Zapata Project 1
Zapata Project 1
Zapata Project 1
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CONTENTS:<br />
Credits & Acknowledgments ………………………………….....…….……………<br />
Letter to Educators from Creator Epigmenio Ibarra ….....…………………………… 5<br />
An Overview of the Mexican Revolution ……………………………….…………… 7<br />
History’s Characters …………………………………..........……………..………… 8-9<br />
Chronology ……………………………………………........................…...………… 10<br />
Index of Scenes on CD ………………………………………………….....……........ ?<br />
Section I - The Vocabulary of a Revolution<br />
Words and Definitions ……………………………………………............…………13-14<br />
(Grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6)<br />
Section II - Discussing <strong>Zapata</strong><br />
Questions ……………………………………………………......................………… 17<br />
Answers ………………………………………………………………….................... 18<br />
(Grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6)<br />
Section III - <strong>Zapata</strong> Games and Activities<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> Maze ………………………………………………………............………… 21<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> “Find the Object” …………………………………………...…......………… 23<br />
(Grades 1 & 2)<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> Word Search ……………………………………………….............………… 22<br />
(Grades 3 & 4)<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> “Match the Date” ……………………………………………..........………… 21<br />
(Grades 3, 4, 5 & 6)<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> Crossword ……………………………………………………........………… 24<br />
(Grades 5 & 6)<br />
Appendix A:The Map of a Revolution ……………………………….....……………<br />
20<br />
Appendix B:In <strong>Zapata</strong>’s Words ……………………………………......…………...... 12<br />
Bibliography …………………………………………………………….................... ?<br />
Resources ……………………………………………………………….................. 26-27<br />
4
Credits and Acknowledgments<br />
Telemundo Wishes to acknowledge the contributions of the following people,<br />
companies and organizations in the making of this guide:<br />
Mexican Cultural Institute, Los Angeles<br />
Susana Bautista<br />
Executive Director<br />
University of California, Los Angeles<br />
Raúl Alarcón<br />
Bilingual Educator<br />
Learning in Two Languages Program<br />
Corinne A. Seeds University Elementary School, UCLA.<br />
Argos Comunicación, Mexico<br />
Epigmenio Ibarra<br />
CEO<br />
Executive Producer of the televisión series: “<strong>Zapata</strong>: amor en rebeldía”<br />
Curriculum Designer: Anjanette Delgado<br />
Arizona State University<br />
Gary D. Keller<br />
Director, Hispanic Research Center<br />
www.Latinoartcommunity.org<br />
Credits:<br />
Curriculum Consultant: Raúl Alarcón/ UCLA<br />
Writers: Anjanette Delgado<br />
Jessica Stella<br />
Research: Anjanette Delgado<br />
Jessica Stella<br />
Laura Sosa<br />
Leticia Lopez Margalli<br />
Creative Director: Manuel Vila<br />
Print Production Manager: Alex Hernandez<br />
Layout and Cover Design: Jorge H. Cordoves<br />
Additional Artwork: Gloria Elisa Blanco/ www.kokone.com.mx<br />
Diego Molina<br />
Historic Photos courtesy of: Arizona State University’s Hispanic Research Center<br />
Photographers: Juan Manuel García<br />
Video Editor: Rene Cheng<br />
Executives in Charge of Production:<br />
Ramon Escobar<br />
Exec. VP of Programming/ Telemundo Network Group LLC<br />
Mauricio Gerson<br />
VP of Programming/Telemundo Network Group LLC
Even today, in the fields of Mexico, some people say that Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> is still alive. That he can be<br />
seen riding his white horse through the mountains with his carbine 30-30 slung over his shoulder.<br />
The truth is <strong>Zapata</strong> does live there and in any other place where the peasants get together to discuss their<br />
problems, to organize the battle for their rights, to fight for the land they sow or to dream of a better life for<br />
themselves and their children. They made a mistake, those who murdered him on April 14th of 1919 in<br />
Chinameca. They couldn’t get rid of him altogether. Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> is still here, among us.<br />
No other hero in the history of Mexico, or its revolution, has the timeliness, the vitality, the importance<br />
that Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> has for us. His battle isn’t over. Our people want land and freedom. Wants to live in the<br />
place where they were born, where their ancestors were born, without misery and injustice forcing them to<br />
abandon their soil, their people, their customs.<br />
Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> is still trotting. He’s flag, standard, symbol, battle call and image that is repeated over<br />
and over on walls, shawls, t-shirts and the photos that accompany the protests and battles and dreams of the<br />
peasants, of the poor of Mexico and Latin America; those who want, who deserve, who fight for a better life.<br />
Epigmenio Ibarra<br />
México, DF, August 10, 2004<br />
Estimados Educadores,<br />
Hay quien dice, todavía hoy, en el campo mexicano que Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> no ha muerto. Que se le mira<br />
cabalgar por las montañas en su caballo blanco y con su carabina 30-30.<br />
Lo cierto es que <strong>Zapata</strong> vive ahí, en cualquier lugar donde se reúnen los campesinos a discutir sus<br />
problemas, a organizarse para la lucha por sus derechos, a pelear por la tierra que trabajan o a soñar en una vida<br />
mejor para ellos y para sus hijos. Se equivocaron los que aquel 14 de abril de 1919 en Chinameca lo asesinaron.<br />
No pudieron matarlo del todo. Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> sigue aquí entre nosotros.<br />
Ningún héroe de la historia de México, de la Revolución mexicana, tiene la vigencia, la vitalidad, la<br />
importancia que tiene para nosotros Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>. Su lucha no ha<br />
terminado. Nuestra gente quiere tierra y libertad. Quiere poder vivir en<br />
el lugar en el que ha nacido, en el que nacieron sus antepasados sin que<br />
la miseria y la injusticia los obliguen a abandonar su tierra, su gente,<br />
sus costumbres.<br />
Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> no ha dejado de cabalgar. Es bandera,<br />
estandarte, símbolo, consigna, imagen que se repite en muros, mantas,<br />
camisetas, fotografías que acompaña las marchas y las luchas y los<br />
sueños de los campesinos, de los pobres de México y América Latina;<br />
esos que quieren, que merecen, que luchan por una vida mejor.<br />
Epigmenio Ibarra<br />
México, DF, a 10 de agosto de 200
Un amor marcado por el destino y atrapado entre dos mundos en conflicto.<br />
Ana de la Reguera, Manolo Cardona, Dolores Heredia y la presentación de Saúl Lisazo<br />
en la nueva producción original de Telemundo.<br />
lunes a viernes 9pm/8c
Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> was born in Anenecuilco, in the southern state of Morelos, on August 8th,<br />
1879. He was born to a family of cattle ranchers, but by the age of sixteen, he was an orphan.<br />
As a young man, he participated in meetings, representing farmers in their demand for justice<br />
from the wealthy landowners who usurped their lands, accepted their work in exchange for unjust pay<br />
and then refused to share the profits of the worker’s efforts. When he participated in a meeting to<br />
demand the restitution of lands to farmers in Ayutla, the government of then president Porfirio Diaz<br />
punished him by drafting him into the ninth regiment of Cuernavaca. He was honorably discharged less<br />
than a year later.<br />
On September 12th 1909, <strong>Zapata</strong> was elected president of the<br />
Committee for the Defense of Anenecuilco Territories. But in<br />
response to <strong>Zapata</strong>’s requests on behalf of the peasants, the<br />
landowners stepped up repression against the community.<br />
Meanwhile, President Diaz had troubles of his own.<br />
Political enemy Francisco Madero was back. While running for<br />
president against Diaz, he had been arrested and released on bail<br />
only after Diaz had been declared president. But Madero jumped<br />
bail, fleeing to the U.S. and in 1910, returned to lead a revolt<br />
against the Díaz administration based on the San Luis Potosi<br />
Plan, which called for the withdrawal of Diaz from power and included clauses<br />
for the restitution of lands to underprivileged farmers.<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong>, waging his own battles against the wealthy landowners in Morelos, decides to support<br />
Madero, joining the revolution in 1911 and successfully taking several cities such as Jojutla,<br />
Chinameca and Cuernavaca; lands he later returned to the peasants.<br />
The Maderistas triumphed, pushing Porfirio Diaz into exile later that<br />
same year, but <strong>Zapata</strong> refused to disarm until all lands were returned to the<br />
natives. Meanwhile, the landowners began to campaign against <strong>Zapata</strong>,<br />
accusing him of being a bandit.<br />
On November 28th of that same year, <strong>Zapata</strong> publishes his Plan de<br />
Ayala, declaring Madero an enemy of the revolution for balking at putting the<br />
San Luis Potosi Plan into effect. He then put forth a detailed plan to confiscate<br />
a third of all lands owned by the hacenderos and return them to the peasantry.<br />
He called this document the Plan de Ayala. Among other things, the plan<br />
called Madero a traitor to the people who elected him president, states that a<br />
third of all usurped lands controlled by the landlords and bosses would be<br />
returned to the citizens of Mexico and called for a council of delegates<br />
representing each state to select an interim President of the Republic and a<br />
council of revolutionary chiefs to select a governor for each state. It was in<br />
these days when <strong>Zapata</strong> first used his now famous slogan of Tierra y Libertad.
If Madero was indecisive about returning the lands to the workers and gaining disfavor with the<br />
wealthy, he was just as indecisive about taking a hard-line approach against the revolutionaries. This<br />
earned him the distrust of his advisors. On February of 1913, Victoriano Huerta, the former head of the<br />
army under Madero, who had been charged with the mission of disarming <strong>Zapata</strong>, carries out a coup<br />
d'etat against Madero, who is assassinated within days. Huerta declares himself president and steps up<br />
his efforts to destroy <strong>Zapata</strong>.<br />
Meanwhile, <strong>Zapata</strong> sends an official notice to the town, explaining the reasons for his refusal to<br />
disarm. He invites the people to join his army and revolt in demand for their land. The Zapatista army<br />
then managed to take Chiautla (Puebla), almost all Guerrero, Morelos, a part of the state of Hidalgo, a<br />
part of the State of Mexico and also the south of the Federal District. In the<br />
meantime, in the north of the country, the "North Division," under Francisco<br />
“Pancho” Villa, managed to take great part of that territory from the<br />
government’s control. Alvaro Obregon and Venustiano Carranza were also<br />
fighting against Huerta in the north. Huerta recognizes his failure and is forced<br />
to leave the country in 1914. Venustiano Carranza claims the presidency.<br />
On December 4th, 1914, <strong>Zapata</strong> and Villa unite to fight Carranza and<br />
march both their armies, the North Division and the South’s Liberating Army,<br />
through the streets of Mexico City. What followed were years of instability.<br />
Carranza made Obregon his military commander and empowered him to<br />
negotiate with or destroy Villa and <strong>Zapata</strong>.<br />
During this time, <strong>Zapata</strong> created the first Agrarian Commission, instituted agricultural credits<br />
and inaugurated a rural loan bank in Morelos. He also opened numerous primary schools for both<br />
children and adults.<br />
In 1915, Villas’ troops suffer the first in a series of debilitating blows at the hands of Alvaro<br />
Obregon. The government forces could now focus on the Zapatistas.<br />
In 1917, Carranza becomes the first constitutionally elected president in Mexico’s history,<br />
signing into national law the first decree to return usurped lands to the people<br />
of Mexico.<br />
By 1918, after seven years of fighting; the Zapatistas began to<br />
weaken, loosing followers and resources. On April 10, 1919, <strong>Zapata</strong> was<br />
ambushed and assassinated in the Chinameca hacienda on Carranza’s orders.<br />
However, <strong>Zapata</strong> lives on as one of the most important defenders of the rights of<br />
a people to progress through the fruits of their work and the land.
1879 August 8<br />
Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> is born.<br />
1909 September 12<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> is elected by the townspeople as President of the Committee for the Defense of<br />
Anenecuilco Territories.<br />
1910 April 15<br />
Francisco Madero is nominated to run for president against Porfirio Diaz.<br />
July 8<br />
Porfirio Diaz is reelected president of Mexico, a post he has held almost continuously since 1876.<br />
November 20<br />
Madero accuses him of rigging the election and calls for an uprising against Diaz, officially<br />
beginning the Mexican revolution. <strong>Zapata</strong> joins him in the south; Francisco “Pancho” Villa and<br />
Pascual Orozco in the north.<br />
1911 May 25<br />
Porfirio Diaz resigns as president and leaves the country.<br />
October 15<br />
Madero is elected president of Mexico.<br />
November 28<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> publishes Plan de Ayala.<br />
1913 February 8<br />
Victoriano Huerta carries out a coup d’etat against Madero.<br />
February 22<br />
Madero and Vice President Pino Suarez are assassinated.<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong>, Villa, Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregon oppose the murder of Madero and see<br />
Huerta’s regime as a restoration of the old order. They rise against Huerta, but relations between<br />
the revolutionaries are tense.<br />
March 28<br />
Venustiano Carranza draws up Plan of Guadalupe, in which he declares himself president.<br />
Villa continues to rule the north; <strong>Zapata</strong> the south.<br />
1914 July 15<br />
Huerta resigns as provisional president and flees to Spain.<br />
August 15<br />
Alvaro Obregon, now Carranza’s military commander, occupies Mexico City on his behalf.<br />
October 12 - November 12<br />
Revolutionary leaders, including <strong>Zapata</strong> and Villa reject Carranza as Mexico’s President during<br />
Convention of Aguas Calientes. Eulalio Gutierrez is declared president. Carranza does not abide<br />
by results. Obregon continues fighting on Carranza’s behalf.<br />
November 14<br />
Zapatistas take Mexico City.<br />
December 4<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> and Villa march their armies into Mexico City and vow to fight Carranza.<br />
1915 January 6<br />
Carranza issues first definitive law on land distribution, revising the Plan of Guadalupe to give<br />
governors the right to expropriate private property and return it to the agricultural village. The law<br />
also created the first national Agrarian Commission to oversee the redistribution of land.<br />
January 15<br />
Obregón begins a campaign against Villa's forces.<br />
Zapatistas carry out agrarian reforms: redistributing lands taken from the haciendas, creating the<br />
first agrarian loan bank and a number of primary schools.<br />
April 15<br />
Villa’s North Division suffers first in a series of weakening blows at the hands of Alvaro Obregon.<br />
1917 March 11<br />
Venustiano Carranza is elected president.<br />
1919 April 10<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> is assassinated in the Chinameca hacienda on Carranza’s orders.<br />
1920 May 7<br />
Carranza is overthrown by Alvaro Obregon.<br />
May 21<br />
Carranza is assassinated. New elections later lead to the presidency of Álvaro Obregón.<br />
1921 Fighting ends.
History’s Characters 1<br />
Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong><br />
(August 8, 1879 - April 10, 1919)<br />
Considered a national Mexican heroe, he was a<br />
leading figure in the revolution of 1910 against the<br />
dictatorship of Porfirio DÌaz. The motto of his<br />
movement was “land and freedom.” He spent his life<br />
defending the the rights of poor farmers to be justly<br />
compensated for their work amd fighting for the restitution of lands usurped by the wealthy landowners of prerevolutionary<br />
Mexico.<br />
Francisco I. Madero<br />
Gonzalez<br />
(October 30, 1873 - February 22, 1913)<br />
He launched the revolution that brought the Porfirio<br />
Diaz dictatorship to an end and served as President<br />
of Mexico from 1911 to 1913. His indecisive<br />
handling of Mexico’s problems caused both<br />
revolutionary & wealthy sectors in his country to become dissillusioned with his government. He was<br />
overthrown by the head of his own army, Victoriano Huerta, and assasinated in 1913.<br />
Venustiano Carranza<br />
(December 29, 1859 - May 21, 1920)<br />
One of the the leaders of the Mexican<br />
Revolution, he ultimately became President of<br />
Mexico. The country’s current constitution was<br />
drafted during his administration. Carranza was<br />
an early supporter of Francisco I. Madero’s<br />
efforts to overthrow the Porfirio DÌaz dictatorship, and when Madero came to power he appointed<br />
Carranza Secretary of War and of the Navy. Carranza’s forces were known as the Constitutionalist<br />
Army. Carranza later revolted, claiming the presidency when Madero was overthrown.<br />
Francisco “Pancho” Villa<br />
(June 5, 1877 - July 20, 1923)<br />
His real name was Doroteo Arango Ar·mbula, but he<br />
was better known as Francisco “Pancho” Villa, the<br />
Mexican revolutionary. In 1911, Villa helped defeat<br />
the federal army of Porfirio DÌaz in favor of<br />
Francisco I. Madero. After that, Villa rebelled again,<br />
this time against Victoriano Huerta and later against fellow revolutionary Venustiano Carranza. His “North<br />
Division” controlled that territory from 1911 to 1915, when he suffered the first of a series of crushing defeats at<br />
the hands of another revolutionary fighter: Alvaro ObregÛn. In 1920, Villa ended his revolutionary actions. He<br />
was assassinated three years later in Parral, Chihuahua.
Porfirio Diaz<br />
(September 16, 1830 - July 2, 1915)<br />
Mexican dictator. In 1876, after losing the presidential election, he led a revolt and<br />
seized power. He ruled for 35 years, and was overthrown in the 1910 revolution<br />
led by Francisco Madero. His rule was a mix of contradictions: on one hand, he<br />
wished to modernise the country; on the other he supported haciendas throughout<br />
his rule, allowing wealthy landowners to encroach onto village-owned land and<br />
using rurales (rural police) to enforce this theft. He died in Paris in 1915.<br />
Alvaro Obregon<br />
(February 19, 1879 - July 17, 1928)<br />
Born into a working-class family in northern Mexico, he worked as a<br />
laborer during his youth. After the Mexican revolution of 1910, he<br />
joined the revolutionaries and quickly become a powerful general in the<br />
camp of Venustiano Carranza. When Carranza later denied him a bid for<br />
the presidency, he overthrew him. Obregon was elected president in<br />
1920. The Mexican revolution ended during his presidency.<br />
Other character’s in our story:<br />
***Note to teachers: Though the story around the following characters has been fictionalized, the people themselves existed and<br />
were carefully researched to give dimension to the account of <strong>Zapata</strong>’s life, which had love as well as war. Though they’re not<br />
crucial to the story of the Mexican Revolution, you might find the following profiles helpful in answering student’s questions<br />
when reviewing the scenes included in your video guide.<br />
Rosa Maria Rendón<br />
Rosa MarÌa is the daughter of Don Eugenio RendÛn, a wealthy, land-usurping hacienda owner. Her mother<br />
died when she was eight and she grows up under the care of Nana Lorenza. She loves the land and is aware<br />
of the farmer’s hard work. Upon turning twenty, she goes to London to study medicine, a profession that<br />
was just then beginning to accept women. When our story begins, she is on a school break to visit her<br />
father. She meets <strong>Zapata</strong> and the strong attraction he exerts over her will transform her world inevitably.<br />
Josefa Espejo<br />
A young peasant girl, a dreamer who sees her life transformed by history. When the civil war explodes in<br />
Morelos, Josefa finds in her love for <strong>Zapata</strong> a reason to join a revolution and devote her life to the struggles<br />
of her people. She was his last wife of record and together, they had a son.<br />
Captain Fernando Cevallos (Unsure of spelling of last name)<br />
A career military man trained in France, as was the custom of the times. He returns to Mexico to join the army<br />
of Porfirio Diaz in a time of apparent peace and tranquility. With the onset of revolutionary hostilities, Cevallos<br />
finds the reason for his existence. Though he makes mistakes, he manages a deft transfer of loyalties from<br />
president to president, using treason, deceit and cruelty in his quest for social standing and political survival.<br />
Don Eugenio Rendón<br />
The typical potentate landowner of the time, he initiates industrialization by replacing the traditional<br />
harvests for the more prosperous sugar cane. A proud and powerful man, he believes he owns the land...<br />
and the men who work his fields.
Scene 1<br />
Where <strong>Zapata</strong> makes his entrance and<br />
is defined by those who will later be his<br />
enemies.<br />
(Re: questions 1 and 4)<br />
Scene 2<br />
Where <strong>Zapata</strong> is elected president of<br />
the Committee for the Defense of the<br />
Anenecuilco Territories. During this<br />
scene he remembers his youth.<br />
(Re: questions 2, 4, 5 and 6)<br />
Scene 3<br />
Where <strong>Zapata</strong> demands that the<br />
landowner who symbolizes the rich,<br />
corrupt landowners of the times pay<br />
the workers justly, share profits with<br />
those whose lands they have taken or<br />
restitute the lands to their rightful<br />
owners.<br />
(Re: question 7)<br />
Scene 4<br />
Where we hear from those in the<br />
political know of the situation that<br />
ultimately led to the Mexican<br />
Revolution between Porfirio Diaz and<br />
Francisco Madero.<br />
(Re: questions 8 and 10)<br />
Scene 5<br />
Where we see an example of the<br />
violence of the revolution.<br />
(Re: question 9)<br />
Scene 6:<br />
Where Professor Torres Burgos<br />
recruits <strong>Zapata</strong> to join Madero's<br />
movement.<br />
(Re: question 11)<br />
Scene 7<br />
Where we first get a glimpse of<br />
Madero's attempt to straddle two<br />
worlds.<br />
(Re: questions 13, 17, 18 and 19)<br />
Scene 8<br />
Where Madero orders a stop to the<br />
violence at <strong>Zapata</strong>'s expense.<br />
(Re: question 13)<br />
Scene 9<br />
Where we see more of the violence<br />
that erupted prior to the official rift<br />
between <strong>Zapata</strong> and Madero.<br />
(Re: question 13)<br />
Scene 10<br />
Where <strong>Zapata</strong> and Otilio Montaño draft<br />
the Plan of Ayala.<br />
(Re: questions 13, 14 and 15.)<br />
Scene 11<br />
Where <strong>Zapata</strong>'s main slogan is heard for<br />
the first time.<br />
(Re: question 16)<br />
Scenes 12<br />
Where we see Madero's indecisiveness.<br />
He refuses to take a firm stand either for or<br />
against the people; he refuses to anger the<br />
landowners.<br />
(Re: questions 17, 18 and 19)<br />
Scene 13<br />
Where Madero we see the injustice of<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong>'s portrayal by the landowners<br />
through Madero's perception.<br />
(Re: question 21)<br />
Scene 14<br />
Madero is ousted.<br />
(Re: question 20)<br />
Scene 15<br />
Where we learn from Victoriano Huerta<br />
that he now faces four revolutionaries<br />
instead of one.<br />
(Re: questions 22 and 23)<br />
Scene 16:<br />
Where Villa requests <strong>Zapata</strong>'s alliance to<br />
fight a common enemy.<br />
(Re: question 25)<br />
Scene 17<br />
Villa and <strong>Zapata</strong> march through Mexico<br />
City and enter the National Palace.<br />
(Re: question 24)<br />
Scene 18<br />
Carranza orders <strong>Zapata</strong> killed.<br />
(Re: question 28)<br />
Scene 19<br />
Where <strong>Zapata</strong> acknowledges that his war<br />
may be coming to an end.<br />
(Re: question 26)<br />
Scene 20<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> betrayed and murdered.<br />
(Re: question 29)
“It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees.”<br />
"Tierra y Libertad" (Land and Freedom)<br />
“The city is full of sidewalks and I keep falling off of them.”<br />
“I am determined to FIGHT against anything and anyone with<br />
nothing more than the confidence and support of my people."<br />
-In letter to friend and supporter Gildardo Magaña<br />
"I wish to die as a slave to principles, not to men."<br />
“Many of them, so much to curry favor with tyrants, for a fistful of coins,<br />
or through bribery or corruption, are shedding the blood of their brothers.”<br />
“Ignorance and obscurantism, preventing people from obtaining knowledge<br />
have never produced anything other than flocks of slaves for tyranny..."<br />
“Now I can die in PEACE. Finally they have done us JUSTICE.”<br />
-After reading the reports of US representative William Gates, who after meeting with <strong>Zapata</strong>,<br />
published a string of commentaries in the United States about the struggle in Mexico and said<br />
that "the true social revolution can be found among the Zapatistas."<br />
“As soon as they get a chance, they go where the sun shines brightest.<br />
That’s why I bust those bastards – I can’t stand them.”<br />
-<strong>Zapata</strong>, talking to Pancho Villa about politicians.
Words: Definitions:<br />
Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> Mexican revolutionary leader.<br />
Orphan A child whose parents have died.<br />
President The chief of state of a country.<br />
Justice a: just conduct, management, or treatment b: the<br />
administration of law c: the quality of being fair<br />
or just.<br />
Freedom a: the state of being free b: ability to move or act<br />
freely c: to use without restriction e: a political right<br />
Morelos A state in the south of Mexico.<br />
Hero a: an outstanding warrior or soldier b: a person<br />
admired for achievements and qualities c: one that<br />
shows great courage.<br />
Chiapas A state in South Eastern Mexico.<br />
Plan de Ayala Document set forth by <strong>Zapata</strong> in 1911 calling for the<br />
restitution of lands and better living conditions for<br />
poor, native, farm workers in Mexico.<br />
Landowners An owner or proprietor of land.<br />
Peasants The farmer or laborer of a small farm.<br />
Fighting To struggle against another in battle or physical<br />
combat.<br />
Nahuatl Language. Now in disuse, it was once the dominant<br />
mode of communication throughout the Aztec<br />
empire.<br />
Restitution The giving of something back to its rightful owner<br />
or the giving of something of equal value (as for loss<br />
or damage).<br />
Indigenous Originating in and characteristic of a particular<br />
region or country; native.
Words: Definitions:<br />
Guerrilla A band of persons engaged in warfare not as part of<br />
a regular army but as an independent unit making<br />
surprise raids behind enemy lines.<br />
Dictator A person who rules with total authority and often in<br />
a cruel or brutal manner.<br />
Treason The betrayal of a trust.<br />
Rebellion Open opposition to authority.<br />
Revolution Open fighting against authority (as in one’s<br />
government).<br />
Struggle a: to make a great effort to overcome someone or<br />
something b: to proceed with difficulty or with great<br />
effort<br />
Harvest a: the season when crops are gathered b: the<br />
gathering of a crop c: the quantity of a crop gathered<br />
in a single season<br />
Rights a: the ideal of what is just and good b: something to<br />
which one has a just claim (often used in plural) c:<br />
something that one may properly claim as due d: the<br />
quality or state of being factually correct<br />
d: capitalized : political conservatives<br />
Tradition The handing down of information, beliefs, or<br />
customs from one generation to another.<br />
Hacienda A large estate in Spanish-speaking countries.<br />
Dignitary A person of high position or honor.<br />
Rodeo a: a roundup of cattle b: an exhibition featuring<br />
cowboy skills<br />
Government a: the officials making up the governing body of a<br />
political unit b: capitalized: the executive branch of<br />
the U.S. federal government.<br />
Agrarian a: of or relating to fields or lands or their ownership<br />
b: of, relating to, or concerned with farmers or<br />
farming interests<br />
Economy a: the way an economic system (as of a country or a<br />
period in history) is arranged b: careful use of<br />
money and goods
QUESTIONS:<br />
(Support with info from overview and chronology. See scene index for cross-reference guide.)<br />
1. Who was Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>?<br />
2. When and where was <strong>Zapata</strong> born?<br />
3. How old was he when he became an orphan?<br />
4. What did his family do for a living?<br />
5. How do you think these two circumstances influenced his ideals?<br />
6. What happened on September 12th 1909?<br />
7. What did <strong>Zapata</strong> demand from the landowners?<br />
8. Who was Porfirio Diaz?<br />
9. What is a revolution?<br />
10. Who was Francisco Madero?<br />
11. Why did <strong>Zapata</strong> decide to join Francisco Madero's movement?<br />
12. When was Diaz overthrown?<br />
13. What made <strong>Zapata</strong> declare war on Madero?<br />
14. When did <strong>Zapata</strong> publish the Plan of Ayala?<br />
15. What were the two main points of the Plan of Ayala?<br />
16. What was <strong>Zapata</strong>'s main slogan?<br />
17. What character trait of Madero's gained him the distrust of the rich and revolutionaries<br />
alike?<br />
18. Why would that trait be a problem for a country's leader?
QUESTIONS:<br />
(Support with info from overview and chronology. See scene index for cross-reference guide.)<br />
19. What are some of the traits of good leaders as exemplified by <strong>Zapata</strong>?<br />
20. Who ousted Madero?<br />
21. How was <strong>Zapata</strong> portrayed by the rich landowners? Why?<br />
22. After Madero's death, how many revolutionaries were there?<br />
23. What were their names and what regions did they control?<br />
24. What happened on December 4th, 1914?<br />
25. Why did <strong>Zapata</strong> and Villa unite?<br />
26. List three specific things <strong>Zapata</strong> do to help the peasants of Morelos between 1914 and 1918?<br />
27. When was the Agrarian Law ratified? By what president?<br />
28. Who ordered <strong>Zapata</strong> assassination?<br />
29. When and where was <strong>Zapata</strong> killed?<br />
For further discussion:<br />
1. What do you think could have happened if Emiliano had won his war?<br />
2. What if Madero had kept his word?<br />
3. Do you think <strong>Zapata</strong>'s life would have been different if he had married the landowner's<br />
daughter?<br />
4. Why do you think he was hesitant to be the general at first?<br />
5. Do you think the struggle between the landowners and the campesinos has occurred som<br />
where else?<br />
6. Who do you think was more important in the film, Madero or Carranza? Explain your answer.<br />
***Note the presence of subjective questions for purposes of fostering discussions in connection<br />
with current events.
Questions and Answers:<br />
(Support with info from overview and chronology. See scene index for cross-reference guide.)<br />
1. Who was Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>?<br />
He was a leading figure in the Mexican revolution of 1910 against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz.<br />
He spent his life defending the rights of poor farmers to be justly compensated for their work and<br />
fighting for the restitution of lands usurped by the wealthy landowners of pre-revolutionary Mexico.<br />
2. When and where was <strong>Zapata</strong> born?<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> was born on August 8th, 1879 in Anenecuilco, in the southern state of Morelos.<br />
3. How old was he when he became an orphan?<br />
He was 16 years old.<br />
4. What did his family do for a living?<br />
He was born to a family of cattle ranchers.<br />
5. How do you think these two circumstances influenced his ideals?<br />
This is a subjective question with a number of possible answers, but the overview text based on<br />
historic accounts suggests that because <strong>Zapata</strong>’s family worked the land, he was exposed to the<br />
plight of the poor farm worker from an early age. Losing his parents so young would have made him<br />
identify with those who'd had everything taken from them but the love of their country.<br />
6. What happened on September 12th 1909?<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> was elected president of the Committee for the Defense of Anenecuilco Territories.<br />
7. What did <strong>Zapata</strong> demand from the landowners?<br />
He wanted them to pay the workers justly, share profits with those whose lands they had taken or<br />
restitute the lands to their rightful owners.<br />
8. Who was Porfirio Diaz?<br />
He was a Mexican dictator who ruled the country for 35 years, and was overthrown in the 1910<br />
revolution led by Francisco Madero.<br />
9. What is a revolution?<br />
A sudden or drastic change in a condition; overthrow of a government by the people who are<br />
governed and replacement of that government with another; may be a cultural revolution, as in the<br />
Industrial Revolution.<br />
10. Who was Francisco Madero?<br />
He launched the revolution that brought the Porfirio Diaz dictatorship to an end and served as President<br />
of Mexico from 1911 to 1913. He was overthrown by the head of his own army, Victoriano Huerta.<br />
11. Why did <strong>Zapata</strong> decide to join Francisco Madero’s movement?<br />
Because Madero’s movement was based on the San Luis Potosi Plan, which included a clause to<br />
return lands to the people of Mexico.<br />
12. When was Diaz overthrown?<br />
May 25, 1911.<br />
13. What made <strong>Zapata</strong> declare war on Madero?<br />
When Madero did not return the lands to the peasants, <strong>Zapata</strong> declared Madero an enemy of the<br />
people’s revolution and called for his destitution.
14. When did <strong>Zapata</strong> publish the Plan of Ayala?<br />
The Plan of Ayala, on which the Zapatista movement was founded, was published on November 28th,1911.<br />
15. What were the two main points of the Plan of Ayala?<br />
1) That a third of all lands owned by the hacenderos be returned to the peasants. Those who refused<br />
would get all their lands taken for the benefit of the state.<br />
2) A call for Francisco Madero’s resignation as president.<br />
16. What was <strong>Zapata</strong>’s main slogan?<br />
Tierra y Libertad (Land and Freedom)<br />
17. What character trait of Madero's gained him the distrust of the rich and revolutionaries alike?<br />
His indecisiveness. After taking office, he did not move to return the lands to the peasants, which<br />
would’ve angered the landowners. He also balked at forcefully disarming <strong>Zapata</strong>.<br />
18. Why would that trait be a problem for a country’s leader?<br />
Leaders have to make difficult decisions for the good of all in their country.<br />
19. What are some of the traits of good leaders as exemplified by <strong>Zapata</strong>?<br />
Some good characteristics of good leaders as exemplified by <strong>Zapata</strong> are: courage, integrity, vision,<br />
honesty and responsibility. There are, of course, many others.<br />
20. Who ousted Madero?<br />
Victoriano Huerta, his military commander.<br />
21. How was <strong>Zapata</strong> portrayed by the rich landowners? Why?<br />
He was portrayed as a bandit, in order to discredit him.<br />
22. After Madero’s death, how many revolutionaries were there?<br />
Four.<br />
23. What were their names and what regions did they control?<br />
North: Francisco Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Alvaro Obregón; South: Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>.<br />
24. What happened on December 4th, 1914?<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> and Villa march their armies through Mexico City.<br />
25. Why did <strong>Zapata</strong> and Villa unite?<br />
To fight Carranza, who had proclaimed himself president.<br />
26. List three specific things <strong>Zapata</strong> do to help the peasants of Morelos between 1914 and 1918?<br />
1) He created the first Agrarian Commission.<br />
2) He instituted agricultural credits and inaugurated a rural loan bank in Morelos.<br />
3) He opened numerous primary schools for children and adults.<br />
27. When was the Agrarian Law ratified? By what president?<br />
January 6, 1915. Venustiano Carranza.<br />
28. Who ordered <strong>Zapata</strong> assassination?<br />
Venustiano Carranza.<br />
29. When and where was <strong>Zapata</strong> killed?<br />
He died on April 10, 1919 in the Chinameca Hacienda.
Answer Key:<br />
1-i, 2-j, 3-a, 4-k, 5-h, 6-e, 7-l, 8-g, 9-f, 10-c, 11-m, 12-b and 13-d.
_____1. AUGUST 8, 1879<br />
_____2. MARCH 11 1917<br />
_____3. NOVEMBER 20, 1910<br />
_____4. DECEMBER 4, 1914<br />
_____5. OCTOBER 15, 1911<br />
_____6. MAY 7, 1920<br />
_____7. FEBRUARY 8, 1913<br />
_____8. APRIL 10, 1919<br />
_____9. MAY 25, 1911<br />
_____10. JANUARY 6, 1915<br />
_____11. SEPTEMBER 12, 1909<br />
_____12. NOVEMBER 14, 1914<br />
_____13. NOVEMBER 28, 1911<br />
a) Madero begins the Mexican revolution.<br />
b) Zapatistas take Mexico City.<br />
c) Carranza signs the first National Agrarian Law.<br />
d) <strong>Zapata</strong> publishes Plan de Ayala.<br />
e) Carranza is overthrown by Alvaro Obregon.<br />
f) Porfirio Diaz resigns as president and leaves the country.<br />
g) <strong>Zapata</strong> is assassinated in the Chinameca hacienda.<br />
h) Madero is elected president of Mexico.<br />
i) Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> is born.<br />
j) Venustiano Carranza is elected president.<br />
k) <strong>Zapata</strong> and Villa march their armies into Mexico City.<br />
l) Victoriano . Huerta carries out a coup d’etat against<br />
Madero<br />
m) <strong>Zapata</strong> is elected president of the Committee for<br />
the Defense of Anenecuilco Territories.
Other <strong>Zapata</strong> Resources<br />
For Teachers:<br />
1) Viva <strong>Zapata</strong> (online)<br />
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/ip/azap.html<br />
2) Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>: Books, articles, videos and photography.<br />
http://members.tripod.com/~pacogaray/<br />
3) Zapatista Revolution<br />
http://www.zapatistarevolution.com<br />
4) Viva <strong>Zapata</strong>! A 1952 biographical film about the story of Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong><br />
5) Zapatista Video Documentary: “A place called Chiapas”<br />
6) Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>: Revolution and Betrayal in Mexico by Samuel Brunk<br />
7) <strong>Zapata</strong> and the Mexican Revolution by John Womack Jr.<br />
8) The Chiapas Rebellion: The Struggle for Land and Democracy by Neil Harvey.<br />
9) Villa and <strong>Zapata</strong>: A History of the Mexican Revolution by Frank McLynn.<br />
10) Casi Nada: A Study of Agrarian Reform in the Homeland of Cardenismo by John Gledhill<br />
11) Telemundo.com/ Click on <strong>Zapata</strong>… para los niños for an excerpt of this classroom guide, access to the study scenes on CD<br />
and interesting facts about the filming of this historic story. Also available: “<strong>Zapata</strong>” on DVD.<br />
For Children:<br />
1) La Revolución Mexicana<br />
http://www.kokone.com.mx/revolucion/personajes/zapata.html<br />
2) México para niños<br />
http://www.elbalero.gob.mx<br />
3) Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> by Laura Espejel<br />
4) Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>: Revolutionary and Champion of Poor Farmers (Proud Heritage: The Hispanic Library) by R. Conrad Stein<br />
5) Wordcentral.com<br />
6) Telemundo.com/ Click on <strong>Zapata</strong>… para los niños for PDF file of storybook by Elena Poniatowska.<br />
<strong>Zapata</strong> References<br />
1) Davies, Lynn. “The Mexican Revolution: An Overview,” [Online] Available<br />
http://jamaica.u.arizona.edu/ic/mcbride/ws200/mex-davi.htm, 2004<br />
2) Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>,” Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, ed. Barbara A. Tenenbaum, vol 5<br />
(New York: Charles Scribners’s Sons, 1996) 493<br />
3) Guía de San Miguel. “Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> (1879-1919) [Online] Available<br />
http://www.sanmiguelguide.com/emiliano-zapata.htm, 2004<br />
4) Indigenous People’s Literature. “Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>” [Online] Available<br />
http://www.indigenouspeople.net/zapata.htm, June 09, 2004.<br />
5) Judge, Joseph. “Plan of Ayala.” [Online] Available<br />
http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=559, 2004<br />
6) Latin American Resources. “Mexican Revolution Chronology (1910-1920)” [Online] Available.<br />
7) Latin American Revolutions. “Chronology of the Mexican Revolution.” [Online] Available. 2004<br />
8) México para niños “La Revolución Mexicana” [Online] Available<br />
http://elbalero.gob.mx/historia/html/home.html, August 2, 2004.<br />
9) Mount Holyoke College. “A Short History of Chiapas.” [Online] Available<br />
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~lkchandr/history.html, July 25, 204<br />
10) SEP Historia Sexto Grado. México: 1999<br />
11) Stearns, Peter N. The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001: New York: Bartleby.com, 2001<br />
12) Tuck, Jim. “<strong>Zapata</strong> and the Intellectuals.” [Online] Available<br />
http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/history/jtuck/jtzapata2.html, 2004<br />
13) Wertman, Carl. “What is the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920.” [Online]<br />
Available. http://nmnm.essortment.com/whatisthemexi_rljd.htm, 2004<br />
14) Wikipedia Encyclopedia. “Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>.” [Online] Available.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_<strong>Zapata</strong>, August 2, 2004<br />
15) Womack, John Jr. <strong>Zapata</strong> and the Mexican Revolution: New York. Vintage Books, 1968, 400-404<br />
16) John Eisenhower, Intervention! The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913-1917 (New York, Norton, 1993).
<strong>Zapata</strong> References<br />
1) Davies, Lynn. “The Mexican Revolution: An Overview,” [Online] Available<br />
http://jamaica.u.arizona.edu/ic/mcbride/ws200/mex-davi.htm, 2004<br />
2) Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>,” Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, ed.<br />
Barbara A. Tenenbaum, vol 5 (New York: Charles Scribners’s Sons, 1996) 493<br />
3) Guía de San Miguel. “Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong> (1879-1919) [Online] Available<br />
http://www.sanmiguelguide.com/emiliano-zapata.htm, 2004<br />
4) Indigenous People’s Literature. “Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>” [Online] Available<br />
http://www.indigenouspeople.net/zapata.htm, June 09, 2004.<br />
5) Judge, Joseph. “Plan of Ayala.” [Online] Available<br />
http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php? op=viewarticle&artid=559, 2004<br />
6) Latin American Resources. “Mexican Revolution Chronology (1910-1920)”<br />
[Online] Available.<br />
7) Latin American Revolutions. “Chronology of the Mexican Revolution.”<br />
[Online] Available. 2004<br />
8) México para niños “La Revolución Mexicana” [Online] Available<br />
http://elbalero.gob.mx/historia/html/home.html, August 2, 2004.<br />
9) Mount Holyoke College. “A Short History of Chiapas.” [Online] Available<br />
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~lkchandr/history.html, July 25, 2004<br />
10) SEP Historia Sexto Grado. México: 1999<br />
11) Stearns, Peter N. The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001: New York:<br />
Bartleby.com, 2001<br />
12) Tuck, Jim. “<strong>Zapata</strong> and the Intellectuals.” [Online] Available<br />
http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/history/jtuck/jtzapata2.html, 2004<br />
13) Wertman, Carl. “What is the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920.” [Online] Available.<br />
http://nmnm.essortment.com/whatisthemexi_rljd.htm, 2004<br />
14) Wikipedia Encyclopedia. “Emiliano <strong>Zapata</strong>.” [Online] Available.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_<strong>Zapata</strong>, August 2, 2004<br />
15) Womack, John Jr. <strong>Zapata</strong> and the Mexican Revolution: New York. Vintage<br />
Books, 1968, 400-404<br />
16) John Eisenhower, Intervention! The United States and the Mexican Revolution,<br />
1913-1917 (New York, Norton, 1993).
agosto 23 10p/9c