thou moste beholde.. .The thyrde that ye can<br />

be viitide, and sec the Services and Mentis of thy Subiectes.<br />

247<br />

Vise, obs. Sc. var. Wise v. (to direct).<br />

II Vis6 (vf-z^), sb. [F. visl, pa. pple. of viser<br />

to examine, view : see Vise v:\ An entry or note<br />

on a passport, certificate, or other official docu-<br />

ment signifying that it has been examined and<br />

found correct ; a formal official signature or entry<br />

of this nature: =Visa.<br />

1858 Hawthobne Fr. t, It. Note-Iks. ( 1 883) 36 The oti,?<br />

of a mmister carries more weight than that of a consul.<br />

1904 Times 26 Aug. n/6 The . . system . . requires Consular<br />

vises andcertificates for all exports to their country.<br />

II Vise (vf-zi' ), V. [See prec] trans. To put a<br />

visi on (a passport or other document) ; to endorse<br />

or sign as correct and in due order.<br />

l8ia B. SiLLlMAN Jrnl. Trav. (1820) 111. 33 This pass,<br />

port had not been indorsed, ' vised ' as they termed it. 184a<br />

Borrow mile in Sfain viii, An officer, .despatched a soldier<br />

with me to the police office, that my passport might<br />

be visaed. 1858 Merc. Mariiu Mag. V. 24 Foreign vessels<br />

are bound to have their ship papers visid by ihe . . Consular<br />

Agents. 1891 Nation (N.Y.) 19 May 372/a The information<br />

given to Intendente Viel, who visaed the cablegram.<br />

trans/. 1854 Tait's Mag. XXI. 166 I'he same ages visi^'d<br />

other noels who wrote worse, and better.<br />

Visaire,' obs form of Vizieb.<br />

t Vi-sely, adv. Obs.-^ [Aphetic f. of avisely<br />

Advisedly aiz).] Carefully, attentively, prudenth.<br />

c 1380 WvcLlF IVks. (t88o) 278 pat (>e sotil aniortasyn^e<br />

of seculer lordischipis Jjat is don bi menene hondis 111<br />

fraude of \>^ kyngis statute be visely enquyred.<br />

t Vi'Senent. Obs. In 5-6 vyse-, vysment<br />

(5 Sc. viss-, wys-). [Aphetic f. of avisement<br />

Advisement, or directly a. OF. visement (rare) f.<br />

viser Visi n.j Consideration, deliberation, reflection,<br />

thought.<br />

? 1414 l6 Pol. Poems (t904) 58 Wi() wit and vysement all<br />

amende. Lete werk be wilnes 5e can Joure Crede. ^1440<br />

JacoPs Well 170 pe ferst spanne muste be forthowjt in<br />

thynkyng of )>i synnes be-fom, wyth a full vysement, to<br />

brynge hem to bi mynde. c 1500 Debate Carfenlers Tools<br />

25 in Hazl. E. P. P. I. 80 Thou arte a fole in that case : For<br />

thou spekes without vysment. 1535 W. Stewart Cron.<br />

Seat. (Rolls) II. 353 And syne agane to him so said this king,<br />

Without lang vysment in so grit ane thing, a 15M He<br />

Cratlous Craunii 85 in liaimatyne MS. (Hunter. CI.) 242<br />

With vertewous vysement counsall gude reasoun.<br />

tVi-sanage. Obs.~^ [Of obscure origin.] A<br />

term of abuse applied to a woman.<br />

14 . . Jieryn 1012 * Go home, lewde visenage, ))SA evil must<br />

howethcl' Quod Beryne to the damesell, & gan hir fray &<br />

feer.<br />

Visenomy, obs. variant of Visnomy.<br />

Viser, v. rare. [a. F. viser : see Vis£ v.'] trdns.<br />

= Vise v.<br />

i8jj L. Ritchie Wand, by Loire 105 At Tours, they refused.<br />

.to viser our passports. 1905 Daily Chron. 3 July<br />

51 The con.suIates are overwhelmed with applications to<br />

viser passports for people going abroad.<br />

Vi88r(e, obs. forms of Visob sb., Vizieb.<br />

tVi'sem, sb. Obs. Insvy-, 5-6 viseme, 6<br />

.SV. vis(8)orne (7 Sc. vizerne). [Altered form of<br />

viser N\909.sb.y\ A visor or vizard. Alsoy?^.<br />

c 1400 Anturs o/Arti. xxxii. Then he auaylet vppe his<br />

viserne fro his ventalle. 1483 Cath, Angl. 402/1 A vyserne,<br />

lana. 1561 ItAVsir. Biillinger on Afoe. {i^j^) -joh, Thai<br />

the very .sonnc of God plucketh of the viserne from Ihcie<br />

varlets. a 1571 Knox Hist. Ref.n: Wks. t84a II. 406 For<br />

I see the pure flock in no less daunger nor it lies bene at<br />

ony time befoir, except that the Devillhesgottinavisiernc<br />

upon his face.<br />

Hence t Vi"»eni v., f Vi-»erned ///. a., -= Vi-<br />

SOB v., VlSOBED///. a.<br />

1483 Cath. Angl. 402/1 To vyserne, larvare. a 1508<br />

Roi.LocK .SVrw. ix. Wks. (1845) I. 406 All ar visorned folk;<br />

he cuiiimis out, scho cu mmis out, all masked and disaguysed.<br />

t Visevase. Ofe.-' In 5 vyseuase. [a. obs.<br />

Du. and Flem. vise-, viese-vase (Kilian ; W.Flem.<br />

viezeveze) phantom; mod.Dn. \\!i?,viezevaas, -waas<br />

prank, trick, grimace.] A vain or empty matter.<br />

1481 Caxton Reynard\\. lArb )8 Now makelh kywaert<br />

the hare a complaynt also, that thynketh me a vyseuase.<br />

tVi'Sffee. Obs. rare. Also 7 //. vysgeis.<br />

[app. ad. Sp. and Pg. Jisga in the same sense.]<br />

(^See quot. 1620 and Fizgig 4.)<br />

'S93 '"' F. Drake Revived (1628) 45 Such poore weapons<br />

as they had : viz. a broken pointed Rapier, one old Visgee<br />

and a rustie Caliuer: lohn Drake took the Rapier, and..<br />

Richard Allen the Visegee. l6ij R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea<br />

42 The Dolphins and Bonito's are taken with certaine instruments<br />

of Iron, which we call Vysgei-s, in forme of an<br />

Eelespeare, but that the blades are round, and the poynts<br />

like vnto the head of a broad Arrow.<br />

Vishnu {\r\nu). Also 7 Vistnoy, 8 Wistohnu,<br />

8-9 Vishnoo, Vishnou. [.Skr. Vishnu,<br />

prob. f. the root vish, and meaning 'all-pervader'<br />

or 'worker' (Monier- Williams).] One of the<br />

principal Hindu deities, holding the second place<br />

in the great triad, but by his worshippers identified<br />

with the supreme deity and regarded as the preserver<br />

of the world.<br />

J638 .Sir T. Herbert Trao. (ed. j) 43 Bremaw..has<br />

power to create all other creatures. Vistney has order<br />

given to preserve them. zj6\ Orme /fist. Mil. Trans,<br />

in-tostan I. 183 That identicalimage of the god Wistchnu,<br />

which n^ed 10 be worshipped by the god Brahma, c 1790<br />

Sir W. Jones Hymn la NdrAyena Wks. 1799 VI. 368 The<br />

evil beings, who are feigned 10 have sprung from the ears<br />

of Vishnu, c 1791 Lncycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 516/1 Many<br />

VISIBILITY.<br />

of these enthusiasts will throw themselves in the way of the<br />

chariots of Vishnou or Sheevah. £1813 Mrs. Sherwood<br />

Stories Ch. Calech. x. 73 At the foot of this tree was a<br />

little stone figure of Vishnou (that is, one of this country's<br />

gods). 1877 J. E. Carpenter tr. Tie/e's Hist. Relig. 147<br />

In the cultus of Krishna the worship of Vishnu reaches its<br />

climax.<br />

Vishnnism (vi-Jn«|iz'm). [f. prec. -l- -ism.]<br />

The worship of Vishnu.<br />

1871 Alabaster Wheel of Law 250 Veneration of holy*<br />

fool-prints is not a peculiarly Buddhist idea, but is also found<br />

in other religions, and particularly in Vishnuism. 1875 Sir<br />

W. W. Hunter in P. E. Roberts Life xiii. (1901; 238<br />

Brahma-worship. . is a strange mixture of Vishnuism, Sivaism,<br />

and something much older. i88a Athenxuni 17 June<br />

759/ 1 Prof. Weber's theory that Christianity shaped to a<br />

certain extent Vishnuism.<br />

Vishnnite (vi-JnK|3it). [f. as prec. ^ -ITE.]<br />

A worshipper of Vishnu ; an adherent of Vishnu-<br />

ism. Also atlrib. or as adj.<br />

1871 Tvi.OR /V,/H. Cult. II. 364 A Vishnuite who has inadvertently<br />

killed a monkey, .may expiate his offence by a<br />

mock sacrifice. i88< Athenaeum 17 June 758/3 The great<br />

(^ivaite and Vishnuite systems of more recent times.<br />

Vishnuvite (vi-Jn«|V3it). [f. as prec, with<br />

V from the Skr. adj. vaishnavd belonging to<br />

Vishnu.] = prec.<br />

The form Vishnavile has had some currency.<br />

1883 Eiuycl. Brit. XV. 185/1 The Vi^hnuvites are chiefly<br />

found in the northern districts [of the Madras Presidency}.<br />

1896 Mission. Herald (Boston) Oct, 395 This evangelist.,<br />

saw a Vishnuvite mendicant approaching, .singing a Christian<br />

hymn. Ibid., He was singing them in place of his old<br />

Vishnuvite hymns.<br />

Visibility (vizibi-liti). [ad. late L. visibilitat-,<br />

visibiiitds {Tettull.), f. L. visibiiis : see next<br />

and -ITY. So F. visibiliU(OV. visiblete). It. visi-<br />

bilith, Sp. visibilidad, Pg. idade.']<br />

1. The condition, state, or fact of being visible;<br />

visible character or quality; capacity of being<br />

seen (in general, or under special conditions).<br />

a. Of the Church, a kingdom, etc.<br />

1581 W. FuLKE in Con/er. 11.(1584) H ij b. What visibilitie<br />

could there be in those dales. ., when there was no face at<br />

all 01 an outward Church? a 1591 H. Smith Cod's Arroiu<br />

(1593) Lj, And consequently visibility (which the Papists<br />

make a marke of the Church) is no perpetuall marke thereof<br />

1619 Lvnde Fj'a Tula Ep. Ded. i That the world may know.<br />

It is no difficult matter for a meane I.ay-man to prooue the<br />

ancient visibilitie of the Protestant profession, a i66> Hey-<br />

LlN Laud (1668) 53 He maintained the constant and perpetual<br />

visibility of the Church of Christ. 16*7 Poole Dial,<br />

betw. Protest, j, Papist 49 If Christ did indeed promise the<br />

perpetual visibility of his Church. 1699 Ki:rnet J9 Art.<br />

xix. 183 Another question may arise out of the first words of<br />

this Article, concerning the Visibility of this Church. 1841<br />

MvERS Cath. Th. IV. S 29. 315 The visibility of the Theocracy<br />

gradually grew fainter and fainter from the first<br />

establishment of a visible monarchy. 1866 J. G. Murphv<br />

Coiniti., Exod. XV. 18 The kingdom thus rising into visibility<br />

never .-igain disappears from the earth.<br />

b. Of things in general.<br />

1614 Jackson Creed 111. xxx. §5 The actual visibility of<br />

colours wholly depends upon the light as well for existence<br />

as duration. 1651 Baxter /n/. Bapt. 74 Where there is not<br />

so much as a .seeming or visibility, there is no evidence.<br />

1678 Cudwortk Intell. Srst. 407 The Sun gives to things<br />

not only their Visibility, but also their Generation. 1737<br />

WiiisTON jfosefhus. Hist. v. v. § 4 This gate had no doors,<br />

for it represented the universal visibility of heaven. 1771<br />

H. Barnes Pract. Cas. C. P. (ed. 2) 322 The Affidavits as<br />

to Defendant's Visibility were fully answered, and his total<br />

Absconding proved. 1794 G- Adams Nat. ^ Exp. Philos.<br />

Ill, XXV. 53 They considered the visibility of matter not a<br />

necessary consequence of its creation. 1813 Shelley Q.<br />

Mab vii. 13 tufte, But the God of Theologians is incapable<br />

of local visibility. 1867 J. HoCG Microsc, 1. ii. 44 The visibility<br />

of the effect depends on the distance of the object<br />

from the object-glass. 1881 Procter Fam. Sci. Stud. 35<br />

The comet.. attracted more attention when it had passed<br />

from view than. .during the brief period of its visibility.<br />

o. spec. The possibility of (a vessel, etc.) being<br />

seen under the conditions of distance, light, atmosphere,<br />

etc., existing at a particular time;<br />

hence conversely, the possibility of seeing, or the<br />

range of vision, under such conditions.<br />

Cf. Harbord Gloss. Navig. (1863), s.v. Weather notation.<br />

19x4 tr. Baudry's Naval Battle 265 The radius of visibility<br />

must fix the maximum time allowable for final preparations.<br />

1916 Sir J. ^RLLICOE Disf. 24 June, in Battle<br />

0/ yutland 62 The vi.;ibility early on ist June (three to<br />

four miles) was less than on 3rst May.<br />

2. With a !>nd pi. A visible thing or object.<br />

i6s8 Feltham Resolves 11. ti.l xcii. 269 St. Paul grants,<br />

that they may know God, through the visibilities in his<br />

Workes. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ef. 1. iii. 9 The beatitude<br />

of that part which earth and visibilities too weakly<br />

affect, 1660 Jer. Taylor Worthy Coinmun. i. § i. 27 It<br />

cannot be natural flesh, however altered in circumstance<br />

and visibilities. x8s8 Carlvle Misc. (1857) I. 162 Mind, by<br />

being modelled in Men's imaginations into a Shape, a Visibility.<br />

1843— ^(tj/ ff Pr. 11. xvi, The Hijjhest God dwells<br />

visible in that mystic unfathomable Visibility, which calls<br />

itself ' I ' on the Earth,<br />

t b. = Sight sb. i c. Obs.-^<br />

177s Johnson in Boswell Li/e (1904) 1. 624 Sir, I have seen<br />

all the visibilities of Paris, and around it.<br />

t3. Appearance, aspect, look, Obs.~^<br />

1669 I'.UNVAN Holy Citie 114 'And the City lieth four<br />

square '... Now both the City, Gatcsand Wall, were exactlj'<br />

in their Visibility according 10 the Word.<br />

1 4. The faculty or power of seeing ; the exercise<br />

of this ; sight, vision, Obs. rare.


VISIBILIZE.<br />

i6t6 BfLLOKAR Emg. Expcs,^ Visibilities the abilitie or<br />

powr« of seeing. 1641 Milton CA. (7(7v^. v. Wks. 1851 III.<br />

lao Why they choose lo live by custome and catalogue, or<br />

as S. Paul saiih by sight and visibility, rather then by faith.<br />

1733 \V. Ellis Chiltern and I'alc farm. 42 The Fibers of<br />

Corn or Trees. ., that in Clays and Loams have firm and<br />

holding Bottoms, and will lie two or three Years to visibility.<br />

Vi-Sibilize,<br />

I', rare-', [t. next+-iZE.] ?v/?.<br />

To make visible.<br />

'<br />

1899 S. L. Wilson Theol. Mod. Lit. 243 Its spirit visibilisea<br />

and exemplified itself in priests, rabbis, scribes.<br />

Visible (vi-zib'l), a. and $b. Forms : 4 visibil^e,<br />

4-6 visyble, 5-6 vysyble, 4- visible (5<br />

visibal, viaebill, 6 viscible, Sc, vissabiU). [a.<br />

OF. visibU (i2th c. ; F. visible --= Sp. visid/ey Pj(.<br />

visively It. visibile)y or ad. L. vtsibilis f. vis- ppl.<br />

stem of videre to see]<br />

A. adj. 1. Capable of being seen ; that by its<br />

nature is an object of sight; perceptible by the<br />

sense of sight.<br />

Aiuo Hampole Psalter ix. i Bot i sail loue Jjc in all Y\<br />

werkis, and tell all J>i wondirs : ^at is bath b^t ere sen &<br />

)?at ere noght sene, visibiles & invisibils. Ihid. xxxiv. 3<br />

T^lultiply vengaunce agayns my foes visibils & invisibils.<br />

c 1383 in Eng, Hist, Rev. Oct. {1911) 744 The sacrament of<br />

^ auteer which is whi^t & round visible & palpable. 1426<br />

AuDELAY Poems (Percy Soc.) 22 Use vertuys, and leve<br />

visibal vayne and vanetc. 1483 Caxton Cato Cjb, One<br />

onely god. .the whyche hath myght and preemynence upon<br />

alle ihynges vysyble and unuj-syble. c 153a Du Wes Introd.<br />

Fr. in I'alsgr. 920 Colour is lyght incorporate in a body<br />

visyble pure & clene. 1550 Covkrdale tr. Cah'ins Treat.<br />

Sacram. Pref. A ij b, He was neuer visyble to the mortall<br />

eye, andyet wyll they make him appere at euerie knaues requeste<br />

that wyl-.paye theyr..shote. 1597 Hooker Eccl.<br />

P0I. V. IviiL § I It was of necessitle that words, .should be<br />

added vnto visible elements. x6oz B. Jonson Poetaster v.<br />

ii, A humane soulc made visible in life. 1651 Hobbes<br />

Leviath. i. x. 46 Put some eminent and visible mark upon<br />

the Crest of their Helmets. 1667 Milton P, L. \. 62 Yet<br />

from those flames No light, but rather darkness visible<br />

Serv'd only to di^scover sights of woe. a x'j%x Prior Ess,<br />

Opinion F 2 All Visible and Audible objects are properly<br />

within their Connoissance. 1764 Reid Inquiryy\. § 8 The<br />

mathematical consideration of visible figure, which we shall<br />

call the geometry of visibles. 1803 Imison^'c/. ^ Art I. i<br />

Some sorts of matter are visible, or capable of being seen.<br />

1851 Robertson Serm. Ser. iv. x (1876) 124 The visible<br />

world presents a djffereirt aspect to each individual man.<br />

1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sd. (1879) I. li. 46 The sun s invisible<br />

rays far transcend the visible ones in heating power.<br />

trans/. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. ix. 36 Painters<br />

who are the visible representers of things.. are not inculp.<br />

able herein.<br />

b. Of actions, processes, etc.<br />

1560 Daus tr. Slcidane's Comm. 221 Of baptisme, which<br />

they saye is a visible and an outward sygne. 1615 T. Adams<br />

Txvo Sonnes 69 Onely service hath neither ease nor concealment<br />

allotted to it, because it consists in a visible action.<br />

1653 W. Ramesey Astral. Restored 2\^ [It] denoteth such<br />

accidents as are visible in this World. 1664 Jer. Taylor<br />

Dissaus. Popery \. 5 I'his method is the best, the most certain,<br />

visible and tangible. 178J J. Brown Vieiu Nat. ^<br />

Rev. Relig. IV. iii. 362 The Holy Ghost in a visible manner<br />

descended upon him at baptism. 1878 Stewart &<br />

Tait Unseen Univ. lit. § 114. 127 The conversion of visible<br />

energy into heat.<br />

C. Of associations, organizations, etc., spec, of<br />

the Church (see Church sb. 4 c).<br />

1590 R. Alison {title), A Plaine Confutation of a Treatise<br />

of Brownisme, . .entitled, a Description of the Visible<br />

Church. 1651 C. Cartwright Cert. Relig. L 109 For<br />

Visibility, it is granted that ordinarily the Church is<br />

visible. I.e. that there is a visible company of such as profes-v. in Enthus. Tri., etc.<br />

(1656) 77 For it is alike easie to see visibles without eyes, as<br />

to see invisibles with eyes. aiSj^ Traherne J'oet. IVks,<br />

(1903) 18 All that in visibles is good Or pure, or fair, or unaccurst.<br />

1721 R. Keith tr. T. a Keinpis, Solil. Soul xii.<br />

1865 A. Melville Bell {titlc\ Visible Speech : a new fact<br />

demonstrated. 1883 Science I. 474/1 .An important imme.<br />

diaie use might be made of a few of the Visible-speech<br />

symbols, x8l^ Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. II. 379/2 Each<br />

letter of the Visible .Speech Alphabet.. is a picture of the<br />

vocal organs placed in the proper position for producing the<br />

sound indicated.<br />

t e. Similar or comparable in appearance io<br />

something. Obs~^<br />

1411-SO Lydg. Chron. Troy i. 290 Eke of her cyen J>e<br />

lokys moste horible To a furneis the stremvs wer visyble.<br />

2. That may be mentally perceived or observed<br />

200 When thou . . beholdest the visibles of this whole Creation.<br />

1748 Richardson Clarissa {181 1) III. 248 That the<br />

most charming woman on earth.. can excel the meanest<br />

in the customary visibles only. 1871 W. H. Gillespie<br />

Argt. Being ^ Attrib. Absolute One in. § 2 (ed. 5) 54<br />

Narrow is their horizon : within it, themselves the only<br />

visibles. 1872 Ibid. (ed. 6) 188 The things which are seen,<br />

were not made of phenomenal visibles. 1895 Zangwill<br />

Master HI. i. 277 The flux of centuries, the visibles of Art,<br />

the invisibles of Religion.<br />

2. TAe visible, that which is visible, esp. the<br />

clearly or readily evident or perceptible ; apparent,<br />

manifest, obvious.<br />

In earlier use sometimes passing into the sense ' very<br />

great, eminent, etc'<br />

a 1613 Sir T. Ovkbbury A /K//^, etc. (1638) 95 His courting<br />

language, visible bawdy jests. 167a Baxter BagsfCxxv's<br />

Scand. ii. 16 His next subject.. is one of the visiblest<br />

lyes that ever I saw written by a man. 1676 D'Uhfey<br />

Mtite. Fickle iv. ii, *Tis above the common rate of wonders,<br />

and doubtless portends some visible Calamity that threatens<br />

the Nation. 1710 I,uttrell Brief Pel. (1857) VI. 597 The<br />

majority being so visible, as at least two to one,_ they dcdiaed<br />

insisting thereon. 1764 Harmer Observ. \. § 15. 38<br />

visible world.<br />

174a Young Nt. Th. vi. 246 The visible and present are<br />

for brutes, A slender portion I and a narrow bound ! 1836<br />

J. Gilbert Clir, Atonem. iv. (1852) 102 In hisoperationsm<br />

the material universe, God has seen fit.. to make known to<br />

us the invisible by the visible. 1851 Mrs. Browning Casa<br />

Guidi JVind. 1. 1150 The last chain-link By which he had<br />

drawn from Natures visible The fresh well-water,<br />

Vi'Sibleness. [f. prcc. -*--ness.] The quality<br />

of being visible ; visibility.<br />

1581 W. FuLKE in Confer. 11. (1584) I ij, There was a<br />

time when visiblenes was no note of the Church. 1605 A.<br />

WoTioN Anrm. Pop. Articles 14 We easily grant a per-<br />

VISIGOTHIC.<br />

petuall continuance of the church, though we denie a necessity<br />

of visiblenesse. 1620 T. Granger Div. Logike 66 Also<br />

visiblenesse, touchablenesse, which are inseparable. 1727<br />

Bailey (vol. II). 1842 Manning Serm. (1848) 1. xiv. 195<br />

We have yet to regain the visibleness and consciousness of<br />

unity. Ibid. xxvi. 392 There is an inwardness and a retirement<br />

about it {i.e. the Church] even in its visibleness. 1890<br />

spectator \\ Jan. 45/2 The owners feel., as if the visibleness<br />

of their wealth constituted a danger.<br />

Visibly (vi'zib'li), fli/z'. Forms: 4~5visibely,<br />

5 visibiUy, 5-6 vysybly, 6 visybly, 5- visibly<br />

(7 vissiblie) j also 5 visablelyche. [f. prec,<br />

1. In a visible manner (f or form) ; so as to be<br />

visible to the eye or sight.<br />

Passing insensibly into next.<br />

C1380 WvcLiF^f/. Wks. III. 522 patsame body and blood<br />

invisibily, and not t>e same visibely. c 1400 Macndev.<br />

(Roxb.) xvii, 79 f>ai growe ilk a 5ere visibilly, so \2X J)e<br />

smale waxez grete. C1420 Chron. Vilod. 2141 As Jjus visablelyche<br />

to hurre modur he dude aper. 1484 Caxton<br />

F'ables of Al/ouce xii, 'i'he goddesse Venus vysybly shewed<br />

her self to ine. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 124 b,<br />

Somiyme as it were an aungell of lyght, somtyme visybty,<br />

somtyme fantastically. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. 11. vii. 4The<br />

Table wherein all my thoughts are visibly Character 'd and<br />

engrau'd. 1612 W. Colson Gen. Tresury Advt. A ijj b,<br />

The other faults escaped in printing, or figures not visibly<br />

printed are .. corrected with the pen. 1617 J. Taylor<br />

(Water P.) Obs. ^ Trav. fr. Land, to Hamburgh Wks.<br />

(1630) III. 87/2 If it were possible that the hand of mortall<br />

men.. could visibly set forth the magnificent glory of the<br />

immortal Creator. 1736 Butler Anal. 1. vii. Wks. 1874 I.<br />

145 A moral scheme of government then is visibly estab.<br />

lished. 1781 CowFER Truth 390 Solyma's interior shrine,<br />

Where .. Dwelt visibly the light-creating God. 1817<br />

Shellev Rev. Islam xu. xxxiii. 6 Down that mighty<br />

stream, .The boat fled visibly— three nights and days. 1825<br />

Scott Betrothed vi. The mouth visibly arranged itself into<br />

a smile of inexpressible sweetness. 1857 ^ • K.. Loftls<br />

Trav. Chaliiiea Sf Susiana 270 Traces of which were still<br />

visibly adhering to many of the tablets.<br />

2. So as to be clearly evident, manifest, or perceptible<br />

; to an extent which can be (readily) seen<br />

or observed; evidently, plainly; manifestly, ob-<br />

viously.<br />

1631 Gouge Gods Ai'towswx. §81. 337 God hath oft visibly<br />

shewed himselfe by extraordinary meanes to fight for his.<br />

1647 Clarendon Hist. lieb. i. § q The Envy., was visibly<br />

the cause of the Murthcr. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. i. iii.<br />

17 God, having.. made the Practice thereof, .visibly beneficial<br />

to all, with whom the vertuous Man has to do. 1713<br />

Berkeley llylas ^ Phil. i. Wks. 1871 J. 282 It being too<br />

visibly absurd to hold that pain or pleasure can be in an<br />

unperceiving Substance. 1719 De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe)<br />

278, I saw my Deliverance indeed visibly put into my<br />

Hands. 1839 James Louis A'/V, III. 308 A war which<br />

had been visibly overhanging them for more than two<br />

years. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. v. 400 The cardinals<br />

were visibly afraid of the position which had been taken<br />

by the French king. 1885 'Mrs. Alexander' At Boy iv,<br />

Lambert was visibly relieved, and his daughter reflected her<br />

father's mood.<br />

t 3. By actual sight. Obs.-^<br />

2600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 314 He cast anchor at<br />

Saint Sebastian, beginning visiblie to linde, that the Hand<br />

was no lesse fortified then had beene described vnto them.<br />

Visie, var. Vizy Sc Visier, var. Vizier.<br />

tVisiere. Obs.~^ In 5 vyslere. [a, OF.<br />

visiere : see Visor j^.'] A visor or vizard.<br />

1485 Caxton Chas. Ct. 226 Tofore the Sarasyns that were<br />

on horsback they had ordeyned men on fote whyche had<br />

vysieres counterfeyled all black & rede.<br />

Visigoth. (vi*zig.?Jj). [ad. late L. Visigoth-its,<br />

usually in pi. Visigotki (late Gr. OvKTiyorOoi) ; the<br />

contrast with Ostrogothi (^Ostrogoth} has suggested<br />

that the first element is to be taken as<br />

meaning * West \]<br />

1. A member of that branch of the Gothic race<br />

which entered Roman territory towards the end of<br />

the fourth century and subsequently established a<br />

kingdom in Spain, oveithrown by the Moors in<br />

711-2; a West-Goth. Chiefly in//.<br />

1647 Cottekell Dnvila's IHst. France 1. 1. 4 The famous<br />

incursions of. .the Visigoths,, .and the Longbeards. 1763<br />

Smollett Trav. x, This amphitheatie [at Nismes] was<br />

fortified as a citadel by the Visigoths. 1780 Encycl. Brit.<br />

(ed. 2) V. 3349/2 The Romans distin^juisbed the Goths into<br />

two classes, the Ostrogoths and Visigoths.. .The Visigoths<br />

settled in Spain in the time of the Emperor Honorius. 1841<br />

W. Spalding Italy ^ It. Isl. I. 106 The West Goths<br />

(Visigoths), .were followed across the Alps in 405 by a new<br />

army of the same nation. 1867 E. F. Bowden tr. Fathers<br />

Desert 258 Julian was by birth a Visigoth, and had fallen<br />

into slavery through the fortune of war. 1889 J. B. Bury<br />

Hist. Later Rovi. Emp. ii. i. I. 64 The event which at<br />

length brought him into contact with Stilicho was the rising<br />

of the Visigoths.<br />

2. trattsf. An uncivilized or barbarous person.<br />

Cf. Goth 2.<br />

1749 H. Walpoi.e Lett. (1846) II. 307 He.. had entirely<br />

forgot what Visigoths his countrymen are. 1764 Foote<br />

Patron II. 47 Sir Thomas. She [a careless housemaid]<br />

merits impaling. Oh, the Hun! Dactyl. The Vandal!<br />

All. The Visigoth.<br />

VisigOthic Cvizigf?*^ik). [f. prec. + -IC.] Of<br />

or belonging to the Visigoths.<br />

1788 Encyci. Brit. (ed. 3) I. 496/1 With regard to the<br />

alphabets derived from the Latin, the Lomhardic relates to<br />

the manuscripts of Italy; the Visigothic to those of Spain.<br />

1818 Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) I. 278 Especially as regards<br />

the Visigothic and Burgundian partitions. 1855 Kincsley<br />

IVestw. Ho 1 ix, He was an exceedingly tall and graceful


VISION. 249 VISIONABY.<br />

personage, of that sangre azul which marked high Visigothic<br />

desgent. 1884 EncycL Brit. XVII. 655, 2 The money<br />

of the Iberian Peninsula begins with the Visigolhic series,<br />

which consists of gold pieces.<br />

Visinage, obs. form of Vicinage.<br />

Vision (vi'53n), sb. Forms: 3-6 visioun^ 4<br />

-iun, -iowne, -eoun, vysyoun, 5 vysyoune, 5-6<br />

Sc. wisioun ; 4-5 vysione,vy8yon, 5 vyssyon,<br />

5-6 vysion ; 4- vision (5 uision, visionne), 4-6<br />

viiJyon (6 Sc. vesyne. [a. AF. visiun, visiourty<br />

OF. vision (-^ Sp. visiouy It. visione)^ or ad. L.<br />

vision-^ vtsio sight, seeing, thing seen, f. vts-, ppl.<br />

stem of videre to see.]<br />

1. Something which is apparently seen otherwise<br />

than by ordinary sight ; esp. an appearance of a<br />

prophetic or mystical character, or having the<br />

nature of a revelation, supernaturally presented to<br />

the mind either in sleep or in an abnormal state.<br />

Beatific vision : see Beatific a. b.<br />

In early texts a vision cannot always be clearly separated<br />

from avision,<br />

c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 52 Scint Edward cam al-so anight<br />

ase in a visioun To an holi man l>at J>ere was nei?. a 1300<br />

Cursor M, 4454 AIs bat lai in hat prisun, A-naght J»am mete<br />

a visiun. 1338 R. Brunne Chron. (i8io) 65 Who so lokes<br />

his life, & redis his vision. What vengeance ordeyned was<br />

on Inglond to be don. c 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 4369 pis<br />

was t»at lohan saw in a vision Of hym t>at semed be virgyn<br />

son. 1387 T vt.E.\ iSK Higden {KoWs) III. iispat^erebyfel )>e<br />

secounde sijt and visioun of Daniel, of be aungel bat delyuerede<br />

)pe children out of be oucne. ^1430 Lydg. Afin.<br />

Poems (Percy Soc.) 98 This prophetc.Be a visioune so<br />

hevenly atid divjTie, Toke a chalice, c 1450 Mirk's FesHal<br />

17 When he had told b« Jtyng of bys vysion. b* kyng made<br />

prechc hit ouer all be reme. i5a6 PUgr. Per/. (W. de W.<br />

1531) 3 The seruaunt of god Moyses had moost hye reuelacyons<br />

& visyons. 1560 Daus tr. SUidane's Contm. 65<br />

Secrete teachers that fayned themselves to see visions, and<br />

to have talke with God. 158^ Ltlv Sappho iv. iii. 56, I<br />

haue had many phantastical vi^ons, for euen now slumb*<br />

ring by your bcddes side, mee thought I wasshadowed with<br />

a cTowd. 1615 G. Sandys Trot'. 227 But behold an accident,<br />

which I rather thought at the first to haue bene a<br />

vision, then (as I f mnd it) reall. 1669 Dkydf.n Tyrannick<br />

Love I. i, Char. Wliat did the Vision shew? Pletcitf...K<br />

Town besieg'd ; and on the neighboring Plain Lay heaps of<br />

visionary Souldiers slain. 171 1 Addison Sped. No. 159 p 8,<br />

I then turned again to the Vision which I had been so long<br />

contemplating. 1757 Gray Hard 107 Visions of glory,<br />

spare my achmg sight. i8os Levoen Mermaid xxvi, Like<br />

one that from a fearful dream Awakes,.. Yet fears to find<br />

the vision true, a 1859 Dr Quiscey Dream Fugue V/\cs.<br />

1897 XIII. 319 On the ocean,. .the unknown lady from the<br />

dreadful vision, and I myself are floating. i8i6o Pusey<br />

Min. Propk. 80 In the vision. God is understood to have<br />

represented things to come, as a picture to the prophet's<br />

mmd.<br />

b. Without article, (Cf. Avision 2.)<br />

13. . Seuyn Sages (W.) 3809 AIs he lay opon a nyght In a<br />

drcme, than thoght him right That he was warned in vistowne<br />

[ctc-J. a 1340 Hampole Psalter Ixxxvtii. 19 When<br />

l>ou saji'd bat» bou -spak in visyon, bat is, in pryue reueiacioun<br />

tit prophetis. c 1410 Lydg. Assembly o/GoJs 1621 To<br />

vndyrstand. .the mater of Morpheus hys shewyng .As he<br />

hath tlic ledde aboute in vysyon. 1508 Kenneoie Flyiing<br />

IV. D>tnhar2t)Z "^xt of new tressone I can tell the tailis, That<br />

cuinis on nycht in visioun in my sleip. x&jt Milton P. R.<br />

I. 256 JuNt Simeon and Prophetic Anna, warn'd By Vision,<br />

found tliee in the Temple. 17*3 Pope Let. to Mrs. Co>vper<br />

26 Sept., Wits. 176^ IX. 431, I could wish you tried something<br />

in the descriptive way on any subject you please,<br />

mixed with vision and m;jral. 173a WATEitu\ND Script,<br />

I'imi. III. 52 Upon the Foot of this Construction, it is sup*<br />

posed, that Haiah in prophetic Dream or Vision, heard God<br />

speaking to him. 1813 Scott Rokehy m. xix. Nor do I<br />

boast the art renown'd, Vision and omen to expound. 1856<br />

Stanley Sinai ff Pal. ii.{i858) 132 Such, not in vision, but<br />

in the most certain reality, was tliat double view of Jeru*<br />

salem from Mount Olivet.<br />

C. A mental concept of a distinct or vivid kind ;<br />

an object of mental contemplation, csp. of an<br />

attractive or fantastic character; a highly imaginative<br />

scheme or anticipation.<br />

159a TiMME Ten Eng, Lepers E iv, In the sayde hypocriticall<br />

Pharisei tlien, we see a certaine phaniasticall visiori,<br />

shewing that in forme which it hath not in trueth. 1668<br />

Temple Wks. {1720) IL 60, I wish .some of his Visions may<br />

not give it another Face than what it ought.. to receive<br />

from the true present State of the Spanish Affairs. 1784<br />

CowpER Task I. 451 Upon the ship's tall side he stands,<br />

po^sess'd With visions prompted by intense desire. 1809<br />

Campbell Gert. Wyom, iii. 5 And, in the visions of romantic<br />

youth, What years of endless bliss are yet to flow. 1855<br />

Poultry Chron. II. 582/2 Visions of success floated before<br />

me all day. 187a Yeats Gro7vth Comm. aia The Dutch<br />

were not excited by those visions of American gold and<br />

silver which had inflamed the imagination of the Spaniards.<br />

1876 Gladstone Glean. (1879) II. 314 The splendid visions<br />

which his fancy shaped had taken possession of his mind.<br />

d. A person seen in a dream or trance.<br />

i6zi Bible IVisd* xviL 4 Sadde visions api>eared vnto<br />

them with heauie countenances. 1667 Mii-ton P. L. viii.<br />

367 The virion l>right, As with a smile more brtghtn'd, thus<br />

repli'd. 1697 Dhvden ^neid \\\. 139 ,\ more tnan mortal<br />

sound Invades his ears; and thus the vision spoke. 17*7<br />

De ¥ozSyst.Mngic\.\y. (1840) 105 Ali.. failed not to ask the<br />

vision how he should obtain his promised assistance in the<br />

like cases of difficulty. 1817 Scott //araldvi. xi, And thou,<br />

for so the Vision said. Must in tliy Lord's repentance aid.<br />

e. tratuf. A person, scene, etc., of unusnal<br />

beaaty. (Cf. Dbeam sb.'^ 3 b.)<br />

1823 Scott Qnentin D. xii, Dost thou think it makes thee<br />

fit to be the husband of that beautiful vision ? 1896 Westm.<br />

Gns. 30 Apr. 2/1 'I he big dining room is., a vision of walnut<br />

Vol. X.<br />

and mahogany. 1901 Daily Chron. 29 June 8/3 One girl (<br />

was a remarkable vision in a creamy white cloth Empire |<br />

coat. I<br />

2. The action or fact of seeing or contemplating<br />

something not actually present to the eye ; mysti-<br />

cal or supernatural insight or foresight.<br />

138a Wyclif 1 Sam. iii. i In tho dais was noon opyn visioun.<br />

c 14x0 Chron. Vilod. 2512 pe same ny^t ^2X seynt<br />

Dunstone to Salesbury come, He saw by vysione alle<br />

bat he saw here, & myche more. 0491 Chast. Goddes<br />

Chyld. Diva, The seconde kynde of vysion is callid<br />

Spyrytual vysion or Imagynatyf. Ibid. Divb, In y« thirde<br />

vision y' is callid Intellectual. 1560 Bible (Genev.) Isaiah<br />

xxviii. 7 Thei faile in vision : the! stomble in iudgement.<br />

1594 Hooker Eccles. 'Pol. i. xi. 82 The first ., beginning<br />

here with a weake apprehension of things not sene, endetii<br />

with the intuitiue vision of God in-the world to come. 1604<br />

E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies vii. xxiii. 567 It<br />

may be, that what the laborer reported, had happened vnto<br />

him by imaginary vision. 1657 J. Watt Vind. Ch. Eng.<br />

153 Ministers.. neither have vision to foretell, nor power to<br />

confer, blessing. (676 Dryden Aurengzebe i. i, If Love be<br />

Vision, mine has all the Fire Which in first Dreams, young<br />

Prophets does inspire, a 1745 Swift Th, on Var. Subj. Wks.<br />

1745 VIII. 273 Vision is the art of seeing things invisible.<br />

1836 Macgillivkay Trav. Humboldt 1, 18 That truths<br />

faithfully extracted from the book of nature are alone calculated<br />

toenlargethe sphere of mental vision. 1871 Farbar<br />

Witn. Hist. iii. 97 It needed, let us say, the divine vision of<br />

a Peter, and the inspired eloquence of a Paul, to burst the<br />

intolerable yoke. 18^ W. R. Inge Ckr. Mysticism i. 14<br />

Ecstasy or vision begins when* thought ceases, to our consciousness,<br />

to proceed from ourselves.<br />

3. The action of seeing with the bodily eye ; the<br />

exercise of the ordinary faculty of sight, or the<br />

faculty itself. Also transfix (quot, 1854).<br />

c 1491 Chast. Goddes Chyld. D iv a. The fyrst is callyd a<br />

corporal vision be cause it is seen outwarde hi bodely eye<br />

wittes. C1510 More Picus Wks. 20/2 Because that our<br />

felicitte is fulfilled in the vision and fruicion of the humanitie<br />

of Christ, c 1600 Shaks. Sonn. cxiii. For it \sc. my eyel<br />

no forme deliuers to the heart . . Nor his owne vision houlds<br />

what it doth catch. 1644 Hammond Pract. Catech. i. iii.<br />

(1646) 14 Faith here is turned into Vision there. 1676 Hale<br />

Contempi. t. 71 A means whereby he might be restored . . to<br />

blessedness and the vision of his Creator. 1704 Norbis<br />

Ideal IVorld II. iii. 201 Vision in Itself is the having or perceiving<br />

an idea representatively material in consequence of<br />

a certain impression made by light upon that expansion of<br />

the optick nerve which is at the bottom of the eye. 1718<br />

I. Chamberlavne Relig. Philos. (1730) I. xii. § 25 Whether<br />

he ever considered the manner how Vision is performed.<br />

1774 M. Mackenzie Maritime Surv. 58 The Distance of<br />

the Eye and the Thickness of the Lines should, by previous<br />

Trial, be suited to distinct Vision, x83a Brewster Nat.<br />

Magic iii. 48 Even the vision of natural objects presents to<br />

us msurmountable difficulties. 1854 ~ jVor^ Worlds' xi.<br />

180. The globular nebulx of Sir W. Herschel have disappeared<br />

as globes under the sharp vision of Lord Rosse's<br />

telescope. 1879 Harlan Eyesight jii. 31 To underst.and<br />

anything of the physiology of vision, it is necessary to have<br />

a general idea of the way in which images of objects are<br />

formed by refracting surfaces.<br />

b- An instance of seeing ; a look.<br />

1855 Bain Senses ^ Int. 11. ii. 1 1 1 With the blind the case<br />

is different;.. their visions of the surfaces of all things are<br />

visions of touch, a x86i T. Woolner My^ Beauiifnl Lady^<br />

Tolling Bellxx^ Our visions met, when pityingly she flung<br />

Her passionate arms about me.<br />

t4. A visage or vizard. Obs, rare.<br />

In both instances perh. a misprint for visor.<br />

1563 Homilies \\. Excess 0/Apparel Ggg iiij b. As thoughc<br />

a wyse, and a christian husband, should delyte to see his<br />

wife in such paynied, and florished visions [1623 visagesj,<br />

which common harlots mostly do vse. a 1701 Sedley Tyrant<br />

o/Crete v. ii, Methinks, till this day the times had<br />

Likewise a vision on, and look'd not with A true face before.<br />

5. A thing actually seen ; an object of sight.<br />

i6ti Shaks. IVint. T. i. ii. 270 Ha' not you seene Camillo?<br />

(But that's past doubt: you haue,.. For toaVisionsoapparant,<br />

Rumor Cannot be mute.)<br />

6. atirib, and Comb.^ as vision-field^ machinery,<br />

•monger •, vision-haunted^ -seeingy 'Struck a.


VISIONARY. 250 VISIT.<br />

he will be thought weak and visionary. 1786-7 Honny-<br />

CASTLE AstroH. x. 17 Wc laugh at the_ absurdities of a<br />

visionary pretender. 1817 W. Brol'cham in Fari. Deb. -zg^<br />

Mr. Spencc, the Wsionary author of the new system, lived<br />

20 years ago. xZarj Lxr\ott Fa/kloJtd i. 13, 1 grew by degrees<br />

of a more thoughtful and visionary nature. 190a W. L,<br />

Mathieson Poiitics ^ Relig:, Scat., I. iti. 100 Knox was no<br />

vt^onary enthusiast.<br />

2. Of the nature of a vision ; presented or apprehended<br />

in a vision. Cf. Visional 2.<br />

1648 BoYLK Serafik. Love xvi. (1700) 103 The sole Hymn<br />

(except a Visionary one) I find recorded of the Celestial<br />

Quire, was sung for a Blessing to Mankind. 1681 Dhyden<br />

Ahs, -V Ackit. I. 656 Some things like Visionary flights appear<br />

; The Spirit caught him up, the Lord knows where, And<br />

(etc), a 1701 Maundrell Joitrn, Jems, (1721) 80 Which,<br />

ihey say, is the Mountain into which the Devil took<br />

our Ble^ed Saviour, when he tempted him with that visionary<br />

scene of all the Kingdoms and Glories of the World.<br />

i7»o Wklton Suffer. Son 0/ God I. viii. 161 These Divine<br />

Illapsesof Revelation, which become Visionary in our Sleep.<br />

17S4 CowPER Task v. 400 There, like the visionary emblem<br />

seen By him of Babylon, life stands a stump. 1838 Mrs.<br />

Browning Seraphitn i. 205 One of those Whom the loving<br />

Father chose. In visionary pomp to sweep O'er Judaea "s<br />

grassy places.<br />

b. Seen only in a vision; unreal, non-existent,<br />

phantom, spectral.<br />

1697 Drvuen yEneid 11. 365, I wept to see the visionary<br />

man, And, while my trance continued, thus began. 1700 —<br />

T/ieod, ^ Hon. 280 The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely<br />

bayed; The Hunter close pursu'd the visionary Maid,<br />

i7aS Pope Odvss. x. 633 Sudden shall skim along the<br />

dusky glades Thin airy shoals, and visionary shades. 1781<br />

Gibbon Decl. ^ F. xxxviti. (1787) III. 619 The visionary<br />

fabric melted into air. x8so Lamb Eiia \, South-sea House^<br />

The shade of some dead accountant,. with visionary pen in<br />

ear, would flit by me, stiff as in life. i8s» Mrs. Stowe<br />

Uitcle TouCsC. xiv. There was not a corner or nook.,<br />

where those fairy footsteps had not glided, and that visionary<br />

golden head.. fleeted along. 1865 Dickkns Mut. Fr.<br />

Ill, viii, Uy what visionary hands she was led along upon<br />

that journey to escape from the Samaritan.<br />

C. Connected with, or pertaining to, visions.<br />

v^l-i^h Thomson Summer 556 <strong>Here</strong> /rejjuent, at the<br />

visionary hour, When musing midnight reigns, or silent<br />

noon, Angelic harps are in full concert heard. 1775 Adair<br />

Amer. Ind. 313 Having intimidated themselves apart from<br />

the rest, with visionary notions. 1818 Scott Br. Lamtn.<br />

xxxi, .Meanwhile, this mysterious visionary traffic had its<br />

usual effect, in unsettling Miss Ashton's mind.<br />

d. Disturbed bjr \isions.<br />

1807 J, Barlow Columb. 1. 49 When from a visionary<br />

short repose, That nursed new cares and temper 'd keener<br />

woes, Columbus woke.<br />

3. Existing in imagination only; imaginary; not<br />

actual or real.<br />

i7»S Pope Odyss. iv. 246 Vanish *d are all the visionary<br />

joys. 1745,1. Mason SelfKnoivL 1. xiv. (1853)105 Suffer not<br />

your Thoughts . . to give you a visionary Pleasure in the Prospect<br />

of what you have not the least Reason to hope. 1798<br />

S.& Ht. Lee Canterb. T. II. 308 So deep ahold had this..<br />

visionary delight taken on Emily, that the days hung heavily<br />

with her. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India III. 364 Wiih<br />

the consolidation of the supremacy, the apprehension of its<br />

visionary evils reciirred. a 1859 Macaulay Hist. Eng.<br />

xxiii. (i86i) V. II The danger which seemed so terrible to<br />

*nany honest friends of liberty he did not venture to pronounce<br />

altogether visionary. 1876 Besant & Rice Gold.<br />

Butterjiy'x^ I'hejKJwer of the penniless twins was a shadowy<br />

and visionary thing.<br />

b. Of schemes, plans, etc : Incapable of being<br />

carried out or realized ; purely ideal or speculative<br />

fantastic, unpractical.<br />

17*7 Swift Modest Proposal Wks, 1755 II. 11. 67 Vain,<br />

idle, visionary thoughts. 1751 Earl Orrery Remarks<br />

S~Mi_ft (1752) 75 A miserable example of an ill-spent life, fantastic<br />

wit, visionary schemes, and female weakness. 1777<br />

Robertson Hist. Amer. \.i\j-;Z) II. 130 The crews of three<br />

of his ships.. insisted on relinquishing the visionary project<br />

of a desperate adventurer. 1815 Stephkns in SAaw's Gen.<br />

Zool. I A. I. 77 Those [opinions] of the ancients appear to<br />

be either visionary or erroneous. 1834 Marrvat P. Simple<br />

xlvi, These were wild and visionary notions, and with<br />

little chance of ever arriving at any successful issue. 1855<br />

Brewster Newton I. xi. 265 Kepler abandoned for a while<br />

his visionary speculations. 1883 Manck, Exam. 30 Oct.<br />

sis The quiet of the land is being disturbed to suit the<br />

visionary theories of well-meaning but unpractical men.<br />

c. Characterized by fantasy or imagination with-<br />

out corresponding reality.<br />

.'777 J- Richardson Dissert. East* Nations 3 On this<br />

visionary field, learned and pious men have disputed with<br />

much want of temper. 1794 Mrs. RadcliffejW>j^ Udoipho<br />

XXX, Emily sought to lose the sense of her own cares, in the<br />

visionary scenes of the poet. 1840 Thirlwall GreeceVll.<br />

lyi. 141 Lycurgus..had not learnt, .to withdraw from active<br />

life into a vbionary world. 1863 Kinglake Crimea I. 228<br />

If Louis Napoleon was going to he content with a visionary<br />

life [etc.]. 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) I. v.<br />

194 [He] sought refuge from the bard facts of commonplace<br />

life by retiring into a visionary world,<br />

4. Pertaining to (physical or mental) vision.<br />

18x4 Wordsw. Excurs. IV. Ill It may be allowed me to<br />

remember What visionary powers of eye and soul In youth<br />

were mine.<br />

B. sb. 1. One who has visions ; one to whom<br />

unknown or future things are revealed in visions.<br />

_ 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Visionary^ one that is sub.<br />

ject to Dreams, silly Notions and extravagant Fancies; a<br />

fantastical Pretender to Visions and Revelations. 17x1<br />

Addison 5/»^r/. No. 56 f 3 One of their Countrymen descended<br />

in a Vision to the great Repository of Souls... The<br />

Visionary., .arrived at length on theConfinesof this World<br />

of Spirits. 1778 T. 'i\K9.-\\.t.\ Pref.Sv-edenborg's ^Heaven<br />

f( Heli*^, xi, Of such honourable repute was the name Seer,<br />

or visionary, in those times. 1830 Scott Detnonoi. i. 6 It<br />

becomes almost in vain to argue with the visionary against<br />

the reality of his dream. 1850 Mrs. Jameson Leg. Maast.<br />

Ord. (1863) 253 On one side kneels the visionary, with<br />

features wan and worn. 1870 Baluw. Brown Eccl. Truth<br />

262 Forms of perfect beauty and purity, of which the keenest<br />

visionary has had but feeble dreams.<br />

2. One who indulges in fantastic ideas or<br />

schemes ; an unpractical speculator or enthusiast.<br />

x7oa Addison Dial. Medals i. (1726) 28 'l"his science has<br />

its visionaries as well as all others. 1796 H. Hunter tr.<br />

Sl.'Pierre's Stud. Net, (1799) I. p. xii. We must therefore<br />

respect the Man, even while we smile at the Visionary.<br />

1834 Ht. Maktineau Demerara x. 122 He had laid his<br />

accounts for being treated as a visionary, and for his own<br />

plans being laughed at as absurd. 1868 Pkard It^atcr-<br />

/arm. xiv. 140 The agriculturist, .will not be deemed a<br />

visionary, because he calculates on the coming harvest<br />

with certainty. 1880 Howeli^ Undisc. Country v, He's a<br />

visionary, but he's a good man.<br />

Visioned(vi-.:59nd ),///. a. [f. Vision j^. orz^.]<br />

1. Seen in a vision.<br />

1510 Clereville (^///f1, The Copye of the letter folowynge<br />

whiche specifyeth of y« greatest and meruelous visyoned<br />

batayle that euer was sene.<br />

1803 Scott Cadyow Castle xxix, Whose cheek is pale,<br />

whose eyeballs glare, As one some vision'd sight that saw.<br />

1807 J. Barlow Columb. 1. 19 Till vision'd ages, opening<br />

on liis eyes, Cheer'd his sad soul. 1838 Chalmers Introd.<br />

Ess. Chr. Def. agst. Inffdelity Wks. 1849 XIII. 298 The<br />

battles of the faith againsl the dark and the visioned<br />

spectres of geology. 1863 Ld. Lvtton Ring; Amasis 11.<br />

III. xiii, As. .he pressed that solemn kiss upon the visioned<br />

thing I could not see.<br />

2. Associated with, arising from, a vision or<br />

visions.<br />

1817 Scott Harold \i. xii. Trembling at first, .. Had<br />

Gutinar heard the vision'd lale. iSaa Beddoes Bride's<br />

Trag. IV. iv, I dreamed and in that visioned agony<br />

'Twas whispered by strange voices tetc.]. 1853 Jehdan<br />

Autobiog. 111. 170 In her inmost abstract and visioned<br />

moods.. she was the Poet. 1891 C. Dawson Avonuiore<br />

IV. 79 Braver from that visioned thought, I duty did and<br />

duty sought.<br />

3. Gifted with vision; having the power of seeing<br />

visions.<br />

1813 Shellev Q. M(tb 1. 68 The visioned poet in his dreams,<br />

When silvery clouds float through the 'wildered brain. 1830<br />

MoiR Tower ofErcildoune iv, Methinks the visioned bard<br />

1 see ., Piercing the mazy depths of Time. x866 R. S.<br />

Stores Serm. in Bible Soc. Rec. Feb. (1804), Of such a<br />

majestic teacher as Ezekiel, the visioned prophet,., we know<br />

almost nothing.<br />

4. Full of visions.<br />

1815 Shelley -4//w^(7>- 682 The dream Of dark magician<br />

in his visioned cave.<br />

Visioner (viv^anoj). [f. Vision j^J.] One who<br />

has visions ;<br />

a visionary.<br />

1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. 184 He should exalt his<br />

Character by playing the Vissioner witli a superannuated<br />

Superintendant. 190a Fr. Thompson in Academy 12 April<br />

378/1 The dreams . . He half made po.ssible ; for that he was<br />

visioner of vision in a most sordid day.<br />

Visionic (vi^i^^'nik), a. rare, [f. Vision sb.'\<br />

Of the nature of a vision.<br />

1857 Tait's Mag. XXIV. 363 Which, if it does not assert,<br />

yet strongly suggests, the visionic character of the revelation<br />

of the creation to Moses.<br />

Visioning (vi'sanig), vbi. sb. [f. Vision sb,<br />

or z^.] The action or fact of seeing visions; an<br />

instance of this.<br />

a. 1835 Motherwelly*??/. Wks. (1847) 35 But still the present<br />

is o'ercast with visionings of yore. 1838 Mrs. Browning<br />

Felicia Hemans vii. Such visionings have paled in<br />

sight. 1843 Carlyle Past (ft^ /V. 0. Test. iii. 129 A third class, the<br />

Visionists, also maintain the literal character of the days<br />

mentioned... In their view the days. .refer to. -the actual<br />

da\ s of the revelation of the creation.<br />

Visionless (vi-^anUs), a. [f. Vision sb,'\<br />

1. Destitute of vision ; sightless, blind.<br />

x8»> Keats Hyperion 1. 243 Half-closcd, and visionless<br />

entile they seem'd Of all external things. 1848 Eliza Cook<br />

Son^ /or Dog iv, Tis my Dog that I trust lo, ..And he<br />

ministers well to my visionless eyes. J874 G. Macixjnald<br />

Malcolm 1 1 1, x.\ii. 294 Her eyes rolled stupid and visionless.<br />

2. Having no vision of unseen things ;" devoid of<br />

higher insight or inspiration.<br />

1856 R S. Vaughan Mystics (i860) II. x. ii- Notes 316<br />

Tiicresa might, in the abstract, rate the visionless altitude<br />

above the valley of vision. 1859 Bp. S. Wilbf.rforce Addr.<br />

Ordination'ix. 182 I'he hindrances to our delivering simply<br />

our message may lead us to suppress or tamper with it until<br />

we Itecome visionless and dumb. 1891 N. hoviMUv. Battle<br />

0/ Belie/ i^i His cheerless, slioreless, visionless system of<br />

negations.<br />

Vrsionlike, adv. [f. Vision sb.l After the<br />

manner of a vision.<br />

18x4 Miss L. M. Hawkins Annaline I. 78 As if some<br />

thoughts had visionlike swept across her mind.<br />

Visir(ate, obs. forms of Vizieb(ate.<br />

Visit (vi'zit), sb. Also 7 visite, visitt, visette,<br />

vizet. [ad. F. visiU ( - It., Sp., Pg. visUa),<br />

or f. Visit v!\<br />

1. An act of visiting a person ; a friendly or<br />

formal call upon, a shorter or longer stay with, a<br />

person as a feature of social intercourse.<br />

z6si G. Sandys Ovid's Met. xiii. (1626) 274 To Nymphs<br />

of Seas,. .She beares her vizets. 1638 R. Baker tr. Balzac's<br />

Lett. (vol. II) 228 You know well, I have appointed you<br />

here a chamber, and that you are my debter of a visite,<br />

now a whole year. 1648 Nicholas Papers (Camden) 94 To<br />

..undertake, .for a visiit to him by the Lord Jarmin (who<br />

I beleeve visited none else there). i68i V'tess Campden<br />

in 12/A Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 56 My Lady<br />

Skidinore and her lord was at Mr. Conishys house upon a<br />

visctte. 17H Addison Spect. No. 102 f 8 Like Ladies that<br />

look upon their Watches after a long Visit. 1753 Scots<br />

Mag. XV. 36/1 Guilty of that most atrocious crime, the<br />

owing a visit. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) V. 246 If<br />

the monkey ventures to offer a visit of curiosity, the toucan<br />

gives him such a welcome, that he . . is glad to escape.<br />

1848 Thackeray Van. Fair J, On the solemn occasions of<br />

the visits of parents. 1887 Brit. Med. Jmi. 2 April 754/1<br />

To call twice in one week, under the pretence, .of a social<br />

visit. 1907 yerney iMeni. 1. 99 He is looking forward to<br />

a visit from Ralph in the summer.<br />

Jig. 1781 CowpER Table V, 411 'Tis not. .despondence and<br />

dismay Will win her [sc. Mercy's] visits or engage her stay.<br />

b. Freq. in the phrases to make, or fay (also<br />

t ^'^^) a visit, to return a visit.<br />

{>t] 1644 T. Pbujean Aurorata \\. Ej, Romeo.. going to<br />

give her a visit meetes Tybalt her kinsman. 1674 Essex<br />

Papers (Camden) I. 179 Mj; L*' Shaftsbury did me y«<br />

honour y^ other day to give ine a visit. 1^99 R-<br />

L'EsTRANGE Erasm. Colloq. (1725) 227 An Abbot gives a<br />

Lady a visit. 1709-10 Stkelk Tatlcr No. 128 P 7 He came<br />

to give our Family a formal Visit.<br />

(^) >643 Caryl Expos. Job I . 636 There is no obligation<br />

but that of love, to make a visit, a 1C99 Lady Halkett<br />

Autobiog. (Camden) 3, I doe nott remember that I made a<br />

visitt to y* neerest neibour. 1710 Steele Tatler No. 124<br />

F I, I went on Saturday last to make a Visit in the City.<br />

1753 E. Moor in IVoi Id I. No. 11. 87 She made him a visit<br />

of a month, and at his entreaty would have settled with<br />

him for ever. 1779 Forrest I'oy. N. Guinea 224 Making<br />

him a visit, I found him in the great hall. 1813 J. Simpson<br />

Ricardo the Outlaiv I. 241 She promised that m two years,<br />

at longest, she would make them a visit. 1885 W. W.<br />

Story Fiammetia 195 Vou promised you would make me<br />

a visit in the autumn.<br />

ic) 1654-66 Earl Orrery Parthen. (i6;6) 503 Surena, ty<br />

this visit, was in a few days able to pay me one. 171<br />

Steele Sped. No. '2^ T t Let us pay Vi>ils, but never see<br />

one another. 1715 I>e Foe Voy. round World (1840) 38<br />

The Dutch captain came off in his shallop .. to pay his<br />

visit to me. 1781 Cowper Conversnt. 399 The visit paid,<br />

with ecstasy we come, As from a seven years transportation,<br />

home. 1835 Court Mag. VI. i£6/i, I (quitted Oxford,<br />

and paid a visit to a maiden lady dwelling m the Orange<br />

Grove. 1855 Tennyson To Rezu F. D. Maurice xii, When<br />

the wreath of March has blos.soni'd, .. Or later, pay one<br />

visit here, For those are few we hold as dear.<br />

/ig. 1770 GoLDSM. Des. I'ill. 3 Where smiling spring its<br />

earliest visit paid.<br />

{d) 1677 Lady Chaworth in 12M Rtp. Hist. MSS. Comm.<br />

App. v. 37, I missed my nephew Anthony the other day<br />

who Lady Shaftesbery sent to see me, and I am now going<br />

to returnc his visit. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to<br />

C^iess Mar 10 Maich, 1 leturned my visits at three weeks'<br />

end. 1766 [see Return v. 21 b].<br />

C. trans/. A plnce lo which one goes only as a<br />

visitor.<br />

1784 Cowper Task i. 251 Society for me ! thou seeming<br />

sweet, he still a pleasing object in my view, My visit still,<br />

but n^ver mine abode.<br />

d. An excursion to a place for the purpose of<br />

sight-seeing ; a short or temporary stay at a place.<br />

Also transf. of animals or birds (cf. Visit v. 10 d).<br />

1800 {title), Visits to the Aviary-. For the instruction of<br />

youth. 1839 Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Li/t III. vii.<br />

97 There is an account of a visit to Lyme in Miss Austen's<br />

'. exquisite 'Persuasion i860 Clouch Poems, etc. (1869) I.<br />

245 We had a visit to Frysion in Yorkshire, and after passing<br />

through the Highlands to Oban, made a three week's<br />

stay in Morven. 187a Rlskin Fors Clav. xxi. 20, I spend<br />

five hundred in Paris in the two visits I make there.<br />

trans/. 1831 T. Nuttall in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts ^<br />

Sci. (1833) I. loi Crossbills .. pay irregular visits to the<br />

northern and middle States. 1843 Penny Cycl, XXV. 7/1<br />

[ Ihc black-cap titmouse] probably extending its visits into<br />

Mexica<br />

e. An occasion of going to a dentist, doctor, etc.,<br />

for examination or treatment.<br />

1884 Thompson Tumours oj Bladder 10 After two or three<br />

visits [to a hospital], he took a sea voyage for his health.<br />

1901 R. Bagot Donna Diana, xxviii, 356 He felt that he<br />

would far prefer a visit to the dentist to the interview before<br />

him.


VISIT.<br />

2. a. An instance of going to see, and assist or<br />

comfort, persons in distress.<br />

1709 C/'.'V/f), A charitable Visit to the Prisons, containing<br />

counsel to those who are confined there. 179J [R. Cecil]<br />

'ytitU)^ A Friendly Visit to the House of Mourning.<br />

b. A call made by a clergyman as part of his<br />

pastoral duties.<br />

«7«4 A. Shields Li/e % Remuihk 114 No place did more<br />

desire his frequent Visits than iho>e that were most persecuted<br />

for him. 17^7 Yiij^aio^ Funer. Sernt. y. A'esifit ^x His<br />

visits were generally short, but very agreeable, and useful.<br />

O. A professional call made by a doctor on a<br />

patient.<br />

1719 BovER Diet. Rfyal\. s.v., The visit of a Physitian,<br />

or Surgeon. 1858 Simmonds Did. Trade, Visit, the attendance<br />

of a surgeon or physician, inspector, etc. x86i Flor.<br />

Nightingale A'wrj/wg- 35 For a doctor., to leave the patient<br />

and communicate his opinion on the result of his visit.,<br />

within hearing.. of the patient [etc. J. 189a J. W. Martin<br />

Quest. (J- Answ. Nursing- q-2 To report anything that may<br />

appear unusual to the Doctor at his next visit.<br />

3. a. Surgical examination (of a wound), rare—^.<br />

1796 Charlotte Smith Marchmont IV. 17, I am faint<br />

after a visit to my wound.<br />

b. An instance (or the action) of going to a<br />

place, house, etc., for the purpose of insi)ection or<br />

examination.<br />

1787 Burns T.et.toM, Chahners^\i%. (Globe) 352, I have<br />

been at Dumfries, and at one visit more shall be deciiled<br />

about a farm in that country. 1815 J. C. Hobhouse Sul^stancf<br />

Lett. (i8i6) I. 291 The Emperor, .examined the new<br />

manufacture of Arms. . . Napoleon was accompanied only by<br />

three officers when he made this visit. x86i M. Pattison<br />

Aw. (1889) I, 48 Sir Thomas More made, as Chancellor, a<br />

domiciliary visit in search of heretical books. (897 J. S.<br />

KisLEv Law 0/ War 111. viii. 265 {heading) The right of<br />

visit and search. A belligerent has the right, .to visit and<br />

search every merchant ship at sea in time of war.<br />

t4. An occurrence of menstruation. Obs,<br />

i6S3 T. Brugis / 'ode Mecvm (ed. 2) 112 Philonium Persicum..b<br />

good against the overmuch flowing of womens<br />

naturall visits, //rid. 127 Myrrhe . . procureth womens<br />

monthly vi-its. 1781 Bradley Philos. Ace. lyks. iVat. 95<br />

The Females of these have periodical Visits like Females of<br />

the Human Race.<br />

5, attrib, and Comb.f as visit-day, -pet heo fluwen monne sturbinge,<br />

& wenden bi ham one : & tet God visitede ham &<br />

jef bam hore bonen. a 1300 Cursor M. 5789 Sai ^m i sal<br />

^am son visete, . . I sal l>nin bring vte of tbain-hede. a 1325<br />

Prose Psalter cv. (cvi.) 4 penche, Lord, on vs in l>e welelikandof<br />

^y folk, and visit vs in i>yne hell>e. 1340 Ayenh.<br />

128 pet is ^et uerste guod l>et t»e holy gosl del? to J>e sene*<br />

^ere, huanne be htm uisite^. 138a Wvclip Jer. xv. 15 Lord,<br />

recorde thou of me, and visite me, and delyucre me fro them<br />

that pursuen me. c 141s Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 914 God,<br />

as him list, visltith folk, & smyt. c\^^ Alph, 'I ales 269<br />

Almighti (>od base forsaken nie, becauce He vissettis not<br />

me as He was wunt. 1535 Coverdale Rntk L 6 She had<br />

herdc.y' the Lorde had visited his people & geuen them<br />

bred. iou preuest him'. 1535<br />

Coverdale Job xxxi. 14 But seynge that God wil sytt in<br />

judgment, what shal I do? And for so moch as he wilnedes<br />

vyset me, what answere shal I geue him? 1645 Caryl<br />

Expos, y^^ L 637 'i he eye of God is alway upon us:., he<br />

visiieih us so, that we can turn no way but he is with us,<br />

i667Milton/'.Z., XII. 48 But God who oft descends to visit<br />

men Unseen, and through thir habitations walks To mark<br />

thir doings.<br />

absol 1611 Bible y^^*^ xxxi. 14 What then shall I do, when<br />

God riseih vp ? and when hee visiteth, what shall I answere<br />

him?<br />

3. To inflict hurt, harm, or punishment upon (a<br />

person) ;<br />

to deal severely or hardly with (persons<br />

or things) ; f to cut off, cause to die.<br />

138a Wyclif Isa. xxvi. 14 I'herfore thou hast visityd, and<br />

tobrosedest hem, and lost al the mynde of hem. 1485 Ctn'.<br />

Leet Bk. 528 If your wisdomes. .well please.. to chese me<br />

. . Recorder of your Cttie, if God visite your Recorder that<br />

nowe is. 1535 Coverdale Amos iii. 2 Therfore will I vyset<br />

Vou in all youre wickednesses. 1541 Test. Ebor. (Surtees)<br />

VI. 152 Heinge visitt with the hande of God. 1594 T. B.<br />

La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 11. 312 Let vs alwayes looke to the<br />

first cause of our affliction, and to God who visiteth vs lustly.<br />

i6tx Bible Amos iii. 14, I will also visite the altars of<br />

Bethel, and the homes of the altar shall be cut oflT. 1645 ;<br />

Carvl Expos. Job I. 636 When God vi.sits our bodies, our '<br />

estates, our families, or the kingdom where we live.<br />

rtiTTO JoRTiN .SVrw/. {1771) I. iii. 52 We haue mentioned<br />

several reasons why God doth not immediately visit the<br />

disobediant. 1781 Cowper Expost. 248 If vice receiv'd her<br />

retribution due When we were visited, what hope for you ?<br />

1788 Gibbon Decl. 4- ^.xlviii. V. 67 Her life was spared by<br />

the clemency of the emperor, but he visited the pomp and<br />

treasures of her palace.<br />

b. To afflict or distress with sickness, poverty^<br />

or the like.<br />

1414 HcK. VI in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 11. 1. 100 Oure bel<br />

Uncle of Excestre, whom oure Lord now late visitid with<br />

seknesse. c 1430 Lvdg. Min. Poems (Percy See.) 127 Som<br />

withe povert hym list to visite. 15x6 Pilgr. Per/, (W. de<br />

W. 15^1) 134 b, Euerychylde that he receyueth.hechastiseth<br />

& visiteth with payne & tribulacyon. ijiBi pETTiKGuazzo's<br />

CiT. Conv. I. (1586) 2 God.. hauing visited mee with a long,<br />

and perchaunce a curelesse disease, 158a N. Lichefield tr.<br />

CastanAeda's Conq. E. Ind. 1. vii. 19 b, Fiefore his departure<br />

. .he ment to visit the town of Mousambick, anti the dwellers<br />

therein, with some sufficient reuenge. 1614 J, Usher<br />

\\\ Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 131 It pleased God to visite me<br />

with aquartan. 1748 Smollett R. Random xxvii, His indignation<br />

ought to be directed to Cot Almighty, who visited<br />

his people with distempers. i86a Hoyd Graver Thoughts<br />

52 Holy Scripture sets before us two men,, .each of whom<br />

was visited with a thorn in the flesh to keep him down.<br />

C. To deprive ^something. rare~^.<br />

c 1585 Faire Em ui. iv, Good father, giue me leaue to sit<br />

where 1 may not be disturbed, sith God hath visited me ,<br />

both of my sight and hearing. I<br />

4. Of sickness, etc. : To come upon (a person or j<br />

persons), to assail or afflict. Freq. in passive and '<br />

const, with or by.<br />

c 1340 Hampole /v. Consc. 1980 Als we suld ilk day beded<br />

fele. And byde noght til (je dede us vyset. 138a Wyclif<br />

Numb. xvi. 29 If [ihere]. . visyte them a veniaunce, with the<br />

which and other ben woned to be visytid, the Lorde hath<br />

not sente me. a 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. K/, 95 The kvng I<br />

his father, so visited with sickenesse was not personable.<br />

a 1578 LiNDESAV(Pitscottie)CV/r£7rt..SVo/. (S.T.S.) I. 156 He |<br />

was hestelie vissitit with the heot feweris. 1596 Shaks. '<br />

/ Hen. IV, IV. i. 26, 1 would the state of time had first beene i<br />

whole. Ere he by sicknesse had beene visited. 1645 Caryl<br />

Expos. Job I. 636 When a house hath the Plague,.. we<br />

use to say. Such a house is visited. 1657 -R. Ligon Barbadoes<br />

(1673) 21 So grievously visited with the plague,<br />

..that before a month., the living were hardly able to bury<br />

the dead. i66a E. Hookksiii Extr. St. P. rel. Friends 11.<br />

(1911) 154 In the White Lyon prtsson,. about 23 of them<br />

vissitted with sicknesse and a hiyh feever. 1717 Swift God^s<br />

Key. agst. PuttningV^ks. 1755 III, i. 171 One Samuel an<br />

Irishman, for his forward attempt to pun. .hath been visited<br />

all his life after with bulls and blunders. 1754 Med. Observ.<br />

(1776) I. 43 Being visited by a gentle attack [of gout] in<br />

both feet. ^ 1834 R. & J. Lander Exped. Niger I. iii. 120<br />

Since leaving Jcnna, we have met an incredible number of<br />

persons visited with the loss of one eye. 1855 Poultry<br />

Chron. III. 148/1 Some which were, .tended with constant<br />

care, all died :<br />

and similar mortality has visited others also.<br />

1866 Rogers Agric. ^ Prices 1. xxiii. 602 Cornwall must<br />

have been more lightly visited with the Plague than most<br />

English counties.<br />

b. spec, in pass. Bewitched.<br />

i8so Sporting Mag. VII. lor On account of their stock<br />

thus 'visited', as the term is, the infatuated peasantry<br />

almost invariably have recourse to charms.<br />

6. To punish or requite (wrongdoing). Also<br />

const, with,<br />

a I3»s Prose Psalter Uxxvi'il (Ixxxix.) 32 V shal uisite in<br />

chasteing her wickednesses, and her syn^es in vengeaunce.<br />

138a Wyclif Exod. xxxii. 34 V in the day of veniaunce<br />

shal visite this synne of hem. [.'Vlso Jer. xiv. 10, Lam. iv.<br />

VISIT.<br />

22, etc. ; similarly in later versions.) 1535 Coverdale Jer.<br />

xxiii. 2 Therfore, now will I vyset the wickednes of youre<br />

ymaginacions, saieth >•• Lorde. 1833 I. Taylor Fanat.<br />

li. 41 So jealous is Nature of lier constitutions that she<br />

rigorously visits every infringement of them. Jbid. 49<br />

'Itie instinct of Retribution or the \eliement desire to see<br />

wrong visited with punishment. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng.<br />

iv. I. 496 What, he often said, could be more unjust, than 10<br />

visit speculations with penalties which ought to be reserved<br />

for acts? 1879 Froude Cxsar xix. 310 Mild offences were<br />

visited with the loss of eyes or ears.<br />

b. To avenge, or inflict ])unishment for (wrong-<br />

doing) on or upon (also f w, into) a person.<br />

138a ^ychw Exod. XX. ^<br />

3 Visitynge the wickidnes offadris<br />

in sones into the thridde and the ferthe generacioun. —<br />

Jer. xxiii. 2 Y shal visite vp on ;ow the malice of ijoure<br />

studies. 153s Coverdale Numb. xiv. 18 The Lortle..<br />

vysiteth the myszdede of the fathers vpon the children. 1595<br />

Shaks. John 11. i. 179 Thy siniies are visiied in this poore<br />

childe. 1596 — Merch. V, 111. v. 16 So the sins of my<br />

mother should be visited vpon me. i6ii Bible Jer. xxiii. 2<br />

Behold I will visite vpon you the euill of your doings. 1667<br />

Milton P. L. x. 955, I to that place Would speed before<br />

thee,. .That on my head all might be visited. 1813 Shelley<br />

Q. Mab vm. i8i Which doubly visits on the tyrants' heads<br />

The long.protracted fulness of their woe. 1831 Keble<br />

Serm. v. (1848) 118 Thus, reversing the Scripture rule most<br />

unfairly, men visit the sins of the children on the fathers.<br />

1866 G, Macdonai-D Ann. Q. Neighb. xiii. (1878) 266 He<br />

visited the daughter's fault upon the son.<br />

o. To inflict (pimishment) on one. rare*<br />

1836 J. Gilbert Chr. A tonem. ix. (1852) 292 It is said to<br />

be of the essence of legal penalty to visit punishment on the<br />

person of the offender,<br />

6. ahsoi. To take vengeance or inflict punishment.<br />

+ Also const, on or ewer,<br />

138a Wyclif Isa. x. 12, I shal visite vpon the fruyt of the<br />

gret doende herte of the king of Assur. Ibid. xxviL i In<br />

that dai viseten shal the Lord in his harde swerd..vp on<br />

leiiyathan. 1609 Bible (Douay) Isa. xiii. 11 And 1 will<br />

visite over the evils of the world, and against the impious<br />

their iniquitie. 1840 De Quincky Essenes 111, When the<br />

vilest outrages were offered by foreigners to their women,<br />

probably they [sc. the Sicarii] * visited ' for such atrocities.<br />

II. 7. To make a practice of going to (persons<br />

in sickness or distress) in order to comfort or assist<br />

them.<br />

c laso Kent. Serm. in O. E. Misc. 28 For Jjo luue of gode<br />

wakie, go ine pelrimage, uisiti ^^epoure, and to sike. c 1315<br />

Shorkham I. 1032 IToJ Vysyty syke and prysone, And helpe<br />

pouereat nede, ciyj^ Lay J- oiks' Catech, 1133 Whi sehuld<br />

venym or stynk lette vs to visite men in presun. 1377<br />

Langu p. Pl.^ B. V. 412, I visited neuere fieble men, ne<br />

fettered folke in puttes. c 14^ Lyix;, Min. Poetns (Percy<br />

See.) 68 Visite the pore, with intyre diligence. On al nedy<br />

have thow compassioun. C1450 Mirk^s P'estial 231 Helpe<br />

l?e seke, and vysed horn |)at be in prison, c 1491 Chast<br />

Goddes Chyld. 13 Also it isgood to visite seke folke that ben<br />

holden goostly lyuers. 15*6 Tindalk Jas. i. 27 To vysit<br />

the frendlesseand widdowes in their adversite. 1588 .Shaks.<br />

L. L. L. v. ii. 861 You shall this tweluemonth terme from<br />

day to day, Visile the speechlesse sicke. 1603— Meas,/or<br />

M. II. iii. 4 Bound by my charity,..! come to visite the<br />

afflicted spirits <strong>Here</strong> in the prison. 1687 J. Renwick in<br />

A. Shields Li^e (1724) 219 Ye must visit the Sick and these<br />

who are in Distress. 1795 Paley {title''. The Clergyman's<br />

Companion in Visiting the Sick. 1863 Chambers' Encycl.<br />

IV. 541/1 The deplorable condition of the female prisonars<br />

in Newgate attracted her lElizabeth Fry's] attention, and<br />

she resolved upon visiting them.<br />

absoL a 1591 H. Smith VVks. (1867) II. 22 The devil goeth<br />

a-visiting, he will teach the sick how they shall recover<br />

their health.<br />

b. Similarly with reference to individual cases.<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 16013 Til his felaus he yede He went<br />

him for to wisit )>aim, for J»ar«of had \>?\ nede. 1303 R.<br />

Brunne Hantil. Synne 4388 He lay yn hys bedde long<br />

Sone aftyr betydde a lytte pe kyng come, hym to vysyte.<br />

13.. Seuyn Siiges (W.) 1138 He let of-sende.. Hise neyebours<br />

him to visite. And told..Hou his deth was comen<br />

him on. 1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 50 bere shal no bro^r<br />

ne sister sene oihir in prison, {but) I'at he shal comyn and<br />

vesyten hym and comfordyn hym. 1530 Palsgr. 766/1 It is<br />

an almesse dede to visyte the poore man, he hath ben long<br />

sycke. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon 1. 167 It pleaseth me well<br />

that this caytyue Huon, who endureih myche payne, be<br />

vysytyd by thee. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Vis.<br />

Sicky If the person visited bee very sicke, then the curate<br />

ma^ end his exhortacion at this place. 1607 Shaks. Cor.<br />

I. iii. 85 Come, you must go visit the good Lady that lies in.<br />

1645 Caryl Expos. Job I. 636 Christ pronounceth the blessing<br />

on them who, when he was in prison, visited him.<br />

171a N. Spikckes (title), The Sick Man Visited; and furnished<br />

with Instructions, Meditations, and Prayers. 1808<br />

Mrs, E. Hamilton Cottagers o/Glenburnie x, The minister.<br />

.bad been sent for. .to visit a sick parishioner.<br />

8. To go to see (a person) in a friendly or sociable<br />

manner ; to call upon as an act of friendliness<br />

or politeness, or for some special purpose ; also,<br />

to stay with for a short time as a guest.<br />

13. .Artk. 9( Merlin 701 Biside J>er woned an ermite, fat<br />

J>ider com, t>is t = these] to visite. 13., Guy War^v. (A.)<br />

4450 Whende ichil in-tomi cuntre, Mine frendes to visite &<br />

to se. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 325 pat tyme<br />

whanne Moyses visited his brejjeren in ^lelond of lessen, he<br />

slow5 a man of J)e P!gipcians. c 1400 Maundev. (1839) v. 39<br />

And whan the Soudan wille, he may go visite him. 1413-30<br />

V.snG. Chron. 7>


VISIT.<br />

irith all s


VISITANT. 253 VISITATION.<br />

belonging to the Order of the Visitation, founded<br />

in 1610 by Mme, de Chantal (St. Frances) under<br />

the direction of St. Francis de Sales.<br />

1747 Gentl, Mag. 571/1 There is near the same number<br />

of Congregants, Ur^ulines, Visitnndines, and other sorts of<br />

Beguines. 187a \V. H. Jfrvis Gnllican Ch. I. v. 247 A<br />

kindred institution took its rin<br />

Aytmer's F. 166 And Edith's everywhere; And Edith ever<br />

visitant with him. 1887 Ruskin Prxterita II. 281 Mr.<br />

Melvill was entirely amiable in the Church visitant, though<br />

not formidable in the Church militant.<br />

Vi'sitatin^i //A «. rare~^. [f. L. visitdt-,<br />

ppl. stem of visitdre to visit.] Visiting,<br />

1613 Two Noble K. i. i. But our Lords Lie blist'ring 'fore<br />

the visitating Sun, And were good Kings, when living.<br />

Visitatioil (vizit^'Jan). Forms : 4 vysytaoyun,<br />

5-6 vysytacyon (5 -acyone, 6 -aoion),<br />

vysitacyon, viaytacion; 4-5 visitacioun {(iSc.<br />

-atioun), 4-7 Tisitacion (7 -acycn), 4- visitation<br />

; 6 vesyt-, ffessyt-, feoytaoyon. [a, AF.<br />

visitacioun (Gower), OF. and F. visitation ( 'Sp.<br />

visitacion^ Pg. visita^do. It. visitazione), or ad. L.<br />

visitiftion-, vtsitdtio, noun of action f. visitdre to<br />

visit ]<br />

I. 1, The action, on the part of one in authority,<br />

or of a duly qualified or authorized person, of<br />

going to a particular place in order to make an<br />

inspection and satisfy himself that everything is in<br />

order; an instance of such inspection or super-<br />

vision.<br />

a, A visit by an ecclesiastical person (or body)<br />

to examine into the state of a diocese, parish, reli-<br />

gious institution, etc. ; spec, in English use, such<br />

a visit paid by a bishop or archdeacon ; a meeting<br />

or gathering of persons concerned in such a visit.<br />

Quotations for an archdeacon's vt.sitation are placed<br />

separately under Kb).<br />

(«) «303 R- Brunne Handl. .Synne 2103 He [an abbot]<br />

went hj-s wey To Palesiyne, ^at ys an abbey, To make hys<br />

v>'sytacyun As fallcl> yn relygyun. 1401 Pol. Poems<br />

(Rolls) II. 2t Why be ye not under your bishops visitations,<br />

and leege men to our king? 1536 Pilgr. Per/. (W.<br />

de W. 1531)64 --Vbbot Pyor, whicrie among a great multitude<br />

of fathers and bretherne gathered together in maner<br />

of a vysytacyon.. dyd in this wyse. a 15^ Hall Chron,,<br />

Hen. VII I, 143 The Cardtiiall by Visitacions, ma! yng or<br />

Abbottes,. .and other pollynges..had made his threasore<br />

e^all with the kynges. 1591 Spensgr M. Hnbberd %(:^<br />

All their Parishners..to the Ordinarie of them complaind,<br />

. .Till at the length he published to holde .A Visitation, and<br />

them cytcd thether. i66i J. Stephens Procurations 17<br />

For what are Visitations other then laborious travellings<br />

from place to place? 1739 Bp. Herring in }. Duncornbe<br />

Lett. (1773) II. 132 It was the year of my primary visit;ition,<br />

and I determined to see every part of my diocese.<br />

1761 Wabburton in IV. ^ /Kurd's Lett. {1809) 326, I fancy<br />

my Visitation, .will be the last week in June and the 6rst<br />

in July. i8s7 Hallam Const. Hist. ii. (1876) I 70 Wolscy,<br />

as papal legate,, .commenced a visitation of the professed<br />

as well as secular clergy in 1533.<br />

(b) 1536 DunmowChurckw. MS. fol. 22 b, Item payd at the<br />

(fessytacyon, liii*. iS37 Ibid. fol. 23 Item payd at Chelmsford<br />

at the Vesytacyon fjr howr costs, xviii^, 1566 Eng.<br />

Ch. Furniture (Peacock, 1866) 56 Imprimis a box made of<br />

bone sold to Jho Wattes sens the last visitacion who keeps yt<br />

to put monney in. \to-iCotisiit.\ Canons cx\. In all Visitatlons<br />

of Bishops and Archdeacons, the Church- wardens.,<br />

shall, .present the names of all those which behaue themselues<br />

rudely, .in the Church. 169a Prideaux Lett. (Camden)<br />

152, I have yours of the j6th. but it came not to my<br />

hands till last Friday, for I was absent at Ipswich on a<br />

visitation. 1713 Gibson Codex 5(99 If any Archdeacons<br />

are entituled to require Exhibits in their Visitations, it can<br />

only be upon the fool of Cu-vtom. I7»6 Avliffk. Parergon<br />

06 For the Bishop ought to visit his Diocess every Year in<br />

nis own Person, unless bethinks fit to omit the same,.. and<br />

then in such a Case he ought to send his Archdeacon, which<br />

was the Original of the Archdeacons Visitation. 184a Words<br />

to Churchwardens (Camb. Camd. Soc.) 1. 3 I'he Archdeacon<br />

at his Visitation seldom er.ds his charge without a<br />

few words to us Churchwarden.s. 1857 Toulmin Smith<br />

Parish 94 The articles of Visitation i^suei by him, when<br />

archdeacon in 1713, as to be answered by all churchwardens.<br />

{c) 17J7 P. Wai.her Li/e Semple Biog. Presbyt. (1827) I.<br />

158 There were few parochial Visitations, .but he was at<br />

them, for encouraging of laboriousgodly Ministers, and censuring<br />

of such as were scandalous.<br />

b. A visit of inspectif n made by one or more<br />

persons having civil authority or jurisdiction or<br />

specially appointed to exercise supervision within<br />

a certain sphere ; the making of such visits ; f the<br />

body of persons making an inspection of this kind,<br />

t Visitationo/ iraners: see quot. 1607 and Mainour.<br />

1533-4 Act 25 Hen. VIII, c. 21 § 14 Redresse visitacion<br />

and coufirmacion shalbe had by the Kynges Highnes. 1556<br />

Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 54 Item the v. day after in<br />

September [1547] beganne the kynges vysytacion at Powlles,<br />

and alle imagys puliyd downe. 1607 Cowkll Interpr.,<br />

Visitation 0/ innners . .^t^% wont to be tl-.e name of the Regarders<br />

office in auncient time. 1665 in W. Campbell Ch.<br />

iif Par. Kirkaldy 84 The visitation present appoynts the<br />

school to be visited four times in the year. 1691 Wood<br />

Ath. Oxon. I. 327 On the 8. of Nov... the Visitation of his<br />

Library is commonly made. 1773 Gentl, Mog. XLIIl. 349<br />

Sir Thomas Pychas it in command from the King to<br />

acquaint [certain admirals, captains, etc.] that he is pleased<br />

with their attention during his visitation at Portsmouth.<br />

1845 PoLsoN in Encycl. Meircp. II. 826/1 It was held, that<br />

in default of. a special visitor appointed by the founder or<br />

charter, the king, in the person of his chancellor, had the<br />

right of visitation. 1874 Hucknill & Tuke Psychol. Med.<br />

(ed. 3) 2 The bill of 1828, by which the Secretary of State<br />

was allowed to appoint fifteen ('ommispioners annually, for<br />

the license and visitation of those houses whiLh had been<br />

previously licensed by the College of Physicians.<br />

C. A periodic visit made to a district by heralds<br />

to examine and enrol arms and pedigrees. Now<br />

only Hist.<br />

i57« N, Roscarbocke Prelim. Verses in Bossewell<br />

Annorie, Of dubbing knights, the orde:s ther ihey haue j<br />

..With visitacions, which allottes to eche desert his right.<br />

i64oYork:e L'nion //(?». To Rdr., For the Armesof our Lincolnshire<br />

Gentlemen, I haue taken their knowledge from<br />

themselues, and by Visitations. 1849 R. Sims {title). An<br />

Index to the Pedigrees and Arms contained in the Heralds'<br />

Visitations. 1864 Boutell Her. Hist, ^ Pop. xiii. (ed. 3)<br />

133 The Records of these Visitations are preserved in the<br />

College of Arms.<br />

d. In general use: Examination, inspection.<br />

1583 Melbancke Philotimus E iij b, The old huddle<br />

missing his monye at his next visitation, toke the haulter<br />

and hanged himselfe. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig Med.<br />

I. §16, I cannot tell by what Logick we call a Toad, a<br />

Be:ire, or an Elephant, ugly, they .. having past that<br />

generall visitation of God, who saw that all that he had<br />

made was good.<br />

e. Spec. Examination of goods by a customs<br />

officer or similar official ; the action on the part of<br />

a belligerent vessel of ascertaining, by entry or<br />

close examination, the character of a merchant<br />

ship belonging to a neutral state.<br />

1755 Magrns Insurances II. 513 Where these Goods<br />

shall be subject to Visitation in the same manner, as those<br />

which are made in the Kingdom. 1826 Kent Comm. I. 31<br />

Maritime states claim upon a principle just in itself and<br />

temperately applied, a right of visitation. 1867 Smyth<br />

Sailor's Word.hk. 714 The law of nations gives to every<br />

belligerent cruiser the right of visitation and search of all<br />

merchant ships.<br />

2. The action of going to a place, either for<br />

some special purpose or merely in order to see it<br />

an ins'.ance of this.<br />

C1386 Chaucer Wi/i's Prol. 555 Therfore I made my<br />

visitacions To vigllies, and to processions To prechyng eek<br />

and to thtse pilgrimages. 165:4 Codhington tr. Justin<br />

xxxviii. (1672) 377 The Ambassadors of the Romans, .made<br />

a visitation into those parts to observe the condition and<br />

Kingdoms of their Confederates. 1687 A. LovELLtr. The7enoi's<br />

'Prav. i. 172 We took the way by 'I'or, partly to see<br />

it, and partly to take a Monk to guide us in our visitations.<br />

X7»o Wklion Suffer, Son o/Coii II. xviji. 405 The Blesstd<br />

Jesus.. found 'lime enough to make His Circular Visitation<br />

thro' all those Towns in and about Palestine, a 1774<br />

Goldsm. Surv. Exp. Phiios. (1776) I. 305 In this manner<br />

we find, that no part of nature is wholly secluded from<br />

human visitation. 1839 Lytton Pevereux r. viii, The town<br />

was a favourite place of visitation with all the fjimily.<br />

183* G. DowNF.s Lett. Cont. Countries I. 311 We proceeded<br />

from hence to the Church of St. Mary Segreta, and<br />

terminated our visitation at that of the Holy Sepulchre.<br />

1866 Rogers Agric.


VISITATION.<br />

c 1430 Lvoa Min. Potms (E.E.T.S.)79 Whan Abaclcuk..<br />

Broughle potage in to Babyloun, . . Affter figure this mater<br />

to convej'e. How almesse-dede and vysylacyoun Grctly<br />

avaylleth to sowlys whan they deye. 1474 Caxton Cheat<br />

llu V. (1883) IM And as to them that ben seke contynuell<br />

\i-iitacion of them. 1S4»-S (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Offices<br />

18 The Order for the visitacion of the sicke. 1583 in Wedrmi<br />

Sx. Afisc. (1844) 460 As tuitchin? the Visitatioun of the<br />

seik, he declairit he was . . glad to wissie the puirest creatour.<br />

1777 Bkand Pe>*. AnHg. 379 I" I'erforining. the Service<br />

appropriated to the Visitation of the Sick with one of these<br />

Men (who died a few Days after). 179S P^i-ey C/ert?""-<br />

Cum/. Pref., The offices of Public and Private Baptism,<br />

though no ways relating to the visitation of the Sick, are<br />

retained. i86a Ckamiers's EncvcL III. 180 The Church<br />

of Enjland.. retains private confession in the rubric for<br />

visitation of the sick. i8S« Kington Oliphant Neiu Englisk<br />

I. 160 An office for ihe Visitation of the sick, which<br />

dates from about 139a<br />

b. The action of pastoral visiting on the part ot<br />

a clergyman.<br />

iS46V


VISITED. 255 VISITOR.<br />

185J ^MEDLEY L. Arumiel xxxvi. 303 A visite^ of light<br />

blue^/oc/ silk. 1864 Daily Til. x July, She wore a white<br />

dress with a black >ilk vi^^ite, and a white bonnet. 1885<br />

Fall Mall G. 11 May 4/2 We have a ' visite ' without arms<br />

or any proper accommodation for those useful iippeiidages.<br />

2. Short forCAiiTE-DE-visiTE, in attrib. use.<br />

1891 Anthony's Photo^. Bull. IV. 302 A stereoscope<br />

camera which can be used to maKe..24 visite negatives.<br />

Visited (vi-zited), ///. a. Also 6 vysset,<br />

vysyted. [f. Visit vS\<br />

+ 1. Afflicted with illness ; attacked by plague or<br />

other epidemic, Obs.<br />

1537 Notiinzham Rec. Ml. 375 This towne, the wheche<br />

dothe kepe the vysset folke at Bradmar. 1553 S. Cabot<br />

Ordinances in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 261 The sicke, diseased,<br />

weake, and visited person within boord to be,,<br />

comforted and holpeii. 1575 Nottingham Rec. (i88g) IV.<br />

159 Payd more for the charges of the vysyted woman at<br />

Hye Crosse xxiij d. 1604 F. Herring Mod. Defence B 2,<br />

He will not rush rashly into euery infected and visited<br />

house. 1640 SoMNER Antiq, Canterb. 16 Convenient Pesthouses,<br />

and Receptacles for the poore visited people of the<br />

City. 171a De Foe /*/«^tf (i80) 33 If any person visited do<br />

fortune . . to come . . from a place infected to an y other place.<br />

2. That is the object of a visit or visits.<br />

O. Walker Educ. n. i. 223 In receiving visits,, the<br />

167J<br />

GeniTemen meet them at the bottom. It is alwaies observed<br />

that the visited^ Gentlemen attend one degree at<br />

least further then the Patron. 1754 World No. 62 Pg The<br />

Visited in these cases., have invented on their parts several<br />

curious hints towards shortning the length of a Visitation.<br />

1873 Smilfis Huguenots France \\\. i. {1881) 383 Dauphiny<br />

is one uf the least visited of ail the provinces of France.<br />

Visitee (vizitr)* [f- Visit z'. + -ee.] The<br />

I>erson to whom a visit is paid.<br />

i8as Ne7v Monthly Mag. XVI. 181 A very necessary con*<br />

venance interposed between visitor and visitee in those<br />

numerous calls of etiquette, 184a Mrs. Carlvle Lett,<br />

(1883) I. 174 To suit the more fashionable hours of our<br />

visitees. \fSi6Cornh. Mag. July 39, I should think that<br />

angels (and their visitees) were very lucky.<br />

Visiter (vizitai). Now rare. Also 6 vycytar.<br />

[f. Visit v-v -er.]<br />

1. = Visitor 2 a and 2 b.<br />

1383 Wyclif 3 Mace. iii. 39 He that in heuens hath dwellyng,<br />

is visiter and helper of that place. 1608 Willet<br />

Hexapla Exoil. 822 He is also a visiter and punisher of<br />

sinne vpon the wicked.<br />

2. ^ Visitor i.<br />

161S Brerewood /,a«^. 4- ^^//^. 185 These Jacobites.. be<br />

esteemed to make about 160000 families, or rather 50000,<br />

as Leonard the bishop of Sidon, the popes visiter in thosfc<br />

parts hath recorded. 1691 Baxter Nat. Ch. v. 21 The<br />

Scots had at first a General visiter, that was really a<br />

General Bishop. 1830 Di- Quincey Bentley Wks. 1863 VI,<br />

75 Her Majesty was the true visiter of Trinity College.<br />

3. = Visitor 3.<br />

1591 Greene Conny Catch, iii. 30 Country Gentlemen<br />

haue many visiters both with neere dwelling neighbours,<br />

and frccnds that iourney from farre. 1638 Junius Paint.<br />

Ancients 13 We doe moreover shorten our own lime, fooling<br />

the greatest part of our best houres away among a company<br />

of pratlin^ visiters. 1668 Lady Chaworth in 12//*<br />

Rep. Hist. M'yS. Comm. App. V. 10 She yesterday.. kept<br />

her bed yet admitted visiters in the afternoone. 1717 Swift<br />

What passed in LomL Wks. 1755 III. 1. 184 It was observed<br />

too, that he had few visirers that day. X7 me chastyst<br />

fore my lenyng, I t^onkc my god my grace treuly Of his<br />

gracious vesityng. 1645 Caryl Expos. Job I.,63.7 We may<br />

apply it. .either to Gods visiting of us in afflictions, or in<br />

mercies.<br />

2. On the part of persons, in various senses of<br />

the verb; esp. the action of calling upon others in<br />

a social or friendly way,<br />

c 1374 Chaucer Troylus \\. 41 Yn some lond were al the<br />

game yshcnt, I f that men ferd with love as men do here, . . In<br />

visityng, in forme, or scying here sawis. 1377 Langl. P%<br />

PL B. II, 176 Denes and suddenes, drawe ^ow togideres,..<br />

To here bischopes aboute, abrode in visytynge. c t^fio<br />

Antecrist in Todd Three Treat. Wycli/{iZ$i) 140 J>ei discouinforten<br />

treu men & putten hem in prison for visityngof<br />

cristen men. 1497 Ace. Ld. High Treat. Scot. I. 344 Item,<br />

toane cowpar for mending and visiting of thirpipis,.,viijd.<br />

1530 Palsgk. 285/1 Vysityng, uisitance, uisitation. 1565<br />

Cooper Thesaurus, Visitatio, a visitynge, or commyng to<br />

see.^ 1617 MoRVsoN (tin. \. 234 Our Consuls burning with<br />

desire of returning homeward, appointed the next day for<br />

the visiting of tiie Sepulciier. 1658 Whole Duty Man xvi.<br />

137 Visiting the sick and imprisoned ; by which visiting is<br />

meant.. so coming as to comfort and relieve them, 17*7<br />

Swift To Veiy Yng. Lady Wks. 1755 II. n. 43, 1 hope your<br />

husband will interpose his authority to limit you in the<br />

trade of visiting. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xiii. iv, Mr?;.<br />

Fitzpatrick,. .though it was a full hour earlier than the<br />

decent time of visiting, received him very civilly. 1806<br />

H. K. White Let. 6 Jan., Visiting and gayety are very<br />

well by way of change, but there is no enjoyment so lasting<br />

as thnt of one's own family. iSao Hyron Blues 11. 8 What<br />

with driving and visiting, dancing and dining. 1890 .SV«H£^f<br />

Gossip XXVI. 68/2 It requires great care before any one<br />

can assert that a plant has disappeared, and some years'<br />

visiting of the station. 1911 Act i 3 Mrs. Hemans<br />

Siege 0/ Valencia iv. (1823) 160, 1 have swept o'er the mountains<br />

of your land, Leaving my traces, as the visitings Of<br />

a i8s» Moir Hymn Night Wind Poet.<br />

Rtorni-s, upon them I<br />

Wks. (1852) II. 379 But not alone to inland solitudes, ..Are<br />

circumscribed thy visitings.<br />

b. Of inlluences affecting the mintl,<br />

c 1449 Pfxock Repr. i. xvii, 96 Thei mowe be verrified in<br />

nianye othere wisis and for manye other visitingis, than<br />

ben the visitingis and the ^iftis of Kunnyng. 1605 Shaks.<br />

Macb. I. V. 46 Stop vp th'accesse and passage to Remorse,<br />

That no compunctious visitings of Nature Shake my fell<br />

purpose. 1807 Wordsw, White Doe i. 332 A Spirit, . . In soft<br />

and breeze-like visitings, Has touched thee. 1834J.H.NEWviKH<br />

Far. Serm. I.ix. 141 Let not those visitings pass away.<br />

1836 Ibid. III. i. 6 They cannot be * as the heathen ' : they<br />

are pursued with gracious visitings, as Jonah when he fled<br />

away. 1867 Parkman Jesuits N. A mer.\\\. (1875) 81 Some<br />

of them seemed to have visitings of real compassion.<br />

4. atlrib.y as visiting acqtutinlance^ dress y rela-<br />

lions, terms f way ; f visiting-bell, ? a bell used in<br />

visiting a sick person ; visiting-book, a book<br />

containing tlie names of persons to be visited;<br />

visiting-card, a small card bearing a person's<br />

name, to be left or presented on paying a visit ;<br />

f visiting-day, a day set apart for receiving visitors<br />

; an at-home day; visiting-list, a list of<br />

persons to be visited ; visiting-society, a society<br />

formed for the purpose of visiting the poor or sick ;<br />

f visiting-ticket, a visiting-card.<br />

1775 Sheridan Rivals iv. i, But ttiey are the last people<br />

I should choose to have a "visiting acquaintance with.<br />

1808 Scott Marm. 11. xix. note^ His [St, Cuthbert's] carrying<br />

on a visiting acquaintance with the Abbess of Coldingham.<br />

1559-3 Inv. Ch. Goods, Staffs, in Ann. Lichfield<br />

(1863) IV. 41 It(e]ni a'vesetingbell, and a peare of sensors of<br />

brasse. x8i8 Lady Morgan Autobiog. (iS.sg) 157 AH my<br />

great and small names in my old French *visiting-book.<br />

18^ Thackeray Van. Fair Ix, Before long Emmy had a<br />

visiting- book, and was driving about regularly in a carriage,<br />

calling upon tetc]. 178a Miss Burni:y Cctr/Y/Vi i. iii, Why,<br />

a ticket [for an assembly] is only a *visiting card with a<br />

name upon it. i8ao Lady Gkanvilt.e Lett. (1894) I. 158<br />

The Duke of Beaufort's pocket was picked of. . his vbiiingcards,<br />

1859 All Year Round No. 30. 79 People are photographed<br />

on their visiting cards. 1899 Daily Ne^vs 26 Jan.<br />

5/3 The New Year's visiting-card . . is one of the survivals of<br />

old-fashioned French politeness. 1709STEELE Tatlerlio.Zo<br />

P3, I had the Misfortune to drop mat my Lady Haughty's<br />

upon her *Visiting-Day. 1717 Prior Dove ix, With one<br />

great Pea! They rap the Door, Like Footmen on a Visiting-<br />

Day. 1768 (^/V/i-), The Visiting Day: a Novel. jZ^ Habits<br />

Gd. Society iv. (new ed.) 177 Shawls,, .belong rather to the<br />

carriage or "visiting dress. 1815 Lady Granvillk Lett.<br />

(1894) I. 368 Sitting in judgment over a *visiting list. 1870<br />

Miss Brii>gman R.Lynne IL iii. 66 Who woulahave been<br />

unexceptionable wives as regarded their dress and their<br />

visiting'list. 1884 Yates Recoil. L 279 '"Visiting relations<br />

had, in the mean time, been established between us and<br />

the Dickens family. 1844 [W. Harness] {title), 'Visiting<br />

Societies and Lay Readers. 1876 Lowell Among my Bks.<br />

Scr. 11. 301 No one had stood on these *visiting terms with<br />

heaven. 1770 Cumberland West Indiani. vi, <strong>Here</strong>, give<br />

me your direction ; write it upon the back of this *visiting<br />

ticket—Have you a pencil? 1824 Miss L. M. Hawkins<br />

Mem, II. 253 Finding the visiting-ticket of Mr. Harris on<br />

his return home one morning. x8^ Thackeray Virgin.<br />

Ixxxiii, A gigantic footman .. delivered their ladyships'<br />

visiting tickets at our door. 1779 T. Hutchinson Diary<br />

26 Feb., Called on Mrs. Burnet and Colonel Lcland—which<br />

is doing a great deal for me in the "visiting way.<br />

Visiting (vi-zitii)),///. a, [f. Visit v."]<br />

1. That visits ; that pays visits or is engaged in<br />

visiting.<br />

1606 Shaks. Ant. ^ CI. iv, xv. 68 There is nothing left<br />

remarkeablc Beneath the visiting Moone. ijpio Steele<br />

TatlerNo. 151 P 2 The Memory of an old Visiting-Lady is<br />

so filled with Gloves, Silks, and Ribands. 1807 J. Harriott<br />

Struggles through Life II. 41 Should any visiting company<br />

wish to see the infant. . I have known the child brought to<br />

the door of the apartment. 1859 Lever Davenport Dunn<br />

iii, To think you're a visiting governess in an Aldermans'<br />

family. 1895 Daily News 26 Oct. 3/1 None of the visiting<br />

teams were on the winning side,<br />

b. Visiting ant (see quots.).<br />

1855 Orrs Circ. Sci., Org. Nat, II. 394 One of these<br />

specie:^, the Aiia cephaiotes, which inhabits the West<br />

Indies, is there known as the Visiting Ant. c 188a Casseil's<br />

Nat. Hist. V. 382 The Driver Ants, or Visiting Ants, of<br />

Wer.t Africa, generally referred to the species Anomma<br />

arcius. 1899 Mary Kingsley W, African .Stud. i. 27<br />

' These ants are sometimes also called visiting ants', from<br />

their habit of calling in quantities at inconvenient hours on<br />

humanity.<br />

2. That visits officially for the purpose of inspection<br />

or examination.<br />

1713 Gibson Codex xlii. viii. 1009/1 In the Council of<br />

Laodicea, ann. 360, it was Ordained, That no Bishops should<br />

be placed in Country Villages, but only.. Itinerant or<br />

Visiting Presbyters. i8oa James Milit. Dict.j Visiting<br />

Officer^ he whose duty it is to visit the guards, barracks,<br />

messes, hospital, etc. 18x8 Sir S. Romilly in Pari. Debates<br />

xo That the royal prerogative should be interposed.,<br />

between them and the visiting magistrates. 182a Syd.<br />

Smith Prisons Wks. 1859 I. 361 Are visiting justices to<br />

doom such a prisoner to bread and water? 1868 ititle\<br />

The Visiting Justices and the Troublesome Priest.<br />

Vl'Sitment. nonce-wd. [f. Visit z/.-f -ment.]<br />

A visit or visitation.<br />

1754 World No. 62 p 9, I may very shortly send you a<br />

few necessary remarks upon each of these three Visitment?.<br />

Visitor (vi-zitoi). Also 5 visitur, -cure, 6-7<br />

visitour (6 Sc. vesit-, veaatour). [a. AF. visitour<br />

(Gower), = OF. visileor, visitturi^. visiteur)^<br />

f. visiter X.O visit.]<br />

1. One who visits officially for the purpose of<br />

inspection or supervision, in order to prevent or<br />

remove abuses or irregularities ; a. An ecclesiastic,<br />

or a lay commissioner, appointed to visit religious<br />

establishments, churches, etc., for this end, either<br />

at re^nlar intervals or on special occasions,<br />

1426 LvDG. De Guil. Filgr. 23985 Our noble Visitour,<br />

Which doth his peyne and his labour to looke for lucre and<br />

fals guerdoun. cx^oAlph. 7"«/(.S272 | e Abbott, .oppyniie<br />

in J>e chapitr..putt forth all J>ies irispas of Yis yong man,<br />

when jjer visitur was ^er. 1483 Cath, Angl. 402/2 A<br />

Visitoure, refi}rmator proprie inreligione^visitator. « 1513<br />

Fabvan Chron. vii. 416 The maister of j« 'lemplers, with<br />

an other great ruler of the sayd ordre, which was nan;ed<br />

visitour of the same. 1550 Crowley Ep gr, jag 'Ihese<br />

visitours found many stout priestes, but chieflye one That<br />

had sondrye benefices. 1585 Holit:shed's Chron. II. Scotl.<br />

440/1 After they had discharged bishops, they agreed to<br />

haue superintendents, commissioners, and vir.itors. 1628<br />

Coke On Lift. 96 Where a speciall Visitor is appointed<br />

vpon the foundation, the complaint must be made to that<br />

Visitor. 1676 Decge Parson's Counsellor 11. xv. 201 The<br />

Clergy and Religious Houses came to this composition,<br />

every one to pay such a proportion to their visitors to be<br />

freed of that great oppression. 1721 in Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ.<br />

VIII. 305 Whatever the Visitor ordains, the Mother<br />

Abbesse and all her Religious shall receive and execute<br />

with respect and obedience. 1731 Neal Hist. Punt. I. 18<br />

The management of which, was committed to the Lord<br />

Cromwcl with the title of Visitor General, 1788 Gibbon<br />

Decl.


VISITORIAL. 256 VISOR.<br />

of Newgate). 1897 Daii^ Ne7vs 1 Feb. 7/5 Visitor, .is the<br />

. .name ^ven to those vigilant officers of the Board whose<br />

buMness it is to run truants to earth. 190X Daily Chron. 2^<br />

Aug. 7/1 In 1599 four ladies were appointed as health visitors.<br />

2. a. One who visits from charitable motives or<br />

.<br />

with a view of doing good.<br />

c 1430 Lydc Milt. Piwnts (Percy Soc.) 205 Vertuous visitour<br />

10 folIc>'s in prisoun, 1536 Leii. Suppress. Monast.<br />

(Camden) 133 Most gracyus lord and most worthyst vycytar<br />

that ever cam amonckes us. x6>o Shaks. Tenip. 11. 1. 11<br />

Seb, He recetues comfort Hke cold porredge. Ant. The<br />

Visitor will not giue him ore sa 1833 J. Tixkerman {title).<br />

Visitor of the Poor. 1863 Bio^. ^k. E. Fry 45 Ihe cheerfulness<br />

vi'iible in their {sc. prisoners'] countenances.. conspired<br />

to excite the.. admiration of their visitors. 1870<br />

[see District sb, 6J.<br />

b. One who visits with punishment, rare.<br />

1545 JoYE Exp. Dan, i. 12, I am., the visitour and seker<br />

out of the wykednes of the fathers in their childerii.<br />

3. One who pays a visit to another person or to<br />

a household; one who is staying for a time with<br />

friends.<br />

1607 Shaks. Thnon i. i. 42 You see this confluence, this<br />

great flood of visitors. x66b J. Strypk in Lett. Lit, Men<br />

(Cjimden) 177, I hear also my brother Sayer is often a visitor.<br />

1693 Drvden yurenai vi. 620 She hires Tormentors,<br />

by the Year; she I'reats Her Visitours, and talks. 1697<br />

Collier Ess. Moral Subjects 11. (i6g8) 137 They do<br />

not care to be crowded with Visitors,, .and to be always<br />

yoaked in Ceremony. 1797 Mrs. Radclifff, Italian Prol.,<br />

Too singular in his conduct, to pass unnoticed by the visitors.<br />

1838 LvTTON Alice I. iv, She filled the rooms of the<br />

visitors with flowers. 1856 Kane Arct. Ex^l. I. xxx. 407<br />

After sharing the supperof theirhosts, thevisiiorsstretched<br />

themselves out and passed the night in.. slumber. 1871<br />

GrenvillE'Murrav Memberfor Paris I. 287 * Oh, I'm only<br />

a Wsitor', answered Horace modestly.<br />

traiisf. 1576 Fleming Panopl, Epist. 130 What is done<br />

heere shalbe reueaied vnto yoti by mine Epistles, whiche<br />

shall not be your sealdome visitoures. 1784 Cowper Tttsk<br />

VI. 570 The creeping vermin, loathsome to tlie sight,..<br />

^"isitor unwelcome.<br />

attrib, 1857 Dickens Dorrit xxxii. The visitor-wife and<br />

the unseasoned prboner still lingered.<br />

4. One who visits a place, country, etc., esp. as<br />

a sightseer or tourist.<br />

17»8 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Cynics, The Novelty of the<br />

Thing drew abundance of Visitors to the Village. 1841<br />

Lane Arab. Nts. I. 71 Sometimes the visitors.., after having<br />

hired a person to perform a longer recitation, go away<br />

before he commences. iWo Tvndall Glac. 11. xvii. 315 It<br />

is usual for visitors to the Montauvert to descend to the<br />

glacier. Z895 B'ham V.M.C.A. RecordOct, ^/2 Theusual<br />

time of year for the arrival in India of visitors is the middle<br />

of October.<br />

b. An animal or bird which occasionally or at<br />

reijnlar seasons frequents a certain locality or area.<br />

i859-«a Sir J. Richardson, etc. Mus. Nat. Hist. (1868) I.<br />

425 I'hc Puffin.. is a summer visitor to our shores. 1863<br />

Lyell Antiq. Man 15 The presence of the wild swan, now<br />

only a winter visitor. 1870 N. F. Hele AlHeburgh vii. 71<br />

The dead or Kite. .'\z a very rare visitor.<br />

Hence Vi'BitoresB, = Visitbess,<br />

Also itisitorisk, visitorless (nonce-words).<br />

a 1843 Southev Comm.'Fl. Hk. Ser. 11. (1849) 30/2<br />

Their superior was called the Prepostress, and they had<br />

Visitoresses, Rectresses, and other dignitaries.<br />

Visitorial (vizito^'rial), a, [f. prcc or Visit<br />

V. : see -obial.]<br />

1. = Visitatorial «, i.<br />

1813 Examiner 24 May 332/1 We held it to be beneath<br />

our visiiorial functions. 1843 Lett. Suppress. Monast.<br />

(Camden) 71 One of the visitonal injunctions, in allusion to<br />

this class of students, directs fete. J. 1873 B. (jkegory Holy<br />

Catholic Ch. xv. 153 The visitorial authority of the itinerant<br />

Apostolate.<br />

2. Capable of visiting.<br />

1853 Tail's Mag. XX. 486 The more terrible and supposed<br />

visible* or at least visitorial deities of the hideous<br />

Pantheon of the Hindoos.<br />

Vi'sitorship. [f. Visitor i + -ship.] The<br />

office or dtti;nity of an official visitor.<br />

1886 L. O. Pike Yearbks. 13 f( 14 Ed. Ill, Introd. p. Ixvii,<br />

The visitorship was in the Treasurer on the King's behalf.<br />

1894 Nation (N.Y.) 19 July 49/1 Thus Balliol stands alone<br />

among the twenty-one Oxford Colleges in having the<br />

power to bestow the visitorship just given to Mr. Peel.<br />

Visitress (vi-zitres). [t. V18ITOB : see -ess.]<br />

1. A female visitor. Also transf,<br />

i8a7 E. W. Barnard Swalloiv i, The visitress of man, on<br />

earth She resteth not her flagging wing. x83a Phaser's<br />

Meig. V. 173 Our importunate visitress. 1847 C. Bbontf.<br />

y. Eyre xxxii, Keenly, I fear, did the eye of the visitre>s<br />

pierce the young pastor's heart. 1869 W. R. Greg Lit. o<br />

J. Wilkinson Coroners f( Sherifes 3 A Coroner hath a fee<br />

belonging to his office viz. of every visne i d. i6>5 Sir H.<br />

Finch Law (1636) 411 In euery suit betweene an Alien and<br />

a Demesne, .the one haife of the lurie shall be the Aliens,<br />

if so many be in that visne. 1651 tr. Kitchin's yurisdictions<br />

(1657)574 The shcrif returns a Jury of the Visne of D.,<br />

and the new sherif returns no such visne. 1769 Blackstone<br />

Comm, IV, xxvii. 344 The sheriff of the county must<br />

return a panel of jurors.., without just exception, and of<br />

the visne or neighbourhood. 183a Index ofRolls ofParlt.<br />

932/1 The Inquest taken by Men of the Visne of the County<br />

where the Plaintiffs were born. 1867 SMVTHiW/or'j Word*<br />

bk, 714 Visne, a neighbouring place; a term often used in<br />

law in actions of marine replevin.<br />

2. A jury summoned from the neighbourhood in<br />

which the cause of action lies.<br />

1633 Sir J. Borough .Sov. Brit. Seas (1651) 103 Replevin<br />

was brought of a Ship taken upon the wast of Scarborough<br />

..to which Mutford tooke two exceptions, one because no<br />

certaine Towne, or place was named from whence the visne<br />

should come. 1831 Sir F. Palcrave Eitg. Commiv. 11. 156<br />

It did not occur to the Vehmic Judges to put the offender<br />

upon hi< second trial by the visne, which now forms the<br />

distinguishing characteristic of the English law. 1863 H.<br />

Cox Insiit, 11, iii. 347 note. If the visne appearwJ on the<br />

record to be from a wrong place, it wns a good ground for<br />

arresting or reversing the judgment.<br />

f 3. = Vknue 5. Obs. rare.<br />

1641 [see Vf.nuk 5]. 1665 Ever Tryals per Pais viii. 85<br />

Where the Visne is laid to be in a City, in an Action brought<br />

in a superior Court [etc. J. 1768 [see Venue 5 b].<br />

Visnet. rare. [a. OK. visnet (see prec.) or<br />

Anglo-L, visnetum (also vicinetum).']<br />

1 1. A trial by j'ury. Obs.<br />

14.. in Sc. Acts Farlt. (1814) I. 378^2 NaGalowa man aw<br />

tohaf visnet hot gif he refus ^^e law of Galowa and ask visnet.<br />

2, Hist. = VI8NBI.<br />

x87a Robertson Hist. Essays 122 The Twelve-hides<br />

appears to have been usually regarded as a small visnet, or<br />

neighbourhood. Ibid. 137.<br />

tVisney. Obs. rare. [ad. Turk, vishnek, Pers.<br />

unshneh cherry (with corresponding forms in the<br />

Slavonic and other langunges of eastern Europe :<br />

cf. the note to Gean).] A liqueur of the nature of<br />

cherry brandy.<br />

1733 W. Ellis Chiltem ^ Vale Farm. 143 Cherry Rrandy<br />

. .to come up very near to the Liquor called Turkish VIsney,<br />

that used to be sold at London for twenty Shillings per<br />

Gallon. 1736 Hailev Household Diet., Visney. Fill a large<br />

bottle or cask with morello cherries .. and till up the bottle<br />

or vessel with brandy [etc].<br />

Visnomy (vi-zn6mi). Now arch or dial. Also<br />

6 vyse-, vice-, visnamy, visenomy, visnomye,<br />

-nomie, 9 viznonay {dial, visomy), [var. of<br />

'^\^,fisnomye : see Physiognomy.]<br />

1. = Physiognomy 3.<br />

1509 Hawrs Past. Pleas. (1555) R iij b, For you are euill<br />

fauoured,and also vgly, I am the worse, to se your visnamy.<br />

1556 Oldf. Antichrist 70 The.. Prophet Daniel, and the<br />

Apostle Paule : which paynt out Antichristes visnomye unto<br />

us wyth suchelyghtand euidence. 1591 Spenskr Muiopot.<br />

311 Each of the Gods by his like visnomie Eathe to be<br />

icnowen. 1605 Chapman .All Fools 11. i. 159 Then with a<br />

bell regard advant mine eye With boldnes on her verie visnomie.<br />

1640 Brome Sparagns Card. iii. v, Vou seldom see<br />

a Poet look out at a good Visnomy.<br />

1818 ScoTT Br. Lamm, xvi, The loon has woodie written<br />

on his very visnomy. x8ai — Kcnil-w. x. My own ugly<br />

viznomy. 1822 Lamb Elia Ser. i. Distant Correspondents,<br />

Who would consult his sweet visnomy, if the polished surface<br />

were two or three minutes.. in giving back its copy.<br />

1838 J. P. Kennedy Rob o/'Bo^ulii, A thick gray moustache<br />

gave a martial and veteran air to his visnomy.<br />

1 2. = Physiognomy 2. Obs.~^<br />

c 1540 Copland Hye Way to Spyttel Ho. ^52 For all the<br />

seuen scyences surely he can; And is sure in physyk and<br />

palmestry, In augury, sothsayeng and vysenamy.<br />

Viso-meter, rare. [f. L.£/ij-«j sight + -ometkr.<br />

Cf. VisuoMETER.] (See quot.)<br />

1856^. Brit. Rev. Nov. 178 The first person .. who constructed<br />

and used an apparatus, which he calls a visometer^<br />

for determining the focal length of each eye, was Mr. Salom<br />

of Edinburgh.<br />

Vison (vai-san). [a. F. vison (Buffon), of obscure<br />

origin.] The American mink. ,<br />

By some writers Vison has been used as the name of the<br />

genus Lutreola, to which the mink belongs.<br />

1781-5 Smellik Bu_ffon's Nat. Hist. (1791) VII. 308 The<br />

pekaiihasso strong a resemblance to the pine weasel, and the<br />

vison to the martin, that they may be regarded as varieties<br />

of these species. 1800 Shaw Gen. Zool. I. 11. 448 Vison,<br />

Lutra Vison. . , This animal appears to approach . . extremely<br />

near to the L. Lutreola, or Smaller Otter. 1843<br />

T. E. Ghav List spec. Mammal. BHt. Mus. 64 The Mink,<br />

or Nurck Vison, Vison Lutreola. 1864-5 J. G. Wood //«««<br />

iviihout H. \. (1868) 22 The Mink, the Vison and other<br />

weasels of Northern America are in the habit of retiring to<br />

holes and crevices.<br />

attrib. 1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 253/2 Minx, a name for the<br />

Vison -weasel.<br />

Visor, vizor (vsi-zaj), sb. Forms : a. 4-7<br />

viser, vyser (6 wesser) ; 5 visere, vysere, Sc.<br />

veseir, -ere. ^. 5-6 visar, Sc. wysar, 6 vysar,<br />

6-7 (9) vizar ; Sc. 5-6 wosar, 6 vesar, vezar.<br />

7. 5 vesotire, 6 visoure, vysour(e, 7 vizour, 6-7<br />

(9) visour ; 6- visor, vizor (7 vizzor). [a. AF.<br />

viser, f. F. vis face, Vice sb.'^ Cf. VisiilKE and<br />

ViSURK.]<br />

1, The front part of a helmet, covering the face<br />

but provided with holes or openings to admit of<br />

seeing and breathing, and capable of being raised<br />

and lowered ; sometimes spec, the upper portion<br />

of this.<br />

a. 13.. Cocr de L. 323 Hys pusen therwith gan gon. And<br />

also hys brandellet bon, Hys vyser and hys gorgere. C1330<br />

R. Bbunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 855* By J»e vyser he hym<br />

hent, & held it til he had sesed his nekke. c 1400 Destr.<br />

Troy 70(32 He . . voidet his viser, auentid hym seluyn.<br />

1412-30 LvDc. Chron. Troy i. 4185 Lainedoun, with a des*<br />

piteous chere. From his face raced his visere. 1464 Mann.<br />

•V Ilouseh, Exp. (Roxb.) 194 My mastyr lent hym.. a salat<br />

wyth a vesere of meleyn. 1470-85 Malorv Arthur v. xii.<br />

18 1 Thenne the kyng aualyd his vyser with a meke & noble<br />

countenaunce. a X533 Ld. Bernkrs Huon cxliv, 540 Then<br />

Gloryand and Malabrone lyft vp theyr wessers and shewyd<br />

theyr faces. i6n Cotgr., Visiere, the viser, or sight of an<br />

helmet.<br />

/5. c 1470 Henrv Wallace viii. 830 Ane other awkwart<br />

apon the face tuk he ; Wysar and frount bathe in the feild<br />

gert fle. Ibid. X. 386 Graym.-smate that knycht in tcyn,<br />

'lowart the wesar, a litill be neth the eyn. 1507 Ace. Ld.<br />

High Treas. Scot. III. 367 Item, for ane vesar to ane gret<br />

hewmond and ane litill gard that beris the gret gard,..<br />

Ivj s. 1508 Dunbar Poems vii. 76. 1530 Palsgr. 285/1<br />

Vysar of harnes, uisiere dung armet.


VISOR.<br />

V. 1459 Paston Lett. I. 487 Item, viii. saletts, white, withe<br />

out vesoure. 1590 Spenser F.Q. hi. vii. 42 She.. made him<br />

low incline his lofty crest, And bowd his batired visour to<br />

his brest. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado 11. i. 99 Why then your<br />

visor should be ihatcht. 1718 Chambers Cyd, s.v. Heintet,<br />

Dukes and I'rinces have their Helmet, damask'd, fronting,<br />

the Vizor almost open, and without Bars. 1796 Withering<br />

Brit. Flants (ed. 3) U. 35 In this state nearly globular,.<br />

resembling in figure an antique helmet with a vizor. 1803<br />

Scott Cadyotu Castle xxxix. From the raised vizor's shade,<br />

his eye, Dark-roliing, glanced the ranks along, 1836<br />

Thirlwall Greece xvi. II. 336 He was pierced with a shaft<br />

of a javelin through the visor of his helmet. 1879 Grern<br />

Read. Eng. Hist. xvii. 82 They were in mail with their<br />

vizors down.<br />

b. U.S. The stiff rounded part on the front of<br />

a cap ; = Pkak j^.2 i e.<br />

1864 Webster. 189a Bierce In Midst of Life 95 His cap<br />

was worn with the v.sor a trifle askew.<br />

2. A mask to conceal the face ; a vizard.<br />

o. 13.. 5^iifj'«6'a^^j{W.)2779Aviser he made more, Two<br />

faces uihinde and two before, c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. II.<br />

226 Siche fendis \vit> Jjer visers maken men to flee pees.<br />

c 1485 Wisdom 755 in Di^by Myst. (1896) 166 <strong>Here</strong> entre vj<br />

womane in sute, thre disgysede as galauntes, and thre as<br />

matrones, with wonderfulle vysers. 1509 Barclay Shyfo of<br />

J^olyi (1570) 232 Tiie one hath a viscr vgly set on his face,<br />

Another hath on viie counteifaite vesture, a 1548 Hall<br />

Ckron.f lien, l-'fl/^ 16 Thei wcte appareled in garmentes<br />

long and brodcwith visers and.cappes of gold.<br />

fi. X530 PAi-SGR.285/r Vysar fora m\imma.r,faulx uisaig^e.<br />

«S39 -^c' 31 Hen. VIII^ c. 12 Any person., with his face<br />

hytfe or covered withe hoode or vysar. 1547 in Feuillerat<br />

Revels Ediv. VI (1914) 14 Vezars or maskes for men &<br />

women. 1570 Goooe.Pop.Ki/igd. iv. 48 Their faces hid alone,<br />

With vi»;ars close. 1^8 Donne Surm. (1640) 231 In the<br />

Resurrection, God shall put of that Vizar, and turne away<br />

that picture, and shew his own face, a 1689 Mrs. Behn tr.<br />

Cowley's Plants w. 1426 His Image. . llreaks through the<br />

Cloud of Darkness ; and a Shine Gilds all the sooty Vizar I<br />

7. \^\x-\% Act 3 Hen.VIIIfZ., southern var. of U.^ Jisheth (OE.<br />

fiscap), fishing.<br />

ia97 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 5341 A day as he weri was..& is<br />

men were ywent a vissejj.<br />

Viasett, obs, f. Visit v. Vissie, var. Vizt<br />

V. Sc.<br />

+ Vissier. Sc, Obs.-^ [f. vissy Vizy z*.] An<br />

inspector.<br />

i^ Inv. R. Wardr. (1815) 175 The said Sir James Balfour<br />

of Pettindreich knycht . . vissier and ressaver.<br />

Viaaill, Sc. f. Wissel v, Obs, Vissite, obs.<br />

f. Visit v. Vissome, Sc. var. Visebn Obs.<br />

Viaay, var. Vizy v, Sc.<br />

Vist, obs, Sc. form of wist Wit v,<br />

Vista (vi-sta), sb. Also ^-gvisto. [It. (also<br />

Sp. and Pg.) visla^ f. L. vis-, ppl. stem of videre<br />

to see. The (orm vislo exhibits the common tendency<br />

to substitute -0 for -a in adoptions of<br />

Komanic words: cf. -ado a.]<br />

1. A view or prospect, especially one seen through<br />

an avenue of trees or other long and narrow opening,<br />

a. 1657 R- LicoN Barbadoes 97 This is one of the pleasantest<br />

Vistos in the Hand. 1717 A. Hamilton New Ace.<br />

K. Ind. I. xii. 136 The Churches .. standing gradually<br />

higher than one another, make the Visto from the Sea<br />

admirably pleasant. 1741 tr. Algarottion Newton s Theory<br />

I. 122 A Landskip drawn by Claude Lorrain, or a Visto by<br />

Canalleto. 1798 T. Green Diary Lover ofLit. (1810)83<br />

We caught a grand view of it, extending in a long visto,<br />

and bounded by the opposite projecting points of Cary<br />

Sconce and Hurst Castle. 1817 J. Scott Paris Revisit.<br />

(ed. 4) 49 It was impossible to look in any direction but<br />

along the narrowing visto of canal.<br />

)3. 1686 BuKNET Trav. '2^1 On several hands one sees a<br />

long Vista of streets, 17x1 Pope Temple Fame 263 The<br />

Temple evVy moment grew, And ampler Vista's open'd to<br />

my view. 1735 Somervili.e Chase iv. 480 The flow'ry<br />

Landskip, and the gilded Dome, And Vistas op'ning to the<br />

wearied Eye. 1770 Goi.dsm. Des. Vill. 298 liut verging to<br />

decline, its splendours rise, Its vistas strike, its palaces<br />

surprise. x83a G. Downes Lett. Cont. Countries 1. 370<br />

Near the tomb is obtained a splendid vista of Naples in all<br />

its glory, 1850 KiNGSLEY A. Locke xi, I stood looking<br />

wistfully over the gate, .at the inviting vista of the green<br />

embroidered path. 1873 Hiccinson Oldport Days-x..7.


VISTA.<br />

throngfa a large building ; an interior portion of a<br />

building affording a continuous view.<br />

a. 1708 Lonef. Gas. No. 4414/3 Newington House built<br />

with Stone after the Italian manner, with a Visto through,<br />

..to be let. c 1710 Celia Fiennes Diary (1888) 112 An<br />

abundance of good sizcxble roomcs leading one out of<br />

another in Vislo's through the house, something Like our<br />

new way of building. 1733 VV. Stukeley Metti. (Suriees)<br />

II. 36 Ihey have opened a visto from the lodg through the<br />

gallery, to the library.<br />

fi. 17*6 Swift Gniih'cr iv. ii, Beyond this Room there<br />

were three others, reaching the length of the House.to which<br />

you passed through three Doors, opposite to each other, in<br />

the manner of a VisU. 1806 A. Duncan Nelson's Fimeral<br />

37 The central aisle.. forming in itself the grandest architectural<br />

vista in Europe. 1858 Hawthorne Fr, It.<br />

»J-<br />

NoU-bks. (1871) 1. 15 The whole {sc, galleries of the Louvre]<br />

extended into infinite vistas by mirrors that.. multiplied<br />

everything for ever. 1876 Miss Braddon /. Haggard's<br />

Dau, II. 15 The door at the end of the narrow little passage<br />

stood open, and the westward -fronting casement was<br />

shining like a Jewel at the end of the vista.<br />

f e. An opening or passage-way. Obsr"^<br />

1737 A. Hamilton Nctv Acc. E. Ind. I. xiii. 155 To search<br />

well, that there should be no subterraneous Communication.,<br />

[but] finding no Visto that might be suspected, they<br />

ordered the Jougies to remove their great Water Jar.<br />

3. fig. A mental view or vision of a far-reaching<br />

nature.<br />

1673 Lady*s Call. \\. iii. § 8 It must infinitly more do so..<br />

if they please to open a visto into the other world. 1704<br />

NoRRis Ideal World 11. Pref. ^, I pretend only to make a<br />

kind of visto into the intelligible world. 1848 R. J. Wil-<br />

BERFORCE Doctr. Incarnation iii. (1852) 28 Those occasional<br />

intimations which open vistas into the mighty<br />

depths of God's counsels. 1876 Moze.ky Uftiv, Sertn. viii.<br />

178 The human heart takes in all the great vistas and<br />

reaches of human reason. 1887 Pull Mall G. 29 Dec. 6/1<br />

The use of reading is to lighten the load of life, and to<br />

open vistas of thought which otherwise would be closed<br />

to us.<br />

attrib. 1809 Malkin Gil Bias v. i. ^17 Catching every<br />

now and then a vista vision often thousand ducats.<br />

b. A view or vision, in prospect or retrospect,<br />

of an extensive period of time or series of events,<br />

experiences, etc.<br />

174a Young Nt, Tk, vi. 117 Through the long vkto of a<br />

thousand years, To stand contemplatinj^ our distant selves.<br />

1780 BuRKEffictfw. Reform Wks. 1906 II. 307 They mi^ht<br />

see a long, dull, unvaried visto of despair and exclusion,<br />

for half a century, before them. 1834 Marrvat P, Siniple<br />

i, A sort of vision of future grandeur passed before<br />

me, in the distant vista of which I perceived a coach with<br />

four horses and a service of plate. 1839 Murchison Silur,<br />

Srst, I. Introd. 12 As yet we can gaze but dimly into the<br />

obscure vista of these early periods, 1861 M. Pattison<br />

Ess. (1889) I. 3Q Dr. Pauli . . to whose strong historical<br />

vision a vista of a few centuries is nothing. 1888 Brycb<br />

Anter. Comm-w. Ixxx. III. 50 They see a long vista of<br />

years stretching out before them in which they will have<br />

time enough to cure all their faults.<br />

4. In vistay in continuous view.<br />

1758 J. Kessedv Curios. Wilton House (1786) p. xxxvii,<br />

The Rooms He in Visto as a great Gallery, 1815 W. H.<br />

Ireuvnd Scribbleomania Pref. p. viii, Like a monotonous<br />

and undeviatiiig route to the traveller, who.. beholds the<br />

object constantly in vista. 1887 Kuskin Prxteriia II.<br />

3^9 The level road with its aisles of poplars in perspective<br />

vista.<br />

Hence Vi'stal a., of the nature of a vista.<br />

Vi'staless^., devoid of any vista or prospect.<br />

186a Mavne Reid Wild Huntress i, The squatter's clearing.,<br />

is a mere vistal opening in the woods. 1890 Lippincoifs<br />

Mag. Feb. 242 Was Bombin's life more aimless quite<br />

Than the vistaless one of the Sybarite?<br />

Vi'Sta, z'. rare"^. [f. the sb.]<br />

1. trans. To make into vistas.<br />

x83» LvTTON Eugene A, xxxiii. The night had now closed<br />

in, and its darkness was only relieved by the wan lamps<br />

that vistaed the streets.<br />

2. In pa. pple. Seen in vistas.<br />

1848 LvTTON K. Arthur vii, xxviii, And all the galleries<br />

vista'd through the wave.<br />

Vistaed (vi-stad), «. [f. Vista sb^<br />

1. Placed or arranged so as to make a vista or<br />

avenue.<br />

183S LvTTON Riemi v. iii, They . .extending far down the<br />

vistaed streets.. awaited the ordersof their leader. x86a—<br />

Str. Story V, I did not pass through the lane.. but up the<br />

broad causeway, with vistaed gas-lamps. i88a J. HawpiORNE<br />

Fort. Fool X7ix\\\\^ She moved slowly and saunteringly<br />

along the vistaed aisle.<br />

2. Provided with vistas.<br />

1863 Calverley Verses ^ TransL^ Dover to Munich 105<br />

Lawn


VISUALIZATION.<br />

2. With a and pi. A mental picture or vision.<br />

1841 Carlvle Misc. Ess. (1857) IV. 242 We must..cateh<br />

a few more visualities. 1845 — Crom-well L 154 We have<br />

a pleasant visuality of an old summer afternoon *in the<br />

Queen s Court ' two hundred years ago.<br />

Visualization (vi:,:5i«abiz?ij3n, vi:z-). [f.<br />

next + -ATION.] The action or fact of visualizing<br />

the power or process of forming a mental picture<br />

or vision of something not actually present to the<br />

sight ; a picture thus formed.<br />

1883 Academy 14 July 31 Investigations into the phenomena<br />

of visualisation. 1S84 Gurney & Myers in igth Cent.<br />

July 72 In the next stage of visualisation the percipient<br />

sees a face or figure projected or dejected, as it were, on<br />

some convenient surface. 1894 Athemeum 10 Nov. 638/2<br />

[The book had] a power of visualization that gave it a claim<br />

to real originality.<br />

Visualize (vi*5i«al3iz, vi*z-;,z/.<br />

ise, [f. Visual a. + -ize.]<br />

Also visual-<br />

1. trans. To form a mental vision, image, or<br />

picture of (something not visible or present to the<br />

sight, or of an abstraction) ; to make visible to the<br />

mind or imagination.<br />

Freq. in recent use, sometimes in connexion with special<br />

branches of p>iychology or psychical research.<br />

1817, 1831 [impli''d in V isualized ^^\. a.} 1863 Tvndall<br />

Heat X. 350 We can hardly help attempting to visualise the<br />

atomsthemselves. 1899 J. Smith Chr. Charac, 165 Bunyan,<br />

in his immortal allegory, visualised the progress from justification<br />

to glory.<br />

2. absol, or intr. To form a mental picture of<br />

something not visible or present, or of an abstract<br />

thing, etc. ;<br />

to construct a visual image or images<br />

in the mind.<br />

1871 J. A. SvMONDs in H. F. Brown Biog. (1895) II. 52 For<br />

numbers I have.. no head. 1 do not visualise except in the<br />

most rudimentary way. 188a Macm. Mag, XLVI. 485 This<br />

answers to the way in which I visualize for them. 1897 A.<br />

Lang Dreams ital<br />

node, because it was erroneously supposed to be the seat of<br />

the life of the plant.<br />

38-2


VITAL.<br />

b. trans/, (In modem use denoting especially<br />

those parts of a machine, ship, etc., essential to its<br />

proper working.)<br />

1647 Clarendon Hist. Reh. i. § 76 Their submiss Reverence<br />

to their Princes being a vital part of their Religion.<br />

1698KEILL Exam. Th. Earth (1734) 181 If these he has<br />

mentioned be the substantial and vital parts [of his theorv).<br />

1866 Crump BoMkitts-v.x^A Erasure of any vital part of the<br />

bill, -would justify the banker in refusing payment. 1873<br />

^. Richards iVood-rvorking Factories 12 The piston, cross-<br />

tead<br />

connecting rod, and main bearings, are the vital parts<br />

to be looked after. 1889 Welch Naval Archii, 141 To<br />

preserve intact such vital parts as the machinery, magazines,<br />

and steering gear.<br />

4. Of, pertaining, or relating to, accoippany-<br />

inherent in or exhi-<br />

ing. or characteristic of life ;<br />

bited by living things or organic bodies.<br />

1565 Cooper Tfusanrus s.v. I'ttalUer, To haue liuely or<br />

\'ilaille motion. 1599 Shaks. Htn. V, iii. vi. 49 Let not Bardolphs<br />

vitall thred bee cut with edge of Penny-cord. 1604<br />

— 0th, v. ii. 14 When I hauepluck'd thy Rose, I cannot giue<br />

it vitall growth a^aine. 165a French Vorksh. Spa ii. 13 In<br />

which as in a vital abode, and natural place, the water,<br />

wbilest it remains, is living. i6


VITALIZATION.<br />

Merging Insensibly into next.<br />

1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India. III. 111. ix. 563 The dependance<br />

of ministerial vitality upon parliamenUry majorities.<br />

^^ ^ ^^' ^^ALE Disc, Spec. Occas. viii, 275 There is terrible<br />

vitality both in truth and error. 1874 L. Stephen<br />

Hours in Library I. nj The vitality of Pope's writings, or<br />

at least of certain fragments of them, is remarkable.<br />

3. Jig. Active force or po)ver ; mental or physical<br />

vigour ; activity, animation, liveliness.<br />

Common from c i860.<br />

1858 O. W. HoLMES^K/. Break/.-t. xii. no Which shows<br />

that their minds are in a state of diminished vitality, i860<br />

Motley Nttherl. I. ii. 45 Such was the intense vitality of<br />

the B&rnese prince. 1869 Tozer High!. Turkey I. 358 A<br />

country whose vitality is strong, and where the administrative<br />

power is active and vigorous. 1884 Manch. Exam.<br />

9 May 5/4 To the strong vitality which distinguishes his<br />

race, he united intellectual power of the highest order.<br />

4. With a and pi. Something possessed of vital<br />

force. K\%ofig.<br />

1851 Carlvlk Sterling 11. iii, He was full of bright speech<br />

and ar^ment; radiant with arrowy vitalities. 1853 Kane<br />

GrinneU Exp. v. {1856) 36 There was no vegetation to<br />

define Us course, not even the green conferva, that obscure<br />

vitahty, which follows water at home. iSgS Meredith<br />

OdesEr Hist. 91 Shall, then, the great vitality, France,<br />

Signal the backward step once more?<br />

Vitaliza'tion. Also -iaation. [f. Vitalize<br />

V. + -ATio.v.] The action or process of vitalizing,<br />

or the state of being vitalized ; an instance of this.<br />

1846 J. Hudson in Rep. ^ Papers Bot. (Ray Soc.) 306<br />

The phenomenon of the vitalization of cells is brought<br />

about only by an excessive endosmose or nutrition. 1891<br />

T. Hakdv Tess xxxvi. Her love.. might result in vitalisations<br />

that would inflict upon others what she had bewailed<br />

as a misfortune to herself, a l^i F. W. H. Myers Human<br />

Persimality (1003) I. p. xxxiv. An increased subliminal<br />

vitalization of the organism.<br />

Vitalise (vai-tabiz), V. Also 9 -ise. [f.<br />

Vital a. + -ize.]<br />

1. trans. To give life or animation to (the body,<br />

etc.) ; to endow with vital force or principle.<br />

1678 CupwoRTH tntell. Syst. i. v. 784 By the Idol of the<br />

soul Plotinus seems to mean an airy or spirituous Body,<br />

auickned and vitalized by the soul, adhering to it after<br />

eath. 1813 T. Bi;sbv Lucretius I. 111. 797 Seeds which<br />

now the body vitalise. 1846 J. Hudson in Rep. /j Papers<br />

Bot. (Ray Soc.) 305 How does it happen that a cell is so<br />

vitalized as to be able to produce a phyton! 1868 Pearo<br />

IVater-farm. xi. 113 Every year.. millions of eggs are<br />

regularly vilalbed and transmitted over the ContineDt.<br />

trans/. 1858 J. H BtNNET Nutrition ii. 43 The intellectual<br />

man .who has vitalized . . his brain by brain exercise.<br />

b. Path. To excite activity in (an tilcer, etc.).<br />

1884 M. Mackenzie Dis. Throat ^ Nose II. 277 For the<br />

purpose.. of 'vitalizing ' the borders of an indolent ulcer<br />

within the nasal cavity.<br />

2. fig. To make living or active ; to infuse vitality<br />

or vigour into (something) ; to animate.<br />

1805 Foster Ess. i. iv. 50 A malignant quality appears<br />

viulized into a powerful demon, a 1853 Robertson Lect.<br />

(1859) 124 What he wanted was to vitalize the system— to<br />

throw into it not a Jewish, hut a Christian feeling. 1873<br />

SvMONDS Grk. Poets V. Ill The Greek genius was endowed<br />

with the faculty of distinguishing, difl^erentiating, vitalizing,<br />

what the Oriental nations left hazy and confused and inert.<br />

b. To put life into (a literary or artistic conception)<br />

; to present or depict in a lifelike manner.<br />

1884 Athensuin 8 March 319/3 Lord Tennyson, .always<br />

allows himself room not only to vitalize his characters, but<br />

to let them grow. 1^07 Ibid. 16 March 313/1 He is not an<br />

artist. He cannot vitalize his material<br />

Hence Vi-talized //)/. a.<br />

1843 R. J. Graved Sy^t. Clin. Med. xiviL 350 The seminal<br />

fluid of the male is a highly vitalized product, 1868 Peard<br />

lyater./arnt. xiii. 127 1 he largest quantity of this vitalised<br />

seed was sown in the rivers of France. 1874 H. R. Reynolds<br />

John B.ipt.vui. 5o5_Those who., regard Christianity<br />

as an etherealized or vitalized morality.<br />

tally.<br />

»8y» Cent. Diet. s,v., The animal was vitally hit or hurt.<br />

vitals {y^v\^\%\ sb. pL [ad. L. vitdlia^ neut.<br />

pi. of vitaiisy or directly f. Vital a.]<br />

1. Those parts or organs of the body, esp. the<br />

human body, essential to life, or upon which life<br />

depends ; the vital parts.<br />

Usually as a vagueor general term, but sometimesapplied<br />

specifically to the brain, heart, lungs, and liver.<br />

For the phr. stop my vitals, see Stap v. and Stop v. 9 c.<br />

a 1610 Healev Cebes (1636) 134 Now hecpurgeth away<br />

the causes and nutriment of the maladie, and then corroborates<br />

the vitals. 1641 Tatham Distracted State iv. i.<br />

(1651) 24, I feel my vitals fail me. 1690 C. Nesse O. f( N.<br />

Test. I. 52 Like the wound in the heel, far from the vitals,<br />

Ihe head or heart. 1708 Swift Sacratn. Tests Wks. 1755<br />

II. I. 125 If.. you think a poultice made of our vitals will<br />

give it any ease, speak the word, vj^o-^x H. Brooke Tvi*?/<br />

o/Qual, (1809) III, 117 The weapon has missed your vitals.<br />

1791 CowpER^rt[j'w. IX. 347 Me, then, my courage prompted<br />

to approach The monster.. And to transfix him where the<br />

vitals wrap The liver. x86z Palf.y Aeschylus (ed. 2) Ckoeph.<br />

264 note. The notion in the mind of the speaker is that of a<br />

cold chill at the vitals. 1897 Marv Kingsley W. Afnca<br />

246 A miscellaneous collection of bits of broken iron pots<br />

and lumps of lead frisking among their vitals.<br />

b. fig. or in fig. context.<br />

1641 Milton Reform. 11. 64 Now heare how they<br />

(i.e. the prelates] strike at the very heart and vitals- [of<br />

monarchy]. 1671 Trencmfield Cap Gray Hairs (1688) 32<br />

The dainty Tooths of some corroding so far into their<br />

estates, as to reach the very vitals. 17x9 W. Wood Surv.<br />

Trade 56 The truest Sign of our Vitals not being tainted,<br />

and that we are not wounded in any Noble Part, but go on<br />

increasing in Trade. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. 350 Such immense<br />

sums, drawn from the vitals of all France. x8os-i3<br />

in Hentham Ration, yudic. Evid. (1827) V. 536 The very life<br />

and vitals of the cause lies in secreting the evidence. 1853<br />

Merivale Rom. Rep. i. (1867) 7 Tiberius. .continued to<br />

brood over the plague-spot he had discovered in the vitals<br />

of his country, x868 Farrar Seekers i. iii. (1875) 37Tohave<br />

fastened upon the very vitals of the national existence.<br />

2. transf. Parts or features essentially necessary<br />

to something; essential points, essentials.<br />

1657 J. Watts VineL Ck. Eng. 30 So long as the vitals and<br />

fundamentals of faith and truth abide. 1657-8 in Burton's<br />

Diary (1828) II. 433 If the vitals were preserved, I should<br />

not differ for the rcsL 1689 Myst. Iniq. 9 Tho all English<br />

Protestants have ever been at an Accord in all the<br />

Essentials and Vitals of Religion. 170* C. Mather Magn.<br />

Chr. III. II. xxviii. (1852) 504 Of pernicious consequence to<br />

the very vitals of religion. 1887 Pall Mall G. 4 May ii/i<br />

When the Pamellite leaders approached the vitals of the<br />

Vi'talizer. [f. prec. + -er.] One who or that<br />

which vitalizes.<br />

>88a J. Brown JoAm /.«


VITELLO-.<br />

of the vitelline nidus could be expected to be seen. 1849<br />

Owes Pixrtlunoginesii 73 An ovum . . may contain a supplementary<br />

nutrient viielUne mass, properly called yelk. 1883<br />

Science \. 451/2 This sac. was connected with the foetal<br />

vascular system by a viteiline artery and two veins.<br />

b. Vitelline metnbrane^ sac, the transparent<br />

membrane which surrounds the yolk of an egg ; the<br />

yolk-sac ; the investing membrane of the embryo.<br />

1845 Todd & Bowman Pkys. AnaL I. 48 The first, or<br />

the vitelline membrane of the ovum, is the wall of a cell.<br />

1861 J. R. Greene Man. Antm. Kingd., Calent. 15 In<br />

addition to these parts, many ova are provided with an<br />

outer envelope, known as the yolk-sac or ' vitelline mem-<br />

brane '. 1880 GcNTHER Fishes 166 Generally the vitelline<br />

sac of the embryoes is free.<br />

B. sb. The yolk, the vitellary substance,<br />

X891 CetU, Diet.<br />

Hence t Vitollinous a, (See quot.) Obs.<br />

1786 Abebcrombie Arr. 35 in Gnrd. Assist.^ VitelHnous,<br />

or yellow barked [willow-tree].<br />

Vite'llo-, combining form (cf. Vitelli-) of<br />

ViTKLLUS, used \n a few terms (^Biol. and Chem.)^<br />

as vitello-duot, -intestinal a., -lutein, -phag,<br />

-pubin (see quots.).<br />

1888 RoLLESTON & Jackson Anim. Life 647 Internally it<br />

opens, when single, into the *vltelIo-duct, or germ-duct.<br />

1854 Bushman in Of^'s Circ. Sci. 11. 84 A communication<br />

is found to have arisen between the yolk and the intestine,<br />

by a wide duct termed the '"vitello-inte^itinal duct. x886<br />

Buck's Handbk, Med. Sci. II. 247/2 In the red eggs of<br />

Maja squinado R. Maly found two kinds of coloring<br />

matter, which he named •vitellolutein and vitellorubin.<br />

Ibid. 248/1 Vitellolutein is soluble in alcohol to a clear<br />

yellow solution. 1904 Science 8 April 588/2 There is no<br />

satisfactory evidence to show that the cells . . are really such,<br />

and not dividing cleavage cells or possibly *viteIIophas;s.<br />

x886 Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. II. 248/1 •Vitellorubin<br />

occurs in an amorphous form, soluble in alcohol to a brown<br />

fluid.<br />

Vitello'genous, a, [f. prec. + -gbn + -ous.]<br />

Producing the vitellus or yolk.<br />

i9ja E. R. Lankester Advancem, Set (1890) 265 The<br />

others disappear as . . vitellogenous cells. 1878 F. J. Bell<br />

Gegenbaur s Comp. Anat. 301 This vitellogenous layer<br />

occupies the portion of the chamber behind the egg-cell.<br />

(vite'los, vai-). [t« vitellus yolk of<br />

|] Vitellus<br />

an egg.]<br />

L Embryol. The yolk of an egg ; the germinative<br />

contents of an ovum-cell.<br />

i7a8 Chambf.rs Cycl. s,v. Eg«^ In the middle of the inner<br />

White, is the Vitellus or Yelk. 2826 Gooo Bk. Nat. (1834)<br />

I. 165 In this respect the albumen of the cotyledon corresponds<br />

with the vitellus of the hen's egg. 1857 Berkeley<br />

Cryptog. Bot. xv. 26 Nothing can be- more close than the<br />

mode of development in these, .and of the vitellus in the<br />

eggs of certain Molluscn. 2877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim,<br />

367 In certain Amphipods.. the vitellus undergoes complete<br />

division.<br />

2. Bot. A fleshy sac situated between the albumen<br />

and the embryo in a seed.<br />

x8o7 J. E. Smith Phys. Bat. 292 The Vitellus \s esteemed<br />

by Girtner to conipose the bulk of the seed in Fuci, Mosses<br />

and Ferns. 1829 T. Castle Introd. Bot. 245 The vitellus<br />

is an organ of a fleshy but firm texture, situated, when present,<br />

between the albumen and embryo. 1861 Brntley<br />

Man. Bot. 444 Embryo minute, enclosed in a vitellus, and<br />

outside of abundant fieshy albumen,<br />

b. (See quot.)<br />

zooo B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms, Vitel/us,.. an oily<br />

substance adhering to the spores of Lycopodium.<br />

Viterde, variant of Vittebed a, Obs.<br />

fViteroke. Obs.-~^ [app. related to Vittebed,<br />

FiTTEBEO a."] A ragged upper garment.<br />

a j*zi Ancr, R, 328 Heo hudet eke hore ihole clones, &<br />

do3 an aire vuemeste on viterokes al to torene.<br />

Vith, ME. form of With.<br />

Vipele, southern ME. var. Fiddle sb.<br />

Viti-, combining form of L. vilis vine, occurring<br />

in a few forms, as viti'ferous a. [L. vUifer]^<br />

f vitigi'neous a. [L. vitigi?teus'\ (see quots.).<br />

Also (in recent diets.) viticide something which kills or<br />

destroys vines ; viticolous adj., living on or in vines.<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr.^ Viti/erous, that bears Vines. 1721<br />

Bailev, VitigineouSt that cometh of a Vine. 1753 C/irt/«ber^<br />

Cycl. Suppl, s.v. Porrinn, The vitigineous wild leek of<br />

Gerrard.<br />

tVitialy a. Obs.—^ [f. L. vztinm + -al.]<br />

Vicious.<br />

1614 T. Adams Sinners Passing Bell Wks. (1625) 253<br />

There is nothing on it [jc. earth] that is of it, which is not<br />

become more vitiall, then vitall.<br />

Vitiate (vi/i/tj,/>//. a. Now rare. Also 5-6<br />

viciat(e, 6 vicyate, vycyat(e. [ad. L. vitidt-us<br />

(med.L. also vicidt-us\ pa. pple, of vitidrex see<br />

next.)<br />

1, Vitiated, depraved, infected, spoiled : a. In<br />

predicative use.<br />

«4J»-5o tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 427 Peple viciate and pollute,<br />

to whom hit was not lawefulle to offre. Ibid. V. 213<br />

A man viciate of body scholde not receyve ordres. 1539<br />

V.\.SQT Cast. Helthe i. (1541) ib, Fyre. .is the clarifyer of<br />

other elementes if they be vicyate or out of theyr naturall<br />

temperaunce. 1545 Raynald Syrth Mankynde 79 Yf the<br />

matrice be perysshed or otherwyse viciate. 1737 Bracken<br />

Farriery Impr. (1756)!. i4Thc Blood is. .vitiate or corrupt.<br />

b. Const, by or ivitk.<br />

£1450 tr. De Imitatione iii. Ix. 140 Nature sliden & viciat<br />

by be first man Adam bom? synne. i46oCAPGRAVRCAr(7«.<br />

Ded. I For the eldebokes..thou5 thei were mad ful treuly,<br />

jet be thei viciat be the wriieres. 153^ Morb %nd Pt. Confut.<br />

Tindale 11. Wks. 636/2 The scripture adulterate and<br />

263<br />

viciate with false gloses & wrongc expostcions. 157a Bosse-<br />

WELL Artnorie in. 7 Neyther with the sonne beame is<br />

viciate the sterre, Nor yet by the bearing of a sonne, the<br />

mother.<br />

C. Used attributively.<br />

1551 Robinson tr. Morels Utopia \\. (1895) 202 In their<br />

viciate and corrupt taste. 1665 G. Harvey Advice agst.<br />

Plague 15 Add thereunto the vitiate disposition of the air.<br />

1913 A. NoYES Tales of Mermaid Tavern, Raleigh, He<br />

never stooped, Never once pandered to that vitiate hour.<br />

1 2. Sc. Law. Rendered null or void ; interfered<br />

or tampered with. Obs.<br />

1586 in Dunfennline Regr. (Bann. CI.) 449 Ve auld<br />

assumptioun of ye said thnd is vitiat be ye said commendatouris<br />

proper deidis. 1593 Sc. Acts Parlt.^ Jas. F/(i8i6)<br />

IV. 25/2 As ony pairt of the rent of dumfermling now<br />

viciat salbe recoverit. 1678 Sir G. Mackenzie Crim. Laws<br />

Scot. I. xxvii. § 2. (1699) 135 It is said to be suspect, if. .it<br />

appear vitiat by ocular inspection.<br />

Vitiate (vi*Jitf't), v. Also 6-8 vioiat(o, 7<br />

vitiat, vitiatt. [f. L, vitiat- (med.L. also viciat-),<br />

ppl. stem of vitidre (whence It. viziare, Sp. and<br />

Pg. vidar, F. vicier), f. vitium ViCH sb.^ Cf. prec]<br />

1. trans. To render incomplete, imperfect, or<br />

faulty ; to impair or spoil.<br />

1534 More Treat. Passion Wks. 1303/1 Hym must we<br />

serue, though specially wyth the mynde (whych if it be<br />

not good, viciateth all together) yet.. also wyth body and<br />

goodes and al. a 1631 Donne Serm., Matt, v, 16 (1640) 82<br />

A superstitious end, or a seditious end vitiates the best<br />

worke. 1665 Manley Grotius* Lo7U C. Wars 453 Other<br />

Advices were prefer'd, which.. do many limes vitiate, if<br />

not ruine, the most noble and valiant Undertakings. 1678<br />

Barclay Apol. Quakers vii. § 2. 19;^ This Doctrine of Justification<br />

hath been, and is greatly vitiated in the Church of<br />

Rome. 17U Addison Sped. No. 25 p 5 A continual Anxiety<br />

for Life vitiates all the Relishes of it, and casts a Gloom<br />

over the whole Face of Nature. 1738 Warburton Div.<br />

Legal. I. 166 Time, which naturally and fatally violates<br />

and depraves all things. 1794 Hutton Philos, Light, etc.<br />

124 It would only lead us into error, and thus vitiate the<br />

science or pliilosophy in which it were employed. 1808<br />

T. Haslam ObserT/. Madness ^ Mel. i. (1809J 31 It might<br />

De urged, that in these instances, the perception was vitiated.<br />

1851 NiCHOL Archit. Heav. (ed. 9) 60 Considering that a<br />

deviation from truth by the fraction of abairbreadth, would<br />

vitiate the figure.<br />

b. To corrupt id) literary works or (^) language<br />

by carelessness, arbitrary changes, or the introduction<br />

of foreign elements.<br />

(«) 1659 Bp. Walton Consid. Considered igZ TheSeptuagint.<br />

.which we now have is the same for substance with<br />

that anciently used, though.. by the injury of time, and<br />

frequent transcriptions vitiated. 1788 Reid Aristotle's<br />

Logic i. § I. 5 There is reason to doubt whether what [works]<br />

are his be not much vitiated and interpolated.<br />

{b) 1690 Temple Ess., Poetry Wks. 1720 I. 243 Whereever<br />

the Roman Colonies had remained, and their Language<br />

had been generally spoken, the common People used that<br />

still, but vitiated with the base Allay of their Provincial<br />

Speech. 1741 De Foe's TourGt. Biit. (ed. 3) lU. 4 It is<br />

observable, that the Normans could not well pronounce<br />

Lincohj, but vitiated it to Nichol. 1756 Johnson Diet,<br />

Pref., Many barbarous terms and phrases, by which other<br />

dictionaries may vitiate the style, are rejected from this.<br />

1790 ' Cassandra *<br />

(J. Bruckner) Crit. Tooke's Purley 55<br />

Those who consider how much the language had been<br />

vitiated at the time they lived, by the importation of<br />

foreign words,<br />

2. To render corrupt in morals; to deprave in<br />

respect of principles or conduct; to lower the<br />

moral standard of (persons).<br />

XS34 More Treat. Passion Wks. 1311/2 We shulde note<br />

well and marke thereby, that the vice of a vicious personne,<br />

viciateth not the company or congregacion. 1658-9<br />

in Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 59 This will not vitiate<br />

persons, but your nature and your posterity. 168a Burnet<br />

Rights Princes Pref. 13 Mankind is not so vitiated with<br />

prejudice. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 177 F 12 The suppression<br />

of those habits with which I was vitiated, 1770<br />

Junius Lett, xxxvii. (1788) 199 If any part of the representative<br />

body be not chosen by the people, that part vitiates<br />

and corrupts the whole. 1853 C. L. Brace Home Life<br />

Germany 258 In 1806, the army had become thoroughly<br />

vitiated by luxury. 1880 E. Kikkk Garjield 55 In short,<br />

he had only one fault, but that was radical, and in the end,<br />

vitiated the whole man. He was thoroughly selfish.<br />

b. Similarly with impersonal objects.<br />

1584 R. Scot Discov. IVitchcr. v. v. (1886) 80 He being a<br />

spirit, may with Gods leave and ordinance viciat and corrupt<br />

the spirit and will of man, z598Marsi'ON Pygnial,, Sat. li,<br />

Many spots my mind doth vitiate. 1634 Habington Castara<br />

Pref. (Arb.) 12, I encounter'd there.. Innocencie,. .not<br />

vitiated by conversation with the world. 1675 Traherne<br />

Chr. Ethics 324 So doth one vice cherished and allowed<br />

corrupt and viciate all the vertues in the whole world. 1714<br />

R, FiDDES Pract. Disc. n. 93 Sufferings vitiate the best<br />

tempers. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 172 p 2 Many vitiate<br />

their principles in the acquisition ofriches. 1837 Hr. Mar.<br />

TiNEAU Soc. Amer, III. 263 The encouragement of an<br />

amusement which does seem to be vitiated there. 1847<br />

Hamilton Retvards ^ Punishm. viii. (1853) 362 One sin of<br />

youth vitiates a protracted life. 1861 Mill UtiUt. i. 4 To<br />

what extent the moral beliefs of mankind have been vitiated<br />

. .by the absence of any distinct recognition of an ultimate<br />

standard.<br />

C. To pervert (the eye, taste, etc.), so as to lead<br />

to false judgements or preferences.<br />

1806 A. Hunter Culina (ed. 3) 120 Stomachs may be so<br />

far vitiated as to lose all relish for plain roast, or boiled<br />

meat. x8ai Craig Led. Drawing, etc. ii. 103 This prac<br />

tice has such a tendency to vitiate the eye and to mislead<br />

the mind. 1845 M^'Culi.och Taxation 1. vi. (1852) 245 It<br />

had the mischievous effect of vitiating the public taste and<br />

stimulating the consumption of ardent spirits.<br />

VITIATED,<br />

f 3. To deflower or violate (a woman). Obs.<br />

1547-50 [see Vitiating vbl. sb.].<br />

i6a4 Hevwood Gunaik.<br />

I. 35 lill she returned into her owne naturall forme, in<br />

which he vitiated her, and of her begat Achilles, c 1645<br />

Howell Lett. (1650) I. 49 This beutious Maid [Venice]<br />

hath bin often attempted to be vitiated. 1675 Baxter<br />

Cath. Theol. i. 107 Being not., moved by him (as David to<br />

murder Urias, and to vitiate his wife). 1710 Steele Tatter<br />

No. 198 f 8 He confessed his Marriage, and his placing his<br />

Companion on Purpose to vitiate his Wife. 1769 Blackstone<br />

Comm. IV. 8r It was a felony and attended with a<br />

forfeiture of the fief, if the vasal vitiated the wife or daughter<br />

of his lord. 1791 Burke Let. Meynber Nat. Assembly<br />

Wks. VI. 36 Pedagogues, who betray the most awful<br />

family trusts, and vitiate their female pupils.<br />

4, To corrupt or spoil in respect of substance<br />

to make bad, impure, or defective.<br />

157a J. Jones Bathes Buckstone 15 For blood is the treasure<br />

of lyfe,not viciated. 1599 Sandys Eurepx Spec. (1632)<br />

103 As a dead Flie doth vitiate a whole boxe of sweet<br />

oyntment. 1608 Topsell S^^/^m/j 125 Euen as women in<br />

their monthly courses doe vitiat their looking-glasses.<br />

1653 L. S. People's Liberty iii. 6 As much water cannot so<br />

soon be viciated as a lesser quantity. 16^4 R. Godfrey<br />

Jnj. ^ Ab. Physic 33 The very texture of his Stomach and<br />

other vital bowels was vitiated. 1759 Mills tr, DuhamePs<br />

Husb, I. xvi. 93 Farmers distinguish the wheat thus vitiated<br />

by saying that it is blacked in the point. 1789 W. Buchan<br />

Dom. Med. (1790) 465 When the saliva is vitiated,., the curing<br />

of the disorder is the cure of this symptom. 1863 Geo.<br />

Eliot Romola xxxiv. The oncoming of a malady that has<br />

permanently vitiated the sight. iSSzA/ed. Temp. Jml. No.<br />

52. 177 As I shall endeavour to show you, it vitiates the blood.<br />

b. esp. To render (air) impure and so inadequate<br />

for, or injurious to, life.<br />

1715 Desaculiers Fires Ivtpr. 34Theill Humours which<br />

go out of their Bodies.. vitiate the Air more and more.<br />

1793 Beddoes Consump. 137 Only a very small portion of<br />

the air was vitiated, i.e. converted into fixed air. 1869<br />

E. A. Pakkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 118 The impurity of<br />

the air vitiated by respiration. i8?8 Huxlev Physiogr.<br />

84 This gas would unduly .iccumulate, and . . vitiate the<br />

entire bulk of the atmosphere.<br />

5, To render of no effect ; to invalidate either<br />

completely or in part ; spec, to destroy or impair<br />

the legal effect or force of (a deed, etc.).<br />

1621 Sanderson Serm. I. 170 An earthly judge is subject<br />

to misprision, mis-information, partiality, corruption, and<br />

sundry infirmities that may vitiate his proceedings. X7a6<br />

AvLiFFE Parergon 104 A Transposition of the Order of the<br />

Sacramental Words, does, in some Mens Opinion, vitiate<br />

Baptism. 1790 Bukke Fr, Rev. 37 If all the absurd theories<br />

of lawyers and divines were to vitiate the objects in<br />

which they are conversant, we should have no law, and<br />

no religion left in the world. 1827 Jarman Po^velts Devises<br />

II. 21 If an undefined portion of a bequest is to be applied<br />

to a purpose void by the statute, it vitiates the whole. 1853<br />

Lytton My Novel xii. xxvii, 1 told them flatly.. that, as<br />

Mr. Egerton's agent, I would allow no proceedings that<br />

might vitiate the election. 1883 Law Rep. 11 Q. B. l3iv. 568<br />

The plaintiff is engaged in carrying out the illegal objects<br />

of the association ; . . and this circumstance alone vitiates the<br />

contract for repayment.<br />

b. To render (an argument, etc.) inconclusive<br />

or unsatisfactory.<br />

1748 Hartley Observ. Man i. iii. § i. 308 This will<br />

not vitiate the foregoing Conjectures. 1846 Mill Logic<br />

I. V. §3 The theory of that intellectual process has beenvitiated<br />

by the influence of these erroneous notions. _x866<br />

Herschel Fatn. Led. Sci. (1867) 73 His proof is vitiated<br />

by an enormous oversight: and the thing.. is a physical<br />

impossibility, 1878 Stewart & Tait Unseen Univ. ii. § 84,<br />

94 It is this eternity of atom which vitiates the h>-pothesis.<br />

t 6. a. To adulterate. Obs.-^<br />

17*8 Sheridan tr. Persius ii. (1739) 35 It was Luxury first<br />

made us vitiate our Oyl with Cassia,<br />

f" b. To alter feloniously. Obs.~^<br />

1753 Scots Mag. Aug. 420/1 And William Taylor, for<br />

vitiating a bank-note.<br />

Hence Vi'tiating vbl. sb. and ppl. a.<br />

1547 Hooper Declar, Christ ff Oj/ice xii. L viij, The<br />

deathe of his chyldre, the conspyricie of Absolon, the<br />

uiciating of his wiues. « 1550 Leland Itin. (1769) _V. 21<br />

The Collegiate Chirch ..was tranglatid to Aberguili for<br />

vitiating of a Maide. 1647 Clarendon Contempl. Ps.<br />

Tracts (1727) 392 The yielding to every corrupt affection<br />

and passion is as great a vitiating and weakening of the<br />

mind. 1669 Bovle Certain Physiol. Ess. (ed. 2) AbsoL<br />

Rest Bodies 27 Finding its passage obstructed .. by the<br />

vitiating of the Pores of the Glass. 1858 J. Maktineau<br />

Stud. Chr. 2y$ A certain vitiating unsoundness of mind.<br />

1859 GEp. Eliot A. Bcde xxix, No man can escape this<br />

vitiating efl'ect of an offence against his own sentiment of<br />

right.<br />

Vitiated (vi-Ji^'ted), ppL a. [f. the vb.] That<br />

has undergone vitiation ; corrupted, spoiled, impaired<br />

: a. In respect of substance.<br />

1620 Venner Via Recta vii. 135 Those [almonds] that.,<br />

[are] reserued all the yeare, so that they waxe not too<br />

dry, or in their colour and substance vitiated [etc.]. 1644<br />

Milton Areop. (Arb.) 43 Wholesome meats to a vitiated<br />

stomack differ little or nothing from unwholesome. 1688<br />

Boyle Vitiated Sight 271 Some may think that [such] a<br />

man has rather an excellent, than a vitiated sight. .»747tf-<br />

Astruc's Fevers 285 These cells becoming turgid with this<br />

viciated matter, raise ihacuticula. xj'joPhil. Trans. LX,<br />

400 It might.. seem possible, that blood-letting had only<br />

let out the vitiated part. 18x3 J. Thomson Led. Injlam,<br />

648 When the vesications pass mto the state of sloughing,<br />

or vitiated ulcers. x8a6 S. Cooper First IJnes Surg.<br />

(ed. 5) 38 Certain deleterious kinds of food, such as the<br />

ergot or vitiated rye. 1867 A. Barrv Sir C. Barry vi. 166<br />

The smoke and vitiated air of every room in the building.<br />

1893 Photogr. Ann. II. 213 Confinement in the vitiated<br />

atmosphere of an ill- ventilated dark room.<br />

b. In some abstract quality or principle.


VITIATION.<br />

x66o R. Coke Power ^ Suhj. 189 No affliction, or the<br />

keeping the thing detained, ought to Injure ihe Appellant,<br />

or the vitiated Cause ayded by remedy of the Appeal. 1719<br />

De Foe Crusen 1. 2ot To have no other Guide than that of<br />

their own abominable and vitiated Passions. 1740 Gibber<br />

Afioi. iv. 68 It is .. to the vitiated and low Taste of<br />

the Spectator, that the Gorruptions of the Stage .. have<br />

been owing. 1790 Burkk Fr. R^v. 100 It is in us the degenerate<br />

choice oj a vitiated mind. 1833 I. Taylor /'awa/.<br />

I. I Vitiated religious sentiments have too much connexion<br />

with the principles of our physical constitution to [etc.].<br />

1841 D'lsRAF.Li Amen. Lit. (1867) 97 This vulgar or corrupt<br />

Latin. .was the vitiated mother of the sister-languages<br />

of Europe. 1871 Darwin Desc. Man II. xiv. 115 Vitiated<br />

instincts may also account for some of the hybrid unions<br />

above referred to.<br />

Vitiation ^vijl^'-jan). [ad. L. vitidiio (rare),<br />

or f. ViTiATc: &.] The action of vitiating, the fact<br />

or state of beini; vitiated, in senses of the verb.<br />

**3S Jac«so.m Creed viix. xx. § 5 No addition is forbidden,<br />

but such as includeth a vitiation of the text. 1658 Phillips,<br />

yHiaiion, a.corrupting or defiling; alsoadeflowring. 1666<br />

G. Harvey Jifori. Ang-L xvii. (1672) 35 The cause of the<br />

foresaid extenuation of body.. is imputed to. .the bloods<br />

vitiation by malign putrid vapors, smoaking throughout the<br />

vessels. i8oa Paley Nat. TheoU xxvu (1819) 429 That<br />

vitiation of taste which frequently occurs in fevers, when<br />

every taste is irregular and every one bad. 1809 \V. Irving<br />

Knickerb. (i86i) 61 The original name of the island. .has<br />

already undergone considerable vitiation. 1843 Mill Logic<br />

I. ii. § 5 With the least vitiation of the truth of any propositions,<br />

1863 Geo. Eliot Komola xxv, No man ever<br />

struggled to retain power over a mixed multitude without<br />

suffering vitiation.<br />

Vi'tiator. rarr"^. [ad. L. vitidtor (rare) or f.<br />

Vitiate z/.] One who or that which vitiates.<br />

1846 Landor imag. Corw. VVks. I. 68/2 The worst vitiator<br />

and violator of the Muses and the Graces.<br />

Viti'CUlated, a. Bot. rare-\ [f. L,vtticu/a,<br />

dim. oivltis vine.] ^See quot.)<br />

1717 P. Blaib Pkarmaco-Bot, v. 215 Viticulated, or Vinelike<br />

f^aves-<br />

Viti cnlO'Se, a. Bot. [ad, mod.L. vlticulosusj<br />

f. L. vTtuui-a (see prec. ).] (See qnot.)<br />

^ x866 Treas. Bot. 1222/1 Viiiculose^ furnished with trailing<br />

stems or viticulae-<br />

Viti'CUloas, a. rarer^, [See prec and -ous.]<br />

Resemblinj^ the shoots of a vine.<br />

1637 foMLiNsoN Renou's Diip.^^i Out of which [sc. the<br />

root of scammony] slender and viticulous branches [L, wVicitlosi<br />

surcu/i] issue.<br />

Viticultoral (vitikr-Itiural, vaiti-), a. [f.<br />

Viticulture + -al.] Of or pertaining to viticulture<br />

; connected with thegrowinij of vines.<br />

1865 Paii Mall G. 7 Nov. 9 .All viticultural operations not<br />

requiring the muscular strength of a man. \^Si Encycl.<br />

Brit. XXlV. 6ro/2 Hungary, from a viticultural point of<br />

view, forms by far the most important part.<br />

Viticulture (vi-tik»ltiiii, vaiti-). [f. VlTl-<br />

+ Culture.] The cultivation of the vine ; vinegrowing.<br />

x87a Thudichum & Dupr£ {titU\ A Treatise on the Origin,<br />

Nature, and Varieties of Wine : being a complete Manual<br />

of Viticulture and (Enology. x88x Spectator 12 March 345<br />

Viticulture can only be successfully followed by those who<br />

give to it constant personal attention. i9i» A. Dobson<br />

S, Richardson iii. 66 His latest idea was to establish viticulture<br />

in England.<br />

Hence Vltlou'ltnrer, Viticnltnrist, one who<br />

is engaged in the cultivation of the vine; a vinegrower.<br />

_x88s St. yames' Gaz. zq March 6/1 A process of elimination<br />

. . turned to account by the viticulturists. x8^ Nature<br />

13 Nov. 38/2 To aid in these researches, relations have<br />

already been opened with horticulturists and viticulturists.<br />

X907 IVes/m. Gaz. 20 June 2/2 Then the vtticulturers tried<br />

to carry on the trade themselves.<br />

Vitili^nouS (vitili-dginas), a. [f. L, vili/tgin-,<br />

stem of vitiligo (see next) + -ous.] Of or<br />

connected with, of the nature of, vitiligo.<br />

1898 P. Mansom Trop. Diseases xxvi. 392 They [leprosy<br />

spots] may be mere vitiliginous patches.<br />

II Vitiligo (vitibi-gtfu). Path. [L. vitiiigo<br />

tetter.] A skin disease characterized by the presence<br />

of smooth white shining tubercles on the<br />

face, neck, and other parts of the body ;<br />

leprosy.<br />

a species of<br />

1657 Physical Dici.^ Vitiligo^ a foulness of the skin with<br />

spots of divers colours. Nforphew. 1693 tr. Blancards<br />

Phys.Dict. (ed. 2\ Vitiligo^ a sort of Leprosie ; there arc<br />

Three kinds of them [etc.]. 1814 Bate.man Cutaneous Dis.<br />

(od. 3) 274 The disease, which is here intended to be designated<br />

by the term Vitiligo^ is., somewhat rare. 1864<br />

W. T. Fox Skin Dis. 21 Albinism, vitiligo, deformities of<br />

vascular and sebaceous structure. 1889 Buck's Hnndhk.<br />

Med. Sci. VIII. 6:)4 I The dark-skinned races are rather<br />

more subject to vitiligo than t^ose of fair skin and light hair.<br />

Hence 7itiligoi-dea, li a skin-disease resembling<br />

vitiligo.<br />

X873 F. T. Roberts TIte. ff Pract. Med. 779 A peculiar<br />

enlargement (of the liverl associated whh vitiligoidea.<br />

X899 Allbutfs.^yst. Med. VIII. 767 Two cases are.. discussed<br />

by Addison and Gull. .in relation to vitiligoidea.<br />

Vitili'tiffate, v. rare. [f. ppl. stem of L.<br />

vitilUigdre.\ (See quot.) Hence Vitilitigating<br />

///. a,<br />

1670 Blount Glossogr. (ed. i,\ Vitiliti^aiey . . to backbite, to<br />

detract, to wrangle, or make bate. Htidebras. [Cf. next.]<br />

1819 H. Busk Vestriad in. 717 In heaven yclept Alecto..<br />

Put Discord called by mortals here on earth ; A vitilitigating<br />

horrid girL<br />

I<br />

I bitious<br />

j<br />

I Vitraillist,<br />

; of<br />

I<br />

1<br />

I 1886<br />

\<br />

, 1884<br />

I<br />

263<br />

Vitilitiga'tion. rflfd. [See prec. and- ation.]<br />

Contention, wrangling.<br />

1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler 14 It is a most toylsome<br />

taske to lunne the wild-goose chase after a well breath 'd<br />

Opinionist: They deliglit in vitilitigation. 1663 Uutler<br />

Hud, I. iii. 1262 ril force you by right ratiocination To*<br />

leave j'our Vitilitigation.<br />

t Vltilitigious, n. Obs.-^ [f. L. vitilUig-dre<br />

(see above), after litigious.'] Contentious, quanelsome.<br />

1683 E. Hooker Pre/. Pordage's Mystic Div. 19 Most<br />

mevangelicly malevolous, viiious, vitilitigious.<br />

Vitiosity (viji^i-siti). Also 6-7, 9 viciosity<br />

(6 -itie, -itee), 7- visiositie. [ad. L. vitiositas,<br />

i. vitiosus : see next and -ITV. So OF. viciositi<br />

{vicieusitl, -ete), It. viziosita.']<br />

f 1. A defect or fatilt ; an imperfection. Obs.<br />

1538 Et.voT Diet. Addit., Cacia^ viciositie, or that whiclie<br />

we commonly iXo calle, a faute in a thynge. 1563 Abp.<br />

Parker Corr. (Parker tioc.) 199 With my natural viciosity<br />

of overmuch shamefastness \ am so babished . . that [etc.].<br />

1589 PUTTENHAM fw^. /Wj/«r(Arb.) 167 It maycoiue topasse<br />

that what the Grammarian setteth downe for a viciositee in<br />

speach may become a vertue and no vice. 1665 Jer. Tavlor<br />

Unum Necess. vi. § i6 ."Vny person that hath a fault or a<br />

legal impurity, a debt, a vitiosity, defect, or imperfection.<br />

2. The state or character of being morally<br />

vicious.<br />

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 247 Reason by little and<br />

little doth illuminate, purge and cleanse the -soule in abating<br />

and diminishing evermore the visiositie thereof. 1643 Sir T.<br />

Browne Reli^. Med. I. §42 My untamed affections and<br />

confirmed vitiosity makes mee dayly doe worse. 1678<br />

CUDWORTH Intell. .'iyst. I. iii. Contents 104 It is not only<br />

moral vitiosity which inclines men to atheize. 178a J.<br />

Brown Conipend. Viem Nat. ^ Rev. Retig. I. 13 An inconceivable<br />

vitiosity of nature absolutely inconsistent with<br />

godhead. _ 1836 Gilbert Chr. Atonem. Notes (1852) 380<br />

The vitiosity of sin and public injury are here correlative,<br />

t b. An instance of this ; a vice. Obs.<br />

1643 Sir T. Brownk Relig. Med. it. § 7 There are certaine<br />

tempers of body, which, .doe hatch and produce viciosities,<br />

whose., monstrosity of nature admits no name. X6S7GAULE<br />

Sap. Just. 9 That, after Baptism, it is no real viciosity, but<br />

only a penalty.<br />

1 3. The quality of being physically impaired or<br />

defective. Obs.<br />

1647 A. Ross Mystag. Poet. i. (1672) 9 In this Gum \sc.<br />

myrrh] Venus is much delighted, ai being a help to.. the<br />

vitiosity of the Matrix. 1651 N. BlGGS Nciu Disp. r 223 If<br />

the more waterish and yellow bloud doth denote its vitiosity.<br />

4. Sc. Law. The quality of being faulty or improper<br />

in a legal aspect.<br />

i7«S-8 Erskine /nst. Law Scot. 111. ix. § 52 Such confir.<br />

mation.. purges the vitiosity of his former intromissions.<br />

1838 W. Bell Diet. Latv Scot. 529 It infers an intention<br />

on the part of the intromitter to account for his intromissions,<br />

which takes off the vitiosity, and renders him liable<br />

only to the extent of his intromissions.<br />

Vitious(;Iy, -ness, varr. Vicious(ly, -ness.<br />

Vitivert, var. Vetiteb. Vitle, Vitler, obs.<br />

ff. Victi;al(ler. Vitles, obs. .Sc. f. Witless a.<br />

Vitnes, obs. .Sc. f. Witness. Vitoll, obs. f.<br />

Victual. VitraoU, obs. f. Vitriol.<br />

II Vitrage (v/tra-.:;). [F.OTVnjj-« glass-windows,<br />

f. vitre glass.] Vilrage net (also cloth), a lace-<br />

net or thin fabric suitable for window-curtains.<br />

Daily Nexus 14 June 2/7 Window-blinds, vitrage<br />

nets, and other goods made upon curtain.machines are only<br />

in moderate request. 1894 Times 19 April 4/3 A steady<br />

business is being done io curtains, antimacassars, vitrage<br />

nets, &C.<br />

Vi'trailed, a. rare-^. [f. F. vitrail (usu. in<br />

pi. vitraux) a glass-window.] Having glazed<br />

windows or compartments (of a specified colour).<br />

RusKiN Bible Amiens iv. § 10 Tliis Lord's House<br />

and bluevitrriiled gate of Heaven.<br />

rare. [f. as prec] A maker<br />

glass ; aa artist in glass-work for windows, etc.<br />

a designer in stained-glass.<br />

1607 B. Barnes Divils Charter in. v. F3, Th' Italian<br />

Vitraillist, Which in the fierie Phlegitonian flames. Did<br />

worke strange vitriall diididoes for Dames. 1904 Daily<br />

^.'}'" 28 July 4/1 In the inner gallery is a large and am.<br />

picture, . . and some drawings by the young artist.<br />

But it is as a vitraillist that he excels.<br />

t Vitre, sb. Obs. rare. Also 5 vytre. [a. F.<br />

vitre, ad. L. vitrtim Vitrum.] Glass.<br />

c 1410 Lvno. Ballad Commend. Our Lady 113 O glorious<br />

viole.O vitre inviolate ! 1599 A. HuME //y/Mnw iii. 55 The<br />

glansing thains, and vitre bright, Rcsplends against the<br />

sunne.<br />

t Vitre, a. Obs. rare. [ad. F. vitri, or L.<br />

vitreies, t. vilriim glass.] = Vitreous a. 2 a.<br />

c 'SS" Judic. Urines \\. v. 24 The .v. spice of flewme (s<br />

called f1eumevitrium..anglice a flewme vitre. Ibid.w.'n.<br />

36 b A fleume vitre, and a whyte fleume be all one.<br />

Vitre, variant of Vitry Obs.<br />

t Vitreal, variant of Vitrial a. Obs.<br />

1658 Phillips, Vitreal, or Vitrine, belonging to, or made<br />

of glas';e.<br />

t Vi-trean, a. Obs. rare. [f. L. vitre-us vitreous<br />

-H -AN.] Of or resembling glass.<br />

1656 Bloijnt Glouogr., Vitrean, Vitrine, . .he]onging to<br />

Glass, gla.ssie, glassie.green ;<br />

clear like glass, or resembling<br />

plass. 1778 W. Prvce Miu. Comub. 60 Vitrean Ore of an<br />

Irregular figure.<br />

Vitree, variant of Vitby Obs.<br />

VITREOUS.<br />

Vitrefacture. rare-\ [Cf. Vitbi- and Fac-<br />

TURE.] (See quot.)<br />

184a R. Park Pantology (1847) 478 Under the head of<br />

Vitre/actures, we include glass, pottery, and porcelain.<br />

[Hence vitri/actnre in Worcester (1S46), and later Diets.]<br />

t Vitremyte. Obs.-'- (Of obscure meaning.)<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Monk's T. 382 And she that helmed was<br />

in Starke shoures. .Shal on hlr heed now were a vitremyte<br />

[Hart, wyntermyte].<br />

Vitreo-, coinl)ining form, on Greek models, of<br />

L. vilreus Vitreous a., employed in a few special<br />

terms having little or no currency.<br />

1828-33 Webster, Vitreo-electric, containing or exhibiting<br />

positive electricity, or that which is excited by rubbing<br />

glass.


VITREOTTSLY.<br />

hiunoiir..in restoring the indolent form. 1831 R. Knox<br />

Cloqttet's Anat, 559 The Vitreous Uody is a soft, perfectly 1<br />

transparent, tremulous mass, occupying the three posterior<br />

fourths jof the cavity of the ball of the eye. 1877 M.<br />

Foster Phy^oi, 111. 11. (1878) 398 The rays of lij;ht traverse<br />

in succession the cornea, the aqueous humour, the lens and<br />

the Wtreous humour.<br />

c. tiiipt, as sb, -I prec.<br />

X869 G. Law-son Dis. Eye (1874) M4 He h.is succeeded in<br />

thus extracting the lens without the loss of any vitreous.<br />

1879 St. Ge^rg-fs Hasp. Rep IX. 479 A quantity of the thm<br />

fluid Wtreous escaped.<br />

3. Vitreous electricity^ positive electricity obtained<br />

from glass ^y friction,<br />

X759 Phil. Trans. LI. 308 Experiments.. respecting the<br />

«treous and resinous electricities, as they are called. 1799<br />

[see Electricity i bj. 1840 Carlyle Htrocs i. (1904) 18<br />

Thunder was not then mere Electricity, vitreous or resinous.<br />

i860 Emerson Ccnd, Life, Wealth Wks. (Bohn) II.<br />

357 The genius of reading and of gardening are antagonistic,<br />

like resinous and vitreous electricity. 1879 Proctor<br />

Pleas, Ways Sc. xi. 238 If glass is briskly rubbed with silk<br />

it becomes charged . . with positive electricity,formerly called<br />

vitreous electricity for this reason.<br />

4. Resembling that of glass ; characteristic of<br />

18x1 A. T. Thomson Lond^ Dis^. (i8i8) 196 The tears<br />

are. .brittle, and break with a vitreous fracture. 1841<br />

Brande Chatty (ed. 5) 130 This change from the vitreous to<br />

the crystalline state sometimes takes place suddenly. 1854<br />

Ronalds & Richardson Chem, Technot. (ed. 2) I. 42 They<br />

form a. -perfectly black mass, . . generally possessing a fatty<br />

or vitreous lustre. 1863 A. C. Ramsay /"A/j. Geog. i. (1878)<br />

3o Modern lavas have often a vitreous structure (glassy)<br />

such as obsidian.<br />

b. Having the colour or appearance of glass.<br />

1874 R. Buchanan Fan Poet. Wks. I. 90 What time the<br />

pallid sickle wax'd Blue-edged and vitreous o'er the blackning<br />

West. x88j — Annan Water i. The vitreous rays of<br />

the moon began playing on the window panes. 1900 B. D.<br />

Jackson Gloss, hot. Terms, F//rtf^;«,. .transparent, hyaline;<br />

formerly used for the light green of glass.<br />

5. Comb.j as vitreous-like^ -shelled adj.<br />

1879 Carpenter in Encycl, Brit, IX. 378/1 The vitreousshelled<br />

Foraminifera constitute the most elevated division<br />

of the group. 190a Westm. Gaz. 22 Sept. 6/3 Some of the<br />

^ner wares will break showing a vitreous-like substance.<br />

Hence Vi'treonsness.<br />

17J7 Bailey (vol 11), and later Diets.<br />

VitreOUSly (vi*tr/dsli), adv. [f. prec. + -lt 2.]<br />

In a vitreous manner : a. With positive electricity.<br />

1794 G. Adams Nat. ^ Exp. Philos. IV. xlvi. 264 Those<br />

attracted by excited wax, are vitreously.. electrified. 1844<br />

NoAD Electricity (ed. 2) g We are led to the inference<br />

that the cloth is vitreously electrified. 1885 Watson &<br />

BuRBtJRY Math. The. Etectr. ff Magn. I. 75 The outside of<br />

the vessel will be found to be vitreously electrified.<br />

b, Glassily ; like glass.<br />

1904 HowELLS Son of Royal Langbrith 62 In the moonlight<br />

Hawberk's face had a greenish hue, and his eyes shone<br />

vitreously.<br />

Vitresceuce (vitre*sens). [f, VlTUESCENT a, :<br />

see -ENCE.] The slate of becoming vitreous or<br />

glassy; vitrified or vitreous condition.<br />

1796 KiRWAN Eleni, Min. (ed. 2) I. 279 Mineral alkali<br />

promotes their [ic. zeolytes] vitrescence most, next borax,<br />

microcosmic salt least. 1888 Encycl, Brit. XXIV. 264/1<br />

The vitrescence was produced by beacon fires lighted<br />

during times of invasion. 1903 /Itrart'rwy 24 Jan. 75/2 The<br />

difficulty in most cases arises from the high vitrescence of<br />

surface (of Chinese porcelain].<br />

So Vitre-scency. rare,<br />

1756 F. Home Exper. Bleaching 116 Their junction with<br />

oils, and their vitrescency. 1847 H. Miller Rambles Geol.<br />

(1858) 365 They are artificial structures, in which vitrescency<br />

was designedly induced.<br />

Vitrescent (vitrcsent), a. [f. L. vitr-um<br />

glass + -ESCENT. Cf. It. vitrescente.'\ Tending to<br />

become glass ; susceptible of being turned into<br />

glass; glassy.<br />

1756 P- Bro\vne Jamaica 48 They seem to be formed<br />

chiefly of the vitrescent fluor, debased by a less agitated<br />

or divided clay. 1767 Phil, Trans. LVII. 440 The stone<br />

is of an extreme hardness, and almost a petrifaction ..<br />

of many different stones^ but all vitrescent. 1778 Pryce<br />

^lin, Cornub. 262 The nitre and tartar are.. rendered still<br />

more vitrescent by the borax. 1825 J. Nicholson Oper,<br />

Mech. 756 Iron ores.. require calcareous additions, and the<br />

copper ores, rather slags or vitrescent stones, than calcareous<br />

earth. 1855 tr. Labarte's Arts Mid, Ages viii. 289 A<br />

vitrescent coating.<br />

Vitrescible (vitre'sib'l), a, [f. L. type<br />

*vitresc-ere io become glass -f-iBLE, or directly a,<br />

¥» vitrescible {a 1^62), -lUvilrescibile, Pg. -ivel.']<br />

That can be vitrified ; vitrifiable.<br />

>754 HuxHAM in Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 841 Looselycombined<br />

with the vitrescible earth. 1786 \Vi;dgwood /bid.<br />

LXXVI. 400 This eff'ect is constant in certain clays, and<br />

begins earliest in those which are most vitrescible. 1794<br />

R. J. SuLiVAN /'Vrzt/ A'a^«r£ I. 45oTheybave likewise been<br />

ranked among vitrescible stones. 1825 Hibbert in Trans.<br />

Soc. Antiq. Scot. (1831) IV. 166 The interstices between<br />

them being filled full of this vitrescible iron ore. x87»<br />

Yeats Techn. Hist. Coium. 266 Vitrescible colours. .are<br />

now laid on the glass, and burned into it.<br />

Hence Vttreacibi'Uty. [Cf. F. vitrescibilitl'\<br />

1786 Wedgwood in Phil. Tram. LXXVI. 401 Enabling<br />

us to ascertain the degree of vitrescibilily of bodies that<br />

cannot actually be vitrified by any fires which our furnaces<br />

are capable of producing,<br />

t Vi'trial, a. Obs. [f, L. vitr-um glass + -tal.]<br />

x6os TiHHE Quersit.<br />

glassy, vitreous.<br />

1. xii. 50 Their fixed beauen, or<br />

Composed of glass ;<br />

j<br />

264<br />

vitriall and chrystalUne circles, is a salt body. i6o8Topsell<br />

Hist. Serpents i6i As for the flesh, it is of a vitriall or<br />

glassie colour. X609ARMIN Maids 0/ More-Cl. (1S80) 125<br />

Place your plate, and pile your vitriall boales Nest vpon<br />

nest.<br />

Vitrial(l, obs. forms of Vitriol.<br />

fVi'triary, «. Obs.'-^ [f. L. vitr-um glass.<br />

Cf. L. vilredrius glass-worker.] Relating to the<br />

making of glass.<br />

1668 Sir T. Browne Let, Merritt 29 Dec, Wks. (Bohn)<br />

III. 508 Though I have not been a stranger unto the vitriary<br />

art, both in England and abroad.<br />

-f Vi'triate, v, Obs,-~^ [f. as prec] trans. To<br />

make clear like glass.<br />

1631 A. Wilson Swisser n. i. 106 .^n ownce of Honestie,<br />

Cleare, Pure, well vitriated.<br />

t Vi-triature. Obs."^ [f. as prec] (See quot.)<br />

1569 R. Androse tr. Alexis^ Seer. iw. 111. 32 It helpeth<br />

mapuelouslye to take a dramnie of the vitrialure or glasing<br />

of vessels made in ponder.<br />

Vi'trios. rarc~°. [f. L. vitr-um g\a.ss + -ic 2,]<br />

(See quot.)<br />

Hence l^itric adj., in some later Diets.<br />

1875 Knight Diet. Mech. ^Ti-^/-2 l^itp'cs, this term includes<br />

the fused compounds in which silex predominates,<br />

in contradistinction<br />

such as glass and some of the enamels ;<br />

to the ceramics, in which alumina predominates.<br />

t Vi'trid, fl.<br />

like, vitreous.<br />

Obs,"^ [f. as prec. + -id 1.] Glass-<br />

1777 J. Williams Acc. Anc, Ruins 11 In some others, the<br />

stones seem to have been partly run down, and partly enveloped<br />

by the vitrid matter.<br />

Vitrie, variant of Vitey Obs,<br />

Vitrifaction (vitrifse*kjan). [See Vitrify v,<br />

and -FACTION.] = Vitrification.<br />

17*8 Chambers Cycl.., Vitrification^ or Vitrifaction, the<br />

Act of converting a Body into Glass, by Fire. 1840 Vv.se<br />

Oper. Pyramids Gizeh I. 228 In some instances the glaize<br />

was of an extremely brilliant colour, and a perfect vitrifaction.<br />

2845 Lady Eastlake Jmls.


VITBINE.<br />

2. inlr. To become vitreous ; to turn into glass<br />

or a substance resembling this.<br />

a i6i< Bacon Physiol. Rem. (1679) 101 We see Metals will<br />

vitrify. 1711 tr. PonuVs Hist. Drugs I. 103 't'hesc are apt<br />

to vitrifie, and make Glass and Crystal withal. 1770 Phil.<br />

Trans. LX. 226, I imagined that metals might not calcine<br />

or vitrify except in the same circumstances. 1813 Sir H.<br />

Daw Agric. CAem. (1814) 328 Such lime easily vitrifies,<br />

in consequence of the affinity of lime for silica and alumina.<br />

1876 Pace A


VITRIOIiICO- 266 VITULINB.<br />

the natnre or qualities of vitriol ; impregnated with<br />

itriol.<br />

1670 W. Simpson Hydrol. Ess. 62 The solution of the<br />

vitnol marcasite .. precipitates the same vitriolick oaker.<br />

1676 Grew Anat. Fl., Exper. Luctation n. § 4 Irish Slat.<br />

seems to be nothing else but a Vitriolick Bole. 1707 Flover<br />

Physic, PMist'iVatch 357 In the Quartans, the.. Pain is<br />

from the vitriolic Cacochymia. 1760 Phil. Trans. LI. 470<br />

It is of a subacid taste, and very nauseously vitriolic 1774<br />

GoLDSM. AW. Hist. (1862) 1. XI. 315 A mucous substance,<br />

which had something of a vitriolic quality, settled under<br />

the reticular membrane. i8o» Playfair Illustr. Htttton,<br />

The, 33 This compound of metal and sulphur, .is destroyed<br />

by the contact of moisture and resolved mto a vitriolic salt.<br />

1844 Citni Eng:. * Arch. ym/.Vll. 108/1 If the pit water<br />

be vitriolic. it becomes necessary to use every means to<br />

procure better water. X899 F. T. Bullen Log- Hea-Tvai/^q<br />

A fiery white spirit, fresh from the still.. .This vitriolic stuff<br />

seemed to meet every emergency.<br />

b. Vitriolic acid, oil of vitriol.<br />

1747 WAixin Phil. Trans. XLIV. Suppl. 588, 1 acidulated<br />

the Liquors with the vitriolic Acid. _ 1778 W. Prvce Min.<br />

Cornuh. 54 It entirely resists the vitriolick acid, which dissolves<br />

or corrodes every other known metalltck body, except<br />

Gold. i8o« Mar. Edgeworth Moral T., Forrester^ Banknotes,<br />

I'be large bottle of vitriolic acid was broken. 184a<br />

Orderson Crfol. xiii. 137 The gas was generated from steel<br />

filings and vitriolic acid.<br />

2. fi^. Of language, persons, etc. : Extremely<br />

sharp, caustic, or scathing; bitterly ill-natured or<br />

malignant.<br />

1841 H. F. Chorlky Music ^ Mann, III. 31 Venting a<br />

flood of vitriolic sarcasm, or a flight of high-toned poetry.<br />

1S66 E. P. Whipple Characters


VITUPER.<br />

1656 Blount Gtossogr. 1786-1S05 Tooke Purley (1829)<br />

II. 444. i860 Wraxall Life in Sea ii. 27 In spite of tlieir<br />

[i.e. seals'] clumsy form, the vituline countenance wears<br />

an expression of calmness and peace. 1B70 Lowell Amongmy<br />

Bks. Ser. i. (1S73) 167 If a double allowance of vituline<br />

brains deserve such honor, there are few commentators on<br />

Shakespeare that would have gone afoot.<br />

t Vituper, sb. Obs. Also 5 vi-, vytupere, 6<br />

Sc. wituper. [a. OF. vituper^ -ere (obs. or arch.<br />

F. vitup^rey = Pr. vetupier\ ad. late or med.L.<br />

viHiperium Vituperv.] Vituperation.<br />

1456 SrR G. Have Lazv Arms (S.T.S.) 188 Thir fals Jowts<br />

..revy[llis thame and dots all the vituper thai may to<br />

haly kirk and to the sacrament. 1484 Caxton Fables 0/<br />

Aitian xv, Suche is now in grete honour and worship that<br />

herafier shalle falle in to greie vytupere shame and dishonour,<br />

c 1500 Melnsine xxxiii. 233 To the moost vytupere<br />

& shame of the Catholycal feyth. 1571 Satir. Poems Heform,<br />

xxvii. 109 Mark als J>e wite, vise, wituper, and the<br />

waige Offwntried traisoun and of tyrannye.<br />

t Vituper, z/, Obs. rare. In 5 vytuper. [a.<br />

OF. vituperer (loth c. ; obs. or arch. F. vitiip^rer<br />

= Pr,, Sp. and Pg. vituperar, It. -ar^), ad. L.<br />

w/«/


VIVACE. 268 VIVAND.<br />

+ ViV&C6i ^» Obs~^ [ad. L. vtvdc-f vtvdx<br />

Vivacious a., after F. vivcue.'\ Vivacious, lively.<br />

XTSt Ramsay Content 356 Another beau, as fine, but more<br />

vivace.<br />

fl Vivace (vjva*tjitf), adv. (and sb.) Mm. [It.<br />

vivace brisk, lively :— L. vJvdC'^ vivax : see next.]<br />

A direction indicating brisk or lively performance<br />

(see quots.).<br />

16B3 PoHCKLL^/*/. SonnatasTo Rdr. (1893), Allegro, and<br />

Vivace [import] a very brisk, swift or fast movement. 1724<br />

Short Exjflic. For, i^ds. in Mus. Bks., l^ivace, is as much<br />

as to say with Life and Spirit. By this Word is commonly<br />

understood a Degree of Movement between Largo and<br />

Alifgro, but more inclining to the latter than the former.<br />

180X Busby Diet, Mus., Vivace, a word Implying that the<br />

movement to which it is prefixed is to be sung, or played,<br />

in a brisk and animated style. i88g Grove's Diet. Mus.<br />

S.V., The Vivace in the latter case would imply an absence<br />

of passion or excitement, an even rate of speed, and a<br />

bright and cheerful character.<br />

ViTaciouS (vaiv^'-Jas, vi-), a. Also 7-8 -ecus.<br />

[f. L. vivaci-f vivdx (whence F. and It, vivace^<br />

Sp. and Pg. vivaz\ tenacious of life, long-lived,<br />

lively, vigorous, f. vivire to live : see -aciods.]<br />

1. Full of, characterized by, or exhibiting viva-<br />

city or liveliness ; animated, brisk, lively, sprightly.<br />

a. Of persons, the mind, disposition, etc.<br />

In quot. 1647 the reference is to the souL<br />

c 164s Howell Lett. (1650) I, 11. xv. 26 When people of<br />

a more vivacious and nimble temper com to mingle with<br />

them. 1647 H. More Song of Soul in. App. xiVj This is<br />

that nimble quick vivacious Orb All ear, all eye, with rayes<br />

round shining bright, a 1700 Evelyn Diary 20 Mar. 1692,<br />

The Pr. of Wales seeming . . very much to resemble . . his<br />

mother, and of a most vivacious countenance, xyii Steele<br />

S^fCt. No. ^3 f 10 If the Poet had not been Vivacious, as<br />

well as Stupid, he could not [etc.). 1785 Burke Nabob of<br />

Arcot's Debts Wks. IV. 266 With all the reachings and<br />

graspings of a vivacious mind. 1798 Edgeworth Fract.<br />

Ednc. (1811) I. 130 Vivacious pupils should from time to<br />

time be accustomed to an exact enumeration of particulars.<br />

i86x GEa Eliot Silas M. xi, <strong>Here</strong> the vivacious doctor<br />

made a pathetic grimace. X900 Longin. Mag, March 438<br />

The. .question of assigning the palm of beauty to the vivacious.,<br />

little mother or to the tall, sHm, grave daughter.<br />

absol, i7Sa Johnson Rambler No. 204 r 5 The young,<br />

the fair, the vivacious, and the witty.<br />

b. Of birds.<br />

1773 BARRiNGTONinPA//. Trans. LXIII. 291 The scholar<br />

pitcned upon may not on'y be more vivacious, but will continue<br />

in son^. 18x7 Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. X. 11,<br />

363 It is a vivacious bird, and frequently utters the notes<br />

sic sic sdic.<br />

C. Of qualities, conditions, etc.<br />

1670 Maynwaring Vita Sana xvi. 159 These Passions.,<br />

whose propensities are to. .steal away from the Soul, that<br />

vivacious enlivening power. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life<br />

(17^7) III. 522 A most vivacious and everlasting Sense of<br />

Pain, a 17x1 Ken Hymns Festiv. Poet. Wks. ipi I. 294<br />

Your Love the more vivacious grew. The nearer it to Glory<br />

drew. X814 Scott Diary 12 Aug., in Lockhart, He looks<br />

very poorly,., but seems to retain all the quick, earnest, and<br />

vivacious intelligence of his character and manner. 1838<br />

DiCKKNS Nich. Nick, xxx, Mr. Snevelicci.. proposed ' The<br />

Ladies ! Bless their hearts !<br />

' in a most vivacious manner,<br />

1853 C. Bronte Villette xxxvi. She invited affection by her<br />

beauty and her vivacious life.<br />

d. Of writings, language, etc.<br />

1788 V. Knox Winter Even. (1790) I. xxv. 211 If, instead<br />

of collecting ideas, it [i.e. the mind] had been indulging<br />

Its own pride in uttering vivacious nonsense. 1826 F. Reynolds<br />

Life


VIVANDIER<br />

c 1460 Wisdom 786 in Macro Plays 61 He J»at ys yll wywande,<br />

Wo hys hym, by t>e bone.<br />

II Vivandier (v^vandi^). [F. vivandier masc.<br />

( = Sp. vivandero, Pg. vivandeiro, It. vivandiere)<br />

a supplier of victuals or provisions, f. pop.L.<br />

*vivanda for vivenda : see Viand ^. Cf. Vian-<br />

DER ^] In the French or other continental armies :<br />

A person who supplies vfctaals to troops in the<br />

field ; a sutler.<br />

The feminine vivandih-e occurs freq. in 19th cent, works<br />

relating to Continental wars.<br />

1591 Garrarfi's Art IVarre 13 Another doth visite Vivandiers<br />

and Victualers {if any follow the Campe). 1691<br />

Land. Gaz. No. 2694 2 They seized several hundreds of<br />

Vivandier's Boats. i8oa James Milit. Diet, 18x3 Wel-<br />

UNCTON in Gurwood Desp, (1838) X.321 Operations so near<br />

10 the enemy, as that the vivaudters and other attendants<br />

on the troops cannot with safety remain near them.<br />

Vivannm (vaivea-riom, vi-). PI. vivaria,<br />

also -iiuns. [L. vivarium enclosure for live game,<br />

warren, fish-pond, etc., neut. sing, of vivdrius, f.<br />

vTvus alive, living.]<br />

1. A place where living animals, esp. fish, are<br />

maintained or preserved for food ; a fish-pond or<br />

fish-pool ; = ViVABY 2. Alsoyf^.<br />

1600 Holland Livy 1389 Whereupon it commeth, that<br />

those places or parkes which are set out and appointed for<br />

leading of Deere, we use to call Vivaria. i6m J er. Taylor<br />

Seriit. /or Year i. xxvi. 328 The face of the Sea is our<br />

Traffique, and the bowels of the Sea is our Vivarium, a place<br />

for fish to feed us. 1845 Gosse (^cfdn li. (1849) 80 In some of<br />

the Hebrides, there are large pools for the preservation of<br />

sea-fishes, hollowed out of the solid rock. . .Great numbers<br />

of cod-fishes are kept in these vivaria. x888 D. Beveridgk<br />

Between Ochils 9f Forth, v. 80 The dry hollow.. in former<br />

days served the monks as a vivariunt^ or fish-pool.<br />

2. A place or enclosure, a piece of ground or<br />

stretch of water, specially adapted or prepared for<br />

the keeping of living animals under their normal<br />

conditions, either as objects of interest or for the<br />

purpose of scientific study ; freq. in later use, an<br />

aquarium ; = Vivary I.<br />

1684 tr. Combes* Versailles^ &c. 87 In the Vivarium are<br />

seen many kinds of Animals which have been caused to be<br />

brought from Forein Countries, a 1700 Evelyn Diary<br />

17 Nov. 1644, There is also adjoining to it a vivarium for<br />

estriges, peacocks, swanns, cranes, &c. 1853 Athenxum<br />

aS May, The new Fish house, .has received The somewhat<br />

curious title of the * Marine Vivarium '. 1853 Guide Zool.<br />

Card., Aquatic Vivarium. 1880 A. R- Wallace IsL Life<br />

xiv. 297 Forming a kind of natural mu:>eum or vivarium<br />

in which ancient types, .had been saved from.. destruction,<br />

1900L. Huxley /,/>t//«j:/o' I. xii. issThebay was calm and<br />

suitable both for the dredge and for keeping up a vivarium.<br />

b. A glass bowl, case, etc., in which fish or<br />

other aquatic animals are kept, esp. for purposes<br />

of scientific study ; « Vivauy i b.<br />

1855 Zoologist yAW. 4S49 Those who would view vivariums<br />

merely as interesting subjects for their drawing-room<br />

windows. 1856 Geo. Eliot in Cross Life (1885) I. 396 We<br />

set out for Ilfracombe with our hamper of glass jars, which<br />

we meant for our sea-side vivarium. 1890 Dk. Argyll in<br />

Mem, xlv (1906) n. 464 Your old vivarium is still standing<br />

in its old place.<br />

Vivara, obs. form of Vivers.<br />

Vivary (voi-vari). Also 7 vivarie. [ad. L.<br />

i//t;arV«/« ViVABlOM : see -ARY 1. Cf. also VlVEB ^<br />

and ViviBR.]<br />

1. = Vivarium 3. Alsoyf^. Now rare or Ohs.<br />

1601 DoNSE Progr. Soul iii. That swimming Colledge, and<br />

free Hospitall Of all mankinde, that cage and vivarie Of<br />

fowles, and beasts. x66o F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav.<br />

140 Slaves.. who have no other office then to hunt the<br />

Woods and Marshes for triple-coloured tortoises for the<br />

Kings Vivary. 1699 Evelvn Acetaria{iT2


VIVENCY. 270 VIVID.<br />

numy goodly examples \iuety described and Huishely set |<br />

forth in histories before hisface? 1593 B. Haksks PariJuno- 1<br />

fMiir Partk. Sonn. xxv, If she viveiy Could see my sorrow's j<br />

maze, which none can tread. i6m B. Jonson New Inn<br />

Argt. 77 Love!.. describing the effects of Love, so viveiy,<br />

as she. .confesseth herself enamoured ofhim. 1631 — Magn.<br />

Ltuly II. [i.l viL Chornst If I see a thing viveiy presented<br />

on the stage. 1663 Blair Antobiog. viu (1848) 97, I. supposed<br />

the thing had been actually done, when it was so viveiy<br />

represented unto me. 1673 O. Walker Edttc. 124 So Polus<br />

the Actor, that he might more viveiy represent the grief of<br />

a Father upon the b(^y of his deceased Son, brought in an<br />

Urn the a^bes of his own Son newly dead. 1789 Ross<br />

HtUnore (ed. 3) 6g But gin ye like to ware the time, then<br />

ye How a" the matter stoode, shall viveiy see.<br />

Vivency (vai-vensi). rare, [f. L. viv-h-e to<br />

live + -KNCT.] Manifestation of the principle of<br />

food, sustenance, substantive use of vivre to live].<br />

Food, provisions, victuals, eatables.<br />

Only Sc. till the 19th century ; its later literary currency<br />

is probably due to iis frequent occurrence in the Waverley<br />

Novels.<br />

a. 1536 Qt;ct:M Margaret in St. Papers Hen. VIII (x^^d)<br />

V. 43 pa ma be portative be wattyr for carying of Jjar<br />

|<br />

veveres and uthyres necyssares. a 1578 Linoesav (Pitscottie)<br />

Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 78 Ane armicweill furnischit<br />

witht all kynd of weweris and raunitioun. 1609<br />

Skene Reg, Ma^., Stat. Rob. /, 20 b, He sail cumcweill<br />

furnished with siluer to bye vievers for his sustentation.<br />

^. 1551 AV^. Privy Council Scot. I. 114 The greil..derth<br />

. .of all kynd of victuallis and viveris. 1582-8 Hist. James<br />

VI (1804) 168 The stoir of thair victualles being daylie<br />

scand, they directit, as afore, sum horsmen to scour the<br />

fields for viuers. 1622 in 10//1 Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm.<br />

App. I. io3 Viuers are very chepe heere and thay are dere<br />

with the enimy. 1725 Records 0/ Elgin (New Spald. CI.<br />

1903) I. 420 The prices of fyring, fewell, fisli, flesh and other<br />

vivers are latelie arisen to an exorbitant bight. 1756 Mrs.<br />

Calderwood in Coltness Collect. (Maitl. <strong>Club</strong>) 149 Every<br />

thing of vivers is dear in Holland but vegetables. 18x4<br />

Scott Wav. xlii, I'll join you at three, if the vivers can<br />

tarry so long, i860 Motley Netherl. xiiL (1868) II. 164 He<br />

bitterly complained of the unwillingness of the countrypeople<br />

to furnish vivers, waggons, and other necessaries.<br />

1887 Beattv.Kincston Music .y Manners II. 18 Vou shall<br />

have your beer, vivers, and tobacco cheap.<br />

fig. 1588 A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 87 This is our<br />

viuers during the pilgracnedg of this transitorie Uf.<br />

Vives (v3i-vz), sb, pU Also 6 vyves, 6-8<br />

vluea, 7 uiues, vies. [Aphetic form of AviVES.<br />

Cf. Fives ^, Vees 1, and Yves.] Hard swellings<br />

life ; vitality.<br />

16^ Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 11. i. 55 Not in a distinct<br />

and indisputable way of vivency, or answering in all points<br />

the properties or affections of plants. [1656 Blount<br />

Glosiogr.y Vrvtncyy a living, or injoying life. 1755 Johnson,<br />

vivency^ manner of supporting or continuing life, or<br />

vegetation.] 18*3 Ntw Monthly Mag. VII. 312, I used<br />

to enjoy a spring day, its redolence, its vivency, itsthrilling<br />

sensations of pleasure.<br />

Vi"V6r ^. Now dial, or Obs, Forms : 4<br />

viuere, 5 vyvere, wywere ; 4-5 viuer (5 vever,<br />

Sc. wewar), 5 vyuer, 6 vyver, 9 viver. [a. AK.<br />

viver^ OF. (also mod.F.) vhner ( = Sp. vivero^<br />

Pg. viveiro), ad. L. vivarium Vivarium.] A fishpond.<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 13764 pis ilk water als J>e stori sais,<br />

Was miket renumed in ^a dais, Als it war a gode viuere<br />

\prtnted vinere]. c 1330 Durham Ace, Roils (Surtees) 519<br />

fn j fossato facto de Molend[ino] usque le viuer, vij^. \\\d.<br />

c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints ii. {Paul) 344 Sanct paulis bed eftir<br />

hisdiscese In a depe vewar warpit was. c 1400 Maundev.<br />

(Roxb.} xxiiL 105 Withouten i>aim er many vyuers and<br />

stankes, whare on er many fewles of riuer. c%^


VIVIDITY.<br />

the most Vivid and Lasting Impressions upon us, 1715<br />

Desaguliers Fires Impr. 41 A more vivid Sensation of<br />

Cold. 1835 I. Taylor Spir. Despot, ii. 55 Seasons .. in<br />

which the clergy are exposed to vivid anxieties or endure<br />

actual privations. 1850 Robertson Sernt. Ser. in. viii.<br />

(1857) III When the recollection of his sin is most vivid and<br />

most poignant. 1874 Gkeen Short Hist. viii. § i. 454 The<br />

vivid sense of a Divine Purity close to such men made the<br />

life of common men seem sin.<br />

5. Life-like ; resembling life.<br />

X85J Hawthorne BlithedaU Rom. xi, He carried a slick<br />

with a wooden head, carved in vivid imitation of that of a<br />

serpent.<br />

6. Quasi-(M?i^. Vividly, brightly.<br />

i8t{j Keats Fail Hyperion i. 245 The scenes Still swooning<br />

vivid through my globed brain. 1865 Carlyle Fredk.<br />

Gt. XX. iii. (1872) IX. 44 The Prussian camp-fires, they too<br />

are all burning uncommonly vivid.<br />

Vividity (vivi*diti). [f. prec. + -itt.]<br />

1 1. Living force, vitality. Obs~^<br />

1616 T. Adams SouVs Sickness 28 Corrupt affections,<br />

which like vicious humours gnaw and suck the conscience<br />

dry of all viuiditie.<br />

2. The quality or state of being vivid ; vividness.<br />

X77a W. CuLLEN Lect. Pathol. \\\ J. Thomson Li/e (1832)<br />

1 . 378 A degree of Vividity, of Alacrity, and Levity, or a dis.<br />

position to change .. can only be considered as states of<br />

morbid Irritability, .in the Brain. 1780 Bentham Princ.<br />

Legisl. vi, § 12 {1789) 45 Clearness of discernment, . .vividity<br />

and rapidity of imagination. 1813 T. Busby Lucretius<br />

II. v. Comm. p. xl. Avast mass of illumined matter, in<br />

the general glow and vividity of which the opaque spots are<br />

almost loer of is<br />

a pitte where thei 5afe to viuificate the myndes of philosophres.<br />

a 1500 Colkeliie Sotv 887 Lyk [fr]o sede'sawin in<br />

erd mortificat Flouris mony fructisviuificat. i547BooiiDB<br />

Brrv. Health Ixxxvu 35 The herte dothe vivifycate all other<br />

members. 15*5 Harding Con/ut. 11. xiv. 109 b, God the<br />

Wordes owne body, that hath power to viuificate and<br />

quicken all thinges. 1609 Bible (Douay) Eztk. xiii. i3<br />

When they caught the soules of my people, they did vivifi.<br />

cate their soules. 1653 H. More Conject. Cabbal. 31 Even<br />

as God vivificates and actuates the whole world. 1675 O.<br />

Walker, etc /"ar-o/J/ir. St. Paul 161 The sensitive., soul or<br />

faculty continues meanwhile in the body..vivificating it.<br />

18x9 H. Busk Veslriad 1. 217 Whose blood vivificates thy<br />

veins.<br />

1 2. intr. To become endued with life. Obs.-"^<br />

i66a Stanley Hist. Philos. ix. (1687) 551/3 This beam<br />

penetrates to the Abyss, and thereby all things vivificate.<br />

Hence Vivifloating/^/. a.<br />

a 1688 CuDwoRTH Immut. Mar. iii. ii. §3. (1731) 89 The<br />

Compound .of the Body . and a certain Vivificating Light,<br />

imparted from the Soul to it.<br />

ViTification (vi:vifik,?'-j3n). Also 6-7 viui-,<br />

7 uiui-. [ad. L. vivifuatio (TertuUi.tn), n. of<br />

action f. vivificare : see prec. and -ATloM. So F.<br />

vivification, Sp. vimficcuion, Pg. -czfao. It. vivificazione.']<br />

animate ; to quicken.<br />

»545 Ravnald Byrth Mankynde 42 Throughe these<br />

artyres Huely spirite, and fresshe acre, isdiriuied out of the<br />

mother into the childe, wherwith the naturall hete of the<br />

chylde is viuified and refresshed. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's<br />

Fr, Chirurg. *iij, Let us consider on the Sunne..<br />

what doth she eflfect?. .[she doth} warme us, vivifye and<br />

administre lyfe vnto vs. 1615 Cbooke Body 0/ Man 263<br />

Mercurius Trismegistus snide well, that it was the spirite<br />

which viuifieth or quickneth euery forme in the whole<br />

world. 1653 W. Ramesev Astrol. Restored 86 [They]<br />

placed a fierjr sign first, for that heat ruletli in fire, by<br />

which all things are quickened and vivifyed. a 1693<br />

Urguhart's Rabelais 111. iii. 39 The great Soul of the<br />

i/«iW/'j^..vivifyeth alt manner of things, x-j^ Monthly<br />

Rezu XXX. 568 In this explosion of life, every particle of<br />

and numberless races of vegetables<br />

native soil was vivified ;<br />

and animals were produced. 1859 Kingslkv Misc. (i860)<br />

I. 359 An instinct of the dynamic and supernatural laws<br />

which underlie and vivify this material universe. 1881<br />

Tyndall Ess. Floating Matter 0/ Air 224 An indraught<br />

slight no doubt, but stiti sufficient to contaminate or vivify<br />

the infusion.<br />

b. transf. andyf^. (Common in 19th c.)<br />

1603 Florio Montaigne i. xix. 30 As in nature one contrarie<br />

is vivified by another contrarie. 1713 Pope Guardian<br />

No. II r3 It [an elixir] restores and vivifies the most<br />

dejected Minds. 1776 Str J. Reynolds Disc, vii. (1876) 408<br />

That Promethean fire, which animates the canvass and vivifies<br />

the marble. 1788 Gibbon Decl.^ F. xlix. V. 144 Their<br />

execution would have vivified the empire. 183a Ht.<br />

Martinkau Each 9f All'vt. 59 The utmost that education<br />

can do is to extend man's views, to exalt his aims, and vivify<br />

his powers. 1833 Alison Hist. Europe (1849) 1. iii. §68.<br />

322 His plan was to viyify the State by vigorous measures,<br />

1865 Mozley Mirac, i. 4 It vivifies the stock we have, but<br />

does not add one item to it. 1005 Sat. Rev. 29 April 545/2<br />

It enables its 'sujKrs' to snout. .and thereby vivify a<br />

languishing enthusiasm.<br />

c. Phys, To convert into living tissue.<br />

1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med, IV. 416 An incision.. to lay<br />

open any sinuous track, vivify callous edges, or remove<br />

spongy granulations, .must be tried.<br />

2. To make brighter or more brilliant.<br />

1791 Mks. Radcliffe Rom. Forest ii, The sun appeared<br />

in all his glory, . .vivifying every colour of the landscape.<br />

1821 Craig Lect. Dra'wing^ etc. li. 127 'this covering, .vivifies<br />

the most brilliant colours. 1885 'Mrs, Alexander'<br />

I'alerie's F'ate i, The bright.. autumnal sunshine was vivifying<br />

the many.tinted trees of the Bois de Boulogne.<br />

b. To render more animated or striking.<br />

1833 Ht. Martineau Three Ages i. 26 His ready wit<br />

seldom failed to interpose to illustrate and vivify what was<br />

said. 1853 Felton F'atn. Lett. xi. (1865) 100, I always try<br />

to vivify an idea by embodying it in some manner. 1885<br />

Manch. Exam. 25 Feb. 3/3 This little volume is.. vivified<br />

throughout by the sympathetic yet discriminating apprecia.<br />

tion which pays all due honour to the hero.


VIVIFYING. 272 VIXEN,<br />

3. absoL 'To impart life or animation.<br />

1616 Bacon Syiz'a §696 Which should shew, that Snow<br />

hath in it a secret Warmth ; For else it could hardly<br />

Viuific; 1655 Vaughan SiUx Sctnt. 11. Quickness, 'Tis such<br />

a blissful thing, that still Doth vivifie. X85S L, Host Da^<br />

6f tie Fir/-, Ka/ny Day [1B70) sgi U[& Urt] U\k& to us;. .It<br />

is vivified at our touch ; it vivifies in return. 1871 Tyndall<br />

Frtxgm. Set. (1879) II. xiv. 359 The one may vivify, while<br />

the other kills.<br />

4. intr. To acquire life ; to become alive.<br />

1737 Bkackkn Farriery Impr. (1757) I'- 277 The Ova<br />

will vivify or come to Life sooner. 1768 Foote Z>^mV iii.<br />

Wks. 1799 II. 276 They quit their torpid state, and vivify.<br />

x84t Loudon SubnrbMi Hort. 113 The egg begins to vivify<br />

and swell with the heat of the spring. 1867 RoutUd^e s<br />

Ev. Bay's Ann, May 377 A sign that the eggs have vivihed,<br />

and that they will probably hatch out. 1899 Daify News<br />

I July 8/7 When the egjs have vivified, the young salmon<br />

will be tended until the two-year-old stage.<br />

Hence Vi-vifying vdL sb.<br />

i860 PusEV Mitu Proph. 2 The calf was the symbol, .of..<br />

His continued vivifyingofall which lives. 1884 Earl Grey<br />

in Life Mandelt Creighton {ile a.^ capable of being,<br />

liable to be, vivisected.<br />

1859 Todd's Cycl. Anat. V. 317/2 The artificial vomiting<br />

of *vivisected animals. 1880 Meredith Tragic Com. v,<br />

The vivisected youth received the caress which quickened<br />

him to wholeness at a touch. x886 Pall MatlG. 3 June5/'2<br />

Whether any attempt at the absolute prohibition of vivisection<br />

would not react to the disadvantage of the unhappy<br />

' *vivisectees '. 1875 Hoggan Let. in Morn. Post 2 Feb.,<br />

I am inclined to look upon anaesthetics as the greatest curse<br />

to *vivisectible animals. 1876 J. J. G. Wilkinson Hum.<br />

Sci, \ghy 18a) vii, pe fixenetf.r.<br />

fixen] of Jw foxe bereth as longe, as J>e bicche of J>e wolfe<br />

bereth hir whelpes. 1605 Verstecan Dec. Intell. x. (1628)<br />

334 Fixen.. is the name of a she-fox otherwise and more<br />

anciently foxin. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Vixen or Fixenj


VIXENISH.<br />

a Fox's Cub. 1719 D'URFF.y Pills (1872) II. 270 The<br />

vixen's just now earthed, see here's the Hole. 1796 Grose's<br />

Diet. Vulgar T. (ed. 3), Vixen,.. ^ she fox, who, when she<br />

has cubs, IS remarkably fierce: i8a8 Sporting Mag. XXII.<br />

23, 1 must confess, I felt rather spoony upon that vixea 1867<br />

¥; Troi.lope Chron. Barset I. xxxiii. 286 A vixen was trapped<br />

just acroels Q. Eliz. (1908) 218 The vyzardmaker<br />

John Owgle for xiiii Beardes. 1593 Shaks. 3 //m.K/,<br />

I. iv. 117 but that thy F.ice is Vizard-like, vnchanging.<br />

Made impudent with vse of euill deedes. 1615 Brathwait<br />

Strappado (1878) 4 Bacchus cares not for outward signes a<br />

rush. Good wine needs not the hanging of a bush. Dost<br />

not thou vizzard-fac't ingratefull Elfe? 1650 B. Discolliminium<br />

47 My Recreations [are].. Metamorphosing and<br />

Vizard- making. 1678 Butlkr Hud. 111. i. 1012 Stnve who<br />

shall be.. the most genteelly bred At sucking of a Vizard<br />

Bead. i68a Sir T. Browne Chr. Mor. 11. § 7 Ihe old<br />

Philosophers and great pretenders unto Virtue, who well<br />

declining the gaping Vices of Intemperance, (etc.]..werc<br />

envious, malicious, contemners,, .and stufft with Vizard<br />

Vices. 1684 Otway Atheists, i, A Way to revenge my self


VIZABD. 274 VIZY.<br />

on that Vizard -monger. i8^ R. A. Vaughan Mystics (i860)<br />

11. 116 [Loyola's] order, .claimed and merited the monopoly<br />

of the vizard manufacture.<br />

Vizard, obs. or dial, form of Wizard.<br />

Vi'sard* z'. Now rare. Also 7 visard, [f.<br />

the sb.]<br />

+ 1. trans. To conceal or disguise (something)<br />

under a false outward show or appearance ; to<br />

represent falsely or speciously. Obs.<br />

i6a8 Prvnss BriefSurvay 48 Their dangerous and tnfectious<br />

plague- soares, which arc onely vizarded and palliated,<br />

not clothed nor warmed with the sacred Robes. 1631<br />

Weever Anc. FunereU Mon. 51 Cloakes to hide their<br />

knauery,and beards to visard their hypocrisie. 1660 Shirley<br />

AmiromoJia iv. vii, Plangus who hath vizarded his ends<br />

With vertue.<br />

2. To cover or disguise (the face, etc.) with or as<br />

with a vizard or visor ; to mask.<br />

^60* I-'^ss b. below). 1613 Sir A. Sherlev<br />

Trav. Persia 47 The place of the Viseire comprehending<br />

in it, the office of Chancellor, and high Treasurer, c x6i8<br />

MoRYSON liin. IV. (1903) 21 The Visers or Viceroyes residing<br />

in Constantinople being 4. of old, were 7 at this<br />

tyme. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 28 Nassuf Bashaw,<br />

the Visier and Generall to Sultan Schmat. 1696 tr. Du<br />

MonVs Voy. Levant xiv. 177 The seven Visiers of the<br />

Bench brought up the Rear oi this Magnifient Troop. 1707<br />

Lond. Gaz. No. 4363/1 The Janisaries have depos'd the<br />

Grand Seignior, and set his Nephew upon the Throne, who<br />

. .is to act under the Direction of Four Visiers during his<br />

Minority. 1728 Ibid. No. 6023/1 The Venetian Bailo has<br />

not yet been with the Vizier. 1786 Burkk Art. agst. W.<br />

Hastings Wks. XI. 371 A certain prince called Sujab ul<br />

Dowla, Nabob of Oude, and Vizier of the empire. 1819<br />

T. Hope Anastasius I. Notes 331 All Pashas, before whom<br />

are carried the three horse-tails, have the title of Visier.<br />

1847 Mrs. a. Kerr tr. Ranke's Hist. Servia 369 In a great<br />

council of Viziers and Ulemas assembled at the house of<br />

Scheik-ul-Islam. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 268/1 The<br />

office of vizier, which spread from the Arabs to the Persians,<br />

Turks, Mongols, and other Oriental peoples, arose under<br />

the first Abbasid caliphs.<br />

trans/. 1848 Thackeray Van, Fair li, His Lordship's<br />

vizier and chief confidential servant.. Mr. Wenbam.<br />

t b. With the title bashaw added or prefixed.<br />

(See quot 1 819 in above). Obs,<br />

1599 Dallam in Early Voy. Levant (Hakl. Soc.) 60 Our<br />

imbassader Delivered a presente to the Vizeare Basha at<br />

his house. i6ot R. Johnson Kingd.


VIZY.<br />

1. An aim at an object which it is desired to hit<br />

esp. in the phr. to take a vizy (cf. F. prendre vish).<br />

17JO Ramsay Marr. Earl IVrjrmss vi, The Thane of Fife,<br />

wha lately wi' his flane, And vizy leel, made the blyth bowl<br />

bis ain, 1808 J. Mayne Siller Gun iv. xlviii, Roused at<br />

the thought, [he] charged his fuzee. Took but ae vizzy wi*<br />

his c'e—The bullet flies Clean through the target to a tee.<br />

x8ja Galt Steant'boat vii, Logan took a vizy, and fired.<br />

1884 Pae Eustace 143 The gun was run into the desired<br />

position, the sailor called it a ' vizzey ',<br />

b. The sight of a gun.<br />

i8a8 Blackw. Mag. Sept. 288/2 Thus too, the vizy iAng-lice<br />

sight) generally inclined unduly to one side or the other.<br />

2. A look or view ; a sight 0/ something ; a<br />

glimpse.<br />

X785 Mackenzie Loimger No. 6 f 2 He tried to see the<br />

sUge, and got a flying vizzy now and then. 1818 Scott<br />

Br. Lamm, xvi, But ye had best take a vtsie ofhim through<br />

the wicket before opening the gate. 1834 Tait's Mag. I.<br />

429/1 It unfortunately never was his forte to take a steady<br />

fixed vizzy of any one thing.<br />

Hence Vlzrlecs, a.<br />

i8>8 Blackw. Mag. Sept. 300/r Oh ! that our passion<br />

could restore thee [i. e. Mons Meg], butless, lockless, vizy.<br />

less, .though thou be*st, to the light of day.<br />

Viay (vi-zi), V. Sc. Forms : a. 5-6 vesy,<br />

wesy, 6 wese, weasie, vese, vesie. ;3. 5-6, 8<br />

•^y. 5 wysy, 6 wi8(a)y, -ie, via(8)e, visye, 6-7<br />

visie, 6, 9 vissie, 8 vizzey, 8-9 vizzy, 8- vizy.<br />

[ad. ONF. viseer (Wace) :—L. visitdre Visit z/.]<br />

+ 1. trans. To go to see ; to pay a visit or visits<br />

to ; to visit. Obs. a. a person.<br />

Freq. in the i6th cfniScLeg.<br />

Saints v. {yohn) 631 He vent to vesy |»e<br />

lunge, & tel hym of his travalinge. c 1425 Wyntoun Cr.m.<br />

V. 3899 Scho oyssit to wesy bodely Al pur folk Ipat wa.s nere<br />

by. ijoo-jo Dunbar P,!ems ix. 28, I confess me. Lord I<br />

that I . To hungi e meit, nor drynk to thristy gaif, Nor<br />

veseit the seik. 1550 in Exch. Rolls Scotl. XVI IL 502<br />

note^ Ane sair leg, cjubarthrouch 1 mycht nocbt cum west<br />

tyll wisy \k and uthlr freyndis. 1583 in iVodrmii Soc. Misc.<br />

(1844) 460 He was. .maist wiland to wissie the puirest crcatour,<br />

being aduertisit or requyreit thairunto, in the verray<br />

nicht seson. 1600 Hamilton in Catk. Tractates (S.T.S.)<br />

231 Elizabeth.. sayd,.. how is this commit to me, that the<br />

Mother of my lord suld come to visie me.<br />

b. a place.<br />

'S3S LvNDESAV Satyre 504, I mak ane vow, . . Richt reuerentlie<br />

thy Tempill to visie. 1549 Compl. Scot. Prol. 13<br />

Thir tua princis vsit oft to visye the feildis to tak ther rccreatione.<br />

Ibid. vi. 38 Quhen titan vas visiand antepodos.<br />

2. To look at closely or attentively ; to regard,<br />

see, view.<br />

«1470 Henbv Wallace III. 103 The worthi Scottis..Send<br />

twa skowrrottris to wesy weyll the playne. c 1470 Golagros<br />

4- Gaw. 243 The king stude vesiand the wall, a 1500<br />

Bemaritus cU cura rei/am. (E.E.T.S.) 212 Haffand a gret<br />

delyte For to wesy . . oculatouris or trumpouris. 1533<br />

Bellendem Livy iv. xv. (S.T.S.) joo Frequent nowmer of<br />

pepill l>at come to vesy bir playis. a 1568 A. Scott Foems<br />

(S.T.S.) xxvii. 33 Quhen scho growls heich, I draw on<br />

dreich. To vesy and behald the end. 1714 Kamsay Vision<br />

vii, I vizyt him then round about. 1715 — Gmlle Shefh.<br />

III. ii. Prol., 'Tis Symon's house, please to step in, And vi.sy<br />

't round and round. 1790 Shirrefs Poems 256 When first<br />

your Cistles I did vizzey. 1867 J. Grant White Cockade<br />

1. 60 An eye was seen to vizzy them carefully.<br />

t b. To examine, inspect, survey, ot view formally<br />

or officially. Ois.<br />

1496 Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot. I. 321 To pas to Borthuik..to<br />

vesy tymmyre for gun paraling. ijia Ibid. IV.<br />

459 To xxxvj marynaris for ij dais quhen the Franchmen<br />

passit to vesy the schippis. 1561 Exch. Rolls Scotl. XIX.<br />

265 note, Thir our lettres being anis producit thairin and<br />

vesyt be the lordis auditouris therof. 1597 Skene Acts 0/<br />

Parlt. Table S.V. Prenters, Prenters suld not prent ony<br />

buikes, or vther thing, bot that quhilk is visied and tryed,<br />

havand the Kingis licence.<br />

fc. With clause as object, or with /(J and inf. Obs.<br />

e J»S Sc. Leg. Saints xl. (Ninian) 559 Jet wald he (i.e.<br />

a bisHop] mekly on fete ga..to visy in quhat wyse J>€ kirk,<br />

men did bar seruice. 1497 Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot, \.<br />

380 To the man that 3eid to vesy to se gif he could wyn<br />

sclait, ijj vnicornis. 1535 StewartCw/i. Scot. (Rolls) IIL<br />

431 The erle of Marche. .and mony lordis mo, Come to bis<br />

tent to vbie how he did. 1536 Peebles Burgh Rec. (1872)<br />

235 The thesaurare to vesy gif ony timber be to by to mak<br />

portis of.<br />

d. To vls^. rare—'.<br />

tt&j J. Grant White Cockade I. 54 Letters.. signed and<br />

vizzied by the conservator of Scottish privileges at Campvere,<br />

and the British ambassador.<br />

t3. a. To afflict or visit (a person) with sickness<br />

or harm. Obs.<br />

C1470 Henry Wallace vii. 381 His fadyr..wes wesyed<br />

with seknes. a 1500 Colkelbie Sow 595 Throuch the will of<br />

God, so as it was, Thay war weseit with suddane soir seikncss.<br />

1^49 Comfit. Scot. ii. 24, I sal visee you vitht dreddour,<br />

vitht fyir, ande vitht suellieg [sic).<br />

t b. To punish (a sin or wrong). Obs.<br />

iSJa Abp. Hamilton Catech. (18B4) 58, I will visie and<br />

punis the synnis quhilk the fatheris dois..-on thair sonnis.<br />

iS«i A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) i. 151 To wisy all t>ir wrangus<br />

workis. .God gife ^ grace.<br />

4. intr. (or absoi.). To look or gaze.<br />

1513 Douglas ^neid iii. ix. 1x3 And weseand all aboat,<br />

I se at last This navy of 3ouris drawand biddir fast. 153ft<br />

Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) L p. xliv. And sine thay It^<br />

and visies throwe the cleir and purifyit waiter, quhill thay<br />

se the mussilis. 1899 in Eng. Dial. Diet. (Shetland dial.).<br />

5. To take aim with a gun, etc. ; to aim at.<br />

i(Sa-8 Hist. James VI (1804) 75 He..cuttit ane small<br />

hofe in the tarlies, quhairby he might vissie with his hag-<br />

275<br />

bute. 1818 HoCG Brownie 0/ Bodsbeck viii. They'll maybe<br />

hae been trying how weel they could vizy at the wild ducks.<br />

1824 Mactacgart Gallovid. Encycl. 457 Some raw hands,<br />

when vizzying first at the nail in the bull's eye of the target<br />

with loaded ball (etc.].<br />

Hence Vi'zyiug, vbl. sb. (also attrib.).<br />

iS5» Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot. X. 148 The lairdis of<br />

Corswell, Auchyngassill, Cowhill, commissioneris for veseing<br />

of the futemen to be rasit withtin the Sherefdomes<br />

tjuhair thai dwell. i8as R. Chambers Trad. Edinb. I. 236<br />

Sometimes the rod was simply stretched across the vizzying<br />

hole^ a coiivenient aperture through which the porter could<br />

take cognizance of the person applying.<br />

VijtCe, ME. variants of Fight sb. and v.<br />

Vizzard, -or, obs. forms of Vizard, Visor sb.<br />

V1-, southern ME. and dial. var. of Fl- ;<br />

occas.<br />

ME. and older Sc. spelling for Ul-.<br />

Ylach (vlaek). Also 9 Vlaehe. [a. Bulg. and<br />

Serb. Vlach', = OSlav. Vlachu Roumanian, Italian,<br />

Czech. Vlach Italian, Pol. Wloch Italian, Woloch<br />

Walachian, Russ. VolocK Walachian, Italian<br />

these terms are Slavonic adoptions of the Germanic<br />

Walk (OHG. Walk, Walah, MHG.<br />

Walch ; AS. WealK) foreigner, applied especially<br />

to Celts and Latins. See Walach and Welsh a.]<br />

A member of the Latin-speaking race occupying<br />

portions of south-eastern Europe ; a Walachian or<br />

Roumanian.<br />

1841 Penny Cycl. XXU. 246/2 The Vlaches, or Wallachians,<br />

only live in the most south-western angle of the<br />

empire [of Russia). 1886 Encycl. Brit. XXL 16/1 They<br />

call themselves * Romani ' or ' Rumeni ', but by their neighbours.<br />

.they are universally known by one or other form of<br />

the word ' Vlach '. 1901 Speaker 21 Sept. 683/2 The alliance,<br />

.would array the scattered Vlachs of Macedonia once<br />

more on the Greek side.<br />

attrib. 1886 Encycl. Brit. XXL 16/1 This Vlach or<br />

Rouman race occupies a far wider area than that included<br />

in the present Roumanian kingdom, igo^ Speaker -z^St^l.<br />

580/1 The Greek bands,. fell to murdering the leaders of<br />

the Vlach movement.<br />

Hence Vlachian (vU'-kian), a.<br />

i88< Encycl. Brit. XXL 19/1 The ofBcials bearing for the<br />

most part Slavonic titles derived from the practice of the<br />

Bulgaro-yiachiap czardom. 1909 Q. Rev. April 681 Not<br />

the least interesting constituent of this chaotic population is<br />

the Vlachian.<br />

Vial, var. Vlei. VTanok, var. Wlonk a. Obs.<br />

Vlaaker, var. Flanker (spark of fire), dial.<br />

Vlaske, southern ME. var. Flask v.<br />

Vlat, southern dial. var. Flat a.<br />

160a Contention betw. Liberality ^ Prodigality u. ii,<br />

Chil goe boldly to her, that's a vlat case.<br />

Vlatsum, Sc. f. Wlatsome a. Obs. Vlaje,<br />

southern ME. pa. pple. of Flat v. Vleau,<br />

southern ME. ya.x.Jleiv, p.t. of Flow v.<br />

II Vlei (vbi). Also vley, vly, vlie, vlaie.<br />

[Dn. dial, vlei, reduced form of Du. vallei valley.]<br />

1. In South Africa ; A shallow pool of water ; a<br />

piece of low-lying ground covered with water<br />

during the rainy season.<br />

S849 E. E. Napier Excurs. S. Africa IL 179 The Hottentots<br />

look anxiously around for the well known ' vlei '.<br />

j8so R. G. Gumming Hunter's Life S. Afr. (ed. 2) L ^^,<br />

I came full in view of the vley or pool of water beside which<br />

I had been directed to encamp. 1863 W. C. Baldwin Afr.<br />

Hunting vi. 226 We found the vley, where we fully expected<br />

water, dried up. 1899 Rider Haggard Swallow<br />

viii, A large vlei, or pan, where were many ducks and also<br />

some antelope.<br />

2. local C/.S. A swamp.<br />

1880 Amer. jfrnl. Sci. Ser. III. XIX. 432 To the same<br />

settlers [the Dutch] are due the geographical appellations<br />

of kill for stream,.. and vly or vlaie for swamp, so frequently<br />

met with in the C^tskills. 1889 Bynnkr Begum's<br />

Dau. I, Up over the grassy edge of the basin which formed<br />

the vly. .the children came bounding pell-mell. 1904 R. W.<br />

Chambers in Harper's Mag. May 933/1 Have you reason<br />

to believe that an attempt has been made to fire the Owl<br />

Vlaie?<br />

Vleoln, Vleon, Vlesche, V"leyB(s, Vlex,<br />

southern ME. varr. Fly t».i, Fleezi., Flesh, Flax.<br />

Vlie, southern ME. var. Flea, Fly sb. ; var.<br />

Vlei. Vliht, southern ME. var. Flight.<br />

Vllndre, southern ME. var. Flindeb (butterfly).<br />

VIouting, dial. var. Flodtino vbl. sb.<br />

Vly, Vlycche, southern ME. varr. Fly v.,<br />

Flitch.<br />

Vm-, Vn-, common ME. spelling for Um-, Un-.<br />

Vo.', abbrev. of Voce. (Cf. Voc.)<br />

1808 Jamieson S.V. Gowk's Errand. Grose's Class. Diet,<br />

vo. April Fool. 1815 — Suppl. s.v. Custumable, Skene,<br />

Ind. to Acts, vo. Customers.<br />

Vo.- nonce-wd. [f. the last syllable of orfaz/o.]<br />

A size of book.<br />

1847 Chambers's frnl. 6 Feb. 87/2 Duodecimo, postoctavo,<br />

eigbteenmo, sixteenmo, and a hundred other vosand<br />

mos, bewildered the aged members of the profession.<br />

Vo, southern ME. var. Fo v.. Foe.<br />

Voar (vo»j). Orkn. A: Shell, dial. Also 7, 9<br />

vore, 9 Tor, vour. [a. Norw. vaar (vjr), = Da.<br />

vaar, Sw. vir, ON. and Icel. vdr spring: see<br />

Wake sb.'\ The spring ; seed-time. Also voretime,<br />

1629 Orkney Witch Trial in County Folk Lore III.<br />

(1903) 76 Being accusit thairupoun be the said Micbaell in<br />

vore tymc. Ibid. 78 Sex yeiris scne or thairby in vore.<br />

' 1806<br />

VOCABTJLABY.<br />

P. Neill Tour$% If a man and a dog land upon some<br />

of the islands in z-^^r-time, i.e. Spring. iSas Jauieson<br />

Suppl., Vor^ Voar, Vour, the spring-time. 1856 Eliza<br />

Edmondston Sk. 4- Tales Shetland xi. 135, I ought to go<br />

to help our poor father and mother to gel their voar<br />

finished. 1871 R. Cowie Shetland 11. viii. 159 The operations<br />

of ' Vore ' (as the seed-time is called in Shetland) do<br />

not commence until the end of March.<br />

Voc, abbrev. of Voce. (Cf. Vo.i)<br />

1725 T. Heabne R. Brunne's Chron. (1810) I. p. ccxiii,<br />

See the Glossary to this Work, voc. Kampedene. 1753<br />

Chambers' Cycl. SuppL s.v. Calkins, Savar. Did. Com. '1'.<br />

I. p. 1598. voc, crampon. 1870 Allibone Diet. Eng. Lit.<br />

(1888) II. 1532 See, also, Collier's Bibl. Acct. of Early Eng.<br />

Lit., 1865, voc. Paynell.<br />

Voc, abbrev. of Vocative.<br />

Voc, Vocab., abbrev. of Vocabulary.<br />

Vocabi'lity, [f. next+-lTT.] A spoken or<br />

shouted remark or sentence.<br />

1846 Mrs. Gore Eug. Char. (1852) 54 At the time of the<br />

Reform Bill, their {sc. the linkmen's] vocabilities had a still<br />

more personal tendency.<br />

Vocable (v^u-kab'l), sb. [a. F. vocable (i6th c,<br />

= Pr. vocable, Sp, vocabio, Pg. vocabulo. It. vocaboloj<br />

-ulo)y or directly ad. L. vocabul-um^ f. vocdre<br />

to call, name.]<br />

1. A word or term.<br />

App. reintroduced in the i8th century ; mentioned as a<br />

Scotticism by Beattie in 1787.<br />

1530 Palsgr. Introd. p. xxii, The great nombre of theyr<br />

vocables be evidently deryved forth of latin. 154a Udall<br />

Eras7n. Apoph. g This sillable, «u, in composicion of greke<br />

vocables betokeneth a certain facilitee. 1577 Grange<br />

Golden A-phrod. Ij, N.O. perceyuing this deuision of<br />

vocables, thought good to note the sense thereof. 1600-9<br />

Rowlands Knaue of <strong>Club</strong>bes ip He to coniure goes, With<br />

characters, and vocables, and diuers antique shewes. 1638<br />

A. Read Chirurg. ix. 60 It is not amisse sometimes to coine<br />

vocables of art to expresse the matter which is in hand.<br />

1786 Geddes Prospectus Neiv Transl. Bible 61 There is<br />

no language so compleatly copious and distinctive as to<br />

have a different vocable for every different idea. 1787<br />

— Let. to Bp. 0/ London 82, I had ventured to use the<br />

word vocable. Some have approved of it, as a term we<br />

wanted ; others have objected to it, as an innovation. 1797<br />

Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XIV. 527/1 Even some of the American<br />

jargon dialects contain vocables which indicate an Asiatic<br />

or European original. 1807 Boucher SuppL Johnson's<br />

Diet. S.V. Ay^ The simple annals, or history, of this vocable<br />

in our own language. . would probably be not less curious than<br />

its general history is. 185a Blackie Study Lang. 30 If you<br />

love the book . . you will master the vocables it contains in a<br />

speedy and agreeable way. 1875 E. White Life in Christ<br />

IV. xxiv. (1878) 348 Dreamers, for whom.. every vocable is<br />

surrounded with an aureola or many-tinted halo of mysteries<br />

and ' inner senses '.<br />

t 2. A name or designation. Obs. rare.<br />

c 1550 Disc. Common Weal Eng. (1893) 76 Therof to this<br />

daie remaineth these vocables of coine, as libra, pondo,<br />

dipondium, . . vocables of weight; that afterward weare<br />

gyven to coines pretending the same weight, a 1613 Buck<br />

Rich. Ill, V. (1646) 133 We will next endeavour to understand<br />

that Vocable, or term, Tyrannus (that is, a Tyrant,<br />

or an evil King) cast upon King Richard.<br />

Vo-cable, a. rare-^, [f. L. voc-are to call +<br />

-ABLE.] Capable of utterance.<br />

190X Meredith Poems, With the Persuader 174 Cun-<br />

Dinger than the numbered strings, . . For mastered discords<br />

and the things Not vocable, whose mysteries Are inmost<br />

Love's.<br />

Hence Vo'cably adv.<br />

1906 J. A. HoBsoN Canada To-day i. 3 Canada is conscious,<br />

vocably, uproariously conscious, that her day has<br />

come.<br />

fVooabula. Obs.-^ [pi, of L. vocdbulum<br />

Vocable sb.'\ A vocabulary.<br />

1698 Fryer Acc. E. India ^ P. 360 They have their<br />

Grammars, Dictionaries, and Vocabulaes, in which are the<br />

Roots of the Arabick Tongue.<br />

t Vooa-biilar, sb, Obs~^ [See Vocabulary sb.<br />

and -AR 2,] A vocabulary.<br />

1530 Palsgr. id By what meanes it shalbe knowen in the<br />

frenche vocabular whan i and u be vowels and whan they<br />

be consonantes.<br />

Vocabular (v^kae*bi//laj), a. [f. L. vocdbulum<br />

Vocable sb. + -ar l.] Of, pertaining to, or<br />

concerning words.<br />

1608 TopSELL Serpents 282 Which wordes in their seuerall<br />

Languages, haue other significations, as are to be found in<br />

euery vocabular Dictionary. 1647 M. Hudson Div. Right<br />

Govt. II. ii. 75 To unscruplc alt vocabular doubts and<br />

difficulties, let us but look into the fourteenth Ch. of Gen.<br />

and there we shall find a King of Gods own making. 1834<br />

J. Gilchrist Etym. Interpreter 61 This is the most prolific<br />

origin of verbal multiplication or vocabular augmentation ;<br />

for thus an indefinite number of nouns are produced by a<br />

few verbs and adjectives. 1848 Clough Bothie ix, Leaving<br />

vocabular ghosts undisturbed in their lexicon-limbo. 2867<br />

Lytton in Ld. Lytton's Lett, {1906) I. iv. 206 Too many<br />

images and vocabular effects make the sense of the whole<br />

obscure.<br />

Vocabula'rian, a. [Cf. prec. and -ian.] One<br />

who gives much or undue attention to words.<br />

1899 Pall Mall G. 20 July 4/1 He is not a vocabularian ;<br />

be uses, as none but a poet can, the old poetic materials.<br />

Voca'bnlarize, v, rare~K [Cf. prec. and<br />

-IZE.] Irans. To furnish with a vocabulary,<br />

1851 Sir F. Palcrave Norm. ^ Eng. 1. 51 The vernacular<br />

French of the Capital, .. amply vocabularized from the<br />

other languages of the mixed hosts whom Napoleon had<br />

assembled.<br />

Vocabulary (vt^kscbiwlari) , sb. Also 6 -arye,<br />

7 -arie. [ad. med.L. vocdduldri-uSf -um, f, L.<br />

35-2


VOCABULARY.<br />

vocdbulum Vocable j^. : see -abyI. Hence also<br />

It , Sp., Pg. vocabulariOj F. vocabulairc (1481 ). Cf.<br />

VOOABDLAR sb.^ VOOABULER.]<br />

1. A collection or list of words with brief explana-<br />

tions of their meanings ; now esp* a list of this<br />

kind given in an elementary grammar or readingbook<br />

of a foreign language.<br />

Longer vocabularies are usually arranged alphabetically<br />

or according to subject-headings. In philological grammars<br />

and readers the vocabulary is commonly termed a. glossary,<br />

iS3a More Con/ut. Tindale Wks. 427/1 Then must he<br />

with his translacion make vs an Englishe vocabularye of his<br />

own deuise too. 1579 Folke Heskins* Pari, 55 Maister<br />

Heskins fareth as hec were halfe madde, sending vs to the<br />

Vocabularies, Calepines, and Dictionaries. x6ii Cotgr.,<br />

Vocahuiaire^ a Vocabularie, Dictionarie. 1646 Sir T.<br />

Browne Pseud, Ep. vii. ix. 355 This is the proper signification<br />

of the word, (it is] thus used in Scripture by the<br />

Scptuagint, [and] Greeke vocabularies thus expound it.<br />

1690 Locke Hum. Und. in. xi. 260 A vocabulary made<br />

after this fashion, would, perhaps, with more ease, and in<br />

less time, teach the true signification of many Terms. 1741<br />

Watts Imirov, Mind (1801) 41 It is necessary that we<br />

should be furnished with Vocabularies and Dictionaries of<br />

several sorts. i8i6 Tuckev Narr, Ex^d, R. Zaire ii.<br />

(1818)65 From our visitors I procured a vocabulary of their<br />

language. 1857 T. Wright {tiiie)y A Volume of Vocabularies<br />

Ibid. Pref., One of the most valuable of the later<br />

vocabularies here printed. 1884 Bradlev Latin Prose<br />

Composition 353 General Vocabulary. Ibid., The Latin<br />

words in this Vocabulary are not necessarily equivalent to<br />

the English.<br />

_J^g- *53» More Con/ut. Tindale Wks. 598/1 As I wene it<br />

is expouned in god afmightes vocabulary.<br />

trans/. i66j Stillincfl. Orig, Sncrae i. i. § 3 Otherwise<br />

all the use of words is to be a meer vocabulary to the understanding,<br />

and an Index to memory.<br />

^ b. Const, of. (Passing into the sense of * list'.)<br />

x8ai J. Q. Adams in C. Davies Metric Syst. (1871) iii.<br />

145 A vocabulary of new denominations was annexed to<br />

every weight and measure belonging to it. 1825 T. Hook<br />

Sayings Ser. 11. Man 0/ Matty Fr. (Colburn) 137 He heard<br />

a vocabulary of dishes enumerated with grace and fluency<br />

(by the French cook). 1863 Stanley Jew. Ch. (1877) L xvi.<br />

309 The most complete vocabulary of arms ..in the Old<br />

Testament is taken from the panoply of a Philistine warrior.<br />

c. Naut. (See quot.)<br />

1867 Smyth .ya/Vtw-'j IVord-bk. •; 14 Foca^K/ary, the system<br />

of naval signals based on Sir HomePopham's improvements.<br />

2. The range of language of a particular person,<br />

class, profession, or the like.<br />

Used with limiting terms (possessives, adjectives, eta).<br />

»7S3 H. Walpole L€/t.{iSi6) III. 20, I wore out. .my<br />

vocabulary with commending. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia<br />

VIII, v, Let nerves be discarded from the female vocabulary.<br />

1815 J. CoRMACK Abol. Fern. In/anticide Guzerat x.<br />

196 The almost infinite labours of an individual, from whose<br />

vocabulary the word impossible seems to have been excluded.<br />

1851 Palgrave Norm. ^ Eng, I. 2 An Innocent,<br />

in Shakesperjan vocabulary, signifies an Idiot. 1891 Farrar<br />

Darkn, 4- Daxvn xxix, The actor.. bad erased the words<br />

*ought ' and' ought not ' from his vocabulary as completely<br />

as most of his contemporaries.<br />

b. Const ^ (some quality, feeling, eta).<br />

X770 Cumberland West Indian iv. x, In the vocabulary of<br />

moaern honour there is no such term. 1856 Kane Arct.<br />

ExpL 1 1, xii. 139 His eloquence becoming more and more.,<br />

vituperative, until it has exhausted either his strength or<br />

his vocabulary of invective. 187J Morlev Voltaire (1886)<br />

5 The rank vocabulary of malice and hate. 1884 J. Shar-<br />

HAN Hist. Sivearing v. 80 The more religion appeals to the<br />

senses, the more fecund has been the vocabulary of oaths.<br />

o. With a, or without article.<br />

X837 Emerson Addr.^ Amer. Schol. Wks. (Bohn) II. 181<br />

If it were only for a vocabulary, the scholar would be<br />

covetous of action. 189s C Taylor Witness 0/ Hermas to<br />

Four Gosp. 130 On the principle that vocabulary is an indication<br />

of an author's literary sources. 1898 Watts Dun-<br />

TOM Aylwin v. i, 'To repeat one's words ', I said quietly,<br />

shows a limited vocabulary.<br />

3. The sum or aggregate of words composing a<br />

language.<br />

178a V. Knox Ess, cxiv. (1819) II. 285 The Latin Fathers<br />

..wrote.. well enough to preserve a skill in the construction<br />

and vocabulary of the language. 1841 Borrow Zincali<br />

II. ii. III. 107 It is no longer a sealed language, its laws,<br />

structure, and vocabulary being sufficiently well known,<br />

s868 Freeman Norm, Cong, (1877) 1. 1 4 The largest infusion<br />

that the vocabulary of one European tongue ever received<br />

from another. x88a A, W. Ward Dickens vii. 206 He recognised<br />

his responsibility.. in keeping the vocabulary of the<br />

language pure.<br />

Voca'bulary, a. rare, [f. L. vocabuUum<br />

Vocable sb, h- -ary.] Of or pertaining to words<br />

composed of, or concerned with, words.<br />

x6i6 Bullokar Eng, Expos.^ Vocabularies of or belong-<br />

^<br />

ing to words, which consisteth onely of words. 1903 Daily<br />

Ckron. 21 April 6/3 The vocabulary code compiled by the<br />

International Bureau of Telegraphic Administrations. 1909<br />

Westnt. Gaz, 28 May 2/1 Treating it as a vocabulary quarrel<br />

to which it would be childish to attach ai.y importance.<br />

Vooabula-tion. rare-^. [f. as prec + -ation.]<br />

The use or clioice of words.<br />

1891 E. EccLESTON Faith Doctor xVn. 162 A mind .. felicitous<br />

in vocabulation and ingenious in the construction of<br />

sentences.<br />

+ Voca-bnler. Obs. rare. [Cf. Vocabulaby sb,<br />

and -ER^ 2.] A vocabulary.<br />

1530 Palscr, 150 By the helpe of the frenche vocabuler.<br />

1706 Stevens i, Vocabulario^ a Dictionary, a Vocabuler.<br />

Voca'bnlist. Also 6 -isto, -y8t(e. [ad. L.<br />

type ^vocabuHsta : see Vocable and -ist. So F,<br />

vocabuliste (1731) in sense 2.]<br />

276<br />

+ 1. A vocabulary. Obs.<br />

1530 Baynton in Palsgr. Introd. p, xiii, Theyr vocabulistes,<br />

which have ben of so many yeres, and by so sondry<br />

clerkes agatheryng. 1530 Palsgr. 150 Some fewe sentences<br />

whiche the lernar shall fynde before the begynnyng of the<br />

sayd vocabulyst.<br />

2. A compiler of a vocabulary.<br />

1545 Bale Myst. Iniq. 2 After the vocabulystes TortelHus<br />

..Calepinus, Guarin' & soche other vocabulystes. 1800<br />

in Spirit Pub. Jrnls, IV. 147 This is an obsolete phrase,<br />

and IS not to be found in any vocabulist I know of.<br />

Voca'bulize, v, rare-^, [Cf. prec. and -IZK.]<br />

trans. To put into words, to utter.<br />

1873 Leland Egypt. Skeick-Bk, 233 He was too much dis.<br />

gusted to speak—too much revolted at me and the ring and<br />

all mankind, to vocabulise anything.<br />

Vocal (vJu'kal), a, and sb, [ad. L. vocdUis<br />

uttering voice, speaking, etc., f. voc-^ vox voice<br />

-al. So F., Sp., Pg. vocal^ It, vocale^<br />

A. adj, I. 1. Uttered or communicated by the<br />

voice; spoken, oral : a. Of prayer. (Opposed to<br />

mental^<br />

a 1395 Hylton Scala Per/, i. xxvii. (W. de W, 1494),<br />

This manere of prayer whiche is callid vocal. I5«6 Ptigr,<br />

Per/, (W. de W. 1531) 159 Bycause this prayer is for the hole<br />

chirche, necessary it is that it be vocall, that is to say,<br />

eyther songe or distinctly sayd with voyce. 1563 Homilies<br />

II. Com. Prayer Ppp iiij, Let vs se whether the Scriptures,,<br />

wyll allow any vocall prayer, that is, when the<br />

mouth vttereth the peticions with voyce. 1641 * Smectym-<br />

Nuus' Answ. ii. (1653) 8 Which Prayers were so farre<br />

from being Prescript formes or Liturgies that they were<br />

not vocall but mentall Prayers. 1671 Woodhead^"/. Teresa<br />

\. vi. 314 If Vocal Prayer be made, as it should, even Mental<br />

is an ingredient into it. 1766 Fordyce Serm. Yng. Wni.<br />

(1767) II. xi, 148 Vocal prayer, whether more or less articulate,<br />

will be found. .by far the most proportioned to the<br />

human.. faculties. 178J Priestley Corrupt, Chr. II. ix.<br />

151 Instead of the ancient severities [of penance], vocal<br />

prayers came to be all that was enjoined. 186a Loud, Rev.<br />

26 July 84 The dangers of unreality and self.delusion with<br />

which vocal prayers were beset, 1884 Cath. Did. 569 St.<br />

Benedict supposes that some of his monks will pray after the<br />

vocal prayers of the office with tears and application of heart.<br />

b. In other contexts.<br />

1579 ^- Wilkinson Con/ut, Fam, Love 53 b, Why then<br />

do they make accompt of it, but as a vocall word, and outward<br />

sounde? 164a Fuller Holy «5- Pro/ St. iv. ix, 27B He<br />

is diligent and faithfull in preaching the Gospel ; either by<br />

his pen.. or by his vocall sermons. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le<br />

Blanc's Trav, 232 Messengers, who deliver their missives<br />

by vocal relation. 1667 Milton P. L. ix. 198 Forth came<br />

the human pair. And joynd thir vocal Worship to the Quire<br />

Of Creatures wanting voice. 1715 Pope Odyss. viii. 42 When<br />

high he sings The vocal lay responsive to the strings. 1757<br />

Gray Bard 120 What strains of vocal transport round her<br />

play. x8i8 Stoddart in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 90/1 It is<br />

quite enough that we have one vocal sign, one organic<br />

articulation, to advertise the hearer, that what we say is<br />

not in the subject of which we speak. 1874 Spurgeon<br />

Treas. Dav. Ps. xcii. i Silent worship is sweet, but vocal<br />

worship is sweeter. 1887 Ruskin Prxterita II. 191 John<br />

Hobbs, called always , , George, to distinguish him, in vocal<br />

summons, from my father and me.<br />

fc. Expressed in words. Obs,~'^<br />

z6io W. FoLKiNGHAM Art o/ Sutvey in. i. 65 The Propriety<br />

of Possessions .. may be deuided into Vocall and<br />

Evidential. Vocall Propriety denotates the Properties of<br />

particulars by due Appellation.<br />

d. Of sound : Produced by the voice ; spec, of<br />

the nature of words or speech,<br />

1623 Massincer Bondman i. iii. If a virgin.. Presume to<br />

clothe her thought in vocal sounds^ Let her find pardon.<br />

x66j> Holder Elem. Speech 23 A vibration of those Cartilaginous<br />

Bodies which forms that Breath, into a Vocal<br />

sound or Voice. 1603 Dryden Ovid's Met. xii, 571 Her<br />

Words were in her Clamour drown'd j<br />

For my stun'd Ears<br />

receiv'd no vocal Sound. 1839 Penny Cycl, XIII. 305/1 If<br />

any two human beings can by vocal sounds mutually convey<br />

to each other theirdesires. i86c Farrar Orig. Language 1.<br />

19 The mere possession of vocal cries not difiTerent from<br />

those of animals. 1864 Bowen Logic ii, 31 Vocal sound is<br />

the Matter of speech.<br />

2. Of music : Performed by, composed for, the<br />

voice ; that is sung or intended for singing. (Opposed<br />

to instrumental^<br />

£1586 C'tess Pembroke Ps. xcvin, ii, O sing,. .Make lute<br />

a part with vocally musique beare. 1603 Holland Plutarch's<br />

Mor. 486 Giving herselfe to learne poesie, and likewise<br />

vocall musicke. 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet. 161<br />

Vocal-Musick, performed by Instruments which Nature<br />

hath invented for delight, ought not to be set at naught.<br />

1698 Fryer Acc. E. India arts<br />

are written out in full, and the accompaniment (if any) is<br />

indicated by a figured bass,<br />

3. a. Having the character of a vowel ; vocalic.<br />

JS89 PuTTENHAM Eng. Pocsic iL xv[i]. (Arb.) 141 The<br />

foote ( Tribrachus) of three short times is very hard to<br />

be made by any of our trissiUables vnles they be compounded<br />

of the smoothest sort of consonants or sillables<br />

vocals. 1631 Weever Anc, Funeral Mou. To Rdr. 7 Also<br />

E vocall, for E dipthong. 1736 Ainsworth Lat. Diet. 11.<br />

s.v. /, They give it \sc. i, j] a name from its consonant use,<br />

we from the vocal. 1807 Southey Espriella's Lett. I. 279 As<br />

their delicate ears could bear none but vocal terminations.<br />

b. Actually uttered or sounded, rare.<br />

.»75» Johnson Rambler No. 88 p 11 There is reason to believe<br />

that the silent e which our ancestors added to the most<br />

of our monosyllables,., was once vocal. 1755 Johnson s.v.<br />

Et Afterwards it [the letter e\ was in poetry either mute or<br />

vocal, as the verse required.<br />

c. Phonetics. Uttered with voice (as distinguished<br />

from breath) ; voiced, sonant,<br />

1668 WiLKiNS Real Char. 111. xii. § 2. 369 {Zh) the sonorous<br />

Consonant, and (Sh) its correspondent mute, are framed by<br />

a percolation of the breath, betwixt the tongue rendered<br />

concave, and the teeth both upper and lower : The first<br />

being vocal, the other mute. 1669 W. Holder Elem. Speech<br />

53 B. is Vocal, Labial, Occluse. Ibid. 58 L. and R,..are<br />

not easie,.to be pronounced spiritally,. .but are apt to<br />

get a tincture of Vocal sound, 1824 L. Murray Eng,<br />

Gram. (ed. 5) I, 35 The semi-vowels may be subdivided into<br />

vocal and aspirated. The vocal are those which are formed<br />

by the voice; the aspirated, those formed by the breath.<br />

1847 Proc. Philol. Soc. III. 72 Examples beginning with a<br />

vocal letter are found both in the Chinese and m other<br />

languages. 1874 Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc, 538 There<br />

can be no doubt that the /in Early Old English was vocal<br />

like the Welsh^<br />

H. 4. Endowed with a voice, possessed of<br />

utterance ; exercising the power of speech or of<br />

uttering sounds.<br />

1601 Holland Pliny I, 233 Brought there were thither.,<br />

such [frogs] as would crie in the water : and that whole<br />

kind still remaineth vocall. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 199,<br />

I am sure neither are Canonicall, neither the meere vocall<br />

Preacher, nor the Preaching Auditor. x668 H. More Div,<br />

Dial. HI. xxxiv. (1713) 271 As probable as the black<br />

Hunter ranging the Forest with his vocal, but invisible,<br />

Hounds in Founlainbleau. 1733 Pope Essay on Man<br />

in. 157,^ In the same temple, the resounding wood, All<br />

vocal beings hymn'd their equal God. 1774 Goldsm. Nat.<br />

Hist. (1776) VII. 339 These insects are generally vocal in<br />

the midst of summer, c 1792 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IX. 529/1<br />

The organs of all vocal animals are so formed, as, upon<br />

any particular impulse, to utter sounds. 1877 Tyndall in<br />

Daily News 2 Oct. 2/5 Though the mechanical theory of a<br />

vocal Heavenly multitude proves untenable.<br />

b. transf. Of inanimate things, places, etc.<br />

1646 J. Hall Poetns 57 Were but this Marble vocall,<br />

there such an Elogium would appeare As [etc.]. 1667 Milton<br />

P.L. IX. 530 He.. with Serpent Tongue Organic, or<br />

impulse of vocal Air, His fraudulent temptation thus began.<br />

1710 W. King Heathen Gods ^ Heroes x. (1722) 40 How<br />

these Oracles were deliver'd, is a Controversie, whether by<br />

two Doves that spoke, or by the Leaves of the Oaks themselves,<br />

which became Vocal. 1784 Cowper TasA iv. 159 The<br />

poet's or historian's page, by one Made vocal for th' amusement<br />

of the rest. 1796 Southey Lett./r, Spain (1799) 160<br />

Many a stream That from the neighbouring hill descended<br />

clear Wound vocal thro' the valley. 18x5 Lamb Elia 11.<br />

Superannuated Man, Stones of old Mincing Lanej..to the<br />

footsteps of what toil-worn clerk arc your everlasting flints<br />

now vocal? 1837 Wilkinson Afa««. .^ Cust. Anc. Egypt, ii.<br />

(1841) I. 59 note. The vocal statue of the supposed Memnon<br />

isof Amunoph III. 1890 W. }. Gonnov Foundry 156 There<br />

are seven steam-hammers, .and a remarkably vocal saw for<br />

cutting red-hot iron.<br />

c. Of musical instruments. Ch\t^y poet.<br />

a 1700 Evelyn Diary 5 Oct. 1664, There was brought a<br />

new invented instrument of musiq, . . made<br />

vocal by a wheele,<br />

and a zone of parchment that rubb'd horizontaly against<br />

the strings. 1738 Wesley Ps. cxxxvii. ii, Our Harps, no<br />

longer vocal now. We cast aside. 1743 Francis tr. Hor.^<br />

Odes in. i, 23 Nor chaunt of birds, nor vocal Ijxe To him<br />

can sleep afford. 1760 Fawkes tr. Anacrcan^ Ode i. 5<br />

Rapt I strike the vocal Shell— Hark—the trembling Chords<br />

rebel.<br />

6. Jig. Conveying impressions or ideas as if by<br />

speech ; expressive, eloquent.<br />

1608 ToPSELL Serpents 134 By a mute and silent way it<br />

ascendeth, and bringeth all things moriall to a vocall iustice,<br />

which speaketh in action though not in voyce. 1608-11 Bf.<br />

Hall Epist. (1643) 328 Accusations are vocall. Apologies<br />

dumbe. 1697 Evelyn A'wwmw/. Introd. i Medals. .(give<br />

me leave to call themj Vocal Monuments of Antiquity. 17x0<br />

Welton Suffer. Son 0/ God I. xiii. 343 The Multitude of<br />

my successive Miseries might become Vocal, and never<br />

cease to Importune Thy Mercy. 1714 R. Welton Christ.<br />

Pract. 209 That vocal blood and those .'ipeaking<br />

Faith


VOCALIC.<br />

agreed by philosophers and anatomists. 1842 Penny Cycl.<br />

XXII. 429/2 The upward current of air passing through<br />

the larynx produces an effect on the vocal ligameDts. 187a<br />

HuxLKY Physiol, vii. 178 These sliarp free edges of the<br />

glottis are the so-called vocal chords or vocal ligaments.<br />

1887 Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. IV. 391/2 The vocal bands<br />

deserve a separate notice on account of their great physio,<br />

logical importance. «<br />

b. spec. Connected with the utterance of vowelsounds.<br />

1887 Alien. >, Neurol. VIII. 7 The vocal (vowel) mechan.<br />

ism is the first that is manifested in the child.<br />

7. Of or belonging to the voice (f or sound).<br />

1644 BuLwER Chirol. 4 In the report of a Piece, the eye<br />

being the nimbler sense, discernes the discharge before any<br />

intelligence by conduct of the voc.ill Wave arrive at the<br />

eare. 1654 H. L'Estrangk Chas. I (1655) i Though his<br />

[Charles's] vocall impediment accompanyed him till the<br />

fatall stroke. 1795 Mason Ck. Music ii. 154 They must<br />

still endeavour to hit that precise medium in the vocal<br />

faculty, which pronounces and sings at the same time. 1840<br />

Dickens Old C. Shop Ixii, Mr. Quilp was certainly entertaining<br />

himself with vocal exercise. i86a H. W. Fuller<br />

pis. C/i«/l.iii. 18 This 'vocal fremitus 'is more pronounced<br />

in adults than in children. 1B81 Lady Herbert Edith 6<br />

Indifferent to everything but his child's beauty and vocal<br />

talents.<br />

b. Of the nature of voice or sound.<br />

a 18x6 Heber Traml. Pindar \i. 158 Of vocal shafts . . that<br />

wildly fly, 1844 Mrs. Brow.mng Lady Geraldine s Courtship<br />

xliv, 'Tis the eyes that shoot out vocal light.<br />

8. Full of voice or sound; sounding, resounding.<br />

Also const, by, with.<br />

1667 Milton P. L. v. 204 Hill, or Valley," Fountain, or<br />

fresh shade Made vocal by my Song, 1697 Dryoen Virg.<br />

Past. IV. 4 Sicilian Muse prepare To make the vocal Woods<br />

deserve a Consul's care. 1717 Pope Eloisa 140 Such plain<br />

roofs as Piety could raise. And only vocal with the Maker's<br />

praise. 1746 Hervey Medit. (1818) 247 She flies the vocal<br />

grove, and shuns the society of all the feathered choir.<br />

1813 By.-.on Age oj Bronze xi. This was not the method of<br />

old Rome, When Tully fulmined o'er each vocal dome.<br />

i834P»iNGi.E A/r. Si. viii. 288 The inland streams.. are<br />

vocal in spring with the shrill chirping of millions of frogs.<br />

1868 Farrar Silence ^ V.i. (1875) 8 When all the air is<br />

vocal with whispering trees, and singing birds.<br />

9. Readily or freely expressing oneself in speech<br />

giving vent to one's views or opinions.<br />

1871 Smiles Chnrac. ix. (1876) 256 The modern English,<br />

as compared .with their . nimbler more communicative and<br />

vocal .<br />

. neighbours, the modern French and Irish. 1881<br />

Pall Malic. 10 Feb. i/i That policy (of coercion in Ireland]<br />

may have done something to pacify.. an influential<br />

and highly vocal class in England. 1887 Ibid. 4 March 1/2<br />

The most vocal class in the whole community, as the legal<br />

profession may fairly be described.<br />

B. sb. 1. a. A vowel. Obs.<br />

1581 Stamyhi/rst jSneis To Rdr. (.\rb.) 14 Where the<br />

next woord following beginneth with a vocal. 1586 —<br />

Treat. IreL 9/2 in Holinshed I, In corruption of common<br />

lalke we find that (u) with his vocale is easilie lost and<br />

suppressed ;<br />

so we sale ere for euer [etc.].<br />

•f b. A voiced consonant. Obs.<br />

1669 Holder Elem. Speech 78 To soften the Occluse Gingival<br />

Consonants, byaltind of.. addition of a Spirital . . to<br />

a Vocal producing the Vowel.<br />

2. Vocal faculty ; power of speech.<br />

1838 Mrs. Browning .y^ra/tAiOT 11. ju Hath language<br />

left thy lips, to place Its vocal in thine eye?<br />

3. A member of a Roman Catholic body who<br />

has a right to vote in certain elections.<br />

a i«6o Contemp. Hist. Irel. (Ir. Archaeol. Soc.) II. 109 In<br />

Conaght, on the 15th of August, 1650, all the vocalls of the<br />

whole province there apeeringe, and of Carons faction .<br />

were the undernamed (though not all, but some, before<br />

theire transgression were vocalls). 1718 Chambers Cycl.<br />

S.V., A Man must have been a Religious a certain number of<br />

Years, to be a Vocal. 1811 W. Jacob Trav. S. Spain 64,<br />

I am afraid I should only create disgust were I to dwell on<br />

other characters among the vocals, as they are designated.<br />

Vocalic ( vokse-lik) , a. [f. Vocal a. -^ -lo. Of.<br />

F. vocalique.']<br />

L Rich in vowels ; composed mainly or entirely<br />

of vowels.<br />

1814 Scott ii'av. xxii, The Gaelic language being uncommonly<br />

vocalic is well adapted for sudden and eitem.<br />

poraneous poetry. 1846 Grotk Greece 1. xvi. I. 473 Its<br />

richness, its flexibility and capacity of new combinations,<br />

its vocalic abundance and metrical pronunciation. 1859<br />

Patteson in Miss Vonge Li/e (1874) I. 439 Their language<br />

is all vocalic and so easy to put into writing,<br />

b. Characterized by a vowel or vowels.<br />

1874 Savce Compar. Philot. ii 92 The varying vocalic<br />

forms of the Imperfect (tense). 18S7 A. S. Cook Sievers'<br />

O- 'S'- Gram. 129 Vocalic or strong declension.<br />

2. Consisting of a vowel or vowels; of the nature<br />

of a vowel.<br />

1851 in yrnl Ethnol. Soc. (1834) HI. 264 The series of<br />

vocahc and consonantal sounds. 1868 G. Stephens Runic<br />

MoH. I. 25 Thesing. accusative ending in a vowel or a vocalic<br />

consonant. 1874 A. B. Davidson [ntrod. Hebr. Gram. loi<br />

Sometimes the vocalic termination is written with yod<br />

'*?,' cV *" ^'*''"''-* O. E. Phonology ig In final unaccented<br />

sj^lables e was developed from a vocalic liquid or nasal.<br />

3. Of or pertaining to, affecting or concerning, a<br />

vowel or vowels.<br />

i8«i Graham £«,f. Word.Bk.Amxai., In words of Gothic<br />

origin we more frequently find that internal vocalic and consonant.^1<br />

changes are employed to produce the new word<br />

1876 DousF. Grimms Laiu 171 Of the corresponding vocalic<br />

affections, the palatal .. is as much European as Aryan. 1876<br />

Blackie Lang, t, Lit. Scot. Highl. i. 63 No man with an<br />

ear will deny vocalic depth., to the following lines<br />

VOCalion {yoV?-\an). [f. Vocal a. + -ion.]<br />

277<br />

A musical instrument of the nature of a harmonium<br />

with broad reeds, producing sounds somewhat<br />

resembling the human voice.<br />

Invented in 1882 by J. Baillie Hamilton.<br />

l88a Daily .Vews 17 Apr. 2/2 'The vocalion resembles in<br />

form a small organ, and is constructed of various dimensions,<br />

some having but one row of keys (or manuals), others<br />

having two keyboards and pedals. 1889 Grove Diet. Mus.<br />

IV. 320 .\ main peculiarity of the Vocalion is that the reeds<br />

are placed above the pallets and below the slides.<br />

Vocalism (vJuJcaliz'm). [f. Vocal a. + -ism.<br />

Cf. F. vocalisme, mod.L. vocalismus, in sense 2 b.]<br />

1. The exercise of the voice or vocal organs in<br />

speech.<br />

1864 Webster, Vocalism, the exercise of the vocal organs.<br />

j866 Felton^mc. . I. i. ii Rough and violent<br />

intonations embodied in mimetic vocalism the harsh, the<br />

painful, the agitating passions. 1873 F. Hall Mod. Eng.<br />

19 We should now be talking in monosyllables, and eking<br />

out our scantiness of vocalism by nods, shrugs, winks, and<br />

other resources of pantomime.<br />

b. The art of exercising the voice in singing.<br />

_ 1884 Sala Joitrn. due South \. XX. (1887) 255 Italian vocal-<br />

ism seems to me to be extremely beautiful everywhere save<br />

in Italy itself, where singing out of tune..seem[s] to be the<br />

rule. 1889 Daily Nems 28 June 2/3 A professor of vocalism<br />

to the family of the Prince and Princess of Wales. 1903 Sat.<br />

Rev. 16 May 614/2 When vocalism is wanted.. her vocal<br />

art is sufficient for the purpose.<br />

2. A vocal sound or articulation.<br />

1873 Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) § J26 In the<br />

schools, children are allowed to utter such thick.lipped<br />

vocalisms as Mosos.<br />

b. A system of vowels ; the use of vowels.<br />

1873 Earle Philol. Eng, Tongue (ed. 2) § 109 There is one<br />

dialect of our family which is distinguished for such a vocalism,<br />

and that is Mreso-Gothic. 1891 A. L. Mayhew O. E.<br />

Phonology Pref. p. v. The subject of my book is the Vocal.<br />

ism and Consonantism of Old English or Anglo-Saxon.<br />

Vocalist (v^u'kalist). [f. as prec. + -IST. Cf.<br />

F. vocalistt in sense 2.]<br />

1 1. An utterer of words ; a speaker. Obs.~^<br />

1613 Jackson Creed 11. iv. S 6 The ciuill Magistrates<br />

facilitie to countenance euery prating Discontent, or forthputting<br />

Vocalist.<br />

2. A vocal musician ; a singer.<br />

1834 Ainsworth Rooiwood 11. i. Preparing himself, like<br />

certain other accomplished vocalists, with a few preliminary<br />

hems and haws. 1858 H. Spencer Ess. I. 370 Now, in<br />

singing, this tremulousness of voice is very effectively used<br />

by some vocalists in highly pathetic passages. i88s Stevenson<br />

Prince Otto 11. iv. 102 She was a good vocalist ; and, even<br />

m speech, her voice commanded a great range of changes.<br />

trans/. 1897 G. Allen Type-writer Girl viiL 86 Little<br />

vocalists . . carolled songs without words in the sky overhead.<br />

Hence Vocall'stlc a., pertaining to vocal music<br />

or musicians.<br />

1884 Bazaar 12 Dec. 629/2 Vocalistic feats, .which would<br />

put to shame most of the public singers of the day.<br />

Vocality (vokasiiti). [f. Vooal a. -v -itt.]<br />

1. The quality of having voice or utterance ; the<br />

possession or exercise of vocal powers.<br />

'S97 \' King On Jonas (1618) 34 Sentences of scripture,<br />

expressing the loudnesse and vocality of sinne. 1657 Divint<br />

Lot'er-2j Now as concerninge the maner of exerci-sing these<br />

Deuotions, it ought cheifly to be done in Spirit and mind,<br />

and without any vocalitie at all. 1794 E. Darwin Zoon. I.<br />

xvii. 192 The movements of her eyes and eyelids, and of the<br />

intricate muscles of vocality. 1818 Monthly Mag. XLVL<br />

321 If >;ou consider attentively the proportion of vocality<br />

needed in articulating each consonant. 1839 Marryat F.<br />

Mildmay xxiv. Fearing she might not confine herself to<br />

vocality. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xx. vi. (1872! IX. 122<br />

Cats do execution for a time, but cannot stand the confinement.,<br />

and object (think with what vocality).<br />

2. The quality or fact of being uttered or utter-<br />

vocal quality or nature.<br />

able ;<br />

i6a3 CocKERAH I, Vocalitie, the tune or sound of the<br />

voice. i8fi3 A. Melville Bell Princ. Speech 107 When<br />

the Stammerer can . . keep the tongue and jaw steady during<br />

the continuous flow of the vocality of /.<br />

b. //. Vocal properties or sounds, sftc. as displayed<br />

in singing.<br />

1667 Pepys Diary 30 Dec., Not understanding the words,<br />

I lose the benefit of the vocalitys of the musick, and it<br />

proves only instrumental. 1774 '<br />

J. Collier ' Mus. Trim.<br />

I1775) 9-««rflf/xxv.2i5 Itisnoteveryone who<br />

is gifted with the. .talent of vocalization. 1863 E. C Clay-<br />

TOnQuet-ns o/SangU. 386 Mile. Piccolomini. . boreacertain<br />

similitude to the great German singer, though in point of<br />

vocalization she was very inferior. 1883 tgthCent. May 867<br />

On a visit to the Zoological Gardens,..! heard. -illustrations<br />

of nearly all the principal subjects belonging to the<br />

repertoire of technical vocalisation.<br />

b. spec. The action of singing upon a vowel to<br />

one or more notes.<br />

1889 Grove's Did. Mus. IV. 321 Vocalisation is therefore ,<br />

one part of the operation of pronunciation, the other being<br />

articulation.<br />

3. The insertion of vowel-signs in forms of writing<br />

consisting mainly or entirely of consonants.<br />

184s Pitman Man. Phonography (ed. 7) 27 Vocalization<br />

of double Consonants. 1847 Ibid. (ed. 8) 35 Vocalization<br />

of Words. 18^ Athenxum 10 June 571/2 The question of<br />

vocalization.. is one of the highest importance in Biblical<br />

criticism. 1883 A. Roberts O. T. Revision vii. 145 The<br />

important subject of vocalization . . here falls to be more particularly<br />

considered.<br />

4. Phonetics. Conversion into a voiced sound.<br />

1874 Sweet in Trans. Pkilol. Soc. 539 It seems, therefore,<br />

that the vocalization of initial (and also medial) s in English<br />

is merely a case of levelling, caused by the analogy of the<br />

vocal ^and v.<br />

6. The utterance of vowel sounds.<br />

1887 Alien, 9f Neurol. VIII. /Vocalization (vowelizing) Is<br />

the expression of an emotion, an indistinct sensation, not an<br />

idea.<br />

Vocalize (vi?u-kaUiz), V. [f. Vocal v. +-ize.<br />

Cf. F. vocaliser (1835), Pg. vocaiisar, -tzar, Sp.<br />

-tzar, It. -izzare.']<br />

L trans. To form into voice ; to make audible<br />

by utterance ; to utter or articulate.<br />

1669 Holder Elem. Speech 30 It is one thing to Breath, or<br />

give an Impulse to breath alone ; another thing, to vocalize<br />

that breath,/, e. in its passage through the Larynx to give it<br />

the sound of Humane Voyce. Ibid, bo The Vowels are made<br />

by a free passage of Breath Vocalized through the cavity of<br />

the Mouth. 1673 [R. Leigh] /"rrtw^/. ,/?M. 119 Every breath<br />

of moving air may continue articulate, especially if vocaliz'd<br />

in Sir S. Moreland's trumpet. 1867 A. Melville Bell<br />

Visible S/eech gi A fakhful copy of the native pronunciation<br />

which readers in all countries will vocalize alike. 1899<br />

Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 65 A similar inability to control<br />

the tongue can be demonstrated by making the patient<br />

vocalise r.<br />

b. To sing.<br />

1798 in Spirit Pub. Jmls. C1799) II. 146 Our small company<br />

had vocalized all the songs in the opera, in such a<br />

manner as I never heard them executed upon any theatre in<br />

London. 1851 E. FitzGerald Lett, (1889) 1. 213 How<br />

would you like to see me. .scoring up semibreves on a staff<br />

for half a dozen Rustics to vocalize ?<br />

2. Phonetics, a. To convert into a vowel.<br />

1844 Proc. Philol. Soc. I. 249 It is true that the objectionable<br />

sound might be.. got rid of, .by vocalizing the second<br />

consonant, especially if a labial. 1871 Kennedy /'w^/iV5'


VOCALIZED.<br />

b. spec, (Seequots.)<br />

1873H.C. Banister.V«j«:254 VocaiiiCy losing with several<br />

notes to one vowel, as distinguished from Sol-faing, or Solmisation.<br />

1889 Grove's Diet. Mus, IV. 321 To vocalise is.<br />

to sing upon a vowel, whether one note or a series of notes,<br />

in coatradistiDCtion to singing to separate syllables.<br />

Hence Vo*calized///. a. ; Vo*oali»ing vbL sb.<br />

and ppl. a. ; Vo'caliser, one who vocalizes or<br />

gives expression (to something).<br />

i88a A. Macfari-Anb ConsangMinity 17 ^Vocalised equivalent<br />

fayoyo. 1898 Wistm Gas. 7 Oct. 3/1 The sweetest<br />

and most delicately vocalised dialect in Britain. 1901 H.<br />

Mt;RRAV R. Buchanoft 81 Browning and Tennyson, .. as<br />

the typical *vocalisers of modern religious thought. 1863<br />

A. Melville Bell Frinc. Speech 164 The glottis is in the<br />

'vocalizing position, and the breath in passing through it<br />

creates sonorous vibration. 1899 Allbutfs Syst. Med. VII.<br />

452 There is great danger of vocalising with the short inspiration.<br />

Vo'caller. rarr'\ [f. Vocals.] = Vocalist 2.<br />

1876 Bbsant & Rice Gold. Butterfly xviii, Presently that<br />

young lady discovers that she is not likely to get cracked<br />

up as a vocaller.<br />

Vocally (v


VOCATIVELY.<br />

.<br />

i747RicHARDsoK6Varwjrt(iSii) II. V. 27 The two latter<br />

will hardly come neither, if they think it will be to hear<br />

your whining vocatives.<br />

Hence Vo catively adv.<br />

i66> Bp. Pearson Creed {^d. 2) 145 The Nominative may<br />

as well stand vocatively without an Article. 1904 Bradley<br />

Making- 0/ English 192 To use the word [fellow] vocatively<br />

' '.<br />

to an equal in the sense of comrade<br />

11 "Voce. [L. voce, abl. of vox voice, word.]<br />

Under the word or heading. (Cf. Vo.l, Voc.)<br />

1838 Bell Diet. Law Scoti. 866 What regards the calling<br />

Iist=;iias been explained, voce Calling a Summons.<br />

Voce, obs. Sc. and north, variant of Voice.<br />

t Voche, v. Obs.-^ [app* ^^' OF. vocher^ -ier :<br />

see Vouch ».] trans. ?To call or summon.<br />

13.. E. E. Aim. p. I22I Legyounes of aungelez togeder<br />

uoched per kesten ensens of swete smelle.<br />

Vochette, error for rochette Rochet.<br />

a 1548 Hall Chron.^ Hen. VIII^ 7 Ouer their gannentes<br />

were vochettes of pleasantes, rouled with Crymsyne veluet,<br />

and set w* letters of golde. [Hence in Holinshed.J<br />

Vociferance (v(7si*ferans). [f. next : see<br />

-ANCE.] a. Clamour or noise of shouting, b.<br />

Vociferant quality,<br />

1838 S. Bellamy Betrayal 168 From darkness came The<br />

hydra tongued vociferance. 1855 Browning Master Hu^ues<br />

o/SaxeCotha xv, AH now is wrangle, abuse and vociferance.<br />

1889 Pall AfailG. a8 May 2/3 Alternating between<br />

a hoarse whisper and a painfully pitched vociferance.<br />

Vociferant (v£«i'ferant), a. and sb. [ad. L,<br />

vociferant-^ vociferanSy pres, pple. of vociferdrt^<br />

'dre : see next.]<br />

A. adj. Clamouring, bawling, vociferating,<br />

1609 J. Davies (<strong>Here</strong>f.) HolyRoode Wks. (Grosart) 1. 19/a<br />

For, all his Wounds, with voice vociferant, Crie out they<br />

can more than supply each want ! 1659 Gauden Tears Ch.<br />

214 The most vociferant vulgar.. do least know what the<br />

matter is. 1685 H. More Paralip. Prophet, vi. 38 That<br />

Themisiocles came to Artaxerxes, not to Xerxes, . . be proves<br />

from a plain narrative, where there is no mention of any<br />

vociferant Ecstatical Olbius. 1836 Westm. RezK XXIV. 82<br />

A new race of parsons sprung up, half political leaders,<br />

half-fanatical fire*brands . .now declaiming in the pulpit, now<br />

vociferant in the tavern (etc. J. 1850 Browning Christmas<br />

Eve iv. 28 My mind was full of the scene I had left. That<br />

placid flock, that pastor vociferant. 1863 Mrs. Whitnf.y<br />

Faith Gartney's Gir/h. xiv, She., shook first him and then<br />

his frock., and carried him, vociferant, to the door.<br />

B. sb. A clamorous or noisy person.<br />

1890 Atlantic Monthly May 675/2 Strange as<br />

appear to earnest but misguided vociferants.<br />

it may<br />

Vociferate (vi^si-fer^t), v. [f. vodfer^-^^^.<br />

stem of L. vodferarl (rarely 'dre), f, voei', vox<br />

voice A-ferre to carry. Cf. F. voci/^rer, Sp. and<br />

Pg, vociferar^ It. vociferare^<br />

1. intr. To cry out loudly ; to bawl, to shout.<br />

i6«3 CocKiRAM I, Vociferate, to bray or crie out. 167a<br />

Marvell Reh. Transp. 11. 270 You do so insult and<br />

vociferate upon it, like one of your bulky Princes (etc.].<br />

1768 .\Iarq. Rockingham in G. Harris Life Ld. Hardwicke<br />

(1847) xvi. III. 427 He vociferated beyond even his<br />

usual pitch. 1791 Cowi'BR Iliad xii. 335 So they vociferating<br />

to the Greeks, Stirr'd them to battle. 18x4 Miss L. M.<br />

Hawkins Annaline II. 196 His passion was somewhat exhausted<br />

and he ceased to vociferate.^ 1856 Kane Arct.<br />

Expl. I. xvii. 202 They were vociferating as ifto attract oar<br />

attention.<br />

2. trans. To utter in a loud voice ; to shout out<br />

clamorously ;<br />

mence.<br />

to declaim or assert with loud vehe-<br />

The object may be either<br />

descriptive noun [b\<br />

the words uttered (a), or a<br />

(a) 1748 Richardson Clarissa VI. 99 Damn'd, damn*d<br />

doings I vociferated the Peer. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe<br />

Italian xvi, * You shall not separate me from my master,<br />

though ', vociferated Paulo. 1816 Scott Old Mort. xxxi,<br />

They vociferated loudly, that those who were not with them<br />

were against them. 185a Mrs. Stowk Uncle Tom's C. vii.<br />

He therefore rode along.. vociferating occasionally that<br />

'twas * desp't rough, and bad for Jerry's foot '. 1871 Memherfor<br />

Paris I. 235 ' You shall apologize,' vociferated the<br />

Bench.<br />

{b) 1758 Johnson Idler No. 2, f6 The cook warbles her<br />

lyrics m the kitchen, and the thrasher vociferates his<br />

heroicks in the barn. i7Ba V. Knox Ess. Ixxxi. (1819} II.<br />

127 The ignorant plebeian, though he may vociferate the<br />

word Liberty in a riot, knows not how to give it an effectual<br />

support. 180s Mrs. E. Parsons Myst. Visit I. 89 The<br />

nursery-maid. .loudly vociferated the dreadful accident to<br />

the astonished servants. 1848 Kmily Brontk Wuthtriug<br />

H.'xx^ He entered, vociferating oaths dreadful to hear. i8te<br />

F. WiNSix>w Diseases Brain ^ Mind'iv. 53, I then began<br />

to vociferate a number of most incoherent expressions.<br />

3. To drive by means of clamour.<br />

x88o Daily Tel. 9 April, It would be worse than disappointing,<br />

.if Lord Beaconsfield should have been vociferated<br />

out of office merely in order to please Montenegro and<br />

Bulgaria.<br />

Hence Voci'ferated ///. a. ; Yoci'teT&tingvbL<br />

sb. and /•/>/, a.<br />

1617 Fletcher Mad Lover w. ii. Beef we can bear before<br />

us. .And tubs of pork ; vociferating veals. 17*8 Pope /?i*«c.<br />

II. Argt., Then follow the Exercises for the Poets, of tickling,<br />

vociferating, diving 1781 Cowpeb Conversat. 113<br />

Vociferated logic kills metiuite.<br />

Vociferation (v^ifi-r^/an). Also 5 voce-,<br />

5-6 vocyferacion, 6 -cyon, 6 vociferacioru<br />

fa. OF. vociferacion (mod.F. vocifirations pi., =<br />

Sp. vociferacion^ Pg. -afa, It. -azione), or ad. L,<br />

vociferdtidn-^ vociferdtiOf noun of action f. voci-<br />

Jerdri: see prec. and -ation.]<br />

279<br />

1. An act or instance of loud speaking or shouting;<br />

a clamour or outcry.<br />

c 1400 Sc, Trojan War ii. 145 pe vocyferacions Of the<br />

giet glawmouvs & l>e sownes War herd in entrlng of be<br />

place. 1541 R. Copland Galyen's Terap. 2 C ij, Ye ought<br />

to haue cure of all the body in strengthyng it with dyueis<br />

exercytacyons, testynges, and vociferacions. 1603 Holland<br />

Plutarch^s Mor. 619 Howbeit, in this exercise we<br />

must beware of over-loud vociferations and clamours. 1709<br />

Stkelk Tatler No. 54 P 5 When our young Heralds are<br />

exercis'd in the Faculties of making Proclamation, and other<br />

Vociferations. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 18 P4, lean<br />

hear the vociferations of either sex without catching any of<br />

the fire from those that utter them. 1837 Ht. Martineau<br />

Soc. Amer. \\. 167 How mean and trivial are the vociferations<br />

in defence of property. 1865 Livingstone Zambesi<br />

xxvii. 550 Without paying any attention to his vociferations<br />

we went on.<br />

2. The action of vociferating ; the utterance of<br />

loud outcries or shouts; loud and vehement exer-<br />

cise of the voice.<br />

1538 Roy Rede me (Arb.) 43 With terrible vociferacion<br />

They made wonderfull exclamacion The worde of god to<br />

subverte. 01548 Hall Chron., Rich. ///, 29 b, The people<br />

. .woulde openly crye and make vocyferacion thatGaddsjd<br />

take vengeance. 1590 Barrough Meth. Physick in. xxviii.<br />

(1639) 148 It is manifest that vociferation and crying out.,<br />

doth greatly helpe in this evilL 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet.<br />

188 Such exercises as gently dilate and extend the<br />

Breast, as shooting, vociferation, commotion of the Arms.<br />

17X8 Addison Spect. No. 407 P 2 Violent Gesture and<br />

Vociferation naturally shake the Hearts of the Ignorant.<br />

1753 Hanwav Trcfu. viL Ixxxvi. (1762) I. 400 They modulate<br />

their voices to a tone consistent with pious thoughts,<br />

without that extravagant vociferation practised in some<br />

churches. 1820 Scorr Let. in Lockhart {1837) IV. xi. 368<br />

The whole mob of the Middlesex blackguards, .almost drive<br />

me mad with their noise and vociferation. i86a Borrow<br />

W^a/«iv, There was plenty of vociferation, but not one single<br />

burst of eloquence. 1867 Lady Herbert Cradle L. ii. 58<br />

That wounderfully busy scene of embarkation and disem*<br />

barkation, and of noisy Arab vociferation.<br />

b. Const, of (the words uttered).<br />

1780 Johnson in Boswell (igoi) II. 325 Having after some<br />

confused vociferation of ' Hear him—hear him I ' obtained<br />

a silent attention.<br />

t Voci*ferative, a, Obs-^ [f. as Vocifbbatb<br />

V. + -IVE.] Vociferous.<br />

iSj)3 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 50 With dismall crying and<br />

vociferatiue inculcating vnto her.<br />

Vociferator (vosi-fer^tai). [f. VociFERATB v.y<br />

or ad. L. vociferator (TertuUian). Cf. F. vocifirateury<br />

Sp. and Pg. vociferador.'\ One who or that<br />

which vociferates ; a clamorous or noisy shouter.<br />

X814 Moore Mem. (1853) II. 50, I dare say I shall put up<br />

with their noises till spring, when certainly you shall have the<br />

advanUge of at least one of the little yociferators. i8s4<br />

Ann. Reg. 172 A numerous herd of vociferators in favour<br />

of arbitrary power. 1887 Daily Tel. 27 Oct, (Cassell's), He<br />

defied the vociferators to do their worst.<br />

VociTerO'Sity. rarr~^. [f, next : see -ositt.]<br />

The quality or state of being vociferous.<br />

1837CARLYLE jl//w., Mirabeau (iZ^j) IV. 90 Shall we give<br />

poor EufBere's testimonial in mess


VOGIE.<br />

«*SS J- R- Leifchild Cemwall Mints 278 Vugh, or vfgal<br />

..a cavity. i86o Worcestkr (citing Ansted), VogU.<br />

Vog^e (v«»'gi), a. Sc. Also 8 vougy, 9<br />

vogey. [Of obscure origin.]<br />

1. Vain, proud, conceited.<br />

l7to Ramsay Efist. Hamilton Answ. II. ii,<br />

' Whbht ',<br />

quoth the vougy jade. i;88 Buens My Hcggic 4 My only<br />

beast, I had nae mae, And vow but I was vogie ! 1789<br />

Ross HeUninrt (ed. 3) 112 Of your consent, he says, 1 m<br />

mair nor fain. And vogie that I can ca' you my ain. 1830<br />

Galt Lamit r.vii. xi. (1849) 350, I was somewhat vogie<br />

of the valour I had shown her so handsomely off-hand.<br />

2. Merry, cheerful, delighted, gay.<br />

171S in Hogg JacoKtc Relics (1819) 8t We took a spring,<br />

and danc'd a fling, And wow but we were vogie ! 01774<br />

FracussoN Cii to Bee Poems (1845) 18 The Muse Scuds<br />

ear' and heartsome owre the dews, Fu vogic and fu biythc<br />

10 crap The winsome flowers frae nature s lap. l8a» Oalt<br />

Provost xlii. Many among us thought. .that we had got a<br />

great catch, and they were both blythe and vogie when he was<br />

chosen. 1896 in Proudlock BorderlandMuse 323 He s harmless<br />

as yon vogie lamb That loups beside its sleeping dam.<br />

II Vojft (v#rt, i5-(i). Also 7 vooght, vaught.<br />

[a. G. vogt (and Du. voogd, t voogt), MHG. voget,<br />

OHG./pga/, ad. med.L. vocat-us : cf. Vocate .r*.]<br />

A stevrani, bailiff, or similar official.<br />

1694 Pens Trmi. Holland «; Gertn. 91 The Inspector of<br />

the Calvinists hath inioined the Vooght, or chief Officer,<br />

not to suffer any preaching to be among our Friends. Ibid.<br />

100 The Vaught or chief Officer. 176a tr. Buscking s Syst.<br />

Geog. IV. 252 He acknowledged them to be hereditary vogts<br />

of his church. 1874 Stubbs Const. Hist. I. iii. 57 The<br />

righu of the archbishop being guarded by an advocatus or<br />

vogt,.. the state was governed by its own landrath.<br />

Voghte, obs. variant of Vault sb."^<br />

Vogfne (v^ug), ib. Also 6 vog(e, Sc. wogue,<br />

7 voag, vouge. [a. F. vogue rowing, course,<br />

success, f. voguer, ad. It. vogare to row. So It.<br />

and Pg. voga, Sp. boga.']<br />

I. tl. The vogue, the principal or foremost<br />

place in popular repute or estimation ; the most<br />

pronounced success or general acceptance ; tlje<br />

greatest currency or prevalence. Chiefly in phrases<br />

to have, bear, carry, get (etc.) the vogue. Now Oh.<br />

280<br />

my errors, ..justlc me out of vogue and stand in my place.<br />

,yj8 _ poi, Coiiversat. Introd. 42 My <strong>Book</strong> would be out<br />

ofVogue with the first Change of Fashion. 1747 Butler<br />

Scrm. Wks. 1874 II. 297 Corruptions of the grossest sort<br />

have been in vogue, for many generations. 1787 Benthah<br />

Di/. Usury x. 98 A method much in vogue was, to let the<br />

Jews get the money . . and then squeeze it out of them as it<br />

was wanted. i8«o W. Ikwhg Sketch Bk. I. 274 Ihe writers<br />

whom you suppose in vogue... have long since had their<br />

day. 184a Newman Par. Ser?n. (ed. 2) V. _ix. 141 The influenceof<br />

some system of religion which is in vogue. 1879<br />

Proctor PUas. IVaysSc. ii. 30 The system of lunar weather<br />

wisdom in vogue to this day among seamen.<br />

(b) 1687 A. LovELL tr. Tkcvenot's Trav, i. loi Letters<br />

are in no vogue in that Country, and profound Ignorance<br />

reigns among them. 1692 Sprat Wicked Contrivance u. 15<br />

The Popish-Plot having been just before in full vogue there,<br />

as well as here. 1741 Bettkrton Eng. Stage i. 8 During<br />

this Interval, many Plays were brought upon the Sia^e<br />

written in Heroic Rhime: and, .in 1668. .it became still m<br />

greater Vogue. 1798 Anti'Jacohin No. 35 The following<br />

popular song is said to be in great vogue. 1838 James<br />

Louis XIV\ IV. 83 As the system of conversion [to the<br />

Roman Catholic faith] was at that time in high vogue.<br />

C. In phr. to bring ox puty to come or starts etc.,<br />

into (or in) vogue,<br />

a X700 Evelyn Diary 29 Nov. 1694, It had been brought<br />

into vogue by Mr. Tudor an apothecary. 170a Addison<br />

Dial. Medals Misc. Wks. 1736 III. 15 To bring the study<br />

of Medals in vogue. 1750 Chestesf. X^//. ccxvul (1792)<br />

II. 341 Without which they.. would be vilified by those<br />

very gallantries which put them in vogue. 1768 Tucker<br />

Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 176 What would the mathematician give<br />

to know the newest fashions as they start into vogue, or be<br />

let into all the scandal and tittle-tattle of the town? 1844<br />

Thirlwall GreeceWlU. Ixii. 148 Austere doctrines.. seem<br />

to have come into vogue in the higher circles. 1845 Ford<br />

Handbk. Spain i, 13 Travelling m a carriage with posthorses<br />

was brought into vogue by the Bourbons. 1876<br />

Gladstone Homeric Synchr. 134 It had still more recently<br />

come into vogue as the national name.<br />

d. In phr. to give vogue (to something).<br />

f 1688 [? Burnet] Enquiry^ into Reasons Abrog. Test 7/1<br />

The main things that gave it Popular Vogue and Reputa.<br />

tion with his Party. 1770 Gray Lett. Poems (1775) 385<br />

That childish nation, the French, have given him vogue and<br />

fashion. 1799 in Med. Jrnl. (1800) III. 14 Those artifices<br />

that have so often given Medical Men vogue in the great<br />

world. 'i8a4 BvRON Juan xv. xlviii, Although her birth<br />

and wealth had given her vogue, Beyond the charmers we<br />

have already cited. 1837 Hallam Nist. Literature 1. 1. vii.<br />

§ 27. 402 It contains several feigned letters of the Emperor<br />

Marcus Aurelius, which probably in a credulous age passed<br />

for genuine, and gave vogue to the book. 1877 E. R.<br />

Conder Basis Faith ii. 6q To give vogue to a phrase by<br />

which he hopes to make the idea .. ridiculous.<br />

(a) 1571 Satir. Poems Reform, xxvii. 123 Quha hes )>e<br />

wogue \printed wogne], him all )« warld dots wew. c 1590<br />

J. Stewart Poems (S.T S.) II. 12/24 As mychtie Monarck<br />

rair,..He onlie hes the vog armipotent. 1643 Howell<br />

Twelve Treat. (j66i) 290 These are the men that now have<br />

the vogue, and. .seem to have quite swallowed up both the<br />

King's Prerogatives, and those of the Lords. 1678 Cud-<br />

WOKTH Intell. Syst. 17 Democritus having had for many<br />

ages almost the general cry and vogue for Atoms. 1731<br />

Medlev Kolbens Cape G. Hope I. 65 They have the vogue<br />

above all the other Hottentot nations for strength and dex.<br />

terity in throwing the Hassagaye. 1738 Observ. Brit.<br />

Wool!) English Woollen Manufactures have had the Vogue<br />

and Name for many Years past, all over Europe. 1788<br />

Yt.Ktiv.i.m Autobiog. Wks. 1840 I. 210 He had published a<br />

theory of electricity, which then had the general vogue.<br />

(*) ciSioSiR J. Melvil Mem. (1735) 380 Such scornful<br />

and such partial Persons, as have oftest possessed your<br />

Ear and carried the Vogue in your Court. 1664 Power<br />

Exp. Philos. 1. 47 Though Mustard-seed do carry the<br />

Vogiie amongst the People. 1698 FrvEr/Icc. E. India f, P.<br />

123 It bears the Vogue for altering the Blood. 1721 W.<br />

Hamilton Wallace 152 M^Fadzean that most bloody<br />

Rogue, Who for his Villany did bear the Vogue. 1741<br />

Betterton Eng. Stage i. 9 Notwithstanding the Industry<br />

of the Patentee and Managers, it seems the King's House<br />

then carried the Vogue of the Town.<br />

(f (1777) I. 248 "ro convince you that<br />

fashion, vogue,, .and law, were the chief foundation of all<br />

moral determinations. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. fy It. Notehks.<br />

I. 154 Mr. — ..seems to have a good deal of vogue as<br />

a sculptor. 1879 Farrar St. Paul I. 351 Astrologers, magians,<br />

soothsayers, ..acquired such vogue, as to attract the<br />

indignant notice of both satirists and historians.<br />

b. In phr. in (or out of) vogue. Also with<br />

adjs. (usually intensive), as in full vogue, etc.<br />

(«) 1643 Chas. 1 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 297<br />

Though Mars be now most in voag, yet Hymen may bee<br />

some tymes remembred. 1653 H. CcKJAN tr. Pinto's Trav.<br />

lix. 242 The Idol which is most in vogue amongst them, and<br />

most frequented, a 1676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 11. iv.<br />

(1677) 165 The same Words and Phrases that were not<br />

used, ..in former Ages, become in Fashion, Reputation and<br />

Vogue in another Age. 17*6 Swift Gulliver iv. xii, It is<br />

highly probable, that such travellers, .may, by detecting<br />

o. With possessives (or of).<br />

a 1683 Oldham Art 0/Poetry Wks. (1686) 7 Others., Shall<br />

be revived, and come again in force If custom please: from<br />

whence their vogue they draw. 1737 ^* Clarke Hist. Bible<br />

(1740) II. 316 James, in regard of his great Vogue with the<br />

populace, forsincerity, virtue, and judgment. 1771 Smollett<br />

/^Kw/A.C/. Let, 4 July, All these places, Bathexcepted, have<br />

their vogue, and then the fashion changes. 1780 Miss Wilkes<br />

in Corr. J. Wilkes {1805) IV, 298 The vogue of this employment<br />

occasions a great many presents being made. 1835<br />

Court Mag. VI. p. x/2 Tartan shawls have entirely lost<br />

their vogue; they are replaced by Egyptian shawls, which<br />

are now more fashionable than any other. 1855 N. Hawthorne<br />

in Life Long/elloiv (1891) IL 287 No other poet<br />

has anything like your vogue. x886 Ch, Times 730/1 Its<br />

defects, not its merits are the source of its vogue.<br />

H. t4. a. Natural bent or capacity. Obsr"^<br />

1590 Sir R. Williams Disc. Warre 25 If they finde any<br />

of great gualitie that carries a voge, to command popular<br />

or men of war.<br />

VOICE.<br />

general char-<br />

t b. General course or tendency ;<br />

acter or condition. Obs.<br />

1616 T. H[*wKiNs) Caussins Holy Crt. 74 They seing all<br />

things are permitted them, do in.stantly take that vogue,<br />

which depraued nature doth present vnio them, they follow<br />

the track of pleasure. 1633 G. Hfhbf.bt Temple, Bunch of<br />

Grapes i. One vogue and vein, One aire of thought usurps<br />

my brain. 1647 Lilly Chr. Astrol. cxiii. 543 The Native<br />

..shall live gallantly.. above the ordinary Vogue of his<br />

IJirth. i6«o Uauden Slight Healers 76 They go with the<br />

vogue and stream of times. 170a Eng. Th^ophrnst. 195<br />

Mens merit is generally judg'd of by the Vo^ue of the<br />

Fortune they are in. 1729 Law .Serious C. xvli. 308 According<br />

to the spirit and vogue of this world, whose corrupt<br />

air we have all breath'd, there are many things that pass<br />

for great, and honourable.<br />

f c. Vigour or energy. Ofo.~'<br />

1674 Ch. I, Court ofRome 5 This is at large inculcated.<br />

with great vouge and ostentation by the Bishop of Condom.<br />

+ 5. The approbation, approval, or popular<br />

favour of some class of persons, etc. Oiis.<br />

1606 BiRNiE Kirk. Buriall \y.. For many to eternize their<br />

soone forgot memory, and to gaine the vogue of this vaine<br />

world, hes prepared Pyramides of pomp. 1646 G. Daniel<br />

Poems Wks. (Grosart) L 75 Wouldst Thou wooe a Feature<br />

In a glasse?. .Or resigne what you may claime To the vogue<br />

of vulgar {fame. 1662-3 South Serm. (1843) II. xviii. 305<br />

A King, .not owing his Kingdom to the vogue of the populace<br />

but to the suffrage of nature. 1681 Chetham Angler's<br />

Vade-m. x. § i. (1689) 97 For that the Trout is the most Excellent<br />

Fish, by the Vogue of the most curious Palates. 1720<br />

Welton Suffer. Son of Cod W. xx. 565, I would lain<br />

Recollect and Obtain the Universal Approbation and Vogue<br />

in my own Favour.<br />

t b. The current opinion or belief ; the general<br />

report or rumour. Obs.<br />

1626 in Birch Crt. I, Times Chas. 1 (1848) I. 131 Some<br />

affirm the Earl of Suffolk . . goes general of the fleet. . . Captain<br />

Pennington hath the vogue to go to his vice-admiral.<br />

1661 Sir p. TvRiLL in Essex Rev. (1909) XVIU. 95 The<br />

generall vogue of the towne is yt yesterday the Poriugall<br />

match was agreed upon at the Counsell. 1685 J. Chamber-<br />

LAVNE Cofee Tea ^ Choc. 49 Indeed 'tis the common vogue<br />

and opinion of this Country, that there is nothing more<br />

Soveraign then this plant. 1721 Perry Daggenh. Breach<br />

79 The Opinion of my Assistants being urg'd, and the<br />

_<br />

general vogue of Men that my Work was carried on in a<br />

sufficient Manner. 1730 Swift Let. to Gay 19 Nov., The<br />

vogue of our few honest folks here is that Duck is absolutely<br />

to succeed Eusden in the laurel.<br />

6. The prevailing fashion or tendency ; esp. that<br />

which is in favour at a particular time.<br />

1648-9 Eikon Bas. xi. (1662) 46 The common Sewer or<br />

stream of the present vogue and humor. 1660 Stillingfu<br />

Iren. ti. vi. § 11. (1662) 266 If Jerome .speak according to<br />

the general vogue, this solution may be sufficient. 1834<br />

Mabryat p. Simple Ixv, His mustachios, bad French, and<br />

waltzing.. were quitetbe vogue. i84oSala LadyChesterf.<br />

Pref. p. iii. An age when burlesque is the vogue.<br />

b. Without article or with a.<br />

1689-90 Temple Ess, Health ^ Long Life Wks. 1720 I.<br />

283 As Diseases have changed Vogue, so have Remedies in<br />

my Time and Observation. J738 Fielding Hist. Register<br />

III, There is a vogue, my Lord, which if you will bring me<br />

into, you will lay a lasting obligation on me. 1905 Westjn,<br />

Caz. 10 June 15/3 Others. .at once took the thing up and<br />

made it a vogue,<br />

t Vogue, ».l Obs. [f. the sb.]<br />

1. trans. To cry up or down.<br />


VOICE. 281 VOICE.<br />

a. With ikCj or with limiting terms as man's,<br />

a 1300 Citrsor M. 11420 pis ilk stern. .said to ^atm wit<br />

mans woice, pat Jjai sulci wend to Juen land, c 1350 lyiU.<br />

Paleme 40 pe son of Jie cry com to J>e cowherde euene, pat<br />

he wist witerly it was t>e voys of a childe. 1387 Trf-visa<br />

Higden (Rolls) I. 83 pe voys t»at ^^y make^ is liker to an<br />

houndes berkynge ^an to a mani^ voys. 13^ — Barth. De<br />

F.R. V. xxiiL (Bodl. MS.), To schape J^e voice aJer is ifonge<br />

in l>e leues of be lungen. 1580 J. Hay Demandes § 17 in<br />

Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.) 39 The irew intelligence, .and nocht<br />

the outward sounding of the woce. 1587 Golding De<br />

Mornayv. 59 There is.. a dubble Speech ; the one in the<br />

mynd, . .the other the sounding image thereof, . . vttered by<br />

our mouth and . . termed the Speech of the Voyce, 1603 Hol-<br />

LAND Piuiarch*s Mar. 838 Plato defineth the Voice to be a<br />

spirit. 1606 Shaks. Tr. ^ Cr. in. ii. 95 They that haue the<br />

voyce of Lyons, and the act of Hares : are they not Monsters<br />

? 1655 Vaughan Siiex Sct'nt, Holy Script, ii, Thou<br />

(the Bible) art the great EUxir rare and choice ; The Word in<br />

Characters, God in the Voice. 1710 M. Henry Disputes<br />

Rcviewed^Vs. 1853 II. 464/1 When the temper is not kept<br />

within due bounds, commonlythe voiceisnot. 1780 W.Shaw<br />

{title) A Galic and English Dictionary. Containing all the<br />

Words in the Scotch and Irish Dialects of the Celtic, that<br />

could be collected from the Voice, and Old <strong>Book</strong>s and MSS.<br />

1831 YouATT //(»r« viiL 152 The voiceofanimalsis produced<br />

by thepassageof air through tbisaperture. xZ^ Penny CycL<br />

XXIV. 154/1 Speaking- pi pes, or lubes to convey the voice<br />

from one place to another. 1889 Ruskin /'rar/^nValll. 162<br />

The Voice is the eternal musical instrument of heaven and<br />

earth, from angels down to birds.<br />

b. Without article.<br />

Occas. put for* musical voice', 'power of singing': cf.<br />

quots. 1667 and 1697.<br />

a 1300 Cursor M, 17840 And als sun J^ai spak wit wotce.<br />

c 1380 WvcLiF Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 75 Among alle fiingis<br />

vols is a freel J^ing. c 1400 Pilgr. SowU (Caxton 1483) iv.<br />

XX. 67 Sec howe my sone . . bymeneth hym in herte chere and<br />

voys. X444 Aberdeen Rep'. (1844) I. 12 He sal vphald the<br />

ladymesse with uoce on Twisd3i,Thurisdai, and Fridaiilke<br />

owkeforayher. (;x45otr. De /mitatiane iiu xlviiujjg So<br />

I teche wil>oule voice of wordes, wi^ute confusion of<br />

opinyons. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xlviii. idaThaneall the<br />

birdis song with voce on hicht. 1588 A. King ir. Canisius*<br />

Catech. 124 Seing wraith without ony voce of worde is appointed<br />

to iudgement, wraith in voce i.s appointed toacouncel<br />

quhairin sentence ispronunced. 1594 V^\d Comtliani. 1. 132<br />

These^ are .. melancholie showes, That .. countcrfet the<br />

dead in voyce and figure. 1608 Topsell Serpents 134 A<br />

vocal iastice.which speaketh in action though not in voyce.<br />

1666-7 pEpys Diary 12 Feb., I confess I was mightily<br />

pleased with the musique. He pretends not to voice j<br />

though it be good, but not excellent. 1697 Dbyoen Vir^.<br />

Georg, IV. 70 Hollow Rocks that render back the Sound,<br />

And doubled Images of Voice rebound. 1697 — ^ir^. Past.<br />

v loYour merit and your years command the choice: Aniyn-<br />

tas only rivals you in voice. i7ai Bailev, Aphony, a want<br />

of voice. 1728 Chambers O^/. s. v., 1 hat Canal,., which at<br />

first pasi'd for the principal Organ of Voice. T 1780 Cowper<br />

Cricket ij Though in voice and shape they be Form'd as if<br />

akin to thee. i8j8 Whately Rket.'xn Encyci. Metrop, I.<br />

205/1 To observe all the modulations. &c. of voice, which take<br />

place in such a delivery. 1873 Huxley Physiol, vii. 184<br />

Thus, voice may exist^ without speech, and . . speech may<br />

exist without voice, as In whispering. 1884 F. M. Crawford<br />

Rom. Singer I. 3 He had so much voice that he did not<br />

know what to do with it.<br />

trans/. and>^. 1815 Scott Waterloo i. We yet may hear<br />

the hour Peal'd over orchard and canal, With voice prolong'd<br />

and measured fall. 1817 — Harold iti. vi. From<br />

realms afar Comes voice of battle and of war.<br />

O. With adjs, denoting the quality or tone.<br />

Chiefly with or in . . voice. Cf. 6 c<br />

13.. A'. /i//j. 385o(Laud MS.), Andhcm beseidewi}>voice<br />

clere Ichbier, must be considered as the voyce of<br />

them alt. 1653 W. Ramesey Astrol. Restored To Rdr. 3<br />

Let no man .be so weak as. .(to] conclude ought against it<br />

either by Tradition or the common Voice of the World.<br />

1711 Swift Cond. Allies 78 It is the Folly of too many, to<br />

mistake the Eccho of a London Coffee-house for the Voice of<br />

the Kingdom. 1780 Afirror No. 77 Before the trial of an<br />

atrocious criminal, the unanimous voice of the Public is,<br />

that he should be ted out to punishment. 1837 Carlvle P>.<br />

Rev. I. IV. i. It is the voice of all France, the Sound that<br />

rises. 1849 Macaulav Hist. Eng. ii. I. 167 Recalled by<br />

the voice of both the contending factions, he was the very<br />

man to arbitrate between them. 1877 Tennyson Haroldw.<br />

ii, I will be king of England by the laws, The choice, and<br />

voice of England.<br />

b. Without of. Now usually with defining adj.,<br />

zs, getural^ popular, ptiblic, prefixed {b).<br />

(a) 1338 R. Brunnb Ckron. (1810) 17 Hakon, Hemebald<br />

Sonne, o7 best he bare l>e voice. In stede of Kynges banere<br />

he did him here J>e croice. 1599 Shaks. Hen. K, 11. ii. 113<br />

Whatsocuer cunning fiend it was That wrought vpon thee<br />

so preposterously Hath got the voyce in hell for excellence.<br />

1603 B. JoNsoN Sejanus iv. v, I feare, you wrong him.<br />

He has the voyce to be an honest Romane. i6a8 Earle<br />

Microcflsm.ikxh.') 7olHe]cries Chaucer for his Money aboue<br />

all our English Poets, because the voice ha's gone so, 1703<br />

RowE Ulyss. w. i. So shall the Voice in Ithaca be for you.<br />

1787 Washington Lett. Writ. 1S9: XL 181 note. Thus<br />

stands the matter at present in this State. I think nevertheless<br />

the voice is for it.<br />

Kb) 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. v. iii. 140 Lucius our Emperour:<br />

for well I know, The common voyce do cry it shall be so,<br />

1746 Francis tr. Horace, Epist. 11. ii. 150 Much I endure,<br />

when writing I would bribe The public Voice. 1749<br />

Fielding Tom Jones iii. vii, The public voice, .seldom<br />

reaches to a brother or a husband, though it rings in the ears<br />

of all the neighbourhood. 1773 Mrs. Chapone Improv.<br />

Mind {ijy\) II. 212, I believe the general voice will direct<br />

you to Hume. x83a Tennyson CEnone 82 To me, by common<br />

voice Elected umpire, <strong>Here</strong> comes to-day. 1849<br />

Macaulav Hist. Eng. vi. II. 123 While the king was thus<br />

trying to terrify the lords of articles into submission, the<br />

popular voice encouraged them to persist.<br />

•f* 4, That which is generally or commonly said ;<br />

general or common talk; rumour or report. Obs.<br />

Frcq. in the i6th c, often with common.<br />

c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) vii. 27 pe comoun voice es J»arc<br />

l^at >ai er t>e bernes of Joseph. ? 1463 Paston Lett. II. 107<br />

It is my part to enfourme youre maistirshyp as the comoun<br />

voyse is, . . for it is half a deth to me to here the generall<br />

voyse of the pepyll, whiche dayli encreassyth. 1513 Ld.<br />

Kkrners E'roiss. l.ccclxxxiv. 651 In this meane tyme voyce<br />

and bruyte ranne through London, howe these vnhappy<br />

people were lykely to sle the kynge [etc.]. a 1568 Satir.<br />

Poems Re/orm. xlvii. 12 Grit foulis ge were with fallowis to<br />

defenie hir, Havand na causs hot commoun voce and sklander.<br />

1577 P\ de L 'isle's Legendarie K viij, The voyce went<br />

thesametime..that there was a letter, .sent into Normandy,<br />

conteining these wordes. 1607 in Birch Crt. ^ Times<br />

Jos. I (1848) 1. 70 All Sunday it was current that the parliament<br />

did hold, but now the voice runs otherwise, a 1639<br />

WoTTON Let. in Reliq. (1651) 429 Doctour Belcanquel..<br />

shall {as the voice goeth) be removed to the Deanrie of<br />

Durham. 1652 Howell drag's Rev. Naples u. 100 The<br />

next day the voice went up and down, that. .they intended<br />

to introduce Forreign force.<br />

t b. A piece of common or general talk ; a<br />

report or rumour. Obs.<br />

1463 in Sc. Acts, Jas. Ill (1874) XII. 30/1 pe kingis<br />

declaratioun .. quhilk .. ^at bald sufficiant to purge t>e<br />

said Alexander, .of ^e said voice and Rumor. 1538 in Ellis<br />

Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 98 Ther ys a voyce that yt shulde be<br />

the Duchysof Myllayn. a 1540 Barnes W'^.t. (1573)330/1<br />

There runneth a great voyce of mee, that I haue maried a<br />

wife. 1619 in Birch Crt. ^ Times Jas. I (1848) II. 156<br />

There is a voice, that my Lord North sets forth four ships.<br />

1639 WoTTON Lett. (1907) H. 410 We have a new strange<br />

voice flying here, that the Prince Palatine is towards a<br />

marriage. 165a Howell Girajffis Rev. Naples ii. 100 The<br />

sound of this voice went up to the Castle.<br />

t c. Fame or renown p/^ something. Obs.<br />

CX470 Henry Wallace viii. 1138 Sum off thaim said, the<br />

qucyn luffyt Wallace, For the gret woice off his hie nobilnes.<br />

1600 HoLUiND Liiy xxviii. xlvi. 707 His power increased<br />

dayly J for that the Frenchmen flocked unto him from all<br />

parts, upon the noyse and voyce of his name.<br />

5. Gram. The form of a verb by which the relation<br />

of the subject to the action implied is indicated<br />

one or other of the modes of inflecting or varying<br />

a verb according to the distinctions of active,<br />

passive, or middle.<br />

In quot. 1591 used instead of ' person '.<br />

138a WvcLiF Prol. 57 A participle of a present tens, either<br />

preterit, of actif vols, eithir passif. 1591 Percival Span.<br />

Diet. C 2 By changing e of the future of the Indicatiue into<br />

m, you make the third voice of the preterim perfect tense of<br />

the Subiunctiue. x6ia Brinslev Pos. Parts (1615) 20b,<br />

Giue the terminations of the first Persons of the Actiue<br />

voice alone, a 1653 Gouge Comm. Heb. vi. i The word<br />

^tptontBa, translated * Let us go on ', is of the passive voice.<br />

1678 (see Passive a. 3J. 1706 J. Stevens Sp. Diet,, Sp.<br />

Gram. 15 Participle of the Present Tense and Active Voice,<br />

1765- (see Active a, 5]. X77a A. Aoam Gram. (1793) 20<br />

Voice expresses the different circumstances in which we<br />

consider an object, whether as acting, or being acted upon.<br />

1841 Latham Eng. La>ig. 12 The characteristic. .of. .the<br />

Scandinavian languages is the possession of a Passive Form,<br />

or a Passive Voice, ending in st. 1858 C. P. Mason Eng.<br />

Grant. % 180 By means either of a verb in the active voice,<br />

or of a verb in the passive voice. 1871 [see Middled. 4 a].<br />

II. 6. In limited sense : The sounds naturally<br />

made by a single person or animal in speech or<br />

other form of vocal utterance ; these sounds re-<br />

garded as characteristic of the person and as distinguishing<br />

him from another or others ; also frcq.,<br />

the individual organic means or capacity of producing<br />

such sounds,<br />

a. In usages where this sound is taken to represent<br />

the person or being who utters it, or is<br />

regarded apart from the utterer. Freq. with verbs<br />

of saying, introducing the words uttered.<br />

c x»>o St. Francis 54 in S, Eng. Leg. I. 55 po spac a voiz<br />

J>are-inne (the cross] wel MildeRche and softe. And seide,<br />

* Fraunceys, go ^e forth ' [etc.]. 1*97 R. Glouc. (Roils) 5750 A<br />

voys sede as hym ^^o^te Jies wordes. .as he vel adoun. c 1330<br />

R. Bbunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 16633 Til Jie kyng Alayn he<br />

spak, And teld hym what |?e vois had seyd. 1377 Langl.<br />

A PI. B. XVIII. 260 A voice loude in J>at li^te to lucifer<br />

cryeth. 1413 Jas. I Kingis Q. Ixxxiii, And there-with-all<br />

apperit vnto me A voce, and said, * tak hede, man, and<br />

behold '. 1470-85 Malory /4r/A«r XI. vi, 580 He herd a voys<br />

that said go hens thow syrc Bors. isafi '1'indale Acts x.<br />

13 And a voyce spake vnto hym from heven : Ryse Peter<br />

Kyll and eate.


VOICE. 282 VOICE.<br />

As soae as he hadd« made be croyce, pe br^e flegh fur^<br />

and left hys vo>'s. 138a Wyclif Gen. xxvii. 22 The vois<br />

forsothe is the vois of Jacob, but the hondis ben the hondis<br />

of Elsau. 1399 Langl. Rich. RtdeUswu 56 pan cometh and<br />

crieth her owen kynde dame. And \>zy [the young partridges!<br />

ffolwith (>e vois at ^>e ifrist note, c 1400 Apot. Loll.<br />

31 Crie, cese not, vphauns )>i vois os a trompe. cx^no<br />

Henry IValUxce 11. 218 Compleyne your woice unto the<br />

God abuflfe. 1513 Douglas ^neid i. vL 173 Quhy grantts<br />

tbou nocht we may joine band in band, And for to heir<br />

and rendir vocis Irew! 1577 Googe tr. <strong>Here</strong>sbach''s Husb.<br />

149 Though the Swyne wil roame at the knowen voyce of<br />

iheyr sw)-neheard. 1609 Douland Omitk. Microl. 5 The<br />

sound of a sensible creature is properly called a Voyce, for<br />

things without sence haue no Voyce. 1647 Cowley Mistr.,<br />

Despair i, Beneath this gloomy shade, Hy Nature only for<br />

my sorraws made I'll spend this voyce in crys. 1697<br />

Drydbn Ki>y. Past, X. Ill Now let us rise, for Hoarseness<br />

oft invades The Singer's Voice, who sings beneath the<br />

Shades. 1796 Swift Gulliver 11. viii, I admired as muchat<br />

the voices of him and his men who seemed to me only to<br />

whisper. 1791 Cowpkr Odyss. xn. 214 When with rapid<br />

course we had arriv'd Within such distance as a voice may<br />

reach. x8ao Keats Isabella vi, He inwardly did pray For<br />

power to speak ; but still the ruddy tide Stifled his voice.<br />

1831 James Phil. Augustus I. iii. He felt sure that he had<br />

stammered like a schoolboy, and spoken below his voice,<br />

like a young squire to an old knight. 1853 M. Arnold<br />

Forsaken Merman 12 Call her once before you go.—Call<br />

once yet ! In a voice that she will know. 1897 Allbutt's<br />

Syst, Med. III. £72 The extremities become cool,, .the voice<br />

sunk to a whisper, and the countenance Hippocratic.<br />

C. With adjs. denoting the quality or tone (sometimes<br />

j/^^. in respect of musical quality or power).<br />

138a Wyclif 1 Kin^s xviii. 28 Thanne thei crieden with<br />

a greet voys. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P. R. xix. cxxxi.<br />

(1405) nn iv b/i The voyce that is dysposid to songe and<br />

melody hath thyse proprytees as Isyder sayth. Voyces he<br />

sayth ben smalle, subtyll, thicke, clere, sharpe & shylle.<br />

c i^oo Destr. 7'r(7>'i204oVlixes..declarethom pe cause with<br />

his clere voyc. c 1420 Lydg. Assembly o/Gods 430 And on<br />

a rewde maner he salutyd all the rout, With a bold voysc,<br />

carpyng wordys stout. 1500-10 Dunbar Poems xlvi. 105<br />

Than sang thay both with vocis lowd and cleir. 1560 Bible<br />

(Gencv.) Ezek. xxxiii. 32 A iesting song of one that hathea<br />

pleasant voice. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres 105 To talke<br />

modestly, stilly, anci with low voices. 1600 Shaks. A. Y. L.<br />

II. vii. 161 His bigge manly voice, Turning againe toward<br />

childish trebble. Ibid. v. iii. 14 The onely prologues to a<br />

bad voice. 1613 Cockeram ii, A Voyce as strong as if it<br />

were the noise of 100 men, stentorian voice, x^^t Scotch<br />

Prayer Bk., Mom, Prayer^ Then shall the Presbyter or<br />

Minister begin the Lords prayer with a loud voyce. 1746<br />

Francis tr, Horace^ EP'st. i. viii. 20 And then.. with a<br />

fentle Voice Instil this Precept at his list'ning Ear. 1763-71<br />

[. Walpoli Vertue's Anecd. Paint. {1786) III. 39 Besides<br />

painting [he] had a talent for music and a good voice. 1819<br />

Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. XI. i. 127 White-bellied<br />

Goura.. : it has a very disagreeable and mournful voice,<br />

which is repeatedly uttered. Z846 Mrs. A. Marsh Father<br />

Darcy II. 1. 32 ' Come here, both of you ', says the lady, in<br />

a deep, awful voice. 1863 Kingsley IVater-Bab, iti. 102 He<br />

. .began chatting away in bis squeaking voice.<br />

transf. 163s A. Stafford Fern. Glory (1869) 3 Whose due<br />

Praise the Catholike Church doth at this day solemnely<br />

sing, but with a more elevated Voyce.<br />

d. In or after liiblical phraseology, esp. the<br />

voice of God, Chiefly in fig. use and freq. = * the<br />

expressed will or desire of God, etc. ; the divine<br />

command, ordinance, or word\<br />

a i3«s Prose Ps. cv. 24 [cvi. 25] And hij. .gruched in her<br />

tabernacles, and hij ne herd nou^t \>e voice of our Lord.<br />

1390 GowER Con/. III. 174 And there I herde and understod<br />

The vois of god with wordes cliere. c 1400 Rule<br />

St. Benet Prol. 70 ( = Hebr, iii. 7, 8] If >at 50 here hys<br />

ose t>is day. Turn noght ^oure hertes fro hyra oway<br />

— Bott t^Il hys voce ^e tak gude hede. 15^3 WinJet<br />

IVks. (S.r.S.) II. 7 That ony sentence in the haly Wreit<br />

is the voce and mynd of Christe. 1667 Milton P. L.<br />

IX. 653 God so commanded, and left that Command Sole<br />

Daughter of his voice. 1691 Hartcliffr Virtues 371 The<br />

Voice of Nature is the Voice of God. 1730 Thomson Hymn<br />

II And oft thy voice in dreadful thunder speaks. 1781<br />

W. Hawkins Ode St. Cecilia^s Day i. Chorus 63 Music,<br />

essence holy, high,.. Daughter of the voice of God. z86o<br />

Pusey Min. Propk. 474'Ihey did violence to the majesty of<br />

the law, which was the very voice of God. 1870 J, H.<br />

Newman Gram. Assent 11. x, 398 As prayer is the voice of<br />

man to God, so Revelation is the voice of God to man.<br />

e. Used in reference to the expression of opinion<br />

or protest, or the issuing of a command,<br />

1667 Milton P. L. l 337 Vet to their Generals Voyce they<br />

soon obeyd Innumerable. 17*0 Humourist 23 All the<br />

Time the Business of Scandal was handling, there was not<br />

one dissenting Voice to be heard in the whole Assembly.<br />

1796 Morse Amer. Geog. I. 329 A convention, .ratified the<br />

constitution without a dissenting voice. iSaj Scott Highl.<br />

Widow v, <strong>Here</strong> I will abide my fate ; nor is there in Scotland<br />

a voice of power enough to bid me stir from hence, and<br />

be obeyed. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. ix. II. 435 When<br />

the voice of a single powerful member of the Batavian fcderation<br />

tnight have averted an event fatal to all the politics<br />

of Lewis, no such voice was raised. 1871 Freeman Norm.<br />

Conq. (1876) VI. xviii. 140 The voice.. from Exeter was a<br />

voice raised on behalf of the House of Godwine.<br />

f. To lose the voice^ to be (temporarily) deprived<br />

of the power of using the voice for singing or<br />

speaking.<br />

174^ Lavinctom Enthus. Meth. <br />

o voys Songen J?ey ^e Letanie. 1375 Barbour Bruce xn. 200<br />

Vith ane voce all can thai cry — ' Gud king ' [etc.]. a 1400-50<br />

Alexander 1000 panansward him with a voice all his proud<br />

princes. 1485 Caxton Chas. Gt. ii. 26 Al wyth one voys<br />

gaf to hym laude and honour, a 1500 Lancelot 3473<br />

With o woys thay cry al^ * sir knycht ' (etc. ]. 1568 Grafton<br />

ChroH. II. 258 They with one minde and voyce gave a<br />

determinate aunswere. 1606 Shaks. Tr. ff Cr. i. iii. 221 Alt<br />

the Greekish heads, which with one voyce Call Agamemnon<br />

Head and Generall. 1669 Dryden Tyrannic Love\. i,<br />

We, with one voice, salute you emperor. 177a yunius<br />

Lett. Ixviii. (1788) 357 With one voice they all condemn you.<br />

1820 Shelley Prometh. Unb. i. 651 The nations .. cried<br />

aloud. As with one voice, Truth, liberty, and love I 1843<br />

M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 23 All the members demanded<br />

with one voice who it was who was charged with the crime.<br />

ib) i^y> Abst. Protocols Toivn Clerks Glasgow (1894) I.<br />

i8_We the saidis devyderis..all in ane voce devyidis the<br />

said land and tenement as eftir followis. 1569 Re^. Privy<br />

Council Scot. II. 21 Sic boittis as the Lieutenentis in ane<br />

voce sail find gude to bald on the waiter. 1604 in Chron.<br />

Perth, etc. (Maitl. <strong>Club</strong>) 69 The Session all in one voice<br />

finds the said Mr. William s proceedings orderly done.<br />

f b. At a voice, in accord or agreement, unanimous.<br />

Obs~^<br />

1338 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) I. 144 Bes boJ»e at a voice,<br />

in one 3ourwillcbe mynde,To help t>e Cristenmen. . Ageyn<br />

Jw oste paen.<br />

fc. In my voice, in my name. Obs. rare.<br />

^ 1600 Shaks, A. Y. L. 11, iv. 87 But what is, come see, And<br />

in mj^voice most welcome shall you be. 1603 — Meas./or<br />

M. I. ii. 18^ Implore her, in my voice, that she make friends<br />

To the strict deputy.<br />

8. a. The sound ^prayer, etc.<br />

a 1325 Prose Ps. cxxxix. 7 [cxl. 6] <strong>Here</strong>, Lord, \>e voice of<br />

my prayere. 1388 Wyclif Ps> vi. 9 (8) The lord hath herd<br />

the vois ofmy wepyng. 1390 Cower Con/.\. 15 The vois of<br />

his preiynge, Which herd was to the goddes hihe. 1551<br />

Bible Lev. v. i When a soule hath synned and herde y*<br />

voyce of cursing. i6n Bible Ps.xxxi, 22 Thou heardest<br />

the voice of my supplications when I cryed vntothee. 1784<br />

CowpER Task V. 887 'Tis thevoiceof song—A loud hosanna<br />

sent from all thy works. 1791 — Iliad xviii. 617 And<br />

sweet was heard The voice around of Hymenaeal song.<br />

18x7 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. ix. 714 From that very<br />

moment, complaint was extinguished; and the voice of<br />

praise.. occupied the vacant air.<br />

b. transf A sound or sounds produced or<br />

emitted by something inanimate, as {a) a stream,<br />

thunder, the wind, etc., or {b) musical instruments.<br />

(a) a 1325 Prose Ps. xcii. 4 [xciii. 3] pe flodes an-he^ed her<br />

voice. Ibid. 5 [4] Fram Jjc voices of mani waters. Ibid.<br />

ciii, 8[civ. 7J Hij shul douten of J>e voice of \>y J^onder. 138a<br />

Wyclif Ps. xcii[i]. 3 The flodis rereden vp ther vois. Flodis<br />

rereden vp ther flowingis ; fro the voises of manye watris.<br />

XS39 Bible (Great) Ps. ixwn. 18 The voyce of thy thonder<br />

was hearde rounde aboute. z6ii Bible Isaiah Ixvi. 6 A<br />

voice of noyse from the city, a voice from the Temple. 1697<br />

Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 443 With a roaring sound The rising<br />

Rivers float the nether Ground ; And Rocks the bellowing<br />

Voice of boiling Seas rebound. 1784 Cowper Task i.<br />

191 Upon the roar Of distant floods, or on the softer voice<br />

Of neighb'ring fountain. i8ox Scott Glenfinlas Ix, The<br />

voice of thunder shook the wood. 1807 Wordsw. Sonn.,<br />

Thought 0/ a Briton, Two Voices are there ; one is of the<br />

sea, One of the mountains ; each a mighty Voice. 1853<br />

Kane Grinnetl Exp. xxvi. (1856) 211 The voices of the<br />

ice.. are at this moment dinning in my ear.<br />

(-5) »535 CovERDALE 2 Chron. v. 13 whan the voyce arose<br />

from ye trompettes, cymbales and other instrumentes of<br />

musicic. 1551 Bible Exod. xix. i6 The voyce of y" borne<br />

waxed cxceadynge lowde. x6o6 Shaks. Tr. ^ Cr. i. iiu<br />

257 Trumpet blow loud, Send thy Brasse voyce through<br />

all these lazie Tents. 1607 Topsell Four-/. Beasts 313<br />

They must bee such as wil reioyce and gather stomacke at<br />

the voice of musicke, or trumpets. 1713 Addison Cato 111.<br />

iii, OMarcus, I am warm'd; my heart Leaps atthe trumpet's<br />

voice, and burns for glory. i8so Shelley Hymn Merc.<br />

Ixxvii, The liquid voice Of pipes, that fills the clear air<br />

thrillingly. 1825 Longf. Sunrise on Hills ii. 26 The wild<br />

horn, whose voice the woodland fills, Was ringing to the<br />

merry shout. 1841 Whittier Merrimac 66 Clearly on the<br />

calm air swells The twilight voice of distant bells.<br />

c. In figurative use.<br />

In the second group with reference to conscience or duty.<br />

(a) 138a Wyclif Gen. iv. 10 The vois of the blood of thi<br />

brother crieth to me fro the erthe. 1533 Gau Richt Vay<br />

104 Ve voce of his biwid cryis..to ye hewine. 173a Pope<br />

Hor, Sat. 11. ii. 99 Unworthy he, the voice of Fame to hear.<br />

1750 Gray Elegy 43 Can Honour's voice provoke the silent<br />

dust? Ibid. 91 E'en from the tomb the voice of Nature<br />

cries. 1802 Mar. Eogeworth Moral T. (1816) I. xix. 162<br />

He dreaded that the voice of truth should be heard. 1839<br />

Yeowell Ane. Brit. Ch. ix. (1847) 9° Where the voice of<br />

tradition has been strong, unvarying, and continued. 1843<br />

Carlyle Past 4- Pr. 111. ii, Came it never,.. like the voice<br />

of old Eternities, far-sounding through thy heart of hearts?<br />

{b) 1784 CowpER Task v. 685 The still small voice is wanted.<br />

1796 Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 389, I advised, that you<br />

.•should obey the voice of what we considered an indispensable<br />

duty. 1810 tr. Mme. Cottin's Chevalier de Versenai<br />

II. no That interior voice, that inflexible judge which<br />

speaks within us. 2870 J. H. Newman Gram. Assent i. v.<br />

104 We are accustomed to speak of conscience as a voice.<br />

187s JowETT Plato {fid. 2) I. 419 The voice of conscience,<br />

too, was heard, reminding the good man that he was not<br />

altogether innocent.<br />

d. A call or cry. rare^.<br />

1657 S. PuRCHAS Pol. Flying.Ins. i. v. 12 With two or three<br />

loud voyces Ceaseth all their disports, . . untill the next<br />

morning when by a like voyce they have liberty given them<br />

to play.<br />

t 9. A word or number of words uttered or expressed<br />

in speech ; a phrase, sentence, or speech ;<br />

a discourse or report. Obs.<br />

13.. Cursor Mundi -^Zot {G6ii.)y And oyle he putt apon<br />

Jjat ston, And made to godd a voice [Cotton voo ( = vow)]<br />

anon. ^1440 Alph. Tales 17 It had bene mor expedient<br />

vntoJ>ebisdayfortohafeetyn flessh in bicell,^>an for tohafe<br />

made bis voyce of t>ine abstinence emange so many of j)i<br />

brethir. 15^^ Q. Eliz. Plutarch 130 [The] busy man. .go he<br />

wyl to Jugis seates, to markets and to portz ; Vsing this<br />

vois, 'have you no newes to-day?' 1608 Yorksh. Trag.<br />

I. ii,_ In thy change, This voice into all places will be<br />

hurl'd: Thou and the deuill has deceaved the world. 1781<br />

H. Blair in Sc. Paraphr. xliv. iii, 'lis finish'd, was his<br />

latest voice.<br />

t b. An articulate sound ; a vocable, term, or<br />

word. Obs,<br />

1526 Pilgr. Per/, (W. de W. 1531) 201 Some coude not<br />

saye so moche, but onely expresse suche voyces, that be<br />

not in vse to signyfye ony thynge. 15^ TJoall Erasm.<br />

Apoph. 164 b, The Greke voice kAiU signifiethbotheakeye<br />

..and also the canell bone. 1586 Ferne Blaz. Gentrie ^<br />

A gentleman or a nobleman ..(for I do wittingly confound<br />

these voices). 1614 Raleigh Hist. IVorld i. viii. § g<br />

Cethim is a voice plurall .. and signifieth percussores.<br />

1654 Jkr. Taylor Real Pres. 129 For as Aquinas said, in<br />

all sciences words signifie things, but it is proper to Theologie,<br />

that things themselves signified or expressed by voices<br />

should also signifie something beyond it. 1697 tr. Burgersdicius'<br />

Logic 1. xxiv. 98 Of Voices. .That we call Articulate<br />

which consists of so many Syllables, or Letters, .So that it<br />

may be written, as, Man, Animal, &c.<br />

10. An exj^ression of opinion, choice, or preference<br />

uttered or given f>y a person ; a single<br />

vote, esp. one given in the election of a person to<br />

some office or position or on a matter coming for<br />

decision before a deliberative assembly, f Dumb<br />

voice (see quot. c 1618).<br />

Very common from c 1540 to c 1770.<br />

1380 in Horstm. AltengL Leg.wZZi) 150/1 Paschasius gaf<br />

his voice in by To him he wist was les wurthy. 1390 Gower<br />

Con/. I. 103 Thus grante I yow myn hole vois. Ches for ous<br />

bothen, I you preie. 144^ Rolls 0/ParIt. V. 105/1 Officers<br />

have ben chosen at the said Staple, by the voyces of Marchauntz,<br />

havyng goodes. 1489 Ibid. VI. 432/1 If in the<br />

said Eleccions.. the Voises be divided and equall for sundry<br />

parties, then the Voise of theMaire..tostandandbereputed<br />

for two Voices in the same Election. 1523 Ld. Berners<br />

Froiss. I. cccxlvi. 547 Than the cardynals all of one acorde<br />

assembled togyder, and their voyces rested on sir Robert<br />

of Genesue. 154^ Thomas Hist. Italic 79 This maner of<br />

geuyng theyr voices by ballotte is one of the laudablest<br />

thynges vsed amongest theim. 1581 Pettie tr. Guazzo's<br />

Civ. Conv. u. (1586) loB b. The new Academikes that were<br />

before chosen by priuie voyces. 1606 in Birch Crt. ff Times<br />

jfas. I (1848) I. 62 Upon long debate in the House, and put<br />

to the question,. .Oxford won it by many voices, c x6i8<br />

MoRVSON Itin, (1903) iiS Agayne 24 are by lott selected,<br />

who being shutt up in a chamber, may not depart till by<br />

dumb voyces, that is by divers little balls, they have chosen<br />

eight Protectours. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 846 In the<br />

year 1626 was a greater Canvas than this, there being then<br />

1078 voices given on all Sides. 17*7 Pope, etc. Art 0/<br />

Sinking 123 If it should happen, that three and three should<br />

be of each side, the president shall have a casting voice.<br />

J776 J, Adams Wks. (1854) IX. 376 A motion is made, and<br />

carried by a majority of one voice. 1802-is Bentham<br />

Ration, judic. Evid. (1827) V. 470 note^ The number of<br />

persons, .having a voice, as the phrase is, meaning a vote,<br />

in any assembly invested with the form ofa body corporate.<br />

1855 J. S. Watson tr. Xenophon's Anab. i. x. § 9 note^ But<br />

on the whole, the other interpretation seems to have most<br />

voices in favour of it. 1898 Times 12 Feb. 9/1 The speaker<br />

said he had already collected the voices, and it was now too<br />

late for the hon. member to intervene.<br />

fig, 1781 Cowpek Conversat. 663 Though common sense,<br />

allowed^ a casting voice. And free from bias, must approve<br />

the choice.<br />

t b. To put to voices, to put to the vote. Obs^<br />

iSfiS in Eng. Hist. ^(fr;. Jan. (1914) 1 11 Th' act.. being put<br />

to voices.. past as an acte with consent of the hole bowse.<br />

1603 Knolles Hist. Turkes (1621) 859 After this. .matter<br />

had been thus.. debated on both sides in the Senat, it was<br />

at last put to voices, a 1604 Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1633)<br />

123 When Herveie had made an end of his .speech, they put<br />

it to voyces, and the voyces went on Herveis side.<br />

t c. Support or approval in a suit or petition.<br />

Obs. rare.<br />

1598 Shaks. Merry IV. i. iv. 167 There's money for thee ;<br />

Let mee haue thy voice in my behalfe. 1599 — A/ids. N. i. i.<br />

54 In this kind, wanting your fathers voyce The other must<br />

be held the worthier. i6xx — Cymb. in. v. 115 Thou<br />

should'st neither want my meanes for thy releefe, nor my<br />

voyce for thy preferment.<br />

d, A right or power to take part in the control<br />

or management of something. Chiefly in the phr.<br />

to have a voice in, Cf. 2 b.<br />

183s Malden Orig. f/«;f^r«ViVfi6g The appointments 10<br />

the remaining five ^professorships] are ofa mixed nature,<br />

but the town-council has a voice in all. 1865 J. S. Mill in<br />

Even. Star 10 July, It was a matter of the utmost importance<br />

that they should have a voice in the thing that was to<br />

be decided. 1888 Echo 21 April (Cassell's), Tiie one thing<br />

which the labourer wants is a voice in the management of<br />

the workhouse.<br />

II. AIus. The vocal capacity of one person in<br />

respect of its employment for musical purposes,<br />

esp. in combination with others; a person considered<br />

as the possessor of a voice so employed ;<br />

a singer. Chiefly in pi.<br />

1607 in Nichols Progr. Jas. I (1828) II. 107 Sixe cornets<br />

and sixe chappell-voyces were seated almost right against<br />

them. 1664 Pepys Diary 2 Aug., IHe] hath sent for<br />

voices and painters and other persons from Italy. 01700<br />

Evelyn Diary 16 Nov. 1650, A concert of French music<br />

and voices. 1731 in Penny Cycl. (1840) XVI. 468/1 An oratorio<br />

in English.. composed b>; Mr. Handel, ..to be performed<br />

by a great number of voices and instruments. 1840<br />

Ibid, ^67/2 Dialogues in verse.. which he caused to be


VOICE.<br />

performed by the most beautiful voices in Rome. i86a<br />

Chambers' Encycl, III. 9/2 Another Chorus of hundreds of<br />

voices, and eighty harps, which had been assembled ant!<br />

trained for the same occasion.<br />

b. A vocal part in music.<br />

1666-7 Pkpvs Diary 24 Jan., Mrs. Anne Jones,.. who<br />

dances well, ..and danced with great pleasure;, .and then<br />

sung many things of three voices. 1706 A. Bedford<br />

TempU Mus. iii. 55 This one Voice or Part is mentioned as<br />

the greatest Excellency of the Temple Musick.<br />

12. The agency or means by which something<br />

specified is expressed, represented, or revealed.<br />

c 1600 Shaks. Sowt. Ixix. 3 AH toungs (the voice of soules)<br />

glue thee that due, Vttring bare truth. 1691 Hartcliffe<br />

Virtues 371 The Consent of Mankind is the Voice of<br />

Nature._ a 1854 H, Reed Led. Brit. Poets ii. (1857) 45<br />

Poetry is the voice of imagination. 1867 J. H. Newman<br />

in B. Ward LiyHigi2) II. xxvii, 223 Doctrine is tUe voice<br />

of a religious body. 187a Morley I'oitaire (1886) 3 The<br />

scientific reason urgently seeks instruments and a voice.<br />

b. Applied to persons.<br />

1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV^ iv. ii. 19 To vs[you werejth'imafine<br />

Voyceof Heauen it selfe. 1603 — Meas./or M, ii.iv.6i<br />

(now the voyce of the recordW Law) Pronouncea sentence.<br />

1850 Tesnvson In Afem, cxiii, A potent voice of parliament,<br />

A pillar steadfast in the storm. 1876 Lowell in Ne7u<br />

Princeton Rev. March 173 This no doubt is one of the<br />

chief praises of Gray, as of other poets, that he is the voice<br />

of emotions common to all mankind. 1903 Q. Rev. April<br />

603 They met with no contradiction from Lord Cranborne,<br />

the present voice of the Foreign Office in the House of<br />

Commons.<br />

III. atirib. and Con^, 13, a. Comb., chiefly<br />

objective, as voicebreaking^'production^ -training<br />

sbs. ; voice-crazing^ -/^^^if^gt -ordering \ voice-<br />

like ; voice-matched adjs.<br />

c 1440 Jacob's Well 295 To stodye more in voys-brekyng<br />

in cherche t»an in deuoute syngynge. a 1593 Marlowe<br />

Oviifs Elegies 11. vt 23 Nosuch voice-feigning oird was on<br />

the ground. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. Wks. (Grosart) IV.<br />

240 With reiterated solicitings, and prostrate voyce-crazing<br />

vehemencie. 1598 Sylvester Dh Bartas ii. ii. n. Babylon<br />

575 David's the next, who, with the melody Of voycematcht<br />

fingers, draws sphear*s harmony. Ibid. iv. Columns<br />

715 All these Harps and Lutes .. Plac't lound about her,<br />

prove in every part This is the noble, sweet, Voyceord'ring<br />

Art. 184a FABER^/^Wan f.akejx And the chattering<br />

voicelike sounds that came On the breath of the tempest<br />

swelling. 1895-6 Cat. Univ. Nebraska 1 10 I'he development<br />

of the voice- producing muscles. 1896 Godey's Mag.<br />

Feb. 165/2 We have methods of voice-training to overcome<br />

this. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med, IV. 791 The patient must<br />

be instructed in the proper method of voice- product ion.<br />

b, Simple attrib., as voice-accompaniment^ -g^sittre^<br />

'Stammer^ tnne, etc. Also in sense i g, as<br />

voice-glide f sounds stop^ etc<br />

(a) 184a Penny Cycl. XXII. 431/3 Voice stammer is of<br />

two kinds. 1876 LroiKiN in J. O. Johnston Life (1904) 31<br />

The voice- accompaniment was beautiful. 1879 Whitmf.y<br />

Sanskrit Gram. 369 The utterances which may be classed as<br />

interjections are. .in part voice- gestures, in part onomatopoeias.<br />

1897 Mary Kincsley ly, Africa 181 In all cases<br />

the tunes are only voice tuneSj not for instrumental performance.<br />

(b) x888 Sweet En^. Sounds ax In North Welsh all long<br />

high vowels .ire followed by an obscure voice-glide. 1890<br />

— Primer Spoken Eng. i In the formation of voice sounds,<br />

* father '. ibid. 9 Initial voice stops., have<br />

such as eui m<br />

hardly any vocality in the slop itself.<br />

14. Special combs., as f voice-asker, one who<br />

asks for the opinion of others; voioe-box, the<br />

larynx; voioe-figure, a figure or graphic representation<br />

of a vocal sound; voice-part, Mus.^ a<br />

part or melody written for the voice, a vocal part<br />

voice-pipe, -tube, a pipe or tube for conveying<br />

the voice, a speaking tube, esp. as used on ships.<br />

1593 BiLSOH Govt. Christs Ch. xiv. 317 Much lesse did<br />

Paul make him (Timothyl "voice«asker, to knowe whether<br />

it should please the Presbyters to haue these things done, or<br />

no. 191a A. Keith Human Body L 16 The windpipe has<br />

already been exposed, and is seen issuing from the 'voicebox<br />

or larynx below the chin. 1891 Marc. Watts Hughks<br />

in Centnry Mag. May 37/1 The peculiar forms shown in<br />

the illustrations of this article, and which I call * Voice-<br />

Figures. 1903 Daily Chron. 3 June 5/3 The range and<br />

variety of the Voice Figures correspond to the scope of the<br />

human voice. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo''s Africa iii. 144 Ceitaine<br />

minstrels and singers, which \>y turnes sometimes vse<br />

their instruments and sometimes *voice-mtisicke. 1869 Gore<br />

Ot'SELEV Counterp. Canon if fugue xv. 1 1 1 When the canon<br />

is produced simply between two *voiccparts, it is called<br />

* two in one '. 1897 Sir A. Sullivan in Strand Mag. Dec.<br />

654/1 Then the voice parts are written out by the copyist,<br />

and the rehearsals begin. 1893 Dail^ Netus 20 Feb. 5/5<br />

*Voice pipes have, according to this authority, 'failed<br />

utterly on board ships'. 1895 Review of Rev. Aug. 219<br />

Receiving orders only by "voice-tube transmitted from the<br />

deck. 1899 F. r. Hullen Way Navy 91 Electric wires,<br />

telephones, voice tubes, and engines of every sort.<br />

voice (vois), V. Also 5 voyse, voise, 6-7<br />

voyce, 7 Sc. woyce. [f. prec]<br />

I. trans. 1. In passive : To be commonly said<br />

or stated ;<br />

to be spoken of generally or publicly<br />

to be reported, rumoured, or bruited abroad. ? Obs,<br />

a. Withy^r, as, to be, or simple complement.<br />

1453 Paston Lett. Suppl. (1901) 49 Johane, the wyfe of<br />

Robert Iclyngham, chapman, quich ys voysed for a myssp<br />

governyd woman. i6a6 in Birch Crt. f( Times Chas. /(1848)<br />

I. 148 <strong>Here</strong> ts much lamentation for the King of Denmark,<br />

whose disaster is voiced by all to be exceeding great. 1638<br />

Mayne Lucinn (1664) 206 Nor are they. .to be pointed at<br />

hy passengers, and voiced the mo^t Valiant among equalts.<br />

1659 Hevlin Certamen Epist. 33 A Hook of mine called<br />

Kespondit Petrus..was publiquely voyced abroad, to have<br />

283<br />

been publiquely burnt in London. 1698 Fryer Acc. E.<br />

India if P. 63 About the House was a delicate Garden,<br />

voiced to be the pleasantest in India. 1810 Scott Lady 0/<br />

L. iL XXV, Not long should Roderick Dhu's renown Be<br />

foremost voiced by mountain fame. 1823 — Nigel xxix.<br />

Your father was voiced generally as. .one of the bravest<br />

men of Scotland.<br />

fb. In impersonal use, it is voiced. Usually<br />

introduced by as, or const, that^ how, Obs.<br />

{a) 1458 Paston Lett. I. 425 The King's safe conduct is<br />

not holden but broken, as it is voiced here. 1475 Bk.<br />

Noblesse (Koxb.) 71 Which grevous offence, as it is voised<br />

accustumablie, ..hathe be more usid under. .youre obeisaunce.,than<br />

in othir straunge regions. 1599 Hakluyt<br />

Voy. I. 605 A prayer.. made by her Maiestie, as it was<br />

voyced. 1659 Rushw; Hist. Coll. I. 176 Pennington hasted<br />

to Oxford where the Parliament was reassembled, but as<br />

was voiced, was there concealed till the Parliament was<br />

dissolved.<br />

{b) 1606 Dekker^^z-. Sins 11. (Arb.) 20 After it was voyc'd<br />

that Monsieur Mendax came to dwell amongst them. 1629<br />

Maxwell tr. Herodiofi (1635) 95 When it was voyced, how<br />

graciously he had spoken to the Senate, a 1648 Lo.<br />

Herbert Hen. VIIl{x€>%i) 138 The Duke of Albany ..made<br />

It to be voiced abroad, that he had no purpose to stir out<br />

of France this year. 1652 C. B. Stapvlton Herodian vi.<br />

52 When it was voic'd how Graciously he spoke, . . All men<br />

were pleas'd.<br />

+ C, Const, upon (a thing or person). Obs,<br />

'599 Sandys Europae Spec. (1632) 5 For one miracle<br />

reported to be wrought by the Crucifix, not so few perhaps<br />

as an hundred are voiced upon those other Images. 1638<br />

Featly Strict, Lyndom. it. 54 If the Church groundeth<br />

not the canonization of Saints upon the report of miracles<br />

voyced on them.<br />

+ d. In miscellaneous uses. Obs.<br />

1600 Holland Livy xlv. xxvii, 1219 Giving no credite to<br />

the fame that was voiced of the Romans victorie, they<br />

cruelly handled certaine Romane souldiours, i6a8 Hobbes<br />

Thucyd. (1822) 13 The causes of the breach of the league<br />

publickly voiced, were these, a 1648 Ld. Herbert Hen,<br />

yill (1683) 473 And now these Articles being published in<br />

the neighbourhood, and thence voiced abroad, drew many<br />

to them.<br />

f 2. Similarly in active use : To speak of, state,<br />

report, proclaim, etc. Obs.<br />

Used {(i) with or (3) without complement. Cf. sense 1,<br />

(**) '597-8 Bacon Ess.^ Suitors (Arb.) 46 Secrecie in Sutes<br />

is a great meane of obtaining, for voicing them to bee in<br />

forwardness may discourage some kinde of suters, but doth<br />

quicken and awake others. 1609 Daniel Civ. Wars ni.<br />

Ixxxiii, Many sought to feed Theeasie creditours of nouellies.<br />

By voyciug him aliue. 1644 Fkatly Roma Ruens 2<br />

So you papists generally, though you are a me


VOICEFUL.<br />

suck lightning sap, and become voiced dragons. 1861 Ld.<br />

Lytton & Fane Tannhduser 11 God to her rescue sends<br />

Voiced seraphims.<br />

trmnsf. 1834 Ld. Houghton Mem. Tour Greece 138 How<br />

were ye voiced, ye Stars,—how cheerily Castor and Pollux<br />

spoke to the quivering seaman. xB^ Tait's Mag, XVI.<br />

xo8/a All was silence and all was solitude, and yet all was<br />

voiced and all was full. x86i Ld. Lvtton & Fank Tannkduser<br />

34 Oft have you flooded this fair space with song,<br />

Waked these voiced walls, and vocal made yon roof.<br />

b. Having a voice of a specified kind, quality,<br />

or tone.<br />

Yov clenr-, faint; gCHtU't k&arse-, hollow-^ loud-y law^<br />

fntMe-t fraMk- (1513), rough'^ shrill-^ soft-, ^veetvoiced^<br />

etc., see the adjs.<br />

1637 Austin Hxc Homo v. 128 Ovid.. advised women<br />

(who are so angel-like voyced) to learne by musicks rules,<br />

to order it. 1884 W. C. Smith KiUrostatt 61 Never were<br />

rills and fountains So merrily voiced as these.<br />

t3. Much or highly spoken of; commended,<br />

famed. Obs.-^<br />

1661 Life T. Fuiler 14 He continued hb pious endeavours<br />

of preaching in most of the voyced pulpits of London.<br />

3. Phonology. Uttered with voice (or vibration<br />

of the vocal chords) as opposed to breath ; sonant.<br />

Said esp. of certain consonants, as opposed to<br />

those which vlxq voiceless (see Voiceless a. 5).<br />

1867 A M. Bell Visible Sp. 67 The initially voiced v .<br />

sinks imperceptibly into its voiceless correspondenty^—as if<br />

the word were written leavf. 1876 Douse Grimm's L.<br />

App. D. 195 The action of the chordae in the production of<br />

voiced sounds. 1899 Allbutfs Syst. Med. VII. 64 The<br />

pronunciation of certain letters is also somewhat indistinct,<br />

especially the voiced explosives such as b, d,g,<br />

b. Of breath,<br />

1877 SwKKT Handbk. Phonetics 74 As stops can only be<br />

voiced by driving voiced breath into an air-tight chamber,<br />

they cannot be continued for any length of time.<br />

Voicefol (voi'sful), a. Chiefly poet, or rhet,<br />

[f. Voice sb. + -pou]<br />

1. Endowed with, or as if with, a voice ; having<br />

voice or power of utrerance ; vocal.<br />

c 1611 Chapman //z*fz8ii L. HvHT Indicator No. 75. (1822I II. 177 He has less<br />

of the oracular or voiceful part of his art. 1867 Howells<br />

Ital. Journ. 62 In clamorous Italy, whose voiceful uproar<br />

strikes to the summits of her guardian Alps. X876 Farrar<br />

Marlb. Serm. xxxi. 308 Every silent, every voiceful appeal<br />

to that which each of us has in him of purest and sweetest.<br />

3. Involving much speech or argument; contentious,<br />

rare"^.<br />

X879 Meredith Egoist IL vi. 137 Dr. Middleton assented<br />

and entered on the voiceful ground of Greek metres.<br />

Hence Voi'cefalness.<br />

x84() Ruskin Sev. Lamps vi. §10. 172 That deep sense<br />

of voicefulness . , which we feel in walls that have long been<br />

washed by the passing waves of humanity.<br />

Voiceless, a. [f. Voice sb. +-les3.]<br />

L Having no voice; destitute of the power of<br />

utterance ; uttering no words or speech ; dumb,<br />

mate.<br />

Id group ip) applied to immaterial things.<br />

(«) »53S Coverdale Acts viiL 32 As a lambe voycelesse be.<br />

fore his shercr so opened he not his mouth. 18x7 Shellev<br />

Rev. Islam x. xii, Peace in the silent streets ! save when the<br />

cries Of victims to their fiery judgement led, Made pale<br />

their voiceless lips. 1849 De Quiscey Fng. Mail-Coach<br />

m. iv, Wks. 1890 XIII. 325 Clinging to the horns of the<br />

altar, voiceless she stood. ito9 TENNysoN Enid 1115 Mute<br />

As creatures voiceless thro' the fault of birth. 1873 Black<br />

Pr. Thule ii, Lavender did not care to remain among those<br />

voiceless monuments of a forgotten past.<br />

absoL X85S SiNGLETOM Virgil \\. 108 He of the voiceless<br />

both a council calls And gains the knowledge of their lives.<br />

1893 Max Pemberton Iron Pirate xxiv, The men waited<br />

for some seconds silent as the voiceless.<br />

{p) x8i6 Bvkon Monody on Sheridan 10 Who hath not<br />

shared that calm so still and deep, The voiceless thought<br />

which would not speak but weep. 1883 Fortn, Rev. Dec.<br />

766 It is the public good which is so often powerless and<br />

voiceless in presence of the audacity of private wrong. 1891<br />

284<br />

Farrar Darkn. at time<br />

it stode voyde. 1473-S in Cal. Proc. Chanc. Q. Eliz. (1830)<br />

II. Pref. 61 They beyng so seased, the chirch fell voyde.<br />

1503-4 Act 19 Hen. VIl^ c 25 § 2 Whensoever, .any of ther<br />

Sees to be voyde be any other ways. X568 Grafton Chron.<br />

II. 36 The See was voyde fine yeres, and the goodes of the<br />

Church spent to the kinges vse. 1596 Drayton Legends iv.<br />

705 If some Abbey hapned void to fall, By death of Him<br />

that the Superiour was. i6»8 Burton Anat. Met. 11. iii. vii.<br />

(ed. 3) 324, I know not.. in what Cathedral Church, a fat<br />

Prebend fell voide. X655 Fuller Ch. Hist. 11. iv. § 45 Winchester<br />

lay void six, and Sherburn seven years. 1691 Wood<br />

Aih. Oxon. II. 684 In the said See, after it had laid void<br />

till Nov. 1688. did succeed D»". Tho. I^mplugh. a 1715<br />

Burnet 0-wn Time (1766) I. 248 He was removed to Win-<br />

Chester void by Duppa's death. 1785 Paley Mot. Philos.<br />

III. I. XX, The advowson of a void turn, by law, cannot be<br />

transferred from one patron to another. 1835 Penny Cyci.<br />

iv. 223/2 If a donative is the second living taken without a<br />

dispensation, the first is not made void by the statute. 1848<br />

Lytton Harold in. iii. The chairs of the prelates of London<br />

and Canterbury were void.<br />

b. Similarly of secular offices,<br />

ijfij T'REVtsfL Higden (Rolls) II. 109 Nor l?h umberlonde<br />

was voyde wijjoute kvng ei5te ^ere. c 1435 Chron. London<br />

(Kingsford, 1905) 43 Hit was knowyn that thurh thedeposicion,..'and<br />

causes fforseyd,. .the Rewme oflf Englond was<br />

voyde ffor the tyme. c 1500 Melusine xix. 67 Your fader..<br />

lefte hys landes and possessyons voyde, without lord. 1535<br />

Lett. (1902) I. 398, I am<br />

Cromwell in Memman Life e payment off Lomas. Rec. off voyd money off<br />

^e payment off Phelyp and Jacobe. 1539 Ibid.^ Rec. of the<br />

voyd money vs. ij d.<br />

2. Of a seat, saddle, etc, : Having no occupant<br />

in which no one is sitting, lying, etc. ;<br />

empty.


VOID. 285 VOID.<br />

13.. Coer de L, 5079 Ther was a many a voyd sadyl.<br />

a 1350 St. Stephen 286 in Horstm. Altengi. Leg, (1881) 31<br />

pairc graues er both voyd & bare. 14. . TundaWs Vis, 2243<br />

Tundale saw,.Asige that was full bryght schynand, But<br />

hyt was voyde wen he saw hyi. ci^yn Merlin iii. 59 At<br />

this table was cuer a voyde place, that betokeneth the place<br />

of ludas. 1474 Caxton Clusse^i'^. ii. (1883) 165 He may<br />

put hy.n in the voyde space to fore the phisicyen. 1483 —<br />

Gold. Leg. 289/1 Whan her fader & moder sawe her chare<br />

come home empty & voide thenne they did do seke their<br />

doubter oueral. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus^ Trattstrunt<br />

vacuum^ a seate voyde oremptie. 1695 Sibbald Autobiog.<br />

(1834) 127 She was interred in her father's grave in the isle<br />

of Torphichen upon the part of the through stone that was<br />

voyd. a 1713 Ellwood Autobiog. (1765) 20, I stept in and<br />

sate down on the first void Seat. 1851 Mrs. Browning<br />

Casa Giiidi WimU i- \2. Behold, instead, Void at Verona,<br />

Juliet's marble trough. z886 Kipling Departtn. Ditties^<br />

etc {1899) 120 * We know the Shrine is void,' they said,<br />

'<br />

1<br />

The Goddess<br />

+ b.<br />

flown '.<br />

Of a horse : Having no rider. Obs, rare.<br />

1470-S5 Malory Arthur iv. viiL 129 Accolon mounted<br />

vpon a voyde hors. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Inanis^<br />

Inanis eguus^ a voyde or emptie horse : a leere horse.<br />

C. Of a house or room :<br />

anted. Now chiefly diai.<br />

Unoccupied ; unten-<br />

1479-B1 Rec.se. i^Iary at HiU{ic\ him led,<br />

better hete to haue In ^r way ilk dele i>ei fond voide als<br />

betbe. Ibid. 305 AUe voide was t^e place, pe bataile slayn<br />

& done all within )?zX space 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 390<br />

Sen |»at place in heven bright Was made voyde thurgh pe<br />

syn of pride, c 1380 -SVr Ferutnb. 3221 Wei two Mile to loke<br />

aboute a stryde voide t^er nas, ysX of ^at ilke he)»enene<br />

route al ful was euery plas. 143a tr. Secreta Secret. ^ Priv,<br />

Priv. 129 Otheris sayde that hit was to drcde that thay<br />

sholde fyndc the Cite of grecc woyde. 1423 J as. I Kingis<br />

Q. clxiv. On the quhele was lytill void space, a 1513<br />

Fabvan Chron. \u (1811) 25 Y« kyng wt thaduyce of his<br />

Barons graunted vnto them a voyde and wast countre.<br />

IS35 CovERDALE I Mocc. \\\. 45 As for lerusalem, it laye<br />

voyde, and was as it had bene a wylJernesse. There wenie<br />

no man in nor out at it. 1578 Timhe Calvin on Gen. zo^<br />

That he might know that the world .. should not be a desert<br />

and voyde place for ever. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist.<br />

Scot. I. 184 Finding it [the realm] than voyd in a maner<br />

and bair of Strang handes to defend it. 1653 Jer. Taylor<br />

Sertn.for Year ,'1678) 79 An appetite keen as a Wolf upon<br />

the void plains of the North. 1697 Drydem ^neid ix. 675<br />

Where void spaces on the walls appear. Or thin defence,<br />

they pour their forces there. 1813 Scorr Rokeby w. xvii.<br />

In the void offices around Rung not a hoof, nor bay'd a<br />

bound. 1899 Crockett Kit Kennedy 197 The scanty<br />

pasture-fields were void and empty.<br />

b. Not occupied by buildings or other useful<br />

structures; unutilized, vacant.<br />

144a in Willis& Clark Cambridge {1886) I. 387 For caria^e<br />

of xxxj lodes of lome fro the fundacion of the College, .in<br />

to a woyde place. 1473 Rolls ofParIt. VI. 90/1 A cotage,<br />

and a voide place conteignyng by estimation a Rode. 1519<br />

Churchiv. Ace. .St. Giles, Reading (ed. Nasli) 3 A void<br />

grownd in the North side of the said mill lane. 1548<br />

Nottingham Rec. IV. 93 A tenement late in the tenure of<br />

John Alestre and a voide peyce of grownde with a gardeyn.<br />

1611 Bible / Kings xxii. 10 The King of ludab sate. .in<br />

a voyd place in the entrance of the gate of Samaria.<br />

1665 O. Havers P. tiella Valle's Trav. E. India 50 Near<br />

this Castle Gate, in avoid place of the street are two pulpits<br />

handsomely built of stone. 1687 A. Lovrll tr. TheifenoCs<br />

Traxf. IL 72 Hamadan is a very large Town, but contains<br />

many void places. Gardens, and even ploughed Fields<br />

within it. 1734 tr. Rollin't Anc. Hist. (1837) II. 143 In the<br />

middle of each square was likewise all void ground. 1759<br />

B. .Martin Nat. Hist. 1. 113 There is a great Deal of void<br />

Ground, within the Walls [of Winchester). 1871 Freeman<br />

Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xviii. 191 Most likely it stood in the<br />

void space between the mound, the gateway, and the later<br />

Castle.<br />

+ 0. Unproductive, uncultivated. Obs.<br />

1398 Tkevisa Barth, De P. R. xiv, xlviii. (Bodl. MS.), A<br />

fcelde ^jat is ycred hatte Noualis ot>er feelde l?at IieJ> voide<br />

euer J>e o[>er 5ere to renewe his vertu. 1615 W. Lawso:*<br />

Country Housrw.Gard.{\626) 6 Men and cat tell (that haue<br />

put trees thence, from out of Plaines to void corners) are<br />

better then trees.<br />

4- Not occupied by visible contents ; containing<br />

no matter ; empty, unfilled : a. Of receptacles, or<br />

things of similar form.<br />

1390 GowEH Con/. II. 191 We. .With voide handes schul<br />

appiere, Touchende oure cure spirital. c 1400 Maundev.<br />

(1839) v. S3 5if J>ei weren sepultures, ^ei scholden not ben<br />

voyd with inne. c 1440 Gesta Rom. Ixi. 255 (Harl. MS.),<br />

Hit is a woyde tonne, caste oute with sum -men fro sura<br />

shippe. c 1500 For to serue a Lord in Babees Bk. f 1868) 370<br />

Cutie away the nekke in a voyde plate. isa3 Ld. Berners<br />

Froiss. I. xviii. 25 All there Cariagis were sette in voyde<br />

granges and barnes, a 1533 — Huon xlv. 150 Incontynent<br />

the cuppe was voyde, and y^ wyne vanysshyd away. 1617<br />

Morysom Itin. Ml. 83 They vse to serue in sower crawt or<br />

cabbage vpon a voide circle of carued Iron standing on three<br />

feete. 1791 Cowpkr Iliad u\. 447 But Venus, foam-sprung<br />

Goddess,, .snapp'd short the brace,.. And the void helmet<br />

follow'd as he pull'd.<br />

b. In general use. (Freq. of place or space.)<br />

I5a3 FiTZHERB. Hush. % 36 The small corne lyeth in the<br />

bolowe and voyde places of the greate beanes. 1598 Barret<br />

Theor. Warres 111. \\. 82 With their shot bestowed, in the<br />

4 voyde angles or corners, a 1639 T. Cakew Truce in Lone<br />

entreated i, Kor see my heart Is made thy Quiver, where<br />

remaines No voyd place for another Uart. a 1680 Butler<br />

Rem. (1759) I. 88 Nor can endure to fill up a void Place, At<br />

a Line's End, with one insipid Phrase. 1697 J. Potter<br />

Antig. Greece I. viii. (1715) 39 The Spaces between. -left<br />

void to admit the Light. 1794 Hutton Philos. Lights etc.<br />

49 It therefore passes as freely through a transparent body<br />

as through the voidest space. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog.<br />

II. 1S2 There are no void spaces among the basaltes. x8ai<br />

Shelley y4rf(?»a7j xtvii, Dart thy spirit's light Beyond all<br />

worlds, until its spacious might Satiate the void circumference.<br />

1865 Swinburne Atalanta 428 An eagle wrought in<br />

gold That, .with void mouth gapes after emptier prey.<br />

Comb. 1857 G. Macdonald Poems 140 The air is as the<br />

breath From the lips of void-eyed Death.<br />

f C. Void rooffit an unfurnished or unoccupied<br />

room serving as an entrance or waiting hall. Obs.<br />

1577 B. Googe <strong>Here</strong>sbach's Husb. i. (1586) 12 You see a<br />

voyd roome before the Kitchln, whiche is an entrie both to<br />

the Kitchin..and to tlie Oxhouses. 1586 J. Hooker Hist.<br />

Irel. in Holinshed II. 123/2 Betweene which & the lower<br />

end of the house is a void roome seruing for the lower<br />

house, and for all sutors.<br />

f d. Of paper, etc. : Blank, not written on ;<br />

containing no writing or lettering. Obs,<br />

1551 AscHAU Lett. Wks. 1865 1. 11. 286 Because this paper<br />

is void, I cannot leave talking with yoiL z6io Holland<br />

Camken's Brit. (1637) 728 A mangled Inscription, .broken<br />

heere and there with voide places betweene. 1669 Sturmy<br />

Mariner's Mag. iv. xvii. 202 Keep the left side of your<br />

<strong>Book</strong> void, that you may write all the Passages of the Voyage.<br />

1748 Anson's Voy. m. vii. 360 He had every head of<br />

enquiry separately wrote down on a sheet of paper, with a<br />

void space opposite to it.<br />

e. Spec. Having the centre empty or not filled in.<br />

ZS97 Morley Introd. Mus. Annot., There were in old<br />

time foure maners of pricking, one al blacke which they<br />

tearmed blacke full, another which we vse now which they<br />

called black void. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Bos,<br />

(ions Void or Hollow, are those that have a Rampart and<br />

Parapet ranging only round about their Flanks and Faces,<br />

so that a void Space is left toward the Centre.<br />

•f* 5. Empty-handed ; destitute, Obs.<br />

CI374 Chaucer Boeth. \\. pr. v. (1868) 50 Vif tou baddest<br />

entred in I'e pal>e of Yys lijf a voide wayfaryng man, (»an<br />

woldest t>ou synge by-fore J>e ^eef. 138a Wyclif Mark xii.<br />

3 The erthe tilieres . . beten him takun, and leften him voyde.<br />

cx4*S Found. St. Bartholome7u's {E.K.T.S.) 25 He wolde<br />

not go from hym voyde. 153a More Confut. Barnes viii.<br />

Wks. 759/1 My Sonne, .shall not retume againe to me voyde<br />

or emptie. For he shall bring with him the fathers out of<br />

Limbus.<br />

t b. Void {pf) course, said of a planet : (see<br />

qaot. 1679). Obs.<br />

f 1^4 Chaucer Compl. Mars 114 Now fleeth Venus unto<br />

Cylenius tour, With voide cours, for fere of Phebus<br />

light 1679 MoxoN Math. Dict.^ Voidof Course. A Planet<br />

is said to be so, when he is separated from one Planet, and<br />

doth not during his being in that Sign, Apply to any other,<br />

either by Body or Aspect.<br />

6. + a. Of persons, etc. : Empty or destitute of<br />

good qualities ; worthless. Obs.<br />

CX380 WvcLiF Wks. (1880) 36 He |>at seij> to his bro|>er<br />

hat hat» he hoH gost . . hat he is voide & wit>-oute kunnynge.<br />

i^a — 2 Peter x. 8 Thei shulen not ordeyne jou voyde, ne<br />

with outen firuyt, in the knowinge of oure Lord Jhesu<br />

Crist, c 1440 Gesta Rom. xcii. 421 (Add. MS.), Ve dreme,<br />

or ellys ye ban fastid to mych, that your hede is voyde.<br />

1563 FoxE A, fr M. ii^t/i They that do persecute, be voyde<br />

and without all truth. 1798 Pope Dune. 11.45 Empty words<br />

she gave, and sounding strain, But senseless, lifeless ! idol<br />

void and vain !<br />

b. Of speech, action, etc. : Ineffective, useless,<br />

leading to no result.<br />

138a Wyclif Isaiah Iv. n My wrd..shal not be turned<br />

a^een voide to me, but shal do what euere thingus I wolde.<br />

i4»» tr. Secreta Secret., Prrv. Priv. 154 In voyde wordis<br />

onely is hare memory makyd. ^1450 tr. De Imitatione i.<br />

XX. ai Wijjdrawe ^isclf fro voide spekinges & idel circuites.<br />

1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 1453 In certaynte haue I<br />

All worldely pleasures,, .and honour. With all voyde busynesse,<br />

and cures transytory. Ibid. 1809 O gloryous vyrgyn,<br />

replete with synguler grace,. .Refusynge voyde pleasures.<br />

1557 Totttls Misc. (Arb.> 145 For all was toy that I did<br />

fcle: And of voide wandering I was free. 1397 Hooker<br />

Eccl.^ Pol. V. Ix. ( 5 Despaire I cannot, nor induce my minde<br />

to thinke his Taith voide. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, i. v. { n<br />

The end ought to be, from both philosophies to separate.,<br />

whatsoever is empty and void, and to preserve., whatsoever<br />

is solid and fruitful. 1611 Bible 1 Cor. ix. 15 It<br />

were better for me to die, then that any man should make<br />

my glorying voyd. 1847 Tennvson Princ. vii. 19 Void was<br />

her use, And she as one that climbs a peak to gaze O'er land<br />

and main. 1871 *Stonehence ' Brit, Rur. Sports {^6.^)111.<br />

629/2 Void end means that neither side can score a cast.<br />

Ibid. 630/1 A void end shall be included in this provision.<br />

1881 Dufferis in Lyall Life (1905) II. 1. 13 Any serious<br />

communication we may make to the Ministers is as void as<br />

though it had been confided to the winds.<br />

t c. Of material things : Superfluous, waste.<br />

Ohs. rare.<br />

c Palhd. OH Husb. VI.<br />

144J0 23 This mone is ek for pampinacioun<br />

Conuenicnt : void leves puld to be. 1494-$ Rec.<br />

St. Mary at Hill (1905) 215 For makyng of j ole in the<br />

chirche for voyde water, c 1530 H. Rhodes Bk. Nurture<br />

293 in Babees Bk. (1868) 79 Wyth bones & voyd morsels fyll<br />

not thy irenchour, my friend, full.<br />

d. Of looks : Vacant, rare"^.<br />

1796 Coleridge Destiny 0/ Nations 253 Her flushed<br />

tumultuous features, .now once more Naked, and void, and<br />

fixed.<br />

7. Having no legal force; not binding in law;<br />

legally null, invalid, or ineffectual.<br />

Null and void '. see Null a, 1 b.<br />

i433~4 Rolls of Parlt, V. 437/2 This thaire assent and<br />

grant for to stande in strengthe, and ellus to be as voide and<br />

of noe valeure. c 1475 Harl. Contin. Higden (Rolls) VIII.<br />

511 That parliamente of kynge Ricardus was made voyde<br />

& as of noo valoure. 1496 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 513/1 An<br />

Acte for making voyde of a Statute concerning artificers.<br />

1527 in Trans. Cumbld. ^ Westmoreld. A rchaeol. Soc. (1914)<br />

XIV. 80 This obligacione to be woJde and of non effect.<br />

1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 106 What soever is there<br />

done to be voyde and of none effect. 1593 West 1st Pt.<br />

Symbol. § 102 B, Then the said couenant touching the paiment<br />

of &c. and the deliuering of the said bond to be cancelled,<br />

and either of them shalbe utterly void. 1625 Donne<br />

Serm. 24 Feb. (1626) 43 If the Bill were interlinde, or<br />

blotted, or dropt, the Bill was voyd. 1651 Hobbes Leviath.<br />

II. xxi. iir Covenants, not to defend a mans own body, are<br />

voyd. 167a Dryden Cong. Granada i. i, The Force us'd<br />

on me made that Contract void. 1713 Steele Englishm.<br />

No. 41. 265 She immediately made void certain Grants she<br />

had made. 1774 Jefferson Autobiog. App., Wks. 1859 I.<br />

130 The true ground on which we declare these acts void,<br />

is, that the British Parliament has no right to exercise<br />

authority over us. 1838 Thiklwall Greece II. 46 All<br />

statutes which they deemed void, contradictory, or superfluous.<br />

x86i Ld. Brougham Brit. Const, xiv. 202 The Parliament<br />

declared that the same marriage had from the beginning<br />

been void. 1879 McCarthy Own Times xvWi. II.<br />

35 The election was declared void, and a new writ was issued.<br />

b. In general use: Null, invalid.<br />

1526 Piigr. Perf, (W. de W. 1531) 5 Ceremonyes. .whiche<br />

all were euacuate and made voyde by the passyon of our<br />

sauyour Jesu Chryst. 1530 Rastell Bk. Purgat. Prol.,<br />

That repentaunce that he had before shuld be but voyde.<br />

1604 J AS. I Counterbl. to Tobacco {^Sxh.) 102 Of this Argument,<br />

both the Proposition and Assumption are false, and<br />

sothe Conclusion cannot but be voyd of itselfe. a i68sSikT.<br />

Browne Tracts (1683J 99 This makes void that common<br />

conceit and tradition of the Fish called Faber marinus.<br />

1746 Hoyle Games, Quadrille 36 If there happen to be two<br />

(Jards of the same sort, and found out before the Deal is<br />

ended, the Deal is void, but not otherwise. 1801 Strutt<br />

Sports 9f Past. iv. 225 The cast is void if the ball dees not<br />

enter any of the holes. i8ia Cary Dante^ Parad. lit. 57<br />

Our vows Were, in some part, neglected and made void.<br />

8. Of time : Free from work or occupation ; unemployed,<br />

idle, leisure. Now rare.<br />

c X450 Myrr. our Za^fyt 23 Therefore though, .a lesson be<br />

red but of one alone, yet thinke not that that is a voyde<br />

tynie to all the other to do what they wyll. 1538 Stabkey<br />

England iL i. 161 To haue a conimyn place appoyntyd..<br />

wherin they myght at voyd tymys exercyse themselfys.<br />

xS$i Robinson tr. More's Utopia iv. (1895) 142 All the<br />

voide time, that is betwene the houres of woorke, slepe, and<br />

meate. 1598 R. Bernard tr. Terence^ Heautontitn, i. i,<br />

Haue you so much leasure and voide time from your owne<br />

priuate affaires, that letc.J. 1634 Massinger Very Woman<br />

III. i, I'll chain him in my study, that a void hours I may<br />

run o'er the story of his country. 1853 C. Bbonte Villette<br />

xxiv, 'Ihat void interval which passes for him so slowly.<br />

teems with events for his friends.<br />

f b. Vacant in respect of office ; marked by a<br />

vacancy or interregnum. Obs,<br />

1480 Waterf. Arch, in loM Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm.<br />

App. V. 316 'I'hey that be chosen ballyffs one yere, shal not<br />

be chosen.. without they have one yere voied betwxt. 1496<br />

Ibid. 324 The eldest that have borne the office of Mairaltie<br />

shall nave the same voide day, if he have noo daye before.<br />

1591 Savile Tacitus, Hist. 11. Ixxi. 94 That Valens and<br />

Cxcina might obiaine some voide moneths that yeare to be<br />

Consuls in. 16x4 Raleigh Hist. World u. vi. § 8. 329<br />

ibcre can be no void years fcuind betweene losua and<br />

Othoniel. Ibid, xxii, S u. 558 Yet some coniectures there<br />

are made, which tend to keepe all euen, without acknowledging<br />

any voide time.<br />

t c. Of persons : Unemployed. In quot. Jig.<br />

c 1450 tr. De Imitatione ni. lix. 137 Nature loueh idelnes,<br />

..but ^race can not be voide ner idel, but glatlly taki)><br />

upon htm labour & traueile.<br />

+ 9. Lacking, wanting. Obs.~-^<br />

*554'9 Songs .5- Ball. Phil, fl- Mary (Roxb.) 4 In Chryst<br />

all fullness of power and myght dothe dwell ; Inhymevoyd<br />

was nothyng tnat was nydfuU and fytt.<br />

•j" 10. Powerless, unable. Obs.~^<br />

1578 RoYixjN in T. Procter Gorg. Gallery A ij b, But<br />

Sicophantes will neuer cease to swell Though (learnedly)<br />

themselues be voyde to write.<br />

II. Const. tf/'(occas. tyr^w).<br />

11. Devoid of, free from, not tainted with (some<br />

bad quality, fault, or defect),<br />

c 1374 Chaucer Former Age 50 The lambish peple, voyd<br />

of all e vyce. C1385— X. G. IV. Prol. 167 Thus thise<br />

foweles, voide ofal malice, .songealleof oonacorde. c 1430<br />

Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 11 And Musik had, voyde<br />

of alle discord, Boece her clerk, withe hevenly armony.<br />

c 1470 Henry Wallace vhl 1624 A ryoll king . . herd oflf<br />

Wallace gouernancc . . and off his pruvyt prys, Off honour,<br />

trewth, and woid ofTcowatis. a 1529 Skelton Calliipt 18<br />

Yet is she fayne, Voyde of disdayn Me to retayne Her<br />

seruiture. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 231 b, They<br />

oughte to be free and voyde from anger. 1595 Locrine \\.<br />

ii. 3 We Coblers lead a merie life : . . Void of all enuie and of<br />

strife. 160s Earl Stirling Alexandr. Trag. iv. i, All love<br />

a courteous count'nance, voyd of Art. 1617 Moryson Itin.<br />

\\, 75 The said point could not be thought void of that<br />

cunning, wherein the writer excelled. 1718 Free-thinker<br />

No. 66. 84 Let your Deliberations be void of Animosities.<br />

1815 W. H. Ireland ScribbUomania 260 Our code void of<br />

quirks in a Blackstone is seen. 183a G. R. Porter Porcelain<br />

f^ Gl. xi. 253 A piece of flint glass, . . by no means void<br />

of imperfections. z86a Trollope Orley F i, He was a man<br />

void of mystery, and not given to secrets.<br />

b. Free from, untouched by, not affected or impaired<br />

by (something unpleasant or hurtful).<br />

c 1420 Lydg. Assembly of Gods 809 On a camell rydyng,<br />

as voyde of all care. 1509 Fisher FuPteral Serm. C^tess<br />

Richmond Wks. (1876) 305 A lyfe voyde of all sorow &


VOID,<br />

encombraunce. 15a* More De gnat. Noviss. Wks. 81/1 So<br />

y^ neuer any of them had euer in their Hues knowen or<br />

herd, either themself or any other voyd of those disseases.<br />

1560 Daus tr. SUidatte's Comtn. 101 A place myght be<br />

assigned for the counsel!, voyde of all daunger and suspicion,<br />

c 1586 C'tkss Pembroke Ps. lix. vi, They prate and<br />

bable voide of feare. 1607 Topsell Four-/. Beasts^yi Some<br />

would haue him kept in a close, darke and quiet house,<br />

voyde from all noise. i'self as void of all doubt but you<br />

would become a Catholick. i8a8 Scott F, M. Perth xxxiv,<br />

Eachin alone had left it (the battle-ground) void of wounds.<br />

1878 Marie A. Brow.s tr. Runeber^s Nadeschda iii. 37 And<br />

void of fear.. She goes to Woldmar.<br />

f o. Clear or quit of (a person) ; vacant in<br />

respect of. Obs.<br />

a 1548 Hall Chron., Rick. 111^ 48 b, Nowe nothinge was<br />

contrariant. .to his pernicious purpose, but that his mancion<br />

was not voide of his wife. 1560 Daus tr. Sieidane's Cotnm,<br />

993 b, In the countrey round about were forces of Spanyardes<br />

and Italians. Of wbome to be voyde and free, they<br />

..payde thirty thousand.. crownes. 1651 N. Bacon Disc.<br />

Govt. Eng. II. XXIV. 188 The Parliament ..declared the<br />

Throne void of Edward the Fourth, and Henry the Sixth<br />

King.<br />

12. Destitute of, not graced or ennobled by (some<br />

virtue or good quality).<br />

c 1400 Pitgr. Saivle (Caxton) iv. xxix. (1859) 62 Thou arte<br />

veyne, and voyde of a! maner of vertue. 1467 Songs Costutne<br />

(Percy Soc.) 56 Ye poope holy prestis full of presomcion,<br />

. . voyd of discrecion. 1^38 Dunbar Flyting 61, 1 se the<br />

haltane in thy harlotrie,. .Off every vertew woyd. 1553<br />

Eden Treat. New Ittd. (Arb.) 24 The inhabitantes are..<br />

vtterly voyde of all godly knowledge. 1555 — Decades<br />

(Arb.) 52 vnthankefull Englande and voyde of honest<br />

shame. 1590 Sir J. Smyth Disc. IVeapons Ded. 3 They<br />

haue been so voide of the orders and exercises of war of<br />

their forefathers. i6ia Tivo Noble K. \\\, i, O thou most<br />

periidious That ever gently lookd ;<br />

the voydest of honour<br />

That eu'r bore gentle Token. 1667 Mii.ton P. L. ix. 1074<br />

Bad Fruit of Knowledge,. .Which leaves us naked thus, of<br />

Honour void, x686 in Verney Mem. (1907) II. 410, I am not<br />

so void of reson at this age hot that I can refran from duing<br />

myself and family any damag by play. 1706 Estcourt<br />

Fair Example v. i, Beauty, tho" void of Virtue, has the<br />

Power To make as well the Wise as Fools adore. 1743<br />

BuLKELEY& Cummins V^oy. S.Seas 136 But Hunger is void<br />

of all Compassion. 178J Miss Burney Cecilia vi. iv, She<br />

was totally void of judgment or discretion, 1817 Jas. Mill<br />

Brit. India II, v. vjii. 660 Whom he represents as too void<br />

ofcharacter, to write anything of himself. 1831 Mackintosh<br />

Hiit. Eng. II. 44 He was as void of manly as of kingly<br />

virtues. 1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Const, xiv. 206 A person<br />

void of capacity, without any experience.<br />

b. Destitute or deprived of, lacking or wanting<br />

(something desirable or natural).<br />

The groups of quotations illustrate different types of<br />

context.<br />

(a) c 14*0 LvDG. Assembly 0/ Gods 1382 Came thedyr<br />

Attropos, voyde of all gladness, Wrappyd in hys shete.<br />

1533 Bellendfn /-zz'>' (S.T.S.) I. 298 pai war vode of all<br />

gude esperance. 1567 Gude ^ Godlie Ball. (S.T.S.) 33<br />

Woide of all joy, but full of painfulnes. 1593 Timme Ten<br />

Eng, Lepers Kiij, They find that they are utterly void<br />

of all helpe. 1613 Drayton Poly-olb. v. 341 Voyd of all<br />

delight, cold, barren, bleake and dry. 1690 Child Disc.<br />

Trade (i6p8) 14 The people poor, despicable, and voide of<br />

commerce. 1697 Dryden yirg. Georg. iv. 676 He took his<br />

way, thro* Forrests void of Light. 1709 Berkeley Tk.<br />

Vision § 90 It would not at first view be altogether void of<br />

probability. 174a Young Nt. Th. vii. 643 Life void of joy,<br />

Sad prelude of Eternity in pain ! 1812 Crabbe Tales 11.<br />

194 By various shores, he passed, on various seas, Never so<br />

h^lappy<br />

as when void of ease. 186a Burton Bk. Hitnter<br />

(18(53) 309 The records of endurance and martyrdom for<br />

conscience sake, can never be void of interest.<br />

ib) X4aa tr. Secreta Secret.^ Priv. Priv. 240 Ryghtful houre<br />

of ettynge is, whan the stomake is purchet and clenset, and<br />

voyde of the mette. 1563 B. Googe Eglogs v. (Arb.) 47 Thy<br />

face good Egon [is] voide of blud, thine eies amased stare.<br />

x^i W. FuLKE in Confer, in. (1584) Oiijb, Nay, hee<br />

saith plainely, they are not Experies corporis^ voyde of<br />

body. 1656 Stanley Hist. Philos. v. (1687) 185/2 If matter<br />

it self be in it self void of measure, it is necessary that it<br />

receive measure from some superiour. _ 1728 T. Sheridan tr.<br />

Persius v. (1739) 68 A white Shield void of any Figures in it.<br />

1794 R. J. Sulivan Vieiv Nat. I, 378 This water, when<br />

newly melted., is totally void both of air, and of the aerial<br />

acid. x8iS J Smith Panorama Sci. ^ Art II. 489 It is<br />

colourless and void of smell, but intensely saline and bitter.<br />

1839 Chapters Phys. Sci. 124 Leaving 1727 cubic inches<br />

void of any material substance. 1859 Jephson & Reeve<br />

Brittany 237 The surface of the water was perfectly void<br />

of any ripple.<br />

(c) 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) III. 339 Philippus, kynge<br />

of Macedony, scholde destroye sone the cite if that hit were<br />

vacuate and voide of discrete men, 1500-20 Dunbar Poems<br />

Jxxii. 97 Mcthocht Compassioun, vode of feiris. Than straik at<br />

me with monyanestound. a 1513 Fabvan Chrun. vii.(r533)<br />

1 1. B b/a To espye when he were voyde of his company, and<br />

then to takehym. z6oo J. PoRYtr. Leo's Africa vni. 298 He<br />

marched through wilde and desert places voide of inhabitants.<br />

163a Lithgow Tra7}. x. 505 The Inhabitants being<br />

left void of a Gouernour, or solid Patrone.<br />

id) \$i-^ Life Henry K (Kingsford, 1911) 126 Whereby<br />

the Englishmen, voide of there requests, returned to there<br />

lodges. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals in. 1. 240 He was depos'd,<br />

and declar'd void of the Papacy.<br />

B* sb»^\* fa. One who is devoid ^something.<br />

Obs,—^<br />

1614 SvLvesTEB Befhulia's Rescue \v. 186 Their immodest<br />

flame Fires none but Fools, Fraiitiks, or Voids of shame.<br />

286<br />

b. A state or condition devoid ij/" something ; a<br />

lack or want. rare.<br />

1786 Phil. Trans. LXXVI. 274 On account of the impossibility<br />

of making a perfect void of air by means of the<br />

pump. 1788 Weslhy iVks. (1872) VI. 352 Men in whom<br />

pride, .supplies the void of sense. 1789 Jkfferson It^rit.<br />

(1859) II. 559 Nor has the society he has kept been such as<br />

to supply the void of education. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2)<br />

IV. 273 Space is the void of outward objects.<br />

2. Emptiness, vacancy, vacuity, vacuum.<br />

as6i8 Sylvester Trag. Hen. Gt. 602 Who, from the<br />

Ocean, Motion can recall, Heat from Fiie, Void from Air,<br />

Order from All. 1781 Lofet Eudosia vi. 349 In perfect<br />

void, the medium lost,.. All substances with like velocity<br />

Descend. 1871 B. Taylor Faust (1875) II. i. v. 67 Naught<br />

shalt thou see in endless void afar. 1878 Stewart & Tait<br />

Unseen Univ. iv. 5 121. 133 But there is also void in things,<br />

else they would be jammed together.<br />

fig. i860 PusEY Mzn. Proph. 471 It leaves the feeling of<br />

void and forsakenness.<br />

3. a. Arch. A space left in a wall for a window,<br />

or door ; the opening of an arch ; any unfilled<br />

space in a building or structure.<br />

1616 E.rtr. Aberdeen Reg. (1848) II. 341 The said Thomas<br />

..sail build ane voyd hard be the said passage for letting<br />

doun the paissis frome the knock. 17*3 Chambers it. Le<br />

Clerc's Treat. Archit. I. 138 Massive is found over Massive,<br />

and Void under Void. 174a De Foe's Tour Gt. Bnt. (ed. 3)<br />

II. 120 The Thickness of each Pier is not one Third Part<br />

of the Void of each Arch. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm I.<br />

163 A very loose mode of. . measuring voids, as the openings<br />

of doors and windows are termed. x88


VOID.<br />

doth, forlo voyed hem. 1411 tr. Sicreta Secret., Priv.<br />

/>/-(». 240 To kepe kynde hete, and to voyde the stomake,<br />

good IS hit afor mette sumwhate to walke or rydc. leje in<br />

W. H Turner Seltcl. Rec. Oxford (1880) 133 The bochers<br />

..shall voyd and kyll noe moe ware in the sayd bowses.<br />

1S94 R. .Ashley tr. Loys le Roy 49 They would neither.,<br />

spit, nor void their noses into the riuers, but reuercnccd<br />

them aboue all things.<br />

t o. To make void or empty ; to dear or empty<br />

(some thing or place) of its contents or occupants.<br />

1506 in Mim. Hen. VH (Rolls) 288 A little before my<br />

lord Herberd voided all the King's chamber except lords<br />

and officers .. which remained there still. 1580 Lvlv<br />

Eufhutt (Arb.) 227 The chamber being voyded, he brake<br />

with hira in these tearmes. 1600 Holland Liry vii. v. 252<br />

So the roume being voided, and all commaundcd to depart<br />

farre ynough out of the way, he draweth out his skeine.<br />

1616 Marlmves Faustus 111. iv. Good Fredericke sec the<br />

roomes be voyded straight. His Maiesty is comming to the<br />

Hall. 1658 Evelyn Fr. Card. (1675) 4 Thus when your<br />

1 rench is voided and emptied to the depth which you desire *<br />

you shall cast in long dung.<br />

d. To render (a benefice) vacant ; to vacate. Obs.<br />

'f*° \-'^^'^'^-K'"","',fi, ^"''J- "^ W'«" ""y Archbishop!<br />

rick or Blshoprick shall be voided. 1677 W. Mountacu in<br />

BuccUuck MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 327 His living<br />

being voided by his own act, though it would have blen<br />

otherwise if voidetj by death, a 1703 Bp. Kidder in Cassan<br />

Bfs. Rath >, Wells 11. (1830) 126 After 1 had entered upon<br />

Ihis living, and thereby voided that in Essex.<br />

+ e. To exhaust (a subject) by discussion or ex-<br />

position ; to deal with exhaustively or thoroughly.<br />

1659 H. Thorndike Epil. Trag. Ch. Eng. i. xx. 155 Not<br />

to insist here, what the respective interests ofpublick and<br />

private persons in the Church are and ought to be. because<br />

It IS a point that cannot here be voided. 1687 Towerson<br />

Baptism 273 A question which will best be voided by con-<br />

sidering the force of those Arguments, which the condcmners<br />

(1675) 184 He by such witty answers voided the accusation 1<br />

of his Adversary, that the Jurors found him not guilty i64< I<br />

Milton Colast. 19 After waiting and voiding, hee thinkstS<br />

void my second Argument. i«99 Bentley />/,«/. xiv. 470<br />

His Design was .lo account for the Low Sicilian Talent,<br />

and to void all that Mr. B. had written about it before.<br />

II. 1 4. To send or put (a person) away ; to 1<br />

cause or compel to go away from or leave a place •<br />

'<br />

to dismiss or expel. Obs.<br />

Freq. const. o>,t of, also more rarelyyre heghest<br />

''••''^'"'''"''l r' '39«-7 in F.ng. Hist. \°'-S\;r'^.."'- Rev.<br />

(1907) 'S^.''- 304 For (>ou t>ese to (= t«oJ craftis nemlid<br />

were michil more nedful in (>eelde lawe, t>e newe testament<br />

hath voydid bese and manie othere. 7 1462 Paston Lett<br />

II. 1 15 That ih' effect of the old purpose of the seid Sir lohn<br />

, 0^0, "f,*),'''"'!"*''"''''"'- '483CAXTONG rf^/a Tour<br />

(1868) 176 Yf one begynne to. .talke with youof suche mater<br />

lele hym alone. .And thus ye shalle voyde and brekc his<br />

talkynge. lil^Li/eHen. r (Kingsford, 1911) 20 By whose<br />

departure the intent of this victorious Kinge was vtterly<br />

empesshed and voyded in that Cause. 1533 More Ansiv.<br />

loysonedBk Wks. 1057/1 Byy marking oithysonepoynl,<br />

ye may voyde almost all the craft, with which master. . Frith<br />

and Tyndall ..labour to deceiue you. 1J97 Hooker Eccl.<br />

Po'.v. 1x11. 5 12 Baptisme. .IS bya fourth sort of men voided<br />

for the onely defect of ecclesiasticall authoritie in the Minis,<br />

ter. 1655 Stanley //w/./'A/Vo/. ill. (,687) 105 /i Now tell<br />

'<br />

me if thy adversary Sue thee, and thou art like to be over.<br />

thrown For want of witnesses, how wilt thou void His suit »<br />

/fo//i I (Bundle 43, No. 3»), The said Gilbert voided hymself<br />

owt of the same place without rent or farme paying,<br />

to. Of persons or animals: To go away, depart,<br />

retire, or withdraw from, ;<br />

to leave or quit (a place)<br />

to give (ground) : ; to move out of (the way) ; to<br />

get out of (one's sight) ; = Avoid v. 7. Obs.<br />

Very common from c 1400 to c 1645 ; now Obs. (cf. d).<br />

13.. Caw. 4. Gr. Knt. 545 Bid me bo3e fro bis benche, &<br />

stonde by you bere pat I wy tboute vylanye myjt voyde bis<br />

table, c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace j<br />

(Rolls) 5388 Bot<br />

whare so euere he hem (the Romans) fond He dide hem<br />

sone voyde be lond. c 137^ Chaucer Boetk. i. pr. iv. (1868)<br />

16 He comaunded but bat )>ei voided be citee of Rauenne<br />

by certeyne day assigned bat men scholde . . chasen hem out<br />

ofttjune.


VOID.<br />

t b. To empty out (water, etc.) from a vessel.<br />

1^0-70 Bk, Quintessence 5 Aftir J>at J>is erHy water be<br />

voydid, putte(etc.J. 1530 Palsgr. 769/1, 1 voyde, I emptye,<br />

jixmydt. Ibid.^ Voyde this water. ^1577 Sir T. Smith<br />

Camrtnv. Eng. (1609) 60 As a water held in a close and<br />

dark vessel issueth out, & is voyded and emptied.<br />

to. Of a river or stream. Also refl. and absol.y<br />

to discharge into the sea or another river. Obs*<br />

1598 Sylvester Du Bartas 11. li. Colonies 62 Ob, the<br />

King of Rivers . . In Scythian Seas voyding his violent load.<br />

1600 J. PoRY tr. Leo's Africa 44 Finally it voideth into the<br />

sea at two mouths, one of which mouthes is a mile broad.<br />

i6to Holland Catndens Brit. i. 466 A little above it, the<br />

river Blith voideth it selfe into the sea. 1633 Up. Hall<br />

Occas. MediU (ed. 3> § 19. 45 VVhen the little nvulets have<br />

once voyded themselves mto the mayne streames.<br />

1 9. To make by excavation ; to cut or hollow<br />

out (a hole, etc.), Obs.<br />

1575 Lankham Let. (1871) 51 Holez wear thear also, and<br />

cauems,.. voyded intoo the wall.<br />

III. 1 10. To leave alone, set aside ; to ab-<br />

stain or refrain from ;<br />

to have nothing to do with,<br />

Obs. a. A thing, action, course of conduct, etc,<br />

— Avoid z/. 8 b.<br />

13.. E. E. AUtt. P. B. 744 Nay \>Xi, faurty forfete ^et<br />

fryst I a whyle, & voyde away my vengaunce. }>a^ me vyl<br />

J^nk. 1390 GowER Conf. I. 105 For he doth al his thing<br />

be gesse, And voideth alle sikemesse. c 1400 Destr. Troy<br />

4017 Ho..voidet all vanities, & virtus dissyret. 14x2-20<br />

Lydg. Ckron, Troy iv. 1072 Be wisdam lete vs voide pride<br />

And wilfulnes. 1435 Misyn Fire of Love 12 pal liaue<br />

wodid old vnthriftynes of venemus lyfe. 1534 Moke Comf.<br />

agst. Trib. 11. Wks. 1100/2 He fyrmely purposeth vpon it,<br />

no lesse glad to do it, then a nother man wolde be glad to<br />

voyde it. x68i R. L'Estbance Tully''s Of^ccs 64 Beware<br />

,.to void things that look Harsh, Rough, and Uncivil.<br />

b. A person or persons : = Avoid 7;. 8 a.<br />

C1374 Chaucer Anel. 4- Arc. 295, I voyde companye,<br />

I fle gladnesse. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 249<br />

William .. was i^orowned kyng at Westmynstre of Aldredus<br />

archebisshop of York, and voydede Stygandus archebisshop<br />

of Caunterbury. c 1400 Beryn 2456 Good sir, . . why do yee<br />

voide me?.. I woll 5ewe no more harm. 1607 Shaks. Cor,<br />

IV. v. 88 For if I had fear'd death, Of all the Men i th'<br />

world I would haue voided thee.<br />

f 11. To keep clear of, to escape from or evade<br />

(something injurious or troublesome) ; = Avoid<br />

p.g. Obs^<br />

In later use containing a mixture of sense 6 c.<br />

c X380 Wyclif SeL Wks. III. 30 We t>at hoten grete<br />

avowis to voiden angus and siiktiessis of J^is liif. 1387<br />

Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 347 And for l?e Romayns scholde<br />

somdel voide J?e cruelnesse, he made trompoures blowe,<br />

a 1400-50 Alexander ^^-zf^ (Dubl.), Bot whilke of yow as<br />

foundes frist on fote vs agayns, Sail neuer voyde my<br />

d^dane ne my derfe Ire. 14^ Rolls of Parlt. V. 127/3<br />

To eschewe and voyde the perils in thes said Articles.. expressed.<br />

1513 More Rich. Ill (1883) 48 A merveilous case<br />

II is to here, either the warninges of that he should haue<br />

voided, or the tokens of that he could not voide. c 1520<br />

Skelton Magnyf. 300 Let se this checke yf ye voyde canne,<br />

C1580 in Eng. Hist. Rev. July (1514) 524 He may rise or<br />

fall his price accordinglye and void manye inconveniences<br />

wiche the unskillfull fall in to. 1606 Brvskett Civ. Life<br />

16 The labyrinth which I desire most to eschew and voide,<br />

i6ao Frier Rush 18 For to voyde all tribulations and misfortunes<br />

that might fall in time to come, a 1677 Barrow<br />

Serm. Wks. 1682 I. 15 For voiding which prejudices. . I<br />

shall . . propose some of those innumerable advantages.<br />

+ b. To get out of the way of (a blow, person,<br />

etc.) ; to avoid in this way. Obs.<br />

c 1430 Merlin x. 159 He . . leide a.boute hym on bothe sides,<br />

and slow all that he raught with a full stroke, so that thei<br />

voyded hys strokes and made hym rome. 1596 Spensek F. Q.<br />

IV. vi. 3 As soone as th' other nigh approaching, vewed The<br />

armes he bore, his speare began abase, And voide his course.<br />

x6o6 Holland Sueton. 106 He had given straight commandament..that<br />

no man should trouble him, and all the<br />

way voided as many as were comming towards him. 1639<br />

Fuller Holy W^arv.ix. (1840) 258 A patron of pilgrimages,<br />

not able to void the blow yet willing to break tha stroke of<br />

so. .plain a testimony,<br />

12. To prevent or obviate ; to keep or ward<br />

•foff;<br />

— Avoid z;. 10. Obs.<br />

c X400 Destr. Troy 12109 Hit hade doutles ben done, and<br />

hire deth voldid. Had not Calcas he cursit carpit before.<br />

X509 Pari. Devylles xxxviii, If I tempte hym w* lechery, I<br />

must me hyde, He voydeth me of with chastyte. X528<br />

More in St. Papers Hen. VIH^ I. 285 Hym selfe and Your<br />

Grace, if it may be voided, wold be as lothe to have eny<br />

warre with iheym. 1605 Sylvester Du Bartas, Sonn.<br />

Late Peace xl, Henry our King, our Father, voyds our<br />

dangers, And..planteth Peace in Franca. X7az W. Hamilton<br />

Wallace 4 To void a bloody Civil War, The two Contendants<br />

should submit the Thmg, To the Decision of the<br />

English King.<br />

Iv. 13. intr. To go away, depart, withdraw<br />

from or leave a place or position ; to retire or<br />

retreat ; to give place,<br />

=<br />

make way ; to vanish or<br />

disappear :<br />

Avoid v. 6. Now Obs. or arch.<br />

Also const, (b) with advs., as aside^ a-ivay, hence, thence,<br />

out, or ic) with preps, asfrom, of out of to.<br />

a. Of persons or animals.<br />


VOIDED.<br />

of those Proposals, .directly infers a Voidance of the Agreement.<br />

1756 Monitor No. 30. 1. 276 I'here are men who<br />

blush not to promote a voidance of that part of the same<br />

act. 1884 Lavj Times 19 Jan. 205/1 It was held that the<br />

purchaser was not entitled in equity to obtain a voidance<br />

of the contract.<br />

+ 5. A verbal evasion or subterfuge ; an evasive<br />

answer or argument. Obs~\<br />

x6ii Bacon Lett. (1734) 137 Therefore I am resolved, when<br />

I come to my answer, not to trick my innocency . .by cavillations,<br />

or voydances, but to speak to them the language<br />

thAt my heart speaketh to me.<br />

+ 6, concr. Matter voided or cleared away ; the<br />

clearings of a table. Obs.~^<br />

174a Propos. Prav. Poor 6 Bones and other Voidance of<br />

the jfable, Dish-water.<br />

Vol ded, ppL a, [f. Void v.I<br />

1 1, Made void or empty ; emptied or cleared of<br />

contents, Obs.<br />

138* Wyclif yob xiv. II What maner if watris gon awei<br />

fro the se, and flod voided [h.^^uvius vacue/actus) waxe<br />

drie. 14*6 Lvi>G. De Gtiii, Pilgr. (,\tj Humblely I yow<br />

be-seke,..My voyded herte to fulfylle, Wych so longe..<br />

hath voyde be. £1440 Proutp. Parv, 512/1 Voydy[d], or avoydyd<br />

(A", voydid, . .auoyded), eveicuaius, c 1482 J. Kay<br />

tr. Caottrsin's Siege 0/ Rhodes (1870) F 10 [The bridge] was<br />

made with voyded pypes and with bords strongly nayled<br />

upon them. 1563 A. Neville Seneca's CEdipus 1. Aiij,<br />

The corncNowe to the voided Barnes nought els but<br />

emptie stalkes doth bring.<br />

2. Having a part or portion cut out so as to leave<br />

a void or vacant space : f a. Of shoes : Made with<br />

the front or uppers cut away or left open. Obs.<br />

at<br />

place out of t?at chamber gon. 1440 J. Shirley Dethe K.<br />

James (1818) 13 Withyn an owre the Kyng askid the<br />

voidee, and drank, the travers yn the chambure edraw, and<br />

every man depatrtid and went to rist. 1494 in Lett, ff<br />

Papers Rich. HI.


VOIDLESS, 290 VOKY.<br />

year after year by the voidinss of sheep only. i88o Lihr.<br />

Univ, KnowL (N. Y.) VI. 582 Voidings and trails of worms.<br />

fb. Fragments or remains of food removed<br />

from the table. = Voidance 7. Ohs,<br />

1680 Otway Crti«j Marius vi, li, He ..fed upon the<br />

voidings of my table. 1713 Rowk Jane Shore v, Oh ! beslow<br />

Some poor remain, the voiding of thy table, A morsel<br />

to support my famish 'd soul.<br />

0. aiirib.y as f voiding beer, beer given or<br />

drunk immediately before departing (cf. Voideb) ;<br />

t voiding knife, a knife nsed to clear away<br />

fragments of food from the table; f voiding plate<br />

= Voider 3 a.<br />

15*0 Whitintom Vulff. (1527) 42 b, Set down a charger or<br />

a voyder & gadre vp the fragmentes therin, & w* the<br />

voydynge knyfe gadre vp the . .cromes clcne. a 1600 Deloney<br />

Gentle Craft 11. ix. Wks. (loia) 193, 1 must be constrained<br />

to call my Maid for a cup of voyding beere ere you will<br />

depart 1607 Linpta v. xiii. JC iij [Sta^'e direction\<br />

Gvstvs with a voiding knife in his hand. x6io Guillim<br />

Heraldry it. vi. 64 These are called Voiders, either because<br />

of the Shallownesse wherein they doe resemble the accustomed<br />

voiding Plates with narrow brims vsed at Tables, or<br />

[etc]. 1649 in Arckaeol. (1806J XV. 2S1, 2 Voyding knives<br />

with christall handles.<br />

Voi'dless, a* rarr~^. [f. Void vI\ That cannot<br />

not voidable.<br />

be made void or annulled ;<br />

164a tr. Perkim' Prof. Bk, \. § 12. 6 Some grants of<br />

some persons are voidlesse by themselves, by their heires,<br />

and by those which shall have their estates for ever.<br />

tVoi'dly, o^z*. Obs, Also 5 voidli, voydely,<br />

6 -lye. [f. Void a. + -ly2. Cf. OF. vuidement<br />

(Godef.).] Vainly, uselessly ; to no purpose.<br />

c 1400 Destr. Troy 4384 .\t _ Vaxor )je vayn pepuU<br />

voidly honourit Bachian..as a blist god. 140J Pol. Poems<br />

(Rolls) II. 103 Thanne was the memento put fal[slly in<br />

the masse, and hooli chirche voidli or inadli biddith preye.<br />

X493 Festivail (W . de W. 1515) 157 b, Of Christ thou takest<br />

thy name. . . And beware that thou here not thy name voydely.<br />

Z544 Betham Precepts IVar i. cxcvi. I iv, By whych poHcie<br />

he shal neuer attempte, ne enterpryse anye matter voydelye,<br />

..but by all wayes he shall haue hys owne desyre.<br />

Voi'dness. [f. Void a. + -ness,]<br />

i" 1. Freedom from work; leisure. Obs.'~^<br />

X38a Wyclif Ecclns. xxxviil. 25 Wisdom wrijt in tyme of<br />

voydenesse [1383 vtarg.^ That is, in the tyme, in which<br />

thou art voide of other werkis of nede].<br />

t 2. The quality of being devoid or destitute of<br />

inanity, vanity, futility.<br />

value or worth ;<br />

X388 WvcLiF Wisd, xiv. 14 For whi the voidnesse of men<br />

[L. supervacuitas\ foond these idols in to the world. 155a<br />

HuLOET, Voydenes, inanitas^ uanitudo. 1603 Flokio Montaigne<br />

1. 1. 16s We are not so full of cvill, as of voydnesse<br />

and inanitie.<br />

3. The state or condition of being voitl, empty,<br />

or unoccupied ; emptiness, vacancy, vacuity.<br />

c 1400 Lan/ranc's Cirurg. 116 pe brayn.haj* sum sub-<br />

staunce of marie l>e which fulfiUiJ? )?e voidenes \c 1430 voydenesscs]<br />

of t>e forseid panniclis. c 1430 PUgr. LyfMankode<br />

IV. xviii. (i86g) 185 If |x)u be void J»ou shalt breke, o^er<br />

sownc hye; In voydnesse is but murmure whan men smyte<br />

it with an hard thing. 1561 Hollybush Horn. Apoth, 20 b,<br />

But if the voydnesse 'or emptinesse is in the nethermost<br />

membres, then tye hys vpper membres. 1595 Spenser<br />

Col. Clout 850 Through him.. began, .the hungry t* eat,<br />

And voydnesse to seeke full satietie. 1603 Holland PlutarcfCs<br />

Mor. 839 The Stoicks say, that the aire..admitteih<br />

no voidnesse at all. a 1693 UrqukarVs Rabelais ill. xiii. 105<br />

There is nothing in the Body but a kind of Voidness and<br />

Inanity. 17*7 Bailey (vol. II), Voidness^ emptiness. i8oz<br />

Lusignan I. 74 Theyseemed robbed of attraction, andtoher<br />

preoccupied mind presented only the voidness of a desert.<br />

1840 Blackw. Mag. XLVII. 775 The state of mind we have<br />

slightly depicted—so auspicious, one should think, from its<br />

troubled voidness, to the reception of religious convictions.<br />

x888 Harpers Mag. July 210 The perfect transparency and<br />

voidness about us make the immense power of this invisible<br />

medium seem something ghostly.<br />

b. A void or vacant space, esp. = Vacuity 8 b.<br />

c x^^ (see c 1400 above], 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor.<br />

820 The schoole of Pythagoras holdeth that there is a voidnesse<br />

without the world,.. out of which the world doth<br />

draw breath. Ibid. 1336 It is not likely that this world<br />

floteth . . in a vast and infinit voidnesse. 1643 H. More Song<br />

of Soul II. Injin. Worlds I, This precious sweet Ethereall<br />

dew . . God . . did distill., thorough all that hollow Voidnesse,<br />

t4. The state or condition of being without<br />

something ; freedom from^ absence or lack off<br />

something. Obs.<br />

XS34 Whitinton Tullyes Offices i. (1540) 33 The valyaunce<br />

of stomake is to be gyue to them and voydeness from angre<br />

and grefe. a 1569 Kingesmyll Confl. Satan (1578) 25 This<br />

is our Crimosin, no less then voidnesse of all goodnesse.<br />

'$79 ToMSON Calvin's Serm. Tim. 286/2 He hardeneth<br />

himsetfe in his impudencie, and voidnes of shame, a 1586<br />

SmNEY Arcadia iv. {1605)406 In whom a man might perceiue<br />

what small difference in the working there is, betwixt<br />

a simple voidnesse of euill, and a iudiciall habite of vertue.<br />

5. The state or condition of being legally void<br />

nullity.<br />

18835a/. Rev. 16 June 755 The existing system of prohibition<br />

(which, despite the auibble about voidness and<br />

voidableness, has notoriously been recognized in England<br />

from time immemorial).<br />

tVoil. Cant. Obs. rare, [prob. ad. F. t^?//^.] A<br />

town.<br />

i8ax Life D. Haggart {ed. 2) 67 The whole voil was in an<br />

uproar. x8»3 Ecan Grose's Diet. Vulg. 7'., Voil, a town.<br />

II Voile v^wal). [F. voile Veil sb.^ A thin<br />

semi-transparent cotton or woollen material much<br />

used for blouses and dresses.<br />

1889 Pall Mall G. 25 June 6/1 Another dress was made of<br />

I Gaz.<br />

a material called voile, in biscuit colour. 1898 ll'cs/m.<br />

'<br />

5 May 3/2 The term voile ' covers a variety of makes<br />

of stuff, some like muslin, some like cloth. 1899 Daily News<br />

20 April 8/4 The veiling that was so popular some years<br />

since, but which is now called ' voile '.<br />

attrib. 1898 li'estm. Gaz. 9 Sept. 3/3 A charming dress of<br />

white voile cashmere.<br />

II Voilette (vwale*t). [F., dim. of prec]<br />

1. A little veil.<br />

x863 P^ftg- Worn. Dom. Mag. IV. 237/2 The bonnet is of<br />

white terry velvet, made with a voilette of lace. 1902<br />

Westm. Gaz. 16 Oct. 3/1 The American whimsical, graceful<br />

draping of a veil of velvet-spotted chiffon has given rise<br />

to a remarkably pretty voilette in the shops there.<br />

2. A kind of thin dress material,<br />

1^08 Westm. Gaz. 29 June 10/2 A gown made in fine<br />

voilette, trimmed with lace insertion.<br />

tVoillance. Obs.-~^ In 5 woillaunce. [a.<br />

OF. {bieti)voiiiance (mod.F. -veiliance), ad. L.<br />

{bcnc)voleiitia benevolence.] (Good)will.<br />

142a tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Prlv. 123 'I'han gouerneye<br />

hanie wyth good Woillaunce and bonerte.<br />

f Vome, obs. (southern dial.) van FoiN v.<br />

X596 Hakisgton Metam.Ajax Prol. Bvb, Forto voineor<br />

strike below the girdle, we counted it base and too cowardly.<br />

tVoirably, adv. Obs.~^ [f. OF. voirabk^ f.<br />

voire true.] Truly, veritably.<br />

X50X in Lett. Rick. Ill ^ Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 165 The<br />

king of Ro[ mains] may voirahly saye that the same amytee<br />

in as [much] as it is perpeiuall. .oughte not to be availlable<br />

to the said rehelles.<br />

dire (vwar dfr). Laxv. Also 7 voire.<br />

II Voir<br />

[OF. voirXxxkty the truth + dire to say.] (See quots.<br />

1701 and 1768).<br />

1676 T. W. Office of Clerk of Assize G j, Such person so<br />

produced for a witness, may be examined upon a Voire<br />

Dire. 1701 Co^vclCs Interpr. s.v., When it is pray'd upon<br />

a Trial at Law, that a Witness may be sworn upon a<br />

Voir dire ; the meaning is, he shall upon his Oath speak or<br />

declare the truth. 1768. Blackstone Comiii. III. 332 If<br />

however the court has, upon inspection, any doubt of the<br />

age of the party,., it may. .examine the infant himself upon<br />

an oath of voir dire, veritatem dicere, that js, to make true<br />

answer to such questions as the court shall demand of him.<br />

1834 Edin. Rev. Apr. 232 .•^11 the persons most intimately<br />

connected with Ireland are examined on the voir dire.<br />

Vols, obs. f. Voice sb.<br />

tVoisdie. Obs. rare. Also 5 Sc, woidie.<br />

[a. OF. vo'isdie, voidie : see Vaidie.] Cunning,<br />

stratagem, sleight.<br />

137s Barbour Bruce ix. 747 >he suld press till deren^e ^our<br />

richt, And nocht with woidie [MS. woidre] na with sticht.<br />

[/bid. X. 516 the correct reading is probably voidy.] 1390<br />

GowER Co"f. III. 217 Nou schalt tnou biere a gret mervaile,<br />

With what voisdie that he wroghte.<br />

fVoisin, a. Obs.~^ [a.V.voisin:—h.vtctn~umf<br />

-us ViciNE fl.] Neighbouring.<br />

1527 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. iii. II. 129 The voisin<br />

Realmes and Lordships shuld be in hassarde.<br />

t Voi'Sinage. Obs. Also 6-7 voicinage, 7<br />

voysinage. [a. F. voisinage^ {. voisin : cf. prec.<br />

and Vicinage.]<br />

1. The fact of being neighbouring or near.<br />

x66s Sir T. Herbert Trav. {1677) 283 Erzirum is a Town<br />

of great strength, .and by reason of its voicinage to the Persian<br />

Dominions usually made the place of rendezvous, when<br />

the Turks have any design against that Empire. i68x<br />

Burnet Hist. Ref II. r. 203 Worcester and Glocester had<br />

been united, by reason of their Voicinage.<br />

2. The neighbourhood ; the adjoining district.<br />

X642 Jer. Taylor Episc. xxi. n^ All the Presbyters<br />

that came from Ephesus and the voisinage. X647 — Lib.<br />

Proph. Ep. Ded. 5, I had no <strong>Book</strong>s of my own here,<br />

nor any in the voisinage. 1673 H. Stubbe Further Vitid.<br />

Dutch War 4 We in the City and Country do repine, complain<br />

and rage, till the whole Voisinage prove Male-content.<br />

X678 Sancroft in Bp. Wake Charge{i-jo6) 43 Three Priests<br />

.., who are of the Voisinage where the Person testified of,<br />

resides.<br />

b. The neighbourhood (?/" a place.<br />

1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. 11. Sect. x. 2 There hapned<br />

to be a marriage in Cana of Galilee in the voisinage of his<br />

dwelling. 1660 — Ductor i. iv. rule a §13 It occasioned<br />

the death of all the little babes in the city and voisinage of<br />

Bethlehem. 1720 S. Parkkr Biblioth. Bibl. I. 415 A City<br />

came to be built in the Voisinage of this Holy Place.<br />

tVoisom. Obs. rare. Also 6 voysom. [ad.<br />

OY.avoeson^ var. oi avoueson : see VowsON,] An<br />

ad vow son.<br />

XS38 l^est. Ebor. (Surtees) VI. 77 The voysom of one benifice.<br />

1560 Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 154 b. Pope Paule<br />

by his deputes ordeyned a reformation, touching the abuses<br />

of the Churche, as permutations, voisomes, benefices incompatibles.<br />

fVoisour. Obsr^. [ad. OF. voisure, var.<br />

vosure, vousure, etc. (mod.F. voussure) : cf. Vous-<br />

SOIR.] Vaulting.<br />

c "375 Cursor M. 2278 (Fairf.) Tborow Jw grundwal of J?is<br />

tour flum rennis wij> grete voisour.<br />

Voist, variant of F018T v.^^ VousT v.<br />

Voit, obs. Sc. form of Vote sb.<br />

li Voiture<br />

(vwatwr). [F. voiture :—L. vectura,<br />

i. veci-y ppl. stem of vehere to convey. Cf. Vet-<br />

TURA.] A carriage or conveyance ; a vehicle.<br />

x698\y. King tr. Sorbiere's Journ. Lond. 6, I drew these<br />

Surprising Conclusions. First that a Hackney is a miserable<br />

Voiture (etcj. 1698 M. Lister Journ. Paris {1699) 13<br />

Hackneys and Chairs, which here are the most nasty and<br />

miserable Voiture that can be. X716 Lady M. W. Montagu<br />

Let. to C'tess of Mar 3 Aug., I., went in the longboat<br />

to Helvoetsluys, where we had voitures to carry us to<br />

the Brill. 1750 H.Walpole in Phil. Trans. XLVII. 46<br />

Having caused an easy voiture to be made, I undertook the<br />

journey in it. 1779 Warner in Jesse Selwyn ^- Contentp.<br />

(1844) IV. 32 But It rained hard, and I could get no voiture<br />

till I was forced to go to my engagement with Lady Lamhert.<br />

1814 sporting Mag. XLIV. 60 To say a few words,<br />

in the way of compliment, to the driver of anotber voiture.<br />

1840 Arnold in Life


VOL.<br />

6eir this rowm slef. 1599 James Melvill Diary (1842) 459<br />

That gossopc.was na Utle vokie for getting of the bern's<br />

name. X755 R. Forbes Jml,fr. London in Ajax's Sp. 30,<br />

I was fidgin fain an' unco vokie fan I gat out oner her.<br />

i7


VOLATB.<br />

L A large bird-cage ; an aviary. Also fig, and<br />

in fig. context.<br />

1630 B. JoNsoN AVw Inn v. i, She.. now sits penitent and<br />

solitary, Like ihe forsaken turtle, in the volary Of the light<br />

Heart, the cage, she hath abused. 16^ Flecknoe 7>»<br />

Vears Trav. no In lieu of imagining 11 flying about the<br />

world, we may imagin it rather pent up, and fluttering<br />

about some narrow Bird-cage or volary. 1687 A. Lovell<br />

tr. Tkrvetict's Traz: 11. 105 On the left hand before a Garden<br />

on the River-side, there is a Volary full of rare Fowl,<br />

as Eitradges, Peacocks and others, i7i8 0zELi,tr. Journe.<br />

fort'sVoy, II. 235 Thegardens, the volaries, the dog-kfinnel,<br />

the falconry, the square and baiar.. are worth seeing. ?i743<br />

Lady M. W. ^\q^^kkm Lett.Jo Mrs. ForsUriiSgi) IL 124,<br />

I find myself so improperly lodged as if i inhabited a volery.<br />

I7sis Mks. Calderwood in Coltness Coll, (Maiiland <strong>Club</strong>)<br />

186 <strong>Here</strong> is a flat, laid out like a partcire.. .and a volary,<br />

which is a little place with the face of it wire. 1891 Daily<br />

News 3 Sept. 5/3 Birds, .living happily in.. confinement in<br />

very large cages, in spacious volaries.<br />

tracts/, a 1637 B. Jonson Undtrwoods xvi. Wks, (Rtldg.)<br />

694/1, I thought thee then our Orpheus, that wouldst try.<br />

Like him, to make the air one volary. .1640 Carew Poems<br />

Wks. (1824} 34 Yet thou hadst daintyes, as the skie Had<br />

only been ihy volarie.<br />

attrib, lyao Strvpe Siow's Sun: vi. iii. IL 624/1 Edward<br />

Story, Esq; Volary-keeper to King Charles 11. 1684.<br />

2. collect. The birds kept in an aviary. AIsoyf^^<br />

X693 X-ocKK Educ. % 94 An old Boy, at his first Appearance,<br />

with all the Gravity of his Ivy-Bush about him, is<br />

sure to draw on him the Eyes and Chirping of the whole<br />

Town Volery. 1745 tr. Columella's Husb. viii. x, I'hese<br />

things wipe off and remove the nauseating of such of them<br />

[thrushes] as sit loitering in the aviaries, and make the<br />

whole volary more greedy and voracious.<br />

f Volat^. Obs, rare. (Meaning uncertain.)<br />

c 1460 Oseney Reg. 27, j. crofte and a volate [L. volatam\<br />

\>3X Hemmying preste was i-wonyd to have.<br />

Volatic (viJlse-tik), sb. and a. Now rare or<br />

Obs. [ad. L. voldiicus^ f. voldt-y ppl. stem of<br />

volare to fly.]<br />

A. sb. A winged creature.<br />

a 1643 W. Cartright On Mr. Stokes vi^ How would<br />

they vex their Mathematicks, Their Ponderations, and their<br />

Siaticks, To shew the Art of these Volaticks? 1657 Angier<br />

Elegy inS. Purchas/'f»/. Flying-Ins.^ I've sometimes viewed<br />

thy small Volaticks flye Like golden atom's hov'ring in the<br />

sky.<br />

B. cidj. That flies or flits about ; spec, in Path.<br />

of a variety of itch.<br />

1684 tr, Bonefs Merc. Compit. iii. 71, 1 ordered a Cuppingglass.,<br />

to get out that Volatick Spirit, which daily ranged<br />

the whole body. Ibid, xvi, 549 This Remedy is of so great<br />

efficacy, that,. presently the volatick Itch falls off dead.<br />

176a Falconer Skipwr. iii. 292 Amidst the gloom volatic<br />

meteors blaze, i860 Mavnb Expos. Lex. xyi,tj-2 UolalicuSf<br />

..flying; flitting; inconstant; volatic.<br />

So Vola'tical a. rarer^.<br />

2656 BtOLNT Glossogr.., Volatical^ that flyes or goes away<br />

suddenly, flitting, inconstant.<br />

t Vola-tify, v. Obs.-^ [f. L. voldt- (cf. next) +<br />

-(l)pY.] trans. To render volatile.<br />

1666 J. H. Treat. Gt. Antid. 4 Poure thereon a pint and<br />

half of volatile Salt of Tartar volaiified with spirit of Wine.<br />

Volatile (vf?-lat3il, -il), sb. and a. Forms : 4,<br />

7-8volatil, 5 -tille. 6-7 -till, 7 -tie; 4- volatile<br />

(4 -tyle). [a. OK. and F. volatile -He ( = Sp. and<br />

Pg. volatil. It. v0latile)i or ad. L. voldtilis (also<br />

late L. voldtile sb.), f. voldt-y ppl. stem of voldre<br />

to fly.]<br />

A. sb. 1 1. collect. Birds, esp. wild-fowl. Obs,<br />

(So OF. volatil.)<br />

a 1300 Cursor M. 6386 Volatil sent \}3\m J>at king. 13..<br />

Coer de L. 4225 Off, , Partryhches, plovers, and heroun, Off<br />

larkes, and smale volatyle. 1383 WvcLtF Gen. vii. 14 Al<br />

that moueth vpon the erthe in his kynde, and al volatile<br />

after his kynde. a 1400-50 Alexander 4637 Of all t>e frutis<br />

on ^ fold we fange at oure will, Bath venyson & volatile &<br />

variand (isches. c 1475 Promp. Parv. 512/1 (IC), Volatile,<br />

wyldfowle, ..I'o/a///^^. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. m. xv, To<br />

noy the small the ^reit beistis had \M will. Nor rauenous<br />

foulis the lytill volatill. 157a Satir. Poems Reform, xxxviii.<br />

36 As the fals fowler . . Deuoiris the pure volatill he wylis to<br />

the net. a 1660 Contemp. Hist. Irel. (Ir. Archseol Soc.) L<br />

164 Espiing that greate mortaliiie not yett interredf disfigured<br />

by volatle and other wilde beastes.<br />

2. A winged creature; a bird, butterfly, or the<br />

like ; a fowl. Usually in plural.<br />

ai3i5/'r(?f


VOLATILITYSHIP.<br />

293<br />

II Volcauello.<br />

of volcano Volcano sb.'] A small volcano, esp. as<br />

forming one of a group.<br />

1888 Doughty Arabia Deserta I. 395 The volcanelli<br />

appeared standing so thick that bye and bye.. I counted<br />

above thirty at once.<br />

Volca'nian, a, rare, [f. Volcan-o sb. + -iak.<br />

Cf. VULCANIAN a.J Of or pertaining to, resembling<br />

that of, a volcano.<br />

VOLCANIC.<br />

;<br />

i<br />

2. Tendency to lightness, levity, or flightiness<br />

laclc of steadiness or seriousness.<br />

i6ss Fuller CA. Hisl. xi. ii. f 33 Thosclrecreations], which<br />

. .must needs be preacted by the fancy {such the volatility<br />

thereof) all the day before, a 1700 Kk.s Edmund Poet.<br />

Vyks. 1721 II. 78 Consideration.. Fixes the Volatility of<br />

fhought, Till to itself the wandring .Soul is brought. 1759<br />

Johnson Rasseiasxvi, Such sprightliness of air and volatility<br />

of fancy as utight have suited beings of a higher order.<br />

179a \. Young Trav. Franc,; -i-ji) Volatility and changeableness<br />

are attributed to the Frencli as national characteristicks.<br />

1811 Shellev in Hogg Li/c (1858) I. 379 Volatility of<br />

character evinces no capabilities for great atteciions. 1870<br />

Emerson Soc. erson. rare,<br />

1771 P. Parsons Newmarket II. 134, I repeat my wishes<br />

that this may come to the hands of your volatilityship.<br />

Volatilizable (vplatibi-zab'l), a. [f. Vola-<br />

TiLizK «>.] Capable of being volatilized ; that may<br />

be rendered volatile.<br />

i8i8 W. Phillips Min. f, Gcol. (ed. 3) 30 There is another<br />

Alkuh, .<br />

. which, being volatilizable at moderate heat, is therefore<br />

termed Volatile AlkalL 1841 Chil Enirin. < Arch.<br />

Jrnl. 1 V.^ 63/2 The portion of the coal, whicTi in common<br />

parlance is called ' bituminous ', is in a solid or fixed state<br />

while in the coal,, .though, subsequently, it is volatilizable<br />

and assumes the form of gas. 1876 Bartholow Malrria<br />

^led.^ (1879) 6 Iodine in vapor, iodoform, sal-ammoniac,<br />

bromine, and other volatilizable solids and gases.<br />

Volatilization (v^latibiz^i/jn). [f. next-f<br />

-ATio.v. Cf. F. volatilisation, Sp. -izacion, Pg.<br />

-izafio, It. -izzazione.'\ The action or process of<br />

making volatile ; the state of being volatilized.<br />

i66i BoVLE Sccpt. Chim. vi. (1680) 420 Multitudesof Chy.<br />

mists have., attempted in Vain the Volatilization of the Salt<br />

oflartar. 1663 — Uic/. Ex/>. Nat.


VOLCANICALLY.<br />

Hatftr's Mag. Jnly 243/2 Btiant. But Hugo reaches as<br />

high and goes as deep as anybody.. .Sfcncer. But isn't he<br />

rather—rather volcanic.<br />

5. = VoLCANKAN a. rartT^.<br />

1793 [Earl Dundonald) Descr. Estate Cuirass 31 It is a<br />

field well worth being explored by a volcanic Mineralist.<br />

6. Comb., as volcanic-like, -looking adjs.<br />

1800 Leyues Tour Higilamis (1903) 132 The red conical<br />

top of the volcanic-like hill. 1854 A. R. Wallace in My<br />

Life (1905) 1. XX. 335 K coarse, volcanic-looking gravel.<br />

Hence Volcanioo-, combining form, in the sense<br />

' volcanic and — ', as in volcanico-marine adj.<br />

l8u J. Parkinson Ox//. Oryctol. 260 The Breccip of Nice,<br />

the volcanico-marine valley, as it is called by St. Fond.<br />

Volca-nically, adv. [See prec. and -ICALLY.]<br />

X. In an explosive, eruptive, or fiery manner;<br />

with sudden violence.<br />

iSao Carlvle Heroes iv. (1858I 274 The accumulation of<br />

offences is.. too literally exploded, blasted asunder volcani.<br />

cally. 1873 SvMONDS Gk. Poets v. 127 The energies, .were<br />

restrained by the Aeolians within the sphere of individual<br />

emotions, ready to burst forth volcanically. l8jl T. Hardy<br />

Tess XXV, <strong>Here</strong>, in this apparently.. unimpassioned place,<br />

novelty bad volcanically started up.<br />

2. In respect of a volcano or volcanoes ; with<br />

regard to volcanic nature.<br />

1886 Daily News 2 Sept. 4/7 Astronomically, it [the earth]<br />

Is solid in its relations ; volcanically, it is of liquid or plastic<br />

character. 189a IMd. 16 Mar. 2/1 Cotopaxi . . comports<br />

itself, volcanically speaking, in a regul^ and welUbehaved<br />

manner. . ,<br />

Volcanicity (vfjlkani-Siti). [ad. F. volcamciti,<br />

or f. Volcanic a. -f -ity. Cf. Vulcanicity.] Volcanic<br />

action, activity, or phenomena.<br />

1836 Macgillivrav Trav. Humboldt xxvii. 411 Volcanicity,<br />

or the influence which the interior of our planet exercbes<br />

upon its external envelope. 1883 /I thenxum 25 Aug.<br />

245 One of those earthquakes called perimetric, that are due<br />

to a local volcanicity.<br />

Volcanism (vjrlkaniz'm). [a. F. voUamsme :<br />

see Volcano sh. and -isM, and cf. Vulcanism.]<br />

The state, condition, or character of being volcanic<br />

volcanic action or phenomena.<br />

1869 J. Phillips Vesuv.y. 150 Even if no other indication<br />

of former volcanism be traceable, 1882 Geikie Geol. Sk.<br />

276 The vast numberof fissures, .appeared hardly to connect<br />

themselves with any known phase of volcanism. 189S Pop.<br />

Sci. Monthly Mar. 577 Much more attention than formerly<br />

is now paid to the study of volcanism.<br />

Volcanist Cvp-lkanist). [f. VOLCAN-0 rf.-h<br />

*<br />

-1ST, or a. F. volcanisle.']<br />

L An asserter of the igneous origin of certain<br />

geological formations ; a Plutonist or Vulcanist.<br />

1796 KiRWAN Elem. Mi/t.ied.2) I. 445 This theory having<br />

appeared unsatisfactory to many of the volcanists themselves,<br />

they next devised [etc.]. 1813 W. Phillips Min. S,<br />

Geol. 68 Two distinct parlies, distinguished according to the<br />

notion they embrace, by the appellations of Volcanists and<br />

Neptunists. 1850 .\nsted Elein. Geol., Min. etc. Gloss.,<br />

Volcanist. . . A term of reproach belonging now only to the<br />

history of geology.<br />

2. One who studies or is versed in volcanoes.<br />

1838-32 Webster. 1848 Daubeny Descr. Volcanos 142<br />

The neighlwuring country to the north of Vicenza is inter-<br />

esting to the volcanist.<br />

Vo'lcanite<br />

'. Min. rare-", [f. Volcan-o sb.<br />

+ -ITE, or a. F. volcanile.'] (See quot and cf.<br />

Vulcanite i.)<br />

1838-31 Webster, Volcnnite, a mineral otherwise called<br />

augite. [Hence in later Diets,]<br />

Vo'lcanite ^. Min. [f. Vokan-o one of the<br />

Lipari Islands -f -ITE 1<br />

4.] (See quot.)<br />

1868 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 1004<br />

sulphur.<br />

Volcanile, selenide of<br />

VOlca'nity. rare. [f. VoLCAN-lc a. + -ITT. Cf.<br />

Volcanicity.] a. Volcanic nature, quality, or<br />

vi. I. iQo So as to form a soil entirely volcanized. llfid. vii.<br />

I. 200 in a volcanized country, where stones of any other<br />

than a volcanic nature are not to be found.<br />

Hence 'Vo'lcanlse v. trans. (Cf. Vulcanize o.)<br />

1828 Webster (citing Spallanzani), and in later Diets.<br />

Volcano (vplk^'no), sb. Also 7-9 vulcano.<br />

PI. volcanoes (7-9 -os, -o's). [a. It. volcano<br />

(Florio, 1598), vulcano (Florio, i6ii):-L. Vol-,<br />

Vulcdnum, ace. of Volcanus Vulcan. Cf. Volcan.]<br />

1. Physiogr. A more or less conical hill or mountain,<br />

composed wholly or chiefly of discharged<br />

matter, communicating with the interior of the<br />

globe by a funnel or crater, from which in periods<br />

294<br />

of activity steam, gases, ashes, rocks, and freq.<br />

streams of molten materials are ejected.<br />

See also mud-, pseudo-volcano s.v. Mud sb. s, Pseudo- 2.<br />

o. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgr. vlll. xiv. 686 A Vulcano or<br />

flaming hill, the fire whereof may be scene . . aboue 100<br />

miles. 1663 J. Spencer Prodigies (1665) 85 They regarded<br />

those mighty Vulcanos as the Courts of Pluto. 1710 Palmer<br />

Proverbs 25 He that would needs peep into mount Vesuvius,<br />

and search the depth of its vulcano's. 1788 Gibbon Dccl. /


VOLENTINE.<br />

Hence tVo'lsntly (Kife., willingly. Obsr^<br />

1614 T. Adams DiucUs Banket iv. 183 Into the pit they<br />

runiie against their will, that ranne so volently, so violently<br />

to the brinkes of it.<br />

Volente, variant of Voluntv Obs.<br />

t Volentine. Obs. rare. In 4 vilentyne, 5-6<br />

Sc. walentyne, valantene. [Alteration of OF.<br />

volatile, voktile (see Volatil»j/^), perh. influenced<br />

by volant Volant a.] coll. Birds, fowls.<br />

c 1380 ^/> Fentmb. 3555 He made him murie al [lilke day,<br />

For vilentyne [F. votatisses\ he fond ynow On ryuer and<br />

on lake, c 1450 Holland Hojvlat 918 All birdts he rebalktt,<br />

that wald him nocht bowe,. .Thus wrcit he the walentyne<br />

iv.r. valantene) . . That all the fowlis [etc.].<br />

Volero, obs. variant of Bolero.<br />

Volery, obs. form of Volart.<br />

II Volet (vtfl«-). Also 8 dial. voUeat. [a. OF.<br />

volet, volkt kerchief, or mod.F. volet shutter, etc.,<br />

f. voler, a. L. volare to fly.]<br />

fl- A kerchief or veil worn at the back of the<br />

head by ladies. Obs.<br />

1398 Will J. Asshelmn (Comm. CrL Ix>ndon), Unam flamiy the<br />

volge for a tall man. 1655 — Ch. Hist. XL iv. Ji 32 One<br />

had as good be dumb, as not speak with the Volge. 1663<br />

Heath Fliigellum (1672) 29 Nor did the Volge know when,<br />

nor could their Boutcfeus tell where to cease.<br />

t Volger. Obs.—'^ [ad. obs. F. *volgere, vulgere,<br />

var. of voglaire, veuglaire, etc. : see Godefroy s. v.<br />

vouglaire and cf. Fowler 3.] A species of ordnance,<br />

longer and less powerful than the bombard.<br />

>iiS4S Hall CAro/i., lien. VIII, 121 The ordinaunce of<br />

bombardes, curtawes, and demy curtaux, slinges, canons,<br />

Tolgers and other ordinaunce.<br />

t volgivagant, a. Obs.-" [f. L. volgi-, vulgivag-us<br />

roving + -ANT.] (.Sec quot.)<br />

1656 Blount Gtosaogr., Volgivagant, Vulgivagant, pertaining<br />

to the common people, poor, base, mean, incertatn,<br />

inconstant.<br />

tVo"lible,<br />

rt.l<br />

volvfre Volve v. :<br />

Obs. rare.<br />

see -ible.]<br />

[ad. L. volubilis, f.<br />

Capable of turning<br />

or of being turned round.<br />

138a WvCLiF Ezek. X. 13 He clepide the ilk whcelis volible,<br />

or turnynge about. 1607 Topsell l''oiir-/. Beasts 279 This<br />

beast \sc. the hedgehog] . . is called red, sharp, maryne,<br />

volible, and rough.<br />

t Volible, a.2 0/5J.-I [f. L. vol; stem of volo<br />

I wish.] Capable of being wished or desired.<br />

167s Baxter Cath. Thiol, n. i. 76 As sensible good is<br />

apprehended by the Intellect, and made volible.<br />

Vo'lipreseuce. rare. [f. as prec. : see Presence.]<br />

(See qtiots.) So Vo'lipresent a.<br />

\%lii-iSchaff's lintycl. Relig. KhowLWI. 2415 Theglori.<br />

ned body ts..vo!ipresent, thatis, its presence was subject to<br />

the will of Christ. 189a M.tg. Chr. Lit. Apr. 3/1 (Stand.),<br />

'I"hc Saxon Churches generally acknowledged a potential<br />

presence (volipresence, multipresence) of the human nature<br />

of Christ.<br />

t VO'litable, a. Obs.—} [f. L. volit-dre : see<br />

Volitate v. and -able.] Volatile.<br />

a 1690 Hopkins Serin. John iii. 5 Disc. (1694) III. 120<br />

Their Prayers may be so importunate and earnest ."ts if they<br />

would _ take no denial from God ; But yet this VoUitable<br />

Spirit is S'X)n spent.<br />

Volitant (v()'litant), a. [ad. L. volilant-, volitatts,<br />

pics. pple. of volitare : see next.]<br />

L Flitting, flying, or constantly moving about.<br />

1847 Emersun Repr. Men, Montaigne Wks. (Bohn) I.<br />

340 We are golden averages, volitant stabilities, . .houses<br />

founded on the sea. 1858 v.v.'iifsSeti.side Studies 358 That<br />

snowy mass of cloud . . rose from the surface of this brilliant,<br />

buoyant, volitant, sea. 1891 Cent. Diet. s.v.. The bat is a<br />

volitant quadruped.<br />

2. Characterized by flitting or flying to and fro.<br />

x8p7 Frasers Mag. July 65/1 The tremulous volitant<br />

motion of breeze upon wave.<br />

Volitate (vflil^'t), v. [f. L. volitat-, ppl.<br />

stem of volitare, freq. of volare to fly.]<br />

1. intr. (Seequots.) "iObs.<br />

x6a3 CocKERAM I, Volitate, still to wander or flie vp and<br />

downe. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Volitate, to flie often, to<br />

run in and out, or to and fro often. j<br />

2. To fly with a fluttering motion. 1<br />

1866 J. B. Rose tr. Virg. Eel. * Georg. 67 Then straws<br />

and leaves will volitate in air. 1890 IlTustr. Lond. Neivs<br />

26 July 120^2 When a few weeks old they take wing, and if<br />

from an acclivity volitate down hill for a short distance.<br />

Volitation (vfjlit^fan). [a. raed.L. volitatidn-,<br />

volilatio (Uiefenb.), noun of action f. L. volilire : I<br />

see prec] Flying, flight. 1<br />

I 1895<br />

295<br />

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud, E/>. iv. i. 180 Birds or flying<br />

animals, .are almost erect, advancing the head and breast in<br />

their progression, and onely prone in the act of their volitation.<br />

1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Volitation, a flying or<br />

fluttering alwut, or up and down. 1864 Soc. Sci. Rev. I.<br />

382 The practical means of Volitation are to be sought for<br />

\\\ the same mechanical means as those by which Birds fly.<br />

S. R. Hole Jour Anier. 193 The young rook., exercises<br />

ill brief migrations., his powers of volitation.<br />

trans/. 1823 Blackw. Mag. XIII. 175 The additional voHtation<br />

acquired by such a stumble is rather apt to make you<br />

run your head plump against the next person.<br />

Voli'tient, a. rare^\ [Irreg. f. VoLiTl-ON +<br />

-ENT.] Of one's own free will or choice ; voluntary.<br />

1844 Mrs. Browning Drama 0/ Exile g2, 1 elected it Of<br />

my will, not of service. What I do, I do volitient, not<br />

obedient.<br />

Volition (v^i-Jan). [a. F. volition (i6th c,<br />

= Sp. volicioJtj Pg. voli^aoj It. volizione)^ ad. raed.<br />

L. voliiidn-yVolitio (Diefenbach), noun of action f,<br />

L. volo I wish, will.]<br />

1. With a and pi. An act of willing or resolving ;<br />

a decision or choice made after due consideration<br />

or deliberation ; a resolution or determination.<br />

1615 Jackson Creed i^. \\. §4, Wks. III.6i That such acts,<br />

again, as they appropriate to the will, and call volitions, are<br />

essentially and formally intellections, is most evident. 1640<br />

Bp. Reynolds Passions xvii. i8o They are onely Velleities<br />

and not Volitions: halfe and broken wishes, not whole<br />

desires. 1678 Codworth Intell. Syst. i. v. 851 Tliey suppose.<br />

.humar)e volitions, .to be mechanically caused and<br />

necessitated from those effluvious images of Bodies, coming<br />

in upon the willers. 1740 Chevne Regitnen 314 We may<br />

have vehement WilHngs, Longings, Volitions and Velleities.<br />

1777 Priestley Phil. Necessity i. 6 A determination to suspend<br />

a volition is, in fact, another volition. 1777 — Matt.<br />

-t Spir. (1782) I. Introd.p. v, Every human volition Is subject<br />

to certain fixed laws. 1830 R. Knox B^clard's Anal. 9<br />

When the animal has received a sen.^ation, and this sensation<br />

determines a volition in it, it is by the nerves that the<br />

volition is transmitted to the muscles. 1844 Mrs. Browning<br />

Drama 0/ Exile 1190 Grant me such pardoning grace as<br />

can go forth Froni clean volitions toward a spotted will.<br />

1864 BowEN Logic ix. 300 No one can tell Iiow a mere volition<br />

moves the arm. Ibid. 310 Unless some new volition of<br />

a power capable of controlling the universe should supervene.<br />

yiz. 1854 Emerson Lett. ^Soc. Aims, Poet. ^ Imag. Wks.<br />

(Bonn) III. 148 Good poetry.. heightens every species of<br />

force in nature by giving it a human volition.<br />

b. Used with reference to the will of God.<br />

1654 Warren Unbelievers 145 Gods gracious volitions<br />

towards them. 1675 Baxter Catk. TlteoL 11. 11. 27,"! doubt<br />

all sides are over temerarious in their distribution of Gods<br />

Decrees and Volitions. 1700 C. Nessr Antvi. Armin. {1S27)<br />

26 We.. make the volitions of God to come behind the<br />

created and temporary volitions of man.<br />

2. The action of consciously willing or resolving ;<br />

the making of a definite choice or decision with<br />

exercise of the will.<br />

regard to a course of action ;<br />

Very common from c 1830.<br />

1660 Jer. Taylor Ductor iv. i. rules § 8 The external act<br />

does superadd new obligations beyond those which are consequent<br />

to the mere internal volition, though never so perfect<br />

and complete, a 1676 Hale Prim, Orig. Man. \. ii.<br />

(1677)58 The Acts of this Faculty are generally divided into<br />

Volition, Nolition, and Suspension. 1690 Locke Hum.<br />

Underst. II. xxi. SsThis Power the Mincfhas to prefer the<br />

Consideration of any Idea;.. the actual preferring one to<br />

another, is that we call Volition, or Willing. 1713 Berkeley<br />

Hylas ff PkiL I. Wks. 1871 I. 287 By the motion of my<br />

hand, which was consequent upon my volition. 1751 Johnson<br />

Rambler No. 166 P 12 That when we find worth faintly<br />

shooting in the shades of obscurity, we may let in light and<br />

sunshine upon it, and ripen barren volition into efficacy and<br />

power. 1794 Godwin Caleb Williams 231, I shifted my<br />

situation with a speed that seemed too swift for volition.<br />

1828 Scott F, M. Perth xxix, In this answer the citizen<br />

saw something not quite consistent with his own perfect<br />

freedom of volition. 1843 Gladstone Glean. (1879) V. 14<br />

Do not let us suppose that . . we are contemplating an affair<br />

of mere individual volition. 1874 Sayce Comfar, Pkilol. \.<br />

37 Human volition is the result of so many obscure and<br />

complicated causes, as to appear at first sight mere caprice<br />

and chance.<br />

b. The power or faculty of willing.<br />

1738 Cm//. Mag. VIII. 22/2 The Traveller, as he hath<br />

Volition, may will to go to the Right or the Left before he<br />

comes to the Guidc-Post. 1764 Foote Patron 11. Wks.<br />

>799 '• 345^^0 this cabinet volition, or will, has a key. 1794<br />

Palf.v Evid. III. viii. (1800) 412 The individuality of a mind<br />

..or its volition, that is, its power of originating motion.<br />

1839 Barham Ingot, Leg. Ser. 1. St. Gengulphus, For Saints,<br />

e'en when dead, still retain their volition. 1848 Mks.<br />

iAMESON Sacr. \^^KY.\ACotnngsby i. ii, The four votes. .had been<br />

increased, by his intense volition and unsparing means, to<br />

ten. 1847 — Tancred i. ii, Montacute . . acted upon a<br />

stronger volition than his own.<br />

Hence Voli'tionless «., lacking volition.<br />

x88i J. Owen Even.w.Sktpticsr..\\.^\^'Y\i^ voHtionless<br />

will of the former \_sc. Schopenhauer] is as instinct with purpose<br />

. . as the most personal conception of Deity ever evolved<br />

from the brain of a theologian.<br />

Volitional (v^yii-J^nal), a, [f. prec. + -AL.]<br />

1. Of or l>clonging to volition; pertaining or<br />

relating to the action of willing.<br />

1816 Bentham Chrestom. 197 Whauoever influence .. the<br />

f)rospects of them may have upon the will or volitional<br />

acuity. 1853 R. Dunn in JmL Ethnol. Soc. (1856) IV. 43<br />

The exercise of perception, memory, and volitional power.<br />

1857 Grindon Li/ex\\\\. (cd. 2)215 The conscious, volitional<br />

exercise of our noblest capabilities. 1897 Hutchinson's<br />

VOLKAMEEIA.<br />

Arch. Sitrg. VIII. 223 It was conceivable that the absolute<br />

volitional rest imposed by the severe pain might have acted<br />

on the muscle.<br />

b. Affecting or impairing the will-power.<br />

1854 Bl'cknill Utisoundness 0/ Mind 28 Insanity may<br />

thus be Intellectual, Emotional, or Volitional.<br />

2. Possessed of, endowed with, the faculty of<br />

volition ; exercising or capable of exercising this.<br />

i8o2-ia Bentham Ration. Judic, Evid. (1827) V. 229<br />

Besides the argument you present to the intellectual part of<br />

their frame, you present to its neighbour the volitional part<br />

another sort of argument. 1864 Alger Hist. Doctrine Fut.<br />

Life V. viii. 627 The essence of mind must be the common<br />

ground and element of all diff'erent stales of consciousness.<br />

What is that common ground and element but the presence of<br />

a percipient volitional force, whether manifested or unmanifested,<br />

still there? 1887 M. Roberts Western Avernus 5,<br />

I began^ to fee! alive, volitional, not dead and most basely<br />

mechanical as at home in England.<br />

3. Of the nature of a volition.<br />

\%^x Eraser's Mag. IV. 361 It cannot move of itself, but<br />

a volitional thought is sufficient to raise it.<br />

4. Of forces : Leading or impelling to action.<br />

1B63 KinglakeCW;;/((i(i877) I. Pref. p. xiii, The volitional<br />

forces which acted upon Russia in 1853. 1874 Sidgwick<br />

Meth. Ethics 1. iii. 22 There seem to be two grounds of objection,<br />

.. one relating to the cognitive function, and the<br />

other to the motive or volitional uifluence, of the Practical<br />

Reason.<br />

5. Of actions, etc. : Arising from, due to, characterized<br />

by, the exercise of volition.<br />

Freq. from ^1875.<br />

1859 'Jodt^s Cycl. At/at. V. 675/1 The case of the respiratory<br />

muscles constitutes an example of mixed movements<br />

wherein volitional can be superadded to unconscious<br />

rythmic motion. 1875 Poste Gaius 1. Introd.,Such actions<br />

are both Volitional ((or the motor organs are set in motion<br />

fay Volition) and Intentional. 1878 S?nit/tsonian Rep. 419<br />

'I'he impulse causing the animal to make volitional movements<br />

comes from the peripheral centres. 1889 Buck's<br />

Handbk. Med. Set. Vll. 689/2 There is probably one portion<br />

of the cerebrum in which volitional work is especially<br />

performed, viz., the frontal lobes.<br />

b. Depending on volition or free choice,<br />

1890 * R. Boldrewood ' Col. Reformer (1891) 1 19 A mode<br />

of life more irregular, more volitional, than the daily mechanical<br />

regularity.. at Garrandilla proper.<br />

Hence Tolitiona'lity, the quality or state of<br />

being volitional.<br />

i8pS E'nnk's Stand. Diet.<br />

VOli'tionally, adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.] With<br />

respect to volition ; in a volitional manner.<br />

187a W. R. Greg Enigmas ofLife (1873) loi They were<br />

morally and volitionally more vigorous. tSy^Contemp. Rev.<br />

XXV. Q41 Whether they be performed volitionally or automat<br />

ically.<br />

Voli'tionary, a. [f. as prec. + -ary.] =<br />

Volitional a. 5.<br />

1890 Nature 13 Feb. 358/2 Some experiments which extend<br />

our knowledge of volitionary movement.<br />

Volitive (v(7*litiv), a. and sb. Also 7 volutive.<br />

[ad. med. or mod.L. *volitivus (whence It., Sp.<br />

volitivo)^ or f. Volit-ion f -ive.]<br />

A. adj. 1. Of or pertaining to the will ; volitional.<br />

1660 Jer. Taylor Ductor i. i. rule 2 § 4 The Volitive or<br />

chusing faculty cannot [take the name of conscience], but<br />

the intellectual may. a 1676 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. (1677)<br />

29 The Command that is given by the volitive Faculty of<br />

the Soul. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles 11. 359 The ordinate and<br />

actual power of God,. which some terme Gods Volutive<br />

Power, 1799 Sir H. Davy in Beddoes Contrib. Pl{ys. ^<br />

Med. KnoixH. 139 The perceptive and volitive powers depend<br />

. . on the constant supply of. . phosoxydated blood to the<br />

nervous and muscular systems. 1811-31 Bentham Logic<br />

Wks. 1843 VIII. 2S0 The volitional, or voHlive faculty, or,<br />

in one word, the will, 1878 Maccall tr. Letoumeau's Biol.<br />

386 In effect the deep cells of the cortical layers are motory,<br />

or rather volitive.<br />

2. Originating in, arising from, the will.<br />

167s Baxter Cath. Theol. 11. 11. 32 So that no man ever<br />

sinned^ by mcer Action as such, whether Vital, Intellectual,<br />

or Volitive.<br />

3. Performed deliberately or with express intention;<br />

designed, deliberate,<br />

1839 J. Rogers Antipopopr. ir. ^21 [The clergy's] intentional<br />

barbarity and cruelty, their volitive despotism and<br />

oppression, their willed persecution.. in reference to Luther<br />

and the like.<br />

4. Gram. Expressive of a wish or desire; desiderative.<br />

1864 Webster s.v., A volitive proposition. 1894 W. G.<br />

Hale in Classical Rev. Apr, 167/2 The Greek.. Subjunctives<br />

of Will (volitive) and., of Anticipation (anticipatory or<br />

prospective).<br />

B. sb. A desiderative verb, mood, etc.<br />

a 1813 Murray Hist. European Lang. (1823) IL 280<br />

Volitives or desideratives. .are formed by using the future<br />

consignificative sa with the doubled verb. 1894 W. G. Hale<br />

in Classical Rev. Apr. 167/2 The volitives never have av.<br />

VolitO'rial, a. [f. mod,L. Volitor-es birds<br />

capable of flight + -ial.] Of or pertaining to flying<br />

; having the power of flight.<br />

187a CouES N, Anter. Birds 178 The swifts, goatsuckers,<br />

and hummingbirds . . are birds of remarkable volitorial<br />

powers. 187s C. C Klake Zool. 93 The HornbilIsare..in.<br />

stances of the volitorial and the Kamichi in the grallitorial<br />

order.<br />

Voliwis, southern var. ME. fuliwis Full adv»<br />

2 (1. Volk, southern ME. or dial. var. Folk sb.<br />

It Volkameria. Bot. Also Vole-, [mod.L,,<br />

f. the name of Johann G. Volckamerj a German


otanist (1616-93).]<br />

VOLKSRAAD. 296 VOLLEY.<br />

A Linnean penus of verbcn-<br />

aceous shrubs, characterizeti by their fleshy or corky<br />

fruit ; a shrub or plant of this genus.<br />

1753 Chambers* CycL Suppl., yolkaniericL, in botany, the<br />

name of a genus of plants. . . The fruit is a roundish bilocular<br />

capsule. i8a3 Crabb Technol. Diet, s.v., The species are<br />

shrubs, :x?.— yoikameria actiienta,.. VrxcVXy Volkameria,<br />

iic. 1833 B'ness Bunsbn in Hare Li/e (1879) I. tx. 403, I<br />

have replanted with roses, oleanders, volcamerias, and<br />

geraniums. 1866 Trtns. Bot. 1235.<br />

n Volksraad (v^iksrat). [f. Du. volk people,<br />

Folk sb,-^raad senate, council, Rbde sb.^ The<br />

chief legislative assembly in either of the former<br />

South African republics of 'the Transvaal or the<br />

Orange Free State.<br />

185s Barter Dorp <br />

Abbot xviii, Even thus fly all your shafts.., but a breath of<br />

foolish affection ever crosses in the mid volley, and sways the<br />

arrow from the mark.<br />

b. Const, of.<br />

1590 Sir J. Smvth Disc. Weapons 31 b, The Archers with<br />

their volees of arrowes did breake both horsmen and footmen.<br />

1600 Holland Livy xxviii. xxxvi. 696 The Romans<br />

..at the first onset and volie of shot.. put them to flight.<br />

1625 Bacon Afiophtk. §126 It was told him, that the<br />

enemie had such voUeyes of arrowes, that they did hide the<br />

Sunne. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 210 The People.,<br />

ply'd the Top of the Mosque with .. Volleys of Stones.<br />

1734 tr, Rollins Anc. Hist. (1827) I. 345 Numerous volleys<br />

of arrows and stones. 1788 (jIubon Decl. Sf F. xlvi. IV. 520<br />

Their engines discharged a perpetual volley of stones and<br />

darts. 1850 Marsden Early Purit. (1853) 437 The mob<br />

rushed upon them with a volley of stones.<br />

c. poet. A storm or shower of hail, rain, etc.<br />

1737 Gentl. Mag. VII. 630 Wintry clouds, Surcharg'd with<br />

vollies of tumultuous hail, Or stores of sounding rain. 1784<br />

CowPER Task V. 141 The gloomy clouds find weapons,<br />

arrowy sleet, Skin-piercing volley, blossom- bruising hail.<br />

1 3. A company or troop of birds, etc., in flight<br />

a flight. Obs. rare.<br />

1601 Dolman La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) III. 760 The<br />

ringe doues are scene to come euery yeere in great vollies<br />

ouer the sea. Ibid. 843 Birdes of prey doe not flie togither<br />

in vollies or troopes. 1610 G. Fletcher Christ's Vict. 11.<br />

Ixi, But to their Lord, now musing in his thought, A heavenly<br />

volie of light Angels flew.<br />

f b. A crowd or large number ^persons or<br />

things, Obs.<br />

1595 Daniel Civil Wars v. cvii. Therefore easily great<br />

Sommerset. . With all the vollie of disgraces met. 1639<br />

Fuller Holy War 11. xxxvii. 94 King Almerick himself<br />

wearied with whole volleys of miseries, ended his life of a<br />

bloudy flux. ai656U5SHER^M«. vi. (1658) 564 The Souldiers<br />

..finding their return intercepted by a valley of Archers.<br />

1693 Humours To7vn 27 The Vollies of Duns, of believing<br />

Vintners, Tailors, Sempstresses.<br />

4. An uttering or outpouring ^numerous words,<br />

oaths, shouts, etc., in smart or rapid succession.<br />

Also without const.<br />

1590 Nashe PasquiVsApol. 1. C ij b, He giues vs a voley of<br />

Scriptures against Non Residents. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent.<br />

II. iv, 30 A fine volly of words, gentlemen, & quickly shot<br />

off. i6so [G. Brvdces] Horae Subs. 455 Whatsoeuer by<br />

them is performed, shall be sure to finde whole vollies of<br />

praises. 1647 N. WARD6'/>K^/£C«?^/Vr(ii843)54,Iamresolved<br />

..to storme you with volyes of Love and Loyalty. X649<br />

Milton Eikon, x. Wks. 1851 III. 412 Those thousands of<br />

blaspheming Cavaliers about him, whose mouthes let fly<br />

Oaths and Curses by the voley. 1710 Steele & Addison<br />

Taller No. 254 P5 We heard a Volley of Oaths and Curses,<br />

lasting for a long while. 1779 Sheridan St. Pa/rick's Day<br />

I. 1, Let him have our grievances in a volley. xj8* Miss<br />

BuRNEV Cecilia v. vii, [He] poured forth. .a volley of<br />

compliments. x8so W. Irving Sketch Bk. I. 64 This, however,<br />

always produced a fresh volley from his wife. 1847<br />

Illustr. Land. News 2 Oct. 219/2 Between them continuous<br />

volleys of what is called * chaff' were kept up. 1874 Lisle<br />

Carr y.GwyfimX. v. 163 A volley of dire anathemas against<br />

those scoundrelly insurance chaps.<br />

b. Similarly of sighs, groans, cheers, laughter,<br />

etc. Also without const.<br />

1589 Greene Tullics Love Wks. (Grosart) VII. 189 After<br />

a vole of broken sighes tempered with some teares, nee fell<br />

a sleepe. 1640 Sandvs Christs Passion iv. 270 Cries Of<br />

weeping Women, in lowd Vollies rise. 1648 Crashaw<br />

Music's Duel 63 A Throng Of short thicke sobs, whose<br />

thundring volleyes float. .In panting murmurs. 1727 Gav<br />

Begg. op. I. xii, What vollies of sighs are sent f^rom the<br />

windows of Holborn. 1786 tr. Beckford's VaiMek (1868) 103<br />

They burst out into volleys of laughter. 1877 Talmac.e<br />

Serm. 334 Let this religion of Christ go down under a volley<br />

of merriment. i88s B. D. W. Ramsay Recoil. Mil. Serv.<br />

II. XV. 65 Giving a volley of British cheers.<br />

c. A succession of words of command rapidly or<br />

smartly delivered.<br />

lyg/S Insir. ^ Reg. Cavalry (iZt^) 27 The repetition of them<br />

by every other individual concerned, must not be strictly<br />

successive, but as much as can be in a volley.<br />

t 5. Al {the or d) volley, on (or d) the volley^ at<br />

random, without consideration. Usu. with verbs,<br />

esp. speak. Obs.<br />

After F. a la volc'e.<br />

(a) 1578 H. Wotton Courtlie Contro7\ 252 The king.,<br />

they knew loued hir feruently,. .although it were begun at<br />

the volue. 1596 Harington Metam. Ajax .ApoL Aavjb,<br />

'I'he sundrie censures 1 shoulde incurre, by letting such a<br />

pamphlet fly abroad at such a time, when euerything is taken<br />

at the voley. c i6»o Z. Bovd Zion's Floivers (1855) 125<br />

Like those who speake at random at a voleye. i6a5 B.<br />

JoNsON Staple ofN. iv. i, 'Tis like a Ball at Tennis. .When<br />

we doe speak at volley, all the ill we can one of another.<br />

1686 F. Si ence tr. St. EuvrevionVs Misc. Pref., Otherwise<br />

we cannot lay hold of him, he speaksat volley and universally.<br />

[i8»oScoTT;1/^«rtj/. xvii, 1 have alwaysknown you. .prompt<br />

to si>eak at the volley and without reflection.]<br />

{b) 1629 Massinger Picture iii. vi, What we spake on the<br />

voley begins to work. 1630 B. Jonson New Inn i- vi. You<br />

must not giue credit To ail that Ladies puhliquely professe.<br />

Or talke, o'th vollee, vnto their seruants. 1831 Fraser^s<br />

Alng. Sept. 161/1 He never speaks ' on the voley ' (that is to<br />

say, at random).<br />

6. Tennis. The flight of a ball in play before<br />

it has touched the ground. Cf. Fly sb."^ 2 b.<br />

1596 Nashe Saffron Walden To Rdr. 24 One that stands,<br />

as it were, at the line in a Tennis-court, and takes euerie<br />

ball at the volly. 1878 Marshall Ann. Tennis 112 He frequently<br />

takes a difficult service (at the volley) off the penthouse.<br />

b. Tennis, Lawn-tenniSy Cricket, etc. A return<br />

stroke or hit at a ball before it has touched the<br />

ground ; the action of so returning the ball. (Cf.<br />

half-volley Half- II. i.)<br />

1862 Temple Bar VI. 282 [Mr. Budd] is said to have hit<br />

a volley to long-field for nine. 1884 MarshalCs Tennis<br />

Cuts 124 Ihe match was.. loudly applauded every now and<br />

then by the spectators, when a brilliant volley was called,<br />

or a smash was declared. 190a Sat. Rev. 12 July 51/1<br />

Instruction is given in the underhand volley [in lawn-tennis].<br />

C. = VOLLEYEB.<br />

1878 Marshall Ann, Tennis 112 He wasa powerful ./Wic*,<br />

and a capital volley.<br />

7. attrib. and Comb., as volley-boast, loophole,<br />

t -shot, system ; volley-ball V.S.^ a game in which<br />

a ball is struck from alternate sides of a high net<br />

without touching the ground {Cent. Diet. Suppl.)<br />

volley-firing, simultaneous firing at the word of<br />

command by successive parties of soldiers ; also<br />

Jig. ; volley gun, a form of machine-gun which<br />

fires bullets successively or in a volley (Knight,<br />

1884).<br />

1878 Marshall Ann. Tennis 197 He. .would generally return<br />

it by a 'volley-boast against the main-wall. zZ^Mus.<br />

ketry Instr. 62 Every file is to have its own target, and the<br />

hits are to be counted as in *volley firing. 1879 CasselVs<br />

Techn, Educ. III. 267 The superior efficacy of volley. firing<br />

and reserved fire. 1891 Daily News 2 Oct. 5/5 In the..<br />

Town Hall of Newcastle the representative fighting men of<br />

the Liberal party veie assembled for volley firing. 1898 Sir<br />

G. S. Robertson Chitral xxiii. 225 *Voltey loopholes are<br />

good against an enemy that attacks with a masterful rush.<br />

1689 Lond. Gaz. No. 2433/3 The Night concluded with<br />

Dancing, Bells Ringing, Bonfires, *Volly- shots, ijxiz Ibid.<br />

No. 3793/3 The 2 Companies of Foot, .gave a Volley Shot<br />

at each Proclamation. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 15 Sept. 2/3<br />

There has for some time been a feeling in the air that the<br />

*volley system was going.<br />

Volley (vp'li), V, Forms: 7 volly (8-9 /a, /.<br />

voljied) ; 6- volley, [f. prec]<br />

1. trans, a. To utter (words, etc.) rapidly or impetuously.<br />

Usually with advs., 2.% forth, off, out.<br />

1591 Troub. Raigne K. John i. (1611) 62 A prophet new<br />

sprung up, whose diuination volleis wonders foorth. Ibid.<br />

It. 73 If sobs would helpe,..My heart should volley out<br />

deepe piercing plaints. 1593 Shaks. Ven. ^ Ad. 921 Another<br />

flapmouthd mourner, blacke, and grim, Against the welkin,<br />

voiles out his voyce. 1754 P. H. Hibemiatt 37 She raves,<br />

and vollies off an horrid Cry. 1824 Scorr St. Ronan's xx,<br />

The bursts of applause which were vollied towards the stage.<br />

i8s9 Meredith R. Feverel xxxviii, Sir Julius turned one<br />

heel, and volleyed out silver laughter. 1885-94 R. Bkidges<br />

Eros iV Psyche Aug. xii, She saw an uncouth form.. whose<br />

parted lips Volley'd their friendly warning in a storm.<br />

b. To discharge (arrows, shot, etc.) in a volley.<br />

Cf. Volleyed ppl, a, 3.<br />

1839 Bailey Festus 139 When the storm bends hb bow,<br />

And volleys all his arrows off at once.<br />

O. Tennis, etc. To return (a ball) in play before<br />

it touches the ground ; to reply to (a service) in<br />

this way.<br />

1875' Stonehenge ''Brit. Rur. Sports (^6. i2lin. i. v. 690'!<br />

The service must not be volleyed. 1878 [see 2 b]. 190a


VOLLEYED.<br />

Sat. Rev. 12 July 51/2 It is bad policy to give the advice<br />

not to volley a lob.<br />

d. Cricket. To bowl or deliver (a ball) which<br />

reaches the batsman before bouncing. ? U.S.<br />

XQ09 Cent. Diet. Suppl.<br />

2. absol. a. To fire a volley (or volleys). Also<br />

in fig. context.<br />

Freq. in recent journalistic use, prob. after quot. 1854.<br />

l6o« Shaks. Ant, f; CI. II. vii. 119 Then the Boy shall sing,<br />

The holding euery man shall be.ite as loud. As his strong<br />

sides can volly. 1854 Tennvsox Lt. Brigcute v. Cannon behind<br />

them Volley'd and thunder'd. 1899 IVatm. Caz. 2 Jan.<br />

2A A large line of guerillas. .decided swiftly that their presence<br />

and position were di-scovered, and swiftly they volleyed.<br />

b. Tennis, etc. To hit or return the ball before<br />

it bounces ; to make a volley-stroke.<br />

1819 in Hone F.very-day Bk. (1825) I. 867 He never volleyed<br />

[i.e. at fives], but let the balls hop. 1878 Marshall<br />

Ann. Tennis 197 A young player, if he fancies he can volley<br />

well, will always be apt to volley balls which would come<br />

well off the end-walls. 189X Fall Mall G. 20 July 7/2 F.<br />

Rooke.. volleyed more effectively than his opponent.<br />

3. inlr. a. To emit or produce sounds simultaneously<br />

or continuously, in a manner suggestive<br />

of firearms or artillery.<br />

In recent use freq. in 'to volley and thunder', after quot.<br />

1854 in sense 2a.<br />

1810 SoUTHEV Kehama-x.yi\n. xi. When its thunder broke, .<br />

while it vollied round the vault of Hell, Earth's solid arch<br />

was shaken with the shock. 1875 L. Morris Children<br />

Street i, Every day come they there, Afternoon foul or fair,<br />

Shouting and volleying. 1886 Stevenson Kiilnafifed xxix.<br />

For some time Alan volleyed upon the door, and his knocking<br />

only roused the echoes of the house.<br />

b. To rush, roll, or stream with simultaneous<br />

motion ;<br />

to shoot rapidly.<br />

«8S3 C. Bronte Villette vii. About a hundred thoughts<br />

volleyed through my mind in a moment. 1880 Blackmore<br />

Mary Anerley I. x. 129 The crest of the wave volleys up the<br />

incline.<br />

c. To issue or be discharged in, or after the<br />

manner of, a volley.<br />

1887 BowEN yEneid I. 150 Firebrands fly, stones volley,<br />

the weapons furnished of wrath, [hid. III. 577 Molten<br />

masses of stone to the skies with a groan and a roar Volley<br />

in showers.<br />

Volley, southern dial. var. Follow v.<br />

Volleyed (v()*lid\ fpl. a. Forms : 7 volled,<br />

7-9 voUied ; 8 volly'd, 8-9 volley'd, 9 volleyed,<br />

[f. VOLLKT V. -f -ED.]<br />

1. Shouted or uttered in the manner of a volley.<br />

ai6i6 Beauw. & Fu Bondtica in. v, Heark..how the air<br />

Totters and reels, and rends apieces, Drusus, With the huge<br />

vollied clamours. 1813 .ScoTT Kokfdy v. xxxiii. He strove,<br />

with vollied threat and ban, .. To rally up the desperate fight.<br />

2. Of thunder or lightning : Discharged with the<br />

noise or continuous effect of a volley.<br />

Very common in poetry of the i8th cent.<br />

i(6j Milton P. L. iv. 938 When in Battel to thy aide The<br />

blasting volied Thunder made all speed. 17*6 Pope Odyss.<br />

XX. 212 Some pitying God.. With vollied vengeance blast<br />

their towering pride I 1744 Akenside Pleas. Inmg. i. 18B<br />

She springs aloft Thro' fields of air ; pursues the flying<br />

storm; Kides on the volley'd lightning thro' the heav'ns.<br />

i8za H. & J. Smith Rej. Addr. 38 The vollied flame rides<br />

in my breath. My blast is elemental death. sSzi Clare<br />

yUL Minstr. II. 60 While skies in vollied rolls are rent.<br />

b. Of the nature of a volley.<br />

183s J. Harris C/. r


VOLTAGE. 298 VOLTZINE.<br />

mtter^ -inductric ; voltaplost (see quot.) ; voltatype<br />

j^., an electrotype; v. trans. ^ to electrotype.<br />

yoitagTaphvy given in some Diets, as a synonym of<br />

'clectrotypy , after Penny CycL {1843) XXVI. 434/2, was<br />

coined specially for use in that work, and appears to have<br />

had no real currency.<br />

1834 Mrs. Somerville Conmx. Pkys. Sci. xxxiii. 338<br />

•Volta-clcctric induction is instantaneous. i86a Catal, Internat.<br />

Ejckih.^ Brit, II. No. 3578, The instantaneous<br />

feneration of volta-electric currents of intensity. 1834<br />

ARADAY in PhiL Trans. CXXIV. 85 On a new Measure<br />

of *VoUaclectricity. Ibid. 93 The instrument offers the<br />

only actual measurer of voltaic electricity which we at present<br />

possess...! have therefore named it a "Volta-electrometer.<br />

1839 Noad Electricity iii. 130 Its terminal wires<br />

are soldered to a Faraday's volta-electrometer. 1875 Knight<br />

Diet. Meek. 2714/1 Voitaeiectrometer, an instrument for<br />

indicating the degree of electrical excitation. 1849 Noad<br />

EUctricity (ed. 3) 491 The manner in which this machine<br />

acts will be clearly understood by reference to the general<br />

principles of '^volta-inductric action. 184a Franxis Diet.<br />

Arts, *Voltapl8a3 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces etc (1874) 303 Besides<br />

employing the usual chemical tests, I analysed it voltaically.<br />

1844 Noad Electricity (ed. 2) 144 When a series of some<br />

hundred couples of zinc and copper cylinders are arranged<br />

voltaically, and charged with common water, a battery is<br />

obtained. 1865 Mansfield Salts 12 One of these, the<br />

Chlorine, is said to be voltaically or chemically negative.<br />

Voltairean, Voltairian (vpltea*rian), sb.<br />

and a. [f. the later name of the French author<br />

Fran9ois Marie Arouet (1694-1778), who from<br />

1 718 styled himself (/^ P'oltaire.']<br />

A, sb. A follower or adherent of Voltaire in<br />

respect of opinions or the manner of expressing<br />

them ; one whose views on social and religious<br />

questions are characterized by a critical and mocking<br />

scepticism.<br />

a. 1871 MoRLEY Cottdorcet in Crit. Misc. Sen i. (1878) 51<br />

He t^-'ondorcet] was a Voltairean in the intensity of his<br />

antipathies to the Church. 1885 Athenwum 2 May 567/1<br />

His father, a country squire, and, as the fashion then was,<br />

a thorough-going Voltairean, had married one of his own<br />

serfs.<br />

^. 1875 Gladstone Glean. (1879) VI. 225 We are now engaged<br />

in training a nation to consist of Voltairians and of<br />

Clericals. x88j M. PATTisoNil/^w. (1885) 212 If it isagainst<br />

the Church it is a fiction of the Voltairians.<br />

B. adj. Of, belonging to, or resembling Voltaire<br />

holding opinions like those of Voltaire, or expressing<br />

them in his style.<br />

a. 1879 MoRLKY 5«r^^ viiL 176 The eager, bustling, shrilltongued<br />

crowd of the Voltairean age. 1885 'Mrs. Alexander<br />

' At Bay i, A shrewd, worldly, voltairean woman.<br />

^. 1876 L. Stephen Hours in Library 189 Walpole must<br />

be reckoned as belonging both in his faults and his merits to<br />

the Voltairian school of literature. 1896 W. K. Leask H.<br />

Miller v. 125 There is still the Voltairian type of thinker.<br />

Hence VoltaiTlauism (also -ean-), =: Voltaik-<br />

ISM.<br />

1848 W. K. Kelly tr. L. Blanc's Hist. Ten Y. II. 1B7 In<br />

order not to offend the Voltairianism of several of his friends,<br />

he had forborne to base his constitution on religion. 1890<br />

Athenxum 19 July 92/2 He interprets Voltairianism as *a<br />

school based on destructive irony,.. and incapable of raising<br />

or fortifying the human mind *.<br />

Voltai'rianize, v, rare. [f. prec + -IZE.]<br />

trans. To render Voltairian. Hence Voltai'rianized<br />

ppl. a,<br />

187a LiDDON Elem. Relig: ii. 49 It was. .quite another<br />

[thing] permanently to control the heart ana convictions<br />

even of the Voltairianized multitudes of Paris. 1902 Academy<br />

3 Jan. 7/2 Hamlet is completely Voltairianised, in the most<br />

audacious fashion.<br />

Voltai'rish., ti. rarer-^. [f. Fio/Za/V^ (see above)<br />

+ -ISH.] Resembling Voltaire.<br />

1841 Mrs, Browning Bk. Poets PoeL Wks. (1004) 639/2<br />

We will not. .set up its grand, luxurious, melancholy devil<br />

against Goethe's subtle, biting, Voltairish devil.<br />

Voltairism (vpltesriz'm). Also -oism. [f, as<br />

piec. + -ISM.]<br />

1. Something characteristic of Voltaire,<br />

1776 Mickle tr. Camoens* Lusiad Introd. p. cxxvi. The<br />

error confessed, and still retained, is a true Voltairism.<br />

2. The body of opinions or views expressed by<br />

Voltaire ; the mocking and sceptical attitude char-<br />

acteristic of these.<br />

1840 Cari.yle Heroes i. (1904) 14 Truly, if ChriBtianity be<br />

the highest instance of Hero-worship, then we may find here<br />

in Voltaireism one of the lowest ! 187a Morley Voltaire<br />

(1886) I We may think of Voltairism in France, somewhat as<br />

we think of Catholicism or the Renaissance or Calvinism.<br />

Voltaism (v^-lta|iz'm). [f, Volta (see Voltaic<br />

a.) + -ISM.] The production of an electric current<br />

by the chemical action of a liquid on metals; galvanism<br />

as produced by Volta's methods.<br />

181X R. Turner Arts Sci, xxix.


VOLTZITE.<br />

Voltzite (vp-ltzsit). Min. [f. the name of<br />

P. L. Vo/iZf inspector of mines ; named by Fournet,<br />

1833.] A native oxysulphide of zinc.<br />

183s R. D. * T. Thomson's Rec. Gen. Set. I. 274 Voltzite.<br />

This mineral is found at Pont Gibaud, in Puyde Dome. It<br />

Bissesses a pearly lustre ; colour rose-red, or yellow. 1852<br />

ANA Min. 252 Voltzite. A compound of sulphuret and<br />

oxyd of zinc. Occurs in implante^ globules of a dirty rosered<br />

color.<br />

Volu-bilate, «. Bot. [f. next + -ate.] = next.<br />

1819 Rees Cycl.y Volubile^ or Volubilate Stem or Stalk, .<br />

a name given to those of many plants, as all those the stems<br />

or stalks of which are of a twining or winding climbing<br />

nature.<br />

Volubile, a, Bot. rare. [ad. L. volubilis. So<br />

F. voiubi/e,'] = Voluble a. 4.<br />

299<br />

man. .with. .an insuppressable volubility of assertion. 1836<br />

Thirlwall Greece III. 11 The sweetness of voice, and the<br />

volubility of utterance, with which both [Pisistratus and<br />

CimonJ expressed themselves.<br />

b. Smooth, easy, or copious flow of verse or<br />

poetic utterance.<br />

1589 Nashe in Greene Menaphon Pref. (Arb.) 6 The<br />

spacious volubilitie of a drumming decasillabon. 175X Johnson<br />

Rambler No. 92 r 11 The verse intended to represent<br />

the whisper of the vernal breeze, must be confessed not much<br />

to excel in softness or volubility. 1779 — L. /*., Pom/ret<br />

(1838) 113 In his other poems there is an easy volubility.<br />

6. The character or state of being voluble in<br />

speech ; great fluency of language ; readiness of<br />

speech ; garrulousness.<br />

1819 [see prec.]. 1838 J. Murray Econ. Veg. 48 Some<br />

stems are volubile; or * twine' as ihe hop and honeysuckle,<br />

convolvolus, and 'scarlet runner.' 1S49 Balfour J/rt«, Bot.<br />

§ 66 Stems have usually considerable firmness and solidity,<br />

but sometimes they.. twist round other plants in a spiral<br />

manner like Woodbine, becoming volubile.<br />

II Volu-bilis. Bot. Obs. [L.; see prec So F.<br />

voiubilis.'\ Convolvulus.<br />

1664 EvKLVN Kal. Hort. Mar. 63 Sow on the Hot-bed such<br />

Plants as are late bearing Flowers or Fruit in our Climate;<br />

as Balsamine,.. Volubilis, M>Trh, Carrobs, [etc.]. 171a tr.<br />

Pomefs Hist. Dru^s I. 132 This Pod is the Fruit of a<br />

Kind of Volubilis.<br />

Volubility Cvf7li«bi-liti). Also 6-7 -itie, 7<br />

-itye. [ad. F. volubility (i5-i6th cent.; = It.<br />

volubilith^ Sp. -idad^ Pg. -idade)^ or ad. L, volUbiiitdSf<br />

f. volubilis : see next and -ity.]<br />

I. f 1. Quickness in turning from one object to<br />

another; versatility. Obs. rare.<br />

1579 Fenton Giticciard. \. (1509) 3 The wisedome and<br />

reputation of the man, togither with the naturall volubilitie<br />

of his wit. X605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. xviii. §5 Orators..<br />

by the obseruing their well graced fourmes of speech., leese<br />

the volubilitie of Application.<br />

+ b. Ready variation of expression, Obs.~~^<br />

1659 Harrington Vaierius ^ Publicola 18 If you speak<br />

of Israel, Athens, Rome, Venice, or the like, they hear you<br />

with volubility of countenance.<br />

2. The capacity of revolving, rolling, or turning<br />

round ; aptness to rotate about an axis or centre.<br />

IS94 Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. iii. §2 If Celestial! Spheres<br />

should forget their woonted Motions, and by irregular volubilitie<br />

tume themselues any way as it might happen, xtiox<br />

Holland Pliny I. 31 The world with continuall volubilitie<br />

and turning about it, driveth the.. globe thereof into the<br />

forme of around ball. 1656 Stanley Hist. Philos. viii. (1687)<br />

432/2 He who thrust the Cylinder, gave it the beginning of<br />

motion, but did not give it volubility. 1687 A. Lovell tr.<br />

Bergerac's Com. Hist. 86 It began to be out of my power<br />

any more to discern the Diversity of their several Motions<br />

by reason of their extream Volubility. 1705 Purshall<br />

Mech. Macrocosm 296 They lose their Fluidity, which depends<br />

upon the Volubility of Globular Particles at liberty.<br />

1740 Chevne Regimen 75 Blood Globules, by their Rotundity,<br />

Volubility, and Elasticity, resist Trituration, that js,<br />

Digestion. 1754 Diet. Arts ^ Sci. s.v, JVeedtc, In the construction<br />

of the horizontal needle a piece of pure steel is provided,<br />

of a length not exceeding six inches, lest its weight<br />

impede its volubility. 1871 Browning Pr. Hohenst. 1920<br />

Under pretence of making fast and sure The inch[of ascentj<br />

gained by late volubility.<br />

b. Of the eye : Readiness in moving, rarr-^,<br />

1603 Holland PlutarcWs Mor. 1275 The cbeerefull cast &<br />

amiable volubility of his quicke eie.<br />

1 3. Capacity for moving in an easy or gliding<br />

manner. Obs.<br />

1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. xxi. 89 Except men know<br />

exactly all the conditions of the serpent ;. his volubility and<br />

lubricity. x6io Guillim Heraldry m. xviii. 153 Such Crea.<br />

tures. .which, .as it were slide irom place to place, some<br />

more slowlie, but oihersome with a certaine Volubility and<br />

flexible Agitation of the Bodie. 1653 T. Watson Art Div,<br />

Contentm. xi. (i663) 185 The Poets painted Time with wings,<br />

to shew the volubility and swiftness of it.<br />

1 4. Tendency to change or turn from one condition<br />

to another ; changeableness, mutability, inconstancy.<br />

Obs. a. Of persons.<br />

1603 Florio Montaigne \\. i. 195 Whosoever shall heedefuUy<br />

survay and consider himselfe, shall finde this volubilitie<br />

and discordance to be in himselfe. 16x3 Shirley<br />

Tray, Persia 130 The world by taking notice of your infirmitie<br />

will alwayes feare volubilitie in all your actions.<br />

ax66o Content^. Hist, Irei. (Ir. Archa:ol. Soc) I. 304 All<br />

the lawe, pbisicke, and poetrie in the world canot cure or<br />

amende the flexibiliiie, volubilitie, incoostancie, and treacherie<br />

of this man.<br />

b. Of fortune or affairs.<br />

X609 Holland Amm. MarcelL 286 The volubilitie of inconstant<br />

fortune produccth these occurrences in the East<br />

parts, x^o Moral State Bug. i All affairs do resemble the<br />

great Machines of Heaven and Earth, in their motion and<br />

volubility. 1699 T. C[ockman] tr. Tully's Offices (1706) 88<br />

The great Volubility and Changeableness of Fortune,<br />

II. 6. Ready flow ^speech, etc.<br />

1589 PiHTENHAM Eng. Foesie \\. v. (Arb.) oi Which flowing<br />

of wordet with much volubilitie smoothly proceeding<br />

from the mouth is in some sort harmonicall. ^6s3Jer. Tav.<br />

LOR Serm, for Year 1. ii. 15 Some men . . explicate our praying<br />

in the Spirit, by a mere volubilty \sic\ of language.<br />

X656 Stanley Hist. Philos. v. (1687) 228/2 Cicero being at<br />

Athens heard him, and was much taken with the eloquence<br />

and volubility o( his discourse. 1670 Clarendon Hist. Reb.<br />

xvL 5 122 The General was not a Man of Eloquence or<br />

Volubility of Speech. i7«9 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II 43<br />

This unrestrained vohibiliiy and wantonness of speech is the<br />

occasion of numberless evils. 1791 Cowprr Odyss. xviii. 32<br />

Gods I with what volubility of speech The table hunter<br />

prates. x8a3 Lamb Elia 11. Old MargtUe Hoy, A. .young<br />

1596 Shaks. Tarn. Shr. \\. i. 176 Say she be mute, and will<br />

not speake a word ; Then He commend her volubility. i6oa<br />

Marston Ant. ^ Mel. \\. Wks. 1856 I. 23 You have the<br />

most gracefull presence,.. amazing volubility, .. deliciuus<br />

affabilitie. 1670 G. H. tr. Hist. Cardinals i. i. 13 It was my<br />

fortune to hear a Franciscan Preach.., but with more<br />

Volubility than Virtue. 1710 Steele T^ller'So. ri5 P5 His<br />

great Volubility and inimitable Manner of Speaking. 1751<br />

Johnson Rambler No. 157 f8 Long familiarity with my<br />

subject enabled me to discourse with ease and volubility.<br />

1781 R. King Mod. Lond. Spy 118 The following account,<br />

which she delivered with great volubility. 1826 F. Reynolds<br />

Life 9f Times IL 11 He took the lead in conversation,<br />

and his natural volubility, increased by sudden joy,<br />

carried all before it. 1855 Macaulav Hist. Eng. xi. III. 25<br />

Before he had been a member three weeks, his volubility,<br />

his asperity, and his pertinacity had made him conspicuous.<br />

1875 ft. James Mme. de Mauves i. Her volubility was less<br />

siiggeslive than the latter's silence.<br />

7. Extreme readiness 0/ the tongue in respect of<br />

speech or discourse.<br />

x6ia W. Martyn Youths Instr. 99 The volubilitie of a<br />

smooth tongue is nothing profitable. 1650 R. Stapvlton<br />

Strada's Low C. Wars iii. 67 A Counsellour of great subtilty<br />

and volubility of tongue. 1699 Garth Dispens. in. 36<br />

Both had the Volubility of Tongue, In Meaning faint, but<br />

in Opinion strong. 17XX Steele Sped. No. 252 P3 Vou<br />

have mentioned only the Volubility of their Tongue. X7SS<br />

Smollett Quix. (1803) 11.6 All this preamble was uttered.<br />

with such volubility of tongue,, .that they admired her good<br />

sense as much as her beauty.<br />

b. Similarly of the throat, voice, etc.<br />

1740 C18BER Apol. (1756) I. 282 In volubility of throat the<br />

former [singer] had much the superiority. X769 Goldsm.<br />

Hist. Rome (1786) II. 225 Nero.. used all those methods<br />

which singers practice either to mend the voice, or improve<br />

its volubility. XS84 Encycl. Brit. XVIL 9S/2 These [barmonies<br />

on horns and trumpets] they executed with volubility<br />

akin to that displayed on fingered instruments.<br />

t Volubilous, a, Obs."^ [f. L. volUbil-is : see<br />

next] Apt to roll or turn.<br />

X658 Rowland tr. Moufets Theat. Ins. 1059 It hath a<br />

broad round volubilous IJody.<br />

Voluble (V(7li77b'i), a. Also 7 volubiL [a.<br />

older F, voluble ( = Sp. voluble^ Pg. voluvel^ It.<br />

volubile) or ad. L. volubilisj f, volH-j volvire to<br />

turn : see -ble.<br />

_In some instances the use of the word echoes Horace £/. i,<br />

ti. 43 (Amnis) in omne volubilis aevum.]<br />

I. 1. Liable to change ; inconstant, variable,<br />

mutable. Now rare,<br />

X57S Fewton G


VOLUCRAKY. 300 VOLUME.<br />

1S51 Mas. Stowb Uncle Tom's C. xiv, He was listening<br />

to Haley, who was very volubly expatiating on the quality<br />

of the article for which they were bargaining. x86i Goul*<br />

BUKN Ftrs. Rtii^. i. (1873) 3 Every body can speak volubly<br />

upon controversial subjects.<br />

Voiuorary. rare-^, [f. L. volucr-is bird +<br />

-ART 1.] A treatise on birds.<br />

x8ot Dowdkn Fr. Lit. iii. 40 The earliest versified Bestiary,<br />

which is also a Volucrar>-.<br />

Vo'lucrine, a, rarc^, [f. as prec. + -INB.] Of<br />

or pertaining to, arising from, birds.<br />

1881 P. S. Robinson Under Punkah 23 The volucrine<br />

clamour continued unabated. .. The passage was filled with<br />

bird-cages.<br />

Volue, obs. var. Volley sb. ; obs. Sc. f. Wolf sb.<br />

Volume (vi?li«m), j^. Forms: a. 4-6volym,<br />

5 volom, 5-8 volum (5-6 voUum, 5 Sc, wolum).<br />

3. 5 Tolyme, velome, volome, 5- volume (6 Sc,<br />

wollume). 7. 7 volumne, 7-9 volumn. [a.<br />

OF. voiurrty volumefVolumme (F. volume^ = It. and<br />

Pg. voiume, Sp. volumen\ ad, L. voliimen coil,<br />

wreath, roll, etc., f. volvire to roll. The chief<br />

senses of the English word also exist in French.]<br />

I. 1. Hist. A roll of parchment, papyrus, etc.,<br />

containing written matter; a literary work, or<br />

part of one, recorded or preserved in this form,<br />

which waa customary in ancient times. Also^^.<br />

i3Sa WvcLiF DeuL xvii. 18 He shal discriue to hym a<br />

declaracioun of this lawe in a volym. 1387 Trevisa Higdtn<br />

(Rolls) V. 27 He expownede Ypocras his boolces as it were,<br />

and. .also he made meny veleyns \v.rr, voiyms, volums] of<br />

his owne. 1587 Goldinc Z>^i1/


VOLUMED.<br />

Lotui. Neivs i8 Apr. 507/1 Up from under them volumed<br />

the dust cloud, Up oflf the plain.<br />

2. trans. To collect or bind in a volnnie.<br />

1853 G. J. Cayley Las Al/orjas II. 119 It must have a<br />

bouquet of chemically prepared sentiment, and then it is<br />

fit to be volumed from the rough cask of MS., and decanted<br />

into the reviews. 1895 Punch 5 Jan. 11 For it's always<br />

been my practice, Sir, . . Since the day that I was volumed,<br />

*<br />

until now I'm fifty four.<br />

Volnmed Cv(7-li«rad), a, [f. Volume j^. andx*,]<br />

1. Made into a volnoie or volnmes of a specified<br />

size, number, etc.<br />

1596 Nashe Saffron IValden L j b, A little epitomizd<br />

Bradford^ Meditations^ no broader volum'd than a Seale<br />

at Armes. 1609 F. Gbevil Musta^ha i. Chorus, There, as<br />

in margents of great volum'd bookes The little notes. 1875<br />

A. R. Hope My Schoolboy Fr. Pref, 4 Full of the horrors<br />

of three volumed novels.<br />

b. Filling a volume or volumes.<br />

1746 Francis tr. Horace^ Sat. i. x. 89 Whose volumed<br />

works. . Kindled around thy corse the funeral fire. — Epist.<br />

I. iv. 5 Do you..Some rhiming Labours meditate, That<br />

shall in volum'd Bulk arise.<br />

C. Furnished with volumes.<br />

1897 HoWELLS Landlord at Lion's Head 22sT\\fiT0om..,<br />

was volumed round by the collections of her grandfather.<br />

2. Formed into a roll ing, rounded, or dense mass.<br />

1803 Scott Cadyow CastU xxiv, For the hearth's domestic<br />

blaze. Ascends destruction's volumed flame. i8ta Bvrom<br />

Ch. Hnr. 11. xlviii, The distant torrent's rushing sound Tells<br />

where the volum'd cataract doih roll. 1813 — Corsair 11.<br />

V. 18 His breath choked gasping with the volumed smoke.<br />

1855 Bah.ev_ A/j-j^iV 31 They in his hands the volumed<br />

lightnings laid. 1887 Meredith Appeasement 0/ Demeter<br />

ix, The volumed shades enfold An earth in awe before the<br />

claps resound.<br />

II VOlTUuen (v


VOLUMY.<br />

Vo'lnmy, a. ran-^. [f. Voldue ski Swelling,<br />

roanded.<br />

i8a7 Dakley Sykia 170 Clouds under clouds with volumy<br />

wombs.<br />

t Volnnt. Obs. rare. [a. late AF. volunt for<br />

earlier volunte VoLUKTY.] a. (See first quot.)<br />

b. One's own will.<br />

itt> Ttrmts o/tht Law 191 b, Vohtnt is, when the tenant<br />

holdeth at the will of the lessor, or of the Lord, and that is<br />

in two manners. [Hence in Harris (1704), etc.] x6ii<br />

SrEEO Hist. Gl. Brit. IX. ivi. 666/i This 1 haue here promised<br />

and sworoe, proceedeth of mine owne desire and free<br />

volunt.<br />

t Volnntaire, a. Obs. rare. [a. F. voluntaire,<br />

obs. f. voloiUaire : see Voluntaby «.] Free,<br />

voluntary ; of one's own choice.<br />

i6ts SvLVESTEE Tobacco Battered 835 Woe to the World<br />

because of such OlTences ; So voluntaire, so voyd of all pre.<br />

teiices. X671 R. MacWard True Nonconf, 27 His unimi.<br />

table example, in this his free and voluntaire suffering.<br />

t Voluntar, sb. Obs. [Cf. next.] One who<br />

rules .^^bitra^iIy ; a despot,<br />

1650 B. DiscoUiminiitm 12 Such.. may.. fitlier be called<br />

Masters tlien Magistrates, Voluntar 's then Potentat*s.<br />

t Voluntar, «. Sc Obs. [ad. older F. voluntaire<br />

or L. volutitSr-ius Voluntary a. : see ab ^.]<br />

Freely undertaken or given ;<br />

voluntary.<br />

1581 J. Hamilton in Cn. y. Benson 167 It requires much voluntary faith to<br />

be an infidel. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 74 Unfaithfulness<br />

is the voluntary love, as ignorance is the involuntary<br />

reception, of a lie. 1884 Ruskin Pleas. Learn. 78 Were<br />

faith not voluntary, it could not be praised.<br />

b. Of actions : Performed or done of one's own<br />

free will, impulse, or choice; not constrained,<br />

prompted, or suggested by another.<br />

Sometimes denoting * left to choice ', ' not required or demanded<br />

of one '.<br />

C1449 Pecock Repr. i. iv. 18 Before that..eny voluntarie<br />

or wiilul assignement of God was 5ouen to the lewis, a 1513<br />

{AKYAN Chron. VII. (1811) 548 Ihe archebysshop. .shewyd<br />

vnto them seryously the voluntary renounsyngc of the kyng.<br />

1534 Moke Com/, agst. Trib. \i. Wks. 1206/2 Resiitucion is<br />

..a thing of such necessitie, that in respect of restiiucion,<br />

almesdede is but voluntary. 1551 T. Wilson Logike D vb,<br />

That is called voluntarie, which doth betoken any thing<br />

done freely. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. 11. \. i6 The lottrie ol<br />

my desienie Bars me the right of voluntarie choosing. 163a<br />

LiTHcow Trav. 1. 7 Thy voluntary wandiing, and vnconslrayned<br />

exyle. 1673 Dkyden Amboyna Ded., This voluntary<br />

Neglect of Honours has been of rare Example in the<br />

World. 1736 Butler Anal. 1. v. Wks. 1874 I. 84 All wickedness<br />

is voluntary, as is implied in its very notion. 1780<br />

Bentham Princ. Legist, viii. (1789) 79 note, By a voluntary<br />

act is meant sometimes, any act, in the performance<br />

of which the will has had any concern at all; in this sense<br />

it is synonymous to intetttional. 1784 Cowpek Task vi. 333<br />

The horse . . throwing high his heel.s. Starts lo the voluntary<br />

race again. 1849 Robertson Senu. Ser. iv. ix. (1876) 82<br />

There must be some voluntary act transgressing some<br />

known law or there is no sin. a 1871 Grote Eth. Fragm.<br />

v. (1876) 187 Every action is voluntary, wherein the beginning<br />

of organic motion is the will of the agent.<br />

c. Of oaths, etc. : Proceeding from the free, unprompted,<br />

or unconstrained will of a person;<br />

voluntarily made or given ; spec, in Law (cf. next).<br />

1595 Shaks. yohn 111. iii. 23 I'hy voluntary oath Lines in<br />

this bosome, deerely cherished. 1607 Cowell Interpr.^<br />

Assumpsit, is a voluntarie promise made by word. 1719<br />

Jacob Law Diet, s.v. Oath, A voluntary Oath, by the Consent<br />

and Agreement of the Parties, is lawful as well as a<br />

compulsory Oath. 1769 Blackstone Comvt. IV. 137 [The<br />

perjury] is no more penal than in the voluntary extrajudicial<br />

oaths. 1782 Miss Burnf.y Cecilia v. iv, The next<br />

day Miss Belfield was to tell her everything by avoluntary<br />

promise. 1828-32 Webster, Voluntary affidavit or onth,is<br />

one made in an extra-judicial matter. 1840 Penny Cycl.<br />

XVI. 382 Oaths may be either voluntary or may be imposed<br />

by a political superior. 1883 CasseiCs Encycl. Diet. s.v.<br />

Con/ession, There existed also an ancient practice of voluntary<br />

confession in public of private offences and secret sins.<br />

d. Law. Of documents, proceedings, etc. (see<br />

quots.).<br />

1625 Glanville Voy. Cadiz (1883) 29 A voluntary certificate<br />

from some of the officers.. to prove her a defective<br />

Shipp. \'j%^'6a\.k2.is> Reports III. 174 He, as a Purchaser,<br />

shall avoid this Conveyance, because it was voluntary, and<br />

therefore fraudulent. 176^-8 Erskine Inst. Law Scot. i.<br />

ii. § 4 \'oluntary [jurisdiction] was that which was exercised<br />

in matters that admitted of no opposition. Ibid. u. viii. % 17<br />

If the wadsetter receive his money upon this intimation<br />

without compulsion,, .the redemption is voluntary. 1781<br />

J. T. Atkyns Rep. Cases led. 2) II. 89 Even in voluntary<br />

settlements, if the words lean more strongly to the one construction<br />

than to the other, it must likewise prevail. 1818<br />

Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 521 The ihiid mode of voluntary<br />

partition is, when the eldest makes the division of the lands ;<br />

in which case she shall choose last. Ibid. IV. 401 Edward<br />

Bussey being possessed of a term for 59 years, by voluntary<br />

deed, conveyed it to trustees. 1845 Poison in Encycl.<br />

Metrop. 11, 848/1 A voluntary charter is granted by a<br />

superior ex inero ntotH. x86o Wharton Law Lex. (ed. 2)<br />

757/2 Voluntary Answer, one filed by a defendant to a bill<br />

m equity, without being called upon to answer by the plaintiff.<br />

187s K. E. DiGBY Real Prop. (1876) 373 Voluntary<br />

conveyances of estates in land, that is, conveyances without<br />

any consideration, such as money or marriage,<br />

e. Naut. (See quot.)<br />

1867 Smyth Sailor's IVord-bk. 714 Voluntary charge^ a<br />

document delivered with the purser's accounts respecting<br />

provisions.<br />

2. Physiol. Of bodily, actions : Regulated or<br />

governed by the volitional faculty ; subject to the<br />

will. (Cf. Involuntary a. i b.)<br />

c 1400 Lan/ranc's Cirurg. 29 Brawn is maad of fleisch,<br />

senewe, & iigamentis, & l;>ei ben instrument [of] voluntarie<br />

meuynge. 1650 Bulwek Anthropomet. 6 Voluntary motion<br />

depends upon the Nerves. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. \. vi. 23<br />

Imagination is the first internal beginning of all Voluntary<br />

Motion. 1728 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Muscle, The Muscles<br />

of Voluntary Motion . . have each of *em their Antagonist<br />

Muscles. 1843 Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xv, 184 The<br />

muscles of voluntary life. 1855 Bain Senses ^ Int. i. ii. § 17<br />

'Ihe Spinal Cord . . is necessary to sensation and to voluntary<br />

movement (movement from feeling). x88x Mivart Cat 124<br />

Amongst the voluntary movements are the various movements<br />

of the several members.<br />

3. Of conditions, etc. : Assumed or adopted<br />

voluntarily or by free choice ; freely chosen or<br />

undertaken.<br />

1426 Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 22714 Kome ffortbe, and se<br />

an exanplayre Off poverte not voluntarye. X474 Caxton<br />

Chesse 11. v. (1883) 65 Scipion of affrique. .was so poure of<br />

voluntarie pouerie y' . . he was buried at y* dispencis<br />

of y8 comyn good. X58X Pettie tr, Cuazzo's Civ. Conv.<br />

I. (1586) 45 b, The companie which we come into by<br />

chance, consisteth of many persons, but y' which is voluntarie,<br />

which we ought to couet, containeth but few folke in<br />

it. X585 T. Washington tr. Nichoiay s Voy. iv. xxxi. 154<br />

Hee ended hys dayes in voluntarie exyle, x6xi Bible CoL


VOLUNTABY.<br />

ii. i8 Let no man beguile you of your reward, in avoluntarie<br />

humilitie. 6ai T. Scott Belg. Pismire i The Creatures<br />

subjected to his gouernment, in tlieir voluntarie<br />

obedience. X75« Young Brothers iii. i, I pretend 'twas voluntary<br />

flight To save a brother's blood. 1759 Johnson Rasselas<br />

xxviii, They discover what notliing but voluntary blindness<br />

before had concealed. 1847 S. Austin Kanke's Hist.<br />

Rff. III. 85 'Ihe inhabitants of tne town and country took<br />

a voluntary share in all the changes. " 1877 Mrs. Oliphant<br />

Makers Flor. xv. 386 His exile was voluntary, not forced<br />

like Dante's.<br />

trans/. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav, (cd, a) 10 The dead are<br />

..laid to sleep in a neat.. dormitory, his Armolets, Bracelets,<br />

and voluntary shackles accompany him. Ibid-^ Many<br />

voluntary rings and fetters of Brasse.<br />

b. Brought about by one's own choice or deliberate<br />

action ; self-inflicted, self-induced.<br />

1548 Elvot s.v. yoitifitaHuSfAIars voiuntaria, volnntAiiG<br />

death. 1576 Y lzmikg Faftopi. Epist. 246 w/ar^., Voluntarie<br />

death ought not to be attempted of any wise man. x6ox<br />

Holland Pliny I. 126 These make profession of voluntarie<br />

death : and . . when they are disposed to die at any time,<br />

they make a great funeral fire [etc.]. 1601 Shaks. yuL C.ii. L<br />

300, I haue made strong proofe of my Constancie, Giuing<br />

my selfe a voluntary wound Heere, in the Thigh. 1781<br />

CowpKR Truth 101 His voluntary pains, severe and long,<br />

Would give a barb'rous air to British song. 1878 Browning<br />

La Saisiaz 6t A law to contravene Voluntary passage from<br />

this life. i8gt Farrar Darkn. ^ Dmvn ix, One of those<br />

creatures, .who, in that age, so often took refuge from a<br />

depraved life in a voluntary death.<br />

O. Entered into of free choice ; also spec, (see<br />

quot. 18S9).<br />

i6xa-i3SiR H. HoBART R eports {^\&^) 149 We know well<br />

that the Primitive Church, .were but voluntarjr Congregations<br />

of beleevers, 1849 Macaui-ay Hist, Eng. li. I. 158 In<br />

some districts. . the ministers formed themselves into voluntary<br />

associations, for the purpose of mutual help and counsel.<br />

1889 Cent. Diet. s.v. Association^ Voluntary association^ in<br />

iaxv, a society which is unincorporated, but is not a partnership,<br />

in that the members are not agents for one another.<br />

i. Done of deliberate intent or purpose; designed,<br />

intentional.<br />

(a) X49S Rolls o/Parlt. VI. 488/1 She theryn \sc. in lands<br />

devised to her]doyng noe voluntary Waste ne Destruccion.<br />

1544 tr. Littletons Tenures (1574) 15b, If the lessee at wil<br />

make voluntarye wast, as in pullingedowne of houses, or in<br />

cuttinge orfellinge of trees. 1766 Blackstone C(Jw//«. II.<br />

281 Waste is cither voluntary, which is a crime of commission,<br />

as by pulling down a house; or it b permissive.<br />

1867 Smyth Sailor*s IVord-bk. 714 Voluntary stranding^<br />

the beaching or running a vessel purposely aground to<br />

escape greater danger.<br />

{h) 1530-1 Act 22 Hen, VIIl^ c 9 § i Consyderyng that.<br />

Toluntary murders [arc] moste highly to be detested and<br />

abhorred. ?a 1600 Perkins (J.), If a man be lopping a tree<br />

and his ax-hcad fall from the nelve,.. and kills another passing<br />

by; here is indeed manslaughter, but no voluntary<br />

murther.<br />

b. Law. Of escapes : Deliberately permitted or<br />

connived at.<br />

x66o Young Vade Mecum {ed. 6) 94 Voluntary [escape) is<br />

when one hath arrested another for felony or other crime,<br />

and doth afterwards suffer him to go whither he will. 1769<br />

Blackstone Contm. IV. 130 Voluntary escapes, by consent<br />

and connivance of the officer, are a much more serious<br />

offence. 1797T0MLINS Jacobus Law Diet. s.v. Escape^ If<br />

the marshal of the King's Bench.. or any other who hath<br />

the keeping of prisons in fee, suffer a voluntary escape, it is<br />

a forfeiture of the office.<br />

5. Of gifts, etc. : Freely or spontaneously bestowed,<br />

rendered, or made ; contributed voluntarily<br />

or by reason ofgenerous or charitable motives,<br />

1580 G. Harvey Let. Spenser S.'s Wks. (1912) 627/2 A<br />

small voluntarie Supplement of his ownc.. in commendation<br />

of hir .. thrice excellent M.-uestie. 1614 Raleigh Hist,<br />

IVorld ii.xv'ii. §8.400 Hecxhoriedallotherstoa voluntary<br />

contribution. X651 Hobbes Lez'iatM. iii. xliL 287 A common<br />

stock of mony, raided out of the voluntary contributions of<br />

the faithfull. i68j Penn in Clarkson Mem,(iZi2) I. 321 Let<br />

the Lord have a voluntary share of your income for the good<br />

of the poor, 17*8 Chambers Q'c/., Charity Schools, are<br />

Schools erected and maintain'd in various Parishes, by the<br />

voluntary Contributions of the Inhabitants. X797BURKB<br />

Regie. Peace'nu Wks. VII I. 359 Nor is it every contribution,<br />

called voluntary, which is according to the free will of the<br />

giver. 1800 A sialic A nn. A' «-., Misc. Tracts 335/ 1 Neither<br />

shall any subsidy be exacted from them,, .what they furnish<br />

shall be vuluntary. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. a) Ilf. 46 The<br />

clergy were supported by the voluntary offerings of their<br />

flocks, ifi^s Lncycl. Metro/. XIII. 918/2 Voluntary contributions<br />

in aid of the national resources. 1897 tVestm. Gaz.<br />

2 Mar. 2/3 Vou have got to go to the school whether you like<br />

to or not, whilst the * voluntary ' part of the maintenance is<br />

just twopence out of every shilling.<br />

II. 6. t a. Of the will, etc. : Free, unforced,<br />

unconstrained. Obs,<br />

1508 Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. cxxx. Wks. (1876) 230 Weknowe<br />

..that almyghty god of his owne voluntary wyll and gracyous<br />

volunty . . redemed vs. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidane't<br />

Conim. 206 Duke Maurice served themperour..of hys ounc<br />

voluntarye mynde. 15631 GoLDiNcCa'Jari. (1565) 33b, Con*<br />

sideryng he off'ered of his own voluntary wil, the ining he<br />

hadde before denied when it was requested,<br />

b. / 'oluntaryfaculty, tlie will.<br />

1867 Ai,DEM Elent, Intell. Philos. xxvi. 261 By the voluntary<br />

faculty, or the will, we mean simply the capacity of the<br />

mind to perform acts of volition.<br />

7. Of jTcrsons : That is such of one's own accord<br />

or free choice ; acting voluntarily, willingly, or<br />

spontaneously in a specified capacity; also, endowed<br />

with the faculty of willing.<br />

1594 Hooker Ecct. Pol, i. iii. $ 2 God did not worke as a<br />

necessary but a voluntary agent. 161 1 Shaks. Cymb. in. v.<br />

158 'ihat thou wilt be a voluntarie Mute to my designe.<br />

164a Fuller Holy ^ Prof. St. 111, xx. 205 No pity is to be<br />

303<br />

shown to such voluntary cripples. 1667 Milton P. L. x.<br />

61 Sending thee Mans Friend, his Mediator, his design'd<br />

Both Ransom and Redeemer voluntarie. 1754 Edwards<br />

Freed. Will 11. iv. 50 The Soul is an active Being in Nothing<br />

further than it is a voluntary or elective Being. 1776 Gibbon<br />

Decl. ^ F. ii. I. 43 These voluntary exiles were engaged, for<br />

the most part, in the occupations of commerce. 1868 Huxley<br />

Lay Sernt. iii. (1870) 46 The greatest voluntary wanderers<br />

and colonists the world has ever seen.<br />

+ b. Serving as a volunteer soldier; that is a<br />

volunteer ; also, composed of volunteers. Obs,<br />

1586 Acts Privy Council N.S. XIV. 55 A Commission . . to<br />

levie.. the number of 150 voluntarie footemen. 1590 Sir J.<br />

Smyth Disc. Weapons Ded. 5 b, The souldiors thereby being<br />

made voluntary, haue obeyed their Captaines no otherwise<br />

than hath oleased themsrlues. 1604 E. Gkimstone Siege<br />

OstendytThe Arch-duke had caused.. a volontarie Gentleman..<br />

to be put in prison. 163a Lithgow Trav. viil 350,<br />

I left Mr. Bruce with a Galley Captaine a voluntary Souldier.<br />

1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. vi. § 249 S' Nicholas<br />

Slanning's, and Colonel Trevannion's Voluntary Regiments.<br />

O. poet. Of a sword : Offered freely or willingly<br />

in aid of some cause.<br />

176X Gray Epit. Sir W. Williams \i. At Aix his voluntary<br />

sword he drew. There first in blood his infant honor seal'd.<br />

180B Scott Martn. iv. Introd., Eleven years we now may<br />

tell, Since, .our hand First drew the voluntary brand.<br />

t8. Favourably inclined or disposed {to do<br />

something) ; willing, ready. Obs.<br />

"597 A. M. Guillemeau's Fr, Chirurg. fiv, I am so voluntarye<br />

to communicate the same vnto certayne of my goode<br />

frendes. 1638 in Picton Lpool Munic. Rec. (1883) 1. 133<br />

The greater parte of the Common Councell.. bein^e all<br />

voluntary tendered to lend [to] the lowne for theexpedicion of<br />

the towne's business att London. x668 M arvell Corr, Wks.<br />

(Grosart) II. 263 He should be so much more at liberty to<br />

show how voluntary and affectionate he was to your Corporation.<br />

X74i-a Gray Agrippina 36 When yet a stranger<br />

To adoration, . . and obsequious vows From voluntary realms.<br />

1768 H. Walpole Hist. Doubts Pref.p. xv. When a successful<br />

king is chief justice, historians become a voluntary jury.<br />

absol. x6xi Bible Ps, xlvii. 9 vxarg.. The voluntarie of the<br />

people are gathered vnto the people of the God of Abraham.<br />

trans/. i6ax G. Sandys Ovitfs Met. 1. (1626) 11 Other<br />

Creatores tooke their numerous birth And figures, from the<br />

voluntary Earth. 1652 Crashaw Carmen Deo Nostra,<br />

Mary Magdalene xxi, That King. .That thus can boast to<br />

be Waited on by a wandring mine, A voluntary mint, that<br />

strowes Warm sylver showres where're he goes !<br />

9. Of institutions : Mamtained or supported<br />

solely or largely by the freewill offerings or contributions<br />

of members or subscribers, and free from<br />

State interference or control.<br />

1745 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 277 The education of<br />

poor children was all along taken care of by voluntary<br />

charities. 1837 M^Culloch Acc. Brit. Empire 11. 401<br />

Private or Voluntary Schools. 1867 Chambers's Encycl. IX.<br />

647/1 The United Presbyterian Church is . . not only in practice,<br />

but also in theory, a voluntary church. x868 Ibid. X.<br />

651/1 They held that the same objections did not apply to<br />

voluntary organisations [for educational purposes].<br />

b. Of or pertaining to, concerned or connected<br />

with, voluntaryism in respect of the Church or<br />

educational institutions.<br />

1834 Graham in C. S. Parker Life 4- Lett. Ue seid Maire, \>at [etc.). X56a<br />

Child- Marriages 75 The said Henrie did neucr lye with the<br />

said Mavde, nor did cohabete voluntarie together, c 1595<br />

Capt. Wvatt Dudley's Voy. iHakl. Soc.) 34 One of them<br />

voluntarie profered to goe with him into En^lande. 1609<br />

Holland Amm. Marcell. d 4 b, He did this voluntarie,<br />

according to the example of the ancient Decii. 163a J.<br />

VOLUNTARY.<br />

Haywaud tr. BiondCs Eromenalo'Rdt.tAn excuse of my<br />

not voluntary undergoing.. the burthen of this Translation.<br />

167X Milton P. R. n. 394 If of that pow'r 1 bring thee<br />

voluntary What I might have bestow'd on whom 1 pleas 'd.<br />

X710PRIDEAUX Orig. Tithes iii. 145 All should voluntary<br />

pay them in their Offerings at the Church. 1769 Sir J.<br />

Reynolds Disc. \\. (1876) 322 To go voluntary to a tribunal<br />

where he knows he must be humbled.<br />

C. sb. I. 1 1. Free will or choice ; = Voluntt.<br />

In the phrases of^ out of upon^ or at (a person's)<br />

own voluntary y at voluntary.<br />

{a) 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay*s Voy. i. xix. 23 b,<br />

Of theyr owne voluntarie [they] came to surrender^ themselues.<br />

Ibid. 1. xx. 25 The offer [was] made vppon his owne<br />

voluntary. 1590 Greene Mourn. Garm. Wks. (Grosart)<br />

IX. 168 If you were to chuse husbands at your owne voluntary.<br />

x6o6 G. Woodcock Hist. Ivsiine \\. 16 After this<br />

the Spartans, .. out of their own voluntary, inuaded the<br />

borders of their Empire, a 1617 Bavne On Eph. (1643) 317<br />

How canst thou,, .out of thy voluntary, converse with them<br />

who are not sanctified? 1633 J. Done tr. Aristeas' Hist.<br />

Septuagint 59 Uppon his owne voluntary, he came often to<br />

visite the workes.<br />

Kb) 1590 Greene Neuer too late Wks. (Grosart) VIII. 71<br />

Womens flatteries [were] too forceable to resist at voluntarie.<br />

1591 — Conny Catch, n. 11 He began to. .rap out<br />

gogs Nownes, and pronounes, while at voluntarie he bad<br />

sworne through the eight parts of speach in the Accidence.<br />

2. fa- Music added at the will of the performer<br />

to a piece played or sung. Obs,<br />

1565 Jewel Reply Harding (1611) 113 This is the plaine<br />

song, and may well stand for the ground : the rest is altogether<br />

descant and vaine voluntary, and the most part out<br />

of tune. ip97 Morley Introd. Mus. 126 To make two parts<br />

vpon a plaincsong is more hard then to make three parts<br />

into voluntary. Ibid., Rules which may serue him both for<br />

descant and voluntary.<br />

b. A musical piece or movement played or sung<br />

spontaneously or of one*s free choice, esp. by way<br />

of prelude to a more elaborate piece, song, etc.<br />

X598 Florio, Preludio, a proheme in musicke, a voluntary<br />

before the song. i6a8 Ford Lovers Mel. 1. 1, Upon his<br />

instrument he plays so swiftly, So many voluntaries, and so<br />

quick, That [etc.], x66a Playford Skill Mus. i. 60 He<br />

with his Harp.. ending his excellent Voluntary with some<br />

choice Fancy upon this Phrygian Mood. 1688 Holme<br />

Armoury iii. xix. (Roxb.) 154/2 TTie seuerall Beates or<br />

points of warre are these. . . 4. A Voluntary before the<br />

March. 1754 R. Newton CAar. Theophrastus 7 Something<br />

in the nature of a flourish, or of a voluntary before the tune.<br />

a 1785 T. PoTTF.K Moralist II. 134 He took up his flute, and<br />

touched a few notes of the voluntary he had heard the night<br />

before. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair xlviii. Sitting down to<br />

the piano, she rattled away a triumphant voluntary on the<br />

keys.<br />

^g. and trans/ 1603 Hvnd Mirrour Worldly Fame v,<br />

Dancing is the voluntary, which is played before a passage<br />

is made to unlawful desires. 1699 Gaule Holy Madn. 155<br />

Like a fantasticke Musician, he chiefly pleases himselfe;<br />

while he leaues the Grounds, to nm upon the Voluntaries.<br />

1686 Goad Celest. Bodies 11. viii. 2^5 The Lark and the<br />

Thrush sung their Voluntaries. 1712 Steele .S/>«/. No. 504<br />

F I These can . .say you are dull to-day, and laugh a Voluntary<br />

to put you in humour. 1795 Burke Let. to W. Elliot<br />

Wks. 1842 II. 240,1 have been told of the voluntary, which,<br />

for the entertainment of the house of lords, has been lately<br />

played by his Grace. 1814 Scott Wav. xliii, He. .van off in<br />

a wild voluntary of fanciful mirth, a 1881 Rossktti House<br />

o/Li/e ix, This harp still makes my name its voluntary.<br />

O. esp. A piece or solo, usu, consisting of two<br />

or more movements, played upon the organ before,<br />

during, or after any office of the Church ; also, the<br />

music for this.<br />

/«-, Out-voluntary, ihost respectively played at the beginning<br />

and close of a religious service.<br />

171a Steele Speet. No. 503 P2 Now the Organ was to<br />

play a Voluntary, and she., kept time., with some Motion of<br />

her Head. X731 in Abridgm. Specif. Patents, Music (1871)<br />

2 All psalm tunes, fuges, volunterics, and anthems that are<br />

usually sung in churches or chappells. 1779 Phil. Trans.<br />

LXIX. 193 Several voluntaries which he heard . . the organist<br />

play at the Cathedral. i8ox Busby Diet. Mus. s.v., The<br />

voluntary was originally so called, because its performance,<br />

or non-performance, was at the option of the organist. 1837<br />

HooD Ode R. Wilson 398 Let the solemn, swelling, organ<br />

greet, With Voluntaries meet. The willing advent of the rich<br />

and poor. 1870 Anderson Missions Amer. Bd. II. xxxviii.<br />

344 A voluntary skillfully played.. on the powerful organ<br />

belonging to the church.<br />

fig, 1863 CowDEN Clarke Shaks. Char. xvii. 448 This<br />

scene.. will form a choice voluntary as conclusion to our<br />

homily.<br />

t3. A voluntary oath. Obs.~'^<br />

1593 BiLSON Govt. Ckr. Ch. 270 In matters of religion that<br />

touch the peace and safetie of the whole Church of Christ, do<br />

you looke your voluntarie should bee receiued without all<br />

authoritie or testimonie to warrant it?<br />

t 4. An occurrence or event due to some person's<br />

voluntary action. Obs. rare.<br />

1659 Gaule Magastrom. 83 Casualties and voluntaries,<br />

whose events are not so much as probable, as not having<br />

any such causes as aforesaid.<br />

6. An extempore, optional, or voluntary piece of<br />

writing or composition.<br />

1690 Temple Ess., Poetry Wks. 1720 I. 245 The Priapein<br />

. . were little Voluntaries or Ex temporaries, written upon the<br />

ridiculous Wooden Statues of Priapus. 1801 W. Taylor in<br />

Robberds Mem. (1B43) I- 387 If I get Phillips to receive<br />

his voluntaries in the Monthly Magazine, he.. will take<br />

the less pains, i860 Mansfield Sehool-li/e at Winchester<br />

(1870) 107 Praefects and Senior part also were encouraged<br />

to write., a copy of verses on any subject selected by<br />

' '.<br />

themselves, which was called a Voluntary 1876 Lowell<br />

Among my <strong>Book</strong>s Ser. II. 206 At school he wrotesome taskverses<br />

. . and also some voluntaries of his own.<br />

6. A voluntary contribution.


VOLUNTABYISM. 304 VOLUNTEER.<br />

1837-8 J. Keegan Leg. ^ Poems (1907) So [The heap of<br />

stones) at last assumed a size sufficiently large to attract the<br />

attention of every person who went the way, who, in their<br />

turn, added their ' voluntary ' to the pile.<br />

7. A parting of a rider from his horse without<br />

sufficient cause ; an unwarranted fall. Freq. to<br />

€tU a voluntary,<br />

1M3G. A. Lawrence 5(»rrf!fr^ Bastille \\. 33 A conscript,<br />

who couM keep his saddle, through an entire day, without<br />

'taking a voluntary ', was considered, .a credit to the regimcQt.<br />

1883 Mrs. Kennard Right Sort xx\, They will say<br />

1 cut a voluntary.. .The stirrup-leather alone wa.s to blame.<br />

1990 /^ieitt 8 Feb. 177 The number of 'voluntaries' which<br />

are ever taking place in the hunting field.<br />

8. A voluntary examination.<br />

x8o4 J. Pavn Gieams 0/ Memory 75 As an initial step to<br />

my becoming a divine, it was., necessary to pass *the Voluntary<br />

*—a theological examination in my case very inappro*<br />

priately named.<br />

II. 1 9. One voluntarily, and ustially without<br />

pay, serving as a soldier in a campaign, battle, etc.;<br />

= VOLUKTKEB sb, I. Obs.<br />

In very frequent use from 1600 to 1645.<br />

1595 Shaks. John n. i. 67 Rash, inconsiderate, fiery voluntaries,.<br />

.Haue sold their fortunes at their natiue homes,. .To<br />

makeahazardofnewfortunesheere. i6ox MouNTjovinMoryson<br />

Itin.u. (i6i7)i38piuersworthy men., haue followed the<br />

wars here as voluntaries to their very great expence. 163a<br />

F. Markham Bk. li^aru vii._25 Those Souldiers, which we<br />

call by the name of Voluntaries, being a ranke of men which<br />

voluntarily, and of their owne meere motion without any<br />

constraint at all, doe betake themselues vnto the Warres.<br />

1636 WiNTHROP J\^e7v Eiig. (1825) I, 195 The soldiers wlio<br />

went were all voluntaries, and had only their victuals provided,<br />

but demanded no pay. 1670 Milton Hist. Eng. v.<br />

aigTurkiiel the Dane, .got leave of the King, with as many<br />

voluntaries as would follow him, to pass into France.<br />

fig. i6ia T. Taylor Ow/w. 7/V«Ju. 6 Letthem nowseruc<br />

as voluntaries vnder the Captaiiie lesus Christ.<br />

trans/. 1627 J. Taylor (Water ^.) Navy Land Shi/'s \ ijb,<br />

There were 7, other needlesse Ships which were in the nature<br />

of voluntaries, or hangers on vpon the Nauy.<br />

10. One who undertakes or engages in any kind<br />

of service, enterprise, etc., of his own choice or<br />

free-will; = Volunteer j(5. 3.<br />

X609 BiBLS (Douay) 1 Mace, \\. 42 Then there was gathered<br />

to them thesynagogeoftheAssideans.., everie voluntarlein<br />

the law. i6ta H. Ainsworth Annot. Ps. ex. 3 Thy people<br />

shallI be I voluntaries in the day of thy power. x6s8 \Vither<br />

Brit, Rememh. iii. 1507 That none durst become a voluntary,<br />

In such a Fire, for conscience sake, to tarie. a 1641 Up.<br />

MouNTAGU Acts


VOLUNTEER.<br />

Lord was a Man of Spirit, had srrv'd Voluntier under the<br />

Fountain of Glory Gustavus Adolphus. 1744 M. Bishop<br />

Life ff Adv. 57 There is a wide Difference between being<br />

press 'd and going Voluntier.<br />

c. Of or pertaining to a volunteer or volunteers.<br />

17«4 De Foe ^fem. Cavalier (1840) 136 Indeed it will be<br />

a volunteer war, said the king, for the northern gentry have<br />

sent me an account of above four thousand horse they have<br />

already. 1779 Sheridan Critic \. 1, If you had the least<br />

spirit you would have been., trailing a volunteer pike in the<br />

Artillery ground. 1837 Alison Hist, Europe {1847) VI. 118<br />

This was the Volunteer system and the general arming of<br />

the people.<br />

2. Voluntarily performing any action or service<br />

undertaking a service of one's own free will.<br />

The predicative use (quot. 1727) is freq. in De Foe's works.<br />

1661 ho\\.K Styie 0/ Script. 195 He is such a Volunteer<br />

Sinner, that he hath neither the Wit nor the Excuse of<br />

declining his Conscience in Complement to his Senses.<br />

17*7 De Foe Hist. Apfarit. Introd. 7 It was a most<br />

incongruous Suggestion that the Devil should come Voluntier<br />

to an Atheist. 1750 Dilworth Pope 71 It was natural<br />

for them to be the volunteer-heralds of that translation's<br />

merit they had some share in bringing to perfection. X76a-<br />

TX H. Walpole Virtue's Anecd, Paint, (1786) III. 179<br />

Probably a volunteer artist. i8ia H. & J.Smith Horace<br />

tH Land. 125 How many a volunteer muse. . Has met with<br />

her death in reviews. 1858 J. Martinf.au Stud. Chr. 249<br />

James and John and Peter, who never heartily recognized<br />

the Volunteer Apostle.<br />

trans/. 1713 Steele Englishvt. No. 55. 353 There were<br />

many hundreds of Volunteer Links brought into this Protestant<br />

Illumination.<br />

b. Of vegetation : Growing spontaneousily.<br />

1794 Vancouver Agric. Cambridge 44 A remarkably fine<br />

growth of volunteer ash, has lately been cut down- 1883<br />

Contemp. Rev. Aug. 233 They had the year before last 80<br />

acres of volunteer or s-elf.sown oats. 1883 Century Mag.<br />

Oct. 804/1 Crops are raised sometimes for twenty successive<br />

years, on the same fields, without the soils showing exhau^tion,<br />

and what are called volunteer crops.<br />

3. Of services, actions, etc. : Rendered or performed<br />

voluntarily.<br />

1714 De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 55 The king desires<br />

no man's service but what is purely volunteer. 1779 Burke<br />

Corr. (1844) II. 284, I am not very fond of any volunteer<br />

modes of raising money for public service. 1794 Mathias<br />

Purs. Lit. (1798) 252 Mr. Reeves will deter any man from<br />

volunteer effusions in favour of any M inister. 1873 Mozley<br />

Univ. Serm. viii. (1876) 167 It cannot be said that it is..<br />

contiary to jtistice to accep* a volunteer offer of suffering.<br />

VolnnteeT, v. [Back-formation from Voldn-<br />

TEEBINO vbLsb.\<br />

L inir. To undertake military service voluntarily,<br />

esp. on a special occasion. Freq. const.y&r.<br />

175s Johnson, To voluuteer^ to go fur a soldier. 180a<br />

James Milit. Diet, s.v.. In some instances soldiers volunteer<br />

for a limited period, and within ceitain boundaries.<br />

1849 EASTwiCK/Jry Leaves 163 The Bengali sipihb. .being<br />

asked, ' Do you volunteer V replied, ' Yes, Saheb,we volunteer,<br />

but we don't go willingly '. 1859 Thackeray Vir*<br />

ginians Ixii, Sir John had volunteered for the expedition<br />

which is prepaiing. i874Stu8bsCo»j/'. Hi%t. I. ii. 15 They<br />

volunteered and were bound by honour to their leaders.<br />

b. Const, to wiih inf. (esp. to serve).<br />

x8oB James Milit. Did. s.v., The drafts from the militia<br />

in 1798, who volunteered to serve in Europe only. 1849<br />

Macaulay Hist. Eng. iii. I. 301 John Sheffield, Eail of<br />

Mulgiave, ..volunteered to seive at sea against the Dutch.<br />

C. Const, into (a particular regiment).<br />

1841 E. CosTELUO Adv. Soldier i. At Londonderry, . I volunteered<br />

into the 95tb, since made the * Rifle Brigade '.<br />

2 To offer of one's own accord to do something.<br />

1840 Hood Up Rhine 193 Our old acquaintance volunteering<br />

to be our guide, we made the round of the sights of the<br />

town, i860 Tyndall Giac. 11. xL 293Myguide volunteered<br />

to cut the steps for me up to the pickets. x88x Froudb<br />

Short Stud. (1883) IV.^ II. ii. 180 No dean or tutor ever<br />

volunteeied to help our inexperience.<br />

b. To be thrown from a horse without sufficient<br />

cause, (Cf. Voluntart sb. 7.)<br />

x^i^o Field Z Feb. 177 There is scarcely a horseman of ex.<br />

perience who will not confess to have been at some time or<br />

other taken unawares, and to have * volunteered * in consequence.<br />

3. trans. To offer (one's services) for some special<br />

purpose or enterprise.<br />

1800 Med. Jml. IV. 127 When I first volunteered my services<br />

on ibis important subject. iSao Scorhsbv Acc. Arctic<br />

Reg. II. 49 Seven men volunteered their services, 1857<br />

Dickens Dorrit i. vi, Mrs. Bangham..bad volunteered her<br />

services as.. genet al attendant.<br />

b. With vbl. sb. as object, or refl.<br />

1806 Scott Let. in Lockhart (1837) II. iii. 94 One of the<br />

kindest was Lord Somerville, who volunteered introducing<br />

me to Lord Spencer. 1825 T. HooKSayings Ser. m. Passion<br />

^ Princ. xii. III. 270 He. .gravely volunteered himself as<br />

silk-holder, while Sliss Harriet.. wound off, I know not<br />

how many skeins.<br />

4. To offer to undertake or perform (something).<br />

1818 Scott //r/. Midl.y'x^ Mr. Lindsay.. volunteered the<br />

perilous task of carrying a verbal message. 1863 Cowden<br />

Clabke Shaks. Char. x. 371 One of the soldiers volunteers<br />

the office of interpreter. 1876 MissYonge IVomankind v'l^<br />

I had rather make Latin the schoolroom lesson, and leave<br />

German to be volunteered afterwards.<br />

6. To communicate (information, etc.) on one's<br />

own initiative.<br />

1839 Dickens Nickleby vii. He had grown thoughtful and<br />

appeared in nowise disposed to volunteer any observation.<br />

1841 Mrs. Mozlky Loit Brooch II. xiii. 99 This was what<br />

I call forward in a servant, to volunteer explanations, i860<br />

W. Collins Worn. White iii. xi. (1861) 411, I did not feel<br />

called dn to volunteer any statement of my own piivate<br />

Vol. X.<br />

305<br />

convictions. 1866 Geo, Eliot F. Holt ii. He volunteered<br />

no information about himself and his past life at Smyrna.<br />

elUpt. 1893 H. Chackanthorpe Wreckage 178 When he<br />

.started out late at night, he never volunteered where he was<br />

going.<br />

6. To offer to give or supply.<br />

1873 Tristram Moab i. 6 K delegate of the Ta'amirah..<br />

volunteered a guard of his tribe.<br />

7. With away : To surrender voluntarily.<br />

1807 Jefferson Writ. (1830) IV. 82, I.. do not wish to<br />

volunteer away that portion of tranquillity, which a firm<br />

execution of my duties will permit me to enjoy.<br />

Hence "Volunteered, Voluntee'ring ///. adjs.<br />

*797 J- SvMONDS in A. Voting's A utoinog. xii. (1898) 304<br />

You ju.stly reprobate volunteering infantry. 1864 Meredith<br />

Sandra lielioni x\\. In the end they deputed the volunteering<br />

Adela tosit with him inthe library. i886-£"«e lyuour is \>e place of volupt. i$ZzIbid, viii. xxvi. 131/1<br />

In mans body he disposeth to fairenesse, volupt and lyking.<br />

158s T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. 11. xxi. 59 [They<br />

frequent the baths] aswel for their volupt pleasure as bodily<br />

health, c 1590 J. Stewart Poems (S.T.S.) II. 205 It is the<br />

bontie of ane mychtie spreit, Vith monie guidlie qualiteis<br />

repleit In vincusing voluptis ewell and vaine.<br />

t Voluptable, a. Obs.-° [ad. L. (anteclassical<br />

and late) voluptabilis, f. voluptas VoL-<br />

UPTY.] (See quots.) Hence Voluptableness.<br />

16*3 CocKERAM I, Voluptable, which brings pleasure. 1656<br />

Blount Glossogr.^ Voluptable^ which brings pleasure, pleasurable,<br />

that causeth delight. 1717 Bailey (vol. II), Voluptablencsst<br />

Delightfulness.<br />

t Voluptary. Obs.-^ [ad. L. voluptdri-us, f,<br />

voluptas pleasure.] = Voluptuary sb,<br />

1599 B. JoNSON Cyntkias Rev. v. iv, Hed. An excellent<br />

confection. Cri. And most worthie a tiue voluptarie.<br />

Volupte(e, variants of Voluptv.<br />

tVolnpteous, a. Obs, Also -ious. [Alteration<br />

of Voluptuous a,, probably after volupte{e<br />

VOLUPTY.] Voluptuous.<br />

1513 More Rich. Ill {1883) 70 He set his volupteous pleasure<br />

Defore his honor. 156a T. Wilson Rhet. 57 b, The<br />

vnstedfastnes. .and wickednes of volupteous de.site. 1596<br />

Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 242 False hariednes,<br />

volupteous litherie, and al kynd of Viciousness.<br />

Hence f Volnpteoasness. Obs.<br />

iSj6 Tindale Jas. iv. 3 Youre volupteousnes that rayneth<br />

inyoure members, a 1548 Hall Chrott.^ Edw. V, 3 b, A<br />

private mannes fantesy or volupteousnesse. 1559 W. Cunningham<br />

Cosniogr. Glasse 83 There be some that suppose.<br />

Paradise, to be situated vnder th' Equinoctiall, as a place of<br />

pleasure, voluptiousnes, voide of Alteration, and contrary<br />

qualities. 159(5 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot, II. 91<br />

To satisfie the volupteousnes of the ryche.<br />

t Voluptibility. Obs. rare, [Cf. VoLDPT-<br />

ABLE a.] Voluptuousness.<br />

1631 J. Done Polydoron 28 The Stoickes and Pharises<br />

[held] that by voluptibility [/*77«/^rf-ii!lity] heere, wee lost<br />

the future ioyes of the other life. X633 -* Hist. Stptuagint<br />

129 To the end that peiseuering in that manner, you .shall<br />

. .iihewe your selfe inuiolable against all VoluptibiUties.<br />

Voluptie, variant of Volupty Obs.<br />

Volupti'fic, a, rare-°. [ad. late L. voluptific-<br />

«j.] 'Making pleasure or delight' (Bailey, 1721).<br />

Voluptua'rian, sb. or a. [f. next + -iAN.]<br />

c= next.<br />

1870 TinsUys Mag. XXIV. 53 The feeblest and least reputable<br />

of his brothers, the voluptuarian Joseph.<br />

Voluptuary (v(3fiz7'pti«,ari), so. and a. [ad.<br />

L. voluptuariuSy post-classical form of voluptdri"<br />

us Voluptary, f. voluptas pleasure, Volupty. Of.<br />

K. voluptuaire adj.]<br />

A. sb. One who is addicted to sensuous pleasures;<br />

one who is given up to indulgence in<br />

luxury or the gratification of the senses ; a sybarite.<br />

a 1610 Healey Cebes (1656) 126 <strong>Here</strong> are professed<br />

voluptuaries also. 1647 R, Stapvlton Juvenal i-^ His very<br />

name signifies a favouier of learning, and (as it appeares<br />

by this allusion) it may likewise signifie a voluptuary.<br />

x668 Bp. Hopkins Serm.^ Vanity (1685) 47 The most<br />

artiticial voluptuaries have always allowed themselves an<br />

intermission in their pleasures, to recruit nature, and sharpen<br />

their sensual desires, a 1734 North Lives (1826) I. 314 He<br />

was a great voluptuary, and companion of tlie higli couit<br />

rakes. 1776 Gibbon Decl. ^ F. vi. I. 149 A rational voluptuary<br />

adheres with invariable respect to the temperate dictates<br />

of nature. 1819 Scott Ivauhoe xxix. The admiration<br />

which her charms excited, when accident threw her into the<br />

power of that unprincipled voluptuary. 1840 Carlylb<br />

Heroes ii. (1858) 238 We shall err widely if we consider this<br />

man as acommon voluptuary, intent mainly on base enjoyments.<br />

1869 ^lcLAR^:N Servi, Ser. 11. vii. 126 Remember<br />

that this cruel voluptuary is the sweet singer of Israel.


VOLTTPTITATE.<br />

irtmsf, X85J Mrs. Stowe UhcU Tom^s C. xv. 138 St.<br />

CUre, who was in his heart a poetical voluptuary^ smiled as<br />

Miss Ophelia made her remark on his premises,<br />

B. adj. Of, pertaining to, characterized by,<br />

sensuous or luxurious pleasures,<br />

i6o§ Bacos Adv. Leatyu 11. x. § 13 The Arts which florish<br />

..wlulo-ertueisin declination, are voluptuarie :. .with Arts<br />

voluptuarie, I couple practises locularie. 1609 Holland<br />

Amm. Marcell. Esb, l-eading a wanton and voluptuary<br />

life. »66a Hibbert Body Divinity i. 308 Art is twofold, of<br />

X. Body. 3. Soul. Either i. Cosmetick,..2. Medicinal. ..3,<br />

Athletick,. .+ Voluptuary. 1779 Johssos L, /*., King r 8<br />

He did not love, .any kind of business which interrupted<br />

his voluptuary dreams.<br />

Volu'ptuatey v, rare, [f. Voluptu-ous a.]<br />

1. tram. To make luxurious and pleasant.<br />

1661 Ff.ltham Resoh'cs 11. xliv. 270 'Tis watching and<br />

labour, that voluptuates repose and sleep.<br />

2. intr. To delight voluptuously ; to luxuriate.<br />

1836 Kew Monthly Mag. XLVII. 143 The eye voluptuates,<br />

if I may coin a word, on peach, and almond, and<br />

orange blossoms.<br />

VolU'ptuize, V. rare"^. [Cf. prec. and -ize.]<br />

intr, =a prec 2.<br />

1831 Trelawny ^^p. Younger SonW. 136 If you would<br />

voluptuize in the full luxuriance of its perfect flavour.<br />

Voluptuosity (vJnrpti«^*sTti). Now rare or<br />

Obs, Forms : 4-6 voluptuosite (5 -itee, 5-6 -yte,<br />

6 -ytee), 5-6 voluptuositie (5 -itye), 7- voluptuosity.<br />

[a. OF. voluptuosiU (= Sp. voluptuosidad,<br />

Pg. -idade)j or ad. med.L. volupiuositas^ f.<br />

L. voluptu5s-us : see next] The quality or state of<br />

being voluptuous ; voluptuousness.<br />

a 1380 St, Augustine 741 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1878)<br />

74 But J>at paas is voluptuosite. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 280<br />

Thurgh sotie and thurgh nycete, Of his voluptuosite He<br />

s(>areth no condicion Of ken ne yit religion. 1431-50 tr.<br />

/^/]f(/ie« (Rolls) 111. 349 Thei scholde notjiiTe theire myndes<br />

to voluptuosite, hut to theire doctrine, c 1440 Alpk. Tales<br />

gg Epicurus,.. if all he was a sewer of voluptuosite,.,<br />

neuer-t>e-Ies he. .said, J»at appyls & o|>er vile meatis sulde<br />

be vsid. 1483 Caxtom Cato I ij. Thou oughtest to flee<br />

dronkeship, and lechery and al her volupluosites. 1515<br />

BAStciAt £g/oges ii. (1570) B iv/2 Voluptuositie Will haue of<br />

dishes chaunge & diwersitie. c 1520 -Jugtirth (1557) 44<br />

This discorde and takyng of parties bytwene them-.be^an<br />

amonge them., by superfluous habundance of richesse,<br />

voluptuosite, and of other worldely delectations, a 1678<br />

WooDHEAD Hol^ Living (168SJ 113 The same action, that<br />

now is lawful, if coniiuued, presently becomes unlawful<br />

(as.. particular anfection, into concupiscence; recreations,<br />

into voluptuosity).<br />

Voluptuous (v


VOLUTATE.<br />

tVolutate, V. Obsr^ [ad. L. voluidt-, ppl.<br />

stem of volfttdre to roll or wallow.] (See quot.)<br />

1613 CocKERAM I, Volntate, to wallow vp and downe.<br />

Volutation v^'('l'"t/' J^n). ?0^j. [ad. L. z;^/«tdtion-^<br />

volutdtio^ noun of action f. volutdre (see<br />

prec), f. volfit-., volvire to roll.]<br />

1. The action of rolling or causing to roll ; revolution<br />

combined with progression.<br />

£'1610 Sir C. Hevdon Astroi, Disc.{i6so) ^2 For whatsoever<br />

movetli another, it doth it either by impulsion, attraction,<br />

volutation, or vection. 1658 Sir T. Browne Card. Cy?^ts<br />

iii. 53 Every globular Figure placed upon a plane, in direct<br />

volutation, returns to the first point of contaction. 1665<br />

Glanvill De/. Van. Dogtn. 47 In Volutation the whole<br />

circumference moves by a motion both progressive and<br />

circular ; but the centre by the progressive only. 1755<br />

JojrNSON, To roll., to move any thing by volutation, or successive<br />

application of the different parts of the surface, to<br />

the ground.<br />

b. Applied to the motion of liquids or sound.<br />

1640 Bp. Reynolds Passions xxi. 220 In the Sea when a<br />

storme is over, there remaines still an inward working and<br />

volutation. 167X R. Bohun Wind 192 When as the volutation<br />

of the waves so often changes the Superficies of the<br />

water. 1692 Ray Disc. ii. v, (1693) 205 The ebullition and<br />

volutation of the melted Materials. 1713 Debham Phys.<br />

Theol. IV. iii. 120 But being hard, and curiously smooth and<br />

tortuous, sounds find an easy passage, with a regular<br />

Volutation and Refraction. ^<br />

o. The action of rolling or turning over in a<br />

prostrate position ; wallowing. Alsoy^.<br />

1655 Vaughan Silex Scint. 1, Pref. (1858) 6 A constant<br />

sensual Volutation or wallowing in impure thoughts and<br />

scurrilous conceits. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Sysf. i. iii. § 37.<br />

161 Not only our nictations, .when we are .awake, hot also<br />

our nocturnal volutations in sleep, are performed with very<br />

little or no consciousness. 17*1 Bailey, Volutation, a rolling,<br />

tunibting, or wallowing.<br />

2. yf^. (See quots.)<br />

1623 CocKERAM I, Volutation, a tossing in the minde.<br />

1649 J. H. Motion to Pari. Adz


VOME.<br />

Vomating, obs. Sc. f. Vomiting vbL sb.<br />

Vomative, variant of Vomitive Oh,<br />

+ Vome, sb. Obs. rare. Also voom, wooni,<br />

[f. next.] Vomit.<br />

i|Ri \Vyci.if Isaiah xxviii. 8 Alle forsothe boordis ben<br />

fulntd with the vome and lilthis, so that thcr were no more<br />

place. 138a — 3 Pft. iL 22 An hound turned a^en to his<br />

woom \v.r. vome, voom].<br />

t Vome, V, Obs. rare, [ad. L. vomHre : see<br />

VoHiT z;.] trans, and absol. To vomit. Alsoyff.<br />

ijSa Wyclif Lev. xviii. 25 Whos htdows synnes Y shal<br />

visite, that it ca>tc [ear/y MSS. vomej out his dwellers.<br />

— yrr. xjtv. 27 Drinketh, and beth drunken, and voineth,<br />

and falleth. 1407 Exam. li^. Thorpe in MS. RatvL C. zoS<br />

If. 24 He & hise felowis mowen sore drede, ..last )>ei ben<br />

sodej'nli vomed out of b* noumbre of goddis chosen peple.<br />

1549 Compl, Scoil. vi. 67, I sau brume, that prouokis .tne<br />

person to vome aid feume.<br />

Hence f Vo*ming vbL sb. and ppl. a. Obs.<br />

138s WvcuF Isa. xix. 14 To crren thei maden Egipt..as<br />

erreth a drunke man and a vomende. — JVr. xlviii. 26 He<br />

shal hurtle the bond of Moab in his vomyng. -— 2 Pei.<br />

it [22 A sowe waschun [returned] in the walewjnge {v.r.<br />

vomjTigl,<br />

Vome, southern ME. var. Foam sb, and v,<br />

+ Voment. Obs. rare. [Alteration of vomet<br />

Vomit j-^.i Vomit.<br />

1483 Monk ofEvesham xxi. (Arb.) 51 He drew out of his<br />

mowthean horrable vomentof venyneand cast hit al abrode.<br />

c 1510 Gesta Rom. (W. de \V.) xxviii. (1879) 443 As a dogge<br />

whiche maketh a voment, and casteth out the mete that he<br />

hatha eten before.<br />

Vomer (v^u-mai). [a. L. vomer ploughshare.]<br />

1. Anat. A small thin bone forming the posterior<br />

^art of the partition between the nostrils in man<br />

and most vertebrate animals.<br />

1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Vomer^\%B. Bone situated<br />

in the middle of the lower part of the Nose. 17*6 Monro<br />

Anat. Bones 158 The Vomer divides the Nostrils, [and] en-<br />

larges the Organ of Smelling. 1758 J. S. Le Driin's Obsefu.<br />

Surg. {1771) 26, I., found that the Roots of the Polypus adhered<br />

to the Isomer. 1831 R. Knox Chguct's Anat. 66 The<br />

Vomer 'vi2sv azygous bone, situated in the median line,.,<br />

forming the posterior part of the septum of the nasal foss^.<br />

1870 RoLLESTON Anim. Life 25 The skull of the Common<br />

Fowl differs from that of the Common Pigeon.. in its possession<br />

of a rudimentary vomer.<br />

2. hhthyol. A bone forming the front part of the<br />

roof of the mouth, and often bearing teeth.<br />

x8a8 Stark EUm, Nat. Hist. I. 405 Many pointed teeth<br />

along both jaws, the palate, and the tongue, but none on<br />

the vomer. 1854 Badham tfalieut. 170 The next, or fourth<br />

family of the Acanthopterygii . . differ in not having teeth on<br />

either vomer or palate 1888 Goode Avter. Fishes 469<br />

Brook Trouts, ..distinguished from the true Salmons by a<br />

peculiar arrangement of teeth on the vomer.<br />

3. Omith. The large terminal bone in the tail of<br />

most birds ; the pygostyle,<br />

x^^* CouES N. Amer, Birds 37 The bones are few. .and<br />

short, not projecting beyond the general plumage, and the<br />

last one, called coccyx or vomer^..\^ large and singularly<br />

shaped.<br />

Vomerine (vJa-marain), a. [f. Vomer + -ine.]<br />

1. Of or belonging to the vomer (esp. of fishes) ;<br />

composing the vomer.<br />

1854 Owen in Orfs Circ. Sci., Org. Nat. I. 194 The<br />

natural segment which., is formed by the vomerine, prefrontal,<br />

and nasal bone^, is very distinct in the ophidians.<br />

1858 W. Clark Van der Hoeven's Zool II. 252 Jeeth in<br />

vomerine bones in a transverse row. 1881 Encycl. Brit,<br />

XII. 647/2 An extremely large basal bone, which extends<br />

from the vomerine region on to the anterior part of the<br />

spinal column.<br />

2. Of teeth : Situated on the vomer.<br />

1863 Dana Man. Geol. 345 note^ The species of Europe<br />

want these vomerine teeth. 1889 Nicholson & Lydekker<br />

Palxont. II. 985 <strong>Here</strong> the vomerine teeth of the middle row<br />

are larger than the teeth of the other rows.<br />

Vomero-, combining form of Vomer, as in<br />

vomero-nasalj -palatine adjs. (In recent Diets.)<br />

t Vomic, a. Obs. rare. Also 6 vomike, 8 -ick.<br />

[ad. mod.L. vomicus in nux vomica^ Vomic nut^<br />

- Nux VOMICA.<br />

The sense of ' purulent, ulcerous' given in later Dictionaries<br />

(from C1884) appears to have been evolved from<br />

Vomica 2.<br />

1568 TuRNEB Herbal in. 49 First I wil rehearse what<br />

he writeth of the vomike nut. 1751 J. Hill Mat. Med.<br />

505 Vomick nut is the nucleus of a fiuit of an Ea^t-Indian<br />

tree. 1794 Woodvillk Rfed. Bot. Suppl. 29 Strycknos Nux<br />

vomica. Vomic nut, or Poison-nut.<br />

11 Vomica (vf?*mika). PI. vomiOflB (-is/"), and<br />

vomioas. [L. vomica boil, ulcer, f. vomi^re to<br />

eject, vomit. Hence also It,, Sp., Pg. vomica, F.<br />

vomiquey in sense 3.]<br />

1. fa. A vent or opening. Obs."^<br />

i57» J- Jones Bathes 0/ Bath 11. 15 b, It should followe,<br />

that where such bote bathes were, there should bee vomica<br />

and a chimney, out of whiche that flame should bee expelled.<br />

b. A place at which water issues.<br />

1838 Civil Eng. ^ Arch. Jrnl. I. 273/1 It is obvious that<br />

the conflux of the springs in the Beck, is greater than the<br />

unvarying quantity gauged at the vomica or source of each<br />

Spring.<br />

2. Path. a. An ulcerous cavity or abscess in the<br />

substance of the lungs or (more rarely) some other<br />

internal organ.<br />

1693 tr. Blancar(Cs Phys. Diet. (ed. 2), Vopnica, a fault in<br />

the Lungs, from Heterogeneous Blood. 173a Arbuthnot<br />

Rules o/Diet in Aliments^ etc. i. 387 If the Ulcer is not<br />

308<br />

broke it is commonly call'd a Vomica. 1775 T. Percival<br />

Ess. (1776) III. 104 The lungs become inflamed, a cough<br />

ensues, tubercles or a vomica are formed. 1822-7 Good<br />

Study Med.iiSzg) I. 639 Vomicas or indurated tumours of<br />

whatever kind in the substance of the lungs. 1879 St,<br />

George^s Hosp, Rep. IX. 156 A vomica in the middle lobe<br />

of the right luiig. x88o A. Flint Princ. Med, ig6 The<br />

ulcerative cavities, vomica, result from a softening of the<br />

tuberculous and inflammatory cheesy material and its<br />

removal through the bronchL<br />

b. A sudden and profuse expectoration of purulent<br />

or putrid matter.<br />

x8j)5- in American diets.<br />

Vomicene, -iTi(e. Chem. [f. (Nux) Vomica.]<br />

= Brucine. (In recent Amcr. diets.)<br />

Vomico-se,rt. Path. [f. Vomica 2 a.] Abounding<br />

in ulcerous cavities.<br />

t VO'inish., V. Obs—^ [ad. F. vomiss-, lengthened<br />

stem oi vomir io vomit.] trans. To vomit.<br />

1536 Stories^ Proph. Scripture Svj, And the Lorde hath<br />

commaunded the whayle, and he hath vomished out Jonam<br />

vpon the lande.<br />

t VonLisliment. Obs.—^ In 5 vomysch-.<br />

[ad. OF. (also mod.F.) vomissement, f. vomir to<br />

vomit.] The act or fact of vomiting.<br />

a 1450 MvRC Par. Pr. 1888 He schalt not )>enne hys hosul<br />

take, For vomyschment & castynge sake.<br />

Vomit (v/7*mit), sb. Forms : 4-5 vomyt (5<br />

womyt, vomyght), 5-6 vomyte, 5-7 vomite, 6<br />

4-6<br />

vomitte, 6- vomit (6 womit), 7-8 vomitt ;<br />

vomet, 5 -ate, -ette, 6 womeit, 7 vomett. [a.<br />

AF. vomity -ite^ OF. vomite ( == It., Sp.,Pg. vomito\<br />

or ad. L. vomit-us, f. vomere : see next.]<br />

1. The act of ejecting the contents of the stomach<br />

through the mouth : a. With a and pi.<br />

1387 Tbevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 85 Duke Edrik,..feyn.<br />

ynge a vomet or brakynge, seide J>at he was seek, c 1400<br />

Destr. Troy 13545 The salt water sadly sanke in my wombe,<br />

pat I voidet with vomettes by vertu of goddes. X484CAXTON<br />

Curial -^h. We ete so gredyly..that oiherwhyle we caste<br />

it up agayn and make vomyte-s. 01548 Hall Chron.,<br />

Hen. Vflf, 194 b, For very feblenes of nature caused by<br />

purgacious and vomites he dyed. 1579 Langham Card.<br />

Health 437 Nvx vomica, .causeth a strong vomite. x6ox<br />

B. JoNSON Poetaster v. iii, I haue pills about me Would<br />

giue him a light vomit. i68x Rvcaut tr. Gracian's Crttick<br />

123 It gave them immediately such a Vomit, that they<br />

speued forth most vile Corruption. X707 Flover Physic.<br />

Pulse- iVatch 1 58 They soon grow old, they have . . Phrensies,<br />

choleric Vomits, and Fluxes. X740 Chevne Regimen p. v,<br />

Vomitsdrive forcibly out of the upper part of the chyiiferous<br />

Tube. .its noxious Contents. 1794 T. Taylor Pausanias'<br />

Descr. Greece III. 172 He afterwards threw it up by a vomit.<br />

1897 AUbntfsSyst. Med. 111. 901 Vomiting in perityphlitis<br />

..may occur repeatedlj*, or there may be only an initial<br />

vomit.<br />

y?f. 14x1-9 HoccLEVE De Reg. Princ, 272 Vnwise is he J^at<br />

besy l>oght ne dredej?. In whom l^at he his moitel venym<br />

schede|>. But if a vomyt after folwe blyue. At \>g port of<br />

despeirhe mayarryue. a 1635 Naunton T^rof/H. Reg. (Arb.)<br />

55 Others.. stirred up the dregs of those rude humours,<br />

which by time, .he sought to repose, or to give them all a<br />

vomit.<br />

b. Without article.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Knt.'s T. 189S Hym gayneth neither for<br />

to gete his lif, Vomyt vpward, ne dounward laxatif 1423<br />

tr. Secreta Secret.^ Priv. Priv. 247 Vomyte purgyth the<br />

stomake of ill humours aboue, as a medecyne laxatyfe benethe,<br />

c X440 Promp. Parv. 512/1 Vomyte, or evomyte,<br />

brakynge, vomiius. xsaS Paynell Salerne's Regim. D iij.<br />

He shulde eate no maner of meates without his stomake be<br />

net, and purged of all yl humours by vomet. 1555 Eden<br />

Decades (Arb.) 293 They remedy that surfecte by vomyte<br />

whiche they prouoke by eatynge of antes, 1564 Harding<br />

A'isw. Jewel 46 When the deacon had forced her to receiue<br />

a litle of the cuppe, the yeax and vomite followed, a x6io<br />

Healey Cebes (1636) 135 Which purgeih out all their ingulphed<br />

evils, as by vomit or ejection, c x6io Women Saints<br />

40 As often as she eate of thc.meate, she by vomite cast it<br />

vp againe. X694 Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1713) 331/2 It is<br />

said to be Diaphoretick, and gently to provoke Vomit.<br />

fe. With M^, in specific use. Obs.'~'^<br />

a 1585 MoNTCOMERiE Flyting 318 The weam-eill, the wildfire,<br />

the vomit and the vees.<br />

d. (See quot.)<br />

X89S tAo^ms Austral Eng, i:^l\ Barcoo Vomit^ a. sickness<br />

occurring in inhabitants. .of the interior of Australia. It is<br />

characterized by painless attacks of vomiting.<br />

2. Matter ejected from the stomach by vomiting<br />

= Spew sb. i.<br />

c 1390 WycliJ^te Bible 2 Pet. ii. 22 An hound turned<br />

a^en to his woom \v.rr. vomyt, womytj. f 1440 Gesta<br />

Rom. Ixiv. 278^ (Harl. MS.), He may be likenuie to an<br />

hound J>at turnith a5en to his vomyt. 1535 Coverdalk<br />

Isaiah xxviii. 8 All tables are so ful of vomyte and fylthynes,<br />

y' no place is clene. 1578 H. Wotton Coitrtlie Controv.<br />

205 The Image of Bacchus with fat red chtekes, begrimed<br />

wyth vomets. 163X R. Bolton Com/. Aj^.Consc,U(i'is)3oy<br />

As a loathsome vomit is to the stomacke of him that casts it<br />

out so are luke-warme Professours to the Lord Jesus. 1643<br />

Trapp Comm. Gen. vi. 11 The vomit of a dog. iSaoSHELLEY<br />

CEdipus I. 353 <strong>Here</strong> The Gadfly's venom.. Is mingled wiih<br />

the vomit of the Leech. 1876 Bristowe Th. ^ Pract. Med.<br />

(1878) 655 The character of the vomit depends on circumstances.<br />

Generally, however, it comprises mucus, .and bile.<br />

i88a Ballantine Exper. Barrister's Life II. 10 A physician<br />

. .who was present when the vomit was analysed.<br />

b. Black vomit J a blackish matter, resembling<br />

coffee grounds and due to haemorrhage, vomited<br />

in severer cases of yellow fever : also, the disease<br />

of yellow fever itself.<br />

1749 Phil, Trans. XLVI. 137 The black Vomit was not<br />

VOMIT.<br />

known at Cartagena, .until the Years 1729 and 1730. c 1703<br />

Encjrd.Bnl. (ed. 3) XI. 146/2 The Yellow Fever.. is the<br />

same with that called, from one of its worst symptoms, the<br />

Hack vomit. 1833 Cycl. Fract. Med. II. 295 A fever, with<br />

yellow skin and black vomit in some of the cases, appeared<br />

among a party of forty men. 1876 Bristowe Th. ^ rroit^<br />

Med. (1878) 199 On the third or fourth day, or later, the<br />

vomited matters.. begin to contain blood. .and they soon<br />

assume.. a coffee-ground character, constituting the socalled<br />

'black vomit'. 1883 Cinturx Mar. July 427/1<br />

Hands sent aboaid-.left on the next day, believing they<br />

had detected ' black vomit * in her hospital.<br />

atlrih. 1833 Cycl. I'ract. Med. II. 265 A black-vomit<br />

epidemic. Ibid., 'I'he black-vomit fever of the West Indies.<br />

C. (See quots.)<br />

1886 Fagge's Princ. * Prai t. Med. 1 1. 808/1 Coffee-ground<br />

vomit in cancer of stomach. 1895 Funk's Stand. Did ,<br />

Biiiousvomit, bile forced back into the stomach and ejected<br />

with vomited matter.<br />

3. a. Jig. (Chiefly in allnsion to Piov. xxvi. 1<br />

and a Pet. ii. 22).<br />

(") >S7SGascoigseG/ol. Smect. Wks. 1851 III. 290 Now that ye liave<br />

started back from the purity of Scripture.. to the old vomit<br />

of your traditions. 1677 W. Hubbard Narrative 14 Returning<br />

back to his old vomit, he was at last prevailed with<br />

to forsake Philip. 1706 Stevens Span. Diet, I, Bolver al<br />

vomito, to return to the vomit, to relapse into sin.<br />

(4) a 1583 PoLWART Flyting 564 in Montgomerie s Poems<br />

(S.T.S. 1910) 170 The loun man lik his womeit, and deny<br />

His schameles sawis. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, i. iii. 99 Now<br />

thou would St eate thy dead vomit vp And howl'st to finde<br />

it. x6o» Marston Antonio's Rev. I. iv. Dog I I will make<br />

thee eate thy vomit up. 165s Vauchan Silex Scint. i.<br />

- Misery 20, I . . Feed on those vomits of my heart.<br />

b. Applied with contemptuons force to persons<br />

or things of a vile, loathsome, or disgusting<br />

character.<br />

1610 B. JoNSON Alch. I. i. Out you dog.leach, The vomit<br />

of all prisons. J650 T. Vaijghan Anthroposophia To Rdr.,<br />

It isnot the primitive Truelh of the Creation.., but a<br />

certaine preternaturall upstart, a vomit of Aristotle. x8So<br />

L. Wallace Ben-Hur 531 The vomit of Jerusalem b coming.<br />

1889 J. Dickie Words Faith, Hope * L. (1892) 272 Jesus<br />

speaks of him as a vomit, which He will have to spue out.<br />

C. trans/. Substance cast out by discharge or<br />

eruption.<br />

169s Blackmore Pr. Arlh. iii. 65 The lab'ring Mounts<br />

Belch drossy Vomit out. 1914 Blackvj. Ma^. Oct. 473/1<br />

Four companies .. had to be detailed to capture it undercover<br />

of a mountain battery's vomit.<br />

4. A powder, draught, or other medicine which<br />

causes vomiting ; an emetic<br />

Freq. from c 1600 to c 1800.<br />

111400 Stockholm Med. MS. ii. 51 in Anglia XVIII. 309<br />

5if \>o\i of vomites wylt hawe bote, c 1400 Lnnfranc's<br />

Cirutg. 18 Laxaliue.s & vomelis ben nedeful to hem, bat<br />

han olde rotid woundis. x^aa More Dequat. Noriss. Wks.<br />

100 Fain wold we haue some medicins, as purgacions &<br />

vomites, to pul down & auoid y' we cram in to much. 1580<br />

Hester tr. Fioravanti's Disc. Cftirurg. 37 The first thing<br />

that I gaue him was a vomitte that purged the stomacke.<br />

l6osTlMME(?K


VOMIT.<br />

complained she was not well ; in a Quarter of an Hour<br />

more she vomited. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist, (1776) VII.<br />

294 The belly was always greatly swollen, when the animal<br />

bewail to vomit. 1804 Adernethy Surg. Obs. 231 She complained<br />

.. of extreme sickness, which produced frequent<br />

efforts to vomit. 1871 Darwin Emotions xi. 259 The monkeys<br />

in the Zoological Gardens often vomit whilst in i>erfect<br />

health.<br />

2. trans. To bring up and discharge (swallowed<br />

food or drink) through the mouth ; to cast out (a<br />

matter or substance) in this way ; = Spew v. 2.<br />

AXsdJig.<br />

igfio Bible (Geneva) Prov. xxiii. 8 Thou shalt vomit thy<br />

morsels that thou has eaten. 1565 Cooper Thesaurus s.v.<br />

yomitttSy Alatter of diuers colours vomited. 1588 Shaks.<br />

Titus A. III. i. 232 My bowels cannot hide her woes, But<br />

like a drunkard must I vomit them. 161 1 — Cymb. i. vi. 45<br />

Slutiery.. Should make desire vomit emptinesse. Not so<br />

allur'd to feed. 1804 Med. Jml. XII. 149 His stomach<br />

became uneasy, and he vomited a small portion of the last<br />

dose. 1845 Ano't/. A/etrod.'Vll. 552/1 The matters vomited<br />

are merely the contents of the stomach, half digested. x8o8<br />

J. Hutchinson in Arch. Sur^. IX. log A lady vomited the<br />

contents of a very large swelling which had formed.<br />

b. Freq. with advs., z.%forthy out^ up,<br />

1541 Elvot Image Gov. 23 Yf by chance he espied any of<br />

them, he was therwith so greued, that he immediately wolde<br />

vomite vp colar. 1565 Cooper Tfusaurus, Reijcere sanguifum,<br />

to vomite out bloudde. a 1591 H. Smith V^ks.<br />

(1866) II. 59 Then might the poor be fed with that which<br />

be oftentimes., loathsomely vomits forth. 1609 Bible<br />

(Douay) Jonah ii. 11 The Lord spoke to the fish ; and it<br />

vomited out Jonas upon the dry land. 1663 Covii.Eri Cutter<br />

Coleman St. n. viii, I ha' vomited out. .all my entrails. 1693<br />

EvBLVN De la Quint. Compl. Card. II. Treat. Orange<br />

Trees 43 The Juggler, who. .Vomits up so many several<br />

sorts of Water, all differing in Colour, Taste, and Smell.<br />

1756 Mrs. Caldebwood in Coltness Collect. (Maitl. 01 ) 174<br />

You must know it is a mortall sin to vomit up this morsell.<br />

x8xfr-ao E. Thompson Cullen^s NosoL Method, (ed. 3) 247<br />

IXsire of food in great quantity, which is immediately<br />

vomited up. 1845 Birch in Classical Museum III. 420 The<br />

Jason vomited up by the serpent of the Fleece. 1904<br />

Spescer & GiLt.EN North. Tribes Cent Austral, xiv. 472<br />

The natives say that once some men.. became so ill that<br />

they vomited forth their livers.<br />

3. fig. a. To eject, reject, cast out or up, esp.<br />

1594 Shaks. Rich, til, v. iii. 318 A scum of Brittaines, .<br />

Whom their o're^loyed Country vomits forth To desperate<br />

Aduentures. x8x9 C'tess Spencer in Lady Lyttelton's<br />

Corr. viii. (1712) 213 If I find any Englishwoman going<br />

home by a diligence,.. Mrs. Bishop may be vomitied out at<br />

the Black Bear, Piccadilly. i8ao ibid. 222 All such as you<br />

see vomited o'lt of the steam-vessel upon Ramsgateor Margate<br />

piers. 18^ S. E. Brvdces Autobiog. I, 108 An inciedible<br />

quantity of nonsense is vomited from the press.<br />

x8^ Dickens Dav. Copp. xvii, There was Uriah's blue bag<br />

lymg down and vomiting papers.<br />

c. To eject or cast out by volcanic action;<br />

« Spew v, 4 c. Also with advs., ^'hforth, up.<br />

X614 Earl .Stirlikg Doomsday 11. Iviii, The earth. .Doth<br />

vomit mountaines, and doth swallow Townes. 1687 A.Lovrll<br />

tr. ThevenoCs Trav. 1. 107 A Utile Rockie Island, which..<br />

309<br />

vomited up incredible Flames, l-jfi^ond. Gaz. No. 5128/8<br />

Mount Vesuvius had vomited violent Streams of Sulpliur.<br />

1770 W. HoDSON Ded. Temi. Solomon 4 jlitna vomits fortll<br />

her livid Fires. 1794 R. J. Sui-iVAN View Nat. I. 76 _A<br />

mouth of fire is opened in a low place . . : that mouth vomits<br />

a quantity of burning matters. 1837 Cari-vle Fr, Rev,\\\.<br />

II!. iv, Mentz is changing into an explosive crater, vomiting<br />

fire, bevomited with fire !<br />

1866 Herschel Font. Led, Set.<br />

(1867) 33 The opening of a chasm vomiting fire and red.hot<br />

stones and ashes. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 218 The fused<br />

rocks, .which are vomited forth by volcanoes.<br />

5. absol. Of emetics : To cause vomiting.<br />

1651 French Distill, v. 172 You may have a Liquor in the<br />

morning which will vomit. l68l tr. Belongs Myst. Fhysick<br />

Introd. 50 Which Tincture does variously operate, some- i<br />

times purging, sometimes (though rarely) vomiting. 1737 I<br />

Bracken Farriery Iiiipr. (1756) I- 284 The Mineral Bezoar j<br />

will sometimes vomit. 1761 Centl. Mag. 274 It (hemlock)<br />

seldom purges, very rarely vomits. 1822-7 Goop Study<br />

Med. (1829) 1 1. 57 Emetic tartar, when introduced into the<br />

jugular vein, will vomit in one or two minutes. 1843 R. J.<br />

Graves Syst. Clin. Med. iv. 50 When chemistry reveals why<br />

Tartar Emetic vomits.<br />

b. trans. To cause (a person) to vomit.<br />

1662 R. Mathew U»l. Alcli. 3 Yet will it vomit some,<br />

purge others, and make others sweat out of measure. 1753<br />

N.ToBBTANoCao^r. Sore Throat 34 We gave some Ipecacuanha,<br />

which vomited our Patient, and made her discharge<br />

several Membranes and Fragments of Eschars. 1756 C.<br />

Lucas Ess. Waters II. 141 Some having taken this water<br />

in a mistake,.. it has vomitted and purged them. 1799<br />

Underwood Dis. Childhood (ed. 4) I. 21 It is true, vinum<br />

antimoniale docs not always vomit cliildren. 1843 R. J.<br />

Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xii. 131 Almost every dose vomited<br />

him.<br />

0. Said of the person administering the emetic<br />

or in passive of the patient.<br />

1684 tr. BoHel's Merc. Comfit, viii. 298 We presently proceeded<br />

to vomit him : for he was easy to vomit. 1727 Swift<br />

Further Ace. E. Cur/lWVs. 1753 III. I. 158, I have taken<br />

involuntary purges, I have been vomited. 1756 Med. Ots.<br />

V /«^. (1776) I. xxi. 271, I proposed. .to relieve her, by<br />

vomiting her in the most gentle manner. 1790 J. C. Smyth<br />

in Med. Commuii. II. 478 He was vomited with tartar<br />

emetic. 1810 Bvron Let. to Hodgson 3 Oct., The English<br />

Consul.. forced a physician upon me, arid in three days<br />

vomited and glystered me to the last gasp. 1841 Catlin N.<br />

Amer. Ind. Iviii. (1844) II. 248 He is vomiting and purging<br />

dyed . . by violent Vomitings. 17^2 in Cath. Rec. Soc. Piibl.<br />

(1914) XIV. 137 A Sudden Vomiting seiz'd her, which deprived<br />

her of ye Benefit of her Viaticum. 1813 J. Thomson<br />

Led. Inflam. 599 A mild vegetable aliment, where aliment<br />

can be taken without inducing sickness, or exciting vomiting.<br />

1885 Pater Marius L vii, A painful vomiting, which<br />

seemed to shake bis body asunder.<br />

VOMITIVE.<br />

b. Const, o^ (the matter ejected).<br />

l6ox Holland Pliny 1 1. Table, s.v., Vomiting of bloud out<br />

of the stomacke, how to bee cured. 1622 Ven ner Via Recta<br />

viii. (ed. 2) 194 lt..induceth vomitings of bloud. 1728<br />

Chambers Cycl. s.v. Colic, A Vomiting of bilious green<br />

Liquor. 176SWESLEY yrnl. 27 May (1827) III. 215 Ayoung<br />

man, brought near death by a vomiting of blood. 1822-7<br />

Good Study Med. (1829) II. 183 Gangrene. .accompanied<br />

with a vomiting of matter resembling coffee-grounds. 1859<br />

Mayne Ex/ios. Lex. 1337/2 Vomiting 0/ Blood,.. common<br />

term for the disease Hxmatemesis.<br />

o. With defining terms. (See quots.)<br />

1794 B. Rush Acc. Yello^u Fever (ed. 2) 56 Several persons<br />

died without a black vomiting of any kind. 1836 Mac-<br />

CILLIVRAY Trav. Humboldt xxi. 300 The yellow fever or<br />

black vomiting is prevalent, a 1883 Facce Priuc. S, Pract.<br />

Med. (1886) II. 130 ' Irritability of the stomach,' or<br />

' hysterical vomiting.' 189S Funk's Stand. Diet., Morning<br />

7'Omiting, the vomiting of drunkards, due to alcoholism<br />

also, the vomiting of pregnant women.<br />

2. colter. Matter which is vomited; = Vomit sb. 2.<br />

1727 Sv^lFT Poisoninf E. Curll Wks. 1755 III. 1. 149 The<br />

contents of his vomiting being as green as gra.ss. 1794 B.<br />

Rush Acc. Yellow Fever (ed. 2) 56 The matter which constitutes<br />

the fatal black vomiting.<br />

3. techn. (See quot. and VomtWQfpl. a.)<br />

1881 Spons' Encycl. Industr. A rts iv. i486 The steam from<br />

the pipe .\ heats the liquor, .and forcing it up the wide pipe<br />

C, causes it to strike against the dome or bonnet D...This<br />

is technically called 'vomiting'.<br />

4. attrib., chiefly in the sense ' causing vomiting,<br />

emetic ', as vomiting drink, julep, pap, tartar, etc.<br />

•|- vomiting nvit, = Nux vomica i.<br />

(«) >S7S Banister Chyrurg. 106 b, Nux vomica, the<br />

vomiting nutte. 1587 Wills fi Inv. N. C. (Surtees i860) 155,<br />

iij vomitinge nottes of puther. 1668 Culpepper & Cole<br />

Barthol. Anat. I. xviii. 49 They are no bigger than a large<br />

vomiting Nut. j68i Grew Musxum 11. I. iv. 210 The true<br />

Methel; or the Vomiting-Nut commonly so call'd. 171a<br />

tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 137 The Vomiting Nuts are<br />

round, flat Nuts, of divers Colours. X723 Pres. St. Russia<br />

II. 53 'I'hey. .pour strong Vinegar upon vomiting Nuts.<br />

(i) 1647 Hexham I, A vomiting drinke or potion, een<br />

dranck die cver-geven doet. i6«3 Boyle Use/. Exp. Nat.<br />

Philos. II. V. viii. 189 That violent Vomiting Medicine.,<br />

called. . Mercurius Vit.x. 1694 W. Salmon Bate's Dispens.<br />

(1713) 363 2 A Vomiting Pappe. Ibid. 527/2 Tartarum<br />

with abhorrence or loathing.<br />

his patients with herbs.<br />

Emeticum, Emetick, or Vomiting Tartar. 1737 Med. Ess.<br />

X56a WinJet Wks. (S.T.S.) II. ^4 That thai mot..womet J!g. 1682 Drvoes & Lee Dk. Guise iil. ii, I took thee for ff Observ. IV. 33 An Essay towards ascertaining the Doses<br />

out agane fra the ground thai bittir and tribulous scis of my Souls Physician, And dost thou vomit me with this of vomiting and purging Medicines. 1789 W. Buchan Dom.<br />

errouris. 1581 N. T. (Rhem.) Rev. iii. 16 Because thou art loath'd Piece? t^ Axti-yacoiin No. 10 We'll vomit his Med. (1790) 191 A few spoonfuls of the vomiting julep, will<br />

..neither cold nor bote, I wil begin to vomite thee out of purse. And make it the guineas disgorge.<br />

generally answer this purpose.<br />

my mouth. x6oa Marstom Antonio''s Rev. v. iii, They faine 6. «»/r. To issue, or come out, with force or vio- (d 1S51 Wittie tr. Primrose's Pop. Err. 44 He that first<br />

found out the vomiting vertue of antimony. 1899 AllbutVs<br />

would cast And vomit him from off their governement. 1636<br />

lence ; to rush out, to spout up.<br />

Syst.<br />

Sir R. Baker Cato Variegatus 94 Praise not too much<br />

Med. VIL 650 Again vomiting.. is suggestive.. of a<br />

; lest<br />

thou be forc'd in th' end To cate thy words, and vomit up 1632 LiTHCOw Trav. IX. 392 It impeluou.sly vomiteth out, tumour in the region of the vomiting centre.<br />

thy friend, a 1704 T. Brown Dial, Dead, Belgic Hero in an outragious Torrent. 1844, 1904 [see Vomiting///, a. ) Vo'miting, ppl- a. [f. as prec. -f -MG 2.] That<br />

wis. 1711 IV. 67 .\ haughty T>-rant..was obliged to vomit Hence Vo-mited///. a.<br />

vomits or causes to vomit.<br />

up numberless Provinces and Towns, which he had dis- 1846 Day tr. Simon's Aiiim.CAem. II. 393 A case in which<br />

Vomitini^.boiler'. (see quot. 1844).<br />

honourably stolen. 1839 T. Mitchell Frogs ofAristoph, urea was detected in the vomited fluid. 1873 Ralfe Fhys.<br />

Introd. p. xcii, A stern admonition, that where such vices Chem. 46 In certain forms of dyspepsia they have been ob-<br />

1844 G. DoDD Textile Manu/. ii. 76 A 'vomiting-boiler ,<br />

that is, a boiler so constructed that the water is made to<br />

arc practised, the very earth shall vomit out its inhabitants. tained from the vomited matters.<br />

vomit upwards from a pipe, and then to fall down on the<br />

b. To give vent to, belch out, or utter (abusive Vomit-, the Stem of Vomit v. used in a few cloth in the boiler. 1879 CasselVs Techn. Educ. III. 14/2<br />

or objectionable language) ; = Spew v. 2 c. combinations, as t vomit-grass, a grass causing Fixed kiers with a vorailing-pipe. 1880 J. Dunbar Tract.<br />

Chiefly with advs. {as/orlJt, out, up) or preps. vomiting in dogs; vomit-nut, = VoMic NUT Pafierm. (1881) 19 [Esparto grass] boiled for 10 hours in<br />

stationary vomiting boilers with 10 lb. steam pressure. 1904<br />

xS9a Bretom Pilgr. Paradise Wks. (Grosart) I. 12/2 Vp (Simmonds Dut. Trade, 1858); vomit-wort R. J. Farrer Card. Asia 248 From the wide plain leapt a<br />

diUstart the heade of Gluttonie, Vomiting out theese wordcs<br />

of villany. x6ix B. JossoM Catiline ly. ii, 1 hope This<br />

U.S., Indian tobacco (Zo*-« to vomit.] The action of vomiting.<br />

ocean.<br />

for you . . so to vomit against your dead Prince.<br />

Vo'miter. [f. Vomit v. + -eb. Cf. L. vomtior.^<br />

1656 ^l-OVKT Glosspgr., K


VOMITO. 310 VORACITY.<br />

B. sb. An emetic ; = Vomitory sb. i.<br />

i6xx CoTCR., Vomitif^9> Vomiiiue, or Vomiiorie; anything<br />

that prouokes vomiting. 1677 Horneck Gt. Law Consia.<br />

vii. (-1704) 423 Physicians .. make him sicker than he is. .by<br />

vomitives. 1697 FhiL Tritns. XIX. 403 They gave her<br />

also Vomitives and Deobstruents. 17*8 Chambers CycL^<br />

The I^cacuamka . .\% also a penile Vomitive. 1747 tr.<br />

AstrNc's Frt'trs 71 The second indication is to evacuate the<br />

morbid humour by vomitives or puri;atives, or a catharticoemetic<br />

1756 C. Lucas Ess. li'aters III. 33; Vomits may<br />

be rendered purgatives, and purges vomitives.<br />

/S^. 1685 Cracian's C''ur//er's Orac. 192 Slowness in believing;<br />

is a Vomitive that brings up secrets.<br />

y Vomito (vf7*mit(7). [Sp, (and Pg.) vSmito^vA,<br />

I^ vomitusj f, vomfre io Vomit.] The yellow fever<br />

in its virulent form, when it is usually accompanied<br />

by black vomit. Cf. Vomit sb, 2 b.<br />

1833 Cycl, Pract. Med. II. 290/2 He even says that during<br />

the eight years preceding 1794, there was not a single<br />

example of the vomito. 1843 Prescott Mexico (1850) I. 3<br />

The season of the bilious fever, vomito^ as it \f. called,<br />

— which scourges these coasts. 1869 E. A. Parkes Pract,<br />

Hygiene (ed. 3) 47a When paroxysmal fever and the true<br />

yellow fever or vomito were thought to own a common cause.<br />

VomitOTlal, a. rar^"'^, [f. JL. vomitoria (see<br />

VoMiTORiUM) + -AL.] Of or pertaining to a vomitorium<br />

or vomitoria.<br />

1850 DoBELL RomaK^ v. Poet. Wks. (1875) 59 From<br />

these wide And vomitorial windows, belched your tumult<br />

To me transgressing.<br />

llVomi'toriiim. Roman Aniiq. PI. vomitoria<br />

(also 8 -iuius, erron. -isD). [Neuter sing.<br />

ofL. vomitorius {kS, next); recorded only in pi.<br />

(Macrobiiis Sat. vi. iv).] A passage or opening<br />

in an ancient amphitheatre or theatre, leading to or<br />

from the seats. Usu. pi,<br />

*754 Did, Arts ^ Set. I. 129/2 They were entered by<br />

avenues, at the end of which were gates, called vomitoriae,<br />

1766 Smollett Trav. II. 228 The remains of two galleries<br />

one over another; and two vomitoria or great gateways at<br />

opposite sides of the arena. 1837 Antiq. Athens 48 Those<br />

numerous corridors and vomitoria which gave such free..<br />

access to all parts of a Roman theatre.<br />

Vomitory (vp-mitori), sb, [ad. L, vomitori-um<br />

(whence F. vomitoire, Sp., Pg., It. vomiiorio) :<br />

see prec. and next.]<br />

+ 1. A medicine or the like which causes or induces<br />

vomiting; an emetic. Obs,<br />

1601 Holland /'//«>' II. 252 This Tithymall is nothing so<br />

strong a vomitorie as the former. x666 G. Harvey Morb,<br />

Angl. x\x. (1672) 38 Having a power to force themselves a<br />

vomiting, .by straining, or by other means in taking<br />

Vomiiortes privately. 169^ Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1713)<br />

3^2/1 A most gentle Vomitory. Dejeclory, and Diaphoretick.<br />

X753 Chambers* Cycl, Suppl. s.v. AnacatharsiSf<br />

Vomitories, sternutatories or masticatories.<br />

fi^. 1651 WiTTiE tr. Primrose's Pop, Err. iv. xxxiv. 338<br />

Soinfirme..arealI those things which are prescribed against<br />

this sort of poyson, but especially vomitories who do. .offer<br />

great violence to Nature.<br />

2. An opening, door, or passage in a theatre,<br />

playhouse, or the like, affording ingress or egress<br />

to the spectators; originally (and usually) = VoMi-<br />

TOBiniC.<br />

1730 A. Gordon Maffets Aiuphith. 274 He had made the<br />

number of the Vomitories in the Middle full in the second<br />

Line, 1776 Gibbon DecL Sf F. xii. I. 351 Sixty-four vonti.<br />

torifS^ (for by that name the doors were very aptly distinguUhed)<br />

poured forth the immense multitude. 1847<br />

Pbescoit PeruUZso) II. 54 Low ranges of buildings, consisting<br />

of spacious halls with wide doors or vomitories<br />

ooening into the square. 1850 Tait's Mag. XVII. 629/1<br />

Yonder are the vomitories through which, .the iide of eager<br />

population flowed. x86t Miss E. A. Beaufort Egypt.<br />

Sepulchres Sf Syrian Shr, II. xxiv. 320 Near this are'the<br />

remains of a once fine theatre. . : some of the vomitories<br />

still remain.<br />

3. A funnel, vent, or other opening through<br />

which matter is emitted or discharged.<br />

xSaa Bleukiv. Mag. XI. 427 A low building, which is<br />

almost all chimney— it has indeed a wide-throaied vomitory<br />

. .for so liny an edifice. 1863 Lvell Antiq, Man xv. 307<br />

From this vomitory, the old glacier poured into the plains<br />

. .that wonderful accumulation of mud. 1904 R. G. Farrer<br />

Card, Asia 165 Those roaring vomitories \sc. volcanoes]<br />

of the underworld.<br />

b. In fig. use.<br />

x8a6 J. Wilson l^oci. Avtbr. Wks. 1855 \, 270 His tongue<br />

struck dumb in his cheek, and the vomitory of vociferation<br />

hermetically sealed. 1839 Blackw. Mag. XXVI. 917 Our<br />

three great theatres, which Mr. Prynne. .proved long ago<br />

10 be vomitories of vice, 1830 I'raser's i^lag. I. 236 The<br />

great vomitory of the London press. 1878 J. Thomson<br />

PUnip. Key 25 Your shameless charlatans whose dirty<br />

tricks And frothy gab defile all politics. .Retard sure progress—damn<br />

such vomitories<br />

Vomitory (vp'milori), a, [ad. h.vomiiori'US,<br />

f. vomh-e to VOMIT : see -ory '^.'\<br />

1, Of or pertaining to vomiting.<br />

i6ao Veknkr Via Recta vi. loj Their heating, cutting,<br />

attenuating and vomitorie facultie. 2646 Sir T. Browne<br />

Psiud,Ep.\\.\. 86 Its Regulus will manifestly communicate<br />

unto water, or wine, a purging and vomitory operation.<br />

167a Grew Idea Philos. Hist. Plants § 7 Whence cue<br />

[faculty] becomes Purgative, another Vomitory, a third<br />

Diaphoreiick. 1701 Wolley Jrnl. New York (i860) 61<br />

If we will believe the ingenious Dr. Carr... there is an<br />

Emetick Vomitory vertue in the Sea-water it self. 1849<br />

Blaikiv, Mag. LXVl. 684 Vomitory agonies, and spasms<br />

Qi the diaphragm.<br />

2. Efficacious in promoting vomiting ; causing<br />

vomiting ; emetic.<br />

1634 T. Johnson Parens Chirrtrg. IVks, xxvr. v. C1678)<br />

632 Agarick, and other nauseous and vomitory Medicins,<br />

i66a J. Chandler' I'an Helmont^s Oriat. 22S A Pnysitian<br />

of the City offers him a vomitory potion, whereby he<br />

vomited twice every day. 2684 tr. Bonei's Merc, Compit,<br />

VI. 713 After taking a Medicine, whether sudorifick or<br />

vomitory. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey). 1859 Mavne<br />

Expos. Lex. 1337/2 VomitoriuSt .. causing vomiting;<br />

emetic ;. . vomitory.<br />

+ Vomitnre. Obs.—'^ [f. Vomit sb. + -ure.]<br />

Matter ejected by or as by vomiting.<br />

1598 Dp. Hall Sat, iv. L 42 Long as the craftie Cuttle<br />

lieth sure In the blacke cloude of his thicke vomiture.<br />

f Vomiturient, a. Obs,~^ [Cf. next and<br />

-URiENT.l Characterized by a desire to vomit.<br />

1666 H. Stubbe Mirac. Conformist 43 He was sick at<br />

Stomach, and seemed to be in a very vomiturient con*<br />

dition.<br />

Vomitnri'tion. [a. F. vo/niltirilion or ad,<br />

med. or motl.L. vomitnritidn- ^ vomiturition noun<br />

of action f. ^vomitiirire<br />

first quot.)<br />

to desire to vomit.] (See<br />

1842 DuNGLisoN Med. Lex., Vomiturition, . AneffectuaX<br />

efforts to vomit. Some authors mean . . the vomiting of but<br />

little, or.. without effort. [Hence in Worcester (1846) and<br />

later Diets.] 1873 Thudichum Cheat, Phys. 6 This can be<br />

collected in quantity by irritating the fauces with a feather,<br />

and producing vomituritions.<br />

Von, ME. var. WoNK sb. Obs. Vond(e,<br />

soutliern ME. var. fond, pa. t. of FinJ) v.<br />

Vonde(n, -di-, -dy, southern ME. varr. Fand v.<br />

Vondir, Vondit, Vone, obs. Sc. ff. Wondeu,<br />

Wounded, Wone v. Vonge, southern ME.<br />

var. Fang v, Vonnyn, obs. Sc. pa. pple. Win v.<br />

Vonnyt, obs. Sc. pa. t. Wone v, Vont, obs.<br />

Sc. f. Wont a. Vonyng, obs. Sc. pa. pple.<br />

Win V, Voo, obs. Sc. f. Woe a,<br />

Voodoo (v«*d«), sb. Also voudoo, voudou,<br />

vudu, voodu, and Vaudoux. (Cf, HooiXK).)<br />

[African (Dahomey) vodu.'\<br />

1. A body of superstitious beliefs and practices,<br />

including sorcery, serpent-worship, and sacrificial<br />

rites," current among negroes and persons of negro<br />

blood in the West Indies and southern United<br />

States, and ultimately of African origin.<br />

1880 G. W. Cable Grandisstntes xiv, Do this much for<br />

me this one time and then X will let voudou alone as much<br />

as you wish. 1884 Lisbon (Dakota) Star ao Sept., The<br />

Voudoos of Louisiana, .were recently viewed at the funeral<br />

of a negress, one of the Queens of Voudoo. 1888 Daily<br />

News 15 June 5/1 As generally understood, Voodoo means<br />

the persistence, in Hayti, of abominable magic, mysteries,<br />

and cannibalism, brought originally by the negroes from<br />

. Africa.<br />

2. One who practises voodoo ; a negro sorcerer or<br />

witch.<br />

1880 G. "^ .Q.K^\j&Grandissimes xii. She practised the less<br />

baleful rites of the voudous. 1880 New Orleans Picayune<br />

20 May, The fool spends all her money to do us harm,<br />

thinking she is a voudou. 1888 Daily Netvs i$ June 5/2<br />

Accused, like the Voodoos, of serpent-worship.<br />

8. ailrib.y as voodoo dance^ doctor^ priest., etc.<br />

\9As Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 17 Aug. 2/4 Under the influence<br />

of some withered old mummy of, a voudoo-doctor. 1887<br />

Lang Afyih, Rit, ^ Relig. II. 240 The Voodoo-dance is<br />

consecrated as the ' Jerusalem Jump '. x888 Pall Mall G.<br />

4 July 13/2 An old negro woman who claims to be a great<br />

voudoo doctor. 1905 Du Bois Souls Black Folk x. ig8 The<br />

witch-woman and the voodoo-priest became the centre of<br />

Negro group life.<br />

Hence Voo'doo v. irans,f to bewitch, to cast a<br />

spell over, by means of voodoo arts.<br />

1880 G. W. Cable Grandissimes xxix, It is true, as he<br />

says, that he is voudoued. 1880 Nciv Orleans Picayiine<br />

20 May, She flung tiiis over into my yard to voudou me..<br />

She would spend her last dollar to voudou me. 1885 C. F.<br />

HoLDKR Marrels Anitn. Life 117 Averring that they had<br />

been 'voudoued * and nearly killed by the. .fish.<br />

Voodooisxn (v«*dmz'm). Also voudouism,<br />

vooduism,and Vaudouism. [f. prec. -h -ism,] The<br />

system of beliefs and practices constituting voodoo<br />

the belief in, or practice of, voodoo as a superstition<br />

or form of sorcery.<br />

1871 N, ff Q. 4th Ser. VII. 2x0/2 What is Voodomsm?<br />

1880 Neiv Orleans Picayune 20 May, Finding that no<br />

affidavit could be made for voudouism. 1883 Philadelphia<br />

Times No. 3023.3 His mission is to supplant Voodooisin<br />

and its kindred superstitions among the colored population.<br />

1897 Church Progr. (St. Louis, U.S.A.) 18 April, A sort of<br />

refined Voodooism disguised in Christian phraseology.<br />

Voog, variant of Vug.<br />

Vool, -ish, southern dial, varr. Fool, Foolish a.<br />

1569 Preston Cambyses D iv b, I think the vool be mad.<br />

//'/>/., Has he plaid zuch a voIish[f/(J deed?<br />

Voom, variant of Vome sb, Obs.<br />

Voor. diaL [var. Voue ^.] A furrow.<br />

1669 WoRLiDGE Syst. Agric. (1681) 334 A Voor, or Furrow<br />

of Land. [Hence in Ray, Phillips, etc.] 1889- in southwestern<br />

dialects {Eng. Dial. Diet. s.v. Foor sb.%<br />

(vorUpsj). S. African. [Du.,<br />

II Voorlooper<br />

i.voor- before + /oopen to run (see Leap z;.).] A<br />

native boy who walks with the foremost pair of a<br />

team of oxen in order to guide them.<br />

185a C. Barter Dorp ^ Veld vii. 49 Our driver and<br />

leader, or voor looPcr, were both Hottentots. X878 Aylward<br />

Trntisvnal 0/ To-day \\. j8 note^ Every team of bullocks<br />

has a leader, generally a native boy, who holds a tow-line<br />

fastened to the horns of the front oxen, hence the word<br />

'Voorlooper*. 1885 Rider Hacgaro K. Solomon's Mines i,<br />

A wagon, with a driver, a voorlooper, and a Kafir hunter.<br />

1! V00rtrekker(vortre*k3r). S. African. [Du.,<br />

f. voor- before + trekken Trkk v!\ One of the<br />

original Dutch emigrants into the Transvaal; a<br />

pioneer.<br />

1878 Avlward Transvaal of To-day \. 3 Mr. Oliphant,<br />

..in speaking or the Voortrekkeis (advanced pioneers),<br />

says [etc.]. 1883 Pall Mall G. 26 Nov. 2/1 To prevent<br />

a large and resjiected portion of the English people from<br />

ever doing justice to the Transvaal Voorirekkers. 1899<br />

Rider Haggard Swallow Introd. §2 Sympathy with the<br />

Voortrekkers of 1836 is easy.<br />

attrib. 189S J. G. Millais Breath fr. Veldt ii8g«/. and conj,^ southern<br />

ME. pa, t. Fare v.<br />

Vor-, southern ME. variant of FoR-/r^x,<br />

Voracious (vorP^-J^s), a. [f. L. voraci- ^vorax<br />

f. vordre to devour + -ous. Cf. F. vorace^ It. voraa,<br />

Sp. and Pg. voraz."]<br />

1. Of animals (rarely of persons, or of the<br />

throat) : Eating with greediness; devouring food<br />

in large quantities ; gluttonous, ravenous. Also<br />

const, of,<br />

1693 CosGKEVF. in Dryden's Juvenal x\. (1697) 283 Well<br />

may they fear some miserable End, . . Whose large voracious<br />

Uhroats have swallow'd All. 1699 Dampikr Vcy. II. 68 The<br />

King Carrion Crows . . are very voracious, and will dispatch<br />

a carkass in a trice. 1725 Ds Foe Voy. round iVor/d (1840)<br />

331 The Spaniards are . . cruel, inexorable, uncharitable,<br />

voracious. X750 G. Hughes Barbatios 81 These [Cockroaches]<br />

are very troublesome, being voracious of most<br />

kinds of dressed victuals. 1796 Morse Atner. Ceog. I. 88<br />

All the Indians of South America .. are in geneial excessively<br />

voracious. 1819 Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. XL<br />

II. 616 All the species being extremely voracious. 1855<br />

Orrs Cire. Sei., jnorg. Nat. 6g At the earliest introduction<br />

of fishes we find the voracious and highly organized tribeof<br />

sharks fully represented. x86x J. R. Greene Man. Anim.<br />

Kingd., Cctlent. 229 Vet are the Ctenophora very voracious,<br />

feeding on a number of floating marine animals.<br />

transf. 1850 Carlvle Latter-d, Pamph. \\. (1872) 45, 1 had<br />

seen him about a year before,.. and had noted well the unlovely<br />

voracious look of him.<br />

b. fig. Of persons : Excessively greedy or eager<br />

in some desire or pursuit. Also const, of.<br />

1746 Francis tr. Horace, Epist. i. ii. 34 Circe's Cups..<br />

Which with his Mates, voracious of their Woe, If he had<br />

blindly tasted [etc.]. i8ia Examiner 7 Sept. 571/2 A..<br />

most voracious believer he is. 1851 Carlvle Sterling i. iv,<br />

A voracious ob-^erver and participator in all things he likewise<br />

all along was, 1883 Evangelical Mag. Sept. 419 Mr.<br />

Rowlands.. was a voracious reader.<br />

O. transf Of things.<br />

1767 A. Young Farmers Lett, to People 11 1 He will<br />

abhor the practice of sowing so Aoracious a vegetable after<br />

wheat. 1784 CowpER Task iv. 450 Twitch'd from the perch.<br />

He gives the princely biid, with all his wives, To hi& voracious<br />

bag.<br />

2. Characterized by voracity or greediness. Also<br />

163s J. Tavlor (Water P.) Very OldMan in HJndley III.<br />

12 All Creatures are Made for mans use, and may by Man<br />

be us'd, Not by voracious Gluttony abus'd. 1710 Welton<br />

Suffer. Son ofGod II. xxvii. 709 This Miscreant thought of<br />

nothing else but how to glut his Voracious Appetite. x8oo<br />

Med. Jrnl, III. 62 He had such a voracious appetite that<br />

he would take with indifference either medicine or food.<br />

187S Chambers^s Jrnl. 2 Jan. 45^2 [the snail's] appetite is<br />

as voracious as its means of indulging it ai e perfect.<br />

b. fig. Of desiies, interests, eic. : Insatiable.<br />

171a Addison S^ect. No. 452 f 5 They have a Relisli for<br />

every thing that is News, let the matter of it be what it will<br />

or, to speak more properly, they are Men of a Voracious<br />

Appetite, but no Taste. x8$s H. Rogers Ess. (1874) I. vii.<br />

342 He took revenge for his transient tit of scepticism by<br />

asubsequent most voracious dogmatism. ai854H.RFEO<br />

Led. Brit, Poets x. {1857) II. 22 His appetite for argument<br />

was as voracious as his physical appetite.<br />

Voraciously (vor^'-Jasli), adv, [f. prec. +<br />

-I.Y -.] In a voracious manner ; greedily, glutton-<br />

ously, ravenously,<br />

175* J. Hill Hist, Anim. 381 All four of the species of<br />

this singular genus are fond of pepper, but this eats it most<br />

voraciously. 1776 Mrs. Delany Li/e 4- Corr, (1S62) II.<br />

tfbS They came starved,, .and eat their little dinner voraciously.<br />

1839 DicKKNS Nickleby v, The boys began to eat<br />

voraciously, and in desperate haste. 1864 C, Geikie Li/e<br />

in /F


VOBAGE. 311 VOBTEX.<br />

gredynesse in eatyng,. .saylh, O, how hungry I am. 1584<br />

Lodge Aiarm agsi. l/st/rers F iij. What though you<br />

cloath your selues in stmplicitie of Doues, and your inwarde<br />

habite be worse then the voracite of Wolues. 1615 G.<br />

Sandys Tru?'. 18 Those that with the rarities of the earth<br />

do pamper their voracities. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav,<br />

(cd. 2) 241 No people in the world have better stomacks,<br />

drinke more, or more affect voracity. 1653 Earl Monm. tr,<br />

Bfutivoglio s Hist. Reiat, 64 This Army is like a great<br />

Animal) which lives in continual voracity. 1774G0LUSM.<br />

Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 399 The animal's voracity is greater<br />

than itsfeeliniiis.and it never seizes without bringing down its<br />

prey. 1833 }. Rensik Alph. Angling 6 To me it appears<br />

much more probable, that.. fishes have intervals more or<br />

less extended of fasting, after which they eat with great<br />

voracity. 1868 Pf.akd iVater-farm. xvi. 164 Innumerable<br />

Anecdotes have been related regarding the voracity of this<br />

fisli [the pikel 1891 Farrar Darkn. Sf Dawn xxvi, Who<br />

is that extremely stout personage, .who is devouring his<br />

dainties with such brutal voracity 7<br />

b. iransf. andy7/. Also const, of.<br />

1601 Holland P/iny I. 47 What a Nature is that which<br />

feedeth the most greedie voracitie in the whole world [sc,<br />

that of fire] without losse of it selfe? 1638S1R T. Herbert<br />

Trav (ed. 2) 274 In Iberia also and Armenia they entred<br />

with no lesse voracity. 1664 H. More Apology 406 The<br />

fierceness and voracity of what we ordinarily calf fire.<br />

a 1701 Maundrf-ll Journ. Jems. (1721) 62 The voracity of<br />

time.. has left nothing but a few Foundations remaining,<br />

'779 Johnson L. P., rope Wks. IV. 46 Popes voracity of<br />

fame taught him the an of ol)taining the accumulated honour<br />

both of what he had published, and of what he had sup<<br />

frcssed. i860 Emekson Cond. Life, IVea/th Wks. (Bohn)<br />

I. 358 The eating quality ofdebt does not relax its voracity.<br />

f6f(i.^ Consid. 421 Afflicting other souls, .with ministrations<br />

to its voracity of trifies.<br />

t Voragfe. Obs. rare, [a. O^^vorage, or ad. L.<br />

vorago VoKAGO.] A whirlpool, gulf, chasm.<br />

X490 Caxton Eneydos x. 39 On that other syde cam vpon<br />

theym Ncptunus wyth all his vorages and wawesalle full<br />

of scume. a 1533 Ln. Bkbners Cold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1537)<br />

Aivb, The famous Romayn : whiche for to delyuer the<br />

towne of Rome . . yelded hym selfe to the same vorage, that<br />

as than was sene in Rome. [1623 Cockeram, Vorage^ a<br />

Quaemire.J<br />

t Vorageons, a. Obs.~^ In 5 voraygeouse.<br />

[ad. OK. voragienx."] «» next i.<br />

1490 Caxtoh Eneydos xviii, 67 The wyndes ben in their<br />

furye, the sec full of tempest and of grcte voraygeouse<br />

wawrs.<br />

t Vora*£pLX10US, a, Obs. [ad. L. vordginos-us^<br />

f. vontgin-j vonigo Vokago. Cf. obs. F, voragin-<br />

iux. It., Sp., Pg. voragi'noso.']<br />

L Of or belonging to an abyss or whirljx>ol<br />

resembling a cliasm or gidf.<br />

i6a4 T. Scorr /it'lg. Sovldirr 8 More dangerous then the<br />

gaping and voraginous caue, wherein Curiius leapt. 1654<br />

CoKAtNS Diitfien in. 233 A voraqinous place, about the<br />

banks of which those men appcaie that have perished by a<br />

violent death. 1675 E. Wilson Spadacr. Dwielm. 23 The<br />

bottom of the Sea.. is perforated with sundry voraginous<br />

inlets and patent mouths. 1747 Mallet Amyntor


VORTICAL.<br />

•<br />

who is constantly moving in a vorlcx of pleasure, brilliancy,<br />

iind wit. i8oa Mar. Edceworth Moral T., Breakfast^ I<br />

fed that I cannot be at case in the vortex of dissipation.<br />

X877 ^'"5. FoBRESTKR i»/i;f*«7« I. 191 She and her husband<br />

li\xd in a vortex of gaiety,<br />

C. A situation into which persons or things are<br />

steadily drawn, or from which they cannot escape.<br />

(Chiefly after sense 3.)<br />

1779 J. MoORB View Soc. Fr, I. i. 8, I thought it most<br />

prudent to remove.., that no chance might remain of my<br />

being, .whirled round again in the vortex of dissipation and<br />

gaming. 1833 Mrs. Browning Prometk. £aftruiPoct. Wks.<br />

(1904) i59/2JLet him hurl me anon, into Tartarus,.. With<br />

Necessity's vortices strangling me down. 1850 Kingslf.y<br />

A/f. Locke X, I looked with horror on the gulf of penury<br />

before me, into the vortex of which not only I, but my<br />

whole trade, seemed irresistibly sucked, a i86a Buckle<br />

Civilix. (1S69) III. v. 356 Generation after generation passes<br />

away, successively absorbed in one mighty vortex.<br />

f 0. A design or figure representing or suggesting<br />

vortical movement. Ohs~^<br />

1665 HoOKE Microgr, Time Table, The Figures of Hoar<br />

Frost, and the Vortices on windows.<br />

7. attrib., chiefly in terms of physical science, as<br />

vorUx-aioniy -Jiiamenty -/irte, -ma/ler, -motion,<br />

-rin^\ vortex turbine or (water-)-wheel, a turbine<br />

in which the water enters tangential ly at the<br />

circumference and is discharged at the centre.<br />

1867 Sir W. Thomson in PhiL Mag. Ser. iv. XXXIV. 15<br />

{headinfit On 'Vortex Atoms. 1876 P. G. Tait Ktc. Adv.<br />

Phys. Set. i. 24 Sir \V. Thomson's splendid suggestion of<br />

Vortex-atoms . . will enable us thoroughly to understand<br />

matter, 1867 — (tr. Helmholtz) in Phi/. Mag, Ser. iv.<br />

XXXIII. 486 By *voriex-filaments.. \ denote portions<br />

of the fluid bounded by vortex-lines drawn through every<br />

point of the boundary of an infinitely small closed curve.<br />

1878 W. K. Clifford Dynamicwx. 203 The part of the body<br />

inside the tube is called a vortex-filamenL 1867 Tait (tr.<br />

Helmholtz) in Phil. Mag. Ser. iv. XXXIII.486 By *voriex.<br />

lines. .\ denote lines drawn through the fluid so as at every<br />

point to coincide with the instantaneous axis of rotation of<br />

the corresponding fluid clement, 1878 W. K. Clifford<br />

Dynamic in. 200 A curve such that its tangent at every point<br />

is in the direction of the spin at that point is called a vortexline,<br />

ai/ax Keiix Maupertuis^ /)/w. (1734) 21 As each<br />

Planet describes equal Area's in equal Times, it follows that<br />

the Beds of the *Vortex Matter have their Velocities in a<br />

reciprocal Proportion to their distances from the Center.<br />

1867 TArr (tr. Helmholtz) in /»/n7. Mag. Ser. iv. XXXIII.<br />

491 We may. .call the motions which have no velocitypotential,<br />

generally, *vorteX'iuotions, 1B76 — Rec. Adv.<br />

Phys. Sci. xii. 290 The peculiar properties of vortexmotion<br />

were mathematically deduced, .by Helmholtz. 1867<br />

— (tr. Helmholtz) in Phil. Mag. Ser. iv. XXXIII. 510<br />

These *vortex.rings travel on, . . and are widened or<br />

contracted by other vortex-rings. 1878 W. K. Clifford<br />

Dynatnic \\\. 205 Suppose that in a mass of fluid there is a<br />

single vortex ring of any form (i. e. a vortex-filament returning<br />

into itself). 1877 Iron 27 Oct, 516 The turbine manu-<br />

' factured by them is termed the * Vortex '. \Z^ Athenxutn<br />

16 Aug. 212/1 A description of the vortex turbine or inward-flow<br />

water-wheel. 1853 Glvnn Treat. Power IVaier<br />

146 Several machines derive their power from the reaction<br />

of water-pressure : such as Dr. Barker's mill,. .the "Vortexwheel,<br />

and others, i860 lire's Diet. Arts, etc. (ed. 5) III.<br />

928 The name of Vortex Wheel has been given to a modification<br />

of the turbine by Mr. James Thomson of Belfast,<br />

Vortfc, southern ME. var. Forth a(/v. ; obs. Sc,<br />

f. Worth sd. and v. Vor))ere(more, southern<br />

ME, varr. Further(more. Vorthy, dial, var.<br />

obs. Sc. form of Worthy a.<br />

FoRTHT a. ;<br />

Vortical (v/utikal), a. and sd, [f. L. vortic-^<br />

vortex Vortex + -al.]<br />

A. adj. L Of motion : Like that of a vortex<br />

rotating, eddying, whirling.<br />

1653 H. More CtfM/Vf/. Cabbal. {ijjt) 191 The Matter<br />

being coagulated. . .and set upon Vortical Motion, Light<br />

dawned out in infinite parts of the World. 1691 Bentley<br />

Boyle Led' 226 This universal attraction or gravitation is<br />

..not a magnetical power, nor the effect of a vortical<br />

motion; those common attempts toward the explication of<br />

gravity. 1746 /*/»7. Trans. XLIV. 43, I have never been<br />

able to discern that vortical Motion, by which this Effect<br />

was said to be brought about. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men,<br />

Sivedenborg Wks. (Bohn) I. 316 Descartes, taught by Gilbert's<br />

magnet,, .had filled Europe with the leading thought<br />

of vortic^ motion, as the secret of nature. 1881 G. Mac-<br />

DONAU) Mary Marston II. ii. 10 She made a sudden vortical<br />

gyration, and walked from the vile place. x88a Mm-<br />

CHiN Unipl. Kirumr.t. j^s Twice the product of the area of<br />

the curve and the vortical spin inside it.<br />

2. Moving in a vortex ; whirling round.<br />

17*8 Pemberton Ne^vton's Philos. 231 The vortical fluid,<br />

by which he explains the motion of the planets. X79a D.<br />

Lloyd Voy. Life 23 Till all their brain is vortical ;—and<br />

wreck 'd They sink o'erladen with anxiety, i860 Gosse<br />

Rom. Nat. Hist. 165 Vibrating cilia., are more developed on<br />

these organs, which are only pushed out at the will of the<br />

little animal, when they form strong vortical currents.<br />

B. sb. A vortical motion.<br />

s86^ A thenamm Z Ocl. ^S^/2 The summa.y of the author's<br />

theones is:— ..That the magnetic vortical can be excited<br />

by means of spiral currents of electricity generally.<br />

Hence VoTtlcally adv.. in a vortical manner.<br />

187a Proctor Ess, Astron. xix. 230 If meteoric matter<br />

came in vortically around the equatorial parts of the sun.<br />

x88a MiNCHiM UiUpl. Kinemat. 183 Energy of Vortically<br />

moving Licjuid.<br />

t Vortice, sb Obs.—^ [ad. stem of L. vortex.']<br />

A vortex.<br />

x66i Boyle Sprin 0/ Air (1662) 97 Particles, agitated<br />

or whirled round, . . whereby they are each of them enabled<br />

to drive or force out of their Vortice all such other agitated<br />

particles.<br />

313<br />

Vo'rtice,<br />

bring by vortical motion.<br />

rti843 SouTHET Comm.-pl. Bk. (1851) IV. iii The<br />

heavier bodies.. became outermost, and in their whirling<br />

^- rare-'^, [Cf. prec] trans. To<br />

vorticed the evil spirits into the centre,<br />

(v/Jtisei). Zool. [ad. mod.L. vortU<br />

Vorticel<br />

cella : see next, and cf, F. vortt'ceUe.J = next.<br />

1835 KiRBY //ad. ^ Inst, Anim. II. xvii. 97 Some, as the<br />

vorticels, the wheel-animals by way of eminence, appear to<br />

have two wheels.<br />

It Vorticella (v^Jtise'la). Zooi. [mod.L., dim.<br />

f, L. vortic-y vortex Vortex.] The typical genus<br />

of Vorticellidm{zL next) ; an individual belonging<br />

to this genus; a bell-animalcnle. h\%^ attrib.<br />

1787 G. Adams {title). Essays on the Microscope, containing,<br />

.an account of the various species and singular properties<br />

of the HydriB and Vorticellje. 1806 Pbiscilla Wakefield<br />

Dovi. Recreat. vi. 86 A most curious animalcule,<br />

called the wheel animal, or vorticella. 1875 Huxley& Martin<br />

Elein. Biol, (1877) go Sometimes a rounded body, encircled<br />

by a ring of cilia hut having otherwise the characters<br />

of a i'orticella bell, is seen to be attached to the base<br />

of the bell of an ordinary Vorticella.<br />

Vorticellid<br />

(v^itise-lid). Zool. [Cf. prec,<br />

and -ID 3.] An individnal of the Vorticellidaz, a<br />

family of sedentary infusorians.<br />

1865 /ntell. Observ. No. 38. loi The jerk of a Vorticellid.<br />

1888 Rolleston & Jackson /J «//«. i-{>^ 837 Encysted Vorticellids<br />

with many nuclei have been observed.<br />

Hence Vortice'Uidan rt. rare.<br />

186s H. James-Clark in Mem, Boston Soc. Nat. //ist, I.<br />

127 This singular appendage of the Vorticellidan group.<br />

1880 Savillk Kent /n/usoria I, 68 Members of the Vorticellidan<br />

family.<br />

Vorti-cial, a. rare-^. [Cf. next.] = Vortical.<br />

1848 Foe EureA-a Wks. 1865 II. 205 Cyclic and seemingly<br />

gyrating or vorticial movements.<br />

fVorti'cian, a. Obs. [f, L, vortici-y vortex :<br />

see Vortex and -ian.] Of or belonging to the<br />

theory of a vortex or vortices.<br />

a 17JX Keill Maupertnis' Diss. (1734) 23 This is all one<br />

of the greatest Men of the Age could say in Defence of the<br />

Vortician System, /bid. 27,<br />

Vorti'CifonUy a. rare~K [f. as prec. : see<br />

-FORM.] Having the form of a vortex.<br />

1849-52 Todd's Cycl. Anai. IV. 1228/1 When the vibratile<br />

cilia.. are simultaneously effecting their vorticiform moveinents<br />

with rapidity and perfect harmony,<br />

Vorticist (v^jtisist). [f, as prec. + -1ST.] An<br />

advocate of the theory of vortices.<br />

x866 De Morgan in Athenaeum 26 May 706/3 Giordano<br />

Bruno, .was, as has been said, a vorticist before Descartes,<br />

an optimist before Leibnitz, a Copernican before Galileo,<br />

(vpjti'slti). [f. as prec. + -ITY.] The<br />

Vorticity<br />

condition of a fluid, etc., with respect to vortical<br />

motion.<br />

1895 Athenseum 23 Nov. 722/2 [Math. Soc.] On the Propagation<br />

of Waves upon the Plane Surface separating Two<br />

Portions of Fluid oCDifferent Vorticities.<br />

t VoTticle. Obs, rare. [f. L. vortic-y vortex,<br />

after diminutives in -c/e."] A little vortex.<br />

1766 G. Canning Anti-Lucretius iv, 300 In the vast Vortex,<br />

that surrounds the Whole, Examine how the Vortictes<br />

must roll. Idid. 317.<br />

t Vorticordious, a. Obs.-^ [f, L. Vorli-,<br />

Verticordia : see Verticordious a.] Turning the<br />

heart,<br />

1669 T, G[ale] True /dea 'Jansenisme 135 Then cap. 24<br />

he proves more largely, That this medicinal Grace is Vorticordious<br />

or most potent.<br />

Vorticose (v^itik^n's), a. [ad, L. vorticos-us<br />

(It, vorticoso), {.vorttC',vortex\ORTEX : see -OSE.j<br />

1. Of motion: = Vortical a. 1.<br />

178% Phil. Trans. LXXIII.p. ii, At times, .the motion was<br />

unduTatory,andat others vorticose, /bid. 194 The first shock<br />

..was lateral, and then vorticose, and exceedingly violent.<br />

x8jo LvELL Princ. Geol. I. 418 The wave-like motions, and<br />

those which are called vorticose or whirling in a vortex.<br />

1839 Darwin Voy. Nat. xvi. 376 The displacement at first<br />

appears to be owing to a vorticose movement beneath each<br />

point thus affected. i88x C. A, Young Sun 173 Only a very<br />

small percentage of the spots show any trace of vorticose<br />

motion.<br />

2, Kesembiing a vortex.<br />

X870 Matt. Williams Fuel 0/ Sun §326. 214 The.. orb<br />

would be twisted bodily into a huge vorticose crater. 1893<br />

HowLETT in Sir R. Ball Story Sun 147 They are illustrative<br />

of the development of two different and remarkable groups<br />

[of sun-spots]. The first is the elegant vorticose group.<br />

Hence Vortlco'sely adv.j<br />

vortically.<br />

in the manner of a<br />

vortex ;<br />

1883 Nature XXV. 291 There is a strong inflow of theair<br />

along the surface of the ground all round vorticosely towards<br />

the base of the whirlwind. 1883 Encycl, Brit. XVI.<br />

131/2 The strong air currents which.. converge vorticosely<br />

round the base of the column [of the dust storm].<br />

Vorticnlar (v(7iti'ki«laj), a. [Cf. prec. and<br />

-ULAR.] Of motion : Vortical, vorticose.<br />

1838 Redfirld in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. XXXIII. 59 Were<br />

there no vorticular or whirling action already excited,.,<br />

there could then be no inequality of pressure to produce<br />

rotation. 1864 De Penning Meteorol. 65 This inward vorticular<br />

movement can only arise from the constant lateral<br />

pressure that is always maintained towards the partial<br />

vacuum of the vortex. 1891 Atlantic Monthly LXVIII,<br />

68/2 They \sc. tornadoes] possess truly vorticular motion.<br />

Vertiginous (v^Jti-dsinas), a. [f. L, vortXgin-,<br />

vortigo, var, of vertigo : see Veutigikous a.]<br />

1. Of motion : Vortical, vorticular.<br />

VOTARIST.<br />

1671 R. BoHUN Wind •z'^o'Wie. spirit or WinJ. .wliirls about<br />

in a Circle: for.. the density and resisience of the Cloud,<br />

gives it an oblique or Voriiginous Motion. 1774 Pennant<br />

Tour Scot, in lyyz, 75 Great circular hollows, the work of<br />

the Vortiginous Motion of the Water, 1784 Covvter Task<br />

II. I03 The fixt and rooted earth.. with vortiginous and<br />

hideous whirl Sucks down its prey insatiable,<br />

2. Moving in a vortex or vortices ; rushing in<br />

whirls or eddies.<br />

1791 CowpER Iliad XXI. 2 Where Xanthus winds His<br />

stream vortiginous. 1804 C. B. Brown tr. Volncy's View<br />

Soil U.S. 168 In the same manner may water-spouts be explained,<br />

which are vortiginous masses of air and water,<br />

seen only in cloudy weather. 1813 Edin. Rev. XXI. 137<br />

The great, deep, and vortiginous Scamander had dwindled<br />

into a scanty rivulet.<br />

Vorty, south-western dial, form of Forty.<br />

i6oa Contention betw. Lib.


VOTARY. 813 VOTE.<br />

1869 Browning Ring ^ Bk\ vn. 1506 So kneels a votarist,<br />

Weeds some poor waste traditionary plot Where shrine<br />

once was.<br />

trans/. 1806 H. SiDDONS Maid, IVi/e, ^ IVidow II. 187<br />

He is but a lukewarm votarist in the cause of truth and<br />

virtue, if he is to be thus ridiculed out of Iiis integrity. 1831<br />

W. Godwin Thoughts Man 202 There is still further advantage<br />

that belongs to the poet and the votarist of polite literature,<br />

which ought to be mentioned.-<br />

Votary (v^u*tari), sb. Also 7-8 votary, [f. L,<br />

vol-, ppl. stem of vovere to vow + -ary l,]<br />

I, 1. One who is bound by vows to a religious<br />

a monk or nun,<br />

1546 Bale [title) The first two partes of the Actes or un-<br />

life ;<br />

chast examples of Englysh votaryes. 1560 Daus tr. Sleidanc's<br />

Cotmn. 90 b, The controversie was.. especially for<br />

the .Masse, and Votaries, for herein woulde the Catholikes<br />

nothyng at all relent. 1594 West 2Hd Pi. Sytnbol. §17<br />

Persons civilly dead, as monks, fryers, canons, professed<br />

nuns, and such other superstitiouse votaries, 1607 Merry<br />

Devil Edmonton v. ii. 166 Sirra, ride strait to Chesson<br />

Nunry,..the house, I know, By this time misses their yong<br />

votary. 1654 Earl Monm. tr. BentivogUds Wars Flanders<br />

8g The hereticks.. growing more outragious then ordinarily<br />

against Ecclesiastiuks, and especially against Votaries. 1662<br />

OwEN/4M/;«a'/i'.^//x/Z.«j:'v.Wks. 1855 XIV. 68 Monasteries<br />

of votaries under special and peculiar vows and rules. 1705<br />

Addison Italy 494 The Abuse of Indulgencies, the Folly<br />

and Impertinence of Votaries, and in short the Superstition<br />

. .of the Roman Caihollck Religion. 1856 R. A. Vauchan<br />

Mystics fi86o) I. 16 So Christianity^ corrupted by Gentile<br />

philosophy, has in like manner its privileged and its inferior<br />

order of votaries.<br />

b. One who has made, or is bound by, a special<br />

vow.<br />

x^ Shaks. L. L. L. It. i. 37 Who are the Votaries my<br />

loumg Lords, that are vow-fellowes with thisvertuous Duke?<br />

a 1596 Sir '/'. More in. ii. (orig. draft), The votarie that will<br />

not cut hishaire,Vntili the expiration of his vow. 1643 Trapp<br />

Comm. Gen. xxviii. 20 And Jacob vowed a vow] The first<br />

holy votary that ever we read of. 187a Spurgeon Trcas.<br />

Dav. Ps, Ixvi. 14 God in answer to his vow removed the<br />

distress, and now the votary desires to make good his promise.<br />

2. One who is devoted to a particular religion, or<br />

to some form of worship or religious observance<br />

a devotee.<br />

1704 Locke Toleration \v. Wks. 1727 III. 464 Nor is<br />

there among the many absurd Religions of the World,<br />

almost any one that does not find Votaries to lay down their<br />

Lives for it. 1754 Sherlock Disc. (1753) ^' '• ^^ ^^ other<br />

Relis^ion can give any Security of Life and Happiness<br />

to its Votaries. 1777 R. Watson Philip If, viii- I. 296<br />

That method of justifying iniquity, of which the votaries of<br />

the Romish church have so often availed themselves. 1794<br />

Palev Eind. x. \. (1817) 32 The ancient religion of a country<br />

has always many votaries. 1847 Emerson Re^r, Men^<br />

Sivedenborg Wks. (Bohn) I. ^34, I think of him as of some<br />

transmigrating votary of Indian legend, i860 — Cond. Life^<br />

Worship ibid. II. 395 The religion cannot rise above the<br />

state of the votary.<br />

b. A devout worshipper. (Cf. next.)<br />

i8j3 Praed Poems (1864) II. 291 A happier votary at a<br />

holier fane. 1842 Rarham Ingol. Leg. Ser. n. Lay St.<br />

Ciithherty In fact, when the votaries came there to pray All<br />

said there wasnouglit to compare with it. 1863 Kinglake<br />

Crimea 1. 41 In order to keep these convents up, the priests<br />

imagined the plan of causing the votary to pay according to<br />

his means at every shrine which he embraced.<br />

3. A devoted or zealous worshipper of God,<br />

Christ, one of the saints, etc.<br />

a 1700 Ken Sion Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 388 True Christ-like<br />

Love all other I-oves exceeds. By which to save a soul<br />

Christ's Vot'ry bleeds. — On the Temptation Poet. Wks.<br />

1721 I. 92 Jesus Satan of his Force bereft, And Con-<br />

Juest easy to his Vot'rys left. 174J Young Nt, Th. in. 53<br />

n propitious dreams (For dreams are thine) transfuse it<br />

thro' the breast Of thy first votar>'. 1779 J. Moore Vieiu<br />

Soc. Fr. (1789) II. xcv. 421 A supposed connection between<br />

the characters of the Saints and the votaries. 1825 Scott<br />

BetrptJud xxvii. The Virgin of the Garde Doloureuse, that<br />

never failed a votary. 1840 Barham Ingol. Leg. Ser. i, St.<br />

Odiile, I don't see, as a Saint, how she well could do less<br />

Than to get such a votary out of her mess. 1869 Freeman<br />

Norm. Conq. {1875) III. xiv. 360 Harold implored the help<br />

of the relic whose sworn votary he was.<br />

b. Used with reference to ancient or heathen<br />

deities, partly in fig. tise.<br />

? a 1690 Prior To Earl 0/ Dorset i, Hear, Goddess, hear<br />

thy Votary. The meanest of thy Sons inspire. 17*6 Pope<br />

Odyss. XVII. 288 Daughters of Jove !..your votary restore :<br />

Oh be some God his convoy to our shore I 1766 [.^nstev]<br />

Bath Guide iiL 14 Come the Nymph of various Mien,<br />

Vot'ry true of Beauty's Queen. 1778 Bp. Lowth Trausl.<br />

Isaiah Notes (1812) 340 Nor can they [the idols] answer, or<br />

deliver their votaries, when they cry unto them. 1877 L.<br />

Morris EAtc Hades iii. 242, I did not envy any goddess of<br />

all The Olympian company her votaries. 1878 Browning<br />

Poets Croisic xxxi, Silence and solitude Befit the votary of<br />

the Muse.<br />

II. 4. One who is devoted or passionately<br />

addicted to some particular pursuit, occupation,<br />

study, aim, etc.<br />

159X Shaks. TwoGentl. m. ii. 58 We know (on Valentines<br />

report) You are already loues firme votary. 1738<br />

Gray Pr^ertius i. 2 Before the Goddess' shrine we too.<br />

loves vot ries bend. 1764 Reid Inquiry i. § 8 If philosophy<br />

befools her Votaries,, .let her be sent back to the infernal<br />

regions. 1771 Beattie Minstr. i. ix, The boundless store<br />

Ofcharms which Nature to her votary yields ! 1806 H. K.<br />

White Lett. (1837) 319, I am. .a rejected votary at the<br />

shrine of Health. x83oHerschel Study Nat. Phil. i. 1.<br />

14 One of the great sources of delight which the study of<br />

natural science imparts to its votaries. 1873 Hamerton<br />

Intell. Life vi. iv. 218 Science requires a certain inward<br />

heat and heroism in her votaries.<br />

Vol. X.<br />

b. Const, to (now rare) or of.<br />

(rt) 159X Shaks. T^vo Gentl. i. i. 52 But wherefore waste<br />

I time to counsaile thee That art a votary to fond desire?<br />

1594 Selimus D j, I haue liu'd Almost a votarie to wantonnesse.<br />

1742 Lond. ^ Country Bre%v. i. (ed. 4) 79,<br />

I cannot be a Votary to this practice. 181 1 Shelley .J^<br />

Irvyne iii. He became.. even a more devoted votary to<br />

gambling than before.<br />

(^) 159S Spenser Col. Clout •]6S They ,. do themselues<br />

for want of other worke, Vaine votaries of laesie loue professe.<br />

1690 Tkmple Ess,, Heroic Virtue Wks. 1720 I. 233<br />

The usual Acceptation takes Profit and Pleasure for two<br />

different Things, and.. calls the Followers or Votaries of<br />

them by several Names of busy and of idle Men. 1733<br />

Berkeley Alciphr. 1. § 5 Are you then in earnest a votary<br />

of truth? 1766 Fordyce Scr/n. Yug. Wm. 1, iii. 90 Is it<br />

surprising to see the daughters of such become very early<br />

the votaries of Folly? 1783 Cowper yalediction 71 Vot'ries<br />

of bus'ness and of pleasure prove Faithless alike in friendship<br />

and in love. 1801 Hamilton Wks. (1886) VII. 218 The<br />

patriotic votaries of whiskey in Pennsylvania and Virginia.<br />

i8as Macaulav Ess., Milton (1851) I. 21 That an enthusiastic<br />

votary of lilierty should accept office under a military<br />

usurper seems, .extraordinary. 1869 Freeman Norm. Conq.<br />

(1875} III. xi. 40 Ground from which the votaries of devotion<br />

and art and history are bidden to turn away.<br />

6. A devoted adherent or admirer of some<br />

person, institution, etc.<br />

1647 Clarendon Hist. Rcb. vr. § 36 It was not safe for any<br />

to live at their Houses, who weie taken notice of as no<br />

Votaries to the Parliament. 1678 Butler Hud. iii. i. 183,<br />

I come to prove How much I've suffered for your Love,<br />

Which (like your Votary) to win, I have not spar'd my<br />

tatter'd skin. 168s Villiers (Dk. Buckhm.) Chances v. iit,<br />

I shall not be asham'd to own my self a Votary to all your<br />

Commands. 1713 Steele Guard, No. 18 p 4 One of the<br />

most successful Stratagems whereby Mahomet became<br />

formidable, was the assurance that Impostor gave his<br />

votaries, that [etc.J. 1817 Chalmers Li/e in Churchyard<br />

Chippes 46 He endeavoured to cultivate the patronage of<br />

Essex, even after it had ceased to be of any value to his<br />

votaries. x868 Freeman Norm. Conq, II, x. 464 The same<br />

virtues gained him a still nobler and more powerful votary;<br />

he became, as we have seen, the special friend of Earl<br />

Harold.<br />

tVo'tary, a, Obs. [Cf, prec]<br />

1, Of persons : Consecrated by a vow ; devoted<br />

to a religious life.<br />

1564 Brief Exam. B iv b. The salarie.. consecrated, .to<br />

thejT holy votaries virgins. x6ii Steed Theat. Gt. Brit.<br />

xix. (1614) 27/2 Elie, had in account for the repute and holinesse<br />

of votary-nun nes there residing. \6


VOTB.<br />

law of the double vote had been, an implement of mr<br />

directed against the throne. 187s Jowett F/ala (ed. s) V.<br />

83 One is to he chosen by lot out of ten who are elected by<br />

vote. iW^ tr. Loire's Logic 394 A number of groups in<br />

each of which a separate vote is taken.<br />

b. In the phrase to put to the vote, to submit to<br />

the detasion of a meeting. Similarly (of a ques-<br />

tion), to^ to the vole.<br />

IS99 Hist, lyrilen to Signet U8v>) J34 It being put to vote<br />

... the maist part voteit to the said incorporatioun. 1681 in<br />

ActsParlt.ScolHrili) XII. 45/2 It was putt to the vote, If<br />

the Act should be delayed or not, and was carried in the<br />

negative. 1770 Lahghorne Plutarch V. 87 Cato, however,<br />

before it was put to the vote, ascended the rostrum. 1813<br />

New Monthly Mag. IX. 244/1 He implored the HoiBC not<br />

to let the question go to the vote. 1857 TouLMiN Smith<br />

Parish 58 He must then put it to the Vote whether the<br />

meeting ' approve ' and ' confirm " the minutes. 1888 [see<br />

Put r.' 22 b].<br />

, • , ^<br />

a The collective support of a special number or<br />

class of persons in a deliberative decision, election,<br />

etc. (Cf. 7 c.)<br />

1851 Gallesg V Italy 391 We must not, indeed, allow that<br />

it was the result of the Lombard vote that turned Sardinia's<br />

allies into enemies. 1884 Nation (N. Y.) 3 July 1/3 Mr.<br />

Blaine will get the following ' voles '. The Hebrew vote,<br />

because he spoke severely about the persecution of the Jews<br />

by Russia ; the Dynamite vote, because he is down on the<br />

English.<br />

7. The right or privilege of exercismg the suffrage<br />

; esp. in the phrase to have a vote.<br />

a 1585 MoNTGOMERlE Cherry ^ Sloe 683 (Laing MS.), Thay<br />

say Jat wayage neuir luckis, quhair ilk ane hes ane woit.<br />

i^ in Eng. Hist. Rev. Jan. (1913) 130 It is to be carrycd<br />

by most voyces, because every Councillor hath equall vote<br />

there. 1660 R. Coke Power ^ SuiJ. 109 If every man of<br />

England has not a like vote and power in electing Members<br />

for the House of Commons, then cannot the House of Commons<br />

be the Representative of the Nation. i586 tr. Char-<br />

Jin's Trav. Persia 5 Who has sufficient to drive a Trade<br />

that will bear an Imposition of Eight Crowns, has as good<br />

a Vote as he that Trades for an Hundred Thousand. 1765<br />

Blackstose Comm. 1. 165 Every member of the community<br />

..should have a vote in electing those delegates. 178a<br />

Peiestley Corrupt. Chr. II. x. 229 The common people<br />

ceased to have votes. 1829 Macaulay Mill on Go^-t. in<br />

Eiitn. Rev. Mar. 177 On these grounds Mr. Mill recommends<br />

that all males of mature age, rich and poor, educated<br />

and ignorant, shall have votes. i8« Thirlwa r.i. Greece I.<br />

;79 Each tribe, however feeble, had two votes in the dell-<br />

g; jeration of the congress. 1866 Geo. Eliot F. Holt xi, He<br />

. . was already a forty-shilling freeholder, and was conscious<br />

of a vote for the county.<br />

b. A person regarded merely as an embodiment<br />

of the right to vote; also, a person possessing the<br />

right to vote ; a voter.<br />

1737 Pope Hor. P.p. 11. ii. 197 That from a Patriot of dis.<br />

tingutsh'd note. Have bled and purg'd me to a simple Vole.<br />

\a 1800 Devonshire's Noble Duel ii. in Child Ballads vii.<br />

ri4/ 2 Then away to the Parliament these votes all went<br />

again, And there they acted like just and honest men. x8o5<br />

WOLCOT (P. Pindar) Tristia Wks. 1S12 V. 298 Oh 1 had I<br />

been a vote, a borough vote, Then Fortune would have<br />

squeezed me by thy hand. Hid. 299 To enter the votes'<br />

houses up and down. 183Z R. S. Hawker in C. E. Byles i//i<br />

xiii. (1905) 220, 1 am not a vole, but a .Man. The reverse is<br />

the general fact. People are not Men but votes.<br />

o. The aggregate of voters, esp. of a certain<br />

class. (Cf. 6 c.)<br />

1888 Daily Chron. 26 April (Cassell's) Alluding to the large<br />

amount of the illiterate vote in Ireland.<br />

8. A resolution or decision passed by, or carried<br />

in, an assembly as the result of voting ; an expression<br />

of opinion formally adopted by a meeting<br />

of any kind.<br />

1641 Jrnls. Ho. Comm. II. 230/2 Resolved.. That these<br />

Votes shall be printed ; and attested under the Clerk's Hand.<br />

1648 Hamilton Papers (Camden) 192 The disleinpers of the<br />

Houses (to see their former votes eluded and PresUyterians]<br />

lately excluded now so numerous to carie all votes with a<br />

high hand) will grow suddenly to a great fire. 1682 A.<br />

MuDlE Pres. St. Scotl. ii. 26 The Prerogatives of the Crown<br />

are great, as Power of. .giving the Voles of Parliament, the<br />

Authority of Laws. 1713 Steele Englishm. No. 2^7<br />

That's the Gentleman who gained the first Vote [in the<br />

Senate] against Hannibal. 1724 Swift Drapier's Lett.<br />

Wks. 1738 IV. 62 Several smart Votes were printed. 1809<br />

Med. Jrnl. XXI. 170 Pursuant to a Vote of the House<br />

of Commons, passed in the last Session. 1855 in Blaikie<br />

Livingstone ix. (1881) 185, I need not say that the award<br />

was made by an unanimous and cordial vote. 1874 Gheen<br />

Short Hist. ix. §9. 700 Marlborough was.. charged with<br />

peculation, and condemned as guilty by a vote of the House<br />

of Commons.<br />

b. Const, of.<br />

1837 Dickens Pickw. xiii, Then a vote of thanks was<br />

moved to the mayor for his able conduct in the chair. 1863<br />

H. Cox Instil. \. vi. 44 Subsequently in the session a further<br />

vote of public money has been required. x88i Sat. Rev.<br />

30 July 125/1 A majority, if it is good for anything, may be<br />

relied upon to reject a vote of censure.<br />

+ 9. A declaration or statement of i/pinion. Obs.<br />

1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 206 [China] is by common<br />

vote, reputed the greatest Empire in the Orient. 1650<br />

BuLwER Antkropomet. 228 The Vote of the Proverb, for a<br />

handsome Woman, would have her English to the Neck,<br />

French to the Waste, and Dutch below._ a x68o Glanvill<br />

Sadducismus 1. App. (1681) 179 That a thing should be, and<br />

yet not be anywhere in the whole Universe, is so wild and<br />

mad a vote., that it cannot be said by any man in his wits.<br />

+ b. Reckoning, estimate. Obs.<br />

1639 G. Daniel Ecclus. The End 30, I blush to see our<br />

great Siracides ffatl to the Vote of alow Paraphrase.<br />

10. attrib. and Comb., as vote-catching, -con-<br />

314<br />

victed adjs., vote-monger ; Vote Office, the office<br />

from which Parliamentary bills and papers are<br />

issued to members of the House of Commons ;<br />

vote-recorder, a mechanical contrivance for<br />

registering votes.<br />

.Mso in recent use vote-begging, -catcher, -getter, -seeker,<br />

-splitter, -vjinner, etc.<br />

1643 Sir J. Spelman Case 0/ Affairs 28 Making them<br />

Vote-convicted State <strong>Here</strong>tickes. 1844 May Treat. Pari.<br />

XX. 312 The Vote-office is charged with the delivery of<br />

printed papers to members of the house. 1852 Disraeli<br />

Ld. G. Bentinck viii. (1872) 103 The interview by appointment<br />

took place in the Vote Office. 187s Knight Diet.<br />

Mech. ZTi5/\ Vote-recorder. 1887 Huxi.ey in Darwin's<br />

Life


VOTEEN.<br />

315<br />

VOUCH.<br />

2. Established or assigned by vote.<br />

1644 Milton Arecf: (Arb.) 33 More gently brooking<br />

writt'n exceptions against a voted Order, then other Courts.<br />

t884 Pa/i Mai/ G. 2$ April loThe right hon. gentleman estimated<br />

the expenditure, .for the voted services^54)i88,ooo.<br />

Voteen (v^utrn). Jris/i. [prob. f. Devote j(J.<br />

or Devotee ; the equivalent Ir. moidin is however<br />

connected with Ir. inSidim I dedicate or devote.]<br />

A very religious person ; a devotee.<br />

1830-a W. Carletos Traits (1843) I. 16 Up near the altar<br />

. .you might perceive a voteen, repeating some new prayer<br />

or choice piece of devotion, 1856 P. Kennedy Banks of<br />

Boro{.\%t-;) 184 One of the class that is called in Scotland<br />

•The unco guid', and ' . *593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 57 That Sepulchre you see<br />

is but a thing built vp by Saracens to get mony with, and<br />

beguile votiue Christians.<br />

2. Dedicated, consecrated, offered, erected, etc.,<br />

in consequence of, or in fulfilment of, avow.<br />

1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. xxx. §2. 126 Which votiue<br />

Altar was erected by the Troupe of Horsemen surnamed Augusta<br />

Goidiana. 1616 B. Jonson Poetaster, Dial. Hor, ^<br />

Treb. 57 So that the old mans life described, was seen As in a<br />

votive table in his lines. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. iv.<br />

§ 23. 400 Those Last Dying words. . wherein he requiied hi-i<br />

friends to offer a Votive Cock for him to ^sculapius. 170a<br />

Addison Dial. Medals (1726) 136 Sacred to Mars these<br />

votive spoils proclaim The fate of Asdrubal, and Scipio's<br />

Voteens ' among ourselves. Ibid. fame, 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) H. 230 A marble<br />

337 He had considered his neighbour a voteen andtwaddler. boat placed before the church, and said to be a votive<br />

Voteless (v^a-tUs), a. [f. Vote j(5. + -less.] piece, as an acknowledgement for deliverance in a storm.<br />

Having no vote. (Common from 1S80.)<br />

1785) Mrs. Piozzi youni. France I, 152 The jewels given as<br />

167a<br />

votive offerings. H. More Brief Reply<br />

1820<br />

87 The Lay<br />

W. Ikving Sketch Bk. I.<br />

Courtiers, .were<br />

233 It is a<br />

enabled to vote, when so<br />

pious custom,.. to many of the Reverend<br />

honour the memory of saints<br />

Clergy were<br />

by votive<br />

by lights<br />

devices made voteless. 1866<br />

burnt before their pictures.<br />

Geo. Eliot F. Holt 18^1 W. Spalding Italy<br />

xi,<br />

'I'here was a way of using voteless miners and navvies ^ It. Isl. II.<br />

at<br />

343 In a third class, which embraces most of<br />

Nominations and Elections.<br />

the votive pictures, the Virgin and<br />

1884 Fortn.<br />

Child are exhibited in<br />

Rev. Feb. 212<br />

Many artisans<br />

glory. i853Hu.MPHREVsCi7/M.cc//. il/fiM.<br />

live voteless<br />

xxiv.<br />

outside boroughs. 1888 Co-<br />

357 The altars<br />

operative for<br />

Netvs 15 Dec. 1 261 Wc ApoUowere besieged with votive offerings for the<br />

only rffer to<br />

staying<br />

their voteless<br />

condition In order<br />

of the pestilence.<br />

[etc-l-<br />

Voter (v^-t3j). Also 6 6V. wottar. [f. Votez'.]<br />

b. Observed, practised, undertaken, etc., in con-<br />

1. One who has a right to vote ; esp. an<br />

sequence of<br />

elector.<br />

a vow.<br />

a 1578 LiNDKSAYjPitscotlie)<br />

i^>8<br />

Ckron. Feltham Resolves \\. [i. ] Scot.K^.^.^.)<br />

lxxxv.246 Votiue<br />

I. 267<br />

Abstinence,<br />

The lordU devy«sit and<br />

some cold constitutions<br />

chargit Lord Patrick Lyndsay may endure.<br />

of<br />

1805 Wordsw. Prelude<br />

I. the Byaris<br />

181<br />

to be chancellor and<br />

Whence inspiration for<br />

first wottar in the<br />

a song that winds Through ever<br />

consall.<br />

1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow changing scenes<br />

Soc.) 191 As<br />

of votive quest Wrongs<br />

to the<br />

to redress. 1876<br />

number of Stedman voters, that there should<br />

Victorian<br />

be<br />

Poets<br />

fifty-one. 1767 T.<br />

yyj A knight tilting at a wayside<br />

Hutchinson Hist. Mass. 11. 10 Every<br />

tournament as he rides on his<br />

freeholder of forty<br />

votive quest.<br />

shillings sterL a year is a voter. x^xHick^hs Barn. Rudge c. Of the nature of a vow. rarr~^.<br />

xlvii. He usually drove his voters up to the poll with his a i6a6 A. Lake Serin. (1641) 116 The King bindeth him-<br />

own hands. 1855 Macaolav Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 458 In the selfe to make good his duty with a Votive Oath.<br />

towns in which he wished to establish an interest, he re- 3. Consisting in, expressive of, a vow, desire, or<br />

membered, not only the voters, but their families. 1880<br />

M'^Cabthy Otvn Times<br />

wish.<br />

lix. IV. 311 Voters were dragged to<br />

the poll like slaves or prisoners.<br />

«597 Middlkton Wisd. Solomon ix. 8 When I command,<br />

the people<br />

b. One who gives a<br />

do obey, Submissive subjects<br />

vote,<br />

to<br />

rart"^^,<br />

my votive will.<br />

i6«9<br />

1701 Sir D. J. Gaulk Ultie), Practiq ve I'heories : or, Votiue Specu*<br />

Hume Diary Pari. Scot. (Bann. CI.) 78 So by lations upon Christs Prediction, Incarnation, Passion,<br />

vote it was carried (Halcraig and I being no voters,) to send Resurrection. 1641 Sanderson 6"cr/M.<br />

a macer..to require them (1689)<br />

to attend the<br />

537 The sence<br />

Council.<br />

hangeth unperfect, unless we take in the former verse too.<br />

\ 2. One who is bound by an oath or vow, Obs-^ Both together contain a Votive Prayer or Benediction. 1804<br />

a x66o Contemp. Hist. Irel. (Ir. Archaol Soc.) I. 240 The Wordsw. * O/or a dirge ' 9 No tears of passionate regret<br />

Generall would passe noe other way than Balimore, as en- Shall stain this votive lay. 1835 — To Moon 34 The fanes<br />

formed of the said oath to try whether nowe or neuer they Extinct that echoed to the votive strains.<br />

did proue true voters.<br />

t b. = VoTAL a, I. Obs.—^<br />

Votereas, obs. var. Votaress. Votesave, x66^ Jer. Tavlor Dissuas. Popery i. ii. § i. 80 A man, by<br />

obs. var. Vouchsapb. Voth, var. Wothb Obs. contrition is not reconciPd to God, without their Sacramental<br />

Vother, southern ME. var. Fothkb or Ritual<br />

sb.<br />

penance, actual or votive.<br />

Voting (vjutin),<br />

4. Votive<br />

vbl. sb. Also 6<br />

mass (see qnot,<br />

Sc. votting 1881).<br />

;<br />

7 Sc. woitting. [f. Vera v. + -ing i.]<br />

1738 Chambers C^cl. ».v. Mass, Votive Mass, is an extraordinary<br />

Mass besides that of the day, rehearsed on some<br />

1. The action of giving a vote.<br />

extraordinary occasion. 1853 Rock Ch. of Fathers III. i(n<br />

x57Sin l^aitl. CI. Misc (1840) I. 113 After lang resson- The Catholic priest will find in his Missal, .those votive<br />

yng, with votting past thairin...the last kirk hes ordanit Masses as they were, .allotted each one to its own day of<br />

[etc]. 1633 Sc. Acts, Chas. I (1870) V, 95/2 To haue voitt the week, by Atcuin. 1881 BRiocErr Hist. Holy Eucharist<br />

in parliament.. and in all vther lawful! meittin^s..quhair 1. 200 Masses have also been composed for special occasions,<br />

burghes royall.. hes place of sitting and woitting. 1649 •and are called votive masses, because said according to the<br />

OGtLBYy4?wMXL(i684) ^64 Let him not threaten, and make votum, i.e. the intention or desire of the celebrant,<br />

Voting free. 17H in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. B. sb. A votive offering. rare~^.<br />

12 1 The Commons's voteini? of the throne of England vacant. 1646 Shirley To T. Stanley^ A palsy shakes<br />

X765 Blackstone my pen while<br />

Ctfww/. I. 165 Some, whoare suspected to I intend A votive to thy muse.<br />

have no will of their own, are excluded from voting. i8m<br />

A. Ranken Hist. France IX. x. §2. 259 The sittings and Hence Vo*tlvely adv.y in a votive manner.<br />

votings of the states should be together, or separately. i86x 1847 Proc. Berw. Nat. Clith II. 237 Fruits placed votively<br />

Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. App. ni. 4^8 The voting was on the shrine.<br />

generally by the bean^ or ballot m later times. 1885 Manch. Votmen, southern ME, var. pi. of Footman,<br />

Exam. 20 Ma^ 47 The voting for the Chancellorship of Votograph, Votometer, recent U.S. names<br />

Dublin University took place yesterday.<br />

for special types of voting-machines.<br />

2. attrib.^ as voting'plact ; voting machine, a<br />

Vo-tress ', Also 8-9 vot'ress. [var.<br />

vote-recorder ; voting-paper,<br />

of<br />

a paper on which a<br />

Votaress, after forms like enchantress,<br />

vote is recorded<br />

protectress^<br />

; a ballot-paper.<br />

1846 Keichtley A female<br />

Notes on<br />

votary.<br />

Virgil Bucol. i, 34 Seuptum was<br />

originally any inclosure, whence the Saepta or voting-place<br />

1590 Shaks. Mids. N. II. i. 135 His moiherwas a Votresse<br />

of the tribes at Rome. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade, Vot-<br />

of my Order, Ibid. iL 164 The imperiall Votresse passed<br />

ing-paper, a ballotingpaper;<br />

on,<br />

a proxy.<br />

In<br />

1861 Mill Repr<br />

maiden meditation, fancy-free. 1607 Barley-Breake<br />

Govt. 140 It is therefore provided that an elector may de«<br />

(1877) 21 What Nymph, what Nun, or what disdainefull<br />

livera voting papercontainingothernames.<br />

Votresse, Shall<br />

1880 McCarthy<br />

not plucke downe and strike to thee the<br />

Own Times hi. IV. 109 The voting-paper<br />

Sayle?<br />

principle was<br />

1647 R. Stapvlton Juvenal 105 Ceres, the god-<br />

abandoned. 1900 Daily News 28 Nov.<br />

desse<br />

7/7 The adoption<br />

of husbandry, whose votresses none but chast women<br />

of the voting machine would do away with<br />

durst presume to be.<br />

all the delay<br />

1700 Dbyden Pal.<br />

in<br />

^ Arc, in. 225<br />

counting and checking Che ballot papers.<br />

Thy Votress from my tender Years I am. 1739 Corr. hetw.<br />

C'tess Hartford 4* Otess<br />

Vo*ting, ///. a. [-ING<br />

Pomfret (1805) I. 149, I do not<br />

2.^<br />

wonder that you shed tears at the profession of the unhappy<br />

+ L Votive, dedicatory, Obsr~^<br />

votress at Genoa, since I could scarcely restrain mine at tne<br />

1630 Hakewill Apol. (ed. a) 293 With Scythickc piety recital of her sufferings. 1758 Johnson Idler No. 18 f 6<br />

their aged Sier Let striplings tumble from the voting bridge. Every one. .has the pleasure. .of hoping to be numbered<br />

2. That possesses or exercises the right of suffrage. among the votresses of harmony. 1825 Scott Talism. iv.<br />

1830 Jas. Mill in A. Bain Life vii.(i882) 351 They are the<br />

Surprise at the sudden appearance of these votresses, and<br />

class by whom chiefly the moral character of the voting classes the visionary manner in which they moved past him. 1866<br />

is formed. 2837 W. E. FoRSTERin T. W. Reid i/XiSSS) I. J. B. Rose tr. Ovid's Met. 27 A votressofthe power Ortygian.<br />

03, 1 saw some dreadful cases of voting drunken people, both Votress \ [f. Voter + -ess.] A female voter,<br />

Whig and Tory. 1888 Bryce Amer.Commw. v. Ixxxviii. 1894 Daily Tel. 23 Nov. 5/4 The votress insisted that she<br />

III. 194 The voting population seemed determined to give must plump for<br />

its whole attention to the Ring for one day at least.<br />

t Vo'tist- Obs. rare, [f. Vote sO. or v. +-IST,]<br />

One who makes a vow ; a votary.<br />

x6t\ CuAVUKt* Revenge Bussy D'A m&oisuu Plays 1^7 2^^*<br />

137 Trie If a poore woman, votbt of reuenge, Would not<br />

performe it. 1700 G. Hickks To Rdr. in Devot. Anc.<br />

iVay Offices^ Those stiff, morose, and saturnine Votists, who<br />

are so sparing of bodily Adoration, in our most solemn<br />

Services. 1711 — Two Treat. Chr. Priest/uiiB^f) II. 107<br />

A religious mystery, exhibiting one thing to the sense, and<br />

another to the understanding of the votist.<br />

VotivO (vJu'tiv), a. and sb. [ad. L. voHv-us<br />

performed, offered, etc., in consequence of a vow,<br />

f. vot-nm vow Vote sb. Hence also It, Sp., Pg.<br />

votivo, ¥. votif •z've.]<br />

A. adj. 1 1. Of persons ; Carrying out a vow;<br />

devout. Obs. rare.<br />

' Annie Sinclair '. 1895 N. A//ter. Rev. Sept.<br />

267 Unable to conjecture what the results may be when<br />

women shall have become not only votresses but. .alderwomen.<br />

Vou, obs- var. Sc. Wow tnl.<br />

Voubet, obs. Sc. form of Woobut,<br />

Vouch, sb. [f. next.]<br />

fl. «= Voucher j^,i on the poore Pesant. i6ai Bi-. Mountagu Diatribx 14 Discrediting<br />

their vouches, by empairing their credits, and calling<br />

their Honesty into question. 1631 Hevlin St. George 5<br />

For having in the generall vouche and confession of the<br />

Church, beene reckoned with the Saints departed.<br />

Vouch (vQUtJ"), V. Forms : 4 voch- (5 Sc.<br />

woche), fouche, 4 wowche, 5-6 vowch, 4-6<br />

vouehe, 5- vouch, [a. AF. and OF. vocher^<br />

voucher {fd¥ . also voch- ^vouchier^ vougier, voukier),<br />

to call, summon, invoke, claim, etc., obscurely f.<br />

L. vocare to call. Cf. Avouch z/.]<br />

1. trans. Law, To vouch to warrant br to (also<br />

•\for) warranty^ to cite, call, or summon (a person)<br />

into court to give warranty of title, (After AF.<br />

and OF. voucher agarant.)<br />

(I I3»S MS. Rand. B.^20 fol. 47 5if bilke |>at is i voched to<br />

warant be in present ant mid wille wolle waranti ^e tenaunt.<br />

1483 Roils ofParlt. VI. 324/2 And over that, caused theym<br />

. .to vouche by covyn to warrant one John Smyth, whiche<br />

alsoby covyn entred into warrant. 1509-10 ^c/ i Hen. VIII<br />

c. 19 Preamble, Margaret vouched to warranty your said<br />

Suppliant. 1544 tr. Littleton's Tenures 34 Yf such tenaunt<br />

be impleded by a Precipe quod reddat^&c. and he voucheth<br />

hys lorde to warranty. 1594 West 2«rf Pt. Symbol.<br />

§ 136 The vouchee is he, whom the tenant voucheth, or<br />

calleth to warranty for the land in demaund. 1628 Coke On<br />

Litt. io_3 When the 'tenant being impleaded within a particular<br />

iurisdiction. .voucheth one to warranty. 1741 T.<br />

Robinson Gavelkind i. vi. 130 If the Heir at Common Law<br />

be vouched for Warranty. 1766 Blacksione Comm. II. 380<br />

If the vasal's title to enjoy the feud was disputed, he might<br />

vouch, or call, the lord or donor to warrant or insure his gift.<br />

x8i8 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 382 When a person is vouched<br />

to warranty, and enters of his own accord into the warranty,<br />

the law presumes that he parted with his possession with<br />

warranty. 1875 K. E. Digbv Real Prop. (1876) 78 note. The<br />

person vouched to warranty might in his turn vouch asecond<br />

person, and the second vouchee a. tliird.<br />

alfsol. 1531 Dial, on Lmvs Eng. ii. i. Fiv b. When the<br />

tenaunte in tayle hath vouched to warrauntye. 1865 F. M.<br />

Nichols Britton II. 258 If the deforciant vouches to warranty,<br />

then the like process shall hold [etc.].<br />

b. elHpt. (with omission of /(J Wfl/-;'rt«/).<br />

1544 tr. Littletons Tenures 12 The wyfe of the feoffour<br />

bryngeth an accyon of Dower gaynst the yssue of the<br />

feoffe, and he vouched the heyre of the feoffour. 16*5 Sir<br />

H. Finch Law (1636) 37oIf the tenaunt vouch adead man,<br />

the demandant may auerte he is dead, or there is none such.<br />

i6a8 Coke Ou Litt. 3B6b, If two men make a Feoffment..,<br />

and the one die, the Feoffee cannot vouche the survivor<br />

only, but the heir of him that is dead also. 1766 Blackstone<br />

Comm. II. 359 If Edwards therefore be tenant of the<br />

freehold in possession, . . Edwards doth first vouch Harker,<br />

and then Barker vouches Jacob Morland the common<br />

vouchee. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 325 This person<br />

beiiig tenant to the prxcipe^ vouches the tenant in tail 1875<br />

K. E. Digby Reai Prop. (1876) 78 noie^ If at the time of the<br />

claim the vouchee were dead, the possessor of the thing<br />

claimed could<br />

I. Obs.—^<br />

1621 Bp. Mountagu Diatribx 128 Tell mee.ifhee will not<br />

stand amazed at your Vouches in Fines and Recoueryes.<br />

2. An assertion, allegation, or declaration; a<br />

formal statement or attestation of truth or fact.<br />

Now chiefly colloq.<br />

1603 Shaks. Meas. for M. 11. iv. 156 My vouch against<br />

you, and my place i' th' State, Will so your accusation ouer.<br />

weigh. [Also Oth. n. i. 147, etc.] 1610 W, Folkingham W>-/<br />

of Survey To Rdr. p. iii, An Arte lesse Agent can., with the<br />

bare vouch of the generall goodnesse of the Ground.. baile<br />

* vouch the tomb ' of the vendor.<br />

absot. 1513 FiTZHERB. Surv. 20 If their copies were lost<br />

they may vouche and resoit to the lordes court rolles.<br />

t6^ Coke. On Litt. 101 b, The partie, if he hatha Warrantie,<br />

shall not vouche, but liaue his action of couenant, if<br />

[etc.]._ 164a tr. Perkins Prof. Bk. i. §49, 23 If a bastard<br />

eigne is impleaded and vouch and the vouchee enters into<br />

warranty. 167a [see Voucher sb.* 4).<br />

O. With over. Of a vouchee : To cite (another<br />

person) into court in his stead. Also absoi.<br />

15x1-3 Act 3 Hen. VIIl^ c. 18 Preamble^ In whiche..<br />

accione the seid tenauntes vouched to warrante Syre John<br />

Rysley Knyght and he vouched over to Warantie Thomas<br />

Fysshe. 1628 [see Voucher sb.^ i bj. 1741 T. Robinson<br />

Gavelkind i. vi, 130 If the Heir at Common Law be vouched<br />

for Warranty, who vouches the Heirs in Gavelkind because<br />

of the Possession, they all shall vouch over. 1766 Blackstone<br />

Comm. II. 359 He vouches the tenant in tail, who<br />

vouches over the common vouchee. 1818 Cruise Digest<br />

(ed. 2) V. 451 If z.pr3etipe is brought against a tenant in<br />

tail, and his wife, . .and they both vouch over in the usual<br />

manner, it will bar the estate tail. Ibid.y A common recovery,<br />

in which he and his wife vouched over the common vouchee.<br />

2. To take or call (a person) to witness, fin<br />

early use with to record. A\so trans/, (quot. 1700).<br />

c X4ia HoccLEVE De Reg, Princ. 1838 God of heuen vouch<br />

I to record, pat..Thow schalt no cause haue more (>us to<br />

muse. 1435 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 267/2 And yat ye same<br />

Wauter voucheth Baronez to recorde whiche bene present<br />

in yis Parlement, and wer present in yat Counseill. 1676<br />

W. Longuevelle in Hatton Corr. (Camden) I. 125 Clarke.<br />

quoted Basset's man, a bookseller in Fleet-streete ; and ye<br />

yoiig bookseller vouch't Mr. Freake, a yong barrister of ye<br />

Middle Temple. 1700 Dhyden Ovid's Met. xiii. 22 The<br />

Sun and Day are Witnesses for me, Let him who fights<br />

unseen relate his own. And vouch the silent Stars, and con*<br />

scious Moon. Ibid. loi That it is not a Fable forged by me,<br />

. . 1 vouch ev'n Diomede.<br />

b. To cite or appeal to (authority, example,<br />

doctrine, etc.) in support of one's views or statements<br />

or as justification for a course of action.<br />

1531 Elyot Gov. hi. xxv, But the most catholike and<br />

renounied doctours.. vouche (as I mought say) to their ayde<br />

the autoriiie of the writars. 1581 J, Bell Haddon^s<br />

Answ. Osor. 30 Bycause I sayd that our Preachers do<br />

alleadge Scriptures onely : and yet within a whiles after I<br />

added, that they did vouche the auihoritie of the Fathers<br />

also. 1641 J. Shute Sarah ^ Hagar{i6^()) 195 He voucheth<br />

the example of Elias, how God, upon his prayer, shut<br />

and opened heaven, 1660 Bonde Scut. Reg. 363, I vouch<br />

every mans experience to warrant this truth. 169a Locke<br />

Toleration in. ix. 215 So that you cannot vouch the intention<br />

of the Magistrate, where hisLaws say nothing. 1884<br />

Laio Rep. 14 Q. B. D 799 There is no such doctrine as that<br />

. . which has been vouched in order to take away the effect<br />

of this deed. 1885 Ld. Esher in Law Times' Rep (N.S.)<br />

LIII. 445/3 A solicitor cannot vouch his privilege in such<br />

a case as this.<br />

40-2


VOUCH. 316 VOUCHEE.<br />

c. Similarly with reference to the citation of<br />

authors, works, etc<br />

1599 Thynne Animadv. (1875) 71 In the catalogue of the<br />

auctQrs, you haue omytted manye auctors vouched by<br />

chawcer. x6ii Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. x. (1623) 651 For<br />

more credit lo which assertion hee vouched sundry books<br />

and acts. 1630 Prynne Auti-Armin. 239 We have truly<br />

vouched well nigh two hundred that consent with us. 1651<br />

H. L'EsTRANGK Smectymnus-mastix 17 When he is vouched<br />

to serve their turns, he is set out with a more honorable<br />

encomtom, he is then stiled A learned Jew, the famous<br />

Rabbi Maymonides. X7aa Wollaston Relig. Nat. iii. 43<br />

For the truth of this 1 vouch the mathematicians. 1744<br />

Harris Three Treai.WVis, (1841) ^s, I am not certain..<br />

whether you will admit such authorities as it is possible I<br />

may vouch. 1831 lyesim. Rev. Jan. 73 No one now regards<br />

such writers as Ascham, Burton, Chapman.. as obsolete,<br />

or would hesitate to vouch them to justify a word and<br />

keep its memory from oblivion. 1866 Q. Rev. July 261 As<br />

he vouches another person for his former charge, and speaks<br />

allusively only of the second, it is difficult to say how much<br />

weight he attaches to either of these.<br />

d. To cite, quote, or adduce (a passage, etc.)<br />

out of a work in support of a view or statement.<br />

158X J. Bell Haddans Answ, Osor. 25 b, You recite at<br />

the last certeine of my wordes, vouched out of Augustine,<br />

which be as followeth. 1583 H. Howard De/ensative<br />

00 j b, Since I find a sorte of godly verses vouched out of<br />

theyr vessels, by the learned fathers of the church. 1596<br />

Danett tr. Comifus (1614) 79 Neither will I vouch examples<br />

out of the ancient histories. 1631 Heylin St. George 155<br />

His testimony vouch'd by Authors of that antiquity,..<br />

assure[s] mee . . that such a worke was in their times, receiv'd<br />

as his. 1656 Sanderson Serin. (16S9) 488 It would be too<br />

long to vouch Texts for each particular. 1843 S. R. Mait-<br />

LAND Remarks 72 A statement, thnt Philpot vouched the<br />

major of his argument ' out of Vigilius, an ancient writer *.<br />

+ 3. a. To put in evidence, to display. Obs,<br />

13. . £". E. AUit. P. B, 1358 pis bolde Baltazar bit)enkkes<br />

hyni ones, To vouche on [=an] avayment of his vayne<br />

glorie.<br />

f<br />

b. To announce or declare (a vow). Obs.<br />

13,. E. E, AUit, P. C. 165 Vchon glewed on bis god l>at<br />

gayned hym beste, Summe to Vernagu J>er vouched a-vowes<br />

solemne.<br />

\ c. To cast the responsibility of (something) on<br />

a person. Obs.<br />

c 1395 PlcnvmarCs Tale 945 On hir bishop their warant [to]<br />

vouche. That is law of the decre.<br />

4. To allege, assert, affirm or declare. Also<br />

const upon or againsi (a person). Now rare or<br />

Obs,<br />

X390 GowEK Cottf. I. 295 Bot I spak nevere y it . . That unto<br />

Cheste mihte touche, And that I durste riht wel vouche<br />

Upon hirself as for wttnesse. Ibid. II. 24 P'or..sche myn<br />

herte toucheth. That for nothing that Slowthe voucheih<br />

1 maiforyetehire. 1425 Rolls ofParlt, IV. 267/2 Thenne..<br />

ye same Wauter seyth and voucheth, ye Parlement yat<br />

King Richard held at Westm' [etc.]. 1581 J. Bell iIaddon's<br />

Ans-uf. Osor. 228 b, From whence shall this mylde & charitable<br />

allegation . .appeare at the length to be truly vouched<br />

agaynst Luther? 1603 Shaks. Meas./or i\L v.i. 326 What<br />

can you vouch against him, Signor Lucio? Is this the man<br />

that you did tell vs of? 1604— Oth. i. iii. 103 Bra. I therefore<br />

vouch againe, That with some Mixtures, powrefuU o're<br />

the blood, . . He wrought vp on her. Ditke. To vouch this,<br />

is no proofe. 1663 South Serm. (1697) I. 52 In that Power<br />

and Dominion that God gave Adam over the Creatures : In<br />

that he was vouched his immediate Deputy upon Earth.<br />

1817 Shelley Rev. Islam ix. xxxi. 5 What we have done<br />

None shall dare vouch, though it be truly known.<br />

+ b. With complement. Obsr"^<br />

1601 Shaks. Alts Well 11. v. 87 But like a timorous<br />

theefe, [I] most faine would steale What law does vouch<br />

mine owne.<br />

5, To assert or affirm to be trne or according to<br />

fact; to guarantee the truth or accuracy of (a<br />

statement, etc.) ; to attest or certify. Also const.<br />

against (a person).<br />

1591 Savile TacititSf Hist. i. 49 Diuerse miracles vowched<br />

by sundry persons terrifyed the mindes of men. i6ox<br />

Shaks. Alts Well 1. ii. 5 Nay tis most credible, we heere<br />

receiue it, A certaintle, vouch'd from our Cosin Austria.<br />

1700 Locke Hum. Und. (ed. 4) iv. xvj. §8 When any particular<br />

matter of fact is vouched by the concurrent Testimony<br />

of unsuspected Witnesses, there our Assent is also<br />

unavoidable, a 1703 Burkitt On N. T. Matt, xxviii.<br />

IS What an improbable and unlikely lie this was, which<br />

they put into the soldiers' mouths to vouch. 1750 tr.<br />

Leonardus' Mirr. Stones 117, I believe the saying of Pliny<br />

is very true, that there is no lie so impudent which is not<br />

vouched by authority. 1774 Reid Aristotle's Logic vi.<br />

fiz. 237 They will. .respect nothing but facts sufficiently<br />

vouched, 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. xv. II. 496 note^ Boyer,<br />

in his History of the Reign of Queen Anne, p. 12, says [etc.].<br />

..I should be glad to have found this vouched by better<br />

authority. 1841 W. Spalding Italy ^ H. Isl. II. 99 Other<br />

legends were vouched by grave citations from a certain<br />

<strong>Book</strong> of Martyrdoms. 1^9 M. Pattison Milton 153 An<br />

idle story that Milton died a Roman Catholic.. is not well<br />

vouched, being hearsay three times remove^.<br />

absol. tBi4 Scott Lord 0/ /sles 1. vi, Further vouches not<br />

my lay. Save that such lived in Britain's isle. 1878 Browning<br />

La Saisiaz 66 Go and see and vouch for certain.<br />

b. With subordinate clause : To bear witness, to<br />

testify, Ma/ (etc.).<br />

1604 Shaks. Oth. i, iii. 362 Vouch with me Heauen, I<br />

therefore beg it not To please the pallate of my Appetite.<br />

at8o6 Bp. Horsley 9 Serm. {1815) 138 Some few hours ,<br />

after, Peter vouches that he had seen our Saviour. xSsS i<br />

Scott P. M. Perth xxxiv, The Prior of the Dominicans will 1<br />

vouch for me', that they are more than half heathen. 1884 |<br />

MarshalCs Tennis Cuts 24 That there are now occasional 1<br />

complaints on this score we can vouch from personal<br />

knowledge. j<br />

C. With complement to the object.<br />

1684-5 South Serm., Prov. xvi. 3^ (1697) I. 358 If a man<br />

succeeds in any attempt, though undertook with never .so<br />

nuich folly and rashness, his success shall vouch him a<br />

politician. 1693 — Serm., Eccl. i. /


VOUCHEE.<br />

Advocate (cal him winch you please). 1673 Hickman<br />

Quinqitart. Jfist. 43^ Making also the immortal Grotiiis his<br />

Vouchee for this opiiiioii. 1809 Mar. Edgeworth Mamruvrin^xwj<br />

He had wisely determined to obtain accurate and<br />

positive evidence from Captain Lightbody, who seemed in<br />

this case to be the common vouchee, 1851 Fraser^s Ma^.<br />

X LI 1 1 . 271 Some respectab le names are occasional! y<br />

attached as vouchees. 1890 Fall Mall G. 23 June 3/1 Poor<br />

Nausicaa ! She is the common voychee of every writer on<br />

every game of ball.<br />

t b. A fact or circumstance cited in evidence or<br />

justification, Ohs, rare,<br />

1657 W. MoRicE Coena quasilxoiv^ Pref. 8 Importunity of<br />

friends (the common vouchee to warrant publications). 1665<br />

GLANvjLL5tv/r/j i^ci. Addr. p. xi, Conceiving Reason and<br />

Philosophy sufficient vouchees of Licentious practices.<br />

t3. An avouchment or assertion. Obs, rare.<br />

1625 Bp. Mountagu App. CaesariK^ It insisteth but upon<br />

some points only j and that not by or with a general! vouchee<br />

neither, but thus only, I see no cause. ^1641 —• Acts i^<br />

Man. (1642) 256 Of what credit or authority this his vouchee<br />

is, I cannot tell.<br />

Vouclier ..van-t/ai), sb,^ [a. AF. voucher<br />

Vouch v. : see -ek4.]<br />

L Law. The summoning of a person into court<br />

to warrant the title to a property. Voucher over<br />

(of- Vouch v. i c).<br />

1531 Vial, on Laws Eng. \i. iv. G v b, If suche a recouerye<br />

be had of rente with a voucher ouer, then it shalbe<br />

taken to be of !yke effecte as recoueryes of landes be in suche<br />

maner as we haue treated of before. 1544 tr. Littleton's<br />

Tenures 12 And he vouched the heyre of the feoffour, and<br />

duringe the voucher and not termyned, the wyfe of the<br />

feoffe bryngeth an accyon of Dower agaynst the heyre of<br />

the feoffe. 1570 Act 13 Eliz. c. 5 §5 Any Estate., by<br />

reason whereof any Person.. shall use any Voucher in any<br />

Writ of Formedon. 1621 Sanderson Si-rnt. I. 184 When<br />

thou.. hast nayled all these with all the appurtenances, by<br />

fines, and vouchers, and entayls, as firm as law can make<br />

them, to thy child. 162^ [see Vouchee 1]. z766Blac>;stokb<br />

Comm. If. 358 This is called the voucher.. or calling of<br />

Jacob Morland to warranty. 1768 Ibid. III. 299 Voucher<br />

also is the calling in of some person to answer the action,<br />

that bath warranted the title to the tenant or defendant.<br />

18^18 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 425 To the intent that a common<br />

recovery should be had and suffered against them, with<br />

voucher of the lessor. [1865 F. M. Nichols Britton II. 4<br />

In this writ neither view nor voucher lies. lbid.^Z In such<br />

case the tenant shal! fail in bis voucher.]<br />

b. Double voucher: (see quot. 1628),<br />

150A West 2nd Pt. Symlol. } 136 In a recouerie with<br />

double voucher, the fine must be sued first to make him<br />

tenant at the lime of the writ of Entre brought. 160a<br />

StiAKS. Ham. v. L 114 His recognizances, his Fines, his<br />

double Vouchers. 16x8 Coke On Litt. 102 You shall finde<br />

in bookes a recouery with a single Voucher, and that<br />

is when there is but one Voucher, and with a double<br />

Voucher, and that is when the Vouchee voucheth over.<br />

175a M'Douall/«j/. Law Scot. II. 244 The above is the<br />

procedure in a Common Recovery with a double voucher,<br />

and is the most common and safe way. 1766 Blackstone<br />

Comm. II. 359 It is now usual always to nave a recovery<br />

with double voucher at the least. i8i8Ckuisk DigeU (ed. 2)<br />

V. 325 In a recoveiy with double voucher.<br />

2. iransf, A piece of evidence ; a fact, circumstance,<br />

or thing serving to confirm or prove something<br />

; a guarantee.<br />

161X Shaks. Cynib. 11. ii. 39 Heere's a Voucher, Stronger<br />

than euer Law could make. 1696 Whiston The, Earth 11.<br />

(1722) 191 Plutarch and Pliny attest it,,, the last bringing<br />

Augustus's own Words for his Voucher. 1699 Bentley<br />

Fhal.yi It has no Voucher but the Epistles of Phalaris the<br />

very <strong>Book</strong> that's under debate. 1710 R. Wodrow Corr.<br />

(1843) 11.436 The vouchers and proo^ are such as will, I<br />

hope, be found sufficient. 1744 T. Birch Life Boyle 112<br />

The philosophy of Des Cartes.. had not the necessary<br />

vouchers of repeated experiments, purposely tried, to make<br />

it good. 1788 Priestley Lect. Hist. iv. xxix. 217 The collection<br />

of records.. supplies good vouchers of the truth of<br />

all he advances. 1807 G. Chalmers Ca/edonial. 11. vi. 302<br />

Kote^ The Register of St. Andrews is the most ancient<br />

voucher for the death of Alpin. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II.<br />

xxiv. 237 The destruction of the vouchers of the cruise., the<br />

log-books, the meteorological registers, the surveys, and the<br />

journals, 1885 Manch, Exam. 3 June 5/2 The strength of<br />

the bias which these letters reveal . . [isj a sufficient voucher<br />

for their genuineness.<br />

b, A written document or note, or other material<br />

evidence, serving to attest the correctness of<br />

accounts or monetary transactions, to prove the<br />

delivery of goods or valuables, etc.<br />

^ 1696 LuTTRELL Brief R el. (1857) IV. 28 At la^t it ended<br />

in appointing a committee to repair to the East India house<br />

and search their books, if they can find vouchers for the<br />

said accounts. 1731 in W. Hale Free. Causes ofOJfi.ce (1841)<br />

68 The vouchers and an estimate of the necessary expenses<br />

..to be laid before the vestry. 1760 Cautions f^ Advices to<br />

Officers ofArmy 35 Keep all the Serjeant's Pay-Notes, and<br />

all Receipts, to be produced as your Vouchers when you<br />

settle Accompts with your Captain. 1780 Jefferson Corr.<br />

Wks. 1859 I. 245 The arms you have to spare may be delivered<br />

to General Gates's order, taking and furnishing us<br />

whh proper vouchers. i8s8 D'Israeli Chas. /, I. xi. 309<br />

At bis death, his family discovered that he. .had kept no<br />

vouchers or any accounts whatever. 1857 Toulmin Smith<br />

Parish 183 When they have regularly to produce accounts,<br />

with vouchers, of all receipts and expenditure. 1866 Crump<br />

Banking^ ifC. iv. ^ Disputing the payment of a particular<br />

cheque, and alleging that all his paid vouchers oad been<br />

destroyed.<br />

c. A written warrant or attestation,<br />

1796 Trans. Soc. Arts XIV. 274, 1 send along with this a<br />

voucher signed by the Mayor.. who saw me make Net on<br />

this machine. i86s R. H. Gronow Remtn. I. 49 Noone could<br />

obtain a box or a ticket for the pit without a voucher from<br />

one of the lady patronesses. 1884 Mojich, Exam. X2 Sept.<br />

317<br />

S/i The report .. appears to have been sent direct from the<br />

Mudir to Cairo, without a voucher from Major Kitcliener,<br />

who is at Dongola.<br />

3. allrib.y as voucher-canij/orm^ niimberj system.<br />

1881 Miss VtRKUuo^ Asph. xvii, Where the voucher system<br />

is so thoroughly carried out. 1891 Pall Mall G. 21 Sept. 7/2<br />

As I get into the train the guard rushes up and hands me<br />

a voucher-card. 1898 Engineering Mag. XVI. 46 I'he<br />

voucher form is printed on white paper for the office, and<br />

on tinted green paper for the agents. Ibid.^ 'the ' Key' to<br />

this voucher number.<br />

Hence f Tou'clier v. trans,, = Vouch v. 5 b.<br />

1609 Skene Keg. Maj.^ Stat. Rob. Ill, 59 The tenant.,<br />

sail woucher, that is, affiime, that he balds that land., be the<br />

tenour of the chartour quhilk is tynt.<br />

Vouch.er (vaunlai), sb:^ [f. Vouch v. + -eh i,<br />

Cf. Vouchor.]<br />

. 1. One who vouches for the truth or correctness of<br />

a fact or statement or corroborates another person<br />

in tliis respect ; an author or literary work serving<br />

this purpose.<br />

ifiia WooDALL Surg. Mate Wks. C1653) 290 Without<br />

painting of phrases or collecting of jjreat Authours for my<br />

Vouchers. \fi']^'?ViiH Addr, Prot, I. vi. (1692) 22 They would<br />

make him a Voucher of all their Falshood. 1698 Fryer Acc,<br />

E. India ^ P. 252 Whether the Beams were of Cedar, it is<br />

not so fortunate as to have a Voucher of its own Nation.<br />

1715 M- Dawks Allien. Brit. I. 96 For the authenticalness<br />

of his Chymical MS. he produces no other Voucher than<br />

one Reinesius. 1754 Edwards Freed. Will 11. v. 53 The<br />

Use he makes of Sayings of the Fathers, whom he quotes as<br />

his Vouchers. i8a6 Scott IVoodst. xiv, Tomkins,.was in<br />

the habit of being voucher for his master. 1836-7 Sik W.<br />

HAMlLTON^/r/rt/^. (i85g)I.iii. 47 Heraclidesand Sosicrates,<br />

the two vouchers of this story. 1853 J. H. Newman Hist.<br />

S/i. (1873) II. I. ii. 81 But here I am only concerned with<br />

its wealth, for which grave writers are the vouchers.<br />

b. One who vouches for the respectability or<br />

good faith of another, or who undertakes to guarantee<br />

some procedure.<br />

1667 Waterhou^e Pire Lond. 105 Deteining suspicious<br />

persons till they brought good vouchers and cleared themselves.<br />

1711 Addison Sptct. No. 253 P3 All the great<br />

Writers of that A^e. .stand up together as Vouchers for one<br />

another's Reputation. 173a Swift Let. to Barber 14 Dec,<br />

Mr._Pilkington..saysyou will be his voucher that he still<br />

continues his modest behaviour. 1791 Mks. iNCHUALoiVrt/<br />

door Neighb, iii. ii. 66 Mr. Manly, notwithstanding you are<br />

these people's voucher, this appears but a scheme. x8ao<br />

Hazlitt Led, Dram. Lit. 94 Ihe only way that I know of<br />

is to make these old writers, as much as can be, vouchers for<br />

their own pretensions. 18x9 Scott Jml. g Mar., The Solicitor<br />

was voucher that they would keep the terms quite<br />

general. 1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Ixiv. 362 Voucher ofhim<br />

last riseth a prey untimely devoted E'en to the tomb.<br />

c. transf. Of things, in preceding senses.<br />

1718 RowE tr. Lman iv. 820 The Seas, and Earth, our<br />

Virtue shall proclaim, And stand eternal Vouchers for our<br />

Fame, x74a Young Nt. Th, tv. 553 Religion! the sole<br />

voucher man is man ; Supporter sole of man above himself.<br />

"835 J- H. Newman Par. Serm, (1837) I. xiiL 195 Nothing<br />

but past acts are the vouchers for future. 1838 Emekson<br />

Addr,Cambridgey Mass, Wks. (Bohn) II. 192 Speak the<br />

truth, and all things alive or brute are vouchers.. to bear<br />

you witness. 2856 — Eng. Traits, Aristae r. Und. B4 The<br />

grand old halls scattered npand down in England, aredumb<br />

vouchers to the.. broad hospitality of their ancient lords.<br />

't'2. A supporter or upholder of some practice or<br />

theory. Obs,<br />

1677 W. Hughes Man ofSinn. iii. 56 This Practice must<br />

needs declare itself a notorious moral Wickedness ; . .and so<br />

bids fairer still for its great Vouchers claim unto that Title<br />

of the Man of Sin. 1684 tr. BoneVs Merc. Con/pit. 1. 31 A<br />

stout Voucher of the 4 Humours, tells how he read. .that<br />

the Gout aiosA from Vapours.<br />

+ 3. Ca«/. One who niters counterfeit coin. Obs,<br />

1673 R. Head Crt«^r;(^ .4 frt//. 69 Gilts,.. Runners, Padders,<br />

Booth'heavers, Vouchers and the like. Ibid, igi 'Ihe first<br />

was a Coyner that stampt in a Mould, The second a Voucher<br />

to put off his Gold, a 1700 B. E. Did. Cant. Crew,<br />

Vouchers, that put off False Money for Sham-coyners.<br />

t4. Law, a. = Vouchee I. b. = Vouchor. Obs.<br />

1596 Bacon Use Com, Law (1635) 52 Which I. H. is one of<br />

the Cryers of the Common Pleas, and is called the Common<br />

Voucher. i637_Cowkll Interpreter s.v,. The pariie that<br />

voucheth in this case, is called the TenenI, the partie<br />

vouched is termed the Voucher, xfyj* Manlev CowelCs<br />

Interpreters.v., He that voucheth is called Voucher, {vocaus)<br />

and he that is [vouched is] called Vouchee, (Warrantus).<br />

Vou'Clieress. rare~^. [ad. AK. voucheresce :<br />

see prec. and -E8S*.] A female voucher.<br />

1865 F. M. Nichols Britton II. 27a The warrant is bound<br />

to defend the voucheress against the plaintiff.<br />

Vouching vbl. sb, : see Vouch v.<br />

tVouchnieilt. Obs,-^ [a. OF. vouckevient<br />

(iSthc), orf. Vouch z/. + -ment,] The action of<br />

vouching; a solemn assertion or affirmation.<br />

a 1670 Hacket Abp. Williams i. (1693) 77 The Peers, .lay<br />

not their Hand upon the <strong>Book</strong>, but" upon their Breast;<br />

which is a Sign that their vouchment by their Honour in<br />

that Tryal is not an Oath.<br />

Vouchor, rare. \_kY,,{, voucher Vo^^cnv, Cf.<br />

Voucher sb,^ 4 b.] One who calls another into<br />

court to warrant a title.<br />

x6a8 Coke On Litt. loi b, Hee that voucheth is called the<br />

Vouchor.., and he that is vouched is called Vouchee. 1768<br />

Blackstone 0/«w. III. 299 If the vouchee appears, he is<br />

made defendant instead of the vouchor. 1865 F. M.<br />

Nichols Britton I. 59 If the warrant makes good his case,<br />

then let both the vouchor and his warrant be acquitted.<br />

Ibid. 116, etc.<br />

Vonclisafe (vaut/s^-f), v. Forms: a. 4-5<br />

vowche-, 5 vowoh-, 4-6 vouche- (4-5 voohe-,<br />

VOUCHSAFE.<br />

5 woche-, vousshe-), 4- vouch-, 6 voutchsafe,<br />

etc. ; also 4 votesave, 6 voutsalfe, vousalf,<br />

vowt-, vouit-, 6-8voutsafe, 7 voutchafe. &. 4-5<br />

fowche-, fouche-, 5 ffouch-, foche-, fuch(e)safe,<br />

etc. ; also 5 fuchesef. 7. 4-5 woche- (5<br />

woches- ; whoche-), 5 woch-, 4-6 wouche- (5<br />

woushe-), 6 wouchsafe, etc.; also 5 wot-save,<br />

7 wow-, wouchaife, wouchaiffe. 5. 4 weche-,<br />

5 wych(e-, wiche-, 6 wich-safe, etc. ; also 5<br />

wet-safiFe, wytsafif, Sc. witsaufe, 6 -save, -saffe,<br />

-safe, wytsaue, -save, -saufe; 5 Sc. wichauf,<br />

wiche-, wiohsauf, -saif, 5-6 witschaif, 6 withsaif,<br />

-save, -schaif, wythsaue, -save ; 5 witeselfe,<br />

6 -safe, 6 wytesave (5 wy^t-). (For usual<br />

variants of the second element see Safe a.^ and<br />

for special illustration of forms see sense 6 b.) [f.<br />

Vouch v. (in the sense of ' warrant ') + Safe a. In<br />

early use still treated as two words, with normal<br />

inflection of the verb, and occasional inversion<br />

{safe vouch), or insertion of words between the verb<br />

and adj.]<br />

I. 1 1. trans. To confer or bestow (some thing,<br />

favour, or benefit) on a person : a. With separable<br />

vb. and adj. (Freq. in 14th cent, romances.) Obs,<br />

1303 R. liRUNNE Handl. Synne 6345 He vouchede hyt \sc,<br />

his property] saufe on vs, he seyd, pat we ^ave hyt whan he<br />

deyde, a 1400 Sir Amadace (Camden) liii, And ^e be a<br />

moil that wille wedde a wife, I vouche hur safe, be my life,<br />

On 50 that fayre may. c 1435 Seven Sag. (P.) 453, I vowch<br />

hym wylle save on the, To do what thy wylle bee. 1456 Sir<br />

G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 103 Quhy suld man tak it fia<br />

thame sen God vouchis it sauf on thame. 1457 Harding<br />

CliroH. I. in Eng. Hist. Rev. Oct. (1912) 742 Seth that piynce<br />

is gone.. I vouche it sauf, wyth all benyvolence, On yow,<br />

gode lorde, hys sonne and hayie that bene. 1508 Gest<br />

Robyn Hode ccclxxxi. in Child Ballads III. 75/1 Butyfl<br />

had an hondred pounde, I wolde vouch it safe on the.<br />

t b. With vb. and adj. in juxtaposition or combination.<br />

Obs,<br />

c 1330 King of Tars 336 Ich fouchesaf on him my blod, To<br />

him heo nis not to good. Though heo weore tensobriht.<br />

c 1374 Chaucer Auel. ^- Arc. 254 Is ]^tx now neyjjer worde<br />

ne chere Ye vowchensauff vpon niyn hevynes>e? a 1440<br />

Sir Eglam. 222 Lorde, y have seivyd yow many a day,<br />

Vowchesafe ye hur on niee. c 1475 Babees Bk. 175 Foryt<br />

ys nouhteywys convenyent,. ..AUe forto holdethatvntoyow<br />

ys biouhte, And as wrecches on other vouchesauf nouhte.<br />

C1485 Digly Myst. (1882) 1. 624 But syth ^ou wytyst saff<br />

adyneron me, with pes and gr-ice I entyr Jii hows. 1560<br />

RoLLAND Seven Sages 10 Na rewaiid desire I of ;our grace<br />

Bot to witchaif on me sa greit ciedence [etc.]. 1599 Hak-<br />

LUVT yoy. I. Pref. «*2, You may see. -what gracious priuilegesand<br />

high preiogatiueswerebydiuers Icings vouchsafed<br />

vpon them. 1671 Milton /'. R. 11. 210 What woman will<br />

you find. .On whom his leisure will vouchsafe an eye Of<br />

fond desire ?<br />

2. To give, grant, or bestow in a gracious or<br />

condescending manner ; a. W' ilhont const.<br />

13.. Gaw. ^ Gr. Knt. 1391 Tas yow J^eremy cheuicaunce,<br />

1 cheuedno more ; I wowche hit saf f^nly, ^a^feler hit were.<br />


VOUCHSAFE. 318 VOUB,<br />

lime must discover. 1781 Cowper TabU-i. 699 Nature..<br />

Kut seldom ,. Vouchsafes to man a poet's just pretence.<br />

1818 Scott Br. Lamm, xxvii, I will be true to my word,<br />

while the exercise of my reason is vouchsafed to me. 1856<br />

Kane Arct. Expl, 1 1, lii. 47 We have marked every dash of<br />

color \*bich the great Painter in his benevolence vouchsafed<br />

to us. 1880 Swinburne Stud. Shaks. 4 It is as yet but<br />

a partial revelation that has been vouchsafed to them.<br />

d. To deign or condescend to give (a word,<br />

answer, etc.) in reply or by way of friendly notice.<br />

1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol.\. Ixiv. §2 Vouchsafe me hereunto<br />

some short answer, such as. .may. .instruct me in the<br />

cause thereof. 1603 Shaks. Afeas./or At 111. i. 152 Vouchsafe<br />

a word, yong sister, but one word. 1648 M ilton Tenure<br />

Kings 22 Vet to a tyrant we hear him not voutsafean humble<br />

word. 173* Berkeley Aiciphr. 11. § 12 Lysicles. .smiled<br />

at Crito, without vouchsafing any answer. 1B36 W. Irving<br />

Aitoria II. 163 So saying, he flung out of their presence<br />

without vouchsafing any further conversation. 1848 Lytton<br />

Harold \. V, Twice the Duke paced ihe chamber without<br />

vouchsafing a word to either. 187J Black Adv, Phaeton<br />

i V. 40 Al I the reply that Tita vouchsafed was to wear a pleased<br />

smile of defiance,<br />

ei/ifit. 1508 B. JoNSON Ev. Man in Hum. i. v, Bob, Vou<br />

weie wish d for, and drunk to, I assure you. Mai. Vouchsafe<br />

mee, by whom, gi>od Captaine.<br />

1 3. a. To condescend to engage in (some pursuit).<br />

Obs.<br />

c 1581 Lodge Rcfii. Cosson's Sch. AbuseiShak^. Soc. 1853)<br />

10 Ask josephus, and he wil tel you that Esay, Job and<br />

Salomon, voutsafed poetical practises, for. .theyre verse was<br />

Hexameter, and Pentameter. 1667 Milton F. L. vi. 823<br />

Nor other strife wiih them do 1 voulsafe.<br />

+ b. To receive (a thing) graciously or condescendingly<br />

; to deign to accept. Obs.<br />

1589 Greene Tullies toveWks. (Grosart) VII. 156 Considering<br />

it [a letter] came from so honourable a personage<br />

as Lentutus, shee vouchsafed it. 15919 ? Greene George a<br />

Greene D), Geo. Why then, to honour G. a Greene the more.<br />

Vouchsafe a peice of beefe at my poore house. 1599 BroughioiCs<br />

Let. iii. 1 1 Whose singular affabilitie and clemencie.<br />

[is] such, that shee will vouchsafe the speech of the meanest.<br />

1601 Shaks. Jul. C, 11. i. 313 Vouchsafe good morrow from a<br />

feeble tongue. 1607 — Timon \. i. 1 52 Vouchsafe my Labour,<br />

And long liue your Lordship.<br />

to. To be prepared to bear or sustain, Obs.<br />

1613 Shaks. Hen. VJlf, n. iii. 43 If your backe Cannot<br />

vouchsafe this burthen, 'tis too weake Euer to get a Boy.<br />

+ 4. To acknowledge (a person) in some favourable<br />

relationship or manner, Obs,<br />

1582 in T, Jfa/ji;«V/'^«;«(Arb.) 34 LetBritanbeareyour<br />

spring. .That it hence foorth may of your fauour boast, And<br />

him, whome first you heere vouisafe for hoast. 1584 Lodge<br />

Hist.Forbouiusif Prisceria K4 b, He which whilome hated<br />

Forbonius, now vouchsafeth him his son in lawe. 1615 T.<br />

Adams Two Sonnes 73 It is no ordinary favour that God<br />

will vouchsafe thee his Servant; yet hath hee made us his<br />

Sonnes. 1634 Fokd /'tfr^. /^aW'^t^ i. ii, If my princely mis.<br />

tress Vouchsafd me not her servant, twere as good 1 were<br />

reduc'd to clownery.<br />

H. +5. To grant, permit, or allow, as an act<br />

of grace or condescension. Usually const, with<br />

clause introduced by that. Obs.<br />

1338 R. BRUNNECArtTM. (1810) 260 Homage vp to 5eld,lordschip<br />

to forsake, . . As 5e haf mad present, [re Kyng vouches<br />

it saue. c 1350 IVilt. Pnlenie 144Q Heprayeih, lord, vowchesauf<br />

)>at his sone hire wedde. Jbid. 4152 pat ^e quen beofscnt<br />

sauf wol i fouche. c 1386 Chaucer Frankl. T. 315 Now<br />

voucheth sauf, that I may you devise How that I may be<br />

holpc. ^1400 Rom, Rose 2002 My mouthe...to no vilayn<br />

was never couthe.. For sauff of cherlis I ne vouche That<br />

they shulle never neigh it nere. 1430-40 Lvdg. Bochas in.<br />

V. f 1554) 74 Rehearce I wil, so that ye .»;auf it vouch, A mortal<br />

wronge which the and me doth touch. iS39ELYOTCai/'.<br />

Heii/te Proheme a ij b, Truely yf they wyll call hym a<br />

physition,..I wytsaufe they so name me. 1560 Rolland<br />

Sfren Sages 72 War I gyltie or^it committit crime, I wald<br />

witschaif 5e held me out this time. 1594 Kyd Cornelia 111.<br />

i. 50 Doe ye vouchsafe that ihys victorious title Be not expired<br />

in Cornelias blood. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. in. i. 130 If<br />

Brutus will vouchsafe, that Anthony May safely come to<br />

him. 1639 Sir W. Mure Psahn xvii. 2 Wouchaife furth<br />

from before thy face. My sentence may proceid.<br />

b. To permit or allow (a person) to do something,<br />

t Also eilipt,^ to allow to speak.<br />

14.. Lvdg. Lyfe our Ladye (14B4) a viij b, And lord also<br />

on me saue thou vouche.. That holy mayde to handyl and<br />

louche. 1590 Shaks. C(»///. ^rr. v.i. 282 Most mighty Duke,<br />

vouchsafe me speak a word. 1599— Much Ado 111. ii. 3<br />

Clan. He bring you thither my Lord, if you'i vouchsafe me.<br />

x6o8 Chapman Byron^s Conspir. v. Plays 1873 II. 244, 2.<br />

'I'luely we are not of his counsaile of warre. Sau. Nay but<br />

vouchsafe me, 3. Vouchsafe him, vouchsafe him, else there<br />

is no play in 't. 2827 Keblk Chr, K., St. Luke xx, Be it<br />

vouchsafd thee still to see Thy true, fond nurslings closer<br />

cling.<br />

6. To show a gracious readiness or willingness,<br />

to grant readily, to condescend or deign, to do<br />

something : f a. In earlier types of usage (with<br />

verb and adj. still distinct).<br />

(a) a 1350 St. Stephen 207 in Horslm. Aliengl. Le^.<br />

(1881) 30 Gamaliell wouched safe To lay J>at body in his<br />

awyn graue. C1380 Wvclif .5"^/. fF-6f. III. 339 For as Crist<br />

vouchip-saaf to clepe JjIs Chirche his spouse, so he clepij*<br />

curside men fendis. c 1400 Prymer in Masketl Mon. Rit.<br />

(1847) II. 23 The maker of mankynde takynge a bodi..<br />

fouchide saaf to be born, c 1450 tr. De Imitatione \\\. vi. 69,<br />

I blesse t>e, heuenly fader, ..for J>ou vouchist saaf to haue<br />

mynde on me. 1483.CAXTON Gold. Leg. 376/1 Thou haste<br />

vouched sauf to comforte me poure caytyf. 1545 Uuall<br />

Erasm. Pnr. /.«*/ (1548) 21 Who.. hath vouchedsafe to<br />

cast a fauonrable iye on me. 1555 W. Watreman Fardle<br />

Facions Ded. 3 The Emperours Maiestie. .voucbedsaulfe to<br />

teceiue the presentacion therof. 1565 Golding Ovid's Met,<br />

IV. (1593) Bi In vouching safe to let Our sayings to our<br />

friendly eaies thus fieely come and go.<br />

. .To appoint [etc.].<br />

5'. 1444 Aberdeen Reg. (1844) L 10 We counsaile.. yhour<br />

lordschip..that..yhe witsaufe to louse and deliuerfiely the<br />

said Inglisemen. 1482 Monk ofEvesham {\rh.)2Z'^ h\css,yd<br />

our lorde and thankid him that he wolde white safe to chaste<br />

me. .in a fadyrly chastment. 1509 Barclay ShyP of F''olys<br />

(1874) n. 228 The Mast nowe meuyth,the taklynge and the<br />

sayle, O god wythsaue the wayke shyp to socour. 1523<br />

Cromwell in Merriman Life ^% preestis of his grace, J^at l^ei wolden<br />

mekeli leeve l>is. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xix. 18 Ich Jjonke<br />

50W a l?owsend sythes. . t^at ^e fowche-saue to seye me what<br />

hit hihte. c 1420 Chron. Vilod. 21^5 5yff God wold fouchesave<br />

to consent |?erto. 1432-43 in Cal. Proc. Chanc. Q,<br />

Eliz. (1827) 1. Intiod. 24 That ye wold fuchesef of your<br />

benygne grace to graunte a writ of sub pena. C1440 Gesta<br />

Rom. iv. g (Harl. MS.) Thei prayd him.. that he wold fuchsafe<br />

to helpe hem ayenst theyre enemeys.<br />

y. c i^zo-yi in Hampole's IVks. (1805) I 171 pissyght isbot<br />

be tymes, wen god will woches-sawf forto gif it vnio a wyrkande<br />

saule. 1448 Paston Lett. Suppl. (1901) 18 My mastrea<br />

..pray yow that and ye wold wochesafF to speke to my<br />

master Edmund. 1491 Caxton Vitas Patr. (W. de W.<br />

1495) II. 223 b/2, 1 prayed hym that he wolde woushesauf to<br />

haue me in mynde. 1518 H. Watson Hist. Oliver 0/ Castile<br />

(Roxh.) C 4, Wherfore I praye the that thou wouchesauf<br />

for to kepe the honour of my fader and me. 1530 Palsgr.<br />

769/1 If he wyll nat wouchesaufe to do it, you lese your<br />

payne. f 1590M0NTGOMERIE 6'i'««. xxxiv. 2 Melpomene,..<br />

Wouchsaiv to help a wrechit woman weep. 1639 Sir W.<br />

Mure Psalms cvi, 4 Wowchaife, O Loid, to visile me With<br />

thy salvation.<br />

6 I. vouchsave, Ic forgive the this gilte. c 1450 Mirk's Festial<br />

' 234 Yf Jjow see hur , , l?ou most lese Jjyn een-syght.' Then<br />

sayde he '<br />

: Syr, I vouchesaf wele, so J>at I may se hur.'<br />

1596 Edward Illy iv. ii. 27 .\nd if your grace no otherwise<br />

vouchsafe, As welcome death is vnto vs as life,<br />

(^) 13. . Northern Passion (H.) 452 Lat J>is paines pas fra<br />

me. And noght aniy als I will craue Bot, fader, als t>ou<br />

vowchis saue. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 3002 t>us sal |?e<br />

saules, als God vouches save. For sere syns, sere maledys<br />

have. 14.. Tundaie's Vis. 2344 No wortiily goode more<br />

wold behave, But lyved as longe, as god vowche save.<br />

(c) 13.. .5>?yw»S'a^^j(W.) 3030 Gif meaplace.. that I may<br />

my wonyng haue, \t myne ese, if ye vowchesaue. c:x38o<br />

Wyclif Wks. (t88o) 466 And )>us yf god wolde fouche-saf,<br />

hi)o!y chirche shulde be purgid of heresyes in ]jis maier.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Frankl. T. 606, 1 haue do so as ye comanded<br />

me, And if ye vouchesauf ye may go see. i^^Bury Wills<br />

(Camden) 17 Item I wyll that Maist' Thomas Harlowe<br />

sey the sermon at my interment, if he wochesaft. 1535<br />

Coverdale Tobit xii. a, I praye tlie..that thou wilt desyre<br />

him, yf happHe he wil voutsafe, to take with him the half<br />

of all that we haue brought. 1736 SutRtoAN Let. to S^ft<br />

15 Sept., If you pleased, or would vouchsafe, or condescend,<br />

or think proper, 1 would rather that you would . . charge only<br />

five per cent.<br />

1 8. impers. To be pleasing or agreeable to (a<br />

person) to do something. Obs,'~^<br />

1543 Grafton Contn. Harding 587 Thomas Trencharde.<br />

went to the kyng, desyring hym (yf it would wite salfe hym)<br />

to take a lodging at his house.<br />

Hence Vouchsa'fed^//. a.jVouchsa'fing vbl. sb,<br />

1561 T. Norton Calvin^s Inst. 111. xxii. (1634) 454 By that<br />

vouchsafing, whereof there is found no cause elsewhere than<br />

in God. 1601 Shaks. Tivel.N. in. i. icoMy matter hath no<br />

voice Lady, but to your owne most pregnant and \ouchsafed<br />

eare. 1649 Taylor Gt. Exemp. i. Ad Sect. ii.<br />

J*^-**-<br />

22 His graces and all other his voucbsa6ngs and descents<br />

into our hearts. 1755 Johnson, Deigning^, .a vouchsafing;<br />

a thinking worthy.<br />

Vouclisafeiueilt (vQutJs^'*fment). [f. prec.<br />

+ -MENT.]<br />

1. An act of condescension, grace, or favour ; a<br />

boon, benefit, or blessing,<br />

1628 Gaule Pract. The. (1629) 135 It was a woundrous<br />

vouchsafement, that he who inioyed thehighthof Diuiniiie,<br />

should descend to the bottome of Humanitie. 1652 J. Paw-<br />

SON Vind, Free Grace 22 Christ hath not puichased any<br />

such general vouchsafement to all the children of men.<br />

1674 BovLE Excell. Theol. \. i. 59, I am prone to think the<br />

early discoveries of such great and important things, to be<br />

in God's account no mean vouchsafcments. 172G Wodrow<br />

Corr. (1843) III. 277 To make a judgment how far it will<br />

be proper to publish some extraordinary vouchsafemenls<br />

towards them. 1756 Amory Buncle (1770) \. 187 A merciful<br />

vouchsafement from God to mankind, c 1800 R. Cumberland<br />

John de Lancaster iiSog) 111. 231 I'hat indeed. .will<br />

be a happiness never to be exceeded, a vouchsafement never<br />

to be forgotten. 1822 E. Irving Let.'in OUphant Life (1862)<br />

I. vi. 135 But these things.. delight me not, save as vouchsafemenls<br />

of my Maker's bounty. 1874 PuszY Lent. Serm.<br />

1 84 But by what giant progress in graces, by what undeviating<br />

correspondence to Divine voucbsafements in time, must<br />

that soul have been formed.<br />

2. The action of conferring or granting some<br />

boon, favour, advantage, etc.<br />

1666 Glanvill Serjn. Luke xHi. 24 in Discourses^ etc<br />

(1681) 59 [He] believes, .that God is in him of a Truth, in a<br />

special way of Manifestation and Vouchsafement, z668<br />

Howe Bless. Righteous (1825) 22 Reducing them to a. .dispair<br />

of relief, otherwise than by his merciful hand and<br />

c 1425 WvNTOUN Cron. vin. xv. 2332 To pray J?is paij) vouchsafement. 1683 J. Corbet Free Adionsiw. xxxiii. 52<br />

Bonyface That he wald witschaif of his grace .. Off |>ai God doth ascertain Conversion, by the vouchsafement of<br />

iniuris to set remeid. 1455 Paston Lett. I. 355 Besechyng such Grace, as doth infallibly produce it. 1721 R. Keith tr,<br />

you that ye woll weche safe to be her goode mastre. 1462 T. a Kempis^ Solil. Soul xiii. 203 If thou standest aston-<br />

Ibid. II. 119, 1 beseche yow that ye wole wychesave to send ished at the Vouchsafement of this Union. 1805 Eugenia<br />

me sume mony. c 1500 Lancelot 356 Beseiching hyme he Di AcTON Nuns of Desert 1. 229 Did he not duly administer<br />

wold wichsaif to wende To camelot the Cetee. 1560 Rol- pardon, and peace, and indulgence, to every one who ap-<br />

LAND Seven Sages 8 The caus na way we knaw Quhill yt<br />

plied properly to him, for such portions of Divine Vouch-<br />

50ur grace will witchaif for to schaw. 1585 Sc. Acts Jas, VI safement? 1847 R. W. Hamilton Rexvards ^ Punishm.<br />

(1814) III. 408/1 That our said souerane lord wald wischeaf 316 The sovereign vouchsafement of mercy tosome.<br />

Voud(e, obs. Sc. f. Wood sb. andrt. Voudoo,<br />

Voudou, varr. Voodoo. "Vouge, obs. f. Vogue.<br />

Vought, obs. var. Vault sb.^ Vougy, var.<br />

VOGIE a, Vouh, southern ME. var. Faw a,<br />

Voul, southern ME. var. Foul a. Voxiiente,<br />

var. VoLUNTY Obs. Voulf, obs. Sc. f. Wolf,<br />

*V"oillt(e, obs. varr. Vault sb.^ and v.^ Voultour,<br />

obs. f. Vulture. Voim (in Sc. mining)<br />

see Veal sb,'^ Vound, south-w. dial. \^x, found<br />

Find v, ; obs. Sc. f. Wound sb, and v,<br />

fVounde, a. Obs,~~^ (Meaning obscure.)<br />

c 1400 Rom, Rose 7063 Nought rought I. .Though it were<br />

of no vounde stone, Wrought with squyre and scantilone.<br />

Vounder, -ir, obs. Sc. ff. Wonder.<br />

Vouning (in Sc. mining) : see Vealino vbl, sb.^<br />

t VouTi V. Obs. (exc. dial,). Also 4-5 vowre,<br />

6 vovrer-. [Aphetic f. Devour v.y perh, after L.<br />

vordre,'] trans. To devour, to eat.<br />

^i33oR. Brunne C/in7«. Wacei'RQWs) 10318 In l>e water<br />

..Aiefischesinnefouremaners:..Nel?efischesaIlefoure, Ne<br />

wy^ oJ?er menge ne voure. 138a Wyclif Exod. xii. 9 The<br />

heed with his feet and entiayls ^e shulen vowre. i4ta-ao<br />

Lydg. Chron* Troy v. 1644 He hath . . made hir bern oute of


VOUREB.<br />

\}e tovnis boundls To be vowrid of bestis & of boundis,<br />

[at fillit ware, & with aprene mocht out be latine..and togiddire<br />

fal, & tyne t^e vowsty blawing al.<br />

2. Boastful, proud.<br />

1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslies Hist. Scot. 11. 212 Of quhiike<br />

victorie. -tha war sa vane and vouslie, that [etc.]. 1606<br />

EiRNiE Kirk-Buriall {\%^-^ 4 Euery Nation seruing itselfe<br />

with the owne vowstie deuise. 1789 Beattie To Alex. Ross<br />

xvi, And chiels shall come frae 'yont the Cairn-a-mounth<br />

light vousty.<br />

Vout;e, obs. variants of Vault sb}-<br />

Voute, variant of Vult Obs.<br />

and v.^<br />

tVonter. Obs. rare. [Aphetic f. az;(?«/tfr : see<br />

AnuLTKK.] An adulterer.<br />

c 1386 Chaucer Friar's T. 74 (Lansd. MS.), (Better] Jjan<br />

Jiis Somenour ]andau. >8aa Wordsw. Eccl. Soun.<br />

III. xxi. 13 Sname if the consecrated Vow be found An idle<br />

form, the Word an empty sound, 1866 R. W. Dale Disc.<br />

spec. Occas. 34a Those vows cannot now be cancelled or<br />

recalled. 1869 Lecky Euro^. Mor. \, 144 The earliest form<br />

in which the duly of veracity is enforced is probably the<br />

observance of vows.<br />

b. In phrases, as to makey to hoidy keep, pay (or<br />

-^ yield), or to break, a vo70.<br />

(rt) c IS90 St. Fides 51 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 84 For ich habbe<br />

to him mi vou i-makeH. « 1300 O/rjor i1/. 28286 Ic ha made<br />

vo IS oft vn-rigbt and halden J>am efier my might. 1303 R,<br />

Brunnr Handl. Synne 2795 Jyf t»ou madest awhere any<br />

vowe To wurschyp God for fy prowe. c 1340 Hampole Pr.<br />

Ctf/iir. 294a pan has Jwit man grete drede m hert; He mas<br />

l>an vowes, and cryes on Crist. 1387 Trkvisa Higden<br />

(Rolls) VI. 81 Kyn^ Oswy made a vow f»at jif he hadde i>e<br />

vittorie in ^at bataille he wolde offre his doubter Klfleda to<br />

God of hevene. c 1430 Syr Geuer, (Roxb.) 1925 To god and<br />

you a voye I make, I sha! youre seruice ncuer forsake.<br />

"473 Wabkw. Chron. (Camden) 8 He made a woue that the<br />

Lorde Willowby schuld lese his hede. 1530 Palsgr. 619/2,<br />

I make a vowe to God and to Our Ladye that I shall never<br />

slepe one night where 1 slepe an other, tyll 1 liave sene liym,<br />

1587 Mirr, Mag., Brennus ix, I made a vowe to kill the<br />

man that c.iusde me flye. 160a Shaks. Ham. 11. ji. 70 He<br />

..Makes Vow before his Vnkle, neuer more To giue th'<br />

assay of Armes against your Maieslie. 1700 Drvden Hiad<br />

I. 27 So may the Gods. .accord the vows you make, And<br />

give you Troy's imperial town to lake. 1718 [see {,b)\. 1829<br />

ScorT Anne o/Geierstcin i,He proceeded to recount the vow<br />

which was made. .to our Lady of Einsiedlen. 1867 W.<br />

Fleming Moral Philos. 11. 11. ii. 296 We may make a Vow,<br />

however, to our fdlow-crealures, or even to ourselves.<br />

{h) a I700 Cursor M. 24907 (Edin.), Do vou, Elis, and hald<br />

Hvow It sal te turn tit mikel pru. a xy^/o Hampole Psalter<br />

cxv. 8 My wowis i sail ^eldc till lord in sight of all his folke.<br />

138a Wyclif y^xxii. 27 Thou shall pre^en hym..and thi<br />

vou wis thou shall 5elde. i5a6[5eei c]. 1560 Bible (Genev.)<br />

yod xxii. 27 Thou shalt make thy prayer vnto him,.. and<br />

thou shall rendre thy vowes. c 1611 Chapman //iad 11. 248<br />

Nor would [these men] pay Their own vows to thee. 1651<br />

HoBBES Leviaih, i, xiv. 6g Being a thing unjust to pay such<br />

Vow. 1697 Dryden Mneid 11. 22 They feigned it made<br />

Foi their return, and this the vow they paid. 1718 Lady<br />

VOW.<br />

M. W. Montagu Lei. to C'tess 0/ Mar 10 Mar., She firmly<br />

intended to keep the vow she had made. 1819 Wokdsw.<br />

Misc. Sonn. i. xi. 5 How Shall Fancy pay lo thee a grateful<br />

vow? 1859 Tennyson Pelleas ^ Ettarre 549 Have any of<br />

our Round Table held their vows ? 1876 — Harold in. i,<br />

He did not mean lo keep his vow.<br />

(e vow of chastite. 1526 PiIgr. Pt-rf. (W.<br />

de W. 1531)65 To..kepe theyr foure essencial vowes the<br />

better, that is, the vowe of chastite, the vowe of obedience,<br />

the vowe of wylfuH pouerte and the vowe of perpetual!<br />

inclusyon. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. 1. i. 121 The Law of<br />

Athens yeelds you vp..To death, or to a vow of single life.<br />

1638 Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. {\q\. II) 21 Sir, if I had made a<br />

vowof humility, you give me here a fair occasion to be proud<br />

for not breaking it. 1671 Milton Samson A. 319 Against<br />

his vow of strictest purity. 1776 Dalrymple Ann. Scott.<br />

I. log Having made a vow of perpetual virginity. 1859<br />

Tennyson Vivien 545 They bound to holy vows of chastity !<br />

Were 1 not woman, 1 could tell a tale. 1874 Green Short<br />

Hist, iil § 6, (1882) 144 The vow of Poverty was turned into<br />

a stern reality.<br />

+ d. To take in vow, to make a vow. Obs.'~'^<br />

15»6 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 15^1) 57 Ye & take it in<br />

vowe that thy delectacyon sholde be onely in the passyon<br />

&paynes of Jesu Chryst.<br />

2. Eccl. A solemn engagement to devote oneself<br />

to a religious life of a definite nature, such as that<br />

of a monastic or conventual order. Freq. in pi.<br />

to take the voivs, to enter a religious order.<br />

c 1400 Apol. Loll. 101 perfor iuge religiouse men in l>er<br />

consciens, if bei ground hem J>us in her vowis. 1560 Daus<br />

tr. Sleidane s Conivi. 59 Men must be warned that they<br />

suffre not them selves to be bounden to Monkish voWes.<br />

^1578 LiNDi-SAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) II. 71<br />

Thow fals heretick hast taught plainlieaganes the wowis of<br />

monkes freiris nunes and preistis. 1603 Shaks. Meas.for<br />

M. IV. ii. 180 By the vow of mine Order, I warrant you, If<br />

my instructions may be your guide. 1651 Hobbes Lei'iatk,<br />

IV. xlvi. 376 Monks, and Friers, that are bound by Vow to<br />

ihat simple obedience to their Superiour, to which every<br />

Subject ought to think himself bound. X7ai Sirype £cr/.<br />

Mem. 1. xliv. 339 A late proclamation of the king that disallowed<br />

of the marriage of priests, and concerning the vows<br />

of religious persons, gave them disgust. 1753 Challoner<br />

Cath, Chr. Jnstr. 171 Those who have chosen the better<br />

Part, and consecrated themselves by Vow to God. 1814<br />

Scott Lord ofIsles vi. iii, There Bruce's slow assent allows<br />

Fair Isabel the veil and vows. 1845 S. Austin Ranke's<br />

Jlist. Re/, I. 463 On his friends earnestly pressing him to<br />

take the vows, he ran away. i84


vow.<br />

assent to a Paragraph in Wesley's xith Sermon on the<br />

Witness of the Spirit.<br />

1 6. A votive offering. Obs. rare.<br />

i^ WvcuK Deul. xii. 6 (early MSS.), ^ee shul come &<br />

offre in M place brent s.acrifise5, . . & vouwis & 5iftes. IS3S<br />

CovERDALE IMd. j6n B1BI.E I Esdros vm. 58 The vessds<br />

are holy, and the golde, and the siluer is a vowe vnlo the<br />

Lord. i68« Burnet ie temple (ran, Als<br />

J>ai voud had be-fom l>at sco was of hir moder born. 1338<br />

R. Bbunne C/in;". (1810) 182, I vowe to S.iynt Michael..<br />

pat for wo nc wele hil>en ne salle I fare..tille(>e c-vstelle be |<br />

taken. 1390 Gower Conf. \. 144 That veine gloire I schal<br />

eschuie, And bowe unto thin heste and suie Humilite, and<br />

that I vowe. c 1470 Henrv Wallace vm. 47, I wow to<br />

God, ..hesallnocht be In to this realme, bot ane off ws sail<br />

de IS3S Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 418 Gif tha wald nocht,<br />

he vowit tha sould half Siclike reward as he gaif all llie<br />

laif. c 1570 Satir. Poems Reform, xiv. 88, I wow to the .<br />

Thay sail not mys ane riche rewaird. 1596 Shaks. Mcrch.<br />

V. IV. i. 442 She made me vow That I should neither sell,<br />

nor giue, nor lose it- 1785 Burns Ep. to 7. Lapraik 21 Apr.<br />

vi. Quoth I, ' Before I sleep a wink, I vow I'll close it '. 1838<br />

Arnold Hist. Rome vii. 1. 118 Aulus. .vowed that he would<br />

raise a temple to Castor and to Pollux, . .if they would aid<br />

him to win the battle. 1859 Tennvson Enid 787, I vow d<br />

that could I gain her, our fair Queen.. should make your<br />

Enid burst Sunlikc from cloud.<br />

b. Willi infinitive.<br />

1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 2804 ?yf l>ou vowe to do<br />

foly..God wyl nat l>ou hold yt so pat Jjou |>y vowe jn<br />

wykkednes do. 14.. Langlnnds P. PI. B. v, 388 (Oriel<br />

MS.), panne gan gloton grete, and greet deel made .<br />

. , And<br />

vowede to faste. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems Ixii. 19 "To that<br />

conditioun. .That 50 had vowit to the Swan, Ane 5eir to be<br />

Johne Thomsounis man. IS9« Dalrvmple tr. Leslie's Hist.<br />

Scot. II. 13 "To God he had vowit, with ane armie to jnvade<br />

the Saracenis gif he had lyfe. 1609 IJekker Gull's Horn-lik.<br />

Proem. 2, I defie your perfumd scorne : and vow to poyson<br />

your Muske cats, if their ciuet excrement doe but once<br />

play with my nose. 1641 in loM Ref, Hist. MSS. Comm.<br />

App. I. 78 Quhilk dyelt [of parliament] the Kinge hes<br />

woued to keepe except siknesse or deathe previne it.<br />

1653 Jer. Taylor Serm. for Year i. xiv. 189 He that<br />

vows never to have an ill thought, never to commit an<br />

error, hath taken a course [etc.]. a 17*8 Secker Lect.<br />

XX. (1769) I. 328 Vowing to do what there is no Use in<br />

doing, is trifling with our Creator. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe<br />

Italian iii, He secretly >i^wed to defend her fame and protect<br />

her peace at the sacrifice of every other consideration.<br />

1849 JAMF.S Woodman ii, I do not recollect having vowed<br />

not to tell any secular persons. 1891 Farrar Dnrkn. \<br />

Da:vn xli. Some Greek . . named Hippolytus, who had vowed<br />

to live a virgin life for Diana.<br />

o. With direct object.<br />

1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 2825 Eueyl he vowed, and<br />

swore hys oth, per.for with hym ys now god wroth, a 1500<br />

Ratis Raving, elc. 57s He..bydis man kep Weill gif he<br />

ocht wowis I5»6 Pil^r. Perf. iW. deW. 1531) 1 Lyfe . . is<br />

as a pilgrymage, whiche we vowe and promessc in our<br />

baplym. 1599 VVeever Epigr. iv. xxii. E vj, Their sugred<br />

tongues. .Say they are Sainis. . For thousands vowes to them<br />

subjecliue dulie. 1611 Speed Hist. Ct. Brit. vii. ii. 285/1<br />

Such as hauing vowed their voiage and seruice for Jerusalem,<br />

wore..vpon their backes a red Crosse. 1651 Hobbes<br />

Leviath. l. xiv. 69 They that Vow any thing contrary to<br />

any law of Nature, Vow in vain. 1737 Gentl. Mag. VII.<br />

325/1 With solemn Curses and Imprecations upon them,<br />

selves and Posterities, whoshould detract any of the Tyihes<br />

50 vowed and granted. 1753 Challoner Cath. Chr. Jnstr.<br />

174 He speaks not of such as have vowed Chastity, but of<br />

other Christians. 1791 Cowper Iliad xxiii. 247 Then,<br />

Peleus' son. .two Winds in prayer. -invoked.., to each<br />

Vowing large sacrifice. 1819 Scott Noble Moringer ii,<br />

•Tis I have vow'd a pilgrimage unto a di.'.tant shrine. 1828<br />

Lytton Pelham II. xx, I fancied a perfection in her, and<br />

vowed an emulation in myself, which it was reserved for<br />

Time to ratify or deride. 1848 W. K. Kelly tr. L. Blanc's<br />

Hist. Ten Y. II. 483 The whole French soul vowed from<br />

that moment the capture of Constantina,<br />

d. With cognate object.<br />

a 1340 Hampole Psalter cxxxi. 2 Vow he vowed til god<br />

of iacob. 1382 Wyclif fudges xi. 30 Passynge to the sones<br />

of Amon,be vowede a vowe to the Lorde. 153SC0VERDALE<br />

Num. vi. 2 To vowe a vowe of abstinence vnto the Lorde.<br />

x6oi Shaks. Alts Well iv. ii. 22 'Tis not the many oathes<br />

320<br />

that makes the truth But the plaine single vow, that is vow'd<br />

true, a 1616 Beaum. & Fl. Wit Without Money iv. iv, Vow<br />

me no vowes, he that dares do this, has bred himself to boldness,<br />

to forswear too. a 1711 Ken Div. Love Wl;s. (1838)<br />

274 Whenever I voluntarily vow a vow to thee, give me<br />

grace to vow with all the due caution I can. 1808 Scott<br />

Marmioii v. xxvii, For weal of those they love, To pr.-iy the<br />

prayer, and vow the vow. 1829 — A nne of G.x, Overwhelming<br />

the priests witli the wealth which they showered<br />

upon them, and, finally, vowing vows, and making pilgrim,<br />

ages. 1867 Tennvson Holy Grail 584 Yet we twain Had<br />

never kiss'd a kiss, or vow'd a vow.<br />

2. To dedicate, consecrate, or devote to some<br />

person or service. (Cf. Avow v."^ 2.)<br />

1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 98 b, [They] hath vowed<br />

all theyr lyues to god and to his holy seruyce. 1582 Stanv-<br />

HURST ^Kn'iii. (Arb.)66 A tumb to Troyloune and mouldy<br />

leinpil aneereth Vowed to the godly Ceres. 1596 Danett<br />

tr. Comines (1614) 204 He tooke vpon him his voiage to S.<br />

Claude, to whom as you haue heard he was vowed. 1613<br />

R. Harcourt Voy. to Guiana 47 Captaine Haruey,..who<br />

hath nobly vowed his time and fortune to bee imployed in<br />

the prosecution of this honourable action. 1697 Dryden<br />

Mneid vm. 796 The first inhabitants, of Grecian blood.<br />

That sacred forest 10 Silvanus vowed. 1725 Pope Odyss. xi.<br />

25 1'he victims, vow'd to each Tartarean pow'r, Eurylochus<br />

and Perimedes bore. 1813 Scott Rokcby iv. xiv, Connanmore,<br />

who vowed his race, For ever to the fight and chase.<br />

1843 WoRDSW. Inscr. Mon. Crosthwaite Ch. 16 He to<br />

heaven was vowed Through his induslrious life. 1896 A.<br />

Austin Eng. Darling I. i, Virgins vowed to Heaven, Virgins<br />

as white as is the Vule-lide snow.<br />

transf 1579 E. K. in Sfenser's Slieph. Cal. June, Argt.,<br />

This yfeglogue is wholly vowed to the complayning of<br />

Colins ill successe in his loue.<br />

b. reji. Also const, into.<br />

c 1500 Melusiue 292 Vryan & Guyon entred in to the see,<br />

& vowed themself to Jherusalem. 1581 G. Pettie tr.<br />

Guazzo's Civ. Conv.U^fifi) I. 8 b, Manie,..from theirstatclie<br />

pallaccs, haue vowed themselues to beggerlie Monasteries.<br />

1592 in J. Morris Troub. Cath. Forefathers (1877) 38 Mr,<br />

Kdward James, .having vowed himself into the Society \sc.<br />

the Jesuits]. 1602 Fulbecke 1st Pt. Parall. 95 They have<br />

denied Christ and vowed themselues to Ihe diuell. 1623<br />

CocKERAM III, Decii, three Roman Captaines, . . who vowed<br />

themselues for their countrie. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. St<br />

Coinium. 476 Some will lay 20, thirty or forty rubbles into<br />

the Caback, vowing themselves to the pot, till the stock be<br />

spent. 1826 ScoTT Talisman ix. My safety, my lord,.. I<br />

cast behind me as a regardless thing when 1 vowed myself<br />

to this enterprise.<br />

+ c. To dedicate by a ceremony. Obs.~'^<br />

1600 Holland Litiy, etc. 1355 The temple. .w.ts called<br />

Capitolinum ; and Tarquinius Prisons vowed it.<br />

3. To make a solemn resolve or threat to inflict<br />

(injury), exact (vengeance), harbour (hatred), etc.<br />

1592 KvD Sp. Trag. iv. i. 31 M,-iy it be that Bel-imperial<br />

Vowes such reuenge as she hath daind to say! 'ziS93<br />

Marlowe & Nashe Dido v. ii, Tell him, I never vow'd at<br />

Aulis' Gulf The desolation of his native Troy. 1606 Shaks.<br />

Tr. 4- Cr. v. V. 31 Great Achilles Is arming, weeping, cursing,<br />

vowing vengeance. 1623 in Foster Eng. Factories<br />

/ndiaUgog) III. 105 Thay both then voued reven^ if I cam<br />

in their power. X726 Swift Gulliver l. v. The Empress.<br />

could not forbear vowing revenge. 1839 tr. Lamartine's<br />

Trav. East 49/1 In spile of the profound haired which I<br />

had vowed to the pacha, I could not embrace the cause of<br />

the French. 1912 A. McCormick Wordsfr. Wild- Wood ii.<br />

43 In vain did he protest and vow vengeance upon his<br />

rebellious subjects.<br />

4. intr. To make a vow or solemn undertaking<br />

to bind oneself by a vow.<br />

a 1325 Prose Psalter lxxv[i]. 1 1 Vowel> and 3elde}> to l>e<br />

Lord, your God, je alle hat bringe jiftes in his cumpas.<br />

1382 Wvci.lF Prov. XX. 25 Falling is of men ofte to vouwe<br />

to seinlis, and aftir the vouwis a^een drawe. 1560 Bible<br />

Eccl. v. 4 It is better that thou shuldest not vowe, then that<br />

thou shuldest vowe and not paye it. 1603 Shaks. Meas.for<br />

M. I. iv, 10 You are yet vnsworne: When you haue vowd,<br />

you must not speake with men. But in the presence of the<br />

Prioresse. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. i. xiv. 69 They that Vow<br />

any thing contrary to any law of Nature, Vow in vain.<br />

1675 Owen Indwelling Sin xvii. (1732) 237 Knowing no other<br />

way to morlifie Sin, but this of vowing against it. c 1710 in<br />

Lady M. W. Alontagu's Lett. (1887) II. 3, 1 had better not<br />

vow, for I shall certainly love you, do what you will. 1782<br />

Brown Vieiu Nat. ^ Rev. Religion vi. iii. 608 They were<br />

J.<br />

capable to vow for themselves. i8ia Crabbe Tales \i. 250<br />

Sheanswer'd,-.'I have not vow'd against the holy stale".<br />

1867 Tennyson Holy Grail ijo Because the hall was all in<br />

tumult—some Vowing, and some protesting.<br />

Vo'wr, v."^ Also 4 vouwe, 4, 6 vowe, 6 Sc.<br />

wow. [Ajihetic f. Avow v^ In sense 2 sometimes<br />

not clearly distinguishable from Vow vy\<br />

1 1. trans. To acknowledge, admit. Obs.<br />

'<br />

1338 R. Brunne C//rou tonon )»t lyues,"<br />

said R. ' pou \read pi] cheue ne bowe, pi lond men salle<br />

gife lille one hat may it vowe '. c 15S0 A. Scott Poems vi.<br />

38, 1 dar not preiss hir to present it, Ffor be scho wreth I will<br />

not wow it.<br />

2. To affirm or assert solemnly ; to asseverate, to<br />

declare. (Cf. Avow v.'^ 4.)<br />

c 1330 Amis


VOWEE. 321 VOWESS.<br />

Aurelia. 1590 Spenser F. Q. i. xii. ig The troubler of my<br />

happie peace, And vowed foe of my felicitJe. 1633 T, Staf.<br />

FORD Pac. Hih. I. xix. (1821) 204 He was a vowed enemy to<br />

the English Government. 1810 Scott Lady ofLake v. v,<br />

Whence the bold boast by which you show Vich-AIpine's<br />

vow'd and mortal foe?<br />

te. transf. Pertaining to a devotee. Obsr'^<br />

1665 T. Manlev Grotius' Lew C, ll^ars 49 Others, after<br />

the old manner of Mourning, in a vowed Habit, promise and<br />

swear, Never to cut their Hair,untill they had revenged the<br />

Klood of tliose Noble-men.<br />

2. Undertaken or performed in consequ^ce of,<br />

or under the sanction of, a vow.<br />

153J [see I aj. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i. 25 Why<br />

do they wery theniselues wiih vowed pilgrimages to visit<br />

those images wheiof tliey haue like at home. i6a6 Donne<br />

Serm., Luke ii. zg-jo (1640) 30 Notliing that countenances<br />

a vowed virginity, to ttie dishonour or undervaluing of<br />

marriage, x-jix P. Metcalfe Li/e S. Winefride (1917) 7<br />

S. Wenefride ofTer'd herself a Sacrifice, to preserve her<br />

Vow'd Virginity, x^to Wklton Svffer, Son 0/ God I. xi.<br />

280 That the Religious might not over-value themselves on<br />

Account of their Vowed Poverty. x8i8 SHELLEy Rosal. ^<br />

Helen 342 That mother Whom to outlive, and cheer, and<br />

make My wan eyes glitter for her sake. Was my vowed<br />

task.<br />

+ b. Solemnly consecrated or dedicated. Obs.<br />

1585 Fethehstone tr. Calvin on Acts xxiii. 16 Paul<br />

shoultle come out on the morrowe to be slaine, as a vowed<br />

sacrifice. 1S9T SiENbER Virg. Gnat 603 Curtius.-stifly<br />

bent his vowed life to spill, c 2630 Milton5M Ode Horace<br />

13 Me in my vow'd Picture the sacred wall declares t'have<br />

hung My dank and dropping weeds To the stern God of<br />

Sea. 1691 tr. Eviilianne's Frauds Rotn. Monks (ed. 3)<br />

181 These Vow'd Pictures we generally find in alt the<br />

Churches of Italy.<br />

c. Confirmed by a vow or vows ; solemnly<br />

promised or guaranteed.<br />

1590 Spenser /'. I a<br />

I<br />

Q. 11. iv. i8 Our selues in league of vowed<br />

loue we knit. 1603 Shaks. Mens, /or M. v. l 209 This is<br />

j<br />

the hand* which with a vowd contract Was fast belockt in<br />

i in<br />

thine. 1625 K. Long tr. Barclay's Argenis n. xv. m She<br />

! Guest<br />

would not suffer the memory oftheir vowed love to be blotted<br />

I the<br />

out with absence. 1655 Ld. Norwich in Nidwlas Papers 1871 i<br />

(Camden) 11.259,1 may without danger now present my<br />

humblest and all vowed duty to you. 1697 Drvden Aineid<br />

IX. 365 No fate my vow'd atfection shall divide From thee,<br />

heroick youth ! 1704 J. I'bapp Ahra-Muli v. i. 2544 Nor<br />

Fate, nor you, can my vow'd Faith control.<br />

d. Solemnly sworn or threatened.<br />

1590 Spenser F.Q. it.vi. 8 Of his wayhehadnosouenance,<br />

Nor care of vow'd reuenge, and cruell fight. 1697 Drydkn<br />

/Eneid v. 1063, 1 sought with joy The vowed destruction of<br />

ungrateful Troy. ///' Ferumcras 405 Ne were it for reprcue, By<br />

Mahoun. J^at ysmy vowee (i.r. vowe], of i>yn heued y wolde<br />

J>ee reue.<br />

Vowel (vQu'el), sb. Also 4 wowel (6 -ell),<br />

5-7 vowoU(e. [a. OF. vouei (also vouyeiy voy-,<br />

voieul) masc. :— L. vocaUem or vocale^ masc. and<br />

neut. ace. sing, of vocaiis Vocal a. The later OF.<br />

voielUj mod.F. voyelle, Prov. and Sp. vocal, Pg.<br />

vogaty It. vo€ale are fern., after the L. sb. vocaiis^<br />

1. A sound produced by the vibrations of the<br />

vocal cords; a letter or character representing<br />

such a sound (as a, e^ i, etc.).<br />

' A vowel may be defined as voice (voiced breath) modified<br />

by some definite configuration of (lie super-glottal passages,<br />

but without audible friction (which would make it into a<br />

consonant) ' {Sweet Primer of Plwnttics, ed. 2, § 52).<br />

c _ ijfiASat. Kildare iii. in E. E. P. (1862) 153 pb uers is<br />

imakid wel of consonans and wowel. C1450 Mankind ^e v. vowellys. x^^Cath.Angl. 404/1 A vowclle,<br />

vocaiis. 1530 Palscr. Introd. p. xv. They forme certayne<br />

of theyr vowelles in theyr brest. Ibid. p. xvii, Any<br />

of the fyrst thre vowels A, E or O, 1551 T. Wilson Logike<br />

G vij b, In these wordes there be fourc vowels to be considered,<br />

and marked. 1587 Golding DeMornayxxw. (1592)<br />

368 They drive tlieir clauses to fall alike, they eschew nyceiy<br />

the meeting together of vowels. i6xa Bkinsley Lud. Lit. 15<br />

More specialty to bee carefull, for the right pronouncing the<br />

fiue vowels. 1669 Holder Elem. Speech 29 In all Vowels<br />

the passage of the mouth is open and free, without any<br />

appulse ofan Organ of Speech to another. 1687 Dryden<br />

Hind


VOWQARD.<br />

A CCTtayne vowesse or professed nunne. 1587 Holinshed |<br />

Ckroit. III. loSo/a Vpon which toome there Uie a stone<br />

image of Edith in the habit of a vowesse holding a hart in<br />

hir nght hand. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vli. vii. 227 She<br />

abandoned her Regencie, and built a house of deuotion in<br />

the He of Shepey, wherein hcrselfe became a Vowesse. 169s<br />

Kensett Par. A nlic). ix. 660 A rich Tomb . . with her image<br />

thereon, in the habit of a Vowess Crown'd.<br />

t Vowgard. Obs.~^ (Meaning obscure.)<br />

c 1460 TmmuUy Myst. xxx. 580 Now is all in oureward,<br />

youre yeres ar ron, It is commen in vowgard youre dame<br />

malison, To bynde it<br />

Vowght, obs. variant of Vault sbA<br />

Vowing (vau-ii)) , vbl. sb. [f. Vow v. + -ing 1.]<br />

The action of the verb in various senses.<br />

m 1300 Cursipr if. 10692 t>ebiscop..did [jamsembled be, O<br />

bis vouing Iv.r. vowing] of chastite For to ask o l>aim sum<br />

rede. iSSo Bale A/o/. i 36 Where as he calleth geldynge or<br />

makynge chast for the kyngdome of heauen, a voweynge of<br />

the single lyfe, whych Christ neuer ment. 1594 Carew Tassa<br />

(i88t) It That holy Pilgrims farre from dread of way That<br />

great Tombe might adore, and vowings pay. i78aj. BR0\^^^<br />

View Nat. \ Re-L'ealtd Relig. vi. iii. § 9 (1796) ,505 Vowing<br />

is the making a solemn promise to God, in which we bind<br />

ourselves to do or forbear somewhat for the promoting his<br />

glory. 1844 Mrs. Browning mail's Rcguirem. ii. Love me<br />

with thine open youth In its frank surrender; With the<br />

vowing of thy mouth With its silence tender. i886CoRiiErT<br />

Fall o/Asgard 1 1. 77 The drinking went forward again, and<br />

great was the vowing and boasting as the night went on.<br />

Vowis, obs. Sc. pi. of Wolf.<br />

a. [f- Vow sb. + -LESS.] Not<br />

Vow-less,<br />

bound by a vow or vows.<br />

l6»o Bp. Hall Hon. Marr. Clergy 1. xvii. Wks. (1628) 757<br />

Hee hath done with their owne vowes, and now descends<br />

to vs. Whom hee confesses vowlesse.<br />

+ Vowly, southern dial. f. Foolly adv. 5.<br />

1633 B. JoNsoN Tnlt Tub\. ii, And the Tame dayo' the<br />

moncth, as this Zin Valentine, Or I am vowly deceiv'd.<br />

Vowne, altered f. Vow i».2 3 b. rare-^.<br />

1785 Mass. Spy 13 Oct. (Thornton), Ye yanking lads of our<br />

town, ye Are biave fellows all, I vowne.<br />

Vowre, sonth-westem dial, variant of Four.<br />

tVoWSOn. Obs. Forms: 3-4 voweson, 5-6<br />

Touson (5 vovirson, -sone, wouson), 6 vowson.<br />

[Aphetic f. avow{e)son Advowson.] Advowson,<br />

patronage.<br />

1197 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 9678 Juf bituene tueie lewedemen<br />

were enistiiuing..As "or voweson of churche we))er ssolde<br />

J>e churche ?iue. 1414 PastonLett. I. 18 A sute that he<br />

made ageyn the seyd piiour of a voweson of the chyrche of<br />

Sprouston. I4i« in E. E. Wills (1882) 74 pe Maner Enwarle<br />

in Deuen, with be voursone of i>e chirche, And . . |)e maner<br />

of Thoincoffyn in Somerset, with )k vourson of )« church.<br />

1464 Rolls o/Parlt, V. 520/2 Londcs, Tenementes, Rentes<br />

and Wousons of Chirches. iJSoT. Lever Sertii. (Arb.) 115<br />

Not able. .to barcke agaynste pluralytyes, improperacions,<br />

hying of vousons, nor against anye euyll abuse of the<br />

cleargies lyuynges. iS«o Daus tr. Sleidanes Comm. 156 An<br />

other euill vse is to geue out vousons of benefices, as it were<br />

in areueition. 1570 Abp. Parker Corr. (Parker Soc) 361,<br />

1 was informed that this Rycall was granted in vowson to<br />

one Mi. Hamond of Yorkshire.<br />

Vov(r8yng: see Vousing Obs. Vowt, var.<br />

VuLT Obs. Vowt(e, obs. varr. Vaolt sb.^ and v.^<br />

Vowtre, obs. f. Vulture.<br />

t Vowtre. Obs. rare. [Aphetic f. avowtre : see<br />

AiJULTEBY.] Adultery. Also t Vowtre v. inir.,<br />

to commit adultery, f Vowtriere, an adulteress.<br />

fVowtry, adultery. Obs.<br />

c 1400 Apol. Loll. 21 And al o))er lawis t>at semen to sey,<br />

|iat man how to curse for crime of *vowtre, beft, & swilk<br />

o)>er. Ibid. 87 Pey kepe noiber clene lif, ne wedding, but.<br />

•vowtrand, or doing a-vowtri. a 1400-50 Alexander ^i-^,^<br />

To Venus fe 'vowtriere may no}t ells a-vaile. c 1450 Mirk's<br />

Festial Ti Synne of lechery and of 'vowtrye. Ihid. 201, I<br />

haue made mony on to sle men, and forto syn yn lechery<br />

and yn vowtry,<br />

Vowtur, obs. form of Vu*-ture.<br />

II Vox (v^ks). [L. vox (pi. voces), voice.]<br />

1. Vox populi, the voice of the people ; expressed<br />

general opinion ; common talk or rumour.<br />

' The Latm maxim Wox Mult vox Dei the voice of the<br />

people is the voice of God , is freq. cited or alluded to in<br />

English works from the 15th cent, onwards.<br />

a 1550 in Skeltoii's Wks. (1843) H. 409/1 A wondcifuU sorle<br />

of selles, That vox populi telles. Of those bottomlesse welles.<br />

1570 R. Constable in Sadler's St. Papers (1809) U. 388,<br />

I hard vox populi that the lord regent would not, for his<br />

owne honor, . .deliver thearls. 1603 Holland Plutarch's<br />

Mor. IX. 787 No publicke fame, nor vox popli Was ever<br />

knowen in vaine to die. 1671 E. Howard Six Days Adventure<br />

Pief. A 4 There being nothing more unstable or<br />

erroneous than vox populi in point of plays. 1774 {titled<br />

Vox populi, or Old England's Glory a Destruction in 1774.<br />

iSaa Galt Sir a. Wylie xcv'i,' O, justawheen havers!'<br />

replied Bell—'causey talk—Vox populi I' 1867 E. FiTZ-<br />

Gerald Lett. (1889) I. 308 Well, but I believe in the Vox<br />

Populi of two hundred Years : still more 01' two thousand.<br />

2. Vox angelica, vox humana (or \ humane),<br />

varieties of organ-stops imitative of vocal sounds.<br />

Also attrib.<br />

017x6 Tudwav in Burney Hist. Music (1776) IV. 355<br />

These [stops] were the Vox-humane, , . with some others<br />

I may have forgot. 1776 Burney Hist. Music IV. 147 Of<br />

pipes thus constructed are composed the stops called the<br />

Vox-bumana, Regal, ..and many others. iSsaSEiDELOrfin<br />

21 In the seventeenth centuryseyer.nl registers were.. insetted,<br />

among which we may mention the vox humana, and<br />

the vox angelica. j88s Vox Humana 3 The effect of the<br />

Vox Humana stop.. is to make the organ sound likeachoir<br />

of human voices.<br />

322<br />

Vox, south-western dial. var. Fox sb. ; obs. Sc.<br />

var. Voice sb. ; obs. Sc. pa. t. Wax v.<br />

(voi-ed^), sb. Forms : a. 3-4 veage, 6<br />

Voyage<br />

Sc. weage (virevrage, weavage), 7 Sc. veadge ; 3<br />

veiage, 3-4, 6 voyage (6 Sc. wey-) 4-6 vaiage,<br />

;<br />

5, 6 Sc, vayage, 5-6 Sc. wayag(e ; 5 (9 din/.)<br />

vage, 5 vaig, 8-9 north., 9 Sc. vaige, 9 dial, vayge,<br />

Sc. vae(d)ge. /3. 4-8 (9 dial.) viage (5 uiage,<br />

viagge,6viadge,viegde), 4-6 vyage (4uyage)<br />

5 .SV. wiage, 5-6 wyage. 7. 5-7 voiage (6 voiadge,<br />

7 voige), 5- voyage (6 voyaige, 7 -adge)<br />

Sc. s -woyage, 6 wo(v)age, 7 woag. [a. AF. and<br />

OF. veage, veiage, vayage, and voiage, -aige, voage,<br />

vonaige (F. voyage), = Ptov. vialge, Up. viage, I'g.<br />

viagem. It. viaggio:—L. viaticum provision for a<br />

journey, Viaticum.]<br />

1. An act of travelling (t or transit), a journey<br />

(t or passage), by which one goes from one place<br />

to another (esp. at a considerable distance).<br />

a. In the phrases to take or make (a, the, or<br />

one's) voyage. Now rare.<br />

In early use including travel by sea as well as by land ;<br />

quotations in which the nautical sense is clear see 3 b.<br />

(n) 1197 R. Glouc (Rolls) 4920+85 Cadwal in Yrlonde ys<br />

ost^arkede vaste &vorJ» toward |>ys lond )?e veage nome. 1375<br />

Barbour Bruce xiv. 117 He his viage soyne hastane. And<br />

straucht toward the plas is gane. 1390 Gower Con/. II. 8<br />

He hath himself conformed. .To schape and take the viage<br />

Homward. c I4i» Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 1262 Seint<br />

Ambroses legende seith, how he Ones to Rome-ward took<br />

his viage. c 1440 Cenerydes 226 Now to this lady lete vs<br />

turne ageyn, Whiche to Surry hath take hir viage. 1564<br />

HAWARDtr. Eutropius iv. 41 The consuls toke then their<br />

viage to invade Carthage, a J575 tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist.<br />

(Camden, No. 36) 43 Thei. .toke their viage toward Rome,<br />

destroying all thinges on everie side. 1584 B. R. tr. Herodotus<br />

11. 76 b. We must take our voyage on foote the space<br />

of forty dayes by the waters side. 1647 Hexham i, To take<br />

a Viage, reysen.<br />

t. , ,, ,<br />

(h) 1303 R. Brunne Hand!. Synne 3746 To belle pou<br />

m.ikyst by vyage. i;i3iS Metr. Horn. 54, I mac mivaia^e,<br />

'I'il sain Jam in pilgrimage, c 1400 Maunuev. (Roxb.) xxxiv.<br />

152 It schuld be a lang tyme are bat vaiage ware made.<br />

1484 Caxton Fables 0/ Auiau viii. To make better theyr<br />

vyage they were sworne ecbe one to the other that none of<br />

them bothe should leue other. 1550 Coverdale .S>/r. Pcrle<br />

x.vix. (1588) 291 A marchant man maketh far viagesand great<br />

iourneis..for worldly and transitory ^ain. lyjgPoor Knt.s<br />

Pal. Priv. Pleas. (Roxb.) B iij, This is shee..whom once<br />

within the Lake, I'shcwed vnto Robinson, as our viage wee<br />

did make. 1584 Warner Alb. Eug. 11. vii. (1592) 27 And<br />

Hercules to Calidon a Dismall viage makes, i860 R. Noel<br />

Vac. Tour 467 A voyage I made by a very un&equented<br />

path from Ccesarea to Nazareth.<br />

b. In other contexts. Now rare.<br />

o. c 1400 Ywaine * Caw. 532 Swith, he sayd, wendes<br />

with me. Whoso wil that wonder sc.Thar was none<br />

so litel page That he ne was fayn of that vayage. 1560<br />

Rolland Seven Sages 12 To Romes Court the way thay<br />

held on richt. Thii seuin Maistcrs Ihair veyage passing on<br />

[etc.]. a 1585 MoNTGOMERiE Cherry f/ Slae()2$ (Lamg MS.),<br />

Bot fra we gett our wayage win, tliay sail nocht than the<br />

cherrie cun. 187S [W. Alexander] Sk. Life Ain Folk 195<br />

Mains of Puddleweal sent his carts on a weekly ' vaege ' to<br />

the buigh of Inneiebrie to fetch his supplies of lime.<br />

p. 1338 R. BiiUNNEC/iroM. (iSio) 90 Hewentbat viage To<br />

William be rede kyng, ber he was in Wales, c 1386 Chaucer<br />

Prol. 792 That ech of yow to shorte with oureweye In this<br />

viage shal telle tales tweye. cxaoPilgr. i'(i7c/if (Caxton) 11.<br />

xli. (1859) 46 Theyr iourney was foully adetermyncd and theyr<br />

vyage endyd.


VOYAGE. VOYAGER.<br />

jangleres, thy viage to make, understand wel [etc.]- 1611<br />

Shaks. Cymb. i. iv. 169 If you make your voyage vpon her,<br />

and giue me directly to vnderstand, you haue preuayi'dj<br />

I am no further your Enemy,<br />

4. A journey by sen or water from one place to<br />

another (usually to some distant place or country) ;<br />

a course or spell of sailing or navigation, spec, one<br />

in which a return is made to tbe starting-point ; a<br />

cruise.<br />

Arising from contextual use? of senses i and 2, and clearly<br />

separable from iliese only aftei ilie ME. period. For the<br />

phr. \bon{e^ boun^ boon voyage see Boon a, 2.<br />

a. c 1310 St. Brendan 152 in S. Eng. Le^. I. 224 ' Wendc^<br />

forJ>a-godes name: J>at J>isveyage were ido !' Seint Brendan<br />

& his bret>eren to schtpe wende anon. 1555 Sc. Acts<br />

Afaty {1814) 11.495/1 That nanc.cary ony viciuallis talloun<br />

or fiesche . . except samekiU at salbe thair necessare<br />

victualling for thair veyage. a 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie)<br />

Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) II. 121 The skipper of the schip..said<br />

'God send ws better handsell and mair forder in our wayage.'<br />

x64X.S'c. Acts Chas. I (iZjo) V. 494/2 Ane impost. .of<br />

tuo shilling scottes to he payed vpoun the tune of all shipes<br />

and vesshelHs-.be Natiues and four shlllingis money foirsaid<br />

to be payed be strains;eres for ilke veadge. 1784<br />

BiiJwprtck Carl. (ipo6) 52 There was a poor little lad that<br />

had come a trial vaige to sea. 2887 J. ^I. E. Saxby Lctds<br />

o/Lunda (1888) 123, i don't think there will be much done<br />

at the haaf this vaige.<br />

p. c 1330 R. Bhunnb Chron. Wace (Rolls) 8840 When he<br />

wyste why J>at be cam [10 Ireland], & so fer viage for stones<br />

nam, He scorned J^emon hislangage. c s4ooMaundev. (1839)<br />

Prol. 4 It is longe tyme passed, tliat ther was no generalle<br />

Passage ne Vyage over the See. 1443 Rolls o/Parlt. V.<br />

60/2 [Thai] noon of the seid vesselles. .attendyng to the<br />

same viage, be arrested for any viage of oure Souverain<br />

Lord ye K.ing- 1492 Act. Dom. Cone. (1839) 275 pe proffitis<br />

& dewiteis..of t>e said auchtane parte of a hale Kaiss in<br />

zeland..and als of half a danskin viage. 1506 Ace. Ld.<br />

High Treas. Scot. III. 206 'lo Thom« Hathowy to furnis<br />

the Kingis schip in the Northland the secund viage, for<br />

tymir. 1579 Twvne Phis. agst. Fortune 1. i. 2 They that<br />

fare by Sea they arecaried away in the shypps, and feele<br />

not howe, and many tymes are at their viage ende before<br />

they beware. 1587 Fleming Contn. HoHmhed III. 1369/1<br />

For want of vitiels ar)d otlier necessaries (needful in so long<br />

a viage). .(he] was inforced to set saile and returne for England.<br />

i6ox R. JOHNSOM Kingd. ^ Conuniv. 6 The Portugales<br />

who^ viages beyond the cape of Good Hope.. are<br />

more true than in leason likely.<br />

y. 1485 Naval Ace. Hen. Vll (1896) aj Paid. .to John<br />

Cappe.. after the said voiage into the parties of Lumbardie<br />

..for the stopping of lekes & castyng Balast. 1599 Hakluvt<br />

Kfy.I.Pref. •*2,There they shall read ofGodredusthesonne<br />

of Olauus his voiage to the king of Norway. 1645 N. Qkv.'<br />

fZSTF.K Geogr. Dt-lineated u. vti. (1635J 126 This North-west<br />

passage is a long voyage, and hath bin for a long time<br />

sought. x6s6 Bacon Nejv Ail. 12 The Navigation of the<br />

World (specially for remote Voiages) was gieater then at<br />

this day. 1665 Manlev Crotius" Low C. IVars 92^ Where<br />

the Spanish Negotiation was short and safe, it enticed Seamen,<br />

by their good will, to avoid long Voyages. 1748<br />

Anson's Voy. Intiod., A Voyage round the World promises<br />

a specjes of information, of all others the most desirable and<br />

inteiesting, 1774 Golijsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 346 Those<br />

who had set sail five months before, were not in the least<br />

farther advanced in their voyage, than those who waited for<br />

the favourable wind. iSso Scoresby Acc. Arctic Reg. 11. 165<br />

Ships were sent out to different seas, and had prosperous<br />

voyages. 1867SMVTH Sailor's IVord'bk.^ ^'^yrtf>t 310 «(»//, '1 he round nip from home back to home<br />

again constitutes the ' voyage ', all the port to port journeys<br />

are ' passages '.<br />

/ig. 1864 Browning yas. Lee's It^i/e w, iv, With whom<br />

began Love's voyage fulUsail.<br />

b. In the phrases io take or make a voyage.<br />

Qi. I a. Also trans/,<br />

{a) c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) Pref. 2 Wald Godd )?at |>cr<br />

werldly loideswareat gudeaccorde, and. .wald takel^is haly<br />

viage ouer J>c see. 147S Bk. Noblesse {Koxh.) izThesaidking<br />

Edward .. tooke his vyage to Cane withe xij^ shippis.<br />

(11578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot.iS.T.^.)!!. loThir<br />

men of weir tuk vayage and sailled to Scotland. 1596 Dal-<br />

RVMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist, Scot. 1. 233 Quhen S. Columba did<br />

sayl in Vrland, ihay to the J le of Jon tuik thair vaiage. 1819<br />

Keats Lamia 11. 180 Fifty wreaths of smoke From fifty<br />

censers their light voyage took To the high roof.<br />

{b) 14.. Sir Belies (O.) 388 Ouer they made gode viage.<br />

The sayll they drew, the wynd was good, x^t^ Nottingham<br />

Rec, 11. 387 We. .purpose. .incontinent berupon, as winde<br />

and weder wol serue, to make our viage into France. 1530<br />

Hickscorner 820 For yf 1 my?t make iii good vyages to<br />

.Shoter's HyI,..Than wolde I never travell the see more.<br />

c 1580 in En^. Hiit. Rev. July (1914) 518 This viadge ys<br />

to be made in 3 wekes yf winde and wether sarve. 1584<br />

PowEL Lloyd's Cambria 87 Cnuie king of England about<br />

this lime made a viage to Denmarke. 1648 J. Beaumonf<br />

Psyche 11, 179 It is a full Commission By which he made<br />

this voyage. 1669 Stuhmy Mariners Ma^. iv. i. 139 In<br />

five Voyages m.ide before that way, [I] knew by Experience<br />

tbeie is a Current.<br />

f C. A (single or return) passage or trip on a<br />

canal-boat. Oh.<br />

1774 Ann. Reg.^Chron. 145 From Manchester to Warrington.,<br />

the third cabbin \s for the passage or voyage upon the<br />

canal. 1805 Z. Allnutt Navig, Thames 15 The'l'oll of ^d<br />

per Ton a Voyage on all Barges. A Voyage, is a Trip to<br />

London and back again, being two Passages.<br />

d. A flight through the air (or through space) ;<br />

€Sp. a trip in a balloon.<br />

1667 Milton P. L. vii. 431 So stears the prudent Crane<br />

Her annual Voiage, born on Windes. i7«6 Swift Gulliver<br />

III. ii. It was about ninety leagues distant, and our voyage<br />

lasted four days and an half. 1785 V. Lunarui Five Aerial<br />

Voyages {i-jZd} 30 After a most delightful and glorious voy-<br />

'e of 46 miles, 36 over the water and 10 over land. x8a6<br />

"i; 'echanics' Mag, VI. 285/2 An aerial voyage, remarkable<br />

for its duration, was accomplished at Paris on the igth of<br />

September, 1784. i^6o Chambers's Encycl. I. 646/2 Before<br />

they \sc. fire-balloons] became obsolete, several remarkable<br />

voyages were made in them. 1893 Sir K. Ball Story of<br />

Sun 290 The Earth in its annual voyage round the sun.<br />

e. spec. In marine insurance : (see quot.).<br />

1848 Aknould Marine Insur. r. xii. 1. 333 The voyage insured...<br />

a technical term, which must be carefully distinguished<br />

from the actual voyage of the ship,, .is a transit at<br />

sea from the terminus a quo to the terminus ad quern in a<br />

prescribed course of navigation,. which is never set out in<br />

any policy.<br />

f. Voyage ofdiscovery (Discovery 3), in fig. use,<br />

1857 DucANGE Anglicus Vitlg. Tong.y Voyage o/discove>y,<br />

going out stealing. 1890 'R. Bolijrewood' Col. Reformer<br />

(1891) 227 After a voyage of discovery round the yard at full<br />

speed, [the cattlel return . . into the lane.<br />

6. Used_/f^. (in senses i or 4) to denote the course<br />

of human life (or some part of it), or the fate of<br />

persons after death.<br />

1390 GowER Conf. 111. 326 Fourtiene yer sche was of Age,<br />

Whan deth hir tok to his viage. 1423 Jas. 1 Kingis Q. xv.<br />

As the schip that ^ailithstereles, ..Sostandis thou here.. And<br />

wantis that suld gyde all thy viage. c 1430 Lydg, Min.<br />

Poems (Percy Soc) 98 Cristallyne water to hym so comfortable.<br />

Al his viage bothe in breede and lengthe. 15*6<br />

Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 12b, Man receyueth by grace<br />

all thyngesexpedyent and necessary for hym in his vyage<br />

and pilgrymage. 1519 Sir T. More Dyaloge i. Wks. 175/2<br />

yt much more special assistence of god with his christen<br />

churche in their spiritual viage. z6oi Shaks. '/ul. C. iv.<br />

iii. 220 There is a 'lide in the affayres of men. Which taken<br />

at the Flood, leades on to Fortune : Omitted, all the voyage<br />

of their life. Is bound in Shallowes, and in Miseries. 1604<br />

T. Wright Passions vi. 345 Blocks and stones our ghostly<br />

enemies cast in the narrow way that le^deth to heaven, to<br />

hinder our voyage. 1697 Vanbrugh Prov. Wife v. v, So,<br />

now I am in for Hobbes s voyage ; agreat leap in the dark.<br />

X705 HiCKERiNGiLL Prifst-CT. 11. VI. 6o And what I say to<br />

Papists I say to all Protestants, if you like to be Priestridden,<br />

farewel—a good Voyage to you. 1771 Smollett<br />

Humph. CI., Let. to Sir W, Phillips j8 July, Among our<br />

fellow.lodgers at Berwick, was a couple from London,<br />

bound to Edinburgh on the voyage of matrimony. 1779<br />

CowPER Human E'railty 17 Bound on a voyage of awful<br />

length, . .A stranger to superior strength, Man vainly trusts<br />

his own. i8i3Shkllev(?. jt/zi^ix. 174 Fear not then, Spirit,<br />

Death's disrobing hand,.*ris but the voyage of a darksome<br />

hour. 1877 Tennvson Sir f. Franklin 3 And thou .<br />

Art passing on thine happier voyage now Toward no earthly<br />

pole.<br />

6. t a. The navigation of a particular sea-route ;<br />

the course or route (to be) taken by a ship. Obs.<br />

1581 Marbeck Z»A. (j/A'i'/M 1087 Vndery* name of Tharsis<br />

(as some think) is signified some sea y* was farre of, and<br />

whose voiage was very long. 1694 W. "^isa A nimadv. Acc.<br />

Denmark 1. 7 Any Sea-man, who is acquainted with that<br />

Voyage, will tell you thathe would ten times rather venture<br />

amongst the Rocks of Norway in a Storm, than the Sands<br />

of England. 1755 Macens insurances II. iii The Mate<br />

being unacquainted with the Voyai;e and declaring himself<br />

lo be so, shall nevertheless be obliged to remain with the<br />

Ship, if the Master requires it.<br />

b. A vessel as fitted out for sailing,<br />

i8a6 Kknt Comm. (185B) III. atlvij. § 209 When the voyage<br />

is ready, the master is bound to sail as soon as the wind and<br />

tide permit.<br />

C. iVkaittig. (See quot.)<br />

1859 Bartlett Diet. Atner. (ed, 2) 497 Voyage^ among<br />

whalers, each man calls his share of the proceeds of the<br />

cruize, which he receives instead of wages, his voyage.<br />

d. The quantity of fish taken in one trip or by<br />

one boat.<br />

1897 Clay ^ Co. Company Prospeetus,Thc daily arrival of<br />

vessels with voyages of live and fresh fish. ..The Pontoon<br />

where the voyages are landed from tbe vessels and sold.<br />

7. A written account of a voyage, a book describing<br />

a voyage (or journey).<br />

From the frequent use of the word in the titles of narratives.<br />

of voyages.<br />

1587 Haklvvt (title), A Notable Historie, containing foure<br />

Voyages, made by Certaine French Captaines into Florida.<br />

1699 W. Hacks (title), A Collection of Original Voyages.<br />

1704 Churchill (title), A Collection of Voyages and<br />

Travels, Some now first Printed from Original Manuscripts.<br />

1796 H. Hunter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat, (1799) lU. 21<br />

'1 hose of the same kind, which have been collected in the<br />

following Voyage, exhibit no regular difference from each<br />

other, /bid. 284 The most authentic traditions of Historians,<br />

which I found in great numbers in the Voyage of J'ausanias<br />

into Greece. 1877 Quaritch Catalogue 1476 De Bry's<br />

Collection of Voyages to the East and West Indies,<br />

8. altrid. and Comd., as voyage-writer; f voyage<br />

voyage policy<br />

food, provision, = Viaticum i ;<br />

(see quot,).<br />

1610 "Voyage food [see Viaticum i]. 1848 Arnould<br />

Marine Insnr.i. ii. § i. 1. 19 A "voyage policy is one in<br />

\^hich the limits of the risk are designated in the pK>licy by<br />

specifying a certain place at which the voyage is to begiii.<br />

156s Apol. Priv. Masse (1850) 11 Their viaticum, as it is<br />

termed in the old canons, that is to say^ their 'voyageprovision.<br />

1564 Harding Ansiv. Jewel \x. 123 .So it be<br />

reuerently kepte for the viage prouision for the sicke, no<br />

catholike man will maineteine strife for the manerand order<br />

of keping. 1705 Addisom Italy, Pesaro 165, 1 shall say<br />

nothing of the Via Flaminia, which has been describ'd by<br />

all the * Voyage- Writers that have pass'd it. 1717 Lady<br />

M. W. Montagu Let. to C'itss Mar i Apr., The manners<br />

of mankind do not differ so widely as our voyage writers<br />

would make us believe. 1757 Foote Author 1. Wks. 1799<br />

1. 137 Except Peter Hasty, the voyage-writer, he was as<br />

great a loss to the trade as any withni my memory.<br />

Voyage (voi-ed.:5), V. Also 5 voiage, 5-6 vyage,<br />

9 aiai. v*yag©i Sc. vaeg. [ad. F. voyager,<br />

\voiager (15th c), or f. Voyage shj\<br />

1. intr. To journey by land ; to travel. Now<br />

rare.<br />

1477 Cwroviyason 26 Hislegges were Royde like a voyager<br />

that had alle the day to fore haue voiaged or goon a lourney.<br />

1490— Eneydos xv. 57 And in vyagynge thrughe the<br />

landes, Ifame] hideth her hede bytwyx the clowdes. 164a<br />

Milton Apol. Smect,\\\\. 42 Although my life hath not bin<br />

unexpeiisive in learning, and voyaging about. 1673 Drvden<br />

Mnrr, a la Mode ii. i, A gentleman, str, ..who has haunted<br />

the best conversations, and who, in short, has voyaged.<br />

X778 FooTK Trip to Calais i. Wks. 1799 II, 344 Nothing can<br />

be so vulgar in France, as voyaging about with one's wife.<br />

1898 C. hv.^ Paul Carah n. 30 Half over the States I've<br />

been, an' into Canady— v'yaged thousands o' miles, 'a<br />

b'lieve.<br />

+ 2. To carry out l?n enterprise. Obs.~^<br />

ci$oo Melitsine jji The maister [of Rhodes] recounted.,<br />

all ihauentures that had happed to them. ' By my feyth *<br />

said the kyng, * ye haue worthyly vyaged.<br />

3. To go by sea ; to sail or cruise ; to make a<br />

voyage or voyages. Also in fig. context.<br />

1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. xxxi. 294<br />

All that have voyaged thither, have been curious to carry<br />

seedes of all sorts, and all have grown, 1624 Donne Ess.<br />

Div. (1651) 57 Men which seek God by reason. .are like<br />

Mariners which voyaged before ihe invention of the Compass.<br />

1700 PoMi-'RET A'cajfj« 133 Oh ! what an ocean must be<br />

voyag'd o'er, To gain a prospect of the shining shore ! X7»5<br />

Pope Odyss. t. 340 Voyaging to learn tbe direful art To<br />

taint with deadly drugs the barbed dart. 1779 Forrest<br />

Voy. N. Guinea 137 The Dutch ships, voyaging between<br />

New Guinea and Aroo, ..frequently see flocks of birds of<br />

Paradise. 1819 Bvron Juati 11. xliii. He was a man of<br />

years, And long had voyaged through many a stormy sea.<br />

1846 Hawthorne Mosses 11. viii, (1864) 171 Havingvoyaged<br />

across the Atlantic for that sole purpose. i8;^5 Chambers'<br />

Jrnl. a Jan, 7 More than seventy merchant-ship^, voyaging<br />

in almost every ocean.<br />

fig. 1805 WoRDSw, Prelude in. 63 Hi.s.. silent face, The<br />

marble index of a mind for ever Voyaging through strange<br />

seas of Thought, alone, 1819 Shellev Lett. Pr. Wks. 18S8<br />

II. 305, I have lately been voyaging in a sea without any<br />

pilot. 01873 i-VTTON Pausauias iii. i. {1876) 220 Voyagers<br />

that never voyaged thiilier save in song. 1894 H. Drum-<br />

MOND Ascent Man 300 It is not for food that the plantworld<br />

voyages into foreign spheres, but to perfect the<br />

supremer labour of life.<br />

b. trans/. Of things : To move through the<br />

water or air, A\so Jig.<br />

1834 H. Miller 5'««M


VOYAQEUB.<br />

Hi^ the bright clime of battle and of song. x86o Gosse<br />

Rant, Nat, Hist, i ITie Arctic vo>-agers have seen King<br />

Winter on his throne. 1879 E. P. Wkight Anim. Li/c 119<br />

The Sea Lion of voj*agers in the southern seas.<br />

b. irons/, andy^., in various applications.<br />

169X NoRRis Praci. Disc. (1707) IV. 1S9 She prays for the<br />

little Infant Voyager, That he may so pass the Waves of this<br />

troublesome World as finally to come to the Land of Everlasting<br />

Life. 1819 Shkllev Lett, Pr. Wks. 18S0 IV. 1^7<br />

Your boat will be to the ocean of water, what this earth is<br />

to the ocean of aether—a prosperous and swift voyager. x8a6<br />

M^hanics' Mag. VI. 286 2 In this region the voyager [in a<br />

balloon] sailed till half.past nine o'clock. 1847 Emerson<br />

Paems^ Humble Bee 15 Insect lover of the sun,. .Sailor of<br />

the atmosphere, . . Vo>'ager of light and noon. 1890 Spectator<br />

7 June 793/1 This rapid voyager [the dragon-fly] passes<br />

over you, proceeds beyond you.., then turns [etc).<br />

y Voyageur (vwaya^^r). [F. ; see prec] In<br />

Canada, a man employed by the fur companies in<br />

carrying goods to and from the trading posts on<br />

the lakes and rivers ; a Canadian boatman.<br />

1809 A. Henry Trav, iS In ascending the Longue Sault,<br />

a distance of three miles, my canoes were three times unladen,<br />

and, together with their freight, carried on the<br />

shoulders of the vo>"ageurs. 1841 A.Combe/*/x>'J/V/. Digestion<br />

(ed.4) 90 St Martin returned to Canada.. [and] engaged<br />

as a voyageur with the Hudson's Bay Fur Company. 1893<br />

Nation (NT. Y.) 17 Aug. 121/a At the nightly bivouac, to the<br />

astonishment of the voyageurs, the noises continued.<br />

aitrib, 1903 Daily Mail 5 Sept. 5/6 The party was put<br />

into one of the large voyageur flat-bottomed boats.<br />

Voya^rinff (voi*ed,5ii)), vbL sb, [f. Voyage v.<br />

+ -ING iTj The action of the verb (now usually of<br />

journeying by sea).<br />

1611 CoTGR., Kpj'flfrffWK/, a voyaging, trauellingjiourney-<br />

^<br />

ing. 1647 Hexham 1, A viaging, ten reysinge. 1706 E.<br />

Ward H^oodcn World Diss. (1708) 8 He was Monarch of<br />

far more Territories than ever he touchM at in all his Voy-<br />

agings.<br />

182J J. Badcock Dam. Amusem. 165 Native of<br />

a port and given to voyaging. 1856 Kane Arct. Expi. IL<br />

xvii. 182, I deemed it best to ket^p up the appearance of<br />

ordinary voyaging. 1889 Clark Kussell Marooned xiv.<br />

(1891) 97 The marme habits of thought I had carried away<br />

with me from my early voyagings.<br />

aitrib. 1853 Lynch Self-Improv. ii. 25 It is now hurrah!<br />

for outset on many a voyaging enterprise, 1891 T. Hardy<br />

Tess xl, I have separated from my wife for personal, not<br />

voyaging, reasons.<br />

b. transf. andjf^.<br />

1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. III. vii. vti, Our poor Convention,<br />

after such voyaging, just entering harbour, so to speak, has<br />

struck on the bar. x8*j Kingsley Lett, (1878) I. 112 We<br />

will not listen when men tell us that we can reach Him by<br />

weary voyaging on the ocean of intellect. x86a G. Long tr.<br />

M.Aurelius' Thoughts ix. § 30. 156 Look down from above<br />

on the countless herds of men and their countless solemnities,<br />

and the infinitely varied voyagings in storms and calms.<br />

V oyal, var. Viol 2 A^x///. v oyd, -ance, -e(e,<br />

etc., variants of Void a., -ance, -ee, etc.<br />

+ Voye. Obs. rare, [a. OF. voye, vote (F. vote)<br />

>-L, via way.] Way.<br />

154X St. Papers Hen. ^V// (1834) III. 329 They can pay<br />

no subcedy, for as moch as they be charged other divers<br />

voyes. a 1578 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.)<br />

I. II Quhan he hes done, fast thy voyes vend To Athoill<br />

that most hie cuntrie.<br />

Voyed(e, obs. f. Void v. Voymbe, Voyme,<br />

obs. Sc. varr. Womb sb. Voyol, var. Viol-<br />

Naut. Voys, obs. f. Voice sb. Vo5el, Vojte,<br />

southern ME. varr. Fowl sb,^ fought Fight v,<br />

I) Vrac. Obs, Also 7 vrack. [F. dial. (Channel<br />

Islands).] The name given in the Channel Islands<br />

to a fisli resembling a carp. Also attrib.<br />

1673 Nervs frotn Channel in Harl. Misc. (1809) III. 505<br />

A large fish we call a Vrack-fish. 1694 Falle Jersey ii. 75<br />

But the most common, and to be had at all times, is a Fish<br />

we call Vrac, in shape and taste very much like a Carp, and<br />

may be called the Sea-carp, with several others. 17^ De<br />

Foe's TourGt. Brit. (1769) III. 341 <strong>Here</strong> [in Jersey] is the<br />

Mullet, red and grey, the Vrac, or Sea-carp, and the Bar,<br />

Vrack, Sc. variant of Wbaok.<br />

11 Vraic (vr^^k). [F. dial. (Channel Islands)<br />

vraic^ also vrec^ vrac : see Wrack sb. and cf.<br />

Varec] a seaweed found in the Channel Islands,<br />

:ised for fuel and manure.<br />

x6xo W, FoLKiNCHAM Art 0/ Survey i. x. 30 Vraic or<br />

Orewood, (Alga Marina) is diuersly applyed for soyling.<br />

1674 liLOUNT Glossogr, (ed. 4), l^raic, a kind of Sea-weed,<br />

of which they make fuel in the isles of Jersey and Gernsey,<br />

1694 Falle Jersey ii. 67 Tis a Sea.weed ; but a Weed more<br />

valuable to Us than the choicest Plant that grows in our<br />

Gardens. We call it Vraic;. .and it grows on the Rocks<br />

about the Island. 1736 [W. R. Chetwood] Voy. Vaughan<br />

vii. 1 1. 203 For Fuel , . they make use of a Sea Weed, by the<br />

Inhabitants call'd Vraic [printed VrauJ. 17-^ De Foe's<br />

TourGt. Brit. (ed. p III. 269 Their Manure is Sea-weed,<br />

latl'd Vraic, of which we have taken notice above, a 1847<br />

Eliza Cook Song Seaweed xxix, The Vraic ! the Vraic !<br />

pile it on to the fire. i86a Ansted Channel Jsi. iv. xx. 469<br />

The load of fresh vraic is computed to give three bushels of<br />

ashes. i88« B. Webber In Luck's Way i. i, Amid this<br />

wilderness of rock and vraic and wrinkled sand.<br />

attrib. 1865 M rs. L. L. Clarke Common Seaweeds Cone!.<br />

138, I have turned over the fraKT-heaps as they were carted<br />

up from the lowest tide.<br />

Hence Vral'cker, one who gathers vraic,<br />

Vralcklnff, the gatliering of vraic. Also attrib.<br />

1835 H. D. Inglis Channel Isl. 64 At half tide, or low<br />

water multitudes of carts and horses, boats and vraickers,<br />

cover the l^each. Ibid. 63 The vraicking parties consisting<br />

of eight, ten, or twelve persons. 185a Lane Clarke<br />

Guernsey


VTJLCANIAN.<br />

in Vulcanalian play's. 1654 Ogilby / 'ir^l^ BucoUcks lii. 17<br />

note, The day before and after the Vuicanalial (1684 Vulcanalian]<br />

Festivals.<br />

Vnlcaniau (vrlke that are in and<br />

about the Mc-ditetranean Seaj there is a knot of them<br />

called the Vulcanian Islands, from their fiery eruption^.<br />

1705 C. Purshall Mech, Macrocosm 83 The Vulcanian<br />

Islands in the Meditet ranean Sea, are said to be of this sort.<br />

4. Of, belonging to, or abounding with, volcanoes;<br />

volcanic. (Of. Volcanian a.)<br />

1656 (?J. SerceaktJ tr. r. Whitens Pertpat. Inst. 176<br />

Aetna, Lipara and Hecla . . and especially the Vulcanian<br />

Mountains of the new world. 1880 Proctor Poetry<br />

Aitron. i. (1881) 18 If no vulcanian forces were at woik to<br />

prevent submergence. 1883 Contemp Rev. Oct 575 Only<br />

by the action of her vulcanian energies can the earth main*<br />

tain her po&ittoa as an abode of life.<br />

6. « Plutonian «. 2. (Cf. VrLCANisT3.><br />

X840 Smart. 1950 Ocilvie s.v, Vulcaniit, The Vulcani.-.n<br />

theory has been expanded and illustrated by LycU. 1870<br />

Brewer Did. Pkr. ff Fai-U 939/a The Vulcanian or Plutonian<br />

theory, which ascribes the changes on the earth's<br />

surface to the agency of fire.<br />

Vulcanic (vplkaenik), a. [In sense 1 ad. F.<br />

vukanique, IL (also Pg.) vulcam'co^ f. It, vukano<br />

Volcano. In sense a f, L. VuUdn-m Vulcan j3.]<br />

1. B Volcanic a, % b.<br />

1774 Phil, Trans. LXV. 94 The vulcanic districts of<br />

Auver^ne and Velay ..afford proofs enough of the truth of<br />

this cpinioo. Ibtd. 37, 1 have already observed, that there<br />

are many vtilcanic mountains of a totally ditTerent form<br />

from the common volcanos. 1888 Doighty Arabia />/serta<br />

I. 20 Of such vulcanic breaches there are m.iny in<br />

these limestone d owns. Ibid.-zt The Bclkachalk is changed<br />

by the vulcanic heat.<br />

2. Of or belonging to, having the character of,<br />

Vulcan. (With iniiial capital.)<br />

\9m Eufop. Afaf. LII. 469 2 What Iho' with Vulcanic<br />

knocking Thou still may bring forth many a thought, 1866<br />

R. S. HAWkHRin C. E. Kyles /,//sE tr. t'irg/l'M<br />

yEneid 274 Vulcan begot him— in vulcaniclair He breathed<br />

forth flame.<br />

Vnlcanicity (vrlkani-siti). [f. . prec.<br />

or atl. F. rtt/(anuHf.'\<br />

1. =V0I,CAMC1TT.<br />

+ -ITV,<br />

1873 R. Mallet lahitierl's Eruption K«wr»«* Titlc-p.,<br />

An Introductory Sketch of the I^resent Slate of Knowledijc<br />

of Terrestrial Vulcanicity. i88« E. Hull Contrib, Phys,<br />

doe. Brit. Islrs 21 Vulcanicity has also pla)xd its part in<br />

Che formation of lock-structures. 1883 Academy 3 C5ct. 225<br />

He rega-ds the thermal waters as representing a legacy of<br />

former vulcanicity.<br />

325<br />

2. The study of volcanic action.<br />

1879 RuTLEY Stud. Rocks iii. 9 The branches of physical<br />

geology known as vulcanicity and seismology.<br />

t V ulcanio, irreg. var. viikano Volcano sb.<br />

1676 Phil. Trans. XI. 762 Thiis Fire keeping no analogy<br />

with other Vulcanio's in any of the particulars mentioned in<br />

these three qti.xries, I thought fit to answer them altogether.<br />

Vulcanism (wlkaniz'm). [ad. F. vukanismej<br />

var. oi voUanisme Volcanism.] Volcanic action<br />

or condition.<br />

1877 Le Conte Elem. CeoL ni. (1S79) 93 The sun may be<br />

regarded as a globe in an earlier and more active stage of<br />

vulcanism. 1883 Nature XXVU. 2S0 The.. strata which<br />

have been deposited.. under the combined influences of<br />

intt^riial vuIcani^m and external atmospherical influences.<br />

Vulcanist (vp-*lkanist). [In early use f. Vulcan<br />

j^. + -I.ST. In sense 3 ad. F. vukaniste^ var.<br />

of vokanisU Volcanist.]<br />

1 1. One who works by fire; spec, an alchemist,<br />

a blacksmith, Obs.<br />

1593 Harvey Pierce's Super. Wks. (Grosart) IL 177 The<br />

Country affordeth sufficient prouision of water, to encounter<br />

tbeteniblest Vulcanist, that brandisheth a burning sword,<br />

or a fierie tongue. 1594 Plat yeivell-ho. \i. 23, I persw.ide<br />

my selfe, that no philosophical t vulcanist, or perfect para<<br />

celsian, will ever finde any true magisterie, tincture, quinteetroIeum is so volatile<br />

that.. it would be dissipated.<br />

Vlilcanite (vo-lkanait). [f. Vulcan sb. +<br />

-ITE ^. Hence F. vukanite (in sense 2).]<br />

tl. Pyroxene. Obs. (Cf. Volcanite'.)<br />

1836 T. Thomson Min.^ Ceol^ etc I. 190 Pyroxene.<br />

Augite, baikalite, . . vulcanite, asbestus in part, e 1840<br />

Eticycl. Metrop. (1&45) VI. 527/2 Vulcanite. Augite.<br />

2. A preparation of india rubber and sulphur<br />

hardened by exposure to intense heat ; ebonite.<br />

i860 Urt^s Diet. Arts (ed. 5) I. 60a Indian-rubber and<br />

vulcanite, or hard rubber i*^ Hix>xam Chem.4,^2 When a<br />

sheet of caoutchouc is., still further heated, [it] is conve/ted<br />

into the black horny substance called vulcanite or ebonite,<br />

and used for the manufacture of combs, &c. 1889 Welch<br />

Text Bk. Naval A*c/tit. xii, 135 They.. have about four<br />

feet of their length made of teak or ^-ulcanite in order to<br />

break the continuity of the metal pipe.<br />

b. attrib. Made of vulcanite.<br />

1866 Microscop. frnl. VI. 168 Vou will oblige me by corlecting<br />

an error in your report of my remarks on vulcanite<br />

cells, 1869 Eng. Mech. 3 iXc 373/1 The same effect may<br />

be produced by rubbing a vulcanite comb on the sleeve of<br />

a coat. 1879 T. Brvant Ptact. Surg, 1 1. 34 The vulcanite<br />

canula is good for constant use.<br />

Vnlcaai-sable. a. [f. Vulcanize v.] That<br />

can be vulcanized.<br />

1887 ^V/. i4wrr.(N, V.)a6Mar. 193/3 Asbestos and India<br />

rubber., also other vulcanizable materials enter into its<br />

composition.<br />

VnlcanizatioiL (vplkandiz^-Jdn). [f. next.<br />

Hence F. vtikanisation (also zw/r-).] The method<br />

or process of treating crude india-rubber with sulphur<br />

and subjecting it to intense heat, by means of<br />

which it is rendered more durable and made adaptable<br />

for various purposes.<br />

The history of the process is related in detail in Vrcs<br />

Diet. Arts, etc. (ed. 51 1S60) I. 589-92.<br />

Z846 Hancock Patent Sptxi/. No. 11135. a Without the<br />

process of vulcanization. 1857 — Pers, A'irr. India Rubber<br />

AfoHu/. 107 It ap(>eared desirable to give the material a<br />

more definite name .. ; and whilst discussing the subject<br />

amongst my friends Mr. llrockedon proposed the term<br />

*Vulcanuaiion'. 1869 Em;. Mech. 24 Dec 370/a The<br />

ntlneral ingredients, .are ncLcssarily sul^cct to the action cf<br />

the sulphur employed to effect the vulcanisation. 1897<br />

AUbHit's Syst, hied. IL949 Carbon bisulphide is used to<br />

soften india-rubber so as to allow of its penetration by sulphur<br />

in the carrying out of what is known as vulcanisation.<br />

Vnlcanixe (v27lkan3iz), v, [f. Vulcan sb.<br />

Hence F. vukaniser (in sense 2).]<br />

L trans. To commit to the flames.<br />

x8»7 SouTHBY Lett. (i8^6) IV. 4X That preat exploit, which<br />

. .drew upon him so libellous an imputation in certain verses<br />

which have long since been vulcanised.<br />

2. To subject (india-rubber, etc) to the process<br />

of vulcanization.<br />

1846 Hancock Patent Specif, No. 11135. » When cold I<br />

remove them from the moulds and afterwards vulcanize<br />

them to make their form permanent, i860 Ore's Di*t. Arts<br />

(ed. 5) 1. 5^1 It appears not to be an easy matter to vulcanise<br />

large masses of caoutchouc. 1873 E. Spom IVorhihop Re*<br />

ceipts Ser. i. 360/1 'Ihe time and heat required to vulcanize<br />

or narden the compound.<br />

3. itttr. To undergo vulcanization,<br />

1890 -SV/. Amer, 1 March LXIL 140/1 Rubber vulcanizes<br />

at 276° Kah,<br />

Vulcanized, //i'. a. [f. prec.+-Ei>l.] Affected<br />

or aliereears to me worthy of more examination at the hands of<br />

^'ulcanologisls and Seismologists. i88x Judd I'oleanoes n.<br />

37 Vulcanologists have only just commenced those series of<br />

exact and continuous obseivations.<br />

Vulcanology, (Also Volc-). [f. vuhan-<br />

(cf. Vulcanic, etc.) + -ology.] The science or<br />

scientific stutiy of volcanoes.<br />

1858 Mallst in ftep. Brtt. Assoc. 1. 117 <strong>Book</strong>s on Earthqtiakes<br />

and Vulcanology in the Gottingen Univeisity<br />

Library. 1880 Academy 17 Jan. 4^ The part relating to<br />

vulcanology would be considerably miproved by a detailed<br />

account 01 some one seismotogical ob&ervatoiy.<br />

Vulgar (v»'Igaj),j(5. Also 5-6 vulgare. [Absolute<br />

use of Vulgar a., after similar usesoi nied.L.<br />

viiigarisy OF. vulgaire (also vulgar)^ It. voigare."]<br />

t L The common or usual language of a country<br />

the vernacular. Obs,<br />

1430-40 Lvtx;. Bochas ix. xxxvL (MS. Bodl. 263) 4^1/1<br />

Whos kj-n^dom hool, as maad is mencioun. In that vulgar<br />

..Of Malliogies pleynli bar Je name. C14SO Chaucer's<br />

Compl. Pitt (HjtI. MS.) heading, Geffrey Chaucier Jk:<br />

aureat Poete l«.tcuer was fonde in oure vulgate to fore (i]hees<br />

dayes. lui Douci-As Pal, Hon. 11. xvii, >it saw I thair..<br />

Gcffray Chaucier, as a per se sans peir In his vulgare. 1586<br />

Dav Kng.Secretarpr i. (1625) i An Epistle therefoie is that<br />

which vsu,ally we in our vulgar doc tearme a Letter. 1589<br />

Pi:-nENHAM Eng, Poesie 11. iv. (.\rb.) 86 Before Sir Thomas<br />

Wiats time they were not vscd in our vulgar. 1611 Bible<br />

Transl. Pre/, f 8 For the behoofe and edifying of the<br />

vnlearned . they prouided Translations into the vulgar.<br />

1665 G. Havkrs p. della ValU's Trav. E. India 144 The<br />

Canara- Language, which is the vulgar in Ikkeii and all that<br />

State.<br />

2. fa. //. Persons belonging to the ordinary or<br />

commoa class in the community, esp, the uneducated<br />

or ignorant Obs.<br />

15x3 Bradshaw St. Werburge Prol . 84 Some small treatyse<br />

to wryte breuely To the comyn vulgares iheyr mynde to<br />

satisfy. 1549 Cmalonkr Erasm, oh Polly G), He preferred<br />

aKo the Ideote and simple vulgars, before other learned and<br />

leputed persons. 1598 K. Bernard tr. Tereme, Eunuchw.<br />

ii, I ain nothing at all away with these vulgars, wherein<br />

there is no excelTencic of beauiie. 1615 Chaiman Odyss. vi.<br />

425 For these vile vulgars are extreamly proud, And fouly<br />

languag'd. 1678 Blti^r Huit. iii, 1. 1129 He therefore sent<br />

out all his Senses, 'I'o bring him in Intelligences. Which<br />

Vulgars out of ignorance Mistake, for falling in a Trance.<br />

b. A persQn not reckoned as belonging to good<br />

society,<br />

//. 1763 G. Williams in lesse Sehtyn 4- Contemp. (1843)<br />

I. 264, I nave named yoxi those whom you know} the test<br />

are numerous, but vulgars. 1766 — Ibid. 1 1. 52 Lord Lincoln<br />

exhibited his person yesterday on the Stein, to the surprise<br />

of all the vulgars. 1796 Wolcot (P. Pindar) Pindariana,<br />

Ode to Sun viii, The great retire from routs. .And cty,..<br />

'Vulgars ! that never wax-lights handle 1' 1815 Zeluca I.<br />

339, Ithink I told you thete was quite nothing but vulgais<br />

at the two last balls. i8a8 LAN[x>R////a^. Com: III, 147 She<br />

associated and assimilated with the very wotst in the polar<br />

circle of both vulgars.<br />

sing. 1767 Lady S. Bunbury in Jesse Selnyn ^ Contemp,<br />

(1843) II. 191 A Mr. Brereton (a sad vulgar). 1781 BurcovNS<br />

Ld. of Manot 11. 1, It would be as low to accept the<br />

challenge of a vulgar as to refuse it to an equal. i8as C.


VULGAR.<br />

WcsTJiACOTT i?«f . 5/y II. 97 The mobbing a vulgar^ the<br />

hoaxing a ^uix, . . AH these were among Jekyl's early pecuHmrities.<br />

3, TA£ vulgar^ the common people. Also with «.<br />

xSOo Spekser F. Q. III. xiL 4 To the vulgar beckning with<br />

his nand. In signe of silence, as to heare a play. 1591 —<br />

Ttares Mmes 194 AH places they with follie haue possest,<br />

And with vaine toyes the vulgare cntertaine But me haue<br />

banished. 16x4 Gorges Lucan 11. ()6 The vulgar most to<br />

Pompey bends. Ihiii, warg ^ The vulgar do more affect<br />

Pompcy then Ca:sar. 1665 Glasvill Def. Van. Dogvt, 57<br />

Which saying holds not only in Morals, but in all things<br />

else which the Vulgar use to judge in. 169a Bentley Bflyle<br />

L€Ct. iL 46 1 his is directly levell'd against the gross Idolatry<br />

of the Vulgar. 1738 Gentl. Mag. VMl. 77/1 Her enlightened<br />

Horn is turn d towards^ the Horizon, or, as the Vulgar<br />

speak, The Moon lies on her Back. 1783 Hailes Anliq.<br />

Ckr. Ch.vi. z^vtiote. The heathen vulgar might have inferred<br />

the likelihood of an approaching apotheosis. x8a7<br />

Hallv< Canst. Hist, ii, (1876) I. 86 The mysteriousness of<br />

an unknown dialect served to impose on the vulgar. x8a8<br />

Scott F. M. Perth Introd., We talk of a credulous vulgar,<br />

without always recollecting [etc.]. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr.<br />

IX. vii. IV. 126 Nor was this the suspicion of the vulgar<br />

^one; it seems to have been shared by the clergy 1899<br />

AUbutt's Syst. Med, VIII. 824 The growths .. render the<br />

patient a remarkable and hideous object, exhibited for gain<br />

to the gaze of the vulgar.<br />

trans/". 1697 Drvden ^neid i. 266 The Leadeis [of the<br />

herdj first He laid along, and then the Vulgar pierc'd.<br />

+ b. A common sort or class {of persons).<br />

Obs.-^<br />

1645 Milton Tetrach. \Vks. 1S51 IV. 262 There is a vulgar<br />

also of teachers, who are blindly by whom they fancy led, as<br />

they lead the people.<br />

+ 4. //. Sentences or passages in English to be<br />

translated into Latin as a school -exercise. Obs,<br />

i5»o Whitinton Vvlg. (1527) 25 b, Hast thou wrylen all<br />

the vulgares that our mayster hath given vnto vs thismornyng^«<br />

'545"7 'n Arthaeologia{\Z^-z) XXXIV. 41 Thethrid<br />

forme.. bath throwgh the weke ovenpyght a verbe set up to<br />

beexamyned in the mornyng.and makith vulgares upon yt.<br />

1580 T. ftl. in Bard's Ah, 'lo Rdr. xiv, A booke for such,<br />

that can per\ise it right, Of profite great, when they their<br />

Vulgars write. 16x3 Brinsley Lnd. Lit, 148, 1 haue giuen<br />

them vulgars, or Englishes, such as I haue deuised, to be<br />

made in Latine.<br />

f b. A vernacular or common expression. Ohs»<br />

153a Gawer'sCon/. Ep. Ded. aa ij b, For the plenty of eng.<br />

lys^e wordes and vulgars,.. whiche olde englysshe wordes<br />

and vulgars no wyse man, because of theyr antiquite, wyll<br />

throwe asyde.<br />

t5. =Vulgatej*. 1 b. Obs. (Cf. Vulgak9<br />

The fifty-seventh year of the vulgar computation. i88a<br />

Nature XXVI. 345 Owing to constant migrations, .throughout<br />

the fourth and fifth centuries of the vulgar era.<br />

b. Vulgarfraction : see Fraction sb, 5 a.<br />

1674 Jeake Aritk. {1696) 279 Simple Cossical Fractior 3.,<br />

arc expressed like Vulgar Fractions. 1706 Phillips (ed.<br />

Kersey), Vulgar Fractions^ the ordinary Sort of Fractions,<br />

distinguished from Decimal Fractions. 1728 Chambi^irs<br />

Cycl. s.v. P'raciiony Vulgar Fractions, called also Simple<br />

{^Tactions, are always express'd by two Numbers, the one<br />

wrote over the other, with a Line between them. X798<br />

HtrrroM Course Math. (iSo6) I. 51 Of Vulgar Fractions.<br />

i8a6 Encyci. Melrop. (1845) 1. 441/2 Rules are also given<br />

for the reduction of vulgar to decimal fractions by a simple<br />

proportion. 1873 J. Hamblin Smith Arith. (ed. 6) 83 A<br />

Vulgar Fraction may be converted into a Decimal Fraction.<br />

f c. Vulgar arithmetic^ ordinary arithmetic as<br />

opposed to decimal. Obs. rare,<br />

1653 N. Bridges {litle\ Vulgar Aritbmetique, explayning<br />

the Secrets of that Art. 1694 J. StLDEN {.tit/eU The Trades-<br />

326<br />

man's Help. An Introduction to Arithmetick both Vulgar,<br />

Decimal, and Instrumental, c ijaS De Foe Compi. Eng.<br />

Gent. (1890) 280 How many noble artists have we in the<br />

greatest and best branches of the Mathematicks (viz.), in<br />

Astronomy, in Geometry, in Arithmetick as well vulgar as<br />

decimal.<br />

2. In common or general use ; common, customary,<br />

or ordinary, as a matter of use or practice.<br />

c 1430 LvDG. Min, Poems (Percy Soc.) 87 Isys in Egipt<br />

fonde a diversite Of sundry lettres parted in tweyne ; First<br />

to pristes, and to the coniunake Vulgar lettres he dide also<br />

ordeyne. 155a Huloet, Vulgar, or much vsed, uulgatus,<br />

Z594 Blundkvil Exerc. i. xxvii. (1597) 33 b, As minutes,<br />

seconds, thirds, fourthes, . . ma'rked wiih streekes and vulgare<br />

numbers. 1597 Hooker EccL Pot. v. Ixv. § n Wee neither<br />

omit it.. nor altogether make it so vulgar as the custome<br />

heretofore hath bene. 1610 Guillim Heraldry 11. i. 40, 1<br />

could produce many examples euen to this day; were not<br />

the vse heereof so vulgar. 1659 H. Thorndike Wks, {1846)<br />

II. 458 The solemn times.. cannot.. have been settled till<br />

Christianity was grown very vulgar. 1693 Locke Ediic.<br />

§ 175 Another thing very ordinary in the vulgar Method of<br />

Grammar-Schools there is, of which I see no Use at all.<br />

1719 T. Innes Anc. Inhab. N. Brit. I. 18 So the vulgar<br />

version of Ziphilin's abridgment ofDiohathJt. 1795 Burke<br />

Th, Scarcity Wks. 1842 II. 252 Compelling us to diminish<br />

the quantity of labour which in the vulgar course we<br />

actually employ. i8a6 Disraeli Viv. Grey iv. ii. We talk<br />

..as often about our enemies, at least those who have any;<br />

which, in my opinion, is the vulgarest of all possessions.<br />

fb. Used to designate the Vulgate version of<br />

the Bible. Obs. (Cf. Vulgar sb. 5.)<br />

153S JovE Apol. Tindale (Arh.) 46 TlindaleJ..ministretb<br />

a shrewd occasion.. by vntrwly translating this sentence et<br />

z'nicuigue seminum dat deus su?eirt or proprium corpus<br />

(as bathe the vulgare texte). 1538 Coverdale New T. (titlep.),<br />

After the vulgare text communely called S. Jeroms.<br />

1^3 FuLKE De/. Tr. Script. xvW. 447 That S. Hieronyme<br />

was author of the vulgar Latine interpretation, of the olde<br />

Testament. 165a Needham tr. Selden's Mare CI. 31 So<br />

they are expressed in the vulgar Edition, out of the Hebrew<br />

Original, which is lost. j6;[4 Owen Holy Spirit i. iv. § 6.<br />

71 'Ihe Vulgar Latine in this Place renders the Woid by<br />

Ornatus eornm. 1677 — yustif.'w. 185 All which things<br />

prefer the Complutensian, Syriack, and Arabick, before the<br />

vulgar reading of this place. 1691 tr. Emilianne's Frauds<br />

Rom. Monks (ed. 3) 51 Contrary to the express words of the<br />

Vulgar Translation. 1823 A. Small Rom. Antiq. Fi/e y.<br />

102 The vulgar Latin [readsj thus.<br />

3. Of language or speech : Commonly or customarily<br />

used by the people of a country; ordinary,<br />

vernacular.<br />

In common use c 1525-1650; now arck.<br />

a 1513 Fabyan Chron. 1. xvii. 16 Whiche felde or Countre<br />

where y« sayd Morgan faughte..is to this daye called<br />

Glanmorgan, whiche is to meane in our vulgare tunge,<br />

Morgan hys lande. 1530 Palsgr. 17 Suche as writte farcis<br />

6 contrefait the vulgare speche. 1585 T. Washington tr.<br />

Nicholays Voy. iv. xix. 133 b. They celebrate their office.<br />

in the Armenian tongue,, .[and] the standers by. .answere<br />

them in the same vulgare language, c 1610 £. Bolton<br />

Hypercritica iv. §2 Mr. Hooker's Preface to his <strong>Book</strong>s of<br />

Ecclesiastical Policy is a singular and choice Parcel of our<br />

vulgar Language, 1653 W. Ramesey Astroi. Restored Z^<br />

To treat. .of this noble Art.. in a plain munner, and our<br />

vulgar tongue. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 141 Pii To be<br />

instructed in their Duties in the known or vulvar Tongue.<br />

1707 J. Chamberlavne Si. Gt. Brit. 1. ui. vii. (1710) 204<br />

'there were.. more good, and more bad <strong>Book</strong>s printed and<br />

published in the English Tongue, than in all the vulgar<br />

Languages in Europe. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr, ix. viii.<br />

IV. 185 They read the Gospels, they preached, and<br />

they prayed, in the vulgar tongue. 1873 Hale Jn His<br />

Name ii. 8 Bits of Paul or Matthew or Luke which had<br />

been translated into the vulgar language.<br />

b. Used to qualify tlie name of the language.<br />

1483 Caxton Knt, de la Tour Prol., To translate & reduce<br />

this said book out of frenssh into our vulgar Englissh.<br />

X613 PuRCHAS Pilgrimage vi. xii, 530 They are much<br />

addicted to Poetrie, and make long Poems of their warres,<br />

huntings, and loues,..in rithme, like the vulgar Italian<br />

Sonnets. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 102<br />

Though several of them understand Italian, yet their usual<br />

Language is the vulgar Greek, which is for the most part<br />

but the literal Greek corrupted. 1699 Bentley Phal. ^04<br />

Which we are sure., continued to be pure and Vulgar Syriac<br />

for 2000 Years. 1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Pope<br />

I Apr., The vulgar Turk is very different from what is<br />

spoken at court. 1766 Compl. Farmer s.v. Surveying<br />

7 E 2/2 This in vulgar English may be called a corner.<br />

1818 Hallam Mid. Ages IX. (1868) 591 We cannot,. ascertain<br />

in what degree the vulgar Latin differed from that of Cicero<br />

or Seneca. ^1873 Deutsch Lit. Rem. (1874) 358 The<br />

Samaritan Dialect, a mixture of vulgar Hebrew and<br />

Aramean.<br />

fc. In predicative use ; also const, to. Obs.<br />

'565 J_ewel Reply Harding (1611) 383 Hebrew, Greek,<br />

and Latine,. .as they were once natiue, and vulgar to those<br />

three peoples, so now to none be they natiue, and vulgar.<br />

x6ia Brerewdod Lang. ^ Kelig, 2 'I'he Greek tongue.,<br />

although it belonged originally to Hellas alone, yet in time<br />

it became vulgar to these also. x668 Wilkins Real Char.<br />

I. i. § 4* 5 After the Captivity the pure Hebrew ceased to be<br />

Vulgar, remaining onely amongst learned men. 1699 T.<br />

liAKF.R Rejl. Learn, ii. 13 The Greek Tongue had the same<br />

Fortune with the Latine, tho it continud vulgar longer.<br />

X7ia Swift Let. En^. Tongue Wks. 1755 II. 1. 1B3 Neither<br />

was that [jr. theLaiin] language ever so vulgar in Britain, as<br />

it is known to have been in Gaul and Spain.<br />

4. t a* Written or spoken in, translated into, the<br />

usual language of a country, Obs.<br />

1513 DoucLAs_.f^«fiVf I. Prol. 498 Thair may be na compair<br />

Betwixt his versis and my style wlgair. Ibid.^ Ane<br />

Exctamatioun 37 Go, wlgar Virgill, to euery churlich wycht<br />

Say, 1 avow thou art translatit rycht. 1556 Recokde Cast.<br />

Kwnvl. Contents, With sundry.. newe demonstrations not<br />

Written before in any vulgare wooikes. 1599 G. Sandys<br />

VULGAR.<br />

Europm Spec. (1632) 115 They have called all vulgar Bibles<br />

streightly in againe. 1617 Mohyson Hin. 111. 30, I had<br />

some skill in that Language, especially for vulgar speeches.<br />

i66a J. Davies tr. Oleanus Voy. Ambass. 79 Never learn,<br />

ing anything but reading and writing, and certain vulgar<br />

prayers.<br />

D. Of words or names : Employed in ordinary<br />

speech ; common, familiar.<br />

1676 Hobbes ///arfPref. (1686) 1 Forein word^, tillby long<br />

use they become vulgar, are unlinjtelligible lo them. 1776<br />

Sir D. Dalrymple Ann. Scot. I. 3 note, I suspect that<br />

Lulach was rather his vulgar sirname, than his name. 1785<br />

Martyn Lett. Bot. Introd. (1794) 2 These plants had<br />

a different vulgar name in every province. x8oo Bewick<br />

{title). Figures of British Land Birds, to which are added,<br />

a few Foreign Birds, with their Vulgar and Scientific<br />

Names.<br />

6. Common or customary in respect of the use or<br />

understanding of language, words, or ideas.<br />

"553 Wilson Rhct. 94, I might tary a longe tyme in<br />

deciaryng the nature of diuerse Schemes, whiche are woordes<br />

or sentencies altered, .contrarie to the vulgare custome of<br />

our speache without chaungyng their nature at all. i6ia<br />

T. IjOi:)ley in Macray Ann. Bodleian I1880) 410, I make<br />

lequest y' all my words be construed directly and in vulgar<br />

sense. 1634 Documents agst. Prynne (Camden) 48 My<br />

expressions too (at least in my intention, opinion, and vulgar<br />

acceptacion), are innocent and" sincere. 1696 Whision<br />

The. Earth 11. (1722) 161 By a Month, in the vulgar way of<br />

speaking, is meant 30 Days. 1727 Df. Foe Syst. Magic i.<br />

i. (1840J 25 The people called magicians, in the present<br />

vulgar acceptation of the word. 1754 Edwards treed. Will<br />

I. ill. (1762) 14 The word Necessity, in iis vulgar and common<br />

Use, is relative. 1798 V>Ky Amer. Law Rtp. {1809) I. 85 The<br />

vulgar meaning of the words dying without issue. z86a<br />

Burton Bk. Hunter (1863) 5 1 he vulgar everyday-world<br />

way of putting the idea. 1878 Stewart & Tait Unseen<br />

Univ. i. § 39. 57 The doctrine of the resurrection in its<br />

vulgar acceptation could not possibly be tiue.<br />

6. Commonly current or prevalent, generally or<br />

widely disseminated, as a matter of knowledge,<br />

assertion, or opinion: a. Of sayings, statements,<br />

facts, etc.<br />

1549 Compl. Scot. Epist. 7 Fra this exempil cummis ane<br />

vlgare adagia. 1591 Savile Tacitus, Hist. 11. Ixxviii. 99<br />

Neither was there any thing more vulgare in euery mans<br />

mouth. 1607 T. Rogers^9 A rt. Pref. § 26 <strong>Book</strong>es, and open<br />

speeches, .made vulgar within a yeare, and little more after<br />

his happy ingresse into this kingdome. 1653 W. Ramesey<br />

Astroi. Restored To Rdr. 6 But 1 shall answer in that<br />

vulgar and rustical Proverb, it is a good Horse that never<br />

stumbles. 1693 Dkyden Persius* Sat. i. 244 note, 'Ihe<br />

Story is vulgar, that Midas King of Phr>gia, was made<br />

judge betwixt Apollo and Pan, who was the best Musician.<br />

1830 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852} 72 One vulgar passage<br />

from the writings of that philosopher. 1892 Daily Npvs<br />

19 Dec. 5/4 It set the seal, however, on his vulg.-ir.as distinct<br />

from his professional, fame.<br />

b. Of discourse, rumour, etc.<br />

1590 Shaks. Com. Err. iii. i. 100 If by strong hand you<br />

offer to breake in,. .A vulgar comment will be made of it.<br />

1595 Locrine iv. i. 138 What would the common sort report<br />

of me, I f I forget my loue, and cleaue to ihee ? Loc. Kings<br />

need not feare the vulgar sentences. C1600 Shaks. 6"(5««.<br />

cxii. Your loue and piftie doth th' impression fill. Which<br />

vulgar scandall stampt vpon my brow. 1617 Morvson<br />

Itin. 11. 20 Of late {according to vulgar speech) he had dis.<br />

pleased the Earle of Essex. 1691 Wood Ath, Oxon. I. 323<br />

Ihe then vulgar talk was, the Devil came to take away<br />

Oiiv. Cromwell, who then lay on his death-bed. 1818<br />

Shelley Julian 362 Believe that I am ever still the same,<br />

..Nordream that I will join the vulgar cry. iSssMacaulay<br />

Hist. Eng. xix. IV. 302 They did not join in the vulgar cry<br />

against the Dutch.<br />

c. Of knowledge, opinions, notions, etc.<br />

01548 Hall Chron., Edw. /K, 210 b, Notwithstandyng<br />

the vulgare opinion., the wisedome of this world is folishenes<br />

before God. 1605 Verstegan Dec. intell. vii. (1628)<br />

199 '1 o giue the reader some knowledge more then is vulger.<br />

c 1610 Sir J. Melvil Mem. (1683) 125 He was become careless,<br />

following in many things the vulgar opinion. 1655<br />

Culpepper, etc. Riverius xi. iv. 33 That vulgar difficulty<br />

which is controverted by almosi all Writers. 1701 Swift<br />

Contests Nobles ^ Comm. v, This is a truth of vulgar knowledge<br />

and observation. 1794 Hutton Philos. Light, etc.<br />

127 According to the vulgar notions of things, cold is considered<br />

as absolutely subsisting in bodies, in the same<br />

manner as heau 183a Palmerston Opin. ^ Pol. (1852)<br />

219 Taking the meiesi and vulgarest view of the matter.<br />

1854 Milman Lat. Chr. iv. i. II. 10 Mohammedanism. .a<br />

stern negation., of the vulgar polytheism which prevailed<br />

among the ruder Arab tribes. 1865 M. Arnold Eas. Crit,,<br />

Spinoza (1875) 375 This mode of interpieiing Scripture is<br />

fatal to the vulgar notion of its verbal inspiration.<br />

d. Of errors, prejudices, etc.<br />

1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. .5- Comtnw. 546 This is but a<br />

vulgar errour. 1670 W. Perwich ZJ^jt/.tCamdenjgi A vulgar<br />

mistake of the death of the Duke of Lorraine instead of<br />

that of the Great Duke of Florence. 1691 T. H[ale]<br />

Ace. New Invent, p. xxiii, Ihe iole conceit of the Fish<br />

Remora, which mens sottishness hath made a vulgar one.<br />

1785 Reid Intell, Powers i. i. 221 May natuial judgement<br />

not be a vulgar error? 1798 Fekriar IlluUr. Sterne vi. 165<br />

Mr. Shandy has passed a similar condemnation on some<br />

English names, to which vulgar prejudices aie attached.<br />

1845 Ford Handbk. Spain i. 5 One of the old vulgar superstitions<br />

in Spain. 1856 Kanr Arci. Expl. I. xxix. 392, I<br />

satisfied myself that it was a vulgar prejudice to regard the<br />

liver of the bear as poisonous. 1879 McCarthy Own Times<br />

1. V. 104 One of the vulgarest fallacies of statecraft.<br />

i"?. Of common occurrence ; not rare. Obs.<br />

1607T0PSELL Four-/. Beasts in Other things I omit concerning<br />

this beast (the conyj, because as it is vulgar, the<br />

benefits thereof are commonly known. 1657 S. Purchas<br />

Pol. Flying'Ins. 7 The Chameleon, a vile (and in many<br />

Countries a Vulg-ir) Creature.<br />

8. Of or pertaining to the common people.


VULGAR. 327 VULaABISM.<br />

1597 Shaks. 2 Hen, IV, t. iii. 90 An habitation giddy and<br />

vnsure Hath he that buildeth on the vulgar heart. 1605<br />

isi Pt. Jeronimo 436, 1 will buze Andreas landing, Which,<br />

once but crept Into the vulget mouthes, Is hurryed heer and<br />

there, and sworne for troih. i6aa Feacham CompL Gent,<br />

i. 13 Thobe [apples] of Hesperides, golden, and out of the<br />

vulgar leach. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Efi. i. v. 17<br />

Though a weaknesse of the Intellect, and most discoverable<br />

in vulgar heads, yet hath it sometime fallen upon wiser<br />

braines. 1697 Drvuen y£"«tf/i^ XM. 5 The more he_was<br />

with vulgar hate oppressed, The more his fury boiled within<br />

his breast. 1783 W.Thomson Watsons Philip III^w. (1793)<br />

II. 152 A veil of pomp.. concealed from the vulgar eye the<br />

symptoms of its decay. 1796 Bp. Watson Apol. Bible 209<br />

You have merely busied yourself in exposing to vulgar contempt<br />

a few unsightly shrubs. xZ\el v. Low, vulgarish sort of man, he<br />

was.<br />

Vulgarism (vdgariz'm), [f. Vulgar a. +<br />

-ISM, Cf. Sp. and Pg, vulgarismo^ It. voigarismo."]<br />

+ 1* A common or ordinary expression. Obs.—^<br />

X644 Bulwer Chirol. 13 An ineffable latitude of significations<br />

: whose vulgarismes, varied through such multiplicity<br />

of senses, are of that note and consequence, that [etc.].<br />

2. A vulgar phrase or expression ; a colloquialism<br />

of a low or unrefined character.<br />

X746 H. Walpole Let. to Mann 28 Mar., The Countess..<br />

has entertained the town with an excellent vulgarism. X7s8<br />

L. Temple Sketches (e6. 2) 43 The Sentiments, .cannot be<br />

cxprest with too much Plainness and Simplicity; provided<br />

all Vulgarisms are as much as possible avoided. 1798 Bnt.<br />

Critic XL 136 It took him, is a grose vulgarism. 1822 Mrs,<br />

Shellev in Dowden Shelley (1887)11. 381 We hear that she<br />

leads him and his mother (to use a vulgarism) a devil of a<br />

life. 1874 Green Short Hist. viii. (1882) 449 The slipshod<br />

vulgarisms of the shopkeeper of to-day.<br />

b. A popular corruption o/a. name, rar^^.<br />

1853 Miss Yonge Cameos (1877) I. xix. 136 This romantic<br />

story,.. celebrates the Saracen lady by the extraordinary<br />

title of Susy Pye, perhaps a vulgarism of her original<br />

Eastern name.<br />

3. The quality or character of being vulgar;<br />

vulgarity.<br />

1749 Chesterf. Lett, to Son 27 Sept., Vulgarism in<br />

language is the. .distinguishing characteristic of bad company,<br />

and a bad education. 177X Sir J. Reynolds Disc.w.<br />

(1876)345 Familiar and interesting to all Kurope without<br />

being degraded by the vulgarism of ordinary life i" a"/<br />

country. X788 Mrs. Hughes Henry


VULGAKIST.<br />

'1785 G. A. Bellamy Apohsy (ed. 3) IV. is8 The comphutiU<br />

of having nothing to do, is such a vulgarism, that I<br />

wonder any pcrsons.-can degrade theniselves by tiie<br />

acknowledgement. 1814 Jane Austen Mansjield Park<br />

xlvi. Visions of good and ill breeding, of old vulgarisms and<br />

new gentiliiies were before her. 1834 Tait's Mag, I. 54 '<br />

Since the scent of that flower has been voted a vulgarism I<br />

Valffarist. [f. Vulgar a. + -ist.] A vulgarian.<br />

.1847 Frasers Mag^ XXXVI. 53 In the every-day pursuits<br />

of the vulgarist there is a link connecting them.<br />

Vulgarity (vplgx-nti), [ad. L. (post-classical)<br />

vuigiintas the mass or multitude (f. vulgar-i$<br />

Vulgar a.), or f. Vulgar a. +-ity. Cf. F. vulgarity<br />

It. volgarithy Sp. vulgaridad, Pg. -t'lfade,']<br />

fl. The commonalty ; the common people. 06s.<br />

1579 NoRTHBROOKK Dtdng (1843) 73 The eternal! God<br />

hath appoynted & diuided his Church militant into four<br />

parts: first, into principalhie; seconde, into nobiUtie;<br />

thirde, into pastoraltiie; fourthly, into vulgaritie. j6i6 j.<br />

Lane Contn. Sgr.^s T, viir. 330 So these condemnd, thence<br />

garded weare to dye, lothd, skornd, revild, cursd of th'<br />

vulgaritie. 163J Lithcow Trav, ix. 421 A proud Nobility,<br />

a familiar and manly Gentry, and a ruvidous vulgarity.<br />

x6s^ Gaudbn Tears Ck. Pref. 3 The meere vulgarity (like<br />

Swine) are prone to cry out more, for a little bite by the eare,<br />

than for all the sordidnesse of sin.<br />

+ b. The ordinary sort or run {of a class, etc.)-<br />

X646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. vii. 25 'lis true by the<br />

\Tilgarity of Philosophers there are many points beleeved<br />

without probation. 1681 Rvcaut tr. Gracian's Critick 190<br />

His Humour formed of a disagreeing mould and nature to<br />

the vulgarity of the World.<br />

t c. Used as a mock-title to designate one of the<br />

common people. Obs."^<br />

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. iii. 11 For true it is,<br />

(and I hope shall not offend theii vulgarities) if I say they<br />

are daily mocked into errour.<br />

+ 2. General use; common diffusion. Obs. rare.<br />

x6xa Brbrewood Lang. ^ Rflig. 33 It may well seem that<br />

the Roman tongue became not the vulgar language in any<br />

of these parts of the empire, which yet are specially<br />

instanced, for the large vulgarity of it. c 1645 Howell<br />

Lett. (1650) I. 387 The Latin or primitive Roman tongue, .<br />

though living yet in the Schools,, .may be said to be<br />

defunct in point of vulgarity, any lime these 1000 years<br />

passed.<br />

f 3. The quality of being usual, ordinary, or<br />

commonplace ; an instance of this, Obs.<br />

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. iil 12 Although their<br />

condition and fortunes may place them many Spheres above<br />

the multitude, yet are they still within the line of vulgarity.<br />

1656 Bloust Glossogr.y Vulgarity^ the common manner or<br />

fashion of the vulgar people. x6(S5-6 Phil. Trans. I. 228<br />

In these Vulgarities we may.. trace out the cause and<br />

nature of Light, as in Jewels of greatest value. 1716 M.<br />

Davies Aiken, Brit. Ill, 34 He.. was answer'd that he<br />

never differ'd any thing to the Morrow, or some such thing<br />

to the same learned purpose of Dissenting Sermons, which<br />

areoften full of such Unacholar.like Vulgarities.<br />

4. The quality of being vulgar, unrefined, or<br />

coarse; an instance of this.<br />

a 1774 TucKKR Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 681 It seems too narrow<br />

a vulgarity in those who value themselves upon being raised<br />

above the vulgar, to despise every old woman . . because she<br />

does not understand Latin, and has no interest in the<br />

county. 178a V. Knox Ess. xlvii. (1819) I. 257 Verses..<br />

now admired for that artless simplicity, which once obtained<br />

the name of coarseness and vulgarity. x8ia H. & Smith<br />

J.<br />

Rej. Addr. X. (1873) 92 The auditor.. compares incipient<br />

grandeur with final vulgarity. X833 Coleridge Table-t, 20<br />

Jan., The ignorant zealotry and sordid vulgarity of the<br />

leaders of the day! x86o Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. ix. vii.<br />

§ 23 We may conclude that vulgarity consists in a deadness<br />

of the heart and body, resulting from prolonged, and<br />

especially from inheiited conditions of 'degeneracy '. ^ 1876<br />

Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. 11. 260 Our imagination of<br />

him has dwelt securely in ideal remoteness from the vulgarities<br />

of life.<br />

Vulgarization (volgaraiz^-Jan). [See next<br />

and -ATION. So F. vulgarisation^ Sp. -izacion^ Pg.<br />

•isafooy It. volgarizzazione.'\<br />

L The action of making usual or common ; the<br />

general<br />

process of rendering familiar or popular ;<br />

dissemination.<br />

1656 Blount Glossogr., Vulgarization, a making common<br />

or vulvar, 1B07 in Spirit Pub. Jmis. XL 43 She has raised<br />

a bamer against the vulgarization of the hump, which cannot<br />

be broken down, either by love or money. 1865 Hat.<br />

Rev. 4 Feb. 148/1 Professional exclusiveness for centuries<br />

opposed the vulgarization of such knowledge. 1873 Hamer-<br />

TOM IntelL Life iii. vi, 104 The vulgarization of rudiments<br />

is not the advancement of Knowledge.<br />

2. The action or process of rendering coarse or<br />

unrefined.<br />

1819 W, S. Rose Lett. I. 205 From the first appearance of<br />

thb race, .down to their vulgarization under Leopold, . .we<br />

may remark this preponderating feature. X869 Pall Mall<br />

C. 8 Oct. 12 George Sand has not only consented to the<br />

vulgarization of her thoroughly beautiful novel, she has<br />

actually lent a hand to the gentleman who has vulgarized it.<br />

1884 Contenip. Rev. Aug. 334 'Ihere is no fear that the<br />

steam-engine will bring about that hopeless vulgarisation of<br />

the country which usually follows in its track.<br />

Vulgarize (vy-lgaraiz), V. [f. Vulgar a. +<br />

-IZE, perh. after med.L. vulgarizare (1305), F.<br />

vulgariser (16th cent, and mod.), Sp. vulgarizar^<br />

Pg. -war, It. volgarizzare.']<br />

1. inlr. To act in a vulgar manner ; to become<br />

vulgar.<br />

1605 Daniel EpiU. Lady AnneCli_fford vi, Honour, .canoot<br />

stray and breake abroade Into the priuate wayesof care-<br />

328<br />

' Ramsbottom<br />

lesnesse ; Nor euer may descend to vulgarize. Or be below<br />

the sphere of her abode. 1846 Mrs. Gore £'«jf. CA/i»-. (1852)<br />

06 A man having loo much regard for his complexion to<br />

infringe upon the wine-cellar, and too much interest in his<br />

slimness to vulgarise on ate.<br />

2. trans. To make common or popular ; to reduce<br />

to the level of something usual or ordinary.<br />

X709 T. Robinson Vind. Mosnick Syst. Introd. 6 'I'o<br />

Vulgarize and to Allegorize the Scripture, are equally of<br />

evil Consequence to Religion. 1786 Sir J. Reynolds Disc.<br />

xiit. Wks. 1797 1. 273 To find proper foundations for science<br />

is neither to narrow or to vulgarise it. 1839 Bailey Festus<br />

145 The great bards. . Men who have vulgarized sublimity,<br />

And bought up truth for the nations. 1870 Lowell A mong<br />

my Bks, Ser. I. (1873) 154 The invention of printing, without<br />

yet vulgarizing letters, had made the thought and history<br />

of the entire past contemporaneous. 187a Browning Fifine<br />

Ixxv, Change yourself, dissimulate the thought And vulgarize<br />

the word.<br />

3. To make vulgar or commonplace ; to debase,<br />

degrade.<br />

1756 Mrs. F. Brooke Old Maid No. 32. 262 Its being the<br />

religion of the whole nation has made it too common, and,<br />

if I may be allowed the expression, vulgarized it. a 1774<br />

Tucker Lt, Nat. (1834) II. 29 It would vilify, and, I may<br />

say, vulgarize the Almighty, to imagine Him..engaged<br />

among the trifling scenes that occupy our notice. iSso<br />

Hazlitt Table-t. (1824) II. i. 7 They vulgarise and degrade<br />

whatever is interesting or sacred to the mind, a z8ii V,<br />

Knox Winter Even, xxxviii. Wks. 1824 II. 478 Learning<br />

sullied with pedantry, exhortation vulgarized by low wit.<br />

a 1853 Robertson Led., Wordsw. (1858) 244 It seemed as<br />

if all that noise was vulgarizing the poet. 1871 L. Stephen<br />

Playgr. Eur. (1894) ii. 64 Some., peak, not yet vulgarised<br />

by associations with guides and picnics.<br />

b. absol. To cause or produce vulgarity,<br />

1849 C- Kronte Shirley vi. Family jarring vulgarizes—<br />

family union elevates.<br />

Hence Vu'Igarized ppl. a. ; Vu'lgarizer, one<br />

who vulgarizes or makes popular ; Vu'Igarizing<br />

vbl. sb. and ///. a.<br />

1847 De Quincev in ' H. A. Page' Lije (1877) I. xv. 349<br />

The absolute realities of *vulgarised life as it exists in<br />

plebeian ranks amongst our countrymen. 1884 Harper's<br />

Mag. Mar. 568/2 The vulgarized phrase, a gentleman. 1899<br />

Atnenxnm 28 Jan. 105/3 ^^ [Albert Smith] was the<br />

*vulgarizer of Switzerland. 1831 Mrs. Hemans in Chorley<br />

Mem. (1836) II. Z36 Braham's singing was not equal to the<br />

instrumental part, but he did not disfigure it by his customary<br />

and *vulgarizing graces. x87X L. Stephen Playgr.<br />

Eur, (1894) xii. 280 'I'he eternal mountains, .never recall.,<br />

(he vulgarising association of old days.<br />

Vulgarly (vo-lgaali), adv. Also 6 vulgarely(e,<br />

vulgarlie. [f. Vulgar a, + -ly ^.]<br />

1. In common or everyday speech ; vernacularly,<br />

colloquially: fa. With verbs of speaking, dis-<br />

coursing, etc. Obs. rare.<br />

CX374 Chaucer Troylus iv. 1513 And, vulgarly tospekenof<br />

Substaunce, Of Tresour may we boJ>e with vs lede, Y-nowh<br />

to lyue in honour and pleasaunce. 1647 Trapp Comm. Matt.<br />

xi. 17 And he is the best preacher, saith Luther, that delivereth<br />

himself vulgarly, plainly, trivially. 1659 Hammond On<br />

Ps. i. I Annot. 6 The Hebrew [word]., vulgarly signifies the<br />

result of the consultation.<br />

b. With verbs of naming, esp. in vulgarly called,<br />

styledf etc.<br />

\%xiLi/e Hen. ^(1911) 160 Agreateassemblieofestatesof<br />

Fraunce, vulgarlie called a Parlyament, wherein the three<br />

estates of the Realme were present, a XS48 Hall Chron.^<br />

Hen. Vlly 28 b, The socieie of saynct George vulgarely<br />

called the order of the garier. 1^5 T. Washington ir.<br />

Niiholay's Voy. i. i, The mount Rhodope vulgarly called<br />

the mountes of siluer. 163a Lithgow Trav. ii. 50 The<br />

chiefest..is called Teucria, but thev are vulgarly called the<br />

lies of Diomedes. X653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xxviii.<br />

108 That [river], .enters into the sea in the Empire of<br />

Sornaan, vulgarly stiled Slam. x688 R. Holme Armoury<br />

in. 331/2 For the Pitchfork (or Pikel, which we vulgarly<br />

call it) it is an Instrument much used in Husbandry for<br />

tlieir Loading and Stacking of Hay and Corn, a 1718<br />

Pesn Li/e Wks. 1726 I. 16 Being the Fourth Instant,<br />

vulgarly called Sunday. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones 11. iv,<br />

The chandler's shop, the known seat of all the news, or as<br />

it is vulgarly called, gossiping. X774 J. Hutchins Dorset<br />

I. 589 Tlie parsonage hou-^e, vulgarly called the vicar.tge<br />

house, stood about the middle of the island. 1855 Macaulav<br />

Hist.Eng. xiv. IIL 406 He was what is vulgarly called a<br />

disinterested man. i86x M. Pattison Ess. (1SS9) I. 41 This<br />

original factoryand staple of the German merchants, vulgarly<br />

called 'The Steelyard ',.*st''l stands on the banks of the<br />

Thames. x868 Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 95<br />

Many of the species., are here known £is fire-flies, or, moie<br />

vulgarly, lightning-bugs.<br />

2. Among or by the people generally ; commonly<br />

or ordinarily: a. As a matter of knowledge,<br />

belief, etc.<br />

XS07 Justes Moneths May ^ June 59 in Hazl. E. P. P. IL<br />

is in euery realme vulgarely To<br />

123 Hye magesty . . Knowen<br />

his hoiioure. 1593 Harvey Pierce's Super, Wks. (Grosart)<br />

IL 275 Which 1 purposely auoided, as not so vulgarly<br />

familiar. 1611 Si'eed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xvii. (1623) 885<br />

Where the Corps is now laide is not vulgarly knowne. x6ia<br />

Selden Hlustr. Dr,iyton*s Poly-olb. i. 22 What I report<br />

thus.. is truth, and differeth much from what vulgarly is<br />

receiued. 163* Lithgow Trav. 1. 19 Whose luxurious hues<br />

aie vulgarly promulgat in this..prouerbe. a 1688 Cudworth<br />

Dnmut. Mor. (1731 ) 94 Though they be very different, . . yet<br />

theyare vulgarlymistaken for oneand thesame thing. X7ia<br />

Steele -Syifff^ No. 462 rs The many good-natured Condescensions<br />

of this Prince are vulgarly known. X793<br />

Martvn Lang. Bot. s.v. Bulby It is vulgarly considered as<br />

a root, and wascalledso by Botanists till Linneus corrected<br />

the error. 1865 Mozlev Mirac. ii. 41 The inductive principle<br />

is only this unreasoning impulse applied to a scientifically<br />

ascertained fact, instead of to a vulgarly ascertained<br />

fact.<br />

VULGATE.<br />

b. As a matter of use or habit.<br />

16x7 MoRVSON Itin. III. 155 They vulgarly eate harth<br />

Cakes of Gates, but in Cities haue also wheaten-bread. X659<br />

Hammond On Ps. Annot. 2 Not from any sensual pleasure,<br />

such as men vulgarly take in Rlusick. 1607 Bentlev Phal.<br />

(1699) 142 The middle Verse, as it is vulgarly read, is an<br />

instance against me. 1806 A. Knox Re?n. (1844) I. 61 The<br />

dread of Popery and the consequent prejudice against everything<br />

vulgarly branded with that stigma. 184X Emerson<br />

Ess., Over.Soul {1S76) 233 Our religion vulgarly stands on<br />

numbers of believers. 1859 MiLi.Liberfy i, 13 The tyranny of<br />

the majority was at first, and is siill vulgarly, held in dread.<br />

t c. With reference to speech ; As a vernacular<br />

tongue. Obs.<br />

x6ia Brekewood Lang. ^ Relig. 8 These were the places,<br />

where the Greek tongue was nat[vely and vulgarly spoken.<br />

163* Lithgow Trav. in. 116 I'hey speake vulgarly and<br />

Maternally here the Hebrew tongue. X698 Hearne Duct.<br />

Hist. (1714) I. 72 The Latin Tongue ceases to be vulgarly<br />

spoken in Italy [in] 587.<br />

t3. Publicly ; in the eyes of the world. Obs. rare.<br />

x6ox 13. JoNSON Poetaster iii. iii, Seeke not to eclipse my<br />

reputation thus vulgarly. X603 Shaks. Meas./or M. v. i.<br />

160 First for this woman, 'i'o iustifie this worthy Noble man.<br />

So vulgarly and personally accus'd.<br />

i 4. a. In a commonplace manner. Obs.~^<br />

c 1600 Timon iv. ii. (1842) 63 Gelns. Doth shee loue mee?<br />

Blat. I knowe shee dothe, and that not vulgarly,<br />

t b. By ordinary arithmetic. Obs. rare.<br />

X7XX Loud. Gaz. No. 4825/4 Each Proposition being<br />

wrought Vulgarly, Decimally,, .and Instrumentally. X76»<br />

Fractions Anat. 74 Let us now divide 20<br />

Shillings Vulgarly, and then td. by 6d. Decimally, a Pound<br />

the Integer.<br />

5. In a vulgar, coarse, or unrefined manner.<br />

1831 ScoTT Ct. Rob. vii, The superstition of the Egyptians<br />

—vulgarly gross in its literal meaning.. — was disowned by<br />

the principles of general toleration. 1847 L. Hunt Men,<br />

Women, ', Vulgarness, the<br />

manner of the common People. X759 Compl. Lett.-wriier<br />

(ed. 6) 22b Urst come, first serve ; 1 detest such vulgarness.<br />

1796 Anna Seward Lett. (1811) IV. 206 Alleging that<br />

immorality, vulgarness, bombast, and even obscurity, pervaded<br />

all my writings.<br />

Vulgate (vz?lg^t), a. and sb. [ad. L. vulgata<br />

(sc. eMtio or ledi^ and vulgdt-us (sc. lextus), lem.<br />

and masc. pa. pple. of vulgdre : see next. Cf. (in<br />

sense B. i b) F. Vulgate, It., Sp., Pg. Vulgata.^<br />

A. adj. 1. In common use as a version of ihe<br />

employed or occurring<br />

Bible (or portion of this) ;<br />

in one of these versions.<br />

Ordinarily limited to the versions specified in B i, and<br />

particularly to St. Jerome's. In varRus contexts the adj.<br />

coalesces with attributive uses of the sb.<br />

X609 Bible {Douay) To Rdr. p. iii b. So that the old Vulgate<br />

Latin Edition hath bene preferred, and vsed for most<br />

auihentical aboue a thousand and three hundered yeares.<br />

X7a7 Blackwall Sacred Classics I!. Pref 16 The Latin<br />

vulgate Bible was declar'd authentic and canoniz'd by the<br />

council of Trent, A.D. 1546. 1718 Chambers Q/c/. s.v.,_M.<br />

Simon calls the Greek Veision of the Seventy.. The antient<br />

Vulgate Greek. X78a V. Knox Lord's Supper x\\\. Wks.<br />

1824 VIL 423 At this hour it stands so translated in the<br />

Vulgate Bible, for ages the only Bible of the people. x8i8<br />

Hallam Mid. Ages ix. 1. (1819) IH. 338 The vulgate Latin<br />

of the Bible was still more venerable. 1863 W. .A. Wright<br />

in Smith Diet. Bible I. 857/2 The Vulgate rendering of<br />

Prov. xxvi. 8. 187a {title). The Vulgate New Testament,<br />

with The Douay Version of 1582, in Parallel Columns.<br />

2. Forming (part of) the common or usual version<br />

of a literary work.<br />

x86i Palev jEschylus (ed. 2) Prometh. 966 note, His<br />

objection to the vulgate reading and interpretation ..appears<br />

quite groundless. 1894 Athenaeum 26 May 681/2<br />

[The papyri,) as is generally the case with Homer papyri of<br />

this period, support the vulgate text.<br />

B. sb. 1. a. The old Italic version of the Bible,<br />

preceding that of St, Jerome.<br />

X7a8 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The antient Vulgate of the Old<br />

Testament, was translated almost Word for WorJ, from the<br />

Greek of the Seventy. 1855 CasseWs Pop. Bibl. Educator<br />

IL 39/1 At that time the old Itala was the Vulgate, or<br />

Common Version.<br />

b. The Latin version of the Bible made by St.<br />

Jerome (completed in 405).<br />

17J8CHAMBERS Cycl. s. V. Sepfiiogint, The Chronology of the<br />

Seventy,is-.very different from what is found in the Hebrew<br />

Te.xt, and the Vulgate, 1776 Adam Smith IV. N. v. i. (1869)<br />

1 1. 352 The Latin translation of the Bible, commonly called<br />

the Latin Vulgate. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVL 465 All the<br />

Romish translations of the Bible into the modern languages<br />

profess to have been made not from the Greek and Hebrew,<br />

but from the Vulgate. 1846 Mrs. A. Marsh father Darcy<br />

IL ii. 65 The answer of the priest.. was to repeat.. the following<br />

passage of Scripture from the Vulgate. x88j WestcoTT<br />

& HoKT Grk. N. T. Introd. §111 The name Vulgate<br />

has long denoted exclusively the Latin Bible as revised by<br />

Jerome.


VULGATE.<br />

c. The usual or received text or version of the<br />

Bible or of some portion of this.<br />

jSijs F. Nolan (title). An Enquiry into the Integrity of<br />

the Greek Vulgate, or Received Text of the New Testament.<br />

1^6$ Swrt/t's Concise Diet. Bible 992 But both the<br />

Greek and tlie J,aiin Vulgates have been long neglected.<br />

1883 Aihcn.Tinit 22 Dec. 809/2 This pre- Lutheran Bible<br />

ver.sion has been fmingly termed by Geffcken the ' German<br />

Vulgate'. 1887 Encyd. Brit, XXII. S24/1 The so-called<br />

Pe^hi(ta,..lhe Syriac vulgate.<br />

d. An edition of the Vulgate.<br />

1865 Smith's Concise Vict. Bible 904 The splendid pages<br />

of the Mazarin Vulgate.<br />

entine Vulgates,<br />

Ibid. 995 The Sixtine and Clem-<br />

2. The ordinary reading in a text ; the ordinary<br />

text of a work or author.<br />

i85i Palev ^Eichylus (ed. 2> Supplices 61 note^ This is ingenious;<br />

but he fails to show that the vulgate is wrong.<br />

1886 Leaf ///Vi(/ I. Introd. p. xiv, The conclusion is.. that<br />

the edition of Antimachos was in the main the same as our<br />

present vulgate.<br />

3. Common or colloquial speech.<br />

1855 J. E. Cooke Virgitiia Comedians I. xiii. (Cent.),<br />

' <strong>Here</strong>'s a pretty meis *, returned the pompous geiitlemaTi,<br />

descending to the vulgate; 'you threaten me, forsooth 1*<br />

1883 D. H. Whreler ByAVays Lit.'xx. 176 There is alwaj s<br />

' ' a iree and easy vulgate for the street, the market, and the<br />

fireside.<br />

t Vulgate, ppl- «. Obs. Also 6 Sc, wlgat.<br />

[ad. L. vulgat-us. pa. pple. of vulgare to make<br />

public or common, f. vnlgits the common people.]<br />

1. (See qnot. 1656.)<br />

1513 Douglas ^neid i. vii. 69 The famous battellis,<br />

wigai throw the waild or this. 1530 Palsgk. 770/1 This<br />

ihyng is vulgate nowc howe so ever it happencth. 1656<br />

IJuouNT Glossogr., Vulgate, published abroad, commonly<br />

tsed, set out to the use of all men.<br />

2. Rendered common ; vulj^arized.<br />

1863 LvTTOS Caxtoniana I. 127 What delicate elegance<br />

he can extract from words the most colloquial and vulgate.<br />

Vu'lgate, ^. rare. [f. L, vulgat-y ppl. stem of<br />

vulgare ; see prec] trans. To put into general<br />

circulation. Hence Vulgated ppl. a.<br />

X851 Sir F. Palgrave .\'orm. 4- f.ng. II. 509 Amongst<br />

the untruths. .few are more detrimental to truth than the<br />

epithets vulgated upon Sovereigns. 1857 Ibid. III. 90<br />

Amongst the vulgated traditional anecdotes floating about<br />

the world.<br />

Vulgerality. nonce-wd. = Vulgarity 3.<br />

1684 J, Lacv Sir H. Bnjffoon iii. i, Orer, My lord I No,<br />

the word lord is too common ; it tastes of vulgerality. Aim.<br />

God's so, there's a fine word ! Vulgerality is your own coining,<br />

sir ? Over. Stamped in my own mint, sir.<br />

Vulgivagant : see Volgivagant.<br />

Cv»ig^), adv* [L. vulgd adv., abl. of<br />

II VnlgO<br />

valgus the common people.] Commonly, popularly.<br />

Also Comb.<br />

a 16*3 Buck ^/cA ///, i. (1646I 8 The Signiory of Penlith,<br />

vulg6, Perith in Cumberland. 1644 Sv.monds Diary<br />

(Camden) 74 Pelynt. vitlgo Plynt Church, com. Corniib.<br />

1731 P. MiLLEK Gard. Dict.^ .Sitiqua, edulis,C. B. P. The<br />

Carob-Tree, or St. JohnVl'read, vulgd, [1753 Land. Mag.<br />

Sept. 3^/2 Hang a small bugle cap on, as big as a crown,<br />

.Snout It off with a flow'r, vulgo diet, a pompoon.) 1871<br />

Xorth Ox/ordsh. Arihxol. Soc, Notes Excurs. to Duckington,<br />

etc , 28 It is called Velford, but that is vulgo, it<br />

being Eleford, in correct orthography.<br />

^ [L.] The common people; the<br />

li Valgus<br />

ordinary ruck.<br />

^2687 Vzjts Pol. Arith. Pref. (1690) a b, The Fire at<br />

London, and Disa«ter at Chatham, have begotten Opinions<br />

in the Vulgus of the World to our Prejudice, a 1734 Norfh<br />

Examen 11. v. 8 128 (1740) 394 Asforthe yulgus of the Faction,<br />

we know very well what their Employ was.<br />

YulgnS 2 {wXgvs), [Prob. an alteration oivulgars<br />

: see Vl'lgau sb. 4] In some public schools,<br />

a short set of Latin verses on a given subject.<br />

1857 Hughes Tom Brown ir. iii, Ihe three fell to work<br />

with Oradus and Dictionary upon the morning's vulgus.<br />

1870 Mansfield School Life Winchester 107 We were always<br />

excused. .Vulgus w)ien the next day was a Saint'sday.^<br />

1887 T. A. Tkollope iK//t, A halbert erect or. on<br />

the point a flying dragon (or wivern) or. without legs, tail<br />

nowed sa. bezantee, vulned gu.<br />

t2. /f^. Of conscience : Wounded. Ob^."^<br />

i6a8 Ff.ltham Resolves 11. [i.] Ixiv. 183 Let them that<br />

deny the immortality of the Souie, bee immerged in the<br />

horrours of a vulned conscience.<br />

Vulnerability (vrlneiabi-Uti). [f. next -f-<br />

-iTY.] The quality or slate of being vulnerable, in<br />

various senses.<br />

1808 Has. Mohe Ccelebs ix. I. loS Kor fear, however, that<br />

your heart of adamant should hold out against all these<br />

perilous assaults, its vulnerability was tried in other quarters.<br />

1864 Reuder-^i Dec. 825/1 Up to the last, however,<br />

the self.)>linded rulers of China refused to believe in their<br />

vulneral>ility. 1869 Reed Our Iron^Clad Ship xi. 253 'Ihts<br />

report also bears testimony to the vulnerability of the low<br />

decks.<br />

b. spec, in Path, (see quot. 1880).<br />

1880 A. Flint Frinc. Med. 92 The term vulnerability has<br />

been, of late, applied to a condition of the system fa,vorabIe<br />

for the morbific operation of any causes, either ordinary or<br />

specific. 1898 AllbutVs Syst. Med. V. 176 A fact which<br />

points to the existence of a special vulnerability of this part<br />

of the lung itself.<br />

Vulnerable (v27*lnerab'l\ a. [ad. late L.<br />

vitlnerabilis wounding, f. vulnerare (see Vulnz;.),<br />

but taken passively in accordance with the more<br />

usual sense of -ABLE : cf. invulnerable and Y. vulnirable,<br />

Sp. vulnerable^ Tg. -avel^ It. abile.'\<br />

1. Having power to wound ; woundintj. Obs.~^<br />

•f*<br />

1609 Ambassy Sir R. Skcrley 13 The male children practise<br />

to ride greate horses, to throw the Vulnerable and Ineuitable<br />

darte.<br />

2. That may be wounded ; susceptible of receiving<br />

wounds or physical injury.<br />

1605 SiiAKS. J//if:(i. v. viii. 11 Let fall thy blade on vulnerable<br />

Crests, I beare a charmed Life. 1696 Phillips (ed. 5),<br />

Vulnerable, that maybe wounded. 1791 CowrFR///rt(/ iv.<br />

606 Turn, turn, ye Trojans ! face your Grecian foes. They,<br />

like yourselves, are vulnerable flesh. Not adamant or steel.<br />

1796 Morse Amer.Geog. I. 217 [Alligators having] plates or<br />

scales, said to be impenetrable. .except about their heads<br />

and just behind their fore legs, where they are vulnerable.<br />

1810 SouTHEY Kehnma ix. xii, 'J'hricc through the vulnerable<br />

shade The Glendoveer impels the griding blade. The<br />

wicked Shade flies howling from his foe. 1867 J. B. Rose<br />

tr. Virgil's ^neid 151 The vulnerable heel Of dread<br />

i'Eacides.<br />

b. Jig» Open to attack or injury of a non-physical<br />

nature; esp., offering an opening to the attacks of<br />

raillery, criticism, calumny, etc.<br />

j678CuDW0RTn/n^^//. Syst. Pref., We had further Observed<br />

it, tohave been the Method of our Modern Atheists,<br />

to make their First Assault against Christianiiy, as thinking<br />

that to be the most Vulnerable. x-j^Junius Lttt.\\\.{^^Z%)<br />

59 Keproaches and inquiites have no power to afflict either<br />

the man of unblemished integrity, or the abandoned profligate.<br />

It is the middle compound character wliich alone is<br />

vulnerable. 178a Miss BuRNEvCc«//«vir. iii, There, alone,<br />

is he vulnerable. 1814 Scott St, Rflnan''s vi, ' How de-<br />

lighted I am,' she said, * that I have found out where you<br />

are vulnerable I* 1863 Mary Howitt tr. F. Bremer's<br />

Greece II. xvi. 147 His witty tongue was too keen for the<br />

easily vulnerable gods of Delphi. 1863 Kixglake Crimea<br />

(1873) I. i. 5 Modern society, crowing more and more vulnerable..,<br />

is made to tremble by the mere rumour of an<br />

appeal to arms.<br />

O. Similarly yi\i\i^art^ point, portion.<br />

1776 Gibbon Decl. ^ F. xiii. I. 357 Yet even calumny is<br />

sagacious enough to discover and to attack the most vulnerable<br />

part. 1789 Belsham Ess, II. xxxvi. 290 In this<br />

vulnerable part, only, can the shaft of the Satirist find an<br />

entrance. 1836 Thirlwall Greece III, xviii. 85 His private<br />

life presented some vulnerable points, through which<br />

his adversaries were able to strike more dangerous blows.<br />

1847 H. Miller Test. Rocks ix. (1857) 358 Now this physical<br />

department has ever proved the vulnerable portion of<br />

false religions. 1871 O. W. Holmes Poet Break/.-t. x. 290<br />

There is a human sub-species, .to a certain extent penetrative...<br />

It has an instinct which guides it to the vulnerable<br />

parts of the victim on which it fastens.<br />

3. Of places, etc. : Open to attack or assault by<br />

armed forces ; liable to be taken or entered in this<br />

way.<br />

1790 Beatson Nuv, ^ Mil. Mem. I. 104 The immense expence<br />

the^ Spaniards have since been at, to foriify the city<br />

on that side, shews it to have bevn vulnerable then. 1797<br />

St. Vincent 16 Aug. in Nicolas Disp. Nelson (1845) II. 434<br />

note, 'I'he Tower of Santa Ctuz in the Island of Tenerjffe,<br />

which, from a variety of intelligence, 1 conceived was vulnerable.<br />

1809 WtLLiNfiTON in Gurw. Desp. (1837) IV. 331<br />

In the action of yesterday, our position was vulnerable only<br />

on the right, i860 Motley Netherl. iii. (1868) I. 65 She<br />

felt herself vulnerable in Ireland, and on the Scottish border.<br />

1884 Manch. Exam. 27 May 5/1 We should find it easier<br />

to liold [Russia] in chcLk in the far East if she had vulnerable<br />

possessions nearer home.<br />

b. Similarly W\\.\\ pari, point, side.<br />

1798 WELLiNcroN in Gurw. De^p. (1837) I. 8 A vulnerable<br />

part of ihe frontiers of the Company's territory. 1800 Col-<br />

QUHOUM Comm. Thames v. 210 tvery vulnerable point was<br />

guarded. 1851 Gallknca Itafy 52 Even within tho.se limits<br />

her Lombard subjects had discovered her vulnerable side.<br />

1856 Froude ///V/. Eng. 11858) II. viii. 277 Charles.. was<br />

looking for the most vulnerable point at which to strike.<br />

Hence Vu'lnerablenesa :<br />

Vulnerably adv.<br />

1727 Ha I LEV (vol. II), Vulmrablenfss, Capableness of being<br />

wounded. 1837 Foreign Q. Rev. XIX. 3-; We do not think<br />

a passage can be quoted to which criticism can be vulnerably<br />

VULNEBATE.<br />

attached. 1842 Manning Serm. v. (1848) I. 69 There comes<br />

over us what I may call a vulnerableness of mind. 1894<br />

Mrs. H. Ward Marcella I. 166 The inner vulnerableness,<br />

the inner need of her affection and of peace with her.<br />

tVu'lneral, a. Obs. rare. [f. L. vulner-^vulnus<br />

wound.] = Vulnerary a.<br />

In the first quot. apparently an intentional distortion of<br />

funeral.<br />

1589 t? LvLv] fappeiv. Hatchet E ij, Hee sliues one, has<br />

a fling at another, a long tale of his talboothe, of a vulnerall<br />

sermon, and of a fooles head in souce. 1657 Physical Dii t..<br />

Vulneral, medicines belonging to wounds, viz., plaisteis,<br />

salves, &c. and inward potions, diet-drinks, &c.<br />

Vulnerary (vylncrari), a. and sb. Also 6<br />

-aryo, 7 -arie. [ad. L. vttlncrarius adj. and sb,<br />

(Pliny), f. vulner', vulnus wound : see -ary. So<br />

F. vulneraire (i6th c), Sp., l*g., It. vulnerarjo.'\<br />

A. adj. 1. Useful in healing wounds ; having<br />

curative properties in respect of external injuries<br />

a. Of applications or potions.<br />

1599 A. M.tT.Gabel/wuer s Bk. Physicike zgg/2 Applyethcron<br />

a gootl boneplayster, and let him drinck a vulneir.rye<br />

potione. 1601 Holland P/iuy 11. 160 The oile. .made of<br />

the flours of the wild vine serveili in good stead forvulncrarie<br />

salves and piastres. 1646 Sir T. Browne Psi ud. E/-.<br />

It. iii. 77 The same method of cure, by ordinary Balsams, or<br />

common vulnt-rary plasters. 1693-4 P^H' Traus.WMl.<br />

43 Wliich did sufficienily denote this Vulnerary Pouder {as<br />

ii s called in a late Puhhck Paper) to be a violent Causiick.<br />

1709 Ibid. XXVI. 388 A Cumpress..dipt in a Mixture of<br />

four Ounces of Plantain-water, and two Ounces of a Vulnerary<br />

Water. 1754-64 Smellie Mitiwif.l. 385 Large<br />

tents or dossils dipped in vulnerary balsanis.*i777 G. For-<br />

STER Voy. round iVorld I. 578 A species of night-shade,<br />

which is made use of. .as a vulnerary leniedy. 1818 Art<br />

P7-isefi'. Feet 229 They may even find some advantage in<br />

a lotion called 'Iheden's %ulncrary wash. 1846 CiiLi.v in<br />

Proc, Beriv. Nat. <strong>Club</strong> II. 177 (Jeranium molle and lobertianum<br />

are added to vulnerary potions.<br />

b. Of herbs.<br />

160X Holland Pliny xxvii. iv. II. 273 It is.. a good vulnerariehearbebesides,and<br />

stancheth the bleeding of wounds<br />

1661 J. Childrky Brit, Baeouica 171 To gather vulneraiy<br />

Plants. 1667 Phil. Trans. II. 421 'I'o giveafuU accouniof<br />

that Vulnerary Root, called Wichacan, 17x3 Ir. Tojnit's<br />

Hist. Drugs I, 154 The Flowers are vulneiary; the Seed<br />

pectoral. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 47 p 2 1 lie woundtd<br />

stags of Crete are related by .^lian to have recomse to vulnerary<br />

herbs. 1788 Gentl. Mag. LVIII. 1. 103/2 Golden Rod<br />

. .generally appears among the vulnerary or restorative<br />

simples. i8ji Scott Pirate xxxiii. So efiicacious weie the<br />

vulnerary plants and salves with which it had buen tieated.<br />

1830 Lindlky Nat. ^>i/. .AV/. 60 Another species of the same<br />

genus LLythruni] is accounted in Mexico astiingtriit and<br />

vulnerary.<br />


VULNERATED.<br />

miixie doc vulnerate. a x6x8 — H'iiits Pilgr^ Ixxxiv, I can<br />

proue Where thou thyChasLiiie did'u vulnerate. x65aKiBK><br />

MAM CUrio ^ X.oxia. 124 Without their being vulnerated by<br />

the ihoms dr compassion.<br />

Hence Vu-lherated///. a.<br />

1597 A. M. tr. Guillemtaus Fr. Chirurg. 44/a We must<br />

ailso narder binde on the vulneratede parte then on any of<br />

the adioynins partes. 1599 — ir. Gabtlkoutr's Bk. Phjf<br />

silk* yi'%/1 When you aie..s»y^. c iij b/aThe vulneiatione<br />

of the bullete, which hath brokene the Legge.<br />

1599 — tr. GahclJwutr's Bk. Phyucke 212/2 If in anye viiU<br />

nerationes, the niembre doe cHaunce to wither, applye as<br />

then theron a Sparadrape, which mu>t in this sorte be<br />

made. 1659 PEARsoMO-«(/iv. 409 Hespeaks of the Son of<br />

(jod, which was to be the Son of man, and by our natuie<br />

liable to vulneration ; and withal foretells the piercing of<br />

his body. a. 1688 G. Stradlisg Serm. (1692) 127 The Son<br />

of Man, who alone was liable to Vulneration, and could be<br />

pierced.<br />

Vu'lnerative, '?• rar€~^. [f.as Vuiaeratez'.<br />

•*^ -IVE.] Causing a wound or wounds.<br />

x8iS W. Taylor in Monthly R€%>. LXXXV. 494 With a<br />

sort of hedgehog hostility, wiiichpointsiis vulnerativequllls<br />

in every direftion alike.<br />

Vulnero'Se, a. rare-^, [f. L. vitbier-^ vttlnus<br />

wound +• -osE.] Full of wounds.<br />

i7»i Bailev. I Hence in later Diets.)<br />

fVulni -fie. «. Obs.-^ [ad. L. (poet.) vulnific'<br />

us, f. vuinus wound. Cf. OF. vidnifique ( 5th c. )<br />

1 .]<br />

(See quot.) Also + Vulni-fical iZ. Obs.<br />

1656 BijOcs't Giosiogr^ P'ulnijical^ which woundeili, or<br />

makes wounds. 1711 Bailey, i^ulntfick^ that maketh or<br />

causeth Wounds.<br />

Vulning //^r, : seeVuLxz;.<br />

Vnlpanser (v^lpse-nsar). Omith. [mod.L.,<br />

f. vnip-is ii)x + auser goose, after Gr, xv^^^^V^'^<br />

The sheldrake (Anas tadorite). Also atirib.<br />

1706 Phillips (etl. Kersey, Vulianser^ the Bergander, or<br />

Burrow-duck, a Bird of the kind of Geese. 1753 Chnmbers*<br />

Cycl. SuppL, Vutpanser^ in zoology, a name given by<br />

some authors to the shell-drake, or burrow-duck. 1839<br />

W. C. Tavlor Anc. Hht, i. § 2 (ed. 2» 24 Wild and tame<br />

fowl abounded; the vnlpanser goose of the Nile, bustards,<br />

partridges, quaiN, and widgeons, frequented the skirts<br />

of the desert, and the valley of the Nile. 19x0 'J'homfson<br />

ir. ArisiotU^s Hist. Aniw. 559 Wind-eggs are laid by a<br />

number of birds: as for instance the common hen,.. the<br />

goose and the vulpanser.<br />

•<br />

Vulpecidal, -eide, -cidism, common varr. of<br />

Vui.PiciDAL, etc.<br />

II Vulpecnla (v»lpe-ki;7la). Asir. [L. vu/pr-<br />

cuia, dim. oivulpes fox.] A small northern constellation<br />

lyinij between Ilercules and Pegasus.<br />

More fully called l'?iipecula et anscr (fox and goose) or<br />

(u$n ansere.<br />

1866 LocKYER Guiiiemin's Heavens 407 Another remarkable<br />

example of these optical transformations. . is furnished<br />

by a nebuU situated in the constellation Vulpccula.<br />

Vulpscular, «. rare-\ [f. prec. + -ar.] * Of<br />

or periainingto a fox ;<br />

vulpine.*<br />

1884 Imp. Diet, ihence in later Diets.).<br />

t Vulpe-oulated, pa, pple, Obs.~^ [f. as prec.<br />

-t--ATE.J Robbed by a fox.<br />

X671T. B. Let. to T. D. (1705) 64 The Night before<br />

Widdow Wamford was vulpeculated of her brood goose.<br />

VU'lpic, a. Chcm, [f. L. vttlp-ltia (see def.)<br />

+ -IC.] Vtiipic acid, an acid occurring in the<br />

lichen Cdrana vulphta^ and extracted from tliis<br />

or obtained artificially. (Also called vu/pinic<br />

iifid.)<br />

1886 Morlev Outlines Organic C/uvi. 349 Hydric Phenylacetate..<br />

obtained.. by boiling vulpic acid. .with baryta.<br />

18^ M0RI-EV& MuiR lyatis* Diet. Chtm. IV. S59/2 Vulpic<br />

.icid is also formed by dissolving pulvic anhydride in asolulionofKOfl<br />

in MeOH.<br />

Vnlpici'dal, a. Also vulpe-. [f. next ^<br />

-AL.J Commiiting or taking part in, connected<br />

with, of the nature of, vulpici(ie.<br />

The common spelling of this and the following words with<br />

•f' is not justified by analogy.<br />

i8a6 J. Cook I'oX'hunting 123 A known vulpicidal chiuacter.<br />

1844 J* T. Hewlett Parsons i*, W. liii, You would<br />

be astonished at the immen


VUIiTURE.<br />

is the most large byrde of praye that is to be founde.<br />

iSea CnAKL^TO^^ Oiwinnsl, 64 yulttir Ciiiereus, the ;ishcoloured<br />

VuUur. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1824) II. 252 In<br />

this tribe we may range.. the ash-coloured, .vulture. 1750<br />

tj. Edwabus Xat. Hist. Birils III. 106 The "Bearded<br />

Vulture. 'J his P.ird is df the Bigness of an Eagle. 1809<br />

SiiAw£7^«.2'tftf/. VII. 13 From which circumstance the name<br />

of liearded Vulture is particularly applied to the present<br />

species. iS8> Eiicycl. Brit. XIV. 243/2 L;iinniergeyer..or<br />

Bearded Vulture, . .one of the grandest birdWf-prey of the<br />

Palaearctic Region. 1S7S Turuf.rv. Falcoiirie 16 There are<br />

two sortes, ..the ashe mayld, or "blacke Vulture, and the<br />

browne or whitish Vulture. i6oi Holi.a.no Ftiuy x. vi. 1.<br />

274 The blacke vultures are the best. 1809 Shaw Cell.<br />

Zool. VII. 31 l;lack Vulture.. This bird is described as<br />

larger than the Golden Vulture, and of a black colour. 1837<br />

Partington s Urit. Cycl. Nat. Hist. III. 82^/2 The Black<br />

Vulture (C. nti-atus) is a darker and smaller species. 1809<br />

Shaw&u.^oo/.VII. io*Californi.in Vuhure. 1872 CouEs<br />

jV. Aiiier. Birils 222 Californian Vulture. Brownish-black,<br />

lustrous above, paler below. 1888 Eiictcl. Brit. X.XIV.<br />

302/1 Fseudogr^phus, the great Californian Vulture. 1781<br />

I.ATHAM Gtii. Synop. Birds I. 9 "Carrion Vulture. The<br />

size of this species is about that of a Turkey. 1849<br />

Tennyson ' You might hare 7uoii ' .^5 For whom the carrion<br />

vulture waits—To tear his heart ! 1896 tr. Boas' Tc;


VUMBARD. 332 VYWER.<br />

i88t Harper's ^fag, Jan. 249 Darius was piqued, and he<br />

said, with *a vum, * I'll pay for the wood.if you'll send it hum*.<br />

f- Vumbard. 06s.-^ [app- a 'ate form of Vam-<br />

WABD : for ihe sease cf. Vaxtgcabd 2.] ? A front<br />

guard.<br />

1464 A/*mit. ^Housth. Exp. (Roxb.) 195 My mastyr lent<br />

hvm a payr of smale curas wyth gardys and vumbarde.<br />

Vunde, southern ME. pa. t. Fi.nd v.<br />

VUr, Vumess, Vurtner, southern dial. varr.<br />

Fab adv., etc., Farness, Further.<br />

t Vusse. Obs. rare. [V Alteration of Faith j*.]<br />

By my vusse, used as an asseveration.<br />

l

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