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The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Study of Hygienic practices of street food vendors inAllahabad city, India and Determination of Criticalcontrol points for safe street foodChirag Gadi*, K.Lakshmi Bala**, Avanish Kumar**ABSTRACTThe study was conducted to evaluate the hygienic practices of street foodvendors in Allahabad City and to assess the bacteriological safety of water andfood items sold by street vendors with regard to Coliform and Salmonella betweenMarch and May, 2010. A total of 30 street food vendors were chosen for interviewto collect data on personal hygiene and food handling practices. A total of 52food items classified as cooked and raw foods, unpasteurized fruit juices andraw salad along with 20 water samples were analyzed. The highest Salmonellacontamination was found in Sugarcane juice (83.3%) followed by Sweet limejuice (66.6%). The contamination is mainly due to unhygienic conditions, poormaintenance of premises, poor personal hygiene and slime layer on poorly cleanedutensils. The highest frequency of occurrence of Salmonella was observed incucumber (100%) followed by kakadi (66.6%) and arhar dal (50%) samples. Eightyfive per cent of the water samples were presumed to be coliform positive. Toensure safe street food production critical control points were identified andcontrol measures were suggested. Health hazards may be significantly minimizedby following GMPs and by operating under sanitary environmental conditions.Keywords: CCPs, Control measures, GMPs, Salmonella , Coliform.INTRODUCTIONThe Food and Agriculture Organization defines street foods as ready-to-eat foodsand beverages prepared or sold by vendors and hawkers especially in streets and similarpublic places. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, 2.5 million people eatstreet food daily.*Student, **Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Food Process Engineering, SHIATS, Allahabad – 211007 (U.P.)1

Chirag Gadi, K. Lakshmi Bala, Avanish KumarIn India during recent years there is an increasing trend in the sale and consumptionof foods on the road side. In many developing countries, such as India, street-food vendingis a common part of urban lifestyle due to high unemployment and limited workopportunities. Vendors usually congregate in overcrowded areas where there are highnumbers of potential customers. Such areas usually provide limited access to basic sanitaryfacilities.In developing countries like India traditional methods of processing and packaging,improper holding temperature, poor personal hygiene of food handlers are still observedduring food marketing and sales. According to WHO (1989), food handling personnelplay an important role in ensuring food safety throughout the chain of food productionand storage.Mishandling and disregard of hygienic measures on the part of the food vendorsmay enable pathogenic bacteria to come into contact with food and in some cases surviveand multiply in sufficient numbers to cause illness in the consumer. Most of the vendorsare poorly educated, untrained in food hygiene. Most of the foods are not well protectedfrom flies, which carry food borne pathogens. Safe food storage temperatures are rarelyapplied to street foods. Potential health risks are associated with contamination of foodduring preparation, post cooking and other handling stages. Food borne illness associatedwith the consumption of street vended foods has been reported in several places in Indiaand elsewhere.Salmonella spp. is a post modern pathogen which belongs to important foodcontaminating bacteria, causing a high number of human infections worldwide. Salmonellahave been isolated from several raw vegetables from many countries and these foodshave been implicated in outbreaks of Salmonellosis in U.S. (Beauchat, 1997).To instill professional face to street food operators, the street food safety managementneeds a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and the pre-requisite systemas good manufacturing practices (GMPs) and good hygienic practices (GHPs). Microbialhazards and their solution, critical points, practical control processing measures andmonitoring procedures as well as principles of food microbiology and food safety need tobe incorporated for the safe street food preparation.The present work was undertaken to observe food safety and hygienic practicesamong street food vendors and to assess the microbiological quality of water and fooditems with respect to Coliform and Salmonella along with determination of CCPs andapplication of control measures for safe street food production.2

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2MATERIALS AND METHODSInterview and Observation of VendorsThirty street food vendors operating in the major streets, colleges, schools andmarkets of Allahabad City (U.P) were randomly selected for the interview to elicitinformation on their personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Chosen vendorsincluded road side dhaba's, chaat and fruit juice vendors. The survey tool contained 30questions concerning the current status of food hygiene and sanitation practised by vendorsof street foods. Not all information was obtained from the questionnaire. Some aspectspertaining to vendors required observation. Therefore an observational study was usedin the assessment of food safety practices (food preparation, cooking and serving) bystreet food vendors during their trade. The status of nails, smoking, handling of food andmoney without washing hands in between were observed.Sample CollectionTen locations in Allahabad City were chosen for collection of samples. A total of 52samples of food on sale (30gm or 30ml) were collected for analysis which includedcooked rice, cooked vegetables, cooked chicken, cooked pulses, raw paneer, raw saladitems like cucumber, samosa, unpasteurized fruit juices like banana shake, mango shake,sweet lemon juice and sugarcane juice. Twenty water samples were also collected insterile glass bottles and transported to the laboratory within 1 hour to test for the presenceof coliform. Samples were collected in the summer season of the year 2010 from Marchto May.Sample AnalysisFor Presumptive Coliform Test serial dilution of water samples was done in ringersolution and 1ml of each dilution of water sample was transferred aseptically into tubescontaining 9ml of MacConkey's broth and Durham tube near the flame. All the tubeswere incubated at 35 0 C for 24 to 48 hours. The lactose fermentation tubes were examinedfor the production of acid (yellow colour) and gas after 24 to 48 hours of incubation. Fordetection of Salmonella 25.0g/25.0ml of suspected food was weighed and suspended in225ml of sterile Selenite F broth for selective enrichment of Salmonella. Samples wereincubated at 37 0 C for 24 hours. After 24 hours of incubation, loopful of the broth was subcultured to the SSA plates by streaking with flame sterilized platinum loop and plateswere incubated at 370 C for 24 hours. Plates were observed for the presence of blackcentered colonies/black colonies (Kannan, 2002).3

Chirag Gadi, K. Lakshmi Bala, Avanish KumarIdentification of critical control points and application of control measuresCCPs were identified along the main steps of street food chain for production ofsafe street food.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn this study the food safety and hygienic practices of street food vendors inAllahabad City have been studied. In addition to this bacteriological safety of water andfood items sold by street food vendors with regard to Coliform and Salmonella wereevaluated.Personal hygiene, health and food handling practices were observed which showedthat out of 30 vendors chosen for survey, (80%) were in healthy condition and (20%) ofthem were suffering from cold and fever. 73.3% of the vendors continue food preparationduring illness. Regarding reasons for hand washing maximum percentage of vendors(33.4%) and (30%) washed hands after using the toilets and handling garbage. Otherreasons of hand washing include during and after food preparation (16.6%), after meals(10%), blowing nose (6.6%) and handling of raw foods (3.4%). Bhaskar et al. (2004)reported that defective personal hygiene can facilitate the transmission of pathogenicbacteria found in environment and on people's hands via food to humans.Hygiene during handling and cooking of street foods was observed. 20% vendorscooked food in advance of sale and (16.6%) of them cooked food on morning of sale.After preparing their foods they kept them and served them at ambient temperature.Only (23.3%) of the vendors reheat the food. 50 per cent vendors served food in steelplate and glass followed by dona (26.6%) and some served on leaves (10%) and newspaper (13.4%) with bare hands (36.6%). Handling with bare hands may result in crosscontamination, hence introduction of microbes on safe food (FAO, 1997).Personal hygiene of the vendors was observed and it was found that clothes of the(46.6%) vendors were moderately clean and clothes of (13.4%) vendors were dirty, 60per cent had short nails which were not polished. About (40%) of the vendors werechewing tobacco during food handling and (73.3%) of the vendors did not wiped theirhands after every serving. Paulson D.S. (1994) reported that outbreaks are generallycaused by foods due to poor personal hygiene of the vendors and that have been mishandledor mistreated during preparation or storage. Unhygienic surroundings like sewage, improperwaste disposal system, and inadequate water supply attract flies and houseflies whichfurther increases food contamination (Chumber et al., 2007).4

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Based on observation, about (63.3%) of the vendors prepared their foods inunhygienic conditions given that garbage and dirty waste were close to the stalls. 60 percent of the vendors threw waste water besides the stall making the environmentsurrounding quite filthy.Table 1 Microbiological Analysis of Food items and Fresh juices with regard toSalmonella sampled from street food vendors in Allahabad City (U.P),India.Food Items & Total No. of Total No. of Positive SamplesFruit juices Samples for Salmonella Growth on SSA (%)t1 5 1(20%)t2 4 2(50%)t3 2 1(50%)t4 3 1(33%)t5 1 N.Dt6 2 N.Dt7 2 N.Dt8 3 N.Dt9 3 N.Dt10 6 6(100%)t11 3 2(66.6%)T1-T6 6 4(66.6%)T7-T12 6 5(83.3%)T13-T16 4 2(50%)T17-T18 2 1(50%)Total 25(78.12%)T1-T6= Sweet lime juice, T7-T12= Sugarcane juice, T13-T16= Mango shake, T17-T18= banana shake, t1= Plain Rice, t2= Arhar Dal, t3= Potato & Parwal, t4= Ladyfinger,t5= Brinjal, t6= Potato & Cauliflower, t7= Chicken, t8= samosa, t9= Raw Paneer, t10=Cucumber, t11= kakadi, N.D = Not Detected5

Chirag Gadi, K. Lakshmi Bala, Avanish KumarKinton and Ceserani (1996) recommended that food stuffs of all kinds should bekept covered as much as possible to prevent contamination from dust and flies.Analysis of fresh fruit juices and foods with regard to Salmonella showed that outof 6 samples of sweet lime juice 4 samples (66.6%) showed the presence of Salmonella.Five (83.3%) of the 6 sugarcane juice samples were tested positive for Salmonella onSalmonella Shigella Agar (SSA). In only one (16.7%) sugarcane juice sample SalmonellaTable 2 : Distribution of Salmonella and Coliform in food & water samplescollected from different localities in various conditions.Parameter Type Salmonella (%) Coliform(%) Total (%)Crowding status at stall Crowded 17(68%) 12(70.5%) 29(69%)Less crowded 8(32%) 5(29.5%) 13(31%)Time of collection Morning 5(20%) 7(41%) 12(28.5%)Afternoon 20(80%) 10(59%) 30(71.5%)Site of juice/food Inside shop 4(16%) 6(35.3%) 10(24%)preparation On street side 21(84%) 11(64.7%) 32(76%)Number of servants One 15(60%) 3(17.6%) 18(43%)Two 7(28%) 6(35.3%) 13(31%)Three 3(12%) 8(47.1%) 11(26%)Personal Hygiene of Poor 18(72%) 10(59%) 28(66.6%)vendor Fair 7(28%) 7(41%) 14(33.4%)Cloths of vendors Dirty 16(64%) 11(64.7%0 27(64.3%)Clean 9(36%) 6(35.3%) 15(35.7%)When fruit peeled for juice Peeled early 17(68%) - 17(40%)preparation On time 8(32%) - 8(60%)Time of food preparation Long before eating 16(24%) - 16(79%)Just prior to eating 9(36%) - 9(21%)Hygienic condition of Poor 19(76%) 12(70.5%) 31(73.8%)vending site Fair 6(24%) 5(29.5%) 11(26.2%)6

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2was absent. From 4 samples of mango shake, 2 samples (50%) were tested negative forSalmonella and rest (50%) samples did not showed the presence of Salmonella. Twosamples of banana shake were also analyzed and in only one sample (50%) Salmonellawas found. These findings were similar to the findings of (Ankur Titarmare et al.,2009) who evaluated presence of Salmonella in pineapple, orange and carrot juices.The highest frequency of occurrence of Salmonella was in cucumber (100%)followed by kakadi (66.6%) and arhar dal (50%). Cooked vegetables like brinjal, potatoand cauliflower and cooked chicken were tested negative for Salmonella. Among rawfood items paneer and fried chaat item like samosa did not showed the presence ofSalmonella. Results are given in Table1.Distribution of Salmonella and Coliforms in street vended foods, fruit juices andwater samples collected from different localities in various conditions (Table2) revealedthat the foods sampled from crowded sites were more contaminated (69%) as comparedto less crowded sites (31%). Foods that were prepared on street sides at stalls wereheavily contaminated (76%). On stalls and Dhaba,s with only one servant or only theowner, the degree of juice and food contamination was high (43%) as compared tohaving two servants (31%) or three servants (26%). This can be explained by the factthat a single servant does all the work right from the peeling, preparation and serving,while performing these multiple tasks one person does not wash or clean the handsfrequently and thus is likely to contaminate juices and foods. Poor personal hygiene ofvendor resulted in higher contamination (66.6%), reducing to (33.4%) where hygienewas fair. This may be due to dirty clothing, unhygienic handling and serving practices,contaminated hands and lack of knowledge of hygienic practices (Tambekar et al.,2006). The food items which were prepared long before eating were highly contaminated(64%) than those prepared just before eating (36%).The data collected from the street food vendors in Allahabad City was subjectedfor the identification of Hazards and Critical Control Points at every step of food productionchain. Seven main steps were identified in street vended food production chain. Table 3reports current Hazards and Critical Control Points observed at the main steps along thestreet food production chain. In current study control measures were applied asprecautionary measures to reduce risk along the street food production chain.7

Chirag Gadi, K. Lakshmi Bala, Avanish KumarTable 3 : Hazards and Critical Control Points identified at different steps of streetfood production chainStep Hazards (Biological) Critical control pointsPrimary Production:Raw food stuffStorage:Fragmentation andConditioning:Processing:Precooking/PreparationVending:Cooking/Cooling/ReheatingExposure/Vending:Serving/ConsumptionCONCLUSIONInitial ContaminationGrowth of bacteria frominitial contaminationGrowth of bacteria• Cross contamination andsurvival of bacteria·• Initial contaminantsoccur in uncooked foods• Survival of pathogens &spores·• Production of toxins·• Contamination andgrowth of bacteria andspores·• Production of toxinsThe study indicated that food contamination in Allahabad City is mainly due to poorwater quality and hygiene during food preparation, peeling of fruits and preparation offood long before consumption, and crowded, dusty vending location. These findings8• Raw food stuffs from illegalsources and bad quality·• Contamination of raw foodstuffs by different elements• Storage in inadequatecontainers or stores withoutprotection from rodents andflies·• Contamination byexcrements and other foodwastes• Addition of illegalingredients·• Further contamination viahands• Bad separation of rawproducts with cooked food·• Contamination via hands orin other ways·• Inadequate washing of rawfood before preparation• Inefficient cooking orreheating temperature·• Cross contamination ·• Inefficient holding temp.·• Bad protection from fliesand dust·• Bad handling

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2demonstrate that the food vended in Allahabad City constitute an important potentialhazard to human health. The HACCP strategy has the potential to make a significantcontribution in food safety which will improve food quality.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to thank Prof. (Dr.) Mohd. Imtiaz, Dean, Vaugh School ofAgricultural Engineering and Technology, Sam Higginbottom Institute of AgricultureTechnology & Sciences (Deemed-to-be-University), Allahabad, for providing guidanceand all the required facilities and thanks to Er. B.R Shakya, Associate Professor andHead of the Department, Department of Food Process Engineering, Dr. V. M. Prasad,Associate Professor and Head, Department of Horticulture, Er. Avanish Kumar,Assistant Professor and Er. Atul Anand Mishra, Assistant professor, Department ofFood Process Engineering for their constant co-operation, help, guidance and supportduring project periodREFERENCESAnkur Titarmare, Pranoti Dabholkar and Suchitra Godbole,(2009). BacteriologicalAnalysis of Street Vended Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Juices in Nagpur City,India. Internet Journal of Food Safety, Vol.11, 1-3.Beauchat, Toormina, P.J. and Slutsker, L. (1997). Infections associated with eatingseed sprouts: an international concern (review). Emerg. Infect. Dis., 5(5):626-634.Bhaskar J, Usman M, Smitha S, Bhat GK, (2004). Bacteriological profile of streetfoods in Mangalore. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 22: 197-197.Chumber SK, Kaushik K, Savy S. (2007). Bacteriological analysis of street foods inPune, Indian J. Public Health 51(2): 114-6.FAO. (1997). Food for the cities. [Online]. Availableat:http://www.fao.org/fcit/street.aspKannan, (2002). Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology. Panima PublishingCorporation, pp 4-6, 180-183, 195-196.Kinton, G. and Ceserani, P. (1996). Children and street foods. Food, Nutrition andAgriculture. 17/8. FAO, Rome. 1996: 289

Chirag Gadi, K. Lakshmi Bala, Avanish KumarPaulson DS. (1994). A comparative evaluation of different hand cleansers. Dairy FoodEnviron. Sanit.14: 524-528.Tambekar DH1, Jaiswal VJ1, Dhanorkar DV1, Gulhane PB1. and Dudhane MN2,(2008). Identification of microbiological hazards and safety of ready-to-eat foodvended in streets of Amravati City, India. Journal of Applied Bioscience,Vol. 7: 195-201.WHO, (1989). Health surveillance and management procedures for food handlingpersonnel. WHO technical report series, 785. Geneva. pp52.10

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Sensory and Textural evaluation of Value AddedExtruded Sev (Crisp Snack)Hena Imtiyaz* and K. C. Yadav**ABSTRACTKeywords:The present study was conducted to evaluate sensory and textural characteristicsof value added extruded sev during storage. The extruded sev was preparedfrom rice and gram flour (1: 6) by incorporating varying contents of spinach,curry, coriander and mint leaf powder (1%, 3% and 5%). The samples werepacked in aluminimum foil and stored at ambient temperature. The organolepticattributes were evaluated by expert panelist using 9 point hedonic scale. Thesignificantly higher score for colour was observed when curry powder wasincorporated in extruded sev. The sensory score of taste, aroma and overallacceptability were significantly higher when spinach powder was incorporatedin extruded sev. The storage period of up-to 60 days reduced the sensorycharacteristics of extruded set, but product was under acceptable limit. Thehardness of extruded sev was maximum (5300 g force) when 5% spinach powderwas incorporated in extruded sev, followed by coriander, curry, and mint powder.The overall results of sensory and textural evaluation clearly revealed that theextruded sev incorporated with spinach powder had comparatively better sensoryand textural quality which may increase the consumer acceptability.INTRODUCTIONExtruded sev, leafy vegetables powder, sensory characteristics, texturalcharacteristicsThe ready to eat foods have become popular staple breakfast because ofconvenience and acceptability. Over the last few decades extrusion technology has playedan important role in food industry. It is one of the most versatile operations for transforming*PG Student, ** Assistant Professor*Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand**Department of Food Process Engineering, Vaugh School of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,SHIATS, Allahabad – 211007 (U.P.)11

Hena Imtiyaz and K. C. Yadavingredients into finished food products. Snack foods comprise a very large variety ofitems including sev, potato chips, popcorn, crackers, nuts etc. Among many lip smackingIndian snacks, sev is a very popular ready to eat extruded salty tea snack. Extruded sevin India is generally made by gram flour. The gram flour is a rich source of carbohydrate,protein, fiber but deficient in vitamin and minerals.Spinach has a high nutritional value and is extremely rich in antioxidants. It is a richsource of vitamin, manganese, foliate, iron, calcium, protein, folic acid, copper, potassium,phosphorus, zinc, niacin, selenium and omega - 3 fatty acids. The curry leaves are slightlybitter and aromatic. The curry leaves normally contains 66.3% moisture, 6.1 % protein,1.0% fat, 16% Carbohydrates, 6.4% fiber and 4.2% mineral matter. The fresh corianderleaves and its seeds are well known in India and are used daily in numerous dishes. Thecoriander leaves constitutes one of the richest source of vitamin C and vitamin A. Mintwhich is generally known as menta in Latin and minthee in greek and pudina in India, ithelps in colds, flu, fevers, poor digestion, motion sickness, food poisoning etc. It is alsorich in protein, fiber, carbohydrates, vitamin C and minerals.Besides offering a high return, value added food products can open new markets,create recognition for a firm, expand the marketing period and make positive contributionto the community. However, adding value is a long term approach, which requires thewillingness and ability to take risk as well as adequate capital, management and personnelskills. Numerous research papers have been published in the past covering wide varietyof value addition in food products Iyer and Mani (1990), Rawat et al. (1994), Fallerand Faller (2000), Anuradha and Sangeeta (2001), Chawla et al. (2003), Sumanand Krishna (2003), Kaur et al. (2005), Bhattacharya et al. (2006), Singh et al.(2006), Bhasin et al. (2010), Singh and Verma (2010), Happiness et al. (2011),Tiwari et al. (2011).The sensory evaluation has been defined as a scientific method used to evoke,measure, analyze and interpret responses to product through the sense of sight, smell,touch, taste and hearing Stone and Sidel (1993). Many development and advances inthis area have been made since methods for sensory evaluation of food was published in1977 Eligabeth (1977). Research, product development and quality control are thethree main areas where sensory testing is being utilized Meilgaard et al., (1999). Sensoryevaluation of traditional products could be performed by panel (trained or untrained) orconsumer Cayot (2007), Dewettinck et al. (2008), Reida O' Donnell and Downey(2006).12

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Textural analysis is primarily concerned with measurement of the mechanicalproperties of food product as they relate to its sensory properties detected by humans.The textural property such as hardness of food product is the peak force of the firstcompression cycle necessary to attain a deformation. Different textural properties suchas hardness, firmness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and springiness could bedetermined by analyzing force deformation curves using a texture analyzer (Bourne,1982). Szczesniak (1995) reported that determination of gumminess is only valid forsemi solid foods. Uniform crispy texture is highly essential for a fried snack food. Aconsistent crispy texture along with the appetizing aroma and flavor of the deep fat friedfood increases its acceptability (Dagerskog, 1979).In order to enhance the nutritional status, sensory and textural properties, theincorporation of leafy vegetable powder in fried Indian snacks could be beneficial.Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the sensory and texturalcharacteristics of extruded sev by incorporating spinach, curry, coriander and mint powder.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted at the Food Processing Laboratory, Vaugh School ofAgricultural Engineering and Technology, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture,Technology & Sciences (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute) Deemed to beUniversity, Allahabad - 211007, U.P., India in 2010.The spinach, curry, coriander and mint leaves were dried by micro wave oven andtray dryer. Four kg of rice flour was mixed with twenty four kg of gram flour (1:6) toprepare the multipurpose flour. The different combination of spinach (T 1-1%, T 2- 3%,T 3- 5%), curry (T 4-1%, T 5- 3%, T 6- 5%), coriander (T 7-1%, T 8- 3%, T 9- 5%) andmint (T 10-1%, T 11- 3%, T 12- 5%) were mixed with multipurpose flour. The water wasadded slowly to multipurpose flour and mixed thoroughly until the dough formation wascompleted. The dough mixture was extruded with the help of the extruder. The 500g ofthe extruded sev sample of each treatment was fried in soybean cooking oil (Saffola) at165 0 ± 2 0 C for 2 minutes. The deep fried extruded sev was packed and sealed in aluminiumfoil for sensory and textural analysis during storage.The twelve formulated extruded sev mixed with different contents of spinach, curry,coriander and mint powder were subjected to sensory evaluation such as colour, taste,aroma, flovour, texture, appearance and overall acceptability using a nine point hedonicscale (1 - dislike extremely, 2 - dislike very much, 3 - dislike moderately, 4 - dislikeslightly, 5 - neither like nor dislike, 6 - like slightly, 7 - like moderately, 8 - like very much13

Hena Imtiyaz and K. C. Yadavand 9 - like extremely) as suggested by Ranganna (1994). Panels of nine faculty membersof different age group having different eating habits were selected from the Departmentof Food Process Engineering, Vaugh School of Agricultural Engineering & Technology,Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, India forsensory evaluation.The extruded sev samples of each treatment were served to panel members. Theexpert panelists were asked to rate the product through the sense of organs for colour,taste, aroma, flavour, texture, appearance and overall acceptability on a nine points hedonicscale. A test performa was prepared and supplied to panelists at the time of evaluation ofproduct.14

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) of sev samples was carried out with TA-XT2 textureanalyzer (Stable Micro System Limited, U.K.) using a five kg load cell (HDPE/KSS)and application program provided with the apparatus (texture expert for Windows TMVersion 1.22). Heavy Duty Platform (HDP/90) was used to measure the fracturabilityof sev sample. TPA was prepared using a cylindrical probe at a pre test speed of 2 mm/s, test speed 1 mm/s and post test speed of 10 mm/s. The software automatically calculatedthe textural parameter such as hardness (g-force) as the highest peak in the forcedeformation curve.The MS Excel was used to analyse data for ANOVA, standards deviation andsignificant difference.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe colour is an important sensory attribute of food product in relation to consumerperception. The mean score of sensory evaluation for colour showed that all theformulation of extruded sev prepared by multipurpose flour and green leaf vegetablepowder was within the acceptable limit. The extruded sev in which curry powder (T 4and T 5) was incorporated had significantly (p < 0.05) better colour as compared withother formulation at 0 day storage (Table 1). The sensory evaluation of colour for extrudedsev reduced considerably after 60 days of storage period. The extruded sev incorporatedwith curry powder had significantly (p < 0.05) higher sensory score for colour than otherformulation at 60 days storage (Table 2).The taste of food product is an important sensory parameter in relation to consumeracceptance. The food product may have appealing sensory characteristics, but withoutgood taste is likely to be unacceptable by consumer. At 0 day storage, the mean sensoryscore of taste for formulation in which spinach (T 1, T 2, T 3), coriander (T 7, T 8, T 9) andmint (T 10, T 11, T 12) powder was incorporated were significantly (p < 0.05) higher ascompared with formulation T 4, T 5, T 6in which curry powder was incorporated. Thetaste score for formulation T 1, T 2, T 3, T 7, T 8, T 9, T 10, T 11and T 12had no significantdifference (Table 1). At 60 days storage, the mean sensory score for taste reducedconsiderably, but product was still in acceptable range. The similar trend as in case of 0day storage was also observed at 60 days of storage period (Table 2).15

Hena Imtiyaz and K. C. YadavTable 1. Effect of varying content of Spinach, curry, coriander and mint powderof extruded Sev at day 0 of storage.Treatment Colour Taste Aroma Flavour Texture Appearance OverallAcceptabilityT1 7.8 8.2 7.8 7.7 8.1 7.9 8.2T2 7.5 8.4 8.2 7.9 8.4 8.2 8.4T3 7.2 8.0 8.4 8.1 7.9 8.0 8.1T4 8.4 7.6 7.3 7.8 7.6 7.7 7.8T5 8.1 7.7 7.4 8.2 7.7 7.9 8.0T6 7.8 7.4 7.6 8.4 7.6 7.7 7.6T7 7.7 8.1 7.6 7.6 8.0 8.1 7.8T8 7.6 8.4 7.8 7.8 8.2 8.2 7.9T9 7.3 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.9 8.0 7.7T10 7.6 8.2 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.7T11 7.4 8.3 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.7 8.0T12 7.2 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.9LSD (P < 0.05) 0.424 0.407 0.393 0.316 0.300 0.346 0.356Aroma is an integral part of the taste and overall acceptability of the food products.The mean sensory score for aroma in which spinach powder (T 1, T 2and T 3) wasincorporated was significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared with other formulations at0 day storage. The mean sensory score of aroma for formulations T 4, T 5, T 6, T 7, T 8, T 9,T 10, T 11and T 12had no significant difference (Table 1). At 60 days storage, the meanscore for aroma reduced considerably but the product was in acceptable range. Thesimilar trend as in case of 0 day storage was also found at 60 days storage of extrudedsev (Table 2).Flavour is the combination of taste and odour which plays an important role inrelease of saliva while mastication of food. The mean score for flavor of extruded sevindicated that formulation T 5and T 6were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in which currypowder was incorporated. The flavour score for formulation T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4, T 7, T 8, T 9,T 10, T 11and T 12had no significant difference (Table 1). At 60 days of storage the mean16

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2sensory score for flavour reduced considerably but product was in acceptable range.Similar trend as in case of 0 day storage was also found at 60 days storage period(Table 2).Texture is perceived by sense of movement and touch. Texture and food structurewhich inextricably link the micro and macro structural composition of foods determinethe sensory perception. The quality of any food is highly dependent on its texture. Themean sensory score for texture was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for T 2and T 8formulation in which 3% spinach and coriander powder was incorporated in extrudedsev (Table 1). The texture score for formulation T 1, T 3, T 4, T 5, T 6, T 7, T 9, T 10, T 11andT 12had no significant difference. At 60 days storage the mean sensory score for texturereduced considerably but product was in acceptable range. Similar trend as in case of0 day storage was also found at 60 days storage at ambient temperature (Table 2).Table 2.Effect of varying content of Spinach, curry, coriander and mint powderof extruded Sev after 60 days of storage.Treatment Colour Taste Aroma Flavour Texture Appearance OverallAcceptabilityT1 7.3 7.6 7.3 7.0 7.5 7.4 7.6T2 7.0 7.8 7.6 7.2 7.8 7.8 7.8T3 6.8 7.6 7.8 7.3 7.1 7.5 7.5T4 7.8 7.0 6.8 7.3 6.9 7.1 7.2T5 7.5 7.2 7.0 7.5 7.0 7.3 7.4T6 7.1 6.8 7.1 7.8 6.8 7.0 7.0T7 7.2 7.6 7.1 6.8 7.4 7.6 7.1T8 7.0 7.8 7.3 7.1 7.6 7.8 7.2T9 6.8 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.5 6.9T10 7.1 7.7 6.8 6.7 7.1 6.9 7.1T11 6.8 7.8 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.3T12 6.6 7.6 7.2 7.1 6.8 7.0 7.0LSD (P ? 0.05) 0.324 0.296 0.335 0.286 0.326 0.304 0.31817

Hena Imtiyaz and K. C. YadavAppearance is important attribute in food choice and acceptance. Out come ofsensory evaluation indicated that some formulations were similar in appearance whileother differed significantly. The sensory score of appearance for formulation T 2and T 8in which 3% of spinach and coriander powder were incorporated in extruded sev wassignificantly (p < 0.05) higher as compared with T 4, T 6, T 10, T 11and T 12in which curryand mint powder were incorporated (Table 1). At 60 days storage, the mean sensoryscore for appearance reduced considerably but product was in acceptable range. Thesimilar results as in case of 0 day storage were also observed for 60 days storage atambient temperature (Table 2).Overall acceptability of food products generally indicates the consumer's perceptionto purchase the product. The mean sensory score of overall acceptability was significantly(p < 0.05) higher for formulations T 1, T 2and T 3in which spinach powder was incorporatedin extruded sev as compared with other formulations (Table 1). At 60 days storage ofthe product, the mean score of overall acceptability reduced considerably but it wasunder acceptable range. Similar trends as in case of 0 day storage was also observed at60 days storage period (Table 2).Fig. 2. Force deformation curve of friedextruded sev incorporated with 5%Spinach powderFig. 3. Force deformation curve of friedextruded sev incorporated with 5% Currypowder18

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Fig. 4. Force deformation curve of friedextruded sev incorporated with 5%Coriander powderMany researchers reported that the value addition in food product can improve thesensory characteristics (Buck et al. 1987, Singh et al. 1996, Maity et al. 2009,Deshpande and Poshadri, 2011, Happiness et al. 2011).The hardness is an important parameter that needs to be controlled for snack foods.The force deformation curve of extruded sev incorporated with spinach, curry, corianderand mint powder are presented in Fig. 2 to 5. The force deformation curve indicatesmaximum hardness for T 3formulation in which 5% spinach powder was incorporated.The maximum hardness (5300 g force) of extruded sev was observed in which spinachpowder was incorporated followed by coriander (5000 g force), curry (4200 g force) andmint (4100 g force) powder.The hardness of fried extruded sev is closely associated with the crispness, whichis an important attribute in relation to consumer acceptance. The results revealed thatthe hardness of extruded sev, improved considerably after incorporation of spinach powder.Similar trends were observed by many researchers for snack foods (Singh et al. 1996,Maity et al. 2009, Deshpande and Poshadri, 2011).CONCLUSIONFig. 5. Force deformation curve of friedextruded sev incorporated with 5% mintpowderThe sensory and textural characteristics are important in relation to consumeracceptance of food products. The findings of the study revealed that sensory and textural19

Hena Imtiyaz and K. C. Yadavcharacteristics of extruded Indian sev can be improved significantly by incorporating thespinach, curry, mint and coriander powder during dough kneading. The sensory andtextural characteristics such as taste, aroma, texture, appearance, overall acceptabilityand crispiness were significantly higher when spinach powder was incorporated in extrudedfried sev. The storage at ambient temperature reduced the sensory score considerably,but the product was in acceptable range.REFERENCESAnuradha, V. and Sangeeta, K. (2001). Development and impact of soy malt productin improving the iron status of anemic adolescent girls. The Indian Journal ofNutrition and Dietetics. 36: 141 - 145.Bhasin, S., Verma, A. and Sheikh, S. (2010). Sensory Evaluation of Products preparedby incorporating dehydrated Figs. (Fiscus carica). The Allahabad Farmer.Vol. LXVI, No. 1: 28-31.Bhattacharya P, Ghosh U., Gangopadhyay H. and Raychaudhuri, U. (2006). Physicochemical characteristics of extruded snacks prepared from rice (Oryza sativaL), corn (Zea mays L) and Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott] by twin screwextrusion. Journal of Scientific and Industrail Research 65: 165 - 168.Bourne, M.C. (1982). Food texture and viscosity: Concepts and measurements(p. 325). Academic Press, New York.Buck, J. S., Walker, C. E. and Watson, K. S. (1987). Incorporation of corn glutenmeal and soy into various cereal based foods and resulting product functional,sensory and protein quality. Cereal Chemistry 64 (4) : 264 - 269.Cayot, N. (2007). Sensory quality of traditional foods. Food Chemistry, 102 (2) :445 - 453.Chawla, N., Rekhi, T. and Chhabra (2003). Fortified breads: An effective vehicles tocombat micronutrient deficiencies. Asian Congress of Nutrition, New Delhi,India, 166.Dagerskog, M. (1979). Pan frying of meat patties: Influence of processing conditionson heat transfer, crust formation, cooking losses and sensory quality. Journalof Food Science Technology. 12, 225.20

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Deshpande, H. W. and Poshadri, A. (2011). Physical and sensory characteristics ofextruded snacks prepared from Foxtail millet based composite flours.International Food Research Journal 18: 751-756.Dewettinck, K., Van Bockstaele, F., Kuhne, B., Van de Walle, D., Courtens, T.M. and Gellynck, X. (2008). Nutritional value of bread: influence of processing, foodinteraction and consumer preparation. Journal of Cereal Science. 48 (2):243 -257.Elizabeth, L. (1977). Laboratory methods for sensory evaluation of Food, Ottawa,Canada, 5 & 6.Faller, J. and Faller. J. Y. (2000). Honey flavoured, extruded corn chips. Journal ofFood Quality, 23: 27-37.Happiness, S. M., Abdulsudi, I. Z. and Joyce, K. (2011). Formulation and sensoryevaluation of complementary foods from local, cheap and readily available cerealsand legumes in Iringa, Tanzania. Journal of Food Science Vol. 5 (1): 26 - 31.Iyer, U. M. and Mani, U.V. (1990). Studies on the effect of curry leaves supplementation(Murraya koengi) on lipid profile, glycated proteins and amino acids innon-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Journal of Plant Food for HumanNutrition 62 (2): 163-166.Kaur, P., Kumar, A., Arora, S. and Singh, B. G. (2005). Quality of dried corianderleaves as affected by pretreatments and method of drying. Journal of EuropeanResearch and Technology. 58 (2): 32-38.Maity, T., Raju, P. S. and Bawa, A. S. (2009). Effect of freezing on textural Kineticsin snacks during frying. Food Bioprocess Technology. 5 (1) : 155-165.Meilgaard, M., Civille, G.V. and Carr, B.T. (1999). Sensory evaluation techniques,3rd Edition, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL.Ranganna, S. (1995). Handbook of analysis and quality control for fruits and vegetablesproducts. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, Asif Ali Road,New Delhi21

Hena Imtiyaz and K. C. YadavRawat, M., Singh, G., Mittal, B.K. and Mittal, S.K. (1994). Effect of soy fortificationon quality characteristics of Chapatis. Journal of Food Science andTechnology 31(2): 114-116.Reida, L. M., O' Donnell, C. P. and Downey, G. (2006). Recent technological advancesfor the determination of food authentically. Trends in Food Scienceand Technology 17 (7) : 344 - 353.Singh, B., Panesar, P.S. and Nanda, V. (2006). Utilization of carrot Pomace for thepreparation of a value added product. World journal of Dairy and FoodSciences 1 (1) : 22-27.Singh, N., Singh, B., Sandhu, K. S., Bawa, A. S., and Sekhon, K. S. (1996). Extrusionbehaviour of wheat rice and potato blends. Journal of Food Scienceand Technology 33 (4) : 291 - 294.Singh, S. and Verma, A. (2010). Sensory Evaluation of Products developed byIncorporating dehydrated Mushroom flour (Variety - Agaricus bisporos) in wheatFlour, The Allahabad Farmer, Vol. LXVI, No. 1 : 24-27.Stone, H., and Sidel, J. L. (1993). Sensory evaluations practices, California : AcademicPress.Suman, M. and Krishnakumari, K. (2002). A study on sensory evaluation, -caroteneretention and shelf-life of dehydrated carrot products. Journal of Food Scienceand Technology 39: 677-681.Szczesniak, A. S. (1995). In support of methodology clarification. Journal of FoodScience, 60, VII.Tiwari, U., Gunasekaran, M., Jaganmohan, R., Alagusundaram and Tiwari, B.K. (2011). Quality Characteristic and shelf life studies of deep fried Snack preparedfrom Rice Brokens and Legumes by product. Food Bioprocess Technology4: 1172-1178.22

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Assessment for Food Habits of Kidney Patients inPrivate Hospital of KanpurRitu P. Dubey • Meenakshi Yadav • and Neena Gupta ABSTRACTThe present study was carried out in Kanpur city during 2007 with the objectiveto assess the dietary intake and food habits of kidney patients in private hospitalof Kanpur city. Randomly 100 patients of kidney related diseases were selectedfor the study. The age of the respondents were between 15-65. The informationwas obtained by questionnaire cum interview method. In the questionnaire andtheir response were recorded. The questionnaire was divided under the followingsections-general information comprises of age, sex, dietary habit, anthropometricmeasurements, biochemical test, clinical examination & diet survey. It isconcluded that the majority of respondent were vegetarian and consumption ofnon-vegetarian diet was very less among the respondents, that is only once ina week. Respondents were having adequate eating practices like dairy products,fruits, bakery products, rice, spices and condiments and the intake of the tablesalt, coffee was less, which shows modern adopted behavior of the patients.The calorie, sodium, potassium, fat and carbohydrate intake of all the subjects indifferent age group were adequate. Which concludes that urban population isconcerned about health and food habits are adequate according to theirnutritional daily recommends.Keywords- Nutritional status, Nutrient intake, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)INTRODUCTIONChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is becoming a major public health problemworldwide. The current burden of disease might due to a change of the underlyingpathogenicity of CKD. Nowadays, infections have become a less important cause for•, Assistant Professor, • Ph.D Scholar, Dept of Food and Nutrition, Ethelind School of Home ScienceFaculty of Health Science, SHIATS, Allahabad – 211007 (U.P.)23

Ritu P. Dubey, Meenakshi Yadav and Neena Guptakidney disease, at least in the western world. Moreover, current evidence suggests thathypertension and diabetes are the two major causes of kidney disease worldwide.American Heart Association 2003(AHA) stated that persons with CKD should beregarded as the highest risk group for Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease (CVD).Kidney failure requires a special diet because when kidneys no longer work properly,waste product and fluids build up in blood. Although dialysis replaces the work load ofkidneys and removes these waste products, they can build up in body between dialysis,so it's important that follow a specific renal diet plan and control the amounts and typesof foods and fluids takes in every day. It is best to reduce intake of certain nutrients suchas phosphorus, potassium and sodium. To season foods use herbs and non salts typespices. Salt should not be added to food. Avoid salt substitutes, as they are loaded withpotassium. Include 2-3 servings of high quality protein foods daily (lean meat, fish, poultryand eggs) one serving is 3 ounces. Natural cheeses such as cheddar, Swiss and Colbymay be used in small amounts. Avoid processed cheeses and salted, canned and curedmeats regular tuna can be used if rinsed under running water for two minutes to reducethe sodium. A low-protein diet is used in people with abnormal kidney function to preventworsening of their kidney disease. The diet is often low in sodium and potassium as wellto improve blood pressure control and to avoid fluid accumulation too much potassium inblood, dangerous heart rhythms may result. Sometimes, fluid restriction is also necessary.In diabetes along with kidney disease, a low-carbohydrate diet may be necessary. Thecontrolled amounts of each nutrients are based on the blood levels of potassium, sodium,protein (measured as total protein and albumin), and urea (a waste product normallyexcreted in the urine). Patient should get most of his calories from complex carbohydrate(CHO) and should consume CHO instead of protein; calories from fats should be frommono unsaturated and poly unsaturated fats. Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a debilitatingcondition responsible for high morbidity and mortality and is a financial burden orgovernment and society. The prevalence of CKD varied strongly with age. Elderly person(>64 year) showed a markedly high prevalence. The prevalence of CKD was greater inwomen than in men (14.4% in men and 16.2% in women, p= 0.09). (Prabahar R.Met.al. 2008) It concluded that CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease ) has become one of themost important chronic non communicable disease epidemics in the world including India.It is clear that treatment of CKD and its advanced stage ESRD (end stage of renaldisease) is expensive and beyond the reach of the average Indian citizen. Therefore,prevention of CKD should be the goal of medical community, Government of India, andthe general public.24

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Objectives1) To assess the nutritional status and dietary pattern of kidney patients.2) To study the distribution of kidney patients in different income group of society.3) To find out the BMI of the kidney patients.4) To study the nutrient intake of the kidney patients.MATERIALS AND METHODSSelection of city- The Kanpur city of Uttar Pradesh was selected purposively for theinvestigation because it was convenient.Selection of hospital- To Conduct the study patients were selected through the randomsampling from the two private hospitals. (Maduraj Nursing Home & Dialysis Unit) Theage of the respondents were above 15 years .Selection of respondents- Total 100 respondents were randomly selected.Collection of data- Questionnaire-Cum-Interview method was used for data collectionas it is reliable method to elicit information and dietary pattern of kidney patients. Thequestionnaire helped to elicit the following information regarding dietary pattern andnutrient intake etc.Assessment of nutrient intake- 24 hours dietary recall method was adopted andnutrients intake per day was calculated. Calculation of nutrients intake was done withthe help of nutritive value of Indian foods and compared with RDA given by ICMR(Gopalan et al. 1989).Statistical analysis- The collected data were analyzed with the help of correlation coefficientand standard deviation tests.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTable1 -Distribution of the respondents on the basis of food habits.S.No. Food habits No of respondents Percentage1 Vegetarian 65 65.02 Non -vegetarian 35 35.0Total 100 100.0Table 1 Shows those 65 % respondents were vegetarian while, 35 % were nonvegetarian.25

Ritu P. Dubey, Meenakshi Yadav and Neena GuptaTable 2 - Respondents on the basis of consumption of dairy products-S. No. Dairy products No of respondents Percentage1 Yes 94 94.02 No 6 6.0Total 100 100.0Table 2 shows that 94 % of the respondents preferred dairy products and 6 %respondents did not want to take dairy products in diet.Table3 - Respondents on the basis of consumption of fruits in diet-S. No. Fruits taken No of respondents Percent1 Yes 87 87.02 No 13 13.0Total 100 100.0Table 3 shows that 87% of the respondents preferred to take fruits and 13 %respondents did not add fruits in their diet.Table 4. Protein consumption in comparison to recommended dietary allowances.S.No. Age No. of Protein(g) S.D. RDA Increase (%)group(Year) respondents1. 15 - 30 21 68.4 17.7 55 24.362. 31 - 45 25 62.9 14.7 55 14.363. 46 - 60 27 67.8 30.5 55 23.274. 61 and above 27 74.1 42.4 55 34.72r 0.1175Table 4 reveals that maximum 34.72 per cent increase of protein was found in 60and above years of age group and minimum 14.36 per cent increase of proteinwas found in the age group of 30 to 45 years.26

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table 5. Energy consumption in comparison to recommended dietary allowances.S.No. Age No. of Energy S.D. RDA Incrementgroup (Year) respondents (kcal) (kcal) (%)1. 15 - 30 21 1781.6 302.2 2250 -20.822. 31 - 45 25 1685.5 396.2 2250 -25.083. 46 - 60 27 1662.5 385.8 2250 -39.444. 61 and above 27 1743.6 367.6 2250 -31.62r -0.0615Table 5 reveals that maximum 39.44 per cent deficiency of calorie was found in45 to 60 years age group of respondents and minimum 20.82 percent caloriedeficiency was found in the age group of 50 to 60 years age group of respondents.Table 6. Sodium consumption in comparison to recommended dietary allowances-S.No. Age No. of Sodium S.D. RDA Incrementgroup (Year) respondents (gm) (gm) (%)1. 15 - 30 21 3.12 79.5 5 37.62. 31 - 45 25 2.98 72.3 5 40.43. 46 - 60 27 3.20 72.1 5 364. 61 & above 27 2.99 78.2 5 40.2r -0.1558Table 6 shows that in patients maximum 40.4 per cent deficiency of sodium wasfound in 30 to 45 years and minimum 36 per cent deficiency was found in theage group of 45 to 60 years.27

Ritu P. Dubey, Meenakshi Yadav and Neena GuptaTable 7. Potassium consumption in comparison to recommended dietaryallowances-S.No. Age No. of Potassium S.D. RDA Incrementgroup (Year) respondents (gm) (gm) (%)1. 15 - 30 21 2.39 539.0 5 52.22. 31 - 45 25 3.11 1505.6 5 37.83. 46 - 60 27 3.21 724.9 5 35.84. 61 and above 27 2.98 714.6 5 40.4r -0.2550Table 7 reveals that in respondents maximum 52.2 per cent deficiency of potassiumwas found in 15 to 30 years of age group and minimum 35.8 deficiencies wasfound in the age group of 45 to 60 years.CONCLUSIONIt was concluded from the study that65% of the respondent were vegetarian. Theintake of products like dairy products, fruits, spices and condiments were found adequate.94% of the respondents were included dairy products in their diet, like milk, curd, butter,milk etc. 87% of the patients were taking fruits in their diet but those who were sufferingfrom diabetes, are not eating fruits. 51% of the respondents preferred spices andcondiments and 49%repondents were not preferring spices and condiments in their dietdue to gastro intestinal disorders & infection in kidney. It was found from the study thatnutritional status of respondents was adequate. Micronutrient (potassium & sodium)deficiency was found in kidney patients when compared to Recommended DietaryAllowances. The calorie intake of all the respondents in different age group was adequateand protein intake among the respondent was found more than Recommended DietaryAllowances while fat and carbohydrate intake was found less than RDA.RECOMMENDATIONSLow-protein diets may prevent or slow the progress of some kinds of kidney disease.In addition to sodium and potassium, the mineral phosphorus often needs to be controlledand reduce intake of dairy products and other foods high in phosphorus.28

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2REFERENCESAmerican Heart Association (2003) Nephrocalcinosis .clin.perinatol.,19:179-195.Barsoum RS: Chronic Kidney disease in the developing world. N Engi J Med2006, 354: 997-999Chadban SJ, Briganti EM, Kerr PG, Dunstan DW, Wellborn TA, Zimmet PZ,Atkins RC: Prevelence of decreased kidney function in chinese adult aged 35 to 74years. J Am. Soc. Nephrol 2003 14 : S131 - A 138Gopalan, C., Ramashastri, B.V. and Balasubramanian, S. C. (1989). Nutritive valueof Indian Foods, 63-74Prabahar M.R., Chandrashekharan V. & Soundarajan P. (2008) Epidemic of chronicdisease in India what can be done? Saudi International of Kidney diseases &Transplant, 19:847-53.Prevalence of decreased kidney function in Chinese adult aged 35 to 74 years.J Am soc Nephrol 2oo3, 14: S131-A138.Perneger TV, Brancati FL, Whelton P K, Klag MJ: End - stage renal disease attributableto diabetes mellitus. Ann Intem Med 1994, 121: 912 -918.Srilakshmi B. (2007) Dietetics fifth edition, new age International (P) Ltd., Publisher,New delhi.PP-269-272Swaminathan M. (2004) Foods, National Institute of Nutrition : Indian Council ofMedical Research CICMR, Hyderabad, 47-98http://Kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kdiseases/pubs/stones-ez/http//www.righthealth.com/crop/doingrighthttp//www.kidney disease Diet on RightHealth.htmhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/8/117Patienteducation@auafoundation.orghttp://www.urologyhealth.orghttp://www.kidney.org29

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Comparison between Two Models of Solar Cooker byUsing Different Parameters Time and Temperaturein Roasting of GroundnutsVerma Rekha* and Parvez Razia**ABSTRACTSolar energy has the greatest potential of all the sources of renewable energy.The power intercepted from the sun is thousands times larger than the presentconsumption rate on the earth of all commercial energy sources (Sukhatme1999). The present study "Comparison between two models of solar cooker byusing different parameters time and temperature in roasting of groundnuts"was undertaken with the objective of to compare the identified models of solarcookers in three seasons (summer, winter and rainy) and two metals (Aluminumand Stainless steel) for different parameters time and temperature in roasting ofgroundnuts. The study was conducted at Department of Family ResourceManagement College of Home Science and Women's Development AllahabadAgricultural Institute-Deemed University Allahabad U.P. India during Jan 2006to Jan 2009. Average sunshine hours 8.5 per day and sunny days about 250days/yr. Similar statement was given by MNES (2003) that the daily averagesolar energy incident at many places ranges between five to seven kWH/m2 andthere were as many as 250 to 300 clear sunny days each year. It was concludedfrom the average time and temperature of both solar cooker models (BSC andPSC) gave better performance during summer in comparison to other seasonsand also Al cooking pots were best in roasting of groundnuts. Better performanceof Box solar cooker than Parabolic solar cooker in preparation of roasting ofgroundnuts.*Assistant Professor, ** Associate ProfessorFamily Resource Management, Ethelind School of Home Science, SHIATS, Allahabad – 211007 (U.P.)30

Verma Rekha and Parvez RaziaINTRODUCTIONSolar energy has the greatest potential of all the sources of renewable energy. Thepower intercepted from the sun is thousands times larger than the present consumptionrate on the earth of all commercial energy sources (Sukhatme 1999). Thus, in principle,solar energy could supply all the present and future energy needs of the world continuouslyRai, G.D. (2006) was found in India, energy consumed for cooking, shares majorportion of the total energy consumed in a year. In India about 70 per cent of people livein villages. One of the most important activities of villages with regard to energyconsumption is in household activities. Singh and Sahay (2001) conducted a study atCIAE Bhopal and reported that household activities consumed 78.6 per cent energyinputs of a village. Most of the energy in rural home is for cooking. In a study of energyuse pattern in a typical village of Bhopal district, Ganguli and Pandey (2001) foundthat nearly 74 per cent of the energy used in the village was for cooking alone.Box Solar Cooker: Box cookers cook at moderate to high temperatures andoften accommodate multiple pots. Worldwide, they are the most widespread. A box solarcooker is a slow cooking device useful for small families. It can cook four dishes at atime and save around three LPG cylinders in a year if used regularly. (Anonymous2003).Parabolic Solar Cooker: A parabolic solar cooker cooks fast at high temperaturesbut requires frequent adjustment and supervision for safe operation. A common pressurecooker is used for cooking. The parabolic solar cooker is a fast cooking device useful forhome. It can cook all type of food including chapattis for about 10 to 15 persons; eachdish is cooked in about half an hour. The cooker can save around 5 to 10 LPG cylindersdepending upon its use in homes or small establishments in one year. (Anonymous2003).Utilization of solar energy is of the great importance in India, since it lies in atemperate climatic region of the world where sunlight is in abundance for a major part ofthe year. Many advanced and developing countries including India are developing severalcooking devices based on solar energy. The domestic cooking devices are solar cooker,solar oven, solar steam cookers etc. The solar cooking devices have long life (10-15years) and require easy installations. In our Country energy consumed for cooking sharesa major portion of the total energy consumed in a year, which is mostly, received fromconventional and commercial energy resources.Keeping these facts in view the present study was undertaken to compare theidentified models of solar cookers in three seasons (summer, winter and rainy) and two31

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2metals (Aluminum and Stainless steel) for different parameters time and temperature inroasting of groundnuts.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted at Department of Family Resource Management Collegeof Home Science and Women's Development, Sam Higginbottom Institute of AgricultureTechnology & Sciences, Allahabad, U.P. India during Jan 2006 to Jan 2009.Average sunshine hours 8.5 per day and sunny days about 250 days/yr. Similarstatement was given by MNES (2003) that the daily average solar energy incident atmany places ranges between five to seven KWH/m 2 and there were as many as 250 to300 clear sunny days each year.EXPERIMENT SET UPBox Solar CookerFor operating the box solar cooker, reflecting mirror was opened and attached to alatch on the side of the cooker. The cooker was placed in a position so that the reflectionof the solar radiations from the mirror fell on the glass cover over the cooking tray. Thecooker was left in sun of about 30 minutes before cooking for preheating. The placeselected was such that it received direct solar radiations for duration of at least 3 hoursand was ensured that it did not come under the shadow of trees or building as the sunmoves in the sky. Therefore the cookers were kept on the roof. The turntable was usedto change the direction frequently.Dust, foreign particles and moisture from both mirror and glass surfaces werecleaned. Glass cover of the cooking tray was lifted and cooking pots were taken out.Cooking pots were loaded with food items to be cooked along with required quantity ofwater and closed the cooking pots with their lids. Cooking pots were then kept in theinner box of the solar cooker and double glass cover of the inner box was then closed.Reflector mirror was left in the open position at an angle, which permits maximumreflection of the sun's rays on the glass cover of the cooker.Parabolic Solar Cooker:The stand of experiment parabolic solar cooker was kept in the North South direction.The reflector was then oriented towards the sun, so that its focus fell on the vessel.Minor adjustments were made to ensure this. The reflector was then titled at the desiredangle. It was observed that the reflector needed adjustment only once in 60 minutes. Itwas rotated 15 o in an hour to ensure its face always normal to the sun.32

Verma Rekha and Parvez RaziaThe vessels used as cooking pots were made of aluminum and stainless steel 2 nos.each separately having same dimensions and shape. The side and the bottom of thevessels were painted with a dull black paint in order to increase their heat absorbingcapacity. The same cooking pots were used in two models of solar cooker.APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTThe following apparatus / equipments were used for taking necessary measurementsto evaluate the thermal performance of the experimental cookers.1. Solar meter: It was used for measuring intensity of direct solar radiation in thenormal direction to the aperture of the parabolic in such a manner that no shadowwas cast on the exposed area of the dish and it was in the normal direction to theplane of the aperture. Its range was (0-120) mw/cm 2 .2. Anemometer: It was used for measuring wind speed at the level of aperture ofthe parabolic in parabolic solar cooker and at the mirror level in box type solarcooker.3. Calibrated thermometer of range (0-240 0 C): It was used for measurement ofwater temperature in the cooking pot at regular intervals. It was installed in such afashion that it remains immersed in the water without touching the wall or thebottom of the pots.4. Weighing balance: It was used for measuring mass having least count of1.0 gram.5. Digital thermocouple with temperature measuring device with L C of 0.010C: It was used to record temperature of food products kept in cooker pots6. Stopwatch: It was used for recording the time having least count of 0.1 second.7. Measuring glasses and spoons: These were used for measuring food ingredients.Measuring glass and spoon having least count of 50gm and 1gmRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRoasting of groundnuts:The results of mean temperature ( 0 C) rise and time (min.) taken in roastinggroundnut during different seasons in box and parabolic solar cookers and two pot metalsstainless steel (Ss.) and aluminum (Al) are given in Tables 1 and 2 The data showed thataverage temperature ( 0 C) rise was more in summer season followed by winter and rainyin both types of solar cooker and pot metals.33

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table.1 : Average temperature ( 0 C) of roasting groundnuts with respect toseasons, types of cookers and cooking pot metals.SeasonTable.2 : Average time (min.) taken in Roasting Groundnuts with respect toseasons, types of cookers and cooking pot metals.SeasonBox solar cookerMean temperature ( 0 C) riseBox solar cookerMean time (min.) takenParabolic solar cookerSs. pot Al Pot Ss. pot Al PotSummer 68.33 55.00 95.00 90.00Winter 143.33 133.33 210.00 200.00Rainy 308.33 298.33 331.67 323.33Average 173.33 162.22 213.22 204.44Season Cookers Pot metalSE (m) 0.31 0.25 0.25CD 5% 0.90 0.73 0.73Parabolic solar cookerSS. pot Al Pot SS. pot Al PotSummer 84.35 87.34 80.46 82.64Winter 84.70 86.29 75.95 77.58Rainy 58.66 62.22 53.96 55.37Season Cookers Pot metalSE (m) 2.51 2.05 2.05CD 5% 7.35 5.99 5.99Roasting groundnuts was done in 68.33, 55.00 min in box solar cooker in stainlesssteel (SS) and aluminum (Al) pots respectively in summer season and correspondingtime taken in winter and raining seasons 143.33 and 133.33, and 308.33 and 298.33 minrespectively, where as in parabolic solar cooker in St and Al pots time taken in roastinggroundnuts was 95.00 and 90.00 min in summer, 210.00 and 200.00 min in winter and331.67 and 323.33 min in rainy season respectively.34

Verma Rekha and Parvez RaziaThe pooled average time taken in roasting groundnuts in BSCAl and BSCSS was24per cent and 19per cent less than PSCSS and 21per cent and 15per cent less thanPSCAl respectively.The statistical analysis revealed that the effect of seasons and cooking pot metalswere highly significant in rise of cooking temperature in both the tested solar cookers.At the same time box type solar cooker gave highly significant higher temperature risethan parabolic solar cooker in roasting of groundnuts in all the three seasons and bothmetallic pots. Similarly aluminum metallic pot gave highly significant temperature risethan stainless steel pot in both the tested solar cookers and all the three seasons. Thetemperature rise for roasting of groundnut was also highly significant in summer thanwinter and rainy seasons and in winter than rainy seasons in both tested cookers andmetallic pots.The similar trends were observed in time taken for roasting of groundnuts. Thusfrom the study it may be concluded that both the solar cooker gave best results forroasting of groundnuts in summer season with aluminum pot, However, box type solarcooker was found better than parabolic cooker because roasting of groundnuts tookmore time (204-213min.) in roasting than rice and orientation of cooker has major effecton solar radiation concentration in parabolic solar cooker.The aluminum pot metal gave better result than stainless steel because thermalcapacity of heat of aluminum is better than stainless steel.CONCLUSIONFrom the results summarized above, it can be concluded that both solar cookers(BSC and PSC) gave better performance during summer in comparison to other seasonsand also Al cooking pots were best in rice. Better performance of Box solar cooker thanParabolic solar cooker in preparation of Roasting of Groundnuts.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTIt is with the deepest sense of gratitude and indebt ness that I want to place onrecord my grateful thanks to my esteemed Advisor, Dr. (Mrs.) Razia Parvez, AssociateProfessor, Department of Family Resource Management, Halina School of HomeScience, SHIATS Allahabad.35

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2REFERENCESAnonymous (2003) Solar cooker Archive: http://solar cooking.Ganguli and pandey (2001) A Silver Jubilee Publication (1976-2001) Research,Development and Technology dissemination published by CIAE. Bhopal,Technical Bulletin no. CIAE 2001 p 329.MNES (2003) Role of solar cooker in Non-Conventional energy Development publishedin the souvenir of non-governmental organization Ganatantrik Nagarik Samity,Hawrah.Rai, G.D. (2006) Non-conventional sources of energy Khanna Publishers 2 B NathMarket, Nai Sadak Delhi-110006.Shukhatme, S.P. (1999) Principle of thermal collection and storge, Tata Me Graw hillpublishing company limited, New Delhi,Singh and Sahay, K.M. (2001) A Sliver Jubilee Publication (1976-2001) Research,Development and Technology dissemination published by CIAE. Bhopal,Technical Bulletin no. CIAE 2001 p 312.36

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Value addition with aloevera in candies prepared fromcarrot orange and gingelly seedsAmarya Shilpa, Verma Anisha*, Neerubala*ABSTRACTThe present research work was conducted with the objective for developmentof carrot, orange, gingelly seeds candy through value addition with aleovera toassess its sensory properties, to determine the nutritive value and to calculatethe cost of the prepared product. Nutritional herbal candy was prepared byusing three different treatments T 1(carrot 70 percent, orange 20 percent, gingellyseed 10 percent, aloevera 5 percent). T 2(carrot 60 percent, orange 25 percent,gingelly seed 15 percent, aloevera 5 percent) and T 3(carrot 50 percent, orange30 percent, gingelly seed 20 percent, aloevera 5 percent). Sensory evaluation ofthe prepared product was carried out using the nine point hedonic scale. Theexperiment was replicated four times and the data obtained during investigationwere statistically analysed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and criticaldifference (C.D) techniques. The cost of the candy was found on the basis ofraw ingredients only, at prevailing prices candy was obtained in T 1as comparedto other treatment. The calculated nutritive value of product showed that as thepercentage of carrot increased the carotene content increases, energycarbohydrate increase with increase of gingelly seed and orange. Over all it wasconcluded T 3of orange, carrot, gingelly seeds candy through value additionwith aloevera was found to be most acceptable.Keywords: Gingelly seed, Hedonic scale, Aloevera, Carotene, ANOVAAloevera plants such as aloevera barbadensis are known for their medicinal use.Traditionally, aloe was used topically to heal wounds and for various skin conditions, andorally as a laxative. Today, in addition to traditional uses, people take aloe orally to treata variety of conditions, including asthma, epilepsy, and osteoarthritis. People use aloetopically for osteoarthritis, burns, sunburns, and psoriasis. Aloevera gel can be found inhundreds of skin products, including lotions and sunblocks. It helps in condition known asM.Sc student, *Assistant Professor, Ethelind School of Home Science, SHIATS, Allahabad–211007 (U.P.)37

Amarya Shilpa, Verma Anisha, Neerubaladermatitis (an inflammatory disease of the skin). Aloevera stabilizes digestive systemand therefore is very essential in providing proper nourishment to the skin. It helps infighting against any skin diseases that are caused by pitta related disorders. It works asmagic in burn cases and researches have proved its efficacy in healing wounds fasterthan anything. It helps in fighting with acne and other allergic disorders of skin therebymaking pores clear and healthy. It helps in increasing circulation of blood thus facilitatingeasier oxygen exchange between the cells thus providing them nourishment. The Foodand Drug Administration (FDA) has approved aloevera as a natural food flavoring. Carrotsare flooded with nutrients. No other vegetable or fruits contains as much carotene ascarrots, which the body converts to vitamin A. This is truly versatile vegetable, rich inmineral salts and vitamins (B, C, D, and E). The high level of beta-carotene is veryimportant and gives carrots their distinctive orange colour. Oranges, like other citrusfruits, is an excellent source of vitamin C ; vitamin C is a powerful natural antioxidant.Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps body develop resistance against infectiousagents and also, scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals from the blood. Orangesalso contain very good levels of vitamin A, and other flavonoid antioxidants such as alphaand beta carotenes. One of the first oil seeds known to mankind, sesame seeds are usedin culinary as well as in traditional medicines for their nutritive, preventive and curativeproperties. Sesame seeds are small, almost oblate in shape featuring pleasant nutty flavorand high oil content. Delicious, crunchy sesame seeds are widely considered to be healthfulfoods. They are high in energy but contain many health benefiting nutrients, minerals,antioxidants and vitamins that are essential for wellness. The seeds are also very goodsource of dietary proteins with fine quality amino acids that are essential for growth,especially in children.MATERIALS AND METHODSExperimental site:The experimental work for preparation of candy was done in, Nutrition ResearchLaboratory of Halina School of Home Science, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture,Technology & Sciences (Deemed-to-be-University), Allahabad U.P.Procurement of raw materials:Best quality of carrots, oranges, gingelly seed/sesame seed, sugar and aleoverawas purchased from the local market of Allahabad.38

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Preparation of candyIn large, heavy bottomed iron saucepan, carrot and ½ cup of water was addedThis was cooked until become soft for 30 minutes.With the help of potato masher, carrots was mashed.After this, sugar orange pulp and half of gingelly seed was added.This was cook for 50-60 minutes.Aleovera was added in the mixture.After 10 minutes, the iron pan was removed from the fire and kept until it cools.The mixture was spread on to the board and rolled into a 1/2inch rectangle.Gingelly seeds was sprinkled on it.1 diameter square pieces was cut for packaging.Prepared candies were stored in airtight containerSource: Srivastava (2003)39

Amarya Shilpa, Verma Anisha, NeerubalaDetail of Treatment combinations:Table.1. Detail of treatment combinations is as follows:S No. Treatments Specification1. T 1Carrot (70%), Orange (20%), gingelly seeds (10%) +Aloevera as a flavor2. T 2Carrot (60%), Orange (25%), gingelly seeds (15%) +Aloevera as a flavor3. T 3Carrot (50%), Orange (30%), gingelly seeds (20%) +Aloevera as a flavorAll treatments were replicated by times.Organoleptic evaluation:The Organoleptic evaluation of freshly prepared candy was done by a panel of 5judges to assess the acceptability of the product based on the various attributes likecolour, appearance, texture, flavor and taste. The evaluation will be done on the 9-PointHedonic Scale based score card. (Sri Lakshmi 2007)Calculation of nutritive value of prepared candy:The nutritive value of prepared candy was calculated using food composition tablefrom the book of Nutritive Value of Indian Foods by Gopalan et al. (2004).Nutrientcalculated was energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, calcium, phosphorous, iron,carotene.Calculation of cost of the product:The cost of the product was calculated by basis of price of raw ingredients.Statistical analysis:The data was statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance (two wayclassifications) and critical difference. (Fisher 1995)RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe experiment trail was replicated four times and in each replication of candyfrom carrot, orange, gingelly seed with aloevera was evaluated by a panel of five judgesby using 9 point hedonic scale for organoleptic properties.40

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table.2.Parameters1Average sensory scores of different parameters for candy preparedfrom carrot, orange, gingelly seed with Aleovera.TreatmentsT 1T 2T 3F 'Cal' F 'tab' ResultFlavour and taste 8.37 8.02 8.80 6.5 4.76 STexture 8.40 8.5 9.40 7.07 4.76 SColour 8.57 7.85 8.50 .62 4.76 N.SOver all acceptability 8.50 8.42 8.70 4.96 4.76 SC.D = 0.59, S = Significant (P < 0.05), NS = Non significantThe data obtained were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and criticaldifference techniques the highest score obtained for flavour and taste of candy fromcarrot, orange, gingelly seed with aloevera was recorded (8.80) in T 3followed by (8.37)in T 1, (8.02) in T 2. The highest score obtained for texture of candy from carrot, orange,gingelly seed with aloevera was recorded (9.40) in T 3followed by (8.5) in T 2, (8.40) inT 1. The highest score obtained for the colour of candy from carrot, orange, gingelly seedwith aloevera was recorded (8.57) in T 1, followed by (8.50) in T 3, (7.85) in T 2. TheTable.3. Comparison of nutritive value of different treatments of candy fromcarrot, orange, gingelly seed with aleovera.( per 100 g)TreatmentsNutrients T 1T 2T 3Energy (Kcal) 100 404 432.1Protein (g) 2.80 3.40 4.30Carbohydrate (g) 12.1 82.4 83.7Fat (g) 4.51 6.70 8.90Fibre (g) 1.37 1.23 1.27Calcium (mg) 206 280 338Phosphorous (mg) 432 409 465Iron(mg) 1.80 2.20 3.90Carotene (µg) 1550 1419 128841

Amarya Shilpa, Verma Anisha, Neerubalahighest score obtained for the overall acceptability of candy from carrot, orange andgingelly seed with aloevera is recorded (8.70) in T 3followed by (8.50) in T 1, (8.42) in T 2.There was significant difference in flavour and taste of candy from carrot, orange,gingelly seed with aloevera. There was significant difference in texture of candy fromcarrot, orange, gingelly seed with aloevera. Treatment with highest score for colour ofcandy from carrot, orange, gingelly seed with aloevera is recorded in T 1(8.57). Therewas significant difference in overall acceptability of candy from carrot, orange, gingellyseed with aloevera.The nutritive value of candy prepared from carrot, orange and gingelly seed withaloevera T 3was highest in energy, protein, carbohydrate. Carotene content of T 1washighest followed by T 2and thenThe highest average cost of the experimental candy from carrot, orange, gingellyseed with aleovera was recorded (47 Rs) in T 3followed by T 2(43 Rs) T 1(38.5 Rs). Thecost of T 3treatment found was highest as the amount of gingelly seed, orange increases.Therefore, concluded treatment T 1has lowest cost, and T 3has highest cost. Calculatedas basis of raw material, only at prevailing prices candy was obtained in T 1with all threeherbs as compared to other treatment.CONCLUSIONResults obtained from the statistical analysis revealed that the aloevera can besatisfactorily mixed with carrot, orange, gingelly seed to prepare nutritional candy.T 3was scored highest in terms of flavor and taste (8.80), texture (9.40), colour (8.50)and overall acceptability (8.70) of candy prepared from carrot, orange, gingelly seedwith aloevera. The calculated nutritive value of product showed that as the percentageof carrot increased the carotene content increases. Energy and carbohydrate increasewith increase of gingelly seed and orange.REFERENCESFisher, S. (1995) "Analysis of variance- two way classification". Bioved ResearchSociety, 142(6); 56-58.Gopalan, C., Rama Sashtri, B.V. and Balasubramanian, S.C. (2004) "Food andtheir nutrient content. Nutritive value of Indian foods". National Institute ofNutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad: 29.Srilakshmi,B (2007) "Food Science" "Sensory Evaluation" fourth edition. New ageInternational (P) Limited Publishers, New Delhi: 286-287.Srivastava, R.P. (2003) "Fruits and vegetable preservation"Ed.3: 229-233.42

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Assessment of nutrient intake of industrial workersShakti , Ritu Prakash Dubey •ABSTRACTWorkers' health status usually reflects the general health conditions of thepopulation. At the same time, their working conditions influence the socioeconomic status, health status and living environment of their dependents. Thisis particularly true for developing countries where, for the majority of workers,survival depends on work undertaken in exploitative conditions, with low incomesand unhealthy working conditions.The aim of research is to study the "Assessment of Nutrient Intake of IndustrialWorkers". Hundred sample were selected randomly from different industries.Dietary survey was done by questionnaire-cum-interview method. Findingreveals that the most of the respondents were between the age of 35 to 45 year.The maximum respondents were educated up to above 10th standard and mostof respondents were from Hindu religion.Anthropometric studies of industrial workers showed that the industrial workerswere having normal weight, height and B.M.I. But the nutritional status ofindustrial workers was not good because of the lower consumption of energy,protein, iron, -carotene, nicotinic acid and vitamin B 12. Nutritive value inindustrial workers were lower than their recommended dietary allowances. Fatand calcium was high due to higher intake of fried foods and milk or milk products.INTRODUCTIONIndustrialization has been recognized as the main solution to the problem ofunemployment in developing countries like India, in recent years. There has been asteady increase in the number of persons employed in various factories, over the pastfew years. The majority of these employees may be referred to as 'Workers' or'Labourers'. The overall production of the factories (and thus the national income) dependsResearch Scholar, • Assisstant Professor (Senior)Department of Foods and Nutrition, Ethelind School of Home Science, (SHIATS) Allahabad-211007, U.P43

Shakti, Ritu Prakash Dubeyto a great extent, on the work efficiency of the workers, which is closely related to theirhealth and nutritional status. Work efficiency may be predicted from body size andsuperficial appearance.Good nutrition and health are essential for efficiency and productivity. A highpercentage of industrial workers in India is malnourished. Besides inadequate diet, thecauses of malnutrition in Industrial workers are low income, poor food habits, unavailabilityand high cost of protective foods, physiological stress, metabolic disorders, infection andinfestations. The average daily protein consumption in India is about 52g of which 10 to30 percent is contributed by legumes (Swaminathan,1972)Objectives:1. To assess the nutritional status of industrial workers.2. To assess the nutrient intake and dietary pattern of the industrial workers.MATERIALS AND METHODSResearch methodology is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation, so as toobtain answer to research question.(i)(ii)Location of study- The study was conducted in different industries of Kanpursuch as Heer biscuit, Parley, Parag, Indcoat food wear, Ashok masala industry etc.Sample Selection - 100 industrial workers were selected for the study which wasselected from different industries through random sampling. The nutrient intakeinformation of the subject was collected with the help of questionnaire. Thequestionnaire was divided under the following heads- General information, Dietaryinformation and Nutrient intake of industrial workers.(iii) Period of study - January to May, 2010(iv)Collection of data- The primary tool used in the study was a detailed performa.The information was obtained from the respondents by questionnaire cum interviewmethod. Each subject was contacted individually and was persuaded to answer allthe questions in the questionnaire and their responses were recorded.The questionnaire was divided under the following heads:-1. General information2. Dietary information3. Nutrient intake of the industrial workers44

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2General Information : - With the help of questionnaire the general informationwas collected like name, age, gender, address, and type of family, number of familymembers, religion, and monthly income of the respondents.Dietary Assessment :- Methods used for measuring food consumption of individualcan be classified into two major groups (Gopalan 2007)The first group known as quantitative daily consumption method consists of recallor records and the second group include the dietary history and food frequencyquestionnaire (Gibson 1990).Statistical Tools :- The Collected data were classified in the light of the objectiveof study. The classified data were, tabulated and analyzed statistically with the helps ofapproved statistical techniques.PercentageThe percentage values are calculated to make simple comparison.Where,nPercemtage = ------ x 100Nn = Number of respondents in the event.N = Total Number of respondentsDeficient percent = (Difference/Standard) x100Difference = Standard - AverageRDA-nutrient (average) x 100Deficient Percent = --------------------------------------R.D.A.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTable shows The calorie consumption of respondents a compared to RecommendedDietary Allowances (RDA). Maximum 40.30 percent deficiency of calorie was found inthe age group of 45 to 55 years, 39.17 percent deficiency of calorie was found in the agegroup of 35 to 45 years and 39.08 percent deficiency of caloric was found in the agegroup of 55 to 65 years in comparison to recommended dietary allowances. Table showsthat maximum respondents were consuming low calorie diet. Low energy level amongthe industrial workers was also reported by Annamma (1979).45

Shakti, Ritu Prakash DubeyEnergy and Protein consumption of respondents as compared to R.D.A.S.No Age group Frequency Energy R.D.A Deficient Protein R.D.A Deficient(years) (Kcal) % (g) %1 35 to 45 41 1748.84 2875 -39.17 56.51 60 -5.812 45 to 55 30 1716.27 2875 -40.30 57.97 60 -3.383 55 to 65 29 1751.22 2875 -39.08 58.22 60 -2.96The protein consumption of respondents as compared to Recommended DietaryAllowances (RDA). Maximum 5.81 percent deficiency of protein was found in the agegroups of 35 to 45 years, 3.38 percent deficiency of protein was found in the age groupof 45 to 55 years and 2.96 percent deficiency of protein was found in the age group of 55to 65 years in comparison to recommended dietary allowances. It can be concluded thatmaximum respondents were consuming low protein diet as compared to recommendeddietary allowances.Iron and -carotene consumption of respondents as compared to R.D.A.S.No Age group Frequency Iron R.D.A Deficient -carotene R.D.A Deficient(years) (mg) % (g) %1 35 to 45 41 16 28 -42.85 2058.81 2400 -14.212 45 to 55 30 22.54 28 -19.64 2145.13 2400 -10.613 55 to 65 29 16.77 28 -40.10 2133.40 2400 -11.10The iron consumption of respondents as compared to Recommended DietaryAllowances (RDA). Maximum 42.85 percent deficiency of iron was found in the agegroup 35 to 45 years, 40.10 percent deficiency of iron was found in the age group of 55to 65 years and 19.64 percent deficiency of iron was found in the age group 45 to 55years. in comparison to recommended dietary allowances. Table shows that maximumrespondents were consuming low iron diet.The -carotene consumption of respondents as compared to Recommended DietaryAllowances (RDA). Maximum 14.21 percent deficiency of -carotene was found inthe age group of 35 to 45 years, 11.10 percent deficiency of -carotene was found inthe age group of 55 to 65 years and 10.61 percent deficiency of -carotene was founddin the age group of 45 to 55 years in comparison to recommended dietary allowances.Table shows that maximum respondents were consuming low -carotene diet.46

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONNutrient intake of the respondents• Maximum 40.30 percent deficiency of calorie was found in the age group of 45 to55 years where as minimum 39.08 percent deficiency of calorie was found in theage group of 55 to 65 years in comparison to RDA. The mean energy intake of theindustrial workers was lower than the ICMR recommendation.• Maximum 5.81 percent deficiency of protein was found in the age groups of 35 to45 years where as minimum 2.96 percent deficiency of protein was found in theage group of 55 to 65 years in comparison to RDA. The higher deficient in proteinintake was due to very low consumption of pulses, oilseeds and nuts in the diet.• Maximum 42.85 percent deficiency of iron was found in the age group 35 to 45years. The deficient iron intake was due to very low consumption of salad andgreen leafy vegetables in diet.• Maximum 14.21 percent deficiency of -carotene was found in the age group of35 to 45 years where as minimum 10.61 percent deficiency of -carotene wasfound in the age group of 45 to 55 years in comparison to RDA. The higherdeficient in -carotene intake was due to very low consumption of green leafyvegetables.CONCLUSIONOn the basis of summarized results it may be concluded that nutrient intake of theindustrial workers was not good. According to work, the nutrient intake was poor. Themean energy consumption was not good due to work. The -carotene was lower thanR.D.A. Protein, iron, nicotinic acid, folic acid and vitamin B 12was also lower thanR.D.A.RECOMMENDATION1. It was evident from the data that majority of the respondents were having deficientcalorie, protein, iron, -carotene, nicotinic acid and folic acid were very low.Increasing protein, iron, -carotene they should take pulse jaggrary, cereals andgreen leafy vegetables.2. For supplement of folic acid, energy, -carotene consumption the industrial workersshould take green leafy vegetables, yellow fruits and vegetables, pulses,salad etc.47

Shakti, Ritu Prakash DubeyREFERRENCESAnnamma, R.K. (1979) A study of food service in selected Industrial Canteens.M.Sc. Thesis, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.Gopalan, C., Rama Sastri, B.V. and Bala Subramaniam, S.C.(2007) Nutritive valueof Indian Foods. NIN (ICMR), Hyderabad. pp: 50-61Gibson, R.S. (1990) Principles of Nutritional Assessment, Published by : New YorkOxford, Oxford University Press pp:163-183.Satyanarayana K. Narasinga Rao BS, Srikantia SG (1979) Nutrition and workoutput. Indian Jouranl of Nutrition and Dietetics, 16(2) pp:170-174.Swaminathan, M. (1972) Protein enriched cereal foods for overcoming malnutritionamong pre-school children india and other developing countries, Indian Jouranlof Nutrition and Dietetics, 2:2048

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Assessment of Mungbean Germplasm for Geneticvariability and cause - effect interrelationship amongyield and yield attributing traitsB. Nalinee Kanth Reddy*, G. Roopa Lavanya** and Ashok Kumar S. M.*ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to assess genetic variability and interrelationshipamong yield component characters and with seed yield in mungbean (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek). Higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variationwas observed for number of primary branches/ plant whereas moderate valueswere recorded for number of pods/ plant and number of clusters/ plant, indicatingthat these characters could be used as selection indices for the yield improvement.Number of pods/plant, days to 50% flowering, plant height, 100-seed weight,seed yield/ plant and days to maturity registered high heritability. Seed yieldexhibited significant positive correlation with number of pods/ plant, number ofpods/ cluster and number of clusters/ plant at phenotypic level and significantpositive correlation with number of pods/ cluster and number of pods/ plant atgenotypic level. Number of pods/ plant depicted maximum direct effect on seedyield followed by number of seeds/ pod, pod length and 100-seed weight at bothgenotypic and phenotypic levels. Therefore, there is a better chance forimprovement of seed yield through the direct selection for these characters inmungbean.Key words: Mungbean, variability, heritability, genotypic and phenotypiccorrelationINTRODUCTIONMungbean is one of the important pulse crops of India and is suitable for cultivationunder different climatic conditions. The average protein content among pulses rangesbetween 20-30% which is 2.0-2.5 times higher than the cereals. Thus pulses are perhaps*M. Sc. (Ag.) Student, ** Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Genetic and Plant Breeding, Allahabad School of Agriculture,SHIATS, Allahabad-211007 (U.P.)49

B. Nalinee Kanth Reddy, G. Roopa Lavanya and Ashok Kumar S. M.the cheapest sources of plant protein. But the production of mungbean has been stagnated.In order to break the yield barriers, it is pre-requisite to study genetic variability in cropbreeding and it is of utmost importance as it provides the basis for effective selection inself pollinated crops like green gram. The estimates of heritability help the plant breedersin determining the character for which selection would be rewarding. Seed yield is apolygenic character where direct selection would not be reliable approach on account ofbeing highly influenced by environmental factors. Hence to identify the direct as well asindirect contribution of component characters forms the criteria for effective selection.The present study was therefore undertaken to assess the genetic variability, cause andeffect inter-relationship among yield component characters in mungbean to identifyselection indices for its improvement.MATERIAL AND METHODSThe experimental material for the present investigation comprised 17 diversemungbean genotypes grown under randomized complete block design with threereplications at Field Experimentation Centre, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,Allahabad School of Agriculture, SHIATS during kharif, 2005. Each genotype was raisedin 3x2.5m plots with row to row spacing of 30cm and plant to plant distance of 10cm.Recommended package of practices and plant protection measures were followed toraise the crop. Observations were recorded on 10 randomly selected plants in each plotfor two vegetative characters and nine reproductive characters. The mean data overthree replications were used for statistical analysis. The genetic parameters were estimatedfollowing Burton (1952) and Johnson et al. (1955). The genotypic and phenotypiccorrelation coefficients were calculated according to Al-Jibouri et al. (1958) and pathcoefficient analysis was done as per method suggested by Dewey and Lu (1959).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAnalysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all thecharacters studied, indicating presence of substantial of variability mainly for number ofpods/plant, plant height and seed yield/ plant (Table 1). Similar findings were reported byLavanya and Singh (2005) and Yimram et al. (2009). High genotypic and phenotypiccoefficient of variation was observed for number of primary branches/ plant, number ofpods/ plant and number of clusters/ plant, indicating that these characters could be usedas selection indices for the yield improvement (Table 2). Suresh et al. (2010) reportedhigh GCV for harvest index, single plant yield, number of branches and number of clusters/plant.50

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table 1. Analysis of variance for different quantitative characters inmungbeanS. Characters Mean Sum of SquaresNo. Replications Treatments ErrorDegrees of Freedom 2 16 321. Days to 50% flowering 1.314 8.417** 0.4392. Days to maturity 1.549 9.698** 1.2573. Plant height 13.603 172.332** 42.0574. No. of primary branches/ plant 0.512 1.703** 0.7025. No. of clusters/ plant 1.194 5.676** 1.3026. No. of pods/ cluster 1.277 1.675** 0.4627. No. of pods/ plant 13.035 137.825** 5.6538. No. of seeds/ pod 2.176 0.789* 0.3849. Pod length 0.059 1,461** 0.35010. 100-Seed weight 0.020 2.395** 0.14511. Seed yield/ plant 10.368 33.516** 2.814* and ** significant at 5% and 1% level of significance, respectively.The proportion of genetic variability which is transmitted from parents to the progenyis reflected by heritability. In the present investigation, high heritability (>60%) in broadsense was recorded for number of pods/ plant, days to 50% flowering, plant height, 100-seed weight, seed yield/ plant and days to maturity, suggesting involvement of additivegene action in the expression of these characters and could be improved through individualplant selection (Table 2). Sreelakshmi and Sekhar (2005) earlier reported highestimates of heritability for days to maturity, clusters/ plant, pods/ plant, pod length, 100-seed weight, harvest index and seed yield/ plant. Low heritability (

B. Nalinee Kanth Reddy, G. Roopa Lavanya and Ashok Kumar S. M.Table 2. Estimation of variability and genetic parameters for differentquantitative characters in mungbeanCharacters Mean Genotypic Phenotypic Heritabilitycoefficient coefficient (%) (bs)of variation of variationDays to 50% Flowering 43.33 3.76 4.06 85.8Days to maturity 63.57 2.64 3.17 69.1Plant height 61.06 10.62 15.14 50.8Primary branches per plant 1.98 42.37 51.47 32.2Clusters per plant 3.96 28.79 41.91 52.8Pods per cluster 2.74 24.78 33.95 46.7Pods per plant 15.69 15.16 44.94 88.6Seeds per pod 12.12 5.12 5.95 25.9Pod length 8.53 6.94 9.95 51.4100-seed weight 4.69 8.12 20.18 83.8Seed yield per plant 8.61 19.47 41.94 78.4Correlation studies would provide reliable information, extent and direction ofselection, especially when the breeder needs to combine high yield potential with desirableagronomic characters and grain quality characters. Phenotypic correlation coefficientsof seed yield exhibited significant and positive correlation with number of pods/ plant,number of pods/ cluster and number of clusters/ plant while number of primary branchesand days to 50% flowering showed significant negative correlation (Table 3). Genotypiccorrelation coefficients of seed yield exhibited significant positive correlation with numberof pods/ cluster and number of pods/ plant, whereas number of primary branches/ plant,plant height, pod length, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and seeds/ pod showedsignificant negative correlation with seed yield. Prakash (2006) and Kaveri et al.(2007) reported that grain yield showed positive significant correlation with pods/ plant,clusters/ plant, pod length, seeds/ pod and 100-seed weight, further Prakash (2006)reported that grain yield showed negative association with days to 50% flowering.52

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table 3. Estimates of phenotypic correlations (rp) and genotypic correlations (rg) among quantitativecharacters and with seed yield in mungbeanCharacters r Days to Plant Primary Clusters/ Pods/ Pods/ Seeds/ Pod 100-seed Seedmaturity height branches/ plant cluster plant pod length weight yieldplant plantDays to 50% rp 0.944** 0.885** 0.399** -0.165 -0.377** -0.283** -0.580** -0.561** -0.061 -0.324**Flowering rg 0.828** 0.517** 0.300** -0.108 -0.310** -0.293** -0.244 -0.343** -0.097 -0.332**Days to rp 0.904** 0.596** 0.166 -4.449** -0.197 -0.473** -0.506** -0.237 -0.321**maturity rg 0.510** 0.256 0.018 -0.360** -0.184 -0.004 -0.238 -0.215 -0.255Plant height rp 0.510** -0.480** -0.811** -0.552** 0.478** -0.249 0.316** -0.411**rg 0.131 -0.207 -0.243 -0.355** 0.218 -0.184 0.248 -0.222Primary / rp -0.188 -0.453** -0.296** -0.316** -0.462** -0.447** -0.511**branches plant rg -0.225 -0.380** -0.274 0.080 -0.083 -0.248 -0.358**Clusters/ plant rp 0.629** 0.806** -0.492** -0.201 -0.360** 0.713**rg 0.417** 0.678** -0.287** -0.200 -0.223 0.580**Pods/ cluster rp 0.940** 0.531** -0.629** -0.235 0.027**rg 0.747** -0.245 -0.317** -0.201 0.677**Pods/ plant rp -0.461** -0.480** -0.399** 0.914**rg -0.248 -0.301** -0.356** 0.884**Seeds/ pod rp 0.617** 0.478** -0.288**rg 0.383** 0.216 -0.035Pod length rp 0.294** -0.400**rg 0.195 -0.187100-seed weight rp -0.015rg 0.057* and ** significant at 5 and 1% level53

B. Nalinee Kanth Reddy, G. Roopa Lavanya and Ashok Kumar S. M.Table 4. Direct and indirect effects of component characters on with seed yield at phenotypic and genotypiclevels in mungbeanCharacters Level Days to 50% Days to Plant Primary Clusters/ Pods/ Pods/ Seeds/ Pod 100-seed SeedFlowering maturity height branches/ plant cluster plant pod length weight yield/plant plantDays to 50% P 0.130 0.107 0.067 0.039 -0.014 -0.040 -0.038 -0.029 -0.044 -0.012 -0.33Flowering G -0.157 -0.148 -0.138 -0.062 0.002 0.059 0.044 0.091 0.088 0.009 -0.323Days to P -0.064 -0.077 -0.040 -0.019 -0.001 0.027 0.014 0.000 0.018 0.016 -0.25maturity G 0.236 0.251 0.226 0.149 0.041 -0.112 -0.049 -0.118 -0.126 -0.059 -0.321Plant height P 0.017 0.016 0.033 0.004 -0.006 -0.008 -0.011 0.004 -0.006 0.008 -0.22G -0.056 -0.057 -0.063 -0.032 0.031 0.051 0.035 -0.030 0.015 -0.020 -0.411Primary P 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.0163 -0.003 -0.006 -0.004 0.001 -0.001 -0.004 -0.35branches/plant G -0.044 -0.065 -0.056 -0.110 0.020 0.050 0.032 0.034 0.051 0.049 -0.511Clusters/ plant P 0.001 -0.000 0.003 0.003 -0.017 -0.007 -0.011 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.58G 0.001 -0.019 0.057 0.0222 -0.117 -0.074 -0.094 0.057 0.023 0.042 0.713Pods/ cluster P 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 -0.001 -0.003 -0.002 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.67G 0.009 0.010 0.019 0.010 -0.015 -0.023 -0.022 0.012 0.015 0.005 0.927Pods/ plant P -0.332 -0.208 -0.402 -0.311 0.769 0.847 1.135 -0.281 -0.341 -0.404 0.86G -0/314 -0.218 -0.612 -0.328 0.894 1.042 1.109 -0.511 -0.533 -0.442 0.914Seeds/ pod P -0.036 -0.000 0.020 0.012 -0.046 -0.039 -0.039 0.160 0.061 0.034 -0.03G -0.013 -0.010 0.010 -0.007 -0.011 -0.011 -0.010 0.022 0.013 0.010 -0.287Pod length P -0.014 -0.010 -0.007 -0.003 -0.008 -0.013 -0.012 0.016 0.042 0.008 -0.18G 0.037 0.034 0.016 0.031 0.013 0.042 0.032 -0.041 -0.067 -0.019 -0.399100-seed P -0.039 -0.087 0.100 0.100 -0.090 -0.081 -0.144 0.087 0.079 0.406 0.05weight G -0.024 -0.097 0.129 -0.183 -0.147 -0.096 -0.163 0.195 0.120 0.409 -0.01454

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2The information derived from the correlation studies indicates only mutual associationamong the characters, whereas path coefficient analysis helps in understanding themagnitude of direct and indirect contribution of component characters on seed yield. Thecharacters namely number of pods/ plant depicted maximum direct effect on seed yieldboth at genotypic and phenotypic levels followed by number of seeds/ pod, pod lengthand 100-seed weight (Table 4). These results are in accordance with the findings ofVenkateswarulu (2001) and Tabasum et al. (2010).CONCLUSIONFrom the present study, it would be suggested that, considerable amount of variationexists among the genotypes of mungbean at Allahabad climatic conditions. The characters,number of pods/ plant, 100-seed weight, number of seeds/ pod and pod length are themajor yield contributing characters and will help in improving seed yield. Therefore, dueemphasis should be given to these characters in selection programme to develop desirablegenotypes of mungbean.REFERENCESAl-Jibouri, H. A.; Miller, P. A. and Robinson, H. F. (1958). Genotypic andenvironmental variances and covariances in an upland cotton cross ofinterspecific origin. Agron. J., 50: 633-637.Burton, G. W. (1952). Quantitative inheritance in grasses. Proceedings of6 th International Grassland Congress, 1: 277-283.Dewey, D. R and Lu, K. H. (1959). A correlation and path coefficient analysis ofcomponents of crested wheat grass seed production. Agron. J., 51: 515-518.Johnson, H. W.; Robinson, H. F. and Comstock, R. E. (1955). Genotypic andphenotypic correlations in soybean and their implications in selection. Agron. J.,74: 477-483.Kaveri, S. B., Salimath, P. M. and Ravi Kumar, R. L. (2007). Genetic studies andassociation analysis in greengram. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 20(4): 843-844.Lavanya, G. R. and Singh, Y. (2005). Assessment of genetic variability and characterassociation mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). The Allahabad Farmer,59(2): 70-75.55

B. Nalinee Kanth Reddy, G. Roopa Lavanya and Ashok Kumar S. M.Prakash, V. (2006). Correlation analysis in greengram. Crop Improv., 32(2): 175- 180.Sreelakshmi, C. and Sekhar, M. R. (2005). Genetic variability created throughfull-sib mating in greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Madras Agric. J.,92(4-6): 318-321.Suresh, S., Jebaraj, S., Juliat Hepziba, S. and Theradimani, M. (2010). Geneticstudies in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Electronic J. Plant Breeding,1(6): 1480 - 1482.Tabassum, A., Saleem, M. and Aziz, I. (2010). Genetic variability, trait associationand path analysis of yield and yield components in mungbean (Vigna radiata(L.) Wilczek). Pak. J. Bot., 42(6): 3915 - 3924.Venkateswarulu, O. (2001). Genetic variability in greengram (Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek). Legume Research, 24(1):68-70.Yimram, T., Somta, P. and Srinivasan, P. (2009). Genetic variation in cultivatedmungbean germplasm and its implications in breeding for higher yield. FieldCrops Res., 112(2-3): 260 - 266.56

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2In-situ efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum and chemicalpesticides to control wilt of pigeonpea(Cajanus cajan L.)Yojna Lal * and Sobita Simon **ABSTRACTPigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.Millsp.) is an important pulse crop cultivated inalmost every states of India. Yield of Pigeonpea is significantly reduced due towilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f sp udum. Application of chemicalpesticides has not solve the problem to desired extent, therefore an attempt wasmade for effective control of Fusarium oxysporum f sp. udum (in vivo) bybiological control agent Trichoderma harzianum and chemical pesticides. Aftertesting the compatibility of chemical pesticides and Trichoderma in laboratorydifferent treatment combinations were applied in field and it was observed thatbiological control agent was most effective in managing wilt disease over check.It also helps to increase the seed yield. The minimum wilt disease intensity wasregistered with the application of Trichoderma harzianum + Carboxin (22.21%)along with highest seed yield. It was followed by Trichoderma harzianum +Copper oxychloride, Trichoderma harzianum + Captan and Trichodermaharzianum + Thiram. Whereas, in control highest disease incidence wasobserved. All the treatment combinations restrained the wilt disease incidencesignificantly lower than that of control and enhanced the plant growth in fieldconditions. The population of Fusarium oxysporum f sp. udum was found to bemarkedly reduced when the antagonists were applied in the soil. The studyestablishes that most pronounced effect was achieved by integratingTrichoderma harzianum with Carboxin, Copper oxychloride, Captan and Thiramto control the wilt causal organism under in vivo conditions.Keywords : Wilt, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Disease incidence, Pigeonpea*Assistant Professor, ** Professor & HeadDepartment of Plant Protection, SHIATS, Allahabad – 211007 (U.P.)57

Yojna Lal and Sobita SimonINTRODUCTIONWilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f sp. udum is one of the destructive fungaldisease of pigeonpea. Continuous cropping of pigeonpea in the same field causes asmuch as 50 % plant mortality due to this disease. In a survey conducted during 1975-80by ICRISAT Scientists, the incidence of the disease was found to vary from 0.1%(Rajasthan) to 22.6 % (Maharasthra). In Bihar and Uttar Pradesh the average incidencewas 18.3 and 8.2% respectively (Kannaiyan et. al 1984). Wilt has been observed tocaused defoliation and drying of plant regularly in the state of Uttar Pradesh. It generallyappears from the early flowering to pod maturity stage and its development dependsupon the cultivar used, growing period and environmental conditions. Large yield losseshave been reported from different parts of Uttar Pradesh, India and Abroad (Reddy etal, 1994), Sarode and Sonalkar (2001) and Sharma et al (2002).The production loss is estimated to be about 32,000 tonnes in Uttar Pradesh 44,000tonnes in Maharashtra and 10,000 tonnes in Madhya Pradesh. The available information'son field efficacy of different chemical pesticides against this disease is not adequate.Therefore, present investigation was undertaken to find out the suitable and economicaltreatment combination of chemical and biological control agent, which would be able toreduce the incidence of wilt in pigeonpea.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design during kharif2005 at Research Farm of the Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technologyand Sciences, Deemed to be University, Allahabad. The seeds of pigeon pea varietywere treated with seed dressers viz; Carbendazim (50%) WP, Captan (50%) WP, Copperoxychloride (50%) WP, Benomyl (50%) WP, Mancozeb (75%WP), Carboxin (75%)WP, Metalaxyl (25%)WP and Thiram (75%) WP in polythene bags and dusting seeddressers individually then shaking thoroughly for 10-15 minutes and untreated seedswere used as control. Three dilutions of each respective chemical viz: 10, 100 and 1000ppm were prepared by taking the active ingredient of chemicals into consideration inPotato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Potato Dextrose (PD) broth media. The effect of allthese chemicals was tested on growth of Trichoderma harzianum by Poisoned FoodTechnique (Nakkeeran and Devi, 1997) with the help of sterile cork borer, discs of0.5 cm diameter were cut out from actively growing culture of the fungus and transferredto the centre of petridish/conical flask containing the desired media inoculated with thedifferent concentrations of chemical. The inoculated dish/flask was incubated at around58

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 225 0 C and observations on radial growth of colony (mm) on PDA and mycelial weight (g)on 7 days after inoculation in PD broth media were maintained for each treatment includingcontrol. After testing the compatibility of Trichoderma and chemicals, the treated seedswere grown in the Crop Research Farm of Department of Plant Protection. Observationson root and shoot weight(g), root and shoot length(cm), number of nodules per plantand % disease incidence were recorded on ten randomly selected competitive plantsexcept for % disease incidence, where the observation was recorded on plot basis. Thedata thus obtained were statistically analyzed using Randomized Block Design.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONPerusal of data revealed that most of the test fungicides were found effective inmanaging wilt disease over check and increased seed yield. The minimum disease intensityof wilt was registered with the application of Trichoderma harzianum + Carboxin(22.21%) with highest seed yield. The results further revealed that fungicides viz: Carboxin50%, W.P. Copper oxychloride 50% W.P., Captan 50% W.P., Benomyl 50% W.P.,Mencozeb 75% W.P., Carboxin 75% W.P, Metalaxyl 75% WP and Thiram 75% W.P.,along with Trichoderma harzianum showed tremendous potential for the control of soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f sp. udum and also increase the plant growthand crop yield contributing characters.Perusal of mean value for root and shoot weight of pigeon pea (Tabel-1) showedthat treatment combination Trichoderma harzianum + Carboxin exhibited highest valuefollowed by Trichoderma harzianum + copper oxychloride thus, it can be concludedthat above combination of biological control agent and chemical pesticides does not hamperthe growth of the pigeon pea, infact they enhance the growth, which is a pre-requisite fora better harvest. Paul and Mishra (1994) also observed improved germination androot & shoot weight by integration of Trichoderma with Benomyl, Copper Oxychloride,Captan, Mancozeb and Thiram.Similarly a close perusal of mean value for root length and shoot length (Table 1)depicted that treatment combination Trichoderma harzianum + Carboxin showed highestsignificant mean value over control, thus it is obvious that this combination also increasesthe root and shoot length of pigeonpea plants therefore enhance the plant growth andyield. These findings are in conformity with the findings of Dohroo (1995) and Stephanet al., (1996), who also reported that Mancozeb, Benomyl, Carboxin and Copperoxychloride did not have any inhibitory affects on the growth and activity of Trichodermabut application of both boost up the growth of pigeonpea plant.59

Yojna Lal and Sobita SimonTable-1 : Effect of biological control agent and chemical pesticides on differentcharacters of pigeon peaS. Treatment Root Shoot Root Shoot Number of WiltNo. weight weight length length nodules ncidence(g) (g) (cm) (cm) per plant (%)1. T 0(Control) 10.63 26.18 13.1 130.03 18.22 39.682. T 1(Trichoderma harzianum) 14.75 46.51 21.92 162.40 22.44 24.823. T 2(Trichoderma harzianum +Carbendazim) 8.89 35.57 15.56 144.11 19.55 29.304. T 3(Trichoderma harzianum +Captan) 15.88 48.88 23.39 163.18 23.33 24.265. T 4(Trichoderma harzianum +Copper oxychloride) 16.80 51.94 24.53 165.86 23.78 23.466. T 5(Trichoderma harzianum +Benomyl) 10.72 38.26 16.76 148.92 20.78 27.797. T 6(Trichoderma harzianum +Mancozeb) 13.34 43.12 16.69 154.81 21.56 26.138. T 7(Trichoderma harzianum +Carboxin) 16.89 53.57 25.20 167.90 24.56 22.219. T 8(Trichoderma harzianum +Metalaxyl) 12.01 40.15 18.38 151.88 21.33 29.9610. T 10(Trichoderma harzianum +Thiram) 14.68 46.30 21.81 158.79 22.67 24.89Mean 13.459 43.048 19.734 154.788 21.822 27.25F.test S S S S S SS.E. 0.05 0.01 0.010864 0.558654 0.388594 0.434819C.D. at 5% 0.11 0.02 0.022825 1.173732 0.816436 0.91355660

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2The results for number of nodules per plant also justifies the importance ofTrichoderma harzianum along with Carboxin, Copper oxychloride, Captan, Thiram,Benomyl, Metalaxyl, Carbendazim, and Mancozeb. Number of nodules per plant weresignificantly higher than control in all these treatment combinations. Further, the numberof nodules per plant has direct bearing on amount of atmospheric N 2fixation into soil.Therefore, it is expected that enhanced nodules might have helped to increase the soilfertility. Werner et al (1998), Pandey and Upadhyay (1999) and Gouldar andKulkarni (2001) also reported similar findings in their study.It was observed that all the treatment combinations restrained the wilt diseaseincidence significantly lower than that of control and enhanced the plant growth. Highestdisease incidence was observed in control and minimum disease incidence was recordedin treatment combination Trichoderma harzianum + Carboxin followed by Trichodermaharzianum + Copper oxychloride, Trichoderma harzianum + Captan and Trichodermaharzianum + Thiram (Table-1). Shahid et al (1999), Goulder and Kulkarni (2001)and Agarawal et al (2003) also reported that bio-intensive pest management packagetreatments reduce the wilt disease incidence and significantly increased crop yield.Thus, it can be finally concluded from the present investigation that most pronouncedeffect was achieved by integrating Trichoderma harzianum with Carboxin, Copperoxychloride, Captan and Thiram to control the wilt causal organism i.e. Fusariumoxysporum f sp udum,which is one of the major cause of severe loss in pigeonpea.Therefore, farming community should be encouraged to used integrated diseasemanagement system against the wilt disease, so that they can obtained higher seed yieldand benefits.REFERENCESAgarwal, S.C. Singh, K.J. and Tripathi, A.K (2003). Integrated pest management inpigeonpea. Indian Journal of Agric Science 73:5, 291-293,10 ref.Dohroo, N.P. (1995). Integrated management of yellowness of ginger India Phytopath48:1,90-92:9 ref.Gauldar, S.G and Kulkarni,S (2001). Antagonistic effect of Trichoderma spp.on Fusarium udum. Karnataka Journal of Agric. Science 14(2):135-137.Kannaiyan, J., Nene Y.L., Reddy, M.V., Rayan J.G. and Raju, T.N. (1984)Prevalence of pigeon pea disease and associated crop losses in Asia, Africa andAmerica. Tropical Pest Management. 30(1):62-71.61

Yojna Lal and Sobita SimonNakkreeran, S and Devi, P.R (1997). Seed borne microflora of pigeon pea and thirmanagement. Pl. Disease Res. 12 (2): 197-2002.Paul, M.C. and Mishra, R.R.(1994). Seed germination and seedling vigor of maize(Zea mays L) as influenced by different fungicides Crop Res., Hissar, 7:3, 454-460,13 ref.Pandey, K.K and Upadhyay, J.P (1999). Comparative study of chemical, biolical andintegrated approach for management of Fusarium wilt of pigeonpea. J. of Mycol.and Pl. Path 29(2):214-216.Reddy, M.V, Raju, T.N. and Chauhan, Y.S.(1994). More pigeon pea biomass, moreFusarium wilt susceptibility a hypothesis. International chickpea and pigeon peaNewsletter (1994) PP 35-36.Sarode, S.V. and Sonalkar, V.V. (2001). Comparative performance of biopesticideson pigeonpea crop. Shashpa 8:1, 85-87, 7ref.Sharma, M., Agarwal, K and Singh, T (2002). Incidence and seed transmission ofXanthomonas compestris pv cajani in pigeonpea. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol.Vol 32 No.1pp1-5.Shahid, A., Nashim., A., Ahmad, S and Ahmad, N (1999). Biological control ofpigeonpea wilt caused by Fusarium udum with Trichoderma spp. Indian J.Plant Pathol. 35:1-4.Stephen, Z.A., Beha di,E.L., Zahroon, A.L. Antoon, G.G. and Georgees, M.S.(1996). Control wilt disease complex on Arhar plants. Dirasat Series. Pure and AppliedSci. 23:1,13-16.14 ref.Werner, M., Feruzynskr, J.D. and Andezejak. D (1998). Effectiveness Trichodermasp. and Penicillium Funiculsoum in protection of carnation and babbles breathagainst Fusarium oxysporum. Rocznifu Akademii Rolniezej, W. Poznanitu,ogrodnicturo 26, 105-12262

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Estimation of moisture content and percent germinationof stored and infested Jatropha curcas L. seedsSeweta Srivastava * , Asha Sinha **ABSTRACTThe present study was conducted on the effect of some selected seed mycoflora(storage fungi) of Jatropha curcas L. on moisture content and percentgermination during storage. Moisture content and per cent germination ofJatropha seeds both were estimated after 3 months interval i.e., after 3 months, 6months, 9 months and 12 months. Germination of infested Jatropha seeds wasdetermined by three methods viz., earthen pot method, multi-pot tray methodand blotter method. Germination was decreased during storage period becausefresh seeds showed better germination percent i.e., from 90% to 91.67% thanstored seeds. Initially, moisture content of control was 3.8% and after one yearmoisture content was 9.5% i.e., moisture content was increased during storage.Infested Jatropha seeds show maximum moisture content i.e., 22.3% to 49.2%which makes the seeds mummified and deteriorated.Key words: Germination, Storage, Earthen pot method, Multi-pot tray method andBlotter methodINTRODUCTIONThe use of biomass to provide energy has been fundamental to the development ofcivilization. Biomass contributes a significant share of global primary energy consumptionand its importance is likely to increase in future world energy scenarios (Vasudevan etal. 2005).Jatropha curcas is a shrub belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. It is cultivatedin central and South America, South East Asia, India and Africa (Gübitz et al. 1999). J.curcas can grow well under such adverse climate because of its low moisture demands,fertility requirements and tolerance to high temperatures (Kaushik et al. 2007). Jatropha*Research Scholar, ** ProfessorDepartment of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras HinduUniversity, Varanasi- 22100563

Seweta Srivastava, Asha Sinhais a multipurpose plant with many attributes and considerable potential. The variousparts of Jatropha plant have many useful applications (Satheesh Kumar et al. 2009).The oil extracted from the seed can be utilized as a biodiesel feed stock and in soapproduction. During the World War II (Takeda, 1982), the Jatropha seed oil was usedas a diesel substitute.Seed storage behavior of Euphorbiaceae is generally orthodox according to Ellis etal. (1985) (one exception being Hevea). Orthodox seed storage behavior means "Maturewhole seeds not only survive considerable desiccation (to at least 5% moisture content)but their longevity in air-dry storage is increased in a predictable way by reduction inseed storage moisture content and temperature (e.g. to those values employed in longterm seed stores)" (Hong et al. 1996). Physic nut also has orthodox seeds. Two- or sixmonth- old seeds received for the provenance trials described above, were stored inunsealed plastic bags at ambient temperatures (approximately 20°C) for 5 months andgerminated on average by 62% (ranging from 19 to 79%) after having been seeded insoil. When stored for 7 years in plastic bags (not sealed) at a temperature of approximately16 o C, the seeds still showed an average germinating capacity of 47% (ranging from 0 to82%) when tested with the "between paper" method (Heller, 1991 and 1992). Whenthe seeds were analyzed for their chemical composition after 3 years of storage, theyhad moisture content of 6.2% (average of all provenances).Water activity or relative humidity and the temperature of storage were the mostimportant physical factors affecting seed quality, because they determine the moisturecontent of substrate. Safe appropriate content can prevent fungal infection and thehydrolysis of lipid; consequently the quality of seeds or grains could be maintained forlonger period (Dharmaputra et al. 2009). According to Sirisomboon et al. (2007),the moisture content of physic nut hulls (fruits) was the highest, compared to its seeds(nuts) and kernels.To obtain good quality of physic nut seeds after storage, some factors should betaken into consideration, i.e. the degree of fruit maturity, safe seed moisture content,appropriate container and storage condition, duration of storage, good viability and vigorof seeds. During storage seeds or grains could be infected by fungi, which cause adecrease in viability, discolouration, loss in weight, chemical and nutritionalchanges, heating, caking and mycotoxin contamination (Dharmaputra et al. 2009).Chelkowski (1991) reported that in many cases, fungi infecting seeds are seed-bornepathogens. They play an important role in the transmission of numerous pathogenic fungalspecies to seedlings as well as to the soil.64

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of infestation by selectedfungi and duration of seed storage on the moisture content and percent germination.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Department of Mycology andPlant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasifrom October, 2009 to September, 2010. Seed samples of Jatropha curcas L. wascollected from Varanasi district were used for the estimation of moisture content andpercent germination of stored and infested Jatropha curcas L. seed. The experimentaldata were recorded from fresh as well as those stored and fungal infested seeds, afterevery three months (viz., 90 days, 180 days, 270 days and 360 days) of storage. Sixfungal species (storage fungi) viz. Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillusfumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium chlamydosporum, and Penicillium rubrumwere used to infest Jatropha seeds and stored for one year for experiment.Determination of Seed Germination of Fresh and Infested Seeds :(A) Blotter method:Three pieces of blotting paper were placed in fold in each Petri dish of 9 cm diameterand incubated at 25±2 o C. Five seeds were placed in each Petri dish and three replicateswere prepared. The percent germination of Jatropha seed was calculated after oneweek (de Tempe, 1953).(B) Multi-pot tray methodPlastic multi-pot trays were used to test the germination of Jatropha curcasseeds in glass house. The small pots were filled with the pre-sterilized (95 o C for 30 min.in autoclave) uniform soil mixture containing 4 parts peat with essential amount offertilizer and seeds were sown in them. The trays were covered with a polyethyleneenvelope so as to reduce water loss through evaporation (Khare, 1996).(C) Earthen pot method:In this method earthen pots were used to test for determination of percentgermination of Jatropha curcas seeds in glass house. The earthen pot filled with thepre-sterilized (95 0 C for 30 minutes in autoclave) uniform soil mixture containing 4 partspeat with essential amount of fertilizer and seeds sown in them the pots were coveredwith a polypropylene envelope so as to reduce water loss through evaporation. Thegermination was counted 5 to7 days after sowing.65

Seweta Srivastava, Asha SinhaThe first count for germinated seeds was taken 5 days and the second 7 days afterplating, respectively.Determination of Moisture content of Fresh and Stored Jatropha Seeds :About 5 to 6 g Jatropha curcas seeds were accurately weighed in a Petri dish andkept in hot-air oven maintained at 110 o C for 4 hours. After cooling in a dessicator, theloss in weight was recorded in each case. This procedure was repeated till constantweight was obtained (Nayak and Patel, 2010). The moisture content of seeds wasdetermined with the help of the formula given below:Initial weight of seeds - Weight of seeds after dryingMoisture content of seeds (%) = -------------------------------------------------------------------------- X 100Initial weight of seedsStatistical Analysis: Mean value with standard error was calculated to check the variationin per cent germination and moisture content of Jatropha curcas L. seeds during oneyear of storage. The term 'Standard Error' of any estimate is used for a measure of theaverage magnitude of the difference between the sample estimate and the populationparameter taken over all possible samples of the same size, from the population (Chandel,2002).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONData presented in Table-I reveal that fresh Jatropha seeds showed maximumgermination and in storage percent germination was decreased. After 3 months,maximum germination was shown by control by using blotter method i.e., 90% followedby multi-pot tray method i.e., 88.16% and minimum germination was shown byPenicillium rubrum infested seeds in earthen pot i.e., 66.67%. After 6 months, maximumgermination was shown by control in earthen pot i.e., 83.33% followed by multi-pottray method i.e., 80.26% and minimum germination was shown by Penicillium rubruminfested seeds in earthen pot i.e., 62.50%. After 9 months, maximum germination wasshown by control in earthen pot i.e., 75% followed by multipot tray method i.e., 73.68%and minimum germination was shown by Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium rubrumand Fusarium chlamydosporum infested seeds in earthen pot and in blotter method i.e.,50%. After 12 months, maximum germination was shown by control in multiport tray i.e.,71.05% followed by earthen pot method i.e., 66.67% and minimum germination wasshown by Aspergillus fumigatus Fusarium chlamydosporum infested seeds in blottermethod i.e., 30%.66

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table-I: Per cent germination of fresh and infested Jatropha seeds during different periods of timeMean±S.E.Germination of fresh seeds Germination after 3monthsGermination after 6monthsGermination after 9monthsGermination after 12monthsmaSEarthen Multipot Blotter Earthen Multipot Blotter Earthen Multipot Blotter Earthen Multipot Blotter Earthen Multipot BlotterPot Tray Method Pot Tray Method Pot Tray Method Pot Tray Method Pot Tray MethodA. al - - - 70.84±4.17 77.63±1.32 85.00±5.00 66.67±0.00 69.74±1.32 70.00±10.00 58.34±8.34 68.42±2.63 60.00±0.00 41.67±8.34 63.16±2.63 50.00±10.00A. fl - - - 83.33±0.00 81.58±2.63 80.00±0.00 70.84±4.17 74.99±1.32 65.00±5.00 66.67±0.00 71.05±2.63 60.00±0.00 58.34±8.34 67.11±1.32 50.00±10.00A. fu - - - 70.84±4.17 76.32±2.64 70.00±10.00 66.67±16.67 76.31±2.64 65.00±5.00 58.34±8.34 72.36±1.31 50.00±0.00 50.00±0.00 65.79±0.00 30.00±10.00A. ni - - - 74.99±3.36 75.66±8.36 70.00±10.00 66.67±0.00 72.37±1.32 65.00±5.00 58.34±8.34 69.74±1.32 60.00±0.00 50.00±16.67 64.48±1.32 50.00±10.00F. ch - - - 79.17±4.17 85.53±1.32 80.00±0.00 75.00±8.33 76.32±2.64 60.00±0.00 66.67±0.00 71.05±0.00 50.00±10.00 50.00±16.67 64.48±1.32 30.00±10.00P. ru - - - 66.67±0.00 75.66±8.36 80.00±0.00 62.50±4.17 72.37±1.32 70.00±10.00 50.00±0.00 67.11±1.32 50.00±10.00 41.67±8.34 61.84±1.32 40.00±0.00Control 91.67±8.34 90.79±1.32 90.00±10.00 87.50±4.17 88.16±3.95 90.00±10.00 83.33±0.00 80.26±1.32 80.00±0.00 75.00±8.33 73.68±2.64 70.00±10.00 66.67±0.00 71.05±2.63 60.00±0.00A. al = Seeds infested with Alternaria alternataA. fl = Seeds infested with Aspergillus flavusA. fu = Seeds infested with Aspergillus fumigatusA. ni = Seeds infested with Aspergillus nigerF. ch = Seeds infested with Fusarium chlamydosporumP. ru = Seeds infested with Penicillium rubrumpsel67

Seweta Srivastava, Asha SinhaTable-II reveals that moisture content increases during storage. Initially, moisturecontent of control was 3.8%. After 3 months, maximum moisture content was shown byAspergillus flavus infested seeds i.e., 39.1% followed by Penicillium rubrum infestedseeds i.e., 33.7% and minimum moisture content was shown by control i.e., 5%. After6 months, maximum moisture content was shown by Aspergillus flavus infested seedsi.e., 42.1% followed by Penicillium rubrum infested seeds i.e., 37.8% and minimummoisture content was shown by control i.e., 5.5%. After 9 months, maximum moisturecontent was shown by Aspergillus flavus infested seeds i.e., 43.4% followed byPenicillium rubrum infested seeds i.e., 42.5% and minimum moisture content was shownby control i.e., 7.5%. After 12 months, maximum moisture content was shown byAspergillus flavus infested seeds i.e., 49.2% followed by Penicillium rubrum infestedseeds i.e., 47% and minimum moisture content was shown by control i.e., 9.5%.Parreno-de Guzman and Aquino, (2009) were reported that the storage behaviorof Jatropha curcas seed is one of the main constraint because of the potential of thiscrop as a source of biodiesel. Jatropha curcas seeds harvested from yellow fruits werecharacterized, dried to 9.5, 6.5, 5.0 and 4.0% moisture content (MC) and these werestored at 18-20 o C and 0 o C for one year. High quality seeds germinated within 3 daysafter sowing, therefore, pre-germination treatment was not necessary. Percentagegermination was not significantly affected by storage temperature, but was significantlyaffected by MC, storage time and their interaction. Seeds with 4-5% MC, sealed inmoisture-proof containers, can be stored for one year with little reduction in percentgermination. Under ambient and unsealed storage conditions however, MC must belowered to 6-8% and seeds stored immediately after harvesting to maintain high percentgermination. A delay in storing seeds would mean a 20% reduction in germination at thetime seeds are ready for storage and further reduction by 25% after 6 months of storage.Dirjenbun, (2006) determined the safe moisture content for storing physic nut seedswas 7-9%. Worang et al. (2008) was reported that the moisture contents increasedafter one month of storage, and became relatively constant up to six months of storage.The range of moisture contents (7.9 - 8.4%) was safe for storage of physic nut seeds.Christensen and Kaufmann, (1969) were reported that the slight moisture contentincrease against long term storage period might be due to the hydrolysis or breakdown oflipid, carbohydrate and proteins and release of water molecules. The release of freefatty acids from lipid degradation by fungi is well known and hydrolysis of starch andproteins for utilization by the microorganisms also, has been studied from the earlierfindings. Douglas and Boyle, (1996) were reported that the low moisture contents68

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table-II: Per cent moisture content of fresh and infested Jatropha seeds during different periods of timeTreatments Mean±S.E.0 Months After 3 months After 6 months After 9 months After 12 monthsA. al - 30.3±0.3 34.7±0.3 39±0.4 44.2±0.4A. fl - 39.1±0.5 42.1±0.3 43.4±0.4 49.2±0.6A. fu - 22.3±0.3 26.2±0.4 31.5±0.7 36.9±0.7A. ni - 24±0.4 27.3±0.7 35.3±0.3 39±0.2F. ch - 25.1±0.3 29.8±0.2 34.7±0.5 38.2±0.2P. ru - 33.7±0.5 37.8±0.2 42.5±0.5 47±0.6Control 3.8±0.2 5±1 5.5±0.5 7.5±0.5 9.5±0.5A. al = Seeds infested with Alternaria alternataA. fl = Seeds infested with Aspergillus flavusA. fu = Seeds infested with Aspergillus fumigatusA. ni = Seeds infested with Aspergillus nigerF. ch = Seeds infested with Fusarium chlamydosporumP. ru = Seeds infested with Penicillium rubrum69

Seweta Srivastava, Asha Sinhainhibited fungal growth, but they did not kill the fungi. Among microorganisms infectingseeds, fungi was the most tolerant to low water availability, therefore they had an importantrole on seed deterioration. Ratree, (2004) was reported that seed germination per centdeclined slowly with the longer storage periods when dry seeds stored under roomtemperature. The results indicated the slow deterioration of seeds with time. However,Pasabutr and Suthiponpaiboon, (2001) found that physic nut seed stored under roomtemperature for 8 months gave germination up to 80% but decreased to 42% after 9months storage. Therefore, it may be of high advantage to store seeds in a low temperatureas low as 20 o C where high respiration rate could be reduced, thus it may be possible toprevent the rapid deterioration of seeds since oil seeds obviously loss its vigour morerapidly with time when store in a high environmental temperature. Deng et al. (2005)was reported that the germination of 80-90% has been obtained for seeds collectedduring October to December. The seed had been dried in shade, and stored dry indoors.The seeds retained germinating ability for >2 years.CONCLUSIONIn all stored and fungal infested seed treatment combination including check, therehas been a decrease in seed germination and an increase in moisture content with theincrease in storage period. Whereas, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium rubrum andFusarium chlamydosporum decreased percent germination of Jatropha seeds veryfrequently (Table-I). Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium rubrum has been increasemoisture content in stored seeds so that seeds were destroyed very fast as compared theothers (Table-II).REFERENCESChandel, S. R. (2002). A handbook of agricultural statistics. Achal Prakashan Mandir,India, pp: A-100.Chelkowski, J. (1991). Fungal Pathogens Influencing Cereal seed Quality at Harvest.In: Cereal Grains; Mycotoxins, Fungi and Quality in Drying and Storage,Chelkowski, J. (Ed.). Elsevier Publisher, Amsterdam, pp: 53-66.Christensen, C. M. and Kaufman, H. H. (1969). Influence of moisture content,temperatute and time of storage upon invasion of rough rice by storage fungi.Phytopathl., 59: 145-148.de Tempe, J. (1953). The blotter method of seed health testing. Proc. Int. Seed Test.Association, 21: 133-151.70

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Deng, Z. J., Cheng, H. Y. and Song, S. Q. (2005). Studies on Jatropha curcas seed.Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 27(6): 605-612.Dharmaputra, O.S., Worang, R. L., Syarief, R. and Miftahudin, (2009). The qualityof physic nut (Jatropha curcas) seeds affected by water activity and durationof storage. Microbiology, 3(3): 139-145.[Dirjenbun] Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, (2006). Pedoman Mutu Benih JarakPagar Sistem dan Prosedur Pembangunan Sumber Benih dan Peredaran BenihJarak Pagar. Jakarta: Dirjenbun.Douglas, P.L. and Boyle, R. (1996). Effect of drying control on mycotoxins production.In: Proceedings of 17th ASEAN Technical Seminar on Grain PostharvestTechnology; Lumut, Malaysia, 25-27 Jul 1995. p 27-33.Ellis, R.H., Hong, T. D. and Roberts, E. H. (1985). Handbooks for GenebanksNo. 3. Handbook of Seed Technology for Genebanks. Vol. II. Compendiumof Specific Germination Information and Test Recommendations. InternationalBoard for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome.Gübitz, G. M., Mittlebach, M. and Trabi, M. (1999). Exploitation of the tropical oilseed plant Jatropha curcas. L. International of Biosource Technology, 58: 77-82.Heller, J. (1991). Investigation of the genetic potential and improvement of cultivationand propagation practices of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.). Final reportsubmitted to Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)GmbH (German Agency for Technical Cooperation), Eschborn.Heller, J. (1992). Untersuchungen über genotypische Eigenschaften undVermehrungsund Anbauverfahren bei der Purgiernuß (Jatropha curcas L.)[Studies on genotypic characteristics and propagation and cultivation methodsfor physic nuts (Jatropha curcas L.)]. Dr. Kovac, Hamburg.Hong, T.D., Linington, S. and Ellis, R. H. (1996). Seed Storage Behaviour:a Compendium. IPGRI, Rome.Kaushik, N., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Kaushik, N. and Roy, S. (2007). Geneticvariability and divergence studies in seed traits and oil content of Jatropha (Jatrophacurcas L.) accessions. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31: 497-502.71

Seweta Srivastava, Asha SinhaKhare, M.N. (1996). Methods to test seeds for associated fungi. Indian Phytopath.49: 323.Nayak, B. S. and Patel, K. N. (2010). Physicochemical Characterization of Seedand Seed Oil of Jatropha curcas L. Collected from Bardoli (South Gujarat).Sains Malaysiana, 39(6): 951-955.Parreño-de Guzman, L. E. and Aquino, A. L. (2009). Seed characteristics and storagebehavior of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.). Philippine Journal of CropScience, 34(1): 13-21.Pasabutr, R. and Suthiponpaiboon, S. (2001). Outstanding features of Physic nut oilon diesel engines. Kaset Kaona J., 14: 60-66.Ratree, S. (2004). A preliminary study on physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) in Thailand.Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(9): 1620-1623.Satheesh Kumar, M. N., Yaakob, Z. and Abdullah, R. S. (2009). Applications ofJatropha oil seed crop. Ree Pat Mat Sci., 2: 131-139.Sirisomboon, P., Kitchaiya, P., Pholpho, T. and Mahuttanyavanitch, W. (2007).Physical and mechanical properties of Jatropha curcas L. fruits, nuts andkernels. Biosystems Eng., 97: 201-7.Takeda, Y. (1982). Development Study of Jatropa curcas oil as a substitute for dieselengine oil in Thailand, Interim Report of the Ministry of Agriculture, Thailand.Vasudevan, P., Sharma, S. and Kumar, A. (2005). Liquid fuel from biomass: anoverview. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 64: 822-831.Worang, R.L., Dharmaputra, O.S., Syarief, R. and Miftahudin, (2008). The qualityof physic nut (Jatropha curcas) seeds packed in plastic material duringstorage. Biotropia, 15(1): 25-36.72

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Genetic parameters for yield and associated charactersin bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Mukesh Kumar * , Binod Kumar ** and Chandan Kishore **ABSTRACTThe better way of exploiting genetic variability with several traits is to estimateheritability and genetic advance that construct a selection index and combinesinformation on all the characters which are having decisive role in influencingthe yield. Therefore, an experiment was conducted involving 35 wheat genotypesto determine genetic variability parameters and mutual relationships betweenvarious yield components viz., days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height,number of effective tillers per plant, spike length, number of grains per spike,1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant. Significant genotypic differenceswere observed for all the trails studied indicating considerable amount of geneticvariation among genotypes for each characters. The estimates of genotypiccoefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV)were high for number of effective tillers per plant. The remaining traits recordedmoderate to low phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypiccoefficient of variation (GCV) estimates. High heritability coupled with highgenetic advance were exhibited by number of grains per spike and number ofeffective tillers per plant. Thus, these additive gene action was responsible forexpression of these traits. Therefore, these characters may serve as effectiveselection parameters during breeding programme for crop improvement in wheat.Key words: Wheat, variability, heritability and genetic advanceINTRODUCTIONWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is considered as king of cereals as it providesfoods to 36% of the global population contributing 20% of the food calories. It is animportant staple food of many in the world and occupies a unique position as it is used for*PG Student, ** Ph.D ScholarDepartment of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar Pusa,Samastipur - 84812573

Mukesh Kumar, Binod Kumar and Chandan Kishorethe preparation of a wide range of food Stuff. Efficient and economic crop improvementscheme refers to the collection of superior alleles into a single population. The knowledgeof the extent to which the desirable characters are heritable is a prerequisite for any cropimprovement programme. Grain yield is the most important economic character and is avery complex in nature. It is governed by polygenes and greatly influenced byenvironmental factors. Hence, it is necessary to consider the yield contributing traitsduring selection. Genetic improvement of crop is largely depending on the magnitude ofgenetic variability and the extent to which desirable traits are heritable. The study ofgenetic variability reveals about the presence of variation in their genetic constitution andit is of outmost important as it provide the basis for effective selection. Heritability alongwith genetic advance would be more useful tool in predicting the resultant effect formselection of best genotypes for yield of some of its components. The environment inwhich selection is made is also important because heritability and genetic advance varywith environments. The estimates of mean serve as basis for eliminating the undesirablegenotypes where as genetic variability (genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypiccoefficient of variation) helps to chose the potential genotypes. Therefore, an attemptwas made in the present study to estimate the extent of variability, heritability and geneticadvance for different quantitative characters for making appropriate wheat improvementprogramme through selection breeding.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experimental material for the present study consisted of 35 wheat genotypeswere evaluated in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications atExperimental Centre, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar duringRabi 2010-11. Pusa is located at latitude of 25.98 0 N and longitude 85.67 0 E having anelevation of 52.0 m from mean sea level. The date were recorded on five randomlyselected plants from each replications for following characters plant height (cm), numberof effective tillers per plant, spike length (cm), number of grains per spike, 1000 grainweight (g) and grain yield per plant (g). However, days to flowering and days to maturitywere recorded on plot basis. Mean values were subjected to analysis of variance to testthe significance for each character as per methodology advocated by Panse andSukhature (1967). Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficientof variation (GCV) were calculated by the formula given by Burton (1952), heritabilityin broad sense (h 2 ) given by Burton and Devane (1953) and genetic advance i.e. theexpected genetic gain by Johnson et al. (1955).74

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe mean sum of square due to genotypes showed significant differences for alleight characters under study, suggesting that the genotypes were genetically diverse(Table 1). This indicates that there is ample scope for selection of promising lines fromthe present gene pool for different quantitative characters for wheat improvement. Asifet al. (2004) and Kumar et al. (2009) also reported considerable genetic variability forgrain yield and its component characters in wheat.The presence of large amount of variability might be due to diverse source ofmaterials taken, as well as environmental influence affecting the phenotypes. Thevariability can be observed through biometric parameters like genotypic coefficient ofvariation, heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance. This would be great help tobreeder in evolving a selection programme for genetic improvement. A wide range of2 2variance with highest variability (Pand)gfor number of grains per spike (78.589 and74.203), moderate for 1000 grain weight (17.655 and 15.755) followed by days to flowering(15.819 and 12.302) and low variance for spike length (2.744 and 0.465) and days toTable: 1 Analysis of variance for eight quantitative traits traits of 35 wheatgenotypes.Sl. No. CharactersMean of squaresReplications Treatment Error(df=02) (df=34) (df=68)1 Days to flowering 44.08 40.42** 3.512 Days to maturity 8.94 3.09** 2.813 Plant height 15.97 20.69** 1.224 Number of effective tillersper plant 8.49 27.41** 2.885 Spike length 7.83 3.67** 2.276 Number of grains per spike 6.20 226.99** 4.387 1000 grain weight 2.06 49.16** 1.908 Grain yield per plant 2.98 22.06** 2.35** Significant at 1% level of significance75

Mukesh Kumar, Binod Kumar and Chandan KishoreTable: 2 : Genetic Parameters for eight quantitative characters of 35 WheatgenotypesSl. Characters Variance GCV PCV h 2 GA GA as %No.22 2g P e(%) (%) (bs%) of Mean1 Days to flowering 12.302 15.819 3.517 4.777 5.417 77.8 6.372 8.6772 Days to maturity 0.094 2.909 2.815 0.276 1.535 3.2 0.113 0.1023 Plant height 6.489 7.715 1.226 3.230 3.522 84.1 4.812 6.1034 Number of effectivetillers per plant 8.177 11.064 2.887 25.042 29.130 73.9 5.064 44.3475 Spike length 0.465 2.744 2.279 5.754 13.982 16.9 0.578 4.8786 Number of grainsper spike 74.203 78.589 4.386 18.032 18.557 94.4 17.243 36.0947 1000 grain weight 15.756 17.656 1.900 12.298 13.018 89.2 7.724 23.9328 Grain yield per plant 6.571 8.924 2.353 13.377 15.590 73.6 4.531 23.646maturity (2.909 and 0.094) was observed (Table 2). Phenotypic variance were higherthan genotypic variance for all the yield and yield contributing characters, indicating theinfluence of environmental factors on these traits. These finding of genotypic andphenotypic variances for different qualitative traits in wheat are in accordance with thefindings of Bergale et al. (2001), Rafat et al. (2005) and Kumar et al. (2009).In general, estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observedhigher than their corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), for all characters.A wide range of phenotypic coefficient of variation were observed for traits. It rangedfrom 1.535 (days to maturity) to 29.530 % (number of effective tillers per plant). Maximumphenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was recorded for effective tillers per plant(29.930%), while moderate estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) wasobserved for number of grains per spike (18.557%) followed by grain yield per plant(15.590%) and spike length (13.982%). Low estimates of phenotypic coefficient ofvariation (PCV) values were observed in days to maturity (1.535%) and days to flowering(5.417%). Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) ranged from 0.276 (days to maturity)to 25.042% (number of effective tillers per plant). Higher magnitude of genotypiccoefficient of variation (GCV) was observed for number of effective tillers per plant76

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2(25.042%), moderate estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for numberof grains per spike (18.032%) followed by grain yield per plant (13.377%) and 1000grain weight (12.298), whereas low estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV)was observed for days to maturity (0.276%), plant height (3.230%) and days to flowering(4.777%). The higher magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypiccoefficient of variation (PCV) were recorded in number of effective tillers per plant andnumber of grains per spike suggesting that sufficient variability present in the gene poolfor genetic improvement through selection for these traits. These findings are in agreementwith those of Dwivedi et al. (2002) and Sen and Toms (2007).Relatively low magnitudinal difference were observed for genotypic coefficient ofvariation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) in relation to days tomaturity, plant height and days to flowering, indicating less environmental influence in theexpression of these attributes, while greater influence of the environment in the expressionof other traits. Thus, these values alone are not helpful in determining the heritable portionof variation.The proportion of genetic variability which is transmitted from parents to offspringis reflected by heritability (Lush, 1949). Highest heritability was observed for numberof grains per spike (94.4%) followed by 1000 grain weight (89.2%), plant height (84.1%),days to flowering (77.8%), number of effective tillers per plant (73.9%) and grain yieldper plant (73.6%) (Table 2). High estimates of heritability were also reported byPhadnawa et al. (2002) for test weigh, Nimbalker et al. (2002) for number of grainsper spike and Asif et al. (2004) for plant height.High genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for number of number ofeffective tillers per plant (44.35%) followed by number of grains per spike (36.09%),1000 grain weight (23.93%) and grain yield per plant (23.65%), while days to maturity(0.10%), spike length (4.88%) and plant height (6.10%) showed low estimates of geneticadvance as per cent of mean.The estimates of heritability are more advantageous when expressed in terms ofgenetic advance. Johnson et al. (1955) suggested that without genetic advance theestimates of heritability will not be of practical value and emphasized the concurrent useof genetic advance along with heritability. Based on this consideration, high heritabilityaccompanied with high genetic advance was registered for number of grains per spike,number of effective tillers per plant, 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant. Thisindicates that to heritability is most likely due to additive gene effects and thus selection77

Mukesh Kumar, Binod Kumar and Chandan Kishoremay be effective in early generation for these traits. However this trend was not uniformfor all the characters as high heritability coupled with low genetic advance for plantheight and days to flowering indicates the preponderance of non-additive gene effectsfor expression of these characters. Thus, there is a limited scope for improvement inthese traits through selection breeding. Similar results in wheat have been also reportedby Kamboj (2007) and Sen and Toms (2007).The present study concluded that the characters viz; number of grains per spike,1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant should be given top priorities during selectionfor genetic improvement of wheat.REFERENCESAsif, M., Majahid, M. Y., Kisana, N. S., Mustafa, S. Z. and Ahmad, I. (2004)Heritability, genetic variability and path coefficient of some traits in spring wheat.Sarhad Journal Agriculture, 20(1): 87-91.Bergale, S., Mirdula, B., Holkar, A. S., Ruwali, K. N. and Prasad, S. V. S. (2001)Pattern of variability, character association and path analysis in wheat. AgricultureScience Digest., 221(4): 258-260.Burton, G. W. and Devane, E. W. (1953) Estimation of heritability in tall Fescuefrom replicated cloned material. Agronomy Journal., 45: 475-481.Burton, G. W. (1952) Quantitative inheritance in grasses. Proceeding of 6 th internationalGrassland Congress 1: 227-283.Dwivedi, A. N, Power, I. S. and Shashi, M. (2002) Studies on variability parameterand character association among yields and quality attributing traits in wheat.Haryana Agricultural University Journal Research, 32(2): 72-80.Johnson, R. E., Robinson, H. W. and Constock, H. E. (1955) Estimates of geneticand environmental variability in soybean. Agronomy Journal, 47: 314-318.Kamboj, R. K. (2007) Estimating parameters of variability, adaptive value and selectioncoefficient in bread wheat under salinity and drought stress conditions.Agriculture Science Digest, 27(1): 30-33.Kumar, B., Lal, G. M., Ruchi and Upadhyay, A. (2009) Genetic variability diversityand association of quantitative traits with grain yield in bread wheat (Titicumaestivum L.). Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences., 1(1): 4-6.78

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Nimbalkur, C. A., Navale P. A. and Biradar, A. B. (2002) Generalized D 2 and geneticdiversity in wheat. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural University, 27(1):43-45.Panse, V. G. and Sukhatme, P. V. (1967) Statistical methods of Agricultural Workers.2 nd Edition PP: 381, ICAR, Publication, New Delhi.Phadnawis, B. N., Khatid, J. P., Vitkare, D. G., Shivankar, R.S. and Nagone, A. H(2000) Genetic variability and correlation coefficient studies in durum wheat. Annals ofPlant Physiology, 6(2): 115-188.Rafat, S. and Malik, S. K. (2005) Genetic variability and character association betweenyield and yield attributing traits in bread wheat. Annals of Agricultural Research.26(1): 118-125.Sen, C. and. Toms, B. (2007) Character association and component analysis in wheat.Agricultural research information centre, Crop Research, Hisar India., 34(1/3): 166-170.79

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Effect of Different Potting Media on Plant Growthand Spike yield of Dendrobium OrchidNeetesh Gupta • , S. Saravanan and V. M. Prasad •ABSTRACTAn experiment was carried out at the Orchidarium of the Department of thehorticulture. SHIATS, Allahabad under shade net house during August 2011-April 2012. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD)with 12 treatments each treatment replicated, thrice. The effect of 12 differentpotting media viz., Rice husk, Wheat husk ,Tile bits, Poultry manure, Vermicompost,Charcoal, Coconut dust dust, Sugarcane trashes, Coconut fibers andLeaf mould, Gravel jelly and Bricks pieces. Studied It was observed that treatmentof tile bits pieces found to the best potting medium for growing Dendrobiumorchids and produced the best vegetative growth, spike yield beside giving thebest benefit cost ratio compared to other treatments.Key words-Dendrobium orchid, C.R.D, potting media.INTRODUCTIONDendrobium, the doyen among all orchids. aptly called as the "Angel Flowers".Orchids occupy the prime position among all the flowering plants valued for cut flowerproduction and as potted plants. Orchids differ so much from each other in terms ofgrowth habits, form, size, shape of colour. Pacennila flowering herbs. They are epiphytic,terrestrial, saprophytic or lithophytic in nature. One characteristic feature of all orchids isthe presence of velamen tissue around the true root for water and mineral absorption.Orchids are gown all over the world, ranging from tropic to temperate regions and itrequires annual rain fall as 1100 cm with a humidity more than 70% the materials usedfor growing orchids are entirely different from those used for other plants. An idealpotting medium should provide firm anchorage, good aeration, retard disease & pathogenicfactors, keep the plant free from rotting & provide a bit of nutrient, readily available &ecofriendl. Therefore the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of pottingmedia on growth of spike yield of Dendrobium orchids.•M.Sc. Student , Assistant Professor, • Professor & HeadDepartment of Horticulture, SHIATS, Allahabad – 211007 (U.P.)80

Neetesh Gupta, S. Saravanan and V. M. PrasadMATERIALS AND METHODSThe present study was conducted in the Orchidarium of the Department ofHorticulture, SHIATS, Allahabad, (U.P.), in a shade net house in perforated 12 inchearthen pots in completely randomized design (CRD) the pots were placed over 5cmsand surface. The epithytic Dendrobium hybrids viz. Sonia hisakul,Emma white, on potcontained the potting media rice husk, wheat husk ,tile bits, poultry manure, vermi-compost,charcoal, coconut dust, sugarcane trashes, coconut fibers and leaf mould, gravel jellyand bricks pieces. The potting media was filled the 12 inch diameter pots. The plant to bepotted was placed on this mound with the roots spread outwards and downwards alongthe top of this mound. With the help of hands, the space between the root & walls of thepot was filled with more medium excluding the psudobulb, till the pot was filled to an inchfrom the rim of the pot. Staking is done with bamboo stick to give support to the plant andthe flower spike, with soft nylon, rope, for loosely tying, watering was done as perrequirement, early in the morning. The recommended water soluble fertilizer dose of19: 19: 19 (N:P:K) was applied through fertigation @ 3g/1 lit of water twice weekly andmicronutrient, were sprayed at monthly intervals.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONDifferent potting media significantly affected the plant height at various stages ofgrowth. The maximum plant height was recorded in T 3, plant potted in tile bits followedby T 1, rice husk. The increase in plant height was due to potting in tile bits because of81

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table 1:-Effect of different potting media on different characters onDendrobium orchidsTreatment Treatment Plant No of Leaf No of Sho ot Root No ofNo He ig ht Leaves Area New Shoot girth length roots/plant(cm) /Plant /Plant (cm) (cm) (cm)T 1Rice husk 30.68 10.83 39.10 4.66 3.02 17.45 23.16T 2Wheat husk 28.27 9.72 32.85 3.50 2.57 14.53 21.33T 3Tile bits 33.72 10.94 40.33 5.00 3.22 17.60 23.50T 4Poultry manure 27.57 10.61 24.20 2.00 2.19 10.91 17.83T 5Vermi-compost 27.31 8.22 26.26 2.16 2.24 11.69 18.33T 6Charcoal 25.15 8.50 26.66 1.83 2.02 10.23 17.00T 7Coconut dust 27.61 8.83 28.08 2.50 2.31 12.03 20.16T 8Sugarcane trashes 29.75 10.16 33.75 3.50 2.57 15.32 22.00T 9Coconut fibres 30.68 10.27 35.56 4.00 2.86 15.82 22.33T 10Leaf mould 28.22 10.72 36.68 4.33 2.95 16.77 22.83T 11Bricks pieces 27.66 9.61 34.30 3.16 2.44 13.53 21.00T 12Gravel jelly 29.75 9.27 29.66 2.83 2.39 12.67 20.00F - test S S S S S S SS. Ed (±) 0.38 0.04 0.27 0.11 0.18 0.06 0.13C.D. at 5% 0.77 0.09 0.56 0.23 0.37 0.13 0.27better drainage, less rooting & disease & better aeration of roots (Arora & Mukharjee1983). The experiment findings showed that the maximum no. leaves was obtained inT 3followed by T 1. Rice husk promoted higher shoot growth due to better growingenvironment for the plant, which probably resulted in enhancing the leaf population perplant (Dematte, 1996) other growth parameter like total no. of shoots per plant, numberof new shoots per plant were found to be maximum T 3i.e. tile bits potted plant, showedbest values for other growth parameters like total no. of shoots / plant, no. of new shoots82

Neetesh Gupta, S. Saravanan and V. M. PrasadTable 2:- Effect of different potting media on different floral characters onDendrobium orchidsTreatment Treatment Total no. of No. of florets/ Spike LongevityNo spike / plant spike length (cm) of spike (Days)T 1Rice husk 4.33 11.38 36.00 44.33T 2Wheat husk 3.50 10.77 32.00 41.00T 3Tile bits 4.44 11.49 37.00 45.50T 4Poultry manure 2.33 9.66 25.50 34.83T 5Vermi-compost 2.61 9.77 26.50 35.66T 6Charcoal 2.00 9.50 24.33 33.50T 7Coconut dust 2.72 9.88 27.50 37.00T 8Sugarcane trashes 3.66 10.88 33.83 42.00T 9Coconut fibres 3.66 11.11 35.00 43.00T 10Leaf mould 3.83 11.22 35.50 43.33T 11Bricks pieces 2.87 10.66 30.16 38.83T 12Gravel jelly 2.76 10.27 28.33 37.83F - test S S S N.S.S. Ed (±) 0.05 0.04 0.15 0.15C.D. at 5% 0.11 0.09 0.31 0.31per plant & root length (Evers & Laurie 1940). Total no. of spike per plant & ofaverage spike length, where found to be the best also in T 3, tile bits potted plants secondedby T 1, rice husk potted ones leaf mould potted plant, T 10and leaf mould potted plant, T 3had the lower values of these character (Sheehan1961) Flowering character like no. offlorets per spike,and longevity of spike were also observed to the best in T 3, tile bitspotted plant followed by T 1, rice husk potted plants. There was general sequence thatwas observed i.e. T 3, T 1, T 10, T 9, T 8, T 2, T 11, T 12, T 7, T 5, T 4and T 6, respectively werehaving a cheek in the longevity of spike on plant.83

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2SUMMARYAn investigation was undertaken to study the growth of spike yield of Dendrobiumorchids in ten different potting media viz media rice husk, wheat husk, bricks pieces,poultry manure, vermi-compost, charcoal, coconut dust, sugarcane trashes, coconut fibersand leaf mould, gravel jelly and tile bits (T 3) plant showed the best growing & floweringparameter which is followed by rice husk potted plant.REFERENCESArora, Y. K. and A. Mukherjee (1983) Ornamental orchids of North Eastern India.Technical Bullitin, ICAR, Res, 5: 67.Baker, C and M. Backer. (1997) Dendrobium species culture, Part 3. Dendrobiumbigilum orchids, 65 (12): 1309-1314.Baker, C. and M. Baker (1996) Dendrobium species culture, Part 1. Dendrobiumnobile Orchids., 64(11): 1190-1195.Bhattacharjee, S.K., (1982). Influence of different potting substrate on growth& flowering of Rhynchostytes. Gigentea. Lal Baugh J., 27 (1): 11-14.84

Neetesh Gupta, S. Saravanan and V. M. PrasadDavidson, O. W. (1957) Orchid potting media Amer. Orchids Soc. Bull., 26: 409-411Dematte, J. B. I. (1996) Water studies on substrates of plant origin for cultivationof epiphytic orchids Brasileria., 31 (11): 803-813.Evers, O. A. and Laune (1940) Nutritional studies with orchids Birno. Bull. Otrio.Agr. Exp. Sta., 25: 116-173.Grove, D. and g. Allikas. (1998). Potting orchid the properties of potting materialsfor orchids. Orchids, 67 (5). 496-505.Kumar, P. K. S. (1992). Potting media and post transplantation growth of Dendrobiumhybrid Seedling. J. orchid D. Soc. India., 6 (1-2).131-133.Sheeha, T. J. (1961) effect of nutrition and potting media on growth and floweringof certain epiphytic orchids. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull., 30: 289-292.85

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Effect of Micro-Nutrients on Plant Growth, Yield and FlowerQuality of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.)cv. Queen RebeccaPayal Sao * , J.P.Collis , S. Saravanan and V. M. Prasad •ABSTRACTThe present experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Department ofHorticulture, Allahabad School of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute ofAgriculture Technology & Sciences (Deemed to be university), Allahabad, duringthe year 2011-2012. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Designhaving nine treatments with three replications. The treatment comprised of threedifferent concentration of three micro-nutrients B (0.50%, 1.00%, 1.50%), Zn(1.50%, 2.00%, 2.50%), Fe (1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%) and sprayed at 30, 60, 90 and120 days after planting and control (water spray). The result revealed that Zn1.50% was found most effective for obtaining maximum plant height (29.93),Maximum number of leaves per plant (33.17), maximum plant spread (48.70cm.),minimum number of days (55.33) for first flower bud emergence, maximum flowerdiameter (11.90cm), maximum stalk length (39.16cm), maximum stalk diameter(4.10mm), maximum number of cut flower (10.00), flowers per plot (40.00) andflower yield per hectare (62.50 lakh) and fresh weight of flower (10.00g).Key word- Gerbera, Zn, B, Fe, Gerbera jamesonii L. cv. Queen RebeccaINTRODUCTIONGerbera is one of the most important cut flowers, successfully grown under differentconditions in several areas of the world. It belongs to family Asteraceae and is commonlyknown as Transvaal, African or Barbeton Daisy. It is native of Tropical Asia and Africa.Gerbera produces attractive flowers known as 'head' or capitulum. The plants are stemlessperennial herbs. It is the fifth most used cut flower in the world (after rose, carnation,chrysanthemum, and tulip). The Gerbera blooms almost year round. Micro-nutrients are*M.Sc. Student, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, • Professor & HeadDepartment of Horticulture, SHIATS, Allahabad – 211007 (U.P.)86

Payal Sao, J.P.Collis, S. Saravanan and V. M. Prasadthose elements essential for plant growth, which are needed, in only very small (micro)quantities. These elements are sometimes called minor elements or trace elements. Micronutrientsare now known to stimulate various physiological activities, they are essentialfor satisfactory plant growth. When these minerals elements are available to the plant inthe proper amount and balance, the results are satisfactory, growth and greater yields.The investigation was taken with the objective to find out the most suitable treatment forplant growth, yield and flower quality of Gerbera.MATERIAL AND METHODThe experiment was conducted to study the Effect of micro-nutrients on plantgrowth, yield and flower quality of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) cv. Queen Rebeccawas carried out on Experimental field, Department of Horticulture, Allahabad School ofAgriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agricultural Technology and Sciences duringRabi session of 2011-2012. The treatment comprised of three different concentration ofB (0.50%, 1.00%, 1.50%), Zn (1.50%, 2.00%, 2.50%) and Fe (1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%)sprayed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after transplanting and control (water spray). Theexperiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments in threereplications. The plants were planted on 20th October, 2011-12 at spacing of 30×30 cm.The observations were recorded on 9 characters viz. Plant height (cm), Number ofleaves, Plant spread (cm), Number of cut flower per hectare, Days to first flower budemergence, Flower diameter (cm), Flower stalk length (cm), Flower stalk diameter (mm),Fresh weight of flower (g). Data were statistically analyzed for the study of effect ofmicro-nutrients.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe maximum plant height (29.63 cm) was recorded in Zn @1.50%, followed by B@0.50% (28.76 cm), Maximum number of leaves (33.17) was recorded in Zn @1.5%,followed by B @0.50% (32.00), The maximum plant spread (48.70cm) was recorded inZn @1.5%, followed by B @0.50% (42.50cm), The maximum Number of cut flowerper hectare (6.25 lakh ) was observed in Zn @1.50% followed by B @0.50% (6.15lakh). The minimum number of days (55.33) for flower bud initiation was recorded in Zn@1.50% followed by B @0.50% (56.00), The maximum flower diameter (11.90 cm)was recorded in Zn @1.50% followed by B @0.50% (11.70cm). The maximum stalklength (39.16cm) was recorded in Zn @1.50% followed by B @0.50% (37.91 cm). Themaximum stalk diameter (4.10mm)was recorded in Zn @1.50% followed by B @0.50%(3.10 mm). It is recorded that Zn @1.50% has maximum flower weight (10.00g) followed87

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table 1. - Effect of micro-nutrients on plant growth, yield and flower quality of Gerbera (Gerberajamesonii) cv. Queen RebeccaTreatments Plant Number Plant Days to first Flower Stalk Stalk Number of Freshheight of leaves spread Flower bud diameter length diameter cutlower weight of(cm) (cm) emergence (cm) (cm) (mm) (Lakh ha -1 ) (g)T 0- Control 27.33 26.00 35.00 64.00 10.20 33.00 3.10 5.42 7.00T 1-B @0.50% 29.33 32.00 42.50 56.00 11.70 37.91 3.73 6.15 10.00T 2-B @1.00% 28.76 28.50 36.08 63.33 10.96 35.80 3.50 5.73 8.00T 3-B@ 1.50% 29.63 31.17 38.41 59.33 11.35 37.26 3.63 6.04 8.33T 4-Zn@ 1.50% 29.93 33.17 48.70 55.33 11.90 39.16 4.10 6.25 10.00T 5-Zn @2.00% 28.96 30.00 37.43 62.33 11.33 37.09 3.50 5.94 8.33T 6-Zn @2.50% 28.83 29.83 37.42 62.67 11.03 36.80 3.50 5.83 8.00T 7-Fe @1.00% 28.06 27.33 35.52 64.00 10.83 33.50 3.36 5.63 7.67T 8-Fe@1.50% 29.70 32.00 39.41 59.00 11.43 37.83 3.73 6.04 8.33T 9-Fe @2.00% 28.76 27.83 35.58 63.67 10.90 34.33 3.40 5.63 8.00F- test S S S S S S S S SS. Ed (±) 0.04 0.13 0.20 0.14 0.03 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.15C. D.(P = 0.5) 0.07 0.27 0.42 0.30 0.06 0.16 0.04 0.05 0.3188

Payal Sao, J.P.Collis, S. Saravanan and V. M. Prasadby B @0.50% (10.00 g). These result are supported by Muthumanickam et al., (1999),Jadhav et al., (2005), Aruna et al., (2007), Ahmad et al., (2010), Kumar et al.,(2010).In above finding it was concluded that Zn @1.50% showed the maximum flower6.25 Lakh no. ha -1 , cost benefit ratio of 3.13. Since finding are based on one seasonobservation, more trial may be conducted to substantiate the results.CONCLUSIONOn the basis of experiment, It is concluded that treatment (T 4) Zinc @1.50% is thebest treatment regarding studied parameters like growth, yielding attributes, quality, grossreturn, net return and Cost : Benefit ratio is (1:3.13). However, since this is based onone- season experiment, further trials may be needed to substantiate the results.REFERENCESAhmad Iftikhar; Khan, M. A.; Qasim, M.; Rashid Ahmad; Randhawa, M. A.(2010).Growth, yield and quality of Rosa hybrida L. as influenced by variousmicronutrients. Pakistan J. Agric. Sci. 47: 1, 5-12.Aruna, P. Rajangam, J. Rani, P. G. Manivannan, M. I. (2007). Nutrient studies incrossandra (Crossandra infundibuliformis L. Nees). Asian J. Hort..2: 2,169-177.Jadhav, A. H.; Dalal, S. R.; Shinde, R. D.; Deshmukh, R. P. (2005). Effect ofmicronutrients on growth and flower production of Gerbera under polyhouseconditions. Advances in Plant Sci..18: 2, 755-758.Kumar P. Singh D. and S. Kumar (2010). Effect of pre-harvest micronutrient foliarspray on growth, flowering and seed production in marigold. Progressive Agric.10: 1, 182-183.Muthumanickam, D.; Rajamani, K.; Jawaharlal, M. (1999). Effect of micronutrientson flower production in gerbera. J. Ornamental Hort 2: 2, 131-132.Nikbakht, A. Kafi, M. Babalar, M. Xia YiPing Luo AnCheng Etemadi, N. A.(2008). Effect of humic acid on plant growth, nutrient uptake and postharvest life ofgerbera. J. of Plant Nutrition. 31:12, 2155-2167. 34 ref.Reena Mathew Dashora, L.K. Piyush Verma (2004). Effect of growth retardantsand micronutrients on growth and yield of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)cv. Pusa Basanti. Scientific Hort. 9: 213-218. 9Singh, A. K. (2004) Effect of spacing and zinc on growth and flowering in gladiolus cv.Sylvia. Prog. Hort. 36 (1): 94-9889

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Effect of weed control methods on growth, yield attributesand yield of kharif groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)under north eastern region of U.P.Aarti Shrivas • , Suryendra Singh , Sandeep Kumar Chandrawanshi • and Mohd. Kaleem •ABSTRACTA field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2010 at CropResearch Farm, Department of Agronomy, Allahabad School of Agriculture, SamHigginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad tostudy the bio-efficacy of herbicides used against weeds in kharif groundnut.The results indicated that the growth, yield attributes and yield of kharifgroundnut were superior with oxyfluorfen 100 ml/ha at 2 DAS than other weedcontrol methods except weed-free condition. Oxyfluorfen 100 ml/ha at 2 DASwas found most effective for controlling weeds in kharif groundnut on sandyloam soil of Allahabad region.Key words : Weed control, yield attributes, yield, groundnutINTRODUCTIONIndia is one of the largest producers of oilseeds in the world accounting for 8% ofthe global oilseeds production using 14% of the world land area and notified as thesecond largest producer of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) As per Indian Council ofMedical Research (ICMR) 1998 recommended consumption of 20g edible oil/ day/person, by 2020 AD, India requires around 20.3 million tonnes of edible oil. To meet thisdemand, it is essential to enhance the productivity of prominent oilseed crops of thecountry like groundnut. The yield of groundnut crop depends upon various agronomicmanagement practices. One of the major factors responsible for low productivity ofgroundnut is the problem of weeds. Weeds not only compete with the crop for nutrients,moisture, light and space as in other crops, but also interfere in pegging and pod developmentresulting in poor pod yield. Uncontrolled weed growth reduced groundnut yield to the•M. Sc. Students, Research Scholar, • Dean, HoD•, , • Department of Agronomy, Allahabad School of Agriculture, SHIATS, Allahabad – 211007 (U.P.)•Department of Agrometeorology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishvavidhalaya, Raipur-491001, Chhatisgarh90

Aarti Shrivas, Suryendra Singh, Sandeep Kumar Chandrawanshi and Mohd. Kaleemtune of 76 percent (Gnanamurthy and Balasubramaniyan 1998). Though physicalmethods of weed control are very effective but they have certain limitations such asunavailability of labour during peak period, high labour cost and unfavourable environment.Presently a wide variety of old and new generation herbicides are available and arebeing recommended for usage. The present investigation was, therefore, conducted tostudy the bio-efficacy of herbicides used against weeds in kharif groundnut.MATERIALS AND METHODSA field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2010 at CropResearch Farm, Department of Agronomy, Allahabad School of Agriculture, SamHigginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad on sandyloam soil, testing neutral in pH (7.5) and medium in fertility for readily mineralizablenitrogen (280 kg/ha), phosphorus (28 kg/ha) and rich for available potassium (181.13 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 3 replicatonscomprising nine treatments i.e., imazethapyr 75 ml/ha + 0.2% surfactant at 14 days aftersowing (DAS), imazethapyr 100 ml/ha + 0.2% surfactant at 14 days after sowing (DAS),imazethapyr 125 ml/ha + 0.2% surfactant at 14 days after sowing (DAS), imazethapyr200 ml/ha + 0.2% surfactant at 14 days after sowing (DAS), oxyfluorfen 100 ml/ha at 2days after sowing (DAS), mechanical weeding at 20 days after sowing (DAS), one handweeding at 20 days after sowing (DAS), weed-free and weedy-check (Table 1 & 2).All recommended production technologies were followed to grow the crop successfully.Three plants in each plot were randomly selected for recording plant height (cm), numberof branches/ plant, crop and relative growth rates (CGR and RGR). The observations ondry matter accumulation were recorded up to 100 DAS (at 20 - days interval). The netplots area was harvested and sun-dried in the field and the biological yield was recorded.After threshing and cleaning the pod yield was recorded and yield - attributes viz., pods/plant, kernels/ pod, and 100-grain weight were recorded from plant samples.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONGROWTH ATTRIBUTESGrowth of groundnut measured in terms of plant height (cm), number of branches/plant, crop and relative growth rates (CGR and RGR) (Table 1) indicated that all thesegrowth parameters were significantly higher in weed-free. This was followed byoxyfluorfen 100 ml/ha at 2 DAS, mechanical and one hand weeding at 20 DAS. Theseparameters were significantly the lowest in weedy-check. The maximum plant height,number of branches/ plant and CGR (60-80 DAS) were recorded in weed-free which91

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table 1- Effect of weed control methods on growth attributes of Kharif groundnutS.No. Treatment Plant No. ofCGR (g/ m2/day) RGR (g/ g/ day)height branches/(cm) plant 60 - 80 80 DAS- 60 - 80 80 DASDAS harvest DAS harvest1 Imazethapyr 75 ml/ ha+ 0.2% surfactant at 14 DAS 53.02 7.06 18.82 8.41 0.033 0.0102 Imazethapyr 100 ml/ ha+ 0.2% surfactant at 14 DAS 53.56 7.3 19.24 8.35 0.037 0.0103 Imazethapyr 125 ml/ ha+ 0.2% surfactant at 14 DAS 55.16 7.4 19.32 9.21 0.041 0.0114 Imazethapyr 200 ml/ ha+ 0.2% surfactant at 14 DAS 56.73 8.06 21.71 10.07 0.038 0.0115 Oxyfluorfen 100 ml/ ha at 2 DAS 60.9 8.96 24.32 11.85 0.038 0.0146 Mechanical weeding at 20 DAS 57.83 8.3 22.93 9.26 0.044 0.0117 One hand weeding at 20 DAS 56.06 8.5 23.15 9.43 0.039 0.0118 Weed-free 61.83 9.06 25.04 10.46 0.042 0.0169 Weedy-check 46.46 5.4 13.07 7.18 0.036 0.010F-test S S S S S SS. Ed (±) 0.94 0.30 0.78 0.52 0.003 0.01CD at 5% 2.00 0.64 1.65 1.10 0.006 0.0292

Aarti Shrivas, Suryendra Singh, Sandeep Kumar Chandrawanshi and Mohd. Kaleemwas at par with oxyfluorfen 100 ml/ha at 2 DAS. The crop and relative growth ratesrecorded increasing trend with progress in crop growth, however, from 80 DAS to harvestrecorded decreasing trend (Table 1).YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELDThe weed control methods significantly enhanced yield components, viz., pods/plant, kernels/ pod, seed index with concomitant increase in pod and biological yield.Total number of pods/ plant and kernels/ pod were observed maximum (26.99 plant -1 and2.46 pod -1 ) in weed-free over other weed control methods which was at par withoxyfluorfen 100 ml/ha at 2 DAS and these parameters were significantly the lowest inweedy-check. (Table 2). The seed index was recorded significantly the highest (58.2 g)in weed-free as compared to other treatments. This was followed by oxyfluorfen 100ml/ha at 2 DAS, mechanical and one hand weeding at 20 DAS were at par with eachother.Seed index was significantly the lowest in weedy-check (Table 2).Among the weed control methods, weed-free recorded maximum pod and biologicalyield of 30.58 and 75.22 q/ha compared to 16.93 and 33.46 q/ha produced under weedycheck.This was followed by Oxyfluorfen 100 ml/ha at 2 DAS, mechanical and one handweeding at 20 DAS were at par with each other. Pod and biological yields weresignificantly the lowest in weedy-check. Highest harvest index was obtained in weedfreefollowed by in oxyfluorfen 100 ml/ha at 2 DAS (Table 2). It is an established factthat least weed competition during critical phase of crop growth exerts an importantregulative function on complex process of yield formation due to better availability ofwater, space and nutrients to the crop plant which are pre- requisite for higher metabolicactivity in plants. Earlier it was well emphasized that reduced crop-weed competitionunder weed control methods, markedly influenced source by virtue of higherphotosynthetic and metabolic activities. It is an established fact that balanced sourcesinkrelationship helps crop to achieve higher productivity. Thus, higher pod yield underleast weed competition through adoption of either weed-free conditions i.e., weed-free,mechanical weeding at 20 DAS, one hand weeding at 20 DAS, or oxyfluorfen 100 ml/haat 2 DAS seem to be an account of their influence on both these aspects of yield formation,i.e., source (dry-matter accumulation) and sink development (yield attributes). Betterefficacy of weed-free conditions and oxyfluorfen 100 ml/ha at 2 DAS for managingweeds in groundnut crop was also observed by Pannu et al, (1991).Thus, it is concluded that oxyfluorfen 100 ml/ha at 2 DAS is most effective weedcontrol practice for harnessing good yield of kharif groundnut on sandy loam soil ofAllahabad region.93

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table 2- Effect of weed control methods on yield attributes and yield of Kharif groundnutS. No. Treatment Pods/ Kernels/ Seed index Pod Biological HarvestPlant pod (g) yield yield index(q/ha) (q/ha) (%)1 Imazethapyr 75 ml/ ha+ 0.2% surfactant at 14 DAS 19.33 1.83 52.4 19.36 43.77 37.362 Imazethapyr 100 ml/ ha+ 0.2% surfactant at 14 DAS 19.22 1.93 52.9 20.05 51.82 37.723 Imazethapyr 125 ml/ ha+ 0.2% surfactant at 14 DAS 20.49 2.0 54.2 21.85 55.37 38.134 Imazethapyr 200 ml/ ha+ 0.2% surfactant at 14 DAS 21.44 2.2 54.9 21.95 55.89 39.645 Oxyfluorfen 100 ml/ ha at 2 DAS 25.33 2.33 57.7 24.31 60.43 39.936 Mechanical weeding at 20 DAS 21.77 2.26 57.6 22.60 59.26 38.677 One hand weeding at 20 DAS 22.66 2.2 56.6 23.00 60.97 39.098 Weed-free 26.99 2.46 58.2 30.58 75.22 40.659 Weedy-check 15.55 1.53 50.7 16.93 33.46 31.18F-test S S S S S-S. Ed (±) 0.19 0.08 0.94 1.23 0.70 -CD at 5% 1.69 0.18 2.00 2.10 1.49 -94

Aarti Shrivas, Suryendra Singh, Sandeep Kumar Chandrawanshi and Mohd. KaleemREFERENCESGnanamurthy, P. and Balasubramaniyan, P. (1998) Weed management practicesand their influence on weed growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaeaL.). Ind. J. Agron. 43 : 122-125.Pannu, R.K., Singh, P.K. and Malik, D.S. (1991) Influence of weeds on the growthand partitioning of biomass in groundnut. Crop Res. 4 : 181-187.NIN (ICMR) (1998) Change in the types of oils available in the country, and thereby,a shift in consump-tion of edible oils.95

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Effect of irrigation and fertigation levels on growth andyield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)Pradeep Kumar • , S.S. Sengar ABSTRACTThe experiment was conducted in rabi season during the year 2007-08 atHorticultural Research Farm, IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). There were 25 treatmentcombinations involving 5 irrigation levels (Furrow irrigation at 1.2 IW/CPE, dripirrigation at 100, 80, 60 & 40 per cent PE) and 5 nitrogen levels (50, 75, 100, 125 &150 per cent of recommended dose of fertilizer) through fertigation. Resultsindicate that all the growth parameters (plant height and number of leaves) weresignificantly influenced by irrigation and fertigation with nitrogen levels. Higherplant height and more number of leaves plant -1 were observed with drip irrigationat 100 per cent PE and fertigation applied @150 per cent of recommended doseof nitrogen. Increasing the irrigation and nitrogen levels increased the yieldsignificantly and highest yield (30.60 ton ha -1 ) was obtained with drip irrigationat 100 per cent PE and fertigation with 150 per cent of recommended dose ofnitrogen (29.71 ton ha -1 )Key words : Cabbage, drip irrigation and fertigation.INTRODUCTIONCabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) being a shallow rooted, succulentand leafy vegetable cole crop require large quantity of water for its better growth andyield. Conventional methods of irrigation results in losses of nutrients through leaching,surface runoff, absorption on clay fraction and also create adverse condition for plantgrowth like water logging to some extent. Drip irrigation is therefore needed for maximizingthe efficiency of water and applied nutrients. Cabbage requires large dose of nutrientsbeing a high yielding and a highly nutrient responsive crop. Nitrogen, Phosphorus andPotassium are the major nutrient affecting growth, development and yield of the cabbage.The fertilizers are becoming costly input day by day. Hence, it is felt necessary to studythe efficient use of this input. This can be achieved by fertigation technology which•Subject Matter Specialist Professor and Head•Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Balrampur Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.) 492 00696

Pradeep Kumar, S.S. Sengarinvolves application of fertilizer with drip irrigation system at a slow and controlled rateto the root zone. Therefore, an attempt was made to study the effect of irrigation methods,levels and fertigation on cabbage.MATERIAL AND METHODSAn investigation was carried out to examine the effect of irrigation and fertigationlevels on growth and yield of cabbage. The treatments comprised of five irrigation levelsviz., furrow irrigation at 1.2 IW/CPE (control), drip irrigation at 100, 80, 60 and 40 percent PE as main plots and five nitrogen levels viz., 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 per cent ofrecommended dose of nitrogen as sub plots. The experiment was laid out in split-plotdesign with three replications. Meteorological approach based on the ratio betweenirrigation water (IW) and cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) was adopted for level ofirrigation in one treatment (1.2 IW/CPE). Whereas, other four treatments were irrigatedthrough drip on the basis of daily pan evaporation (mm day -1 ). The depth of irrigationwas maintained as 4 cm at each irrigation. Nitrogen was applied through drip irrigationsystem (fertigation). Weight quantity of urea as per scheduled was added in water andthen injected through the lateral lines as per treatments.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONOn perusal of the data in table 1 revealed that, drip irrigation at 100 per cent PErecorded significantly highest plant height (19.39 cm), number of leaves (13.08) perplant, diameter of head (13.11 cm), gross weight of head (1.66 kg), net weight of head(1.20 kg) and cabbage head yield (30.60 ton/ha) Mitigating the water deficit to the levelof pan evaporation demand through drip irrigation improved the availability of appliedwater through the establishment of relatively moist condition in the root zone and alsoincrease the availability of nutrients throughout the crop growth period. Such an effectwas responsible for significant improvement in growth parameters, yield attributes andyield of cabbage (Sharanappa and Gowda, 1995; Deolankar et al., 2004 andLingaiyah et al., 2005).Fertigation with 150 per cent of recommended dose of nitrogen resulting in thehigher yield of cabbage head (29.71 ton/ha) over other nitrogen levels. This increase inyield might be attributed to higher plant height (19.55 cm), gross weight (1.63 kg), netweight (1.25 kg).Higher yield and yield attributes of cabbage in 150 per cent of recommended doseof nitrogen may be due to complete solubility, mobilization and availability of nutrients atregular interval in required quantity due to split application (Singh et al., 2004; Mal etal., 2005 and Rubeiz et al., 1989).97

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table 1. : Growth, yield and yield attributing characters of cabbage as influencedby irrigation and fertigation levels.Treatments Plant No. of Diameter Gross Net Net yieldheight leaves of head weight weight yield(cm) (cm) (kg)/head (kg)/head (ton/ha)Irrigation levelsI1-Furrow irrigation at1.2 IW/CPE 17.41 9.2 11.89 1.44 1.13 22.55I2-Drip irrigation at100% PE 19.39 13.08 13.11 1.66 1.20 30.60I3-Drip irrigation at80% PE 18.95 12.21 12.89 1.61 1.15 28.18I4-Drip irrigation at60% PE 17.83 11.68 12.52 1.55 1.14 25.77I5-Drip irrigation at40% PE 17.55 11.01 11.95 1.48 1.15 24.31SE(m) ± 0.446 0.206 0.211 0.030 0.013 0.256CD (5%) 1.406 0.650 0.667 0.097 0.042 0.808Nitrogen levelsF1-50% of recommendeddose of nitrogen 16.79 9.94 11.36 1.41 1.04 22.20F2-75% of recommendeddose of nitrogen 17.43 11.26 11.92 1.52 1.09 24.46F3-100% of recommendeddose of nitrogen 18.37 11.31 12.34 1.59 1.15 26.74F4-125% of recommendeddose of nitrogen 19.00 11.74 13.10 1.60 1.21 28.32F5-150% of recommendeddose of nitrogen 19.55 12.93 13.63 1.63 1.25 29.71SE(m) ± 0.506 0.532 0.455 0.040 0.029 0.562CD (5%) 1.441 1.574 1.296 0.114 0.084 1.60098

Pradeep Kumar, S.S. SengarREFERENCESDeolankar, K. P., Firake, N. N. and D. O. Ingale (2004), "Effect of irrigationmethods, forms and levels of NPK on movement and uptake of NPK in Entisols",J. Maharastra Agirl. Universities, Pune (India)., 29(3): 325-327.Lingaiah, D., Katti, G. S. and Shaik Mohammad (2005), "Influence of drip irrigationon crop growth, yield and water use efficiency in cabbage (Brassica oleraceae)",International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(1): 110-111.Mal kajod, Yadav, R. L. and R. Paliwal (2005), "Effect of weed control and nitrogenlevels in cauliflower", Indian J.Hort., 62(3): 257-259.Rubeiz, I. G, Obekar, N. F. and J.L. Strochlein (1989), "Sub-surface drip irrigationand urea phosphate fertigation for vegetable on calcareous soil", J. PlantNutrition., 12(12): 1457-1465.Sharanappa, Jangandi and M.C. Gowda (1995), "Study of frequency of drip irrigationfor cabbage production", Current Research of Agricultural SciencesBangalore., 24(11): 199-200.Singh, K., Dhaka, R. S. and M.S. Fageria (2004), "Response of cauliflowercultivators to row spacing and nitrogen fertilization", Prog. Hort., 36(1):171-173.99

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Antibacterial activity of extracts of Murraya Koenigiiagainst Multi Drug resistant strainsAvantika Pandey • Natasha Nageswaran • and Sadhna Singh ABSTRACTSince plants are used as therapeutic agents, the present study was conduced toevaluate the antibacterial activities of leaf extract of Murraya koenigii. Theextract was investigated against six MDR strains .Studies conducted on theantibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of leaves of Murraya koenigii wasconducted using agar well diffusion method. The microorganisms used includeStaphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella dysentriae,Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The extractwas found to be effective against all the test organisms except Salmonellatyphi. The highest antibacterial activity was observed against Klebsiellapneumoniae by the extract of Murraya Koeinigii.Key words: Murraya Koenigii, MDR strains, antibacterialINTRODUCTIONPlant materials remain an important resource to combat serious diseases in theworld. The traditional medicinal methods, especially the use of medicinal plants, still playa vital role to cover the basic health needs in the developing countries. The medicinalvalue of these plants lies in some chemical active substances that produce a definitephysiological action on the human body. The most important of these bioactive constituentsof plants are alkaloids, tannin, flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Within the recent years,infections have increased to a great extent and antibiotics resistance effects become anever-increasing therapeutic problem. (Shihabudeen et al., 2010). Natural products ofhigher plants may possess new source of antimicrobial agents with possibly novelmechanisms of action. They are effective in the treatment of infectious diseases while•, • , Research scholars•Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, • Department of Microbiology and FermentationTechnology, Jacob school of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, SHIATS, AllahabadDepartment of Plant protection, School of Agriculture, SHIATS, Allahabad – 211007 (U.P.)100

Avantika Pandey, Natasha Nageswaran and Sadhna Singhsimultaneously mitigating many of the side effects that are often associated with syntheticantimicrobials. Therefore, it is of great interest to carry out a screening of these plants inorder to validate their use in folk medicine and to reveal the active principle by isolationand characterisation of their constituents. Systematic screening of them may result inthe discovery of novel active compounds (Shihabudeen et al., 2010). Murraya koenigiiis a popular leafy- spice used in Asian –Indian cuisine for its authentic flavor and distinctaroma. Parts of the plant have been used as raw material for traditional medicineformulation in India. The curry leaf is used in its fresh form when available and ispreserved as dried or frozen for long-term storage. Interest in greater use of curry leafhas been stimulated since its high antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic potential werereported (Khan et al., 1997, Khanum et al., 2000) as well as the changing demographicnation wide that have created a ready market and greater demand for this spice(Palaniswamy, 2001). Curry leaf is used in very small quantities for its distinct aromadue to the presence of volatile oils. The curry leaves is a source of -tocopherol,-carotine & lutein. An alkaloid Murrayacinine is also found in this part (Chakrabortyet al., 1974). It has been reported by previous records that carbazole alkaloids possesvarious biological activities such as anti tumour, anti oxidative, anti- inflammatory activities.Curry leaves have used in halitosis. It has been recorded that holding curry leaves in themouth for 5-7 minutes is helpful in reducing halitosis and that the terpenes have beenfound to reduce air borne chemicals and bacteria. Fresh curry leaves have 2.6% essentialoils sesquiterpenes, b-caryophyline, b-gurjivene. Sesquiterpenes have antibacterial &anti fungal activities Mahantayya and Balasubramaniam, (2003)MATERIALS AND METHODSPlant Material: The leaves of Murraya koenigii were taken from in and aroundthe regions of SHIATS, Allahabad.Preparation of extract: The leaves were air dried and ground to fine powder.The alcoholic extracts of the plant was prepared by adding 20 grams of powderedmaterial to 100ml of ethanol (70% v/v) in water. The powered material was soaked for24 hours. The extract was filtered by a muslin cloth. The filtrate was taken and evaporatedat room temperature. The filtrate after evaporation was diluted with DMSO i.e. DimethylSulphoxide.Organisms: The bacterial strains used in this study were: Staphylococcus aureus(MCCB0054), Streptococcus pyogenes (MCCB0060), Shigella dysentriae (MCCB0042) Escherichia coli (MCCB0038), Salmonella typhi (MCCBOO17), Klebsiellapneumoniae (MCCB0019), The strains were maintained on agar slants.101

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Antibiotic Sensitivity Test : The antibiotic sensitivity was performed by usingagar disc diffusion method as described by (Bauer et al., 1966). The test culturewas swabbed with a sterile swab over the agar surface. The antibiotic discs wereplaced on agar surface and kept for incubation at 37 o C for 24 hrs. The antibioticsusceptibility was assayed by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone. The inhibitionzone was measured in millimeters. The antibiotics used were Cephalosporin (30ug),Cephazolin (30ug), Tetracycline (30ug), Azithromycin (15ug), Clarithromycin (15ug),Norfloxacin (10ug), and Vancomycin (10ug).Antimicrobial activity of Plant extract : The agar well diffusion method wasused to screen the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts as described by (Collinset al., 1995). The nutrient agar plates were prepared and solidified. The test culturewas swabbed and uniformly allowed to dry. Wells of 5 mm diameter were made byusing a sterilized cork borer and 50 µl of the test extract was filled in the wells .Theplates were kept for incubation at 37 o c for 24-48 hrs. The anti-bacterial activity wasassayed by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSThe antibiotic susceptibility test pattern of the test organism showed variable results(Table.1)Table-1: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of test organisms.Test Organisms CP Cz T At Cw Nx V(30µg) (30µg) (30µg) (15µg) (15µg) (10µg) (10µg)Staphylococcus aureus 22 R 23 R 24 R RStreptococcuspyogenes 18 17 22 28 12 15 21Shigella dysentriae R 16 22 24 R R 18Escherichia coli 15 19 18 25 18 24 RSalmonella typhi R 16 21 14 24 18 RKlebsiella pneumoniae R R 24 R R 25 18Cp-Cephalosporin, Cz-Cephazolin, T-Tetracycline, At-Azithromycin, Cw-Clarithromycin, Nx- Norfloxacin, V-Vancomycin102

Avantika Pandey, Natasha Nageswaran and Sadhna SinghAmong the bacterial strains included in the present study Salmonella typhi, Shigelladysentriae, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were found to show Multidrugresistant which was found to be in correlation with the results obtained earlier(Ayfer and Turgay, 2003).. Tetracycline was found to inhibit all these organisms.Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pyogenes,, Shigella dysentriae, Escherichia coliand Salmonella typhi showed sensitivity towards Cephazolin. Streptococcus pyogenesshowed sensitivity towards all the tested antibiotics.Table-2 : The antibacterial activities of Ethanolic extracts of Murraya KoenigiiTest organismsR1 R2 R3 Mean ofreplicatesStaphylococcus aureus 11 11 11 11Shigella dysentriae 10 10 10 10Escherichiae coli 11 11 11 11Salmonella typhi 0 0 0 0Klebsiella pneumoniae 20 20 20 20R-replicatesDiameter of inhibition zones (mm)of ethanolic extracts of Murraya koenigiiTable - 3 : Comparison of Zones of inhibition of Murraya koeinigii with standardantibioticsTest OrganismsEthanolicAntibiotics Resistance Extract(inhibitionpattern zone inmm)Staphylococcus aureus Cz, At, Nx,V R 11Shigella dysentriae Cp,Cw,Nx R 10Escherichia coli V R 11Salmonella typhi Cp,V R 0Klebsiellapneumoniae Cp,Cz, At, Cw,V R 20Cp-Cephalosporin, Cz-Cephazolin, At-Azithromycin, Cw- Clarithromycin, Nx-Norfloxacin, V-VancomycinR-resistant103

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to be resistant to most of the antibiotics. Theseobservations were comparable with those reported by other workers (Sharma et al.,1977; Singh and Shukla, 1984; Ahsan et al., 1996; Arora and Kaur, 1999) forEscherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Streptococcus pyogenes showed moresusceptibility towards the antibiotics.The antibacterial activity of extract of Murraya koeinigii was seen against all ofthe tested organisms except Salmonella typhi.The extract did not show any antibacterialeffect towards Salmonella typhi.The extract of Murraya koeinigii was found to showinhibition towards Staphylococcus aureus. Similar results were found by Akerele andAyinde, 1998. The volatile oil of Murraya koeinigii was evaluated againstStaphylococcus aureus and it was found to be highly effective towards it. Streptococcuspyogenes, Shigella dysentriae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pnemoniae showedinhibition towards the extract of Murraya koenigii in comparison to the commercialdrugs which were found to be resistant towards the organisms. The highest antibacterialactivity was observed against Klebsiella pneumoniae by the extract of MurrayaKoeinigiiCONCLUSIONFrom the present study it can be concluded that the antibacterial activity of plantextracts can be a great reward in the field of phytodrugs. The leaf extracts were foundto show inhibitory effect towards the tested organisms in comparison to the testedantibiotics. With the increase of Multi- drug resistance the concept of antibacterial effectwill prove to be helpful in the treatment of various diseases and can be used as rawmaterial for the phytodrugs in comparison to synthetic drugs.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author is grateful to the Department of Microbiology and FermentationTechnology.Jacob School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering.,SHIATS, Allahabad.REFERENCESAhsan M., Chaudhary A.K., Islam S.N. and Ahmad Z.U. (1996) Broad spectrumantibacterial agents effective against multiple drug resistance strains.Phototherapy res. 10:329-331Akerele O. and Ayinde B.A. (1998) Antibacterial activities of the volatile oil andaqueous extract of Murraya koenigii leaves. Nigerian journal of naturalproducts and medicine 2:44-45104

Avantika Pandey, Natasha Nageswaran and Sadhna SinghArora S. and Kaur J. (1999) Antimicrobial activity of spices. International Journalof Antimicrobial agents 12:257-262.Ayfer D. and Turgay O. (2003) Antimicrobial activities of various medicinal andcommercial plant extract. Turk. J. Biol 27: 157-162Bauer V.C., Kirby M.D.K., Sheriss J.C. and Turc K.M. (1966) Antibioticsusceptibility testing by standardized disc method. Ame. J. Clinic. Pathol45:493-496.Chakra borty D.P., Bhattacharyya P.R.S., Bhattacharya S.P. and Biswa (1974)Structure and synthesis of Mukonoine, a few carbazole alkaloids from Murrrayakoenigii. Photochemistry 17: 843-835.Collins C.H., Lynes P.M. and Grange J.M. (1995) Microbiological methods(7 th Edn.) pp175-190Butterwort – Hinemann Ltd., Britain.Khan B.A., Abraham A. and Leelamma S. (1997) Antioxidant effects of curry leafand Mustard seeds in rats. Ind. J. Expt. Biol. 35(2): 148-149Khanum F, Anila Kumar K.R., Sudardhana K.K.R., Vishwanathan K.R. andSanthanam K. (2000) Anticarcinogenic effects of curry leaves in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats. PlantFood Hum. Nutr. 55: 347-355Mahantayya V. M. and Balasubramaniam P. (2003) Curry leaves and Halitosis.J. Clinc.Periodontal 11:1-4Palaniswamy U.R. (2001) Asian Horticultural crop and human dietetics. Horti. Tech.11:504-509Sharma V.D., Sethi M.S., Arora K, and Rarotra J.R. (1977) Antibacterial propertyof essential oil in vivo and invitro studies. Ind.J.Exp. Biol.15:466-468.Shihabuddin M.S, Priscillia H and Thirumurugan K. (2010) Antimicrobial activityand phytochemical analysis of folk medicinal Indian plants.10:430-434Singh K.V. and Shukla N.P. (1984) Activity of essential oils on multiple resistantbacteria Fitoterpia 5:313-315.105

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Molecular Characterization of Moringa oleifera withRAPD MarkersAradhana Irene Charan , Nishant Kumar Srivastava , Sanjay Singh • , Amit Alexander Charan and Abhishek Sharan ABSTRACTA total of 7 RAPD primers were used to investigate the genetic diversity betweenand within cultivated and non-cultivated provenances of M. oleifera taken fromdifferent regions of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Bihar. Genetic identity anddiversity (Nei's genetic identity and Shannon information index) was measuredby POPGENE software. Cluster analysis was also done using POPGENE softwarewhich produced two clusters. Clustering pattern and genetic identity and geneticdiversity revealed a trend of genetic separation which could be attributed togenetic changes taking place in the individuals as they adapt to the naturalenvironment. Based on the results, selection of elite germplasm and conservationof M. oleifera genetic resources could be achieved.Keywords: Genetic Identity, Genetic Diversity, Clustering Pattern, POPGENE.INTRODUCTIONAn understanding of their genetic diversity is essential as they are the source ofgenetic material that is used to improve elite varieties (Makkar and Becker, 1997).M. oleifera belongs to the family Moringaceae. The family consists of a single genuswith about fourteen species, which follows the distribution pathway from Rajasthan (India)through South West Africa (Verdcourt, 2000). The family consists of trees and shrubsand inhabits the dry habitats of Old World Tropics (Olson, 2000). M. oleifera iscommonly known as drumstick tree. This name is also used for the golden shower tree.India is the largest producer of M. oleifera with an annual production of 1.1 to 1.3million tones of tender fruits from an area 380 km2 among the states. Andhra Pradeshleads in both area and production (156.65 km 2 ). It contains 38 % protein with all aminoStudent, • , Assistant Professor•Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi, Jharkhand., Jacob School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, SHIATS.106

Aradhana Irene Charan, Nishant Kumar Srivastava, Sanjay Singh, Amit Alexander Charanand Abhishek Sharanacids, making it a richer source of proteins compared to other vegetables. The drumsticktree in fact has the highest protein ratio of any plant on earth, with calcium content of theleaves being 297 mg per 100 g of leaves. 100 g of freshly cooked drumstick leavesprovide for 75 % of iron and 50 % of proteins required by a growing child.MATERIALS AND METHODFresh leaves of M. oleifera were collected from Germplasm Bank established atNational Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Ranchi, which contains accessionof drumstick plants which were collected from different locations of Jharkhand. Extractionof DNA in M. oleifera was done by (Doyle and Doyle, 1990), with some modificationin the procedure, as M. oleifera contains some phenolic compounds which causestickiness in the sample and make it difficult to isolate the DNA . So, in context withabove an additional step is added, which uses wash buffer containing 0.1% PVP and4% - Mercaptoethanol to wash out the phenolic compounds (Hedrick, 1992).The genomic DNA was then subjected to spectrophotometric quantification at 260nm and 280 nm. 14 eppendorf tubes were taken each having 1 ml volume consisting of980 µl TE buffer and 20 µl DNA sample and another 1 ml eppendorf tube which is usedas blank consisting of 1000 µl TE buffer. Agarose gel electrophoresis was also done tocheck the presence of DNA in the sample. RAPD analysis was done with total sevenprimers which were already available in the laboratory and they were selected on thebasis of their genetic diversity and identity (Table 1). PCR was performed with followingsettings- total 18 µl in which 1.5 µl dNTPs, 0.5 µl Taq Polymerase, 1.0 µl Taq Buffer, 1.5µl Primer, 0.5 µl MgCl 2, 11 µl PCR grade water and 2 µl of DNA sample. Total 45 cycleswere performed. Amplification products were analyzed by electrophoresis using 1.5%Agarose gel in 1X TAE running buffer. The bands were visualized under the GelDocumentation System. Bands were scored, and analyzed with software POPGENEVersion 1.32 (32-bit).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn preliminary screening, seven primers were chosen for the evaluation of geneticdiversity among the M. oleifera populations. Specific DNA band patterns were observedwith all the seven primers used. A total of twenty five bands were scored and all werepolymorphic (Arnold and Emms, 1998). On average each primer produced 3.2 RAPDbands, the largest number was obtained from RPI 8 and RPI 15 and lowest number wasobserved from RPI 5 after running on Agarose gel. UPGMA cluster was prepared usingNei's Genetic distance method UPGMA (Nei, 1973) which is modified from NEIGHBOR107

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Table 1: Primers and their sequence.RAPD PRIMER SEQUENCE % GC CONTENTRPI 3 5'-AAGCGACCTG-3' 60%RPI 5 5'-AATCGGGCTG-3' 50%RPI 6 5'-ACACACGCTG-3' 60%RPI 7 5'-ACATCGCCCA-3' 60%RPI 8 5'-ACCACCCACC-3' 70%RPI 10 5'-ACGATGAGCG-3' 60%RPI 15 5'-ACCTGAAGCC-3' 70%procedure of PHYLIP Version 3.5 (Felsentein, 1993) Table 2. UPGMA (UnweightedPair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) Cluster analysis produced two major clustersthat can be split into two subgroups. In first cluster populations 6 and 1 are closest and incluster two populations 4 and 14 are closest. RAPD analysis also reveals Mean Nei'sgene diversity of 0.416 and Mean Shannon's Information Index of 0.6018 (Yu and Pauls,1992) Fig. 1 and 2.For the effective improvement program of M. oleifera, maintenance of high geneticdiversity is one of the most important issues as the species have immense multipurposeimportance, yet genetically uncharacterized. Morphological markers for identifying theindividuals are limited in number and they do not often reflect genetic relationships becauseof interaction with the environment, epistasis and the largely unknown genetic control ofthe traits (Perez et al., 1998).The wide variation in genetic similarity among the 14populations by the RAPD marker used in the study reflects a high level of polymorphismat the DNA level. RAPD marker shows a high degree of similarity in dendrogramtopologies, although with some differences in the positioning of the few individuals (Lynchand Milligan, 1994) Fig. 3. The marker aims to amplify a different region of thegenome and thus it is reasonable that there are some fine differences between theindividual data set (Mneney et al., 2001). The total genetic variation of the species islikely to be distributed among populations as the impact and the direction of naturalselection varies from one population to another due to environmental variation and geneticdrift (Lawrence and Rajanaidu, 1985). Based on the results it can therefore beconcluded that, selection of materials for improvement and conservation of M. oleifera108

Aradhana Irene Charan, Nishant Kumar Srivastava, Sanjay Singh, Amit Alexander Charanand Abhishek SharanTable 2: Nei's genetic identity (above diagonal) and genetic distance (below diagonal).pop 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 1 4ID1 **** 0.5455 0.4545 0.5000 0.4091 0.8182 0.7273 0.5909 0.5000 0.4545 0.6364 0.4545 0.5455 0.50002 0.6061 **** 0.5455 0.3182 0.1364 0.4545 0.6364 0.7727 0.7727 0.3636 0.4545 0.3636 0.7273 0.40913 0.7885 0.6061 **** 0.3182 0.5000 0.4545 0.6364 0.3182 0.5909 0.5455 0.3636 0.5455 0.5455 0.40914 0.6931 1.1451 1.1451 **** 0.8182 0.6818 0.5000 0.4545 0.4545 0.5909 0.8636 0.7727 0.5000 0.90915 0.8938 1.9924 0.6931 0.2007 **** 0.5909 0.4091 0.2727 0.3636 0.6818 0.6818 0.7727 0.4091 0.72736 0.2007 0.7885 0.7885 0.3830 0.5261 **** 0.7273 0.5909 0.5000 0.4545 0.8182 0.5455 0.6364 0.59097 0.3185 0.4520 0.4520 0.6931 0.8938 0.3185 **** 0.5909 0.5909 0.4545 0.6364 0.4545 0.6364 0.59098 0.5261 0.2578 1.1451 0.7885 1.2993 0.5261 0.5261 **** 0.6364 0.4091 0.5909 0.2273 0.5000 0.36369 0.6931 0.2578 0.5261 0.7885 1.0116 0.6931 0.5261 0.4520 **** 0.5000 0.4091 0.5000 0.6818 0.54551 0 0.7885 1.0116 0.6061 0.5261 0.3830 0.7885 0.7885 0.8938 0.6931 **** 0.5455 0.6364 0.5455 0.59091 1 0.4520 0.7885 1.0116 0.1466 0.3830 0.2007 0.4520 0.5261 0.8938 0.6061 **** 0.6364 0.5455 0.77271 2 0.7885 1.0116 0.6061 0.2578 0.2578 0.6061 0.7885 1.4816 0.6931 0.4520 0.4520 **** 0.5455 0.86361 3 0.6061 0.3185 0.6061 0.6931 0.8938 0.4520 0.4520 0.6931 0.3830 0.6061 0.6061 0.6061 **** 0.59091 4 0.6931 0.8938 0.8938 0.0953 0.3185 0.5261 0.5261 1.0116 0.6061 0.5261 0.2578 0.1466 0.5261 ****109

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Figure 1 and 2: RAPD patterns of 14 accession of M. oleifera generated byprimer RPI 7 and 15.110

Aradhana Irene Charan, Nishant Kumar Srivastava, Sanjay Singh, Amit Alexander Charanand Abhishek Sharangenetic resource can be achieved by considering individuals from different agro climaticareas (Faizi et al., 1994; Tingey and Tufo, 1993). However, further researches areneeded to identify elite genetically fixed morphological characters (Muluvi et al., 1999).Figure 3: UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean)dendrogram of cluster analysis of RAPD markers illustrating the geneticrelationships among the 14 different accession of M. oleifera based on similaritymatrix.REFERENCESArnold, M.L. and Emms, S.K. (1998). Molecular markers, Gene flow and Naturalselection. In: Molecular systematic of plant II DNA sequencing. Science.2: 442-458.Doyle, J.J. and Doyle, J.L. (1990). Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue.Focus. 12: 13-15.Faizi, S., Siddiqui, B., Saleem, R., Saddiqui, S. and Aftab, K. (1994). Isolation andstructure elucidation of new nitrile and mustard oil lycosides from M. oleiferaand their effect on blood pressure. J. Nat. Prod. 57: 1256-1261.111

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Felsentein, J. (1993). 'NEIGHBOR' program in PHYLIP software package 3.5.University of Washington. 78: 23-24.Hedrick, P. (1992). Shooting the RAPDs. Nature. 355: 679 - 680.Lawrence, M.J. and Rajanaidu, N. (1985). The genetic structure of natural populationsand sampling strategies. Proc. Int. Workshop on Oil palm Germplasm andUtilization, Selangor, Malaysia, 1985.Lynch, M. and Milligan, B.G. (1994). Analysis of population genetic structure withRAPD markers. Mol. Eco. 3: 91-99.Makkar, L.M. and Becker, K. (1997). Nutrients and anti quality factors in differentmorphological parts of the M. oleifera tree. J. of Agri. Sc. 128: 311-322.Mneney, E.E., Mantell, S.H. and Bennett, M. (2001). Use of Random AmplifiedPolymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to reveal genetic diversity within andbetween populations of cashew (Anacardiun occidentale). J. Hort. Sci.Biot. 76: 375-383.Muluvi, G.M., Sprent, J.I., Soranzo, N., Provan, J., Odee, D., Folkards, G.,Mcnicol, J.W. and Powell, W. (1999). Amplified fragment Length Polymorphism(AFLP) analysis of genetic variation in M. oleifera. Mol. Ecol. 8: 463-470.Nei, M. (1973). Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA. 70: 3321-3323.Olson, E.M. (2000). Intergeneric relationships within the Caricaceae - Moringaceaeclade (Brassicales) and potential morphological synapomorphies of the cladeand its family. Int. Plant Sci. 163: 51 - 65.Perez, T., Albornoz, J. and Dominquez, A. (1998). An evaluation of RAPD fragmentsreproducibility and nature. Mol. Eco. 7:1347-1357.Tingey, S.V. and Tufo, P. (1993). Genetic analysis with Random amplified polymorphicDNA markers. Plant physiol. 101:349-352.Verdcourt, P. (2000). In vitro antimicrobial activity of the compound isolated fromchloroform extract of M. oleifera. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 22: 1888-1890.Yu, K. and Pauls, K.P. (1992). Optimization of the PCR program for RAPD analysis.Nucleic Acid Research. 20: 2606-2601.112

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Extraction and Estimation of primary metabolites frommedicinal plants viz. Aloe vera, Cymbopogan citratusand Coriandrum sativumAmit Alexander Charan • and Abhishek Sharan •ABSTRACTPlants have been used for the treatment and cure of many diseases and physicalailments because of their therapeutic properties. These plants are designated as'Medicinal Plants'. The goal of the present work is to estimate primary metabolitessuch as protein, total phenols, lipids, chlorophyll, starch and carbohydrates inthe leaves of different plant species such as Aloe vera, Cymbopogan citratusand Coriandrum sativum. Higher amount of Carbohydrates was observed inthe Cymbopogan citratus i.e. 3.12%. Highest content of Chlorophyll wasobserved in leafs of Coriandrum sativum i.e. 0.670%. Maximum amount ofProtein was estimated in Cymbopogan citratus i.e. 3.592%. Highest amount ofLipids was calculated in Cymbopogan citratus i.e. 7.08%. Maximum amount ofPhenols was found in Cymbopogan citratus i.e. 0.063%. Starch was estimatedhighest in 3.492% in Cymbopogan citratus.Keywords: Protein, Total Phenols, Lipids, Starch, Chlorophyll and Carbohydrates.INTRODUCTIONMedicinal plants play a significant role in providing primary health care services torural people. They serve as therapeutic agents as well as important raw materials for themanufacture of traditional and modern medicine. Substantial amount of foreign exchangecan be earned by exporting medicinal plants to other countries. In this way indigenousmedicinal plants play significant role of an economy of a country. Plants, as extracts andin various other forms, are being used for centuries in different traditional system ofmedicine for the treatment of human ailments, particularly those caused by pathogenicbacteria, fungi, as well as virus (Ray et al., 2004). Presence of various compounds andtheir uses has extensively been emphasized by number of workers (Despande et al.,•Assistant ProfessorJacob School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, SHIATS, Allahabad – 211007 (U.P.)113

Amit Alexander Charan and Abhishek Sharan1980; Dougal 1981; Collins, 1987). Progress in medicinal plant research has undergonea phenomenal growth during last two decades. Worldwide trend towards the utilizationof natural plant remedies has created an enormous need for information about theproperties and uses of medicinal plants as antitumor, antianalgesic, insecticides (Jacobson,1975), rotenoides etc. Demand on plant based therapeutics has increased many foldbecause they are natural products having no side effects and easily available at affordableprices (Govil et al., 2002). The goal of present work is to analyze primary metaboliteswhich are directly concerned with metabolic processes like - respiration, photosynthesis,protein, lipid synthesis.MATERIALS AND METHODSIn the proposed work different species were collected from School of Forestry &Environment, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences,Allahabad. Fresh leaves were washed and dried in an incubator at 37 0 C and make itspowder. This powder was used for further analyses of Total Soluble Sugar and Chlorophyll(Sadasivam and Manickam, 1992), Protein (Lowry et al., 1951), Total Lipids (Blighand Dyer, 1959), Total Phenols (Bray and Thorpe, 1954), Starch (Dubois et al.,1951).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONHigher amount of sugar was observed in the Cymbopogan citratus i.e. 3.12%followed by Coriandrum sativum i.e. 2.880 as compared to other plants while lowestwas obtained from Aloe vera i.e. 2.872%. Highest content of chlorophyll was observedin leafs of Coriandrum sativum i.e. 0.670% followed by Cymbopogan citratus i.e.Table 1: Comparative analysis of primary metabolites in medicinal plants.Amount of ConstituentsName of plant Soluble Chlorophyll Protein Lipids Phenols Starchsugar(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)Aloe vera 2.872 0.613 3.380 1.00 0.050 3.060Cymbopogan 3.120 0.614 3.592 7.08 0.063 3.492citratusCoriandrum 2.880 0.670 2.544 0.370 0.061 3.096sativum114

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 20.614% while lowest was obtained from Aloe vera i.e. 0.613%. Maximum amount ofprotein was estimated in Cymbopogan citratus i.e. 3.592% followed by Aloe vera i.e.3.380% and lowest was obtained from Coriandrum sativum i.e. 2.544%. Highest amountof lipids was calculated in Cymbopogan citratus i.e. 7.08% followed by Aloe vera i.e.1.0% and lowest was obtained from Coriandrum sativum i.e. 0.370%. Maximum amountof phenols was found in Cymbopogan citratus i.e. 0.063% and followed by Coriandrumsativum i.e. 0.061% while lowest was found from Aloe vera i.e. 0.050% and starch wasestimated as 3.492% in Cymbopogan citratus and followed by Coriandrum sativumi.e. 3.096% and lowest was calculated in Aloe vera i.e. 3.060% (Table 1).REFERENCESBligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J. (1959). Biochemical methods of Plant Physiology. Journalof Biochemistry and Physiology. 37: 911.Bray, H.G. and Thorpe, W.V. (1954). Biochemical estimation for Phenolic compounds.Methods of Biochemical Analysis. 1: 27-52.Collins, H.A. (1987). Determinants of yield of secondary products in plants tissuecultures. Advances in Botanical Research. 13: 145-87.Despande, V.V., Mendular, K.N. and Sadre, N.L. (1980). Antifertility activityof Azadirachta indica in mice. Journal of Postgraduation Medince.26: 167-170.Dougal, D.K. (1981). Tissue culture and the study of secondary (natural) products.Biochemistry in Plants. 7: 21-34.Govil, J.N., Singh, V.K. and Singh, G. (2002). Recent progress in medicinal plants.Ethanomedicine and Pharmacognosy. 1: 37-51.Jacobson, M. (1975). Insecticides from plants a review of literature 1954-1957.Agricultural Handbook 461 U.S. Department of Agriculture, AgriculturalResearch Services, Washington D.C.Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Method ofprotein estimation. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193: 265.Ray, A.B., Sharma, B.K., and Singh, U.P. (2004). Medicinal properties of plants.International Book Distributing Co.Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A. (1992). In: Biochemical Methods for AgriculturalSciences, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, pp. 184-185.115

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Audiological profile in Women using prolongedOral ContraceptiveApala Gupta • , Prema Devi • and V.P. Sah ABSTRACTIt is only in the last two decades that people have been able to be provided withsafe and effective means of controlling their fertility with the safe guard. Thereis some physical alteration along with the most vital auditory and vestibularmechanism.AIM : To profile the effect of oral contraceptive on audition and vestibularsystem.METHODOLOGY : The study has been carried out with subjects of 10 healthyFemale OCP users since minimum of 6 month period between the age of 25-35yrs old, with out any significant medical history. a screening questionnaireadmistered to rule out the detailed case history. All the subjects were followedan ENT evaluation along Audiological test battery, including PTA, SPEECHAUDIOMETRY and IMPEDANCE AUDIOMETRY.RESULT : The following study shows that the OCP user represents variouspathophysiological alteration in auditory and vestibular sensation, represntingssigns of decrease sensitivity of hearing; however the alterations are depends onthe prolongations of OCP.TERMINOLOGY- OCP- Oral contraceptive pillsINTRODUCTIONNearly 40% of married women in the country have adopted measures, 36% usingmodern methods and 4% relaying on traditional techniques, according to the nationalfamily health survey (NFHS).1992-93 conducted by the international institute for populationsciences, Bombay for the union ministry of health and family welfare the survey covers24 states.•BASLP III, • MASLP, Asst Director•, • , Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Hearing Handicap, New Delhi116

Apala Gupta, Prema Devi and V.P. SahAmong the major states, the higher ever use of any contraceptive method wasrecorded in Kerala (75%) and lowest in Uttar Pradesh (26%). Women go through monthlyreproductive cycle which starts during puberty and usually last during all their reproductivelife stopping at menopause. These cycles prepare the female reproductive tract forpregnancy. Combined estrogen and progesterone pills (contraceptives) taken orally for aperiod of 3 weeks have involuntary action preventing fertilization from taking place.This occurs through gonadotrophin secretion inhibition by the pituitary acting on thehypothalamus.The progesterone agent present in the pill suppresses LeutinizingHormonesecretion and the estrogen agent is responsible for the FSH secretion surpression.theuse of these contraceptive pills by women may cause different adverse reactions suchas immune,metabolic,nutritional,psychiatric,vascular,ocular,gastro intestinal,hepato biliary,skin, renal/urinary and auditory alterations. There are cases of sudden hearing loss,Sinoneural loss in the high frequencies, otosclerosis and progressive hearing loss.Previous studies (Dengerink, Dengerink,Swanson, Thompson and Chermak,1984; Petiot and Parrot,1984), women using oral contraceptives were observedtoexhibit significantly greater TTS than men and normal cycling (NC) women. The majorityof Women using oralcontraceptives (OC) suggested that progesterone may play a role inmediating the effects of noise on hearing. Progesterone elevates basal body temperature(Tyler and Woodall, 1982; Ward, Stone and Sandman, 1978), which reflects anincrease in metabolic rate that may hasten fatigue of noise stimulated auditory structures(Henry, 1980; Law and Pettigrew, 1980; Shaddoek, Hammernik and Axelsson,1984). Further, progesterone and estrogen both appear to mediate blood pressure andcochlear blood flow changes in response to vasoactive compounds (Laugel, Dengerink,and Wright, 1987).Vestibular alterations like tinnitus vertigo and dizziness may appear because theseare depends on the integrity of the vestibular system. The use of oral contraceptives canprovoke functional alterations in the inner ear, specially tinnitus and Irritative PeripheralVestibular Syndrome in the risk group; but auditory threshold alterations were not evident.Combined estrogen and progesterone pills (contraceptive pills), taken orally for aperiod of three weeks have anovulatory action, preventing fertilization from taking place.This occurs through gonadotrophin secretion inhibition by the pituitary acting on thehypothalamus. The progesterone agent present in the pill suppresses LH secretion andthe estrogen agent is responsible for the FSH secretion suppression, showing a synergiceffect. Besides, the estrogen component enhances the action of the progesterone agents,117

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2thus allowing a reduction on the doses of progesterone in the pill composition and,consequently, reducing its adverse effects 2 .The use of these contraceptive pills by women may cause different adverse reactions,such as: immune, metabolic, nutritional, psychiatric, vascular, ocular, gastrointestinal,hepatobiliary, skin, renal/urinary and auditory alterations; Central Nervous System disorders,and reproductive system disorders. Moreover, the body may trigger vertigo in the premenstrualsyndrome or during the use of these hormones, due to estrogen and progesteroneconcentrations 3-10 .Therefore, when vertigo and/or dizziness/hearing loss appear, it is necessary toinvestigate prior use of medication; it is necessary to know whether or not the symptomsstarted with the use of some substance or in changing a medication dosing 11 .Partial or total loss of auditory or vestibular function, during or after exposure tomedications, solvents and other substances is called ototoxicity. Many are the potentiallyototoxic substances, including cardiovascular drugs, central nervous system drugs, musclerelaxants, non-hormonal anti-inflammatory, antibiotics, hormones, respiratory tract drugs,antihistamines, contraceptive drugs, cytostatic drugs, anesthetics, appetite moderators,amongst others 12,13 .Body balance depends on the integrity of the vestibular system, the somatosensorialsystem and vision. The labyrinth is responsible for the sense of balance and the bodysposition in space. Dizziness and vertigo set it when something interferes in the normalfunctioning of these systems.The biochemical integrity of the inner ear liquids is important for its proper functioning.The hormonal alterations caused by oral hormonal contraceptives may impair thehomeostasis of labyrinth fluids, because they have direct influence over the enzymaticprocesses and on the action of neurtransmitters 14 .There are some studies that correlate inner ear alterations with the action ofhormones, which will be reported below. The use of oral contraceptives may lowerhearing thresholds, without altering stapedial reflex 14 .There are cases of sudden hearing loss because of the use of estrogen andprogesterone, alone or in association. The prolonged use of these hormones may causesensorineural hearing loss in the high frequencies, besides total or partial vestibularinvolvement. This is explained when we observe labyrinth irrigation, because the vascularobstruction of the internal auditory artery brings disorders to the territory it irrigates,involving the cochlea, vestibule or both 14 .118

Apala Gupta, Prema Devi and V.P. SahNEED FOR THE STUDYThere is an increase demand in the field of audiology to meet with the need ofcases with OCP irrespective of nature of the problem as hearing loss. Many clients don'tshow pathological hearing loss at initial period but presents hearing loss and vestibularalterations physiologically due impairments in enzymetic actions due to hormonal changes.The cases with OCP may represent normal hearing threshold for initial perod but withtime span represents various types of hearing alterations along vestibular impairment..The raising audiological issues in management is not only with audiology but with a teammanagement as from OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY. the associated sensoryimpairments of clients with OCP guide the researcher to conduct this studyTHE STUDY AIMS ATOur goal was to correlate the use of oral hormonal contraceptive and possibleoutcomes as hearing and vestibular alteration• To aware the OCP users about the outcomes as auditory and vestibular alterations.• Profile the all effect of oral contraceptives on audition and vestibular status.METHODOLOGYThe study has been carried out on 10 healthy female of OCP users, ranging fromage 25-35yrs with no other complaints. The subject selection for this experimental studywas based on the exclusion/inclusive criteria to control the variability on the study.Inclusion criteria• Healthy female with age range-25-35 yrs• with minimum usage of OCP since 6 month• No other health issues like diabetic and BP• No family H/O hearing lossExclusion criteria• Female using combined oral contraceptive• Females with age range more than 35yrs• Family H/O hearing lossThe selected subjects were administered on a screening /questionnaire tool, subjectswho met the criteria on the questionier has been followed with an ENT evaluation to ruleout vestibular and any other problems.119

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2The questionnaire includes all the details about the OCP and Auditory and VestibularcomplaintsAfter following ENT evaluation the subjects were undergone serial audiometrictest. audiometric test bettery includeed PTA, SPEECH AUDIOMETY, IMPEDANCEAUDIOMETRY.PTA for both the ear were plotted using ALPS (AD2100) audiometerfrom 250HZ to 8000HZ (AIR) and 250HZ to 4000HZ (Bone) testing withASCENDINGDESCENDIN method.Speech audiometry was carried out for recording SRT&SDS using PBwords andspondee words (in Telugu). Both the test for audiometry and speech audiometry wascarried out under TDH39P headphones and B72 bone vibrator. Immitance audiometrywas carried out with an MAICO MA52 by instructing the patient by not to swallow andholding breath during testing for the Middle ear Status and auditory reflexes.The test protocols were carried out in a soundproof room with controlled noiseback ground and calibrated instrument according to ANSI (1990).RESULTSAudiological test battery was administered on the 10 subject. audiometric resultsshows the impact of oral contraceptives on all the subjects, showing the sensitivity ofOCP on ear, where the PTA Threshold degree ranges from moderate to moderatelysevere .30% subjects shows SN loss also reporting vertigo, tinnitus on ENT evaluation,20% were with high frequency hearing loss complaining of vertigo .20% mixed hearingloss with tinnitus .1 progressive SN loss with diseqilibrium .1 sudden conductive withdizziness and 1 otosclerosis without any complaint in ENT evaluation.Speech audiometry was done and result have shown correlation with SRT andSDS.SRT results ranges between 40-70 (RT & LT) & SDS ranges 60-95% (RT &LT). Tympanometry has shows A type in 60% of subjects (SNHL, HIGH FREQUENCYHEARING LOSS, PROGRESSIVE HEARING LOSS) Ad type in 20% subjects(MIXED & SUDDEN HEARING LOSS) C type in 10% subject (MIXED) As type in1 subject (?otosclerosis).Reflexometric test results are reported to be absent reflexes in 70% of subjectsthose who have sensory neural hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, conductive hearing loss,and high frequency hearing loss. Right ear reflexes are elevated and left ear reflexes areabsent in 30% subjects with progressive sensory neural hearing loss, sudden conductivehearing loss and otosclerosis.120

Apala Gupta, Prema Devi and V.P. SahSl . Ag e Duration PTA SRT SD S Tympano Reflexo ENTof metry metry ealuationMedicatio n Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt.1 27y 10 m 65dB 68dB 75dB 75dB 85% 80% A A A A Vertigo2 32y 6 m 45dB 50dB 65dB 65dB 70% 75% A A A A Vertigo3 25y 8 m 55dB 60dB 65dB 70dB 65% 60% Ad Ad A A Tinnitus4 30y 6 m 65dB 70dB 70dB 80dB 90% 75% A A E A Disequilibrium5 35y 9 m 35dB 40dB 40dB 50dB 95% 95% Ad Ad E A Dizziness6 60y 1 y 60dB 70dB 70dB 80dB 85% 70% A A A A Tinnitus7 45y 8 m 45dB 50dB 50dB 45dB 95% 90% As As E A -8 50y 1 y 50dB 55dB 60dB 65dB 70% 80% C C A A Tinnitus9 65y 6 m 65dB 60dB 75dB 70dB 80% 75% A A A A Vestibulitis1 0 55y 6 m 55dB 70dB 65dB 80dB 70% 60% A A A A VertigoOut of 10 controlled subjects there is complaint of hearing loss in all the cases andwith significant ENT complaint in 9 members irrespective of doses as in this study themedication type was not controlled and usage of OCP is more than 6 month.DISCUSSIONThe present study was aimed to profile the effects of oral contraceptives on auditionand vestibular system.The results concluded that the cases of OCP shows a varying audiologicalconfigurations. How ever use of oral contraceptives for a period of minimum 6 monthsmay not cause auditory/vestibular alterations this present study shows a significant auditoryvestibular alterations as the doses used was more than 6 month.Audiological evaluation showing a significant alteration on hearing threshold. Thatis Right mean value is 54dB. and Left mean is 59.3dB. with a auditory threshold rangingfrom mild-moderately severe form. The results of the vestibular tests showed 30%selected sample complained of verigo, 30% complained of tinnitus, 10% reporteddisequilibrium, 10% complained of dizziness and 10%reported vestibulitis.121

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2It was evident from this present study that women with oral contraception has anevidence of detoriation in hearing & provoke functional alterations in the inner ear leadingto a management call from a team work and increases the demand of auditorymanagement by audiologist.RECOMENDATIONAs a increased chances of incidence of impairment in hearing alterations,audiologistneed to be have keen observation on OCP user with advising them a safe guard with alower doses.Limitations:-The study with above audiological protocol has following limitations.1. Cases were of using different brands of oral contraceptive2. Exact month of usage of oral contraceptive could not be recorded.3. Study was carried out with limited number of sample.REFERANCES:Aitkin L (1990), The auditory cortex; structural and functional bases of auditoryperception.; 109-120.Cox, J. R. (1980). Hormonal influence on auditory function. Ear and Hearing,1, 219-222.Davis , M. J., and Ahroon, W. A. (1982). Fluctuations in susceptibility to noise-inducedtemporary threshold shift as influenced by the menstrual cycle. Journal ofAuditory Research, 22, 173-187.Dengerink, J. E., Dengerink, H. A., Swanson, S., Thompson Frank E, JenniferB, Linda. G. (2007); International journal of audiology , Central deafness: An audiologicalcase study. 46:433-441.Henry, K. R. (1980) Effects of noise, hypothermia and barbiturate on cochlear electricalactivity. Audiology, 19, 44-56.Lotvin, B.R.(1996);. Anticoncepcion hormonal oral Y metabalismo de los Hidratos decarbon. Ginecol obstet mex 64(5):198-200.122

Apala Gupta, Prema Devi and V.P. SahMiller, M.H., and Gould, W.J. (1967). Fluctuating sensorineural hearing impairmentassociated with the menstrual cycle. Journal of Auditory Research,7,373-385.Robert W, audiology for the physicians.1980; 201-208Rybak, L.P. (1995), Metabolic disorders of the vestibular system. Otolaryngol Headneck surg;112(1):128-32.Stover L, Michel P, Stephen T, (1996), Towards optimizing the clinical utilities ofDPOAE measurements. Acoustic society of America..Tyler, S. L., and Woodall, G. M. (1982). Female health and gynecology: Across thelifespan. Bowie, MD: Robert J. Brady Co.123

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Emergency ContraceptionAmong Youths of Parbat District, NepalSudarshan Subedi • Neena Gupta • , Varidmala Jain ABSTRACTUnsafe/unprotected sexual relations which are highly responsible for theproblems of unwanted pregnancy, childbirth and many adverse consequenceswhich can be effectively minimized with the help of emergency contraception.The objective of this study was to identify the level of knowledge, attitude andpractice of emergency contraception among youths along with identifying thefactors associated with KAP of EC.This institutional based descriptive study was carried out among the youths of15 - 24 years studied in higher secondary and undergraduate level of Parbatdistrict of Nepal in the month of February 2011. Self administered questionnairewas used to collect the related data and information.Majority of respondents were of 15 to 17 years (66%) and unmarried (94.25%).The awareness of EC among the respondents was found only 47%, amongwhich very few mentioned the correct definition (17.02%) and consuming time(9.58%) of EC. Overall knowledge was assessed as high level 7.98%, mediumlevel 47.34% and low level 44.68%. Despite of inadequate knowledge on EC,attitudes was found favorable among the respondents. The practice of EC wasfound 8.34% among the sexually active respondents (21%). Among the users ofEC (N=7), the known method used was only oral pills which was found to be43% (N=3). Age, sex, educational level and friends using EC were the factorswhich were found associated with KAP on EC. Besides, no association wasfound between knowledge of emergency contraception and attitudes towardsemergency contraception.•Scholar and Principal Investigator, • Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor•, • , Faculty of Health, Medical Sciences, Indigenous and Alternative Systems of Medicine; SHIATS,Allahabad – 211007 (U.P.)124

Sudarshan Subedi, Neena Gupta, Varidmala JainEmergency contraception is an effective means of preventing unwantedpregnancies, but unfortunately more than half of the youths were unaware of it.Among the aware, very few were familiar with its correct meaning, consumingtime and other related aspects. More efforts should be exerted towards arisingand improving the awareness of EC, its access and enhancing the way of usageby potential users.Keywords: Emergency Contraception (EC), Youths, Unsafe/unprotected sexualintercourse, Knowledge, Attitude & Practice (KAP)INTRODUCTIONUnintended pregnancy, teenage pregnancy, induced abortive procedure with adverseeffects and complications are some of the common reproductive health problems affectingmillions of females globally, counted as some of the leading causes of maternal mortalityand morbidity, the proportion of which is subsequently high in South Asian countries.Globally, some 45 million unintended pregnancies are terminated each year; of which anestimated 19 million are terminated in an unsafe condition. Approximately 40% of allunsafe abortions are performed on young women aged 15 to 24. In developing countries,at least 5 million undergo unsafe abortion each year. About 14% of the unsafe abortionsin developing countries are among women under 20 years.It is estimated that among the total pregnancies each year in South and South-EastAsia, about one-third are unplanned or unintended. For example, about 30 percent ofpregnancies in Bangladesh, 21 % in India, and 35 % in Nepal are unplanned.Emergency contraception has the potential to greatly reduce the number ofunintended pregnancies. It is a safe and effective intervention to which all females shouldhave easy access in the event of an act of unprotected intercourse. The objective of thisstudy was to identify the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of emergencycontraception among youths along with identifying the factors associated with knowledge,attitude and practice of emergency contraception.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was institutional based descriptive type conducted among the youths of15 to 24 years studied in higher secondary and undergraduate level of Parbat district inthe month of February 2011. Out of the total eleven areas of the district, one educationalinstitution was selected from each of the area to make it a good representative. The125

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2sample size was 400. Initially, simple random sampling was done to select the institution.Then proportionate sampling was done to select the number of sample from eachinstitution. Finally, systematic random sampling was done for the selection of ultimaterespondents from each institution.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONEarly sexual activity in young women is fraught with a relatively higher chance ofunprotected sexual intercourse. This is because of the nature of their relationship withtheir partners, which may involve difficulties in negotiating safe sex as well as problemsin having a steady relationship. Hence when young women choose to have sexualintercourse, multiple strategies are necessary to encourage them to avoid unintendedpregnancies. One such strategy is to increase awareness of emergency contraceptionamong them. Education could play a significant role in developing self-confidence,increasing age at first sexual intercourse and delaying marriage. However, it also providesan opportunity for pre-marital sexual activity. Such activity may create risks of unwantedpregnancy if it is combined with a lack of knowledge about the body and contraception.Regarding the Socio-demographic profile, the study revealed that majority ofrespondents (66%) lies in the age group of 15 to 17 years. Female sample size was foundto be more. Referring to the age group, majority of respondents were unmarried (94.25%)and not engaged in any type of employment (99%).It is evident from the study that respondent's attitude regarding different aspects ofEC was found favorable as compared to their knowledge on EC. The awareness of ECwas found 47% (188/400) which is higher than the level found in university students ofTurkey (14.5%), Uganda (45%) and Nigeria (18%). In contrast to this, it is lower thanthe university students in Kathmandu (66%), Mexico (60%) and India (50%). Amongthe respondents who were aware of EC, very few of them mentioned the correct definitionand consuming time (17% and 10% respectively). In context of various brand names ofECPs, respondents had very little knowledge about the pills which are made solely forthe purpose of emergency contraception like e-con, Postinor-2 and i-pill. Regarding thismatter, majority of the respondents accepted combined OCPs as ECPs i.e. 35%. Regardingthe uses of ECPs in different situations, only few respondents were aware of it. TableNo. 1 shows the concerned findings. Furthermore, the level of knowledge was assessedby which following findings were found.126

Sudarshan Subedi, Neena Gupta, Varidmala JainTable No. 1 Knowledge of emergency contraception (N=188)Knowledge Frequency PercentageDefinition of ECCorrect answer 32 17.02Incorrect/Don't know 156 82.98Methods of ECCorrect answer 86 45.75Incorrect/Don't know 102 54.25Time of using ECCorrect answer 18 9.58Incorrect/Don't know 170 90.42Use of EC and pregnancyCorrect answer 74 39.36Incorrect/Don't know 114 60.64Use of EC and prevention of STIsCorrect answer 47 25Incorrect/Don't know 141 75EC and its regular useCorrect answer 26 14Incorrect/Don't know 162 86EC and its use for abortionCorrect answer 63 33.51Incorrect/Don't know 125 66.49Brand Names of ECPe-con, i-pill, Postinor 30 16Sunaulo gulaf/Nilocon white 65 35Don't know 105 57127

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2Level of knowledge of Respondents N Frequency PercentageHigh 188 15 7.98Medium 188 89 47.34Low 188 84 44.68Regarding the attitudes towards EC, the level was assessed by scoring the responseas per the Likert's scale comprising of agree, neutral and disagree in each response. Bythis way, following findings were found.Statements N Frequency PercentageFavorable 188 160 85.10Unfavorable 188 28 14.90Despite of availability of wide range of contraceptives, the rate of unplannedpregnancies and abortions are high in Nepal. The number of unintended pregnancies,abortions and related morbidity is preventable to a great extent through the use of suitablecontraception. Introduction of EC in Nepal, as launched and marketed by Nepal CRS(Contraceptive Retail Sales) Company and its availability in counter has a potential tosignificantly change the scenario by empowering the youths in Nepal.Table No. 2 Practice of Emergency ContraceptivesPractice Frequency PercentageEver had sexual experience (N=400)Yes 84 21No 316 79Ever used any devices of EC (N=84)Yes 7 8.34No 69 82.84Don't know whether the partner had used or not 8 9.52128

Sudarshan Subedi, Neena Gupta, Varidmala JainReasons of using EC (N=7)Because of having unprotected sexual intercourse 2 28.6Because of having sexual intercourse in unsafeperiod 2 28.6Because of contraceptive failure like breakage ofcondom 1 14.2Because of having fear of pregnancy thougheverything was normal 2 28.6Methods used as an EC (N=7)Oral pills 3 43Don't know what the partner had used 4 57Reasons of not using EC despite of unsafe/unprotected sexual intercourse (N=69)Because of having sexual intercourse in safeperiod 10 14.5Because of having withdrawal method 7 10Because of using other contraceptives 17 24.5Thought it was not necessary 15 22Did not know about EC 20 29Analysis of the results found that factors like age, sex, education level and friendsusing EC are related with the knowledge, attitude and practice of EC. Bivariate analysisshowed the statistical significance between knowledge of emergency contraception withage (P=0.000), sex (P=0.001) and friends using EC (P=0.029). Regarding this matter,females were found more aware than males; this finding is similar to the study conductedby Leyva-Lopez et.al. (2010); Zhou et.al. (2009); and Araujo and Costa (2009)whereas it was found differ from the study done by Adhikari R. (2009) and ThongkhaoP. (2002). Similarly, the analysis showed that attitudes towards emergency contraceptionis significantly associated with sex (P=0.014) and educational level (P=0.004) ofrespondents. Practice of emergency contraception was found significant with age(P=0.042) and education level (P=0.003) of respondents. Besides, no association wasfound between knowledge of emergency contraception and attitudes towards emergencycontraception.129

The Allahabad Farmer Vol. LXVIII, January - 2013 No. 2It may be argued that promotion of awareness about EC may encourage premaritalsex/sexual risky behavior. There is no scientific evidence, however, to substantiate anyof these arguments. A wealth of research clearly demonstrates that improving theavailability of EC does not increase any form of 'sexual risk'-taking behavior. Rather, itwas found that use of EC might be the stimulus that brings young women into contactwith health care providers, thus providing opportunities for counseling in matters ofresponsible sexual behavior; contraception; and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases,including HIV/AIDS.One of the limitations of this study was that it was based on only youths studyinghigher secondary and undergraduate levels with their response to the questionnaire.Hence, this study may not be truly representative of all youths of Parbat district. Thestrength of this study lies in the fact that it focused on both male and female youthsrather than only on females or married youths. Unmarried youths are important candidatesfor awareness generation with respect to EC.CONCLUSIONYouths are one of the vulnerable groups for premarital, unsafe/unprotected sexualintercourse resulting in unintended pregnancy and exposed to STIs. EC is an effectivemeans of preventing unwanted pregnancies but unfortunately more than half of the youthswere unaware of it. Among the respondents who were aware, very few of them werefamiliar with its correct meaning, consuming time and other related aspects. The studyfinally concludes that more efforts should be exerted towards arising and improving theawareness of emergency contraception, its access and enhancing the way of usage bypotential users.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI am acknowledge to the following individuals and institutions. Dr. Neena Gupta,Assistant Professor (Sr.), and my Co-Advisor; Christian School of Health Sciences,SHIATS. Dr. Varidmala Jain, Assistant Professor and MPH Program Coordinator ofChristian School of Health Sciences, SHIATS. Dr. A. Broadway, Professor and Director- Research Directorate and Chairperson of my Student's Advisory Committee. Dr. D.K.Bose and Dr. B.S. Lall, my teachers and members of my Student's Advisory Committee.Dr. P. Rajanna - Professor and Dean; Dr. G.S. Shukla - Professor and Associate Dean;Dr. Archana Chandra - Assistant Professor and Mrs. Sarita Maxwell - Assistant Professorof Christian School of Health Sciences, SHIATS. District Education Office, Parbatalong with all the teachers and students of those institutions where I conducted my130

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