postupak proračuna sastava produkata pirolize i gasifikacije čvrstog ...

Ma{instvo 2(8), 97 – 104, (2004) S.\uri},...: POSTUPAK PRORAÛNA SASTAVA... 

POSTUPAK PRORAÛNA SASTAVA PRODUKATA PIROLIZE 

I GASIFIKACIJE ^VRSTOG OTPADA 

Dr. Slavko \uri}, mr Ranko Boì~kovi}, mr Petko Stanojevi}, Vi{a tehni~ka {kola, Doboj 

REZIME 

U radu je izloèn model koji omogu}ava odre|ivanje sastava heterogene ravnote`ne m e{avine pri 

odvijanju hemijske reakcije C+H2O ⇔ CO+H2. Analizira se uticaj temperature gasifikacije na sastav 

ravnote`ne m e{avine reakcije C+H2O 

⇔ CO+H2. Analiza ukazuje da pri temperaturi gasifikacije 

vi{oj od 658,7 °C (931,7 K) u ravnote`noj m e{avini ne postoji ~vrsta faza 

(xc ≤ 0). 

Klju~ne re~i: hemijska ravnoteà, piroliza, gasifikacija, udio ~vrste faze, temperatura 

METHOD OF CALCULATION PRODUCTS CONTENT OF PYROLISIS 

AND GASIFICATION OF REFUSE 

PhD Slavko \uri}, MSc Ranko Boì~kovi}, MSc Petko Stanojevi}, Technical 

College, Doboj 

SUMMARY 

In this work is shown model that provides clear determination of heterogeneous equilibrium mixture 

during the chemical reaction C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2. The influence of gasification temperature is 

analized on equilibrium mixture content reaction C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2. Analysis showing that by the 

temperature of gasification higher than 658,7 °C (931,7 K) in the equilibrium mixture there is no 

firm phase (x c ≤ 0). 

Key words: chemical equilibrium, pyrolisis, gasification, firm phase portion, temperature 

1. UVOD 

Sagorijevanje ~vrstog otpada i uklanjanje gradskog 

sme}a predstavlja vaàn problem. Razvijen je niz 

postupaka za sagorijevanje otpada. Procesi pirolize 

i gasifikacije ~vrstog otpada omogu}uju dobijanje 

kvalitetnog gasovitog goriva. Sastav produkata 

gasifikacije ~ini osnovnu veli~inu za postavljanje 

jedna~ina materijalnog i toplotnog bilansa. Pri 

prora~unu sastava ravnote`ne mje{avine produkata 

gasifikacije u literaturi se ne uzima udio ~vrste 

faze (ugljenika). Kako se udio ~vrste faze u 

heterogenoj ravnote`noj mje{avini odre|uje samo 

mjerenjem [1, 2] to zna~aj ovog rada jesu razlozi 

izrade ovog modela i njegova primjena u 

inìnjerskoj praksi. 

- 97 - 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Refuse combustion and city trash removal presents 

a significant problem. There are many methods for 

refuse combustion. Pyrolisis and gasification of 

refuse provide getting quality gas fuel. Products 

content of gasification is the basic parametre for 

setting equations of material and thermo bilance. 

By the calculation of products content of 

equilibrium mixture of gasification products there is 

no firm phase portion (carbon) in the literature. 

Firm phase portion in the heterogeneous mixture is 

determined by measure [1, 2] so this work is 

important for the making of this model and its 

implementation in engineering practice.


2. PRORAÛN 

Pri procesima gasifikacije ~vrstog goriva (sme}a) 

odvijaju se reakcije [3]: 

C+CO 2 ⇔ 2⋅CO, (1) 

C+2⋅H 2 ⇔ CH 4, (2) 

C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2. (3) 

Reakcije (1) do (3) ne de{avaju se kontinualno jedna 

za drugom. Dolazi do eliminacije jedne reakcije 

drugima, ubrzavanja i usporavanja tokova procesa. 

Prora~un sastava heterogene ravnote`ne mje{avine 

reakcije C+CO2 ⇔ 2⋅CO prikazan je u literaturnom 

izvoru [4], a prora~un sastava heterogene 

ravnote`ne me{avine reakcija 

C+2⋅H2 ⇔ CH4 i C+H2O ⇔ CO+H2 pod 

pretpostavkom da se reakcije odvijaju istovremeno, 

prikazan je u literaturnom izvoru [5]. U cilju 

detaljnijeg sagledavanja procesa gasifikacije ~vrstog 

otpada u radu je analiziran uticaj temperature 

gasifikacije na sastav ravnote`ne heterogene 

mje{avine pri odvijanju reakcije C+H2O ⇔ CO+H2. U radu su prikazana dva na~ina prora~una sastava: 

prora~un na osnovu broja molova i prora~un na 

osnovu odnosa zbira broja molova. 

2.1. Prora~un na osnovu broja molova 

Pri odvijanju reakcije C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 broj 

kilomolova komponenata u mje{avini posle 

uspostavljanja hemijske ravnoteè iznosi: 

- ugljenik nC=a-z, kmol, (4) 

- vodena para nH b z, 

kmol, (5) 

2O 

= − 

- ugljen-monoksid nCO=z, kmol, (6) 

- vodonik nH = z, 

kmol, (7) 

2 

gdje su: 

a = C / 12 - broj kilomolova ugljenika koji stupa u 

reakciju C+H2O ⇔ CO+H2, kmol, 

b = W / 18 - broj kilomolova vodene pare koja stupa 

u reakciju C+H2O ⇔ CO+H2, kmol, 

C, W - maseni udjeli ugljenika i vlage u ~vrstom 

gorivu (otpadu), kg / kg, 

z-broj kilomolova ugljen-monoksida (vodonika) u 

ravnote`noj mje{avini reakcije C+H2O⇔CO+H2. Pri odvijanju razmatrane reakcije ukupan broj 

kilomolova u mje{avini posle uspostavljanja 

hemijske ravnoteè je: 

- heterogena mje{avina (~vrsta i gasovita faza) 

n ( s) 

n( s ) 

= nC 

+ nH 

, 

2O 

+ nCO 

+ nH 

kmol, 

2 

= ( a − z) 

+ ( b − z) 

+ z + z = a + b, 

kmol, (8) 

- 98 - 

2. CALCULATION 

By the proceses of refuse gasification (trash) there 

are following reactions [3]: 

C+CO 2 ⇔ 2⋅CO, (1) 

C+2⋅H 2 ⇔ CH 4, (2) 

C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2. (3) 

Reactions from (1) to (3) do not occur continously 

one after another. There is one by another reaction, 

acceleration and slowing down of process. 

Calculation of heterogeneous equilibrium mixture 

content reaction C+CO2 ⇔ 2⋅CO is shown in the 

literary source [4], and calculation of 

heterogeneous equilibrium mixture reactions C+2⋅H2 ⇔ CH4 and C+H2O ⇔ CO+H2 assuming that 

reactions are simultaneous is shown in the literary 

source [5]. For the purpose of detail view of 

gasification process of refuse in the work is 

analized the influence of gasification temperature 

mixture during the reaction C+H2O ⇔ CO+H2. In the work are shown two methods of content 

calculation: calculation based on mole number and 

calculation based on summary of mole number ratio. 

2.1. Calculation based on mole number 

During the reaction C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 kilomole 

number in the mixture after setting chemical 

equilibrium is: 

- carbon nC=a-z, kmol, (4) 

- water vapour nH b z, 

kmol, (5) 

2O 

= − 

- carbon-monoxide nCO=z, kmol, (6) 

- hydrogen nH = z, 

kmol, (7) 

2 

there are: 

a = C / 12 - kilomole number of carbon in the 

reaction C+H2O ⇔ CO+H2, kmol, 

b = W / 18 - kilomole number of water vapour in 

the reaction C+H2O ⇔ CO+H2, kmol, 

C, W - mass portions of carbon and vapour in 

fuel (refuse), kg / kg, 

z - kilomole number of carbon-monoxide (hydrogen) 

in equilibrium mixture reaction C+H2O⇔CO+H2. During the disscused reaction the total number of 

kilomoles in the mixture after chemical equilibrium 

setting is: 

- heterogeneous mixture (firm and gassy phase) 

n ( s) 

= nC 

+ nH 

, 

2O 

+ nCO 

+ nH 

kmol, 

2 

n( 

s ) = ( a − z) 

+ ( b − z) 

+ z + z = a + b, kmol, (8)


- homogena mje{avina (samo gasovita faza) 

n ( g) 

= nH 

, 

2O 

+ nCO 

+ nH 

kmol, 

2 

n( g ) = ( b − z) 

+ z + z = b + z ,kmol. (9) 

Molski udio komponenata u mje{avini posle 

uspostavljanja hemijske ravnoteè je: 

- heterogena mje{avina (~vrsta i gasovita faza) 

n a z kmol 

x C − 

C = = , , 

(10) 

n( 

s) 

a + b kmol 

nH2O 

b − z kmol 

xH 

, , 

2O = = 

(11) 

n( 

s) 

a + b kmol 

n z kmol 

x CO 

CO = = , , 

(12) 

n( 

s) 

a + b kmol 

nH2 

z kmol 

xH 

= = , , 

(13) 

2 n( 

s) 

a + b kmol 

- homogena mje{avina (samo gasovita faza) 

nH2O 

b − z kmol 

yH 

, , 

2O = = 

(14) 

n( 

g) 

b + z kmol 

n z kmol 

y CO 

CO = = , , 

(15) 

n( 

g) 

b + z kmol 

nH2 

z kmol 

yH 

= = , . 

(16) 

2 n( 

g) 

b + z kmol 

Parcijalni pritisci komponenata u homogenoj 

(gasovitoj) mje{avini posle uspostavljanja hemijske 

ravnoteè su: 

b − z 

pH y p p, 

Pa, 

2O= 

H2O 

⋅ = ⋅ 

(17) 

b + z 

z 

pCO = yCO 

⋅ p = ⋅ p, 

Pa, 

(18) 

b + z 

z 

pH = y p p, 

Pa, 

2 H ⋅ = ⋅ 

(19) 

2 b + z 

gdje je: 

p - ukupan pritisak u reaktorskom prostoru posle 

uspostavljanja ravnoteè, Pa. 

Konstanta hemijske ravnoteè reakcije C+H 2O ⇔ 

CO+H 2 definisana je izrazom: 

- homogenous mixture (gassy phase, only) 

n ( g) 

= nH 

, 

2O 

+ nCO 

+ nH 

kmol, 

2 

n( g ) = ( b − z) 

+ z + z = b + z ,kmol. (9) 

Mole portion of the components in the mixture 

after chemical equilibrium setting is: 

- heterogeneous mixture (firm and gassy phase) 

n a z kmol 

x C − 

C = = , , 

(10) 

n( 

s) 

a + b kmol 

nH2O 

b − z kmol 

xH 

, , 

2O = = 

(11) 

n( 

s) 

a + b kmol 

n z kmol 

x CO 

CO = = , , 

(12) 

n( 

s) 

a + b kmol 

nH2 

z 

xH 

= = 

2 n( 

s) 

a + b 

kmol 

, , (13) 

kmol 

- homogenous mixture (gassy phase, only) 

nH2O 

b − z kmol 

yH 

, , 

2O = = 

(14) 

n( 

g) 

b + z kmol 

n z kmol 

y CO 

CO = = , , 

(15) 

n( 

g) 

b + z kmol 

nH2 

z kmol 

yH 

= = , . 

(16) 

2 n( 

g) 

b + z kmol 

Partial pressures of components in the 

homogenous (gassy) mixture after chemical 

equilibrium are: 

b − z 

p H y p p, 

Pa, 

2O 

= H 2O 

⋅ = ⋅ 

(17) 

b + z 

z 

pCO = yCO 

⋅ p = ⋅ p, 

Pa, 

(18) 

b + z 

z 

pH = y p p, 

Pa, 

2 H ⋅ = ⋅ 

(19) 

2 b + z 

there is: 

p - total pressure in the reactor space after 

chemical equilibrium setting, Pa. 

Chemical equilibrium reaction constant C+H 2O ⇔ 

CO+H 2 is defined by the formula: 

z z 

p 

p p 2 

CO ⋅ p ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 

H2 

z 

K 

b z b z 

p = = + + = p ⋅ , Pa. 

(20) 

p 

b − z 

2 2 

H2O 

⋅ p b − z 

b + z 

- 99 -


Prema literaturnom izvoru [3] konstanta hemijske 

ravnoteè reakcije C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 odre|ena je 

izrazom: 

log 

K p 

= 

According to literary source [3] constant of 

chemical equilibrium reaction C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 is 

determined by the formula: 

4825, 

986 

−3 

−6 

2 

−28, 

45778 − − 5, 

671122⋅10 

⋅T 

+ 0, 

8255488⋅10 

⋅T 

+ 14, 

515760⋅ 

logT 

T 

Rje{avanjem jedna~ine (20) po nepoznatoj veli~ini z 

pri datom a, b, p, K p dobija se: 

K p 

z = b ⋅ . 

(22) 

p + K 

p 

Smjenom izra~unate vrijednosti veli~ine z u 

jedna~ine (10) do (16) dobijaju se broj~ane 

vrijednosti molskih udjela komponenata u 

ravnote`noj heterogenoj odnosno u ravnote`noj 

homogenoj (gasovitoj) mje{avini. 

2.2. Prora~un na osnovu odnosa zbira 

broja molova 

U ravnote`noj mje{avini postoje ~etiri komponente 

x C , x H O , x CO i x 

2 

H2 

~ije molske udjele treba 

odrediti. Jedna~ine materijalnog bilansa za 

razmatrane komponente su: 

(21) 

After solution of equation (20) with unknown 

parametre z and parametres a, b, p, K p we have: 

K p 

z = b ⋅ . 

(22) 

p + K 

p 

After parametre z in the equations from (10) to 

(16) we get number values of mole portions of 

components in the equilibrium heterogeneous that 

is in the equilibrium homogenous (gassy) mixture. 

2.2 Calculation based on summary of 

mole number ratio 

There are four components in the equilibrium 

mixture xC 

, xH 

O , xCO 

and xH 

, their mole portions 

2 

should be determined. Material balance equations 

for the components are: 

x C + xH 

O + xCO 

+ xH 

= 1, 

(23) xC 

+ xH 

O + xCO 

+ xH 

= 1, 

(23) 

2 

ΣC 

xC 

+ xCO 

= 

= I, 

ΣH 

2 xH 

x 

2O 

+ H2 

ΣC 

xC 

+ xCO 

= 

= J, 

ΣO2 

0, 

5⋅ 

xH 

0, 

5 x 

2O 

+ ⋅ CO 

K 

p 

2 

ΣC 

xC 

+ xCO 

(24) = 

= I, 

ΣH 

2 xH 

x 

2O 

+ H2 

ΣC 

xC 

+ xCO 

(25) = 

= J, 

ΣO2 

0, 

5⋅ 

xH 

0, 

5 x 

2O 

+ ⋅ CO 

pCO 

⋅ pH 

x 

2 

CO ⋅ xH 

p 

2 

CO ⋅ pH 

x 

2 

CO ⋅ xH 

2 

= = p ⋅ 

, (26) K p = = p ⋅ 

, (26) 

p 

x ⋅( 

1− 

x ) 

p 

x ⋅( 

1− 

x ) 

H2O 

H2O 

gdje su: 

ΣC, ΣH 

2 , ΣO 

2 - ukupan broj kilomolova ugljenika, 

vodonika i kiseonika koji stupaju u reaktorski 

prostor, 

a 3 C 

I = = ⋅ - pomo}na veli~ina, 

b 2 W 

a C 

J = 2 ⋅ = 3⋅ 

- pomo}na veli~ina, 

b W 

C, W - maseni udio ugljenika i vlage u ~vrstom 

gorivu (otpadu),kg / kg. 

C 

- 100 - 

2 

H2O 

2 

H2O 

2 

C 

(24) 

(25) 

there are: 

ΣC, ΣH 

2 , ΣO 

2 - total number of kilomoles of 

carbon,hydrogen and oxygen that are in the 

reactor space, 

a 3 C 

I = = ⋅ - aid parametre, 

b 2 W 

a C 

J = 2 ⋅ = 3⋅ 

- aid parametre, 

b W 

C, W - mass portion of carbon and vapour in fuel 

(refuse),kg / kg.


Rje{avanjem sistema od ~etiri jedna~ine sa ~etiri 

nepoznate veli~ine x C , x H O , x CO i x H dobija se: 

2 

2 

2 

A⋅ x H B x C O, 

2O 

+ ⋅ H2O+ 

= 

(27) 

gdje su: 

3. REZULTATI PRORAÛNA 

After solution of four system equations with four 

unknown parameters xC 

, xH 

O , xCO 

and xH 

we get: 

2 

A⋅ x H B x C O, 

2O 

+ ⋅ H2O+ 

= (27) 

there are: 

2 

A = J ⋅( 

1+ 

I) 

⋅ ( K p + 2 ⋅ p), 

B = −( 

1+ 

I) 

⋅( 

2⋅I 

⋅( 

Kp 

+ p) 

+ J ⋅( 

Kp 

+ 2⋅ 

p) 

), C = 2 ⋅ p ⋅ I 

Prora~un je ura|en sa vrijednostima pritiska 

p=1⋅10 5 Pa i sastava goriva C=22,13%, H=1,89%, 

O=11,61%, N=0,36%, S=0,31%, W=50%, 

A=13,70% [6]. 

Model prora~una sastava ravnote`ne mje{avine pri 

odvijanju reakcije C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 kori{}en je i 

potvr|en u re{avanju prakti~nih inìnjerskih 

problema (gasifikacija uglja i drvenih otpadaka, 

piroliza otpada). Pri porastu reakcione temperature 

opada molski udio ugljenika i vodene pare u 

ravnote`noj mje{avini (tabela 1). 

1 kmol 

xH = − x , , 

2 H 

1 I 2O 

+ kmol 

2 

2 ⋅ I 2 − 2 ⋅ J − J kmol 

xCO = + 

⋅ xH 

, , 

J ( 1 I) 

J 

2O 

⋅ + 

kmol 

2 

I ⋅ ( J − 2) 

2 − 2 ⋅ J − J kmol 

xC = − 

⋅ xH 

, . 

J ( 1 I) 

J 

2O 

⋅ + 

kmol 

3. CALCULATION RESULTS 

Calculation is done with pressure values 

p=1⋅10 5 Pa and fuel content C=22,13%, H=1,89%, 

O=11,61%, N=0,36%, S=0,31%, W=50%, 

A=13,70% [6]. 

Model of calculation of equilibrium mixture content 

during the reaction C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 is used and 

confirmed by the solution of practical engineering 

problems (coal gasification and wood refuse, refuse 

pyrolisis). By the higher reaction temperature mole 

portion of carbon and water vapour is going down 

in the equilibrium mixture (table 1). 

Tabela 1. Prora~un ravnote`nog sastava heterogene mje{avine pri odvijanju reakcije C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 

Table 1. Calculation of equilibrium content of the heterogeneous mixture during the reaction C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 

T,K 

kmol 

x C, 

kmol 

kmol 

xH 

O, 

2 kmol 

kmol 

xCO, 

kmol 

kmol 

x H , 

η ,% 

2 

C η H O,% 

kmol 

2 

350 0,399002 0,600998 0,000000 0,000000 0,00 0,00 

400 0,398996 0,600990 0,000007 0,000007 0,00 0,00 

450 0,398946 0,600942 0,000056 0,000056 0,01 0,00 

500 0,398687 0,600683 0,000315 0,000315 0,08 0,05 

550 0,397692 0,599688 0,001310 0,001310 0,33 0,22 

600 0,394646 0,596642 0,004356 0,004356 1,09 0,72 

650 0,386850 0,588846 0.012152 0.012152 3.04 2.02 

700 0,369554 0.571548 0,029449 0,029449 7,38 4,90 

750 0,335530 0,537524 0,063473 0,063473 15,91 10,56 

800 0,275853 0,477847 0,123150 0,123150 30,86 20,49 

850 0,184706 0,386702 0,214296 0,214296 53,71 35,66 

900 0,070950 0,272944 0,328053 0,328053 82,22 54,58 

931,7 0,000002 0,201998 0,399000 0,399000 100,00 66,39 

931,71 -0,000019 0,201976 0,399021 0,399021 100,00 66,39 

- 101 - 

2 

, 

2


Pri reakcionoj temperaturi vi{oj od 658,7°C (931,7K) 

u ravnote`noj mje{avni ne postoji ~vrsta faza (x C≤o) 

(tabela1 i slika 1). To prakti~no zna~i da pri 

reakcionoj temperaturi vi{oj od 658,7°C u kontaktu 

sa vodenom parom izreaguje sav ugljenik (slika 2). 

Molski udio,kmol/kmol 

0,7 

0,6 

0,5 

0,4 

0,3 

0,2 

0,1 

0 

450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 932 

T,K 

By the reaction temperature higher than 658,7°C 

(931,7K) in the equilibrium mixture there are no 

firm phase (x C≤o) (Table 1 and Figure 1). That 

means that by the reaction temperature higher than 

658,7°C in contact with water vapour all carbon is 

reacted (Figure 2). 

Slika 1 . Zavisnost molskih udjela komponenata u heterogenoj ravnote`noj mje{avini reakcije C+H2O 

⇔ 

CO+H2 od reakcione temperature 

Figure 1. Dependence of mole portions components in the heterogeneous mixture reaction C+H2O ⇔ 

CO+H2 from reaction temperature 


100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 932 

Slika 2. Zavisnost stepena reagovanja ugljenika i vodene pare pri odvijanju reakcije C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 od 

reakcione temperature 

Figure 2. Dependence of carbon reaction degree and water vapour during the reaction C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 

from the reaction temperature 

Rezultati prora~una sastava homogene mje{avine 

(samo gasovita faza) prikazani su u tabeli 2. Pri 

porastu reakcione temperature raste molski udeo 

ugljen-monoksida i vodonika u homogenoj 

mje{avini, dok molski udfeo vodene pare opada 

(tabela 2 i slika 3). 

T,K 

- 102 - 

ηC,% 

ηH2O ,% 

xC 

xH2O 

xCO 

xH2 

Calculation results homogenous mixture content 

(gassy phase, only) are shown in the table 2. By 

the higher mole temperature mole portion of 

carbon-monoxide and hydrogen is bigger in the 

homogenous mixture, mole portion of water vapour 

is going down (Table 2 and Figure 3).


Tabela 2. Prora~un ravnote`nog sastava homogene (gasovite) mje{avine pri odvijanju reakcije C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 

Table 2. Calculation of equilibrium content of homogenous (gassy) mixture during the reaction C+H 2O ⇔ 

CO+H 2 


1 

0,8 

0,6 

0,4 

0,2 

0 

kmol 

T,K 

yH 

O, 

2 kmol 

kmol 

yCO, 

kmol 

kmol 

yH 

, 

2 kmol 

350 1,000000 0,000000 0,000000 

400 0.999978 0,000011 0,000011 

450 0,999812 0,000094 0,000094 

500 0,998952 0,000524 0,000524 

550 0,995650 0,002175 0,002175 

600 0,985609 0,007195 0,007195 

650 0,960360 0,019820 0,019820 

700 0,906576 0,046712 0,046712 

750 0,808952 0,095524 0,095524 

800 0,659878 0,170061 0,170061 

850 0,474310 0,262845 0,262845 

900 0,293789 0,353105 0,353105 

931,7 0,201998 0,399001 0,399001 

931,71 0,201972 0,399014 0,399014 

450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 932 

T,K 

Slika 3. Zavisnost molskih udjela u homogenoj ravnote`noj mje{avini pri odvijanju reakcije C+H2O ⇔ 

CO+H2 od reakcione temperature 

Figure 3 . Dependence of mole portions in the homogenous equilibrium mixture during the reaction C+H2O 

⇔ CO+H2 from reaction temperature 

4. ZAKLJUÂK 

Izloèni postupak nastao je rje{avanjem prakti~nih 

inìnjerskih problema kao {to su piroliza i 

gasifikacija ~vrstog goriva. Prora~un ukazuje da pri 

temperaturi dimnih gasova vi{oj od 658,7°C 

(931,7K) u ravnote`noj mje{avini ne postoji ~vrsta 

faza (x C≤0). Pokazano je da pri porastu reakcione 

temperature opada molski udeo ugljenika i vodene 

pare, dok molski udio ostalih komponenata u 

mje{avini raste. Rezultati prora~una sastava 

ravnote`ne mje{avine pri odvijanju reakcije C+H 2O 

⇔ CO+H 2 u skladu su sa rezultatima mjerenja u 

praksi. 

- 103 - 

4. SUMMARY 

yH2O 

yCO 

yH2 

Shown method is made by the solution of the 

practical engineering problems such as pyrolisis 

and fuel gasification. Calculation showing that by 

the temperature of smoke gases higher than 

658,7°C (931,7K) in the equilibrium mixture there is 

no firm phase (x C≤0). It is shown that by the 

increasing of reaction temperature mole portion of 

carbon and water vapour is going down, while 

mole portion of other components is going up. 

Calculation results of contents of equilibrium 

mixture during the reaction C+H 2O ⇔ CO+H 2 are 

according to the results in practice.


5. LITERATURA - REFERENCES 

[1] Bilodeau, J. F., Therien, N., Proulx, P., Czernik, 

S., Chornet, E.: A Mathematical Model of 

Fluidised Bed Biomass Gasification, 

Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 

(1993), 71, 8, 549 - 557. 

[2] Wang, Y., Kinoshita, C. M.: Kinetic model of 

biomass gasification, Solar Energy,(1993), 51,1,1 

- 25. 

[3] Gumz, W.: Kurzes Handbuch der Brennstoff 

und Feuerungstechnik, Springer - Verlag, 

Berlin,1962. 

- 104 - 

[4] Kuburovi},M.: Transactions, Vol. 27 (1998), 

No.1, 1-6, Belgrade, Yugoslavia 

[5] \uri},S., Kuburovi},M., Jovovi},A.: Transactions, 

Vol.30 (2002),No.2, 47-52, Belgrade,Yugoslavia 

[6] Kuburovi},M., Mogu}nosti kori{}enja energije i 

materija iz ~vrstih otpadaka, magistarski rad, 

Ma{inski fakultet, Beograd, 1980.

postupak proračuna sastava produkata pirolize i gasifikacije čvrstog ...

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