DICTIONARY OF AUTOMOTIVE TERMS - Profile Pictures for ...
DICTIONARY OF AUTOMOTIVE TERMS - Profile Pictures for ...
DICTIONARY OF AUTOMOTIVE TERMS - Profile Pictures for ...
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A:<br />
<strong>DICTIONARY</strong> <strong>OF</strong> <strong>AUTOMOTIVE</strong> <strong>TERMS</strong><br />
(A - E)<br />
Abbreviation or symbol <strong>for</strong> absolute temperature, absorption coefficient,<br />
acceleration, adenine, ampere, amplitude, angular acceleration, area,<br />
attenuation coefficient, fine-structure constant, helium nucleus, Helmhotz<br />
free energy, magnetic vector potential, relative atomic mass, a<br />
stereoisomer of a sugar, substitution on a carbon atom next to one common<br />
to two condensed aromatic nuclei, substitution on the carbon atom next to<br />
the hetero-atom in ahetero-cyclic compound, and substitution on the<br />
carbon atom of a chain next to the functional group.<br />
A-2 tire:<br />
A term used <strong>for</strong> tire sizes 16.00 and larger in nominal cross section. Also<br />
called earthmover or off-the-road tire.<br />
AA:<br />
aa:<br />
AAA:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "Automobile Association" a term used in Great Britain.<br />
A term of Hawaiian origin <strong>for</strong> lava flows with a rough, jagged surface.<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "American Automobile Association" or "Alberta Automobile<br />
Association."<br />
AABM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Association of American Battery Manufacturers, Inc."<br />
AAE:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Association of Automotive Employers" (Poland).
AAIA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association".<br />
AALA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "American Automobile Labelling Act."<br />
aalenian:<br />
The oldest stage of the Middle-Jurassic.<br />
AAM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers".<br />
AAP:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "auxiliary acceleration pump".<br />
A arm:<br />
See A-arm<br />
A-arm:<br />
A suspension linkage <strong>for</strong>med in the shape of<br />
an "A" or "V" found commonly on the front<br />
suspension. The sides of the two legs of the<br />
A-arm are connected to the chassis by rubber<br />
bushings and the peak of the A-arm is<br />
attached to the wheel assembly. In this way,<br />
the wheel can freely move up and down.<br />
Sometimes there is an upper A-arm, a lower<br />
A-arm, or both upper and lower A-arms. The<br />
British call it a "wishbone."<br />
Also see<br />
double wishbone<br />
A-arm suspension:<br />
See double wishbone<br />
AAS:
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air aspirator system".<br />
abacus:<br />
[1] The uppermost part of a column capital or<br />
pilaster, on which the architrave rests.<br />
[2] A bead frame. Used as an arithmetic<br />
calculating aid.<br />
abampere:<br />
A unit of electric current in the CGS electromagnetic system of units. One<br />
abampere equals 10A.<br />
abamurus:<br />
A supporting wall or buttress, built to add strength to another wall.<br />
abandonment:<br />
A voluntary surrender of legal rights or title to a mining claim.<br />
abatjour:<br />
An opening to admit light and generally to deflect it downwards; a<br />
skylight.<br />
abaxial:<br />
Rays of light which do not coincide with the optical axis of a lens system.<br />
ABC:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "aerial bunched conductors"<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "automatic beam control".<br />
ABDC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> after bottom dead center. A term used in timing the relation<br />
of the spark and the crankshaft.<br />
Abel flashpoint apparatus:
A petroleum-testing apparatus <strong>for</strong> determining the flash-point.<br />
Abelian group:<br />
A group in which the group operation is commutative. It is important in<br />
the study of rings and vector spaces.<br />
aberration:<br />
[1] An apparent change of position of a heavenly body, due to the speed of<br />
light having a finite ratio to the relative velocity of the source and the<br />
observer.<br />
[2] In an image-<strong>for</strong>ming system, e.g., an optical or electronic lens, failure<br />
to produce a true image, e.g., a point object as a point image. Geometrical<br />
aberrations include spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of<br />
the field, and distortion.<br />
See chromatic aberration<br />
abhesive:<br />
A substance which prevents two materials sticking together, e.g., Teflon ®<br />
on frying pans.<br />
ability:<br />
ABL:<br />
See<br />
climbing ability<br />
cold cranking ability<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "atmospheric boundary layer" panel.<br />
ablation:<br />
[1] Any one of the processes by which snow and ice are lost from a glacier,<br />
mainly by melting and evaporation (sublimation).<br />
[2] Removal of surface layers of a meteorite and tektites during flight.<br />
ablative polymer:<br />
A material which degrades controllably in an aggressive environment,<br />
especially on re-entry space-craft. Extreme temperatures are reached on<br />
heat shield, so it is protected with ablation shield made of e.g., silicone<br />
polymer. The same principle is used in intumescent paints <strong>for</strong> fire
esistance.<br />
Abney law:<br />
A rule stating that if a spectral color is desaturated by the addition of white<br />
light, and if its wave length is less than 570 nm, its hue then moves<br />
towards the red end of the spectrum, while if the wavelength is more than<br />
570 nm its hue moves towards the blue.<br />
Abney level:<br />
Hand-held instrument in which angles of steep sights are measured while<br />
simultaneously viewing a spirit-level bubble.<br />
Abney mounting:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of mounting <strong>for</strong> a concave diffraction grating, in which the eyepiece<br />
(or photographic plate holder) is fixed at the center of curvature of<br />
the grating and the slit can move around the circumference of the Rowland<br />
circle, to bring different orders of spectrum into view.<br />
abnormal glow discharge:<br />
A discharge carrying current in excess of that which is required to cover<br />
the cathode completely with visible radiation.<br />
abnormal reflection:<br />
Reflection from the ionosphere of a radio wave whose frequency is greater<br />
than the critical frequency.<br />
aboard:<br />
See lighter aboard ship<br />
aboard ship:<br />
See lighter aboard ship<br />
A-bomb:<br />
See atomic bomb<br />
A bone:
Nickname <strong>for</strong> a Ford Model "A".<br />
abort:<br />
To terminate a vehicle's flight either by failure or deliberate action to<br />
prevent dangerous consequences; if manned, a predetermined sequence of<br />
events is followed to ensure the safety of the crew.<br />
ABPV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air bypass valve".<br />
abradant:<br />
A substance, usually in powdered <strong>for</strong>m, used <strong>for</strong> grinding.<br />
Also see<br />
abrasive<br />
abrade:<br />
To scratch or tear away two surfaces in contact by relative motion.<br />
Abram's law:<br />
A rule that the ratio of water to cement <strong>for</strong> chemical action to impart<br />
strength to concrete is 0.85:1.<br />
abrasion:<br />
[1] Wearing or rubbing away some surface because of friction.<br />
[2] Mechanical wearing away of rocks by rubbing during movement.<br />
abrasion hardness:<br />
Resistance to abrasive wear, under specified conditions, of metal or<br />
mineral.<br />
abrasive:<br />
A hard grit used <strong>for</strong> sanding or grinding. It is usually in powdered <strong>for</strong>m,<br />
used <strong>for</strong> the removal of material by scratching and grinding, e.g., silicon<br />
carbide powder (carborundum).<br />
Also see<br />
bonded abrasive
coated abrasive<br />
non-woven abrasive<br />
abrasive blast cleaning:<br />
A method <strong>for</strong> preparing steel <strong>for</strong> painting whereby abrasive particles, e.g.,<br />
copper slag, are projected under pressure through a nozzle. Very effective<br />
in removing rust and mill scale, leaving an anchor pattern (a pattern of<br />
minute projections) on the substrate af<strong>for</strong>ding good paint adhesion.<br />
abrasive cleaner:<br />
A cleanser with some hard grit used to remove the grime and oils from a<br />
surface.<br />
abrasive disc:<br />
A circular plate (often made of plastic with hard grit<br />
embedded into it) used <strong>for</strong> grinding or sanding.<br />
abrasive paper:<br />
Sandpaper (a paper upon which sand or hard grit has been glued) used <strong>for</strong><br />
sanding or grinding.<br />
abrasive wear:<br />
A mechanism of wear due to the presence in one or both surfaces of hard<br />
particles (e.g., carbide in steels), or to hard particles trapped between them.<br />
A/B roll editing:<br />
Video editing using two source players (A and B) enabling dubbing from<br />
both. Necessary if scenes are to be superimposed.<br />
A/B roll printing:<br />
A method of film printing with alternate scenes assembled in two rolls,<br />
each having black spacing equivalent in length to the omitted scene;<br />
double printing from the two allows the inclusion of fade and dissolve<br />
effects and avoids visible splice marks between scenes in 16 mm printing.
ABS:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "anti-lock brakes. The acronym ABS comes from the<br />
German anti blockier system.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "acylonitrile-butadiene-styrene."<br />
Also see<br />
copolymer<br />
abscissa:<br />
For rectilineal axes of coordinates, the distance of a point from the axis of<br />
ordinates measured in a direction parallel to the axis of abscissae, which is<br />
usually horizontal. The sign convention is that measurements to the right<br />
from the axis of ordinates are positive, measurements to the left negative.<br />
absolute:<br />
A conic (a quadric in three dimensions) <strong>for</strong>med by the assemblage of the<br />
points at infinity on a line (in general two points). Its <strong>for</strong>m determines the<br />
metrical properties of the geometrical system being operated. Thus in<br />
Euclidean geometry, the absolute is the degenerate conic comprising the<br />
line at infinity taken twice, while in non-Euclidean geometry, the absolute<br />
is either a real conic (hyperbolic geometry) or an imaginary conic (elliptic<br />
geometry).<br />
Also see<br />
manifold absolute pressure sensor<br />
POA suction throttling valve<br />
absolute address:<br />
A computer code designation of a specific memory location as determined<br />
by the hardware.<br />
absolute age:<br />
The geological age of a fossil, mineral, rock or event, generally given in<br />
years.<br />
absolute ampere:<br />
The standard MKS unit of electric current; replaced the international<br />
ampere in 1948.
absolute ceiling:<br />
The height at which the rate of climb of an aircraft, in standard<br />
atmosphere, would be zero; the maximum height attainable under standard<br />
conditions.<br />
absolute electrometer:<br />
A high-grade attracted-disk electrometer in which an absolute<br />
measurement of potential can be made by weighing the attraction between<br />
two charged disks against gravity.<br />
absolute filter:<br />
A filter which removes most particulate matter from gases.<br />
absolute humidity:<br />
The mass (actual amount) of water vapor present in a unit of volume of<br />
moist air.<br />
absolute instrument:<br />
An instrument which measures a quantity directly in absolute units,<br />
without the necessity <strong>for</strong> previous calibration.<br />
absolute permeability:<br />
See permeability<br />
absolute pressure:<br />
Pressure measured from a starting point of zero in perfect vacuum. When<br />
measured by the absolute pressure scale, atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi<br />
or 29.92 inches of mercury (in-Hg).<br />
Also see<br />
manifold absolute pressure sensor<br />
absolute pressure sensor:<br />
See manifold absolute pressure sensor<br />
barometric absolute pressure sensor<br />
absolute reaction rate:<br />
The reaction rate determined from statistical thermodynamics; uses the<br />
assumption of the theory of absolute reaction rates that the rate of a
chemical reaction is governed by the rate of crossing an energy barrier or<br />
of <strong>for</strong>ming an activated complex.<br />
absolute temperature:<br />
Temperature measured with respect to absolute zero, i.e., the zero of the<br />
kelvin thermodynamic scale of temperature, a scale which cannot take<br />
negative values.<br />
absolute temperature scale:<br />
Also called the absolute scale temperature as measured on a scale in<br />
which the hypothetical lowest limit of physical temperature is assigned the<br />
value zero. The Kelvin scale is an example of the absolute temperature<br />
scale.<br />
absolute units:<br />
Units derived directly from the fundamental units of a system and not<br />
based on arbitrary numerical definitions. The differences between absolute<br />
and international units were small; both are now superseded by the<br />
definitions of SI units.<br />
absolute wavemeter:<br />
A wavemeter in which the frequency of the injected radio-frequency signal<br />
is by calculation of physical properties (circuit elements or dimensions) of<br />
a resonant circuit line or cavity.<br />
absolute weight:<br />
The weight (or mass) of a body in a vacuum.<br />
absolute zero:<br />
The point at which there is a total absence of heat, minus 459.67°F<br />
(-273.15°C).<br />
absorbance:<br />
[1] The logarithm of the ratio of the intensity of light incident on a sample<br />
to that transmitted by it. It is usually directly proportional to the<br />
concentration of the absorbing substance in a solution.
[2] The capacity of materials such as textile fibers and paper to absorb<br />
liquids.<br />
absorbed dose:<br />
Quantity of energy imparted by ionizing radiation to a unit mass of<br />
biological tissue. Unit is the gray.<br />
absorbent:<br />
Substance with the ability to take up or absorb another substance.<br />
absorber:<br />
Any material which converts energy of radiation or particles into another<br />
<strong>for</strong>m, generally heat. Energy transmitted is not absorbed. Scattered energy<br />
is often classed with absorbed energy.<br />
Also see<br />
air shock absorber<br />
arc absorber<br />
adjustable shock<br />
absorbers<br />
damper<br />
absorber rod:<br />
See control rod<br />
absorber tower:<br />
See shock absorber tower<br />
direct-acting shock<br />
absorber<br />
double-tube shock<br />
absorber<br />
friction shock<br />
absorber<br />
gas shock absorber<br />
absorbing:<br />
See energy absorbing steering column<br />
energy absorbing bumper<br />
absorbing bumper:<br />
See energy absorbing bumper<br />
impact absorber<br />
lever-type shock<br />
absorber<br />
monotube shock<br />
absorber<br />
self-levelling shock<br />
absorber<br />
shock absorber<br />
single-tube shock<br />
absorber.<br />
telescopic shock<br />
absorber<br />
UV absorber<br />
absorbing material:<br />
Any medium used <strong>for</strong> absorbing energy from radiation of any type.
absorbing steering:<br />
See energy absorbing steering column<br />
absorbing steering column:<br />
See energy absorbing steering column<br />
absorptance:<br />
A measure of the ability of a body to absorb radiation; the ratio of the<br />
radiant flux absorbed by the body to that incident on the body.<br />
absorption:<br />
The use of reagents to remove unwanted antibodies or antigens from a<br />
mixture.<br />
Also see<br />
acoustic absorption<br />
air absorption<br />
atmospheric absorption<br />
sound absorption<br />
absorption band:<br />
A dark gap in the continuous spectrum of white light transmitted by a<br />
substance which exhibits selective absorption.<br />
absorption capacitor:<br />
A capacitor connected across a spark gap to damp the discharge.<br />
absorption coefficient:<br />
[1] The volume of gas, measured at stp, dissolved by unit volume of a<br />
liquid under normal pressure (i.e., one atmosphere).<br />
[2] The fraction of the energy which is absorbed.<br />
[3] The reduction of amplitude, <strong>for</strong> a beam of radiation or other wave<br />
system incident on a discontinuity in the medium through which it is<br />
propagated, or in the path along which it is transmitted.<br />
[4] In a medium, the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident and<br />
emergent energy or amplitude <strong>for</strong> a beam of radiation passing through unit<br />
thickness of a medium.<br />
Also see<br />
acoustic absorption coefficient
absorption discontinuity:<br />
See absorption edge<br />
absorption dynamometer:<br />
A dynamometer which absorbs and dissipates the power which it<br />
measures, e.g., the ordinary rope brake and the Froude hydraulic brake.<br />
absorption edge:<br />
The wavelength at which there is an abrupt discontinuity in the intensity of<br />
an absorption spectrum <strong>for</strong> electromagnetic waves, giving the appearance<br />
of a sharp edge in its photograph. The transition is due to one particular<br />
energy-dissipating process.<br />
absorption factor:<br />
See acoustic absorption factor<br />
absorption hygrometer:<br />
An instrument by which the quantity of water vapor in air may be<br />
measured.<br />
absorption inductor:<br />
See interphase trans<strong>for</strong>mer<br />
absorption lines:<br />
Dark lines in a continuous spectrum caused by absorption by a gaseous<br />
element. The positions (i.e., wavelengths) of the dark absorption lines are<br />
identical to those of the bright lines given by the same element in<br />
emission.<br />
absorption nebula:<br />
See dark nebula<br />
absorption plant:<br />
Plant where oils are removed from natural gas by absorption in suitable<br />
oil.<br />
absorption refrigerator:
[1] A plant in which ammonia is continuously evaporated from an aqueous<br />
solution under pressure, condensed, allowed to evaporate, and then<br />
reabsorbed.<br />
[2] A refrigerator which creates low temperatures by using the cooling<br />
effect <strong>for</strong>med when a refrigerant is absorbed by chemical substance.<br />
absorption spectrum:<br />
The system of absorption bands or lines seen when a selectively absorbing<br />
substance is placed between a source of white light and a spectroscope.<br />
absorption wavemeter:<br />
A wavemeter which depends on a resonance absorption in a tuned circuit,<br />
constructed with very stable inductance and capacitance.<br />
absorptive power:<br />
See absorptance<br />
absorptivity:<br />
See absorptance<br />
ABS override button:<br />
A button or switch which disengages the automatic anti-lock braking<br />
system so that the driver can operate the brakes himself.<br />
ABS relay valve:<br />
An electrically controlled valve which modulates the air pressure in the<br />
ABS.<br />
abundance:<br />
See relative abundance<br />
frequency<br />
abundance ratio:<br />
For a naturally occurring element, the proportion or percentage of one<br />
isotope to the total.<br />
abundant number:
abut:<br />
A natural number <strong>for</strong> which the sum of the proper factors is greater than<br />
the number itself, e.g., 18 is abundant since 1+2+3+6+9>18. Compare<br />
deficient number and perfect number.<br />
The action of two gear teeth making contact.<br />
abutment:<br />
[1] A part which stops the motion of another part from proceeding any<br />
farther.<br />
[2] A cement raised shoulder secured to the side of the road to prevent a<br />
vehicle from going over the edge.<br />
[3] The contact made between opposing teeth of two gears.<br />
abutment load:<br />
In stopping or other deep-level excavation, weight transferred to the<br />
adjacent solid rock by unsupported roof.<br />
abutting edge:<br />
The side or edge of a panel which joins another panel.<br />
abutting joint:<br />
a timber joint whose plane is at right angles to the fibers, the fibers of both<br />
joining pieces being in the same straight line.<br />
ABV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air bypass valve".<br />
abyssal:<br />
term describing the ocean floor environment between ca4000 and 6000 m.<br />
abyssal deposits:<br />
Pelagic marine sediments, accumulating in depths of more than 2000 m<br />
including, with increasing depth, calcareous oozes, siliceous oozes and red<br />
clay (500 m).
abyssal plain:<br />
a flat region of the deep ocean floor with a slope of less than 1:1000.<br />
abyssopelagic:<br />
relating to the open waters of the abyssal zone.<br />
A/C:<br />
AC:<br />
[1] An abbreviation <strong>for</strong> air conditioning or air conditioner.<br />
[2] An abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "across corners" which indicates the distance on a<br />
nut (<strong>for</strong> instance) from one corner to the opposite corner rather than the<br />
distance from one flat surface (A/F) to the opposite (which would be the<br />
size of wrench needed to install or remove the nut). The purpose of the<br />
A/C dimension is to know how large a hole might be needed to insert a<br />
recessed nut.<br />
[1] A vehicle brand of which the 1925-48 models are classic cars.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "alternating current."<br />
[3] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air conditioning" or "air conditioner."<br />
[4] Symbol <strong>for</strong> actinium<br />
[5] The trans<strong>for</strong>mation temperature on heating of the phase changes of iron<br />
or steel, subscripts indicating the designated change, e.g., Ac1 is the<br />
eutectoid (723°C) and Ac3 the ferrite/austenite phase boundary.<br />
AC-3:<br />
Trade name <strong>for</strong> the digital audio coding used in 35 mm motion picture film<br />
to provide six-channel surround sound. It uses data blocks recorded<br />
optically between the per<strong>for</strong>ations, leaving room <strong>for</strong> a conventional<br />
soundtrack. It is also suitable <strong>for</strong> multi-channel TV audio, as well as video<br />
software and home cinema.<br />
AC Ace:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1954-61 Ace models are<br />
milestone cars.
AC Aceca:<br />
(pronounced ah-SEEK-uh) A vehicle<br />
brand of which the 1955-61 Aceca<br />
models are milestone cars.<br />
acanthite:<br />
An ore of silver, Ag2S, crystallizing in the monoclinic system.<br />
ACAP:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Associação do comércio automovóvel de Portugal".<br />
ac balancer:<br />
An arrangement of trans<strong>for</strong>mers or reactors used to equalize the voltages<br />
between the wires of a multiple-wire system. Also called static balancer.<br />
ac bias:<br />
A high-frequency signal applied to a magnetic tape recording head along<br />
with the signal to be recorded. This stabilizes magnetic saturation and<br />
improves frequency response, at the same time reducing noise and<br />
distortion. The bias signal frequency has to be many times the highest<br />
recording frequency.<br />
AC Buckland:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1949<br />
Buckland Open Tourer is a milestone<br />
car.<br />
ac-boundary layer:<br />
See stokes layer<br />
acc:
ACC:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "accessories."<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Automatic Cruise Control."<br />
[2] A term found on a cruise control switch which indicates the direction<br />
the switch needs to be moved to increase the speed (accelerate) of the<br />
vehicle.<br />
ACCC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air conditioner clutch compressor" signal.<br />
accelerate:<br />
[1] To increase the speed of a vehicle. Opposite of decelerate.<br />
[2] To accelerate an adhesive is to speed up a chemical reaction or a curing<br />
process. For example, you can speed up the drying time of an adhesive or<br />
sealer by increasing the temperature. Also, by adding a chemical curing<br />
agent, or accelerator, to a base compound.<br />
accelerated aging test:<br />
A stability test <strong>for</strong> cables using twice normal working voltage. It is<br />
claimed this give quick results that correlate with service records.<br />
accelerated fatigue test:<br />
Test which applies a cyclic loading schedule, which can be of varying<br />
frequency and/or amplitude, to a machine or component simulating its<br />
loading in service, but at a higher rate, to determine its safe fatigue life<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e it is reached in service.<br />
accelerate-stop distance:<br />
The total distance, under specified conditions, in which an aircraft can be<br />
brought to rest after accelerating to critical speed <strong>for</strong> an engine failure at<br />
take-off.<br />
accelerating chain:<br />
The section of an electron beam tube or system, e.g., cathode-ray tube or<br />
electron microscope, in which electrons are accelerated by voltages on<br />
accelerating electrodes. Also used in particle accelerators.
accelerating electrode:<br />
An electrode in a thermionic valve or cathode-ray tube maintained at a<br />
high positive potential with respect to the electron source. It accelerates<br />
electrons in their flight to the anode but does not collect a high proportion<br />
of them.<br />
accelerating machine:<br />
See accelerator<br />
accelerating potential:<br />
The potential applied to an electrode to accelerate electrons from a<br />
cathode.<br />
accelerating-well ports:<br />
These ports prevent momentary leanness during the period that occurs<br />
between the opening of the air valve and the actual discharge of fuel from<br />
the secondary nozzles.<br />
acceleration:<br />
The rate of change of velocity or speed. Velocity is steady and is measured<br />
in distance per time (e.g., feet per second, miles per hour, kilometers per<br />
hour). Acceleration keeps increasing and is measured in velocity per time<br />
(e.g., feet (or meters) per second per second or feet (or meters) per second<br />
squared). It is a vector quantity and has both magnitude and direction.<br />
Also see<br />
angular acceleration<br />
lateral acceleration<br />
sluggish acceleration<br />
yaw acceleration<br />
acceleration due to gravity:<br />
(g) Acceleration with which a body would fall freely under the action of<br />
gravity in a vacuum. This varies according to the distance from the Earth's<br />
center, but the internationally adopted value is 9.80665ms -2 .<br />
Also see<br />
Helmert's <strong>for</strong>mula<br />
acceleration enrichment:
The action of increasing the fuel/air mixture during acceleration in order to<br />
improve the vehicle's speed and its smooth response.<br />
acceleration error:<br />
The error in an airborne magnetic compass due to maneuvering; caused by<br />
the vertical component of the Earth's magnetic field when the center of<br />
gravity of the magnetic element is displaced from normal.<br />
acceleration pump:<br />
See auxiliary acceleration pump<br />
acceleration slip regulation:<br />
(ASR) The Bosch term <strong>for</strong> traction control.<br />
acceleration stress:<br />
The influence of acceleration (or deceleration) on certain physiological<br />
parameters of the human body. Man can withstand transverse accelerations<br />
better than longitudinal ones, which have a profound effect on the<br />
cardiovascular system. The degree of tolerance also depends on the<br />
magnitude and duration of the acceleration.<br />
acceleration tolerance:<br />
The maximum acceleration <strong>for</strong>ce that a person can withstand be<strong>for</strong>e<br />
"blacking out" or otherwise losing control.<br />
accelerator:<br />
[1] In automobiles, this is the<br />
"gas pedal" which is attached<br />
by linkage to the throttle in<br />
the carburetor or to the fuel<br />
injection system. It regulates<br />
the amount of fuel which is<br />
sent to the engine. In<br />
motorcycles, the accelerator is<br />
located on the right-hand twist<br />
grip or an actuating lever.<br />
[2] A device, similar to a<br />
catapult, but generally
mounted below deck level, <strong>for</strong><br />
assisting the acceleration of<br />
aircraft flying off aircraft<br />
carriers. Land versions have<br />
been tried experimentally.<br />
[3] A chemical which is added<br />
to something to make a<br />
process happen more quickly.<br />
For example, a chemical may<br />
be added to paint to cause it to<br />
dry faster. The opposite is<br />
"retarder." A material added to<br />
an adhesive to speed up its<br />
cure or to chemically convert<br />
the whole mass to a solid.<br />
Accelerators differ from<br />
catalysts in that they are a part<br />
of the chemical reaction and<br />
lose their chemical identity as<br />
a result.<br />
[4] A substance which<br />
increases the efficient action<br />
of an enzyme<br />
[5] Any substance increasing<br />
the speed of the vulcanization<br />
process of rubber. The<br />
principal types are aldehyde<br />
derivatives of Schiff's bases:<br />
butyraladehyde-butylideneaniline,di-orthotolylguanidine,diphenylguanidine,<br />
benzthiazyl<br />
disulphide, tetramethylthiuran<br />
disulphide and zinc<br />
dimethyl-dithiocarbamate.<br />
[6] A special circuit board<br />
which is placed within a<br />
computer to speed up some<br />
aspect of its operation.<br />
[7] Machine used to<br />
accelerate charged particles to<br />
very high energies such as<br />
betatron, cyclotron, linear
accelerator, synchrocyclotron,<br />
and synchrotron.<br />
[8] A chemical used to<br />
increase the rate of<br />
development, e.g., sodium<br />
carbonate or borax<br />
[9] Any muscle or nerve<br />
which increases rate of action.<br />
Also see<br />
depress the accelerator<br />
ease up on the accelerator<br />
step on the accelerator<br />
take foot off the accelerator<br />
accelerator board:<br />
A circuit board plugged into a computer motherboard to increase the<br />
operating speed of a computer.<br />
accelerator interlock:<br />
A connection between the gas pedal and the automatic transmission.<br />
accelerator pedal:<br />
The accelerator, gas pedal, or throttle pedal.<br />
accelerator pump:<br />
A small cylinder and piston usually located inside the carburetor that<br />
sprays an extra amount of fuel into the engine during acceleration. It<br />
improves acceleration by giving more boost and reducing a momentary lag<br />
in power. It is actuated by depressing the pedal.<br />
accelerometer:<br />
[1] A transducer used to provide a signal proportional to the rate of<br />
acceleration of a vibrating or other body, usually employing the<br />
piezoelectric principle.<br />
[2] An instrument which measures the amount of acceleration in a specific<br />
direction.<br />
Also see<br />
impact accelerometer<br />
vertical-gust recorder
acceptable quality level:<br />
(AQL) A manufactured good that may not be perfect but does reach a<br />
level of shape, size, and per<strong>for</strong>mance, etc. that will make it work and last<br />
as long as the manufacturer expects.<br />
acceptance angle:<br />
The solid angle within which all incident light reaches the photocathode of<br />
a phototube.<br />
acceptance test:<br />
An examination of a part or its assembly to determine if it meets a<br />
prescribed standard.<br />
acceptor:<br />
[1] The reactant in an induced reaction whose rate of reaction with a third<br />
substance is increased by the presence of the inductor.<br />
[2] The atom which accepts electrons in a co-ordinate bond.<br />
[3] Impurity atoms introduced in small quantities into a crystaline<br />
semiconductor and having a lower valency than the semiconductor, from<br />
which they attract electrons. In this way holes are produced, which<br />
effectively become positive charge carriers; the phenomenon is known as<br />
p-type conductivity.<br />
Also see<br />
donor<br />
impurity<br />
acceptor level:<br />
See energy levels<br />
access:<br />
A way of reaching something that is usually hidden or covered.<br />
Also see<br />
access panel<br />
Access Cab:<br />
A type of pickup truck (by Toyota) which as a second row of seating; but<br />
unlike a crew cab (which has four full size doors) it has a "half-door" that<br />
can be opened only after the main door is opened. The seating is usually a
little more cramped than in a crew cab. Also called club Cab, extended<br />
Cab, king Cab, xtracab, supercab, or cab Plus<br />
access charge:<br />
A financial charge <strong>for</strong> access to a computer or telecommunications<br />
network.<br />
access eye:<br />
A screwed plug provided in soil, waste and drain pipes at bends and<br />
junctions, to clear a stoppage.<br />
access hole:<br />
An opening through which you can reach something. It is usually covered<br />
with a panel.<br />
accessible hermetic:<br />
Assembly of motor and compressor inside a single bolted housing unit.<br />
accessories:<br />
Items and packages of equipment which are beyond the standard<br />
equipment supplied in a new vehicle.<br />
accessory:<br />
See accessories<br />
accessory gearbox:<br />
A gearbox, driven remotely from an aero-engine, on which aircraft<br />
accessories, e.g., hydraulic pump and electrical generator, are mounted.<br />
accessory minerals:<br />
Minerals which occur in small, often minute, amounts in igneous rocks;<br />
their presence or absence makes no difference to classification and<br />
nomenclature.<br />
accessory package:
A set of features or appointments which may be ordered at extra cost on a<br />
new vehicle.<br />
accessory plates:<br />
Quartz-wedge, gypsum plate and mica plate. Used with petrological<br />
microscope to help determine the optical character of a mineral as an aid in<br />
its examination.<br />
accessory shoe:<br />
A mounting bracket on the body of a camera to which separate units such<br />
as a flash or range-finder may be fitted.<br />
access panel:<br />
The cover which conceals the engine on a mid-engine vehicle. Also called<br />
engine cover.<br />
Also see<br />
hood<br />
access time:<br />
The time interval between the instant at which data are called from<br />
memory and the instant at which the data can be used. It can vary from<br />
microseconds with fast store to minutes with magnetic tape.<br />
access to store:<br />
Entry or extraction of data from a memory location. The method and speed<br />
of access depends on the type of memory.<br />
Also see<br />
backing store<br />
fast store<br />
random access memory<br />
serial access memory<br />
accident:<br />
See car accident<br />
accident damage:<br />
The destruction caused to a vehicle's bodywork when it is involved in an<br />
accident.
ac circuit:<br />
A circuit which passes alternating current as opposed to direct current,<br />
e.g., it may have a capacitor in series, which blocks direct current.<br />
ac commutator motor:<br />
An ac motor which embodies a commutator as an essential part of its<br />
construction.<br />
Also see<br />
ac series motor<br />
compensated induction motor<br />
repulsion motor<br />
Schrage motor<br />
Accord:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Honda<br />
.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Honda<br />
Accord<br />
accordion:<br />
The method of folding a leaflet or insert so that it opens out and closes in a<br />
zig-zag fashion. The British term is concertina fold.<br />
accretion:<br />
[1] The process in which a celestial body, particularly an evolved star in a<br />
binary system, is enlarged by the accumulation of extraneous matter<br />
falling in under gravity<br />
[2] The process of enlargement of a continent by the tectonic coalescences<br />
of exotic crustal fragments.<br />
accretion disc:<br />
The disc of material at the edge of a black hole, which has been attracted<br />
from a neighboring star and which emits X-rays as its inner edge<br />
disappears into the gravitational field of the hole.
accumulation point:<br />
A mathematical term which says that of a set of points, one such that every<br />
neighborhood of it includes at least one point of the set.<br />
accumulator:<br />
[1] A storage battery <strong>for</strong> an electric car.<br />
[2] A pressurized container <strong>for</strong> an automatic leveling suspension system.<br />
[3] A part of the hydraulic system which is charged by the fluid pump,<br />
absorbs fluctuating fluid delivery, stores fluid at pressure, and can provide<br />
a rapid flow of fluid under pressure.<br />
[4] A vessel that stores hydraulic fluid under pressure.<br />
[5] A storage tank which receives liquid refrigerant from evaporator and<br />
prevents it from flowing into the suction line be<strong>for</strong>e vaporizing.<br />
[6] A refrigerant storage device used on General Motors and Ford systems<br />
that receives vapor and liquid refrigerant from the evaporator. The<br />
accumulator, which contains "desiccant," per<strong>for</strong>ms a function similar to<br />
that of a receiver-drier: it separates liquid from the vapor, retains the liquid<br />
and releases the vapor to the compressor. Always located on the low side<br />
of the system.<br />
[7] A special storage register associated with the arithmetic logic unit, used<br />
<strong>for</strong> holding the results of a computation or data transfer<br />
Also see<br />
accumulator piston<br />
fuel accumulator<br />
hydraulic accumulator<br />
pressure accumulator<br />
accumulator battery:<br />
A storage battery (i.e., the main battery in your vehicle).<br />
accumulator box:<br />
A vessel usually made of plastic which contains the plates and electrolyte<br />
of an accumulator.<br />
accumulator drier:<br />
A device which is part of the air conditioning system. It is made up of a<br />
tank, filter, drying agent, and a vapor return tube. It is usually found on the
evaporator outlet. It stores the excess refrigerant and removes the moisture<br />
from the refrigerant (thus the name "drier").<br />
Also see<br />
receiver drier<br />
accumulator grid:<br />
The lead grid which <strong>for</strong>ms one of the plates of a lead-acid accumulator<br />
having pasted plates.<br />
accumulator piston:<br />
A unit found in the automatic transmission to assist the servo to apply the<br />
brake band quickly and smoothly.<br />
accumulator system:<br />
In an automatic transmission, it includes a hydraulic accumulator piston<br />
which is controlled by a valve.<br />
accumulator traction:<br />
See battery traction<br />
accumulator valve:<br />
A device which operates the hydraulic accumulator piston in an automatic<br />
transmission.<br />
accumulator vehicle:<br />
See battery traction<br />
AC current sine wave:<br />
Wave <strong>for</strong>m of single frequency alternating current; wave whose<br />
displacement is sine of angle proportional to time or distance.<br />
Ace:<br />
An American trucker's colloquial term <strong>for</strong> someone with a class "A"<br />
licence.<br />
Also see<br />
AC Ace
ACEA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Association des Constructeurs européens dAutomobiles"<br />
(i.e., European Automakers Association).<br />
Aceca:<br />
See AC Aceca<br />
acet-:<br />
Prefix from the Latin acetum meaning vinegar.<br />
acetate film:<br />
Film with its photographic emulsion coated on a base of cellulose<br />
triacetate, of low flammability.<br />
aceto-:<br />
Prefix from the Latin acetum meaning vinegar.<br />
acetylene:<br />
[1] Ethyne HC≡CH. A colorless, poisonous gas, owing its disagreeable<br />
odor to impurities; soluble in ethanol, in acetone (25 times its volume at<br />
standard temperature and pressure) and in water. Boiling point -84°C,<br />
relative density 0.91. Prepared by the action of water on calcium carbide<br />
and catalytically from naphtha.<br />
[2] A gas composed of two parts of carbon and two parts of hydrogen.<br />
When burned in an atmosphere of oxygen, it produces one of the highest<br />
flame temperatures obtainable <strong>for</strong> welding.<br />
[3] Also used <strong>for</strong> illuminating, acetic acid synthesis and <strong>for</strong> manufacturing<br />
derivatives<br />
Also see<br />
oxygen acetylene cutting<br />
acetylene bottle:<br />
See acetylene cylinder<br />
acetylene cutting:<br />
See oxygen acetylene cutting
acetylene cylinder:<br />
A specially built container<br />
manufactured according to<br />
I.C.C. Standards. Used to store<br />
and ship acetylene. Also called<br />
acetylene tank or acetylene<br />
bottle<br />
acetylene hose:<br />
A flexible medium used to carry gases from regulators to the torch. It is<br />
made of fabric and rubber.<br />
acetylene regulator:<br />
An automatic valve used to reduce acetylene cylinder pressures to torch<br />
pressures and to keep the pressures constant.<br />
acetylene tank:<br />
acetylene cylinder.<br />
acetyl group:<br />
Ethanoyl group CH3CO-. The radical of acetic acid.<br />
aceval:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> air combat evaluation.
AC generator:<br />
[1] An electromagnetic generator <strong>for</strong><br />
producing alternating emf and delivering ac to<br />
an outside circuit.<br />
[2] A generator produces direct current (DC)<br />
while an alternator produces alternating<br />
current (AC). Because alternators were<br />
introduced to automobile electrical systems<br />
after generators had been in use <strong>for</strong> some time,<br />
some people referred to the new alternator as<br />
"AC generator."<br />
ache:<br />
See head ache rack<br />
ache rack:<br />
See head ache rack<br />
achromatic lens:<br />
A lens designed to minimize chromatic aberration. The simplest <strong>for</strong>m<br />
consists of two component lenses, one convergent, the other divergent,<br />
made of glasses having different dispersive powers, the ratio of their focal<br />
lengths being equal to the ratio of the dispersive powers.<br />
achromatic prism:<br />
An optical prism with a minimum of dispersion but a maximum of<br />
deviation.<br />
achromatic sensation:<br />
A visual perception of grey. Represented by the equal energy point on a<br />
chromaticity diagram.<br />
achromatic stimulus:<br />
Stimulus which produces an achromatic sensation.<br />
acid:<br />
Also see<br />
battery acid<br />
chromic acid
oxalic acid<br />
acid brittleness:<br />
The brittleness developed in steel in pickling bath, through evolution of<br />
hydrogen.<br />
acid condition in system:<br />
Condition in which refrigerant or oil in system is mixed with fluids that<br />
are acid in nature.<br />
acid cure:<br />
In extraction of uranium from its ores, lowering of gangue carbonates by<br />
puddling with sulphuric acid be<strong>for</strong>e leach treatment.<br />
acid deposition:<br />
Acid compounds emitted into the atmosphere which then return to the<br />
surface either in the <strong>for</strong>m in which they were discharged or as new<br />
compounds <strong>for</strong>med by reaction in the atmosphere. Includes dry deposition,<br />
usually of sulphur and nitrogen oxides near the source, and wet deposition<br />
which follows when acids are washed from the atmosphere by<br />
precipitation (i.e., acid rain and occult deposition.<br />
acid drift:<br />
The process by which ores, pulps, and products become acidic through<br />
pick-up of atmospheric oxygen through standing.<br />
acid dyes:<br />
Dyes which have their color associated with the negative ion or radical.<br />
acid egg:<br />
A pump <strong>for</strong> sulphuric acid, of simple and durable construction, with few<br />
moving parts. The acid is run into a pressure vessel, usually egg-shaped,<br />
from which it can be <strong>for</strong>cibly expelled by compressed air.<br />
acid fixer:<br />
Fixing solution (hypo) with the addition of an acid (sodium bisulphite or<br />
potassium metabisulphite) to prevent staining.
acidizing:<br />
Improving the flow of oil from a limestone <strong>for</strong>mation by pumping acid<br />
into it.<br />
acid mine water:<br />
Water containing sulphuric acid as a result of the breakdown of the<br />
sulphide minerals in rocks. Acid mine water causes corrosion of mining<br />
equipment, and may contaminate water supplies into which it drains.<br />
acid process:<br />
[1] A steel-making process in which the furnace is lined with a siliceous<br />
refractory, and <strong>for</strong> which iron low in phosphorous is required, as this<br />
element is not removed.<br />
[2] Any pulp digestion process utilizing an acid regent, e.g., a bisulphite<br />
liquor with some free sulphur dioxide.<br />
acid rain:<br />
[1] When the smoke created by factories and vehicle exhausts is taken by<br />
the wind and joined with rain clouds, the mixture is often acidic. As a<br />
result the rain that falls to the ground (and even on your car) may damage<br />
whatever it strikes.<br />
[2] A <strong>for</strong>m of wet deposition in which acid molecules or particles in the<br />
atmosphere are returned to the surface having been washed out by rain or<br />
snow as it falls. The unnatural acidity (pH 3-5.5) is caused mainly by the<br />
oxides of sulphur and nitrogen from the burning of coal and oil.<br />
acid refractory:<br />
See silica<br />
acid resist foils:<br />
Blocking foils <strong>for</strong> use in etching metal. The foil is stamped on to paper and<br />
the excess foil blocked on to the metal rule or other object which is then<br />
exposed to an acidic etching fluid such as ferric chloride.<br />
acid rock:
An igneous rock with more than 63% quartz.<br />
acid slag:<br />
Furnace slag in which silica and alumina exceed lime and magnesia.<br />
acid smut:<br />
See acid soot<br />
acid soot:<br />
A pollutant, consisting of particles of carbon bound together by water<br />
containing sulphuric acid, <strong>for</strong>med as a by-product of the incomplete<br />
combustion of carbon-based fuel. Also called acid smut.<br />
acid steel:<br />
Steel made by an acid process.<br />
acid stop:<br />
Weak acid photography processing solution used immediately after the<br />
developer to halt its chemical activity and neutralize it be<strong>for</strong>e fixing.<br />
AC Ignition System:<br />
See continuous AC Ignition System<br />
Ackermann:<br />
See Ackermann steering
Ackermann steering:<br />
[1] A double-pivoting steering system where<br />
the outer ends of the steering arms are bent<br />
slightly inward so that when the vehicle is<br />
making a turn, the inside wheel will turn more<br />
sharply than the outer wheel. This is done to<br />
compensate <strong>for</strong> the greater distance the outside<br />
wheel must travel. Notice 20 degrees on left<br />
wheel and 30 degrees on right wheel<br />
[2] Arrangement whereby a line extended from<br />
the track-arms, when the wheels are set<br />
straight ahead, should meet on the chassis<br />
centerline at 2/3 of the wheelbase from the<br />
front, allowing the inner stub-axle to move<br />
through a greater angle than the outer.<br />
Ackermann angle:<br />
The toe-out or toe-in of a vehicle with Ackermann steering when the<br />
wheels are positioned straight ahead.<br />
Ackermann axle:<br />
In a vehicle with Ackermann steering (at the front of the vehicle), it is a<br />
non-rotating axle that is steerable and has two pivot points (one on each<br />
end of the axle) with vertical kingpins.<br />
acknowledgement signal:<br />
A signal transmitted along a circuit from B to A when triggered by a signal<br />
from A to B.<br />
A-class insulation:<br />
Insulating material which will withstand temperatures up to 105°C.<br />
ACL BI-MET:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air cleaner bi-metal sensor".<br />
ACL DV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air cleaner duct and valve vacuum" motor.
ACM:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> Association <strong>for</strong> Computing Machinery, a US professional<br />
association.<br />
ac magnet:<br />
Electromagnet excited by alternating current having normally a laminated<br />
magnetic circuit.<br />
Also see<br />
shaded pole<br />
acme screw-thread:<br />
A thread having a profile angle of 29° and a flat crest and root, used <strong>for</strong><br />
example <strong>for</strong> lathe lead screw <strong>for</strong> easy engagement by a split nut.<br />
acmite:<br />
A variety of aegirine; also used <strong>for</strong> the NaFe +3 Si2 O6 end-member.<br />
ac motor:<br />
An electric motor which operates from a single or polyphase alternating<br />
current supply.<br />
Also see<br />
capacitor motor<br />
induction motor<br />
synchronous motor<br />
acnode:<br />
See double point<br />
acoustic absorption:<br />
Transfer of energy into thermal energy when sound is incident at an<br />
interface.<br />
acoustic absorption coefficient:<br />
The ratio of the acoustic energy absorbed by a surface to that which is<br />
incident on the surface. For an open window this can be 1.00, <strong>for</strong> painted<br />
plaster 0.02. The value varies with the frequency of the incident sounds,<br />
e.g., <strong>for</strong> 2 cm glass fiber it is 0.04 at 125 Hz, 0.80 at 4000 Hz. Also called<br />
acoustic absorption factor.
acoustic absorption factor:<br />
The ratio of the acoustic energy absorbed by a surface to that which is<br />
incident on the surface. For an open window this can be 1.00, <strong>for</strong> painted<br />
plaster 0.02. The value varies with the frequency of the incident sounds,<br />
e.g., <strong>for</strong> 2 cm glass fiber it is 0.04 at 125 Hz, 0.80 at 4000 Hz. Also called<br />
acoustic absorption coefficient.<br />
acoustical inertia:<br />
The quantity M, where ωM is the part of the acoustical reactance which<br />
corresponds to the inductance of an electrical reactance: ω is the pulstance,<br />
given by 2πf is the frequency in hertz. Also called acoustical mass.<br />
acoustical mass:<br />
The quantity M, where ωM is the part of the acoustical reactance which<br />
corresponds to the inductance of an electrical reactance: ω is the pulstance,<br />
given by 2πf is the frequency in hertz. Also called acoustical inertia.<br />
acoustical stiffness:<br />
For an enclosure of volume V, the quantity given by S-pc³/V, where c is<br />
velocity of propagation of sound and p is density. It is assumed that the<br />
dimensions of the enclosure are small compared with the sound<br />
wavelength and that the walls around the volume do not deflect.<br />
acoustic amplifier:<br />
An amplifier of mechanical vibrations.<br />
acoustic branch:<br />
A branch of the dispersion curve (frequency ω against wavenumber q) <strong>for</strong><br />
crystal lattice vibrations <strong>for</strong> which ω is proportional to q <strong>for</strong> small q. For a<br />
crystal containing n atoms per unit cell, the dispersion curve has 3n<br />
branches of which three are acoustic branches. The branches are<br />
characterized by different patterns of movement of the atoms.<br />
Also see<br />
optic branch<br />
acoustic center:
The effective source point of the spherically divergent wave system<br />
observed at distinct points in the radiation field of an acoustic transducer.<br />
acoustic compliance:<br />
The reciprocal of the acoustic stiffness.<br />
acoustic construction:<br />
Building construction which aims at the control of transmission of sound,<br />
or of mechanical vibration giving rise to sound, particularly unwanted<br />
noises. The parts of the structure are separated by air-spaces or acoustic<br />
absorbing material and can be decoupled by the interposing of springs.<br />
acoustic coupler:<br />
A device which enables a digital signal to be transmitted over the<br />
telephone network using an ordinary telephone handset.<br />
acoustic delay line:<br />
A device, magnetostrictive or piezoelectric, e.g., a quartz bar or plate of<br />
suitable geometry, which reflects an injected sound pulse many times<br />
within the body.<br />
acoustic distortion:<br />
Distortion in sound-reproducing systems.<br />
acoustic emission:<br />
Non-destructive testing method of investigating de<strong>for</strong>mation and failure<br />
processes in materials by the signals generated when the elastic waves<br />
released by them are detected at the materials' surfaces.<br />
acoustic feedback:<br />
Instability or oscillation in a second reproduction system caused by the<br />
microphone or pick-up receiving vibrations from the loudspeaker.<br />
acoustic filter:<br />
Filter which uses tubes and resonating boxes in shunt and series as<br />
reactance elements, providing frequency cut-offs in acoustic wave
transmission, as in an electric wave filter.<br />
acoustic grating:<br />
A diffraction grating <strong>for</strong> production of directive sound. Spacings are much<br />
larger than in optical gratings due to the longer wavelength of sound<br />
waves. Both transmission and reflection grating are used.<br />
acoustic impedance:<br />
the complex ratio of sound pressure on surface to sound flux through<br />
surface, having imaginary (reactance) and real (resistance) components,<br />
respectively. Unit is the acoustic ohm.<br />
acoustic interferometer:<br />
Instrument in which measurements are made by study of interference<br />
pattern set up by two sound or ultrasonic waves generated at the same<br />
source.<br />
acoustic lens:<br />
A system of slats or disks to spread or converge sound waves.<br />
acoustic microscope:<br />
Microscope based on acoustic waves (longitudinal compressions and<br />
rarefactions of density) at microwave frequencies the interaction of an<br />
acoustic wave with a material is sensitive to its elastic properties. Images<br />
can be created by modulating a display with the intensity received by a<br />
detector/specimen system scanned synchronously (ultrasonic imaging).<br />
Coupling between electrical signals and acoustic vibrations exploits the<br />
piezoelectric effect.<br />
acoustic model:<br />
A scale model of a room (e.g., concert hall) or structure which is used to<br />
measure qualities important <strong>for</strong> architectural acoustics and noise control<br />
(e.g., sound distribution). The scale is typically between 1:10 and 1:20. In<br />
order to adjust the wavelength, the frequency has to be increased by a<br />
factor of 10-20.<br />
acoustic ohm:
Unit of acoustic resistance, reactance, and impedance, equal to 10 5 Pasm -3 .<br />
acoustic perspective:<br />
The quality of depth and localization inherent in a pair of ears, which is<br />
destroyed in a single channel <strong>for</strong> sound reproduction. It is transferable with<br />
two microphones and two telephone ear-receivers with matched channels,<br />
and more adequately realized with three microphones and three radiating<br />
receivers with three matched channels.<br />
acoustic plaster:<br />
Rough or flocculent plaster which has good acoustic absorbing properties<br />
and which can be used <strong>for</strong> covering walls. Added to the mix is fine<br />
aluminum, which evolves gas on contact with water and so aerates the<br />
mass. These tiny holes lower the acoustic impedance and so reduce the<br />
reflection of incidence sound waves.<br />
acoustic pressure:<br />
See sound pressure<br />
acoustic radiator:<br />
Device to generate and radiate sound. The more common radiators are (1)<br />
vibrating elastic systems (membrane, string, vocal cord) which cause a<br />
fluctuating pressure in the surrounding medium; (2) electrically driven<br />
membranes and plates (loudspeaker, sonar transducer); (3) vortices in<br />
turbulent fluid flow.<br />
acoustic ratio:<br />
The ratio between the directly radiated sound intensity from a source, at<br />
the ear of a listener (or a microphone), and the intensity of the reverberant<br />
sound in the enclosure. The ratio depends on the distance from the source,<br />
the polar distribution of the radiated sound power, and the period of<br />
reverberation of the enclosure.<br />
acoustic reactance:<br />
See acoustic impedance<br />
acoustic resistance:<br />
See acoustic impedance
acoustic resonance:<br />
Enhancement of response to an acoustic pressure of a frequency equal or<br />
close to the eigenfrequency of the responding system. When a system is at<br />
resonance, the imaginary part of its impedance is zero. Prominent in<br />
Helmholtz resonators, organ, and other pipes and vibrating strings.<br />
acoustics:<br />
[1] The science of sound waves including production and propagation<br />
properties.<br />
[2] The characteristics of a room which determine the quality of sound<br />
transmission inside.<br />
Also see<br />
architectural acoustics<br />
atmospheric acoustics<br />
acoustic saturation:<br />
The aural effectiveness of a source of sound amid other sounds; it is low<br />
<strong>for</strong> a violin, but high <strong>for</strong> a triangle. The relative saturation of instruments<br />
indicates the number required in an auditorium of given acoustic<br />
properties.<br />
acoustic scattering:<br />
Irregular and multi-directional reflection and diffraction of sound waves<br />
produced by multiple reflecting surfaces the dimensions of which are<br />
small compared to the wavelength; or by certain discontinuities in the<br />
medium through which the wave is propagated.<br />
acoustic spectrometer:<br />
An instrument designed to analyze a complex sound signal into its<br />
wavelength components and measure their frequencies and relative<br />
intensities.<br />
Also see<br />
real-time analyzer<br />
acoustic spectrum:<br />
Graph showing frequency distribution of sound energy emitted by source.<br />
acoustic streaming:
Generation of constant flows by a strong sound wave. Acoustic streaming<br />
is a non-linear effect. It is responsible <strong>for</strong> the motion of the light particles<br />
(lycopodium spores) in a Kundt's tube.<br />
Also see<br />
quartz wind<br />
acoustic survey:<br />
Determination of the porosity of a rock by measuring the time required <strong>for</strong><br />
a sonic impulse to travel through a given distance.<br />
acoustic suspension:<br />
Sealed-cabinet system of loudspeakers in which the main restoring <strong>for</strong>ce<br />
of the diaphragm is provided by the acoustic stiffness of the enclosed air.<br />
acoustic telescope:<br />
An array of microphones. The signals of the microphones are added with<br />
certain phase-delays so as to generate desired directions.<br />
Also see<br />
directional microphone<br />
acoustic tile:<br />
A tile made of soft, sound-absorbing substance.<br />
acousto-optic modulator:<br />
A telecommunication device in which acoustic waves in an optical<br />
medium from a grating used to diffract an optical signal and thus<br />
effectively turn it on or off.<br />
acquisition fee:<br />
A charge <strong>for</strong> processing a lease and is probably not negotiable. On a<br />
shorter term lease, the acquisition fee can have a large impact on the cost<br />
of the lease.<br />
ACR:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> approach control radar.<br />
acro-:
Prefix from Greek akros (ακρος), topmost, farthest, terminal.<br />
Acrobat:<br />
Trade name <strong>for</strong> a computer application which converts text, line drawings,<br />
and half-tones into a stream of alphanumeric text while retaining the<br />
<strong>for</strong>mat of the original. Such a page description file (PDF) is an extension<br />
of the Adobe PostScript language and can be read by any type of<br />
computer.<br />
acronical rising:<br />
The rising of a star at nightfall.<br />
acronical setting:<br />
The setting of a star at nightfall.<br />
acronychal:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> "acronical".<br />
across corners:<br />
(A/C) The distance on a nut (<strong>for</strong> instance) from one corner to the opposite<br />
corner rather than the distance from one flat surface (A/F) to the opposite<br />
(which would be the size of wrench needed to install or remove the nut).<br />
The purpose of the A/C dimension is to know how large a hole might be<br />
needed to insert a recessed nut.<br />
across flats:<br />
(A/F) The distance on a nut (<strong>for</strong> instance) from one flat surface to the<br />
opposite flat surface, i.e., this is the size of the wrench needed to install or<br />
remove the nut.<br />
Also see<br />
across corners.<br />
acroterium:<br />
A base or mounting on the apex and/or extremities of a pediment, <strong>for</strong> the<br />
support of an ornamental figure or statuary.
ACR tubing:<br />
Tubing used in air conditioners and refrigerators. The ends are sealed to<br />
keep tubing clean and dry.<br />
acrux:<br />
A bright white supergiant star in the constellation Crux. A visual binary<br />
consisting of two spectroscopic binary components. Distance 80 pc. Also<br />
called Alpha Crucis.<br />
acrylate:<br />
A polymer used to strengthen rubber (e.g., ethyl acrylate).<br />
acrylic:<br />
A term relating to a type of paint made by polymerizing acrylonitrile.<br />
acrylic fibers:<br />
Continuous filaments or, more fibers from linear polymers which are<br />
synthesized from several monomers containing at least 85% by weight of<br />
acrylonitrile.<br />
acrylic finish:<br />
A final coating of paint which uses acrylic paint, often where the pigment<br />
and an acrylic paint are mixed together.<br />
Also see<br />
two-pack paint.<br />
acrylic paint:<br />
A type of paint made by polymerizing acrylonitrile.<br />
acrylic resin:<br />
A thermoplastic synthetic polymer made by polymerizing an acrylic<br />
derivative such as acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, and<br />
methacrylate. It is used <strong>for</strong> adhesives, protective coatings, and paint<br />
finishes.<br />
ACS:
[1] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> active control system<br />
[2] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> attitude control system<br />
[3] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> air conditioning system .<br />
ac series motor:<br />
A series motor which operates from an ac supply with laminated field<br />
construction and usually a compensating winding.<br />
AC Shelby Cobra:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1962-67 Shelby Cobra models<br />
are milestone cars.<br />
ACT:<br />
act:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air charge temperature."<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> active control technology.<br />
Also see<br />
active control system<br />
See Motor Vehicle Safety Act<br />
acting:<br />
See double-acting<br />
dual-acting<br />
single-acting<br />
actinic radiation:<br />
Ultraviolet waves, which have enhanced biological effect by inducing<br />
chemical change; basis of the science of photochemistry.<br />
actinic rays:<br />
Electromagnetic waves of wavelength that can cause a latent image,<br />
potentially able to be developed, in a photographic emulsion. They include<br />
an extension at each end of the visible spectrum and X-rays.<br />
actino-:
Prefix from Greek aktis (ακτις).<br />
actinolite:<br />
A monoclinic calcium magnesium iron member of the amphibole group,<br />
green in color and usually showing an elongated or needle-like habit;<br />
occurs in metamorphic and altered basic igneous rocks.<br />
action:<br />
[1] The per<strong>for</strong>mance of a scene to be recorded on camera<br />
[2] The film record of this per<strong>for</strong>mance as picture only, separate from the<br />
sound record<br />
[3] The time integral of kinetic energy (E) of a conservative dynamic<br />
system undergoing a change, given by this <strong>for</strong>mula:<br />
Also see<br />
capillary action<br />
caster action<br />
mist action<br />
oscillating action<br />
parallel action locking pliers<br />
reciprocating action<br />
action brakes:<br />
See servo action brakes<br />
action locking:<br />
See parallel action locking pliers<br />
action locking pliers:<br />
See parallel action locking pliers<br />
activate:<br />
To change an adhesive film from a dry or inactive state to a useful, sticky<br />
state.<br />
activated:<br />
See cable activated<br />
activated alumina:
Chemical which is a <strong>for</strong>m of aluminum oxide. it is used as a drier or<br />
desiccant.<br />
activated carbon:<br />
[1] A highly porous carbon which is able to absorb gases and fluids. It is<br />
usually found in small pellets so that the surface area is greater than a large<br />
chunk of it. Also it has a number of pores on each pellet to increase the<br />
surface area more. Thus the greater surface area means greater ability to<br />
absorb. Used to clean air. Also called activated charcoal.<br />
[2] Carbon obtained from vegetable matter by carbonization in the absence<br />
of air, preferably in a vacuum. Activated carbon has the property of<br />
absorbing large quantities of gasses. Important <strong>for</strong> gas masks, adsorption<br />
of solvent vapors, clarifying of liquids, and in medicine.<br />
activated carbon canister:<br />
An automotive filter in which activated carbon has been placed so that gas<br />
tank fuel vapors, which have accumulated when the vehicle is not running,<br />
are trapped in the filter. When the engine is running, hot air is <strong>for</strong>ced into<br />
the filter and push out the vapors into the engine. In this way, pollution is<br />
reduced and conservation of the fuel is maintained. Also called activated<br />
charcoal trap or charcoal canister.<br />
activated cathode:<br />
Emitter in thermionic devices comprising a filament of basic tungsten<br />
metal, alloyed with thorium, which is brought to the surface by process of<br />
activation, such as heating without electric field.<br />
activated charcoal:<br />
Charcoal treated with acid to increase its adsorptive power<br />
Also see<br />
activated carbon<br />
charcoal<br />
activated charcoal trap:<br />
See activated carbon canister<br />
activated sintering:<br />
Sintering of a compact in the presence of a gaseous reactant. Also called<br />
reaction sintering.
activating agent:<br />
See activator<br />
activation:<br />
[1] Alteration of the surface of a metal to a chemically active state.<br />
Compare passivation<br />
[2] Induction of radioactivity in otherwise non-radioactive atoms, e.g., in a<br />
cyclotron or reactor.<br />
activation cross-section:<br />
The effective cross-sectional area of a target nucleus undergoing<br />
bombardment by e.g., neutrons <strong>for</strong> radioactivation analysis. Measured in<br />
barns.<br />
Also see<br />
cross-section<br />
activator:<br />
[1] A substance which is used to speed up the process of curing a tire.<br />
[2] Surface-active chemical used in a flotation process to increase the<br />
attraction to a specific mineral in an aqueous pulp of collector ions from<br />
the ambient liquid and increase in aerophilic quality. Also called activating<br />
agent.<br />
active array:<br />
An antenna array in which the individual elements are separately excited<br />
by integrated circuit or transistor amplifiers.<br />
active braking time:<br />
The length of time (excluding the driver's reaction time) a vehicle takes to<br />
come to a complete stop after the brakes are applied.<br />
active component:<br />
The component of the vector representing an alternating quantity which is<br />
in phase with some reference vector; e.g., the active component of the<br />
current, commonly called the active current.<br />
Also see
active current<br />
active voltage<br />
active volt-amperes<br />
active control:<br />
Modern technique of noise or vibration control using one or more sources<br />
that generate signals with the aim of making the resulting total signal<br />
smaller. Used <strong>for</strong> example <strong>for</strong> the control of low-frequency airborne noise<br />
and vibration of machinery.<br />
Also see<br />
antisound<br />
active control system:<br />
(ACS) An advanced automatic flight control system designed to provide<br />
several special features, <strong>for</strong> example activation of flight control surfaces to<br />
minimize gust loads and bending stresses in the wing by detection and<br />
response to normal accelerations, provision of stability to a naturally<br />
unstable aircraft and implementation of pilot maneuver demands. All these<br />
characteristics improve aircraft behavior and per<strong>for</strong>mance, but the active<br />
control system demands extensive integration between aerodynamics,<br />
structure, and electronic system design to achieve these advantages with<br />
reliability and safety.<br />
active current:<br />
The component of a vector representing the ac in a circuit which is in<br />
phase with the voltage of the circuit. The product of this and the voltage<br />
gives power.<br />
active device:<br />
A component capable of controlling voltages or currents, to produce gain<br />
or switching action in a circuit, valves, diodes, and transistors, and<br />
integrated circuits are all classed as active devices or components.<br />
active electrode:<br />
The electrode of an electrical precipitator which is kept at a high potential.<br />
Also called discharge electrode..<br />
active filter:
A filter which combines amplification with conventional passive filter<br />
components (capacitance, inductance, resistance) to enhance fixed or<br />
tunable passband or rejection characteristics.<br />
active galaxy:<br />
A galaxy which emits unusually large amounts of radiation from a<br />
compact central source, such as Seyfert galaxy, N galaxy, quasar, or BL<br />
Lac object.<br />
active homing:<br />
A guidance system where the missile contains the transmitter <strong>for</strong><br />
illuminating the target and the receiver <strong>for</strong> the reflected energy.<br />
active lattice:<br />
The regular pattern of arrangement of fissionable and non-fissionable<br />
materials in the core of a lattice reactor.<br />
active lines:<br />
Lines which are effective in establishing a picture.<br />
active material:<br />
In a storage battery, peroxide of lead (brown) in positive plates and<br />
metallic lead (gray) in negative plates upon which sulphuric acid acts.<br />
active materials:<br />
[1] General term <strong>for</strong> essential materials required <strong>for</strong> the functioning of a<br />
device, e.g., iron or copper in a relay or machine, electrode materials in a<br />
primary or secondary cell, emitting surface material in a valve, or<br />
photocell, phosphorescent and fluorescent material <strong>for</strong>ming a<br />
phosphorescent and fluorescent material <strong>for</strong>ming a phosphor in a cathoderay<br />
tube, or that on the signal plate of a TV camera.<br />
[2] Term applied to all types of radioactive isotopes.<br />
active noise control system:<br />
See anti-noise system<br />
active power:
The time average over one cycle of the instantaneous input powers at the<br />
points of entry of a polyphase circuit.<br />
Also see<br />
active volt-amperes<br />
active safety:<br />
The opposite of passive safety. Passive safety involves seat belts, airbags,<br />
bumpers, etc. so that in the event of an accident the passengers are<br />
protected. Active safety involves factors which will assist the driver in<br />
avoiding an accident. They include brakes, steering, handling response,<br />
acceleration, etc.<br />
active satellite:<br />
A satellite equipped <strong>for</strong> sending out probing signals and receiving returned<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation. A passive satellite receives in<strong>for</strong>mation only on the state of<br />
the target.<br />
active sun:<br />
The Sun during periods of intense sunspot activity.<br />
active suspension:<br />
While conventional suspension uses springs and shock absorbers to isolate<br />
the vehicle from the bouncing movement of the wheels when it contacts<br />
rough roads, active suspension uses power actuators which are controlled<br />
by a computer. These actuators place the wheels of the vehicle in the best<br />
position to accommodate rough roads as well as compensate <strong>for</strong> different<br />
load levels.<br />
active transducer:<br />
Any transducer in which the applied power controls or modulates locally<br />
supplied power, which becomes the transmitted signal, as in a modulator, a<br />
radio transmitter or a carbon microphone.<br />
active voltage:<br />
The component of a vector representing the voltage which is in phase with<br />
the current in a circuit.
active volt-amperes:<br />
The product of the active voltage and the amperes in a circuit, or of the<br />
active current (amperes) and the voltage of the circuit; equal to the power<br />
in watts. Also called active power.<br />
activities:<br />
See Kaizen Activities<br />
activity:<br />
[1] The magnitude of the oscillations of a piezoelectric crystal relative to<br />
the exciting voltage<br />
[2] The rate at which trans<strong>for</strong>mations occur in a radionuclide. Unit is the<br />
becquerel<br />
Also see<br />
catalytic activity<br />
low temperature activity<br />
specific activity<br />
activity factor:<br />
See blade activity factor<br />
ac trans<strong>for</strong>mer:<br />
an electromagnetic device which alters the voltage and current of an ac<br />
supply in inverse ratio to one another. It has no moving parts and is very<br />
efficient.<br />
ACTS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air charge temperature sensor".<br />
actual cash value:<br />
(ACV) The amount of money a dealer has invested in the purchase of a<br />
used vehicle and any additional costs to repair the unit in order to get it<br />
ready <strong>for</strong> resale.<br />
actual throat:<br />
A welding term which describes the distance from the face of a weld to the<br />
root of the weld.
actuate:<br />
The action of bringing a part or assembly into operation.<br />
actuating lever:<br />
A triggering device used to bring a part or assembly into operation.<br />
actuating switch:<br />
A triggering device used to bring a part or assembly into operation.<br />
actuation:<br />
See variable valve actuation<br />
actuator:<br />
[1] A Device which controls or operates another device.<br />
[2] The portion of a regulating valve which converts mechanical fluid,<br />
thermal energy, or electrical energy into mechanical motion to open or<br />
close the valve seats<br />
Also see<br />
hydraulic actuators<br />
actuator arm:<br />
An arm connecting the diaphragm to the contact breaker plat<strong>for</strong>m in an<br />
advance mechanism. Also called diaphragm link..<br />
Acura:<br />
A vehicle brand from the Honda manufacturers<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Acura<br />
acutance:<br />
Objective <strong>for</strong>mulation of the sharpness of a photographic image, expressed<br />
as where .<br />
"N" is the number of increments between "A" and "B", DB-DA is the<br />
average gradient of density curve, and ΔD/Δx is the maximum gradient<br />
curve.<br />
.
ACV:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "actual cash value."<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air control valve"<br />
[3] Acronym <strong>for</strong> air cushion vehicle (i.e., hovercraft).<br />
ad:<br />
A-D:<br />
See classified ad<br />
Analogue-to-digital, referring to the conversion of signals.<br />
adamantine:<br />
See lustre<br />
adaptation layer:<br />
See ATM adaptation layer<br />
adapter:<br />
[1] A device used to connect two different types or sizes of electrical<br />
terminals<br />
[2] An arrangement <strong>for</strong> using types of photographic material in a camera<br />
different from that <strong>for</strong> which it was designed; e.g., filmpack in a plate<br />
camera, or a smaller plate than normal<br />
[3] A device <strong>for</strong> the interchange of lenses between different types of<br />
camera<br />
[4] A connector which links two items usually of dissimilar structure or<br />
size. (Also spelled "adaptor")<br />
Also see<br />
bit adapter<br />
bit adapter<br />
caliper mounting bracket<br />
carburetor adapter<br />
engine adapter<br />
increasing adapter<br />
ratchet adapter<br />
reducing adapter<br />
transmission adapter<br />
wheel adapter.
adaptive array:<br />
A radar antenna (either a phased array or an active array) whose gain,<br />
directivity and side lobes can be adjusted automatically to optimize the<br />
radar's per<strong>for</strong>mance under specific operating conditions.<br />
adaptive control:<br />
The ability of a control unit to adapt its closed-loop operation to changing<br />
operating conditions -- such as engine wear, fuel quality or altitude -- to<br />
maintain proper air-fuel mixture control, ignition timing or idle rpm. Also<br />
referred to as self-learning.<br />
adaptive differential pulse code modulation:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of differential pulse code modulation in which the basic step size is<br />
varied continually to suit the rate of change of the signal. A further<br />
refinement is to transmit only differences from a continually adjusted<br />
prediction of the signal. These measures greatly reduce the required<br />
bandwidth.<br />
adaptive radiation:<br />
Evolutionary diversification of species from a common ancestral stock,<br />
filling available ecological niches. Also called divergent adaptation.<br />
adaptor carburetor:<br />
A device attached to a gasoline carburetor which permits an internal<br />
combustion engine to run either on gas or liquefied petroleum gas (LP<br />
gas).<br />
adapter plate:<br />
A plate which is placed between two different parts in order to link them.<br />
(Also spelled "adaptor plate")<br />
Also see<br />
transfer plate<br />
Adcock antenna:<br />
A directional antenna consisting of pairs of vertical wires, spaced by one<br />
half wavelength or less, and fed in phase opposition; a figure-of-eight<br />
radiation pattern results, and arrays of Adcock antennas can be used <strong>for</strong><br />
direction-finding.
ADD:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "airstream direction detector" which is used <strong>for</strong> aircraft stall<br />
protection.<br />
add-drop multiplexer:<br />
Equipment used to add data originating from a particular source or group<br />
of sources to a synchronous digital hierarchy data stream, or conversely to<br />
extract data destined <strong>for</strong> a particular source or group of sources.<br />
addendum:<br />
[1] The radial distance between the major and pitch cylinders of an<br />
external thread.<br />
[2] The radial distance between the minor and pitch cylinders of an<br />
internal thread the height from the pitch circle to the tip of the tooth on a<br />
gearwheel.<br />
addition agent:<br />
A substance added to the electrolyte in an electro deposition process in<br />
order to improve the character of the deposit <strong>for</strong>med. The agent does not<br />
take part in the main electrochemical reaction.<br />
additive:<br />
A substance (liquid or powder) which is added to gasoline or oil and is<br />
intended to improve the characteristics of the original product.<br />
Also see<br />
anti-knock additive<br />
fuel additive<br />
oil additive<br />
additive constant:<br />
A survey term used in the computation of distance by tacheometric<br />
methods. It is that length (usually constant and small) which must be<br />
added to the product of staff intercept and multiplying constant to give the<br />
true distance of the object.<br />
Also see<br />
anallatic lens
additive printer:<br />
Photographic or motion picture printer or enlarger in which the intensity<br />
and color of the exposing light is controlled by the separate variation of its<br />
red, green, and blue components.<br />
additive process:<br />
Color reproduction in which the picture is presented by the combination<br />
(addition) of red, green, and blue light representing these three<br />
components in the original subject; it is effectively obsolete <strong>for</strong> general<br />
photography and cinematography but is the basis <strong>for</strong> color TV display.<br />
ADEFA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Asociacion de Fabricas de Automotores" (Argentina).<br />
adenine:<br />
(A) One of the five bases in nucleic acids. It pairs with thymine in DNA<br />
and uracil in RNA.<br />
ADF:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> automatic direction finding.<br />
adhara:<br />
Avery bright blue-white giant star in the constellation Canis Major, which<br />
is a visual binary. Distance 200 pc. Also called Epsilon Canis Majoris.<br />
adhere:<br />
To stick or be glued to something.<br />
adherend:<br />
[1] Each surface that is to adhere to another<br />
[2] A material which is bonded by an adhesive.<br />
adhesion:<br />
[1] The <strong>for</strong>ce which causes two surfaces to adhere, the sticking together of<br />
surfaces in contact with each other
[2] The bonding of materials with adhesives (glues, cements, binders, etc),<br />
in which the intermolecular <strong>for</strong>ces between adhesive and adherend provide<br />
the bonds.<br />
[3] The intimate sticking together of metallic surfaces under compressive<br />
stresses by bonds which <strong>for</strong>m as a function of stress, time, and<br />
temperature. The speed of <strong>for</strong>mation is related to dislocation, and may<br />
occur virtually instantaneously under high shear stresses.<br />
Also see<br />
cold welding<br />
[4] The ability of paint, primer, or glue to stick to the surface to which it is<br />
applied.<br />
[5] The ability of a tire to grip the surface of the road.<br />
[6] Mutual <strong>for</strong>ces between two magnetic bodies linked by magnetic flux,<br />
or between two charged non-conducting bodies which keeps them in<br />
contact<br />
[7] Intermolecular <strong>for</strong>ces which hold matter together, particularly closely<br />
contiguous surfaces of neighboring media, e.g., liquid in contact with a<br />
solid.<br />
Also see<br />
intercoat adhesion failure<br />
limits of adhesion<br />
adhesion failure:<br />
See intercoat adhesion failure<br />
adhesive:<br />
[1] A substance (like glue) that is used to join two substances. An adhesive<br />
must bond both mating surfaces through specific adhesion (molecular<br />
attraction), through mechanical anchoring (by flowing into holes in porous<br />
surfaces), or through fusion (partial solution of both surfaces in the<br />
adhesive or its solvent vehicle). Various descriptive adjectives are used<br />
with the term adhesive to indicate types, such as:<br />
a. physical <strong>for</strong>m<br />
liquid adhesive, film adhesive, etc.<br />
b. composition<br />
resin adhesive, rubber adhesive, silicone based, mastic, etc.<br />
c. end use<br />
metal-to-metal adhesive, plastic adhesive, rubber adhesive<br />
d. application<br />
sprayable adhesive, hot melt adhesive, etc.
[2] Agent <strong>for</strong> joining materials by adhesion, usually polymeric material.<br />
May be based on thermoplastic resin (e.g., polystyrene cement) or<br />
thermoset (e.g., epoxy resin). Viscosity is important <strong>for</strong> gap filling (high,<br />
as in epoxies) or surface penetration (low, as in cyano-acrylates). Also<br />
called binder, cement, or glue<br />
Also see<br />
automotive adhesive<br />
air drying adhesives<br />
impact adhesive<br />
separate-application adhesive<br />
adhesive binding:<br />
Unsewn binding in which the back of the sections are trimmed and<br />
roughened be<strong>for</strong>e adhesive is applied to bind the leaves and the cover.<br />
adhesive film:<br />
A thin layer of dried adhesive. Also describes a class of adhesives<br />
provided in dry film <strong>for</strong>m with or without rein<strong>for</strong>cing fabric and which are<br />
cured by means of heat and pressure.<br />
adhesive tape:<br />
A tape with a sticky substance on one side. It usually comes in a roll of<br />
various widths. Sometimes used to insulate electrical wires (e.g., electrical<br />
tape) or to wrap a larger object (e.g., duct tape). Often the non-sticky side<br />
is shiny (but not always).<br />
adhesive wear:<br />
Mechanism of wear due to the welding together and subsequent shearing<br />
off of the contact areas between two surfaces sliding over one another.<br />
adhesive weight:<br />
Lead wheel weights which have a sticky backing. It comes in strips and is<br />
applied to a wheel rim. Also called tape weight..<br />
adiabatic:<br />
A property of being able to maintain heat evenly. It does not gain any heat<br />
or lose it.<br />
Also see
thermal efficiency<br />
adiabatic change:<br />
A change in the volume and pressure of the contents of an enclosure<br />
without exchange of heat between the enclosure and its surroundings.<br />
adiabatic compression:<br />
Compressing refrigerant gas without removing or adding heat.<br />
adiabatic curve:<br />
The curve obtained by plotting pressure against volume in the adiabatic<br />
equation.<br />
adiabatic demagnetization:<br />
A method of obtaining very low temperatures. A paramagnetic salt is<br />
cooled to 1K by liquid helium. The salt is magnetized under isothermal<br />
conditions and then magnetized under adiabatic conditions. As a result the<br />
temperature falls. Temperatures below 10 -2 K can be obtained this way.<br />
adiabatic efficiency:<br />
[1] Of a steam engine or turbine, the ratio of the work done per unit mass<br />
of steam to the available energy represented by adiabatic heat drop.<br />
[2] Of a compressor, the ratio of that work required to compress a gas<br />
adiabatically to the work actually done by the compressor piston or<br />
impeller.<br />
adiabatic engine:<br />
An engine which is very efficient in transferring combustion heat to those<br />
parts of the engine which are being cooled by the flow of anti-freeze<br />
coolant -- thus maintaining an even temperature of the engine. In this way<br />
the engine is warm enough <strong>for</strong> efficient running and it does not overheat.<br />
adiabatic equation:<br />
The equation PVγ = constant, expressing the law of variation of pressure<br />
(P) with the volume (V) of a gas during an adiabatic change, γ being the<br />
ratio of the specific heat of the gas at constant pressure to that at constant<br />
volume. The value of γ is approximately 1.4 <strong>for</strong> air at standard temperature
and pressure.<br />
adiabatic expansion:<br />
An adiabatic change in which a substance expands.<br />
adiabatic heating:<br />
Self-heating effect which occurs in extruder or injection molding barrel<br />
from action of rotating screw on polymer melt. Attributed to dissipation of<br />
mechanical shear <strong>for</strong>ces as heat. Important in injection molding of rubbers.<br />
Also called shear heating.<br />
Also see<br />
damping<br />
adiabatic lapse rate:<br />
The rate of decrease of temperature which occurs when a parcel of air rises<br />
adiabatically through the atmosphere.<br />
adiabatic process:<br />
A process which occurs without interchange of heat with surroundings.<br />
adiactinic:<br />
Said of a substance which does not transmit photochemically active<br />
radiation, e.g., safelights <strong>for</strong> darkroom lamps.<br />
adinole:<br />
An argillaceous rock that has undergone albitization during contactmetamorphism.<br />
adipo-:<br />
Prefix from Latin adeps "fat".<br />
A-display:<br />
Co-ordinate display on a cathode-ray tube in which a level time base<br />
represents distance and vertical deflections of beam indicate echoes.<br />
adit:
A horizontal passage or tunnel into a mine.<br />
adjacent channel:<br />
A channel whose frequency is immediately above or below that of the<br />
required signal.<br />
adjust:<br />
The action of putting something into its proper alignment or position. It<br />
may involve one component (e.g., He adjusted the gasket to fit properly.)<br />
or a series of components (e.g., He adjusted the poor idle -- might mean he<br />
set the ignition timing, adjusted the carburetor screws, changed the choke<br />
setting, cleaned or replaced the spark plugs, etc.)<br />
Also see<br />
tweak<br />
adjustable:<br />
A characteristic of something that can be changed, removed, or give<br />
different properties.<br />
Also see<br />
height adjustable steering column<br />
adjustable bottom bracket:<br />
[1] A component of a bicycle through which the crank fits. It has two<br />
bearing cups on either side. One cup is fixed in place while the other is<br />
removable or adjustable.<br />
[2] This is the older type of bottom bracket be<strong>for</strong>e sealed cartridge bottom<br />
brackets became prevalent. The adjustable bottom bracket requires fixed<br />
and adjustable cup tools to properly tension the bearings. The bearings are<br />
not sealed, but they're easily accessible <strong>for</strong> cleaning and lubrication.<br />
Also see<br />
bottom bracket<br />
adjustable cup:<br />
The left-hand cup in a bottom bracket of a bicycle, used in adjusting the<br />
bottom bracket bearings and removed during bottom bracket overhaul. The<br />
other cup is the fixed cup.<br />
adjustable off-idle air bleed:
Some emissions-era Rochester carburetors have a separate air passage to<br />
bleed air past an adjustment screw into the idle system. this screw is preset<br />
by the factory to produce precise off-idle air/fuel mixture ratios to meet<br />
emission-control requirements.<br />
adjustable part throttle:<br />
(APT) a supplementary circuit on some carburetors that can be adjusted to<br />
control part-throttle mixtures more accurately than a fixed orifice. The<br />
APT detours around the main jet, going directly from the float bowl to the<br />
discharge nozzle feed well.<br />
adjustable-pitch propeller:<br />
See propeller<br />
adjustable-port proportioning valve:<br />
Air and fuel valves <strong>for</strong> oil or gas burners, motor operated in unison by<br />
automatic temperature-control equipment.<br />
adjustable rocker arm:<br />
A type of rocker arm with an adjusting nut that can be tightened or<br />
loosened to adjust valve lash.<br />
adjustable shock:<br />
See adjustable shocks<br />
adjustable shock absorbers:<br />
Shocks with adjustable jounce and rebound characteristics can be stiffened<br />
to compensate <strong>for</strong> wear or to fine tune a suspension <strong>for</strong> a particular<br />
application such as rough roads, heavy loads, or racing.<br />
adjustable shocks:<br />
Shock absorbers which can compensate <strong>for</strong> varying needs of stiffness or<br />
softness. Manual types (especially on motorcycles) require that you<br />
physically make the adjustment from one level to another. Automatic types<br />
are controlled by a computer as it senses particular changes in road
condition.<br />
adjustable spanner:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> adjustable wrench.<br />
adjustable steering:<br />
See height adjustable steering column<br />
adjustable steering column:<br />
See height adjustable steering column<br />
adjustable variable exhaust port:<br />
A device used on two-stroke engines which automatically alters or varies<br />
the exhaust port size.<br />
adjustable wrench:<br />
A crescent wrench or pipe wrench. A tool which has a fixed jaw and a<br />
movable jaw which is controlled by a spiral gear. It is used to install or<br />
remove bolts and nuts of various sizes. The wrench itself comes in a<br />
variety of lengths and jaw sizes. A crescent wrench has smooth jaws while<br />
a pipe wrench has serrated jaws. British term is "adjustable spanner."<br />
adjusted:<br />
See factory adjusted<br />
adjuster:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> moving something into the correct position or into a different<br />
position such as a seat adjuster.<br />
Also see<br />
automatic adjuster
automatic wear adjuster<br />
brake adjuster<br />
horizontal adjuster<br />
jet adjuster<br />
ride-height adjuster<br />
adjuster cam:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> moving the shoes on drum brakes closer to the drum itself so<br />
that there is less travel when the brakes are applied.<br />
adjusting:<br />
Also see<br />
electrode adjusting tool<br />
headlight adjusting screw<br />
self-adjusting<br />
adjusting gage:<br />
See adjusting gauge<br />
adjusting gauge:<br />
A tool used to determine the small distance between two parts so that they<br />
can be brought within specifications.<br />
adjusting screw:<br />
A small screw usually found on carburetors, brakes, or headlights which<br />
change the way something operates, such as increasing or decreasing the<br />
amount of fuel entering the engine; or changing the idle speed; or<br />
tightening up the brakes; or changing the setting on rocker arms; or the<br />
level of the headlights.<br />
Also see<br />
headlight adjusting screw<br />
tappet adjusting screw<br />
valve adjusting screw<br />
adjusting shim:<br />
A thin washer or plate which reduces or increases the clearance between<br />
two components (depending upon where they are placed). While some<br />
valves are adjusted by screws on the rocker arm, others are set by inserting<br />
a shim to make the same adjustment.
adjusting sleeve:<br />
A small threaded cylinder on the end of the tie rod which shortens or<br />
lengthens the rod to make changes in the toe-in and toe-out.<br />
adjusting spanner:<br />
See brake adjusting spanner<br />
adjusting tool:<br />
Also see<br />
brake adjusting tool<br />
electrode adjusting tool<br />
adjusting wrench:<br />
See brake adjusting wrench<br />
adjustment:<br />
[1] Changing or modifying the position or alignment of two components.<br />
[2] The distance of travel that a component has.<br />
Also see<br />
<strong>for</strong>e and aft adjustment<br />
idle mixture adjustment screw<br />
idle speed adjustment<br />
adjustment screw:<br />
See idle mixture adjustment screw<br />
Adler:<br />
The brand name of a vehicle. With required application the 1925-48<br />
models are classic cars.<br />
admiralty brass:<br />
See Tobin bronze<br />
admission:<br />
The point in the working cycles of a steam or internal-combustion engine<br />
at which the intake valve allows entry of the working fluid into the<br />
cylinder.<br />
admittance:
Property which permits the flow of current under the action of a potential<br />
difference. The reciprocal of impedance.<br />
a-dos:<br />
See dos-a-dos<br />
Adrastea:<br />
A tiny natural satellite of Jupiter, discovered in 1979 by the Voyager 2<br />
mission. Distance from the planet 129,000 km; diameter 24 km.<br />
A-drier:<br />
See a-dryer<br />
ADS:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> air data system.<br />
A-dryer:<br />
A paint dryer which has the heating elements below the paint drying line.<br />
ADS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Association of Diesel Specialists".<br />
adsorbent:<br />
Substance with the property to hold molecules of fluids without causing a<br />
chemical or physical change.<br />
adsorption:<br />
The bonding that takes place when a gas or vapor comes into contact with<br />
a solid. The opposite is desorption.<br />
adsorption canister:<br />
See activated carbon canister<br />
adularescence:
A milky or bluish sheen shown by moonstone.<br />
advance:<br />
[1] The act of changing the ignition timing so that the spark occurs earlier<br />
in the cycle. The opposite is retard.<br />
[2] It may refer to the device which makes this adjustment.<br />
[3] The length of railway track beyond a signal which is covered by that<br />
signal<br />
Also see<br />
angle of advance<br />
automatic advance<br />
centrifugal advance<br />
electronic spark advance<br />
ignition advance<br />
mechanical advance<br />
ported vacuum advance<br />
spark advance<br />
speed control vacuum advance<br />
vacuum advance<br />
advance capsule:<br />
See vacuum advance<br />
advance curve:<br />
As the speed of the engine increases the ignition advance also increases.<br />
On paper, a pattern is drawn as a curve to represent this relationship.<br />
advanced:<br />
[1] A condition in which something occurs early.<br />
[2] A product which is on the cutting edge of technology and shows the<br />
latest in new ideas and concepts.<br />
advanced gas-cooled reactor:<br />
(AGR) Carbon-dioxide-cooled, graphite-moderated reactor using slightly<br />
enriched uranium oxide fuel clad in stainless steel, in use in the UK.<br />
advanced intelligent network:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of intelligent network, developed in the US from 1987 onward, in<br />
which signalling, software, and accounting procedures are designed to<br />
allow service providers to compete freely <strong>for</strong> network users' business.
advanced mobile phone system:<br />
(AMPS) The American <strong>for</strong>erunner of the UK total access communications<br />
system. Developed by Bell in 1978, AMPS like TACS, is an analog<br />
cellular system using frequency modulation.<br />
advanced rim taper:<br />
A rim where both bead seats are tapered 5°.<br />
advance mechanism:<br />
See vacuum advance mechanism<br />
advance metal:<br />
Copper-base alloy with 45% nickel.<br />
advance spring:<br />
A small spring which pulls the advance weight back.<br />
See picture in advance weight<br />
advance unit:<br />
See vacuum advance unit<br />
advance weight:<br />
One of two small weights located in a<br />
centrifugal advance assembly.<br />
advance workings:
In flat seams, mining in which the whole face is carried <strong>for</strong>ward, no<br />
support pillars being left.<br />
advantage ratio:<br />
Ratio between the radiation dosage received at any point in a nuclear<br />
reactor and that of a reference position.<br />
advection:<br />
The transference of any quantity by horizontal motion of the air.<br />
advection fog:<br />
Fog produced by the advection of warm moist air across cold ground.<br />
advection layer:<br />
The region immediately adjacent to the event horizon where matter is<br />
being continuously pulled into the black hole.<br />
advertising:<br />
A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> a police car with its emergency lights flashing.<br />
Ae:<br />
AE:<br />
AEA:<br />
The trans<strong>for</strong>mation temperature at equilibrium of the phase changes in iron<br />
and steel, subscripts indicating the designated change. Also called A.<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> automatic exposure.<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Automotive Electric Association" or "Automotive<br />
Electronic Association".<br />
aeolian tone:<br />
A musical note set up by vortex action on a stretched string when it is<br />
placed in a stream of air.<br />
Also see
Strouhal number<br />
aeolotropic:<br />
Having physical properties which vary with direction or position.<br />
Also see<br />
anisotropic<br />
AERA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Automotive Engine Rebuilders Association."<br />
aeration:<br />
A foaming of a liquid because air has been introduced into the fluid. When<br />
it occurs in certain liquids, it decreases the efficiency of the liquid.<br />
aeration test burner:<br />
(ATB) Burner <strong>for</strong> measuring the combustion characteristics of commercial<br />
gases.<br />
aerial:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> antenna.<br />
Also see<br />
retractable aerial<br />
whip aerial<br />
aerial bunched conductors:<br />
(ABC) Method of power transmission where the three conductors are<br />
twisted into a thicker insulated cable. More expensive but better at<br />
surviving blizzard conditions than normal separate conductors.<br />
aerial fog:<br />
Fog caused by exposure of portions of the film to air in the processing<br />
machine.<br />
aerial radiometric surveying:<br />
Use of low-flying aircraft to measure gamma-ray intensity due to natural<br />
radioactive emissions or radioactive contamination over large areas.<br />
Scintillators are used with photomultipliers whose signals are fed to<br />
multichannel analyzers to distinguish the energies of the gamma rays
eceived from a wide area; typically 90% of the gamma rays can be<br />
recorded from an area with linear dimensions about five times the aircraft's<br />
height above the ground. Also called airborne radiometric surveying.<br />
aerial ropeway:<br />
An apparatus <strong>for</strong> the overhead transport of materials in carriers running<br />
along an overhead cable or cables supported on towers.<br />
aerial surveying:<br />
A process of surveying by photographs taken from the air, the photographs<br />
being of two types:<br />
1. those giving a vertical or plan view;<br />
2. those giving an oblique or bird's-eye view.<br />
Also see<br />
vertical aerial photograph<br />
oblique aerial photograph<br />
AERO:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "Air Education and Recreation Organization" in the UK.<br />
aero-:<br />
Prefix from Greek aer (αερ) indicating "air".<br />
aero-acoustics:<br />
Branch of acoustics that treats sound generation and transmission by fluid<br />
flow.<br />
aerobar:<br />
An extension to bicycle handlebars which<br />
project <strong>for</strong>ward to give the rider an alternate<br />
riding position and a lower, more aerodynamic<br />
position. His elbows rest in the pads while he<br />
grabs the upright ends of the bars. Aerobars<br />
were popularized by triathletes and Greg<br />
LeMond.
aerobars:<br />
Sometimes referred to as Tri bars. Aerobars popularized by triathletes and<br />
Greg LeMond, are attached to handlebars in order to provide a rider with a<br />
lower, more aerodynamic position.<br />
aerobic sealer:<br />
A substance (such as room temperature vulcanizing (RTV), a common<br />
silicone rubber sealing compound) that requires the presence of oxygen to<br />
hold parts together.<br />
Also see<br />
anaerobic sealer<br />
aerodynamic:<br />
The efficient flow of air around an object.<br />
aerodynamic balance:<br />
[1] A balance, usually but not necessarily in a wind tunnel, designed <strong>for</strong><br />
measuring aerodynamic <strong>for</strong>ces or moments.<br />
[2] Means <strong>for</strong> balancing air loads on flying control surfaces, so that the<br />
pilot need not exert excessive <strong>for</strong>ce, particularly as speed increases. The<br />
principle is to use aerodynamic <strong>for</strong>ces, either directly on a portion of the<br />
control surface ahead of the hinge line or indirectly through a small<br />
auxiliary surface with a powerful moment arm, to counterbalance the main<br />
airloads. An example of the first is the horn balance, and of the second the<br />
balance tab.<br />
aerodynamic braking:<br />
Use of a planet's atmosphere to reduce the speed of space vehicles.<br />
aerodynamic center:<br />
The point about which the pitching moment coefficient is constant <strong>for</strong> a<br />
range of airfoil incidence.<br />
aerodynamic coefficient:<br />
A non-dimensional measure of aerodynamic <strong>for</strong>ce, pressure, or moment<br />
that expresses the characteristics of a particular shape at a given incidence<br />
to the airflow. Typically the lift coefficient is given by CL=L/½ρV²S, where<br />
L is the lift, ρ is the air density, V is the air speed, and S is a typical area of
the body (e.g., wing area). Similarly <strong>for</strong> drag coefficient.<br />
aerodynamic damping:<br />
The suppression of oscillations by the inherent stability of a aircraft or of<br />
its control surfaces.<br />
aerodynamic drag:<br />
The resistance of the air to <strong>for</strong>ward movement, sometimes called "air<br />
resistance." This is a factor of the shape of the vehicle (drag coefficient<br />
and frontal area), the objects which stick out (i.e., mirrors, mufflers,<br />
bumpers), the amount of turbulence at the rear of the vehicle, the nature of<br />
the vehicle's skin surface, and the amount of air going through the vehicle<br />
<strong>for</strong> cooling and ventilation. The faster you go, the greater the air friction<br />
(air friction = velocity x velocity). The faster you go, the greater the<br />
amount of power needed to overcome this drag (power = velocity x<br />
velocity x velocity).<br />
aerodynamic heating:<br />
The heating of a vehicle passing through the atmosphere, caused by<br />
friction and compression of air (or other gas).<br />
aerodynamics:<br />
The study of the flow of air as it passes over and around a moving object<br />
as well as the <strong>for</strong>ces which the air makes on the object. An airplane, <strong>for</strong><br />
instance, needs positive lift to get it airborne and negative lift to help it<br />
land. Thus the shape of a land vehicle (car, bicycle, etc.) either promotes<br />
positive or negative lift. Race cars may use spoilers and wings (air foils) to<br />
control lift. In vehicle design, the airflow is monitored in a wind tunnel. As<br />
well, aerodynamics also studies the most efficient shapes <strong>for</strong> increased<br />
speed and fuel economy.<br />
aerodynamic sound:<br />
See flow noise<br />
aerodynamic stance:<br />
In order to create less drag, the vehicle is lowered closer to the ground.<br />
This improves the flow of air over the vehicle. A better aerodynamic<br />
stance helps the vehicle to go faster when it is going in a straight line as
well as give better fuel economy. Also, when a vehicle sits lower to the<br />
ground, it has a low center of gravity which makes it more stable when<br />
going through turns and enables the driver to maintain a higher speed.<br />
aerodyne:<br />
Any <strong>for</strong>m of aircraft deriving lift in flight principally from aerodynamic<br />
<strong>for</strong>ces. Includes aircraft glider, kite, and helicopter. Commonly called<br />
"heavier-than-air aircraft".<br />
aero-elastic divergence:<br />
Aero-elastic instability which occurs when aerodynamic <strong>for</strong>ces, or<br />
moments, increase more quickly than the elastic restoring <strong>for</strong>ces or<br />
couples in the structure. Generally applied to wing weakness where the<br />
incidence at the tips increases under load, so tending to twist the wings off.<br />
aero-elasticity:<br />
The interaction of aerodynamic <strong>for</strong>ces and the elastic reactions of the<br />
structure of an aircraft. Phenomena are most prevalent when maneuvering<br />
at very high speed.<br />
aero-embolism:<br />
Release of nitrogen bubbles into the blood stream resulting from too rapid<br />
a reduction in ambient air pressure; the bends, encountered by undersea<br />
divers.<br />
Also see<br />
caisson disease<br />
aero-engine:<br />
The power unit of an aircraft. Originally a lightweight reciprocating<br />
internal-combustion engine, usually Otto cycle, as a general rule either aircooled<br />
radial, in-line, vee, or liquid-cooled vee; gas turbines gradually<br />
superseded reciprocating engines from 1945 <strong>for</strong> large civil and military<br />
aircraft but reciprocating engines are still widely used in small aircraft.<br />
Also see<br />
ducted fan<br />
gas turbine<br />
ramjet<br />
turbojet<br />
turboprop
turboramjet<br />
turborocket<br />
variable cycle engine<br />
aerofoil:<br />
British spelling <strong>for</strong> airfoil: a body shaped like a wing so as to produce an<br />
aerodynamic reaction (lift) normal to its direction of motion, <strong>for</strong> a small<br />
resistance (drag), in that plane; e.g., a wing, plane, aileron, tailplane,<br />
rudder, or elevator.<br />
Also see<br />
air foil<br />
aerogel:<br />
A silicon-based solid with a porous structure with 99% of its volume as<br />
open space, used as an insulator between sheets of things like glass.<br />
aero-isoclinic wing:<br />
A sweptback wing which has its torsional and flexural stiffness so adjusted<br />
that the angle of attack remains constant as the wing bends under flight<br />
loads, instead of decreasing with deflection toward the tip, which is the<br />
normal geometric effect.<br />
aerological diagram:<br />
A thermodynamic diagram used <strong>for</strong> plotting the results of upper-air<br />
soundings usually containing, as reference lines, isobars, isotherms, dry<br />
adiabatics, saturated adiabatics, and lines of constant saturation humidity<br />
mixing ratio.<br />
aerology:<br />
The study of the free atmosphere.<br />
aeronautical engineering:<br />
The branch of engineering concerned with the design, production, and<br />
maintenance of aircraft structures, systems, and power units.<br />
aeronautical fixed services:<br />
(AFS) A telecommunication service between fixed stations <strong>for</strong> the<br />
transmission of aeronautical in<strong>for</strong>mation, particularly navigational safety
and flight planning messages.<br />
aeronautics:<br />
All activities concerned with aerial locomotion.<br />
aerophone:<br />
Group of musical instruments in which the air in a tube-shaped resonator<br />
is excited to vibrate.<br />
aeroplane:<br />
British spelling <strong>for</strong> airplane.<br />
Also see<br />
aircraft<br />
airplane<br />
aerospaceplane:<br />
Aircraft-like vehicle which can take off from and land on runways,<br />
maneuver in the atmosphere, operate in space, and re-enter the<br />
atmosphere.<br />
aerostat:<br />
Any <strong>for</strong>m of aircraft deriving support in the air principally from its<br />
buoyancy, e.g., a balloon or airship.<br />
aero system:<br />
A roof rack designed <strong>for</strong> cars without external rain gutters. The rack is<br />
held on by clips that extend down into the door.<br />
aerothermochemistry:<br />
The chemical reactions which occur with airflow heating, e.g., a candle<br />
flame in air or the combustion of kerosine in a jet engine.<br />
aerothermodynamics:<br />
The branch of thermodynamics relating to the heating effects associated<br />
with the dynamics of a gas; in particular the physical effects produced in<br />
the air flowing over a vehicle during launch and re-entry.
aerothermo-elasticity:<br />
Aero-elasticity complicated by heating effects.<br />
aether:<br />
See ether<br />
AEV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> automatic expansion valve.<br />
A/F:<br />
AFB:<br />
AFC:<br />
[1] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "across flats" which is the distance on a nut (<strong>for</strong><br />
instance) from one flat surface to the opposite flat surface, i.e., this is the<br />
size of the wrench needed to install or remove the nut.<br />
Also see<br />
across corners<br />
[2] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "air/fuel."<br />
See air-fuel ratio<br />
[3] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "automatic focusing"<br />
[4] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "audio-frequency".<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Aluminum four-barrel," as in Carter AFB carburetor.<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air flow controlled"<br />
[2] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "automatic frequency control".<br />
AFCS:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> automatic flight control system.<br />
affected zone:<br />
See heat-affected zone<br />
affine:
Said of characteristic curves of apparatus when these curves differ only in<br />
the scales of one or both coordinates.<br />
AFM:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> audio-frequency modulation.<br />
A-frame<br />
A chassis frame which is shaped like the letter "A" where the crossbar is<br />
often the axle. It is usually found as the frame of a trailer.<br />
Also see<br />
shear-legs<br />
A-frame barricade:<br />
A traffic marker indicating that the<br />
road is not usable.<br />
A/F ratio:<br />
See air-fuel ratio<br />
AFS:<br />
aft:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> aeronautical fixed services.<br />
The back of a vessel.<br />
Also see<br />
<strong>for</strong>e and aft adjustment<br />
aft adjustment:<br />
See <strong>for</strong>e and aft adjustment<br />
aft cg limit:<br />
See cg limits
afterbody:<br />
Rear portion of a flying-boat hull, aft of the main step.<br />
after bottom dead center:<br />
(ABDC) The position of the piston as it starts its way up.<br />
afterburner:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> burning excess carbon wastes produced by the engine so that<br />
air pollution is reduced.<br />
Also see<br />
reheat<br />
afterburning:<br />
In an internal-combustion engine, persistence of the combustion process<br />
beyond the period proper to the working cycle, i.e., into the expansion<br />
period.<br />
afterburst:<br />
Delayed further collapse of underground workings after a rockburst.<br />
aftercooler:<br />
[1] A device in a diesel engine which removes the relatively warm air<br />
which enters the engine.<br />
[2] Chamber in which heat generated during compression of air is<br />
removed, allowing cool air to be piped underground.<br />
afterdamp:<br />
The non-flammable heavy gas, carbon dioxide, left after an explosion in a<br />
coal mine. The chief gaseous product produced by the combustion of coalgas.<br />
Also see<br />
afterglow:<br />
black damp<br />
choke damp<br />
fire damp<br />
white damp
[1] The period during which the glow plugs of a diesel engine continue to<br />
operate after the engine is started.<br />
[2] The glow of a gaseous medium immediately after the cessation of<br />
electric current or downstream of an electric discharge.<br />
Also see<br />
persistence<br />
afterheat:<br />
The heat which comes from fission products in a reactor after it has been<br />
shut down.<br />
after-image:<br />
Formation of image on retina of eye after removal of visual stimulus, in<br />
color complementary to this stimulus.<br />
Also see<br />
complementary after-image<br />
aftermarket:<br />
All products and services used in the repair and maintenance of vehicles<br />
after the vehicle has been sold.<br />
aftermarket equipment:<br />
Accessories and replacement parts added to a vehicle after it has been<br />
sold.<br />
aftermarket overdrive:<br />
An overdrive device which is not original equipment, but has been added<br />
after it has been sold.<br />
aftermarket part:<br />
Goods not <strong>for</strong> use as original equipment in the production of light-duty<br />
vehicles or heavy-duty vehicles, i.e., products and services used in the<br />
repair and maintenance of these vehicles.<br />
aftermarket rustproofing:<br />
Although most vehicles come from the manufacturer with some<br />
rustproofing, there is no guarantee that every part of the exposed chassis<br />
and frame will be protected from the elements and the possibility of rust.
There<strong>for</strong>e rustproofing is applied by the owner of the vehicle to reduce the<br />
possibility of rust. If this rustproofing is not done when the vehicle is new,<br />
it might seal in the rust and create a greater problem.<br />
afterpeak:<br />
Space abaft the aftermost bulkhead. Lower part frequently used as freshwater<br />
tank; upper part may be used as storeroom.<br />
afterpeak bulkhead:<br />
First main transverse bulkhead <strong>for</strong>ward of the sternpost.<br />
after perpendiculars:<br />
A vertical line at the intersection of the summer load line and the after side<br />
of the rudder post or sternpost, or the centerline of the rudder stock if there<br />
is no rudder post or sternpost.<br />
after-start enrichment:<br />
When an engine is first started, it needs a little richer fuel-air mixture (i.e.,<br />
more fuel, less air). In a carbureted engine, this is accomplished by the<br />
choke (which restricts the amount of air). In a fuel injected engine, the<br />
after-start enrichment device increases the amount of fuel. As the engine<br />
warms up, the device gradually reduces the amount of enrichment. Some<br />
devices just reduce the amount gradually over time without sensing the<br />
temperature of the engine.<br />
after top dead center:<br />
(ATDC) A term used in timing the relation of the spark and the crankshaft.<br />
The position of the piston as it starts its way down.<br />
Ag:<br />
AG:<br />
AGC:<br />
Symbol <strong>for</strong> silver (argentum).<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "air-guard".
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> automatic gain control.<br />
aged catalyst:<br />
A catalyst which has already been in service. Opposite to a fresh catalyst.<br />
age equation:<br />
See age theory<br />
age-hardening:<br />
[1] Aluminum and some metal alloys will become hard and even brittle<br />
with age which is an unwanted characteristic. On the other hand when<br />
paint or cement harden over time, this process may be a desirable<br />
characteristic.<br />
[2] The production of structural change spontaneously after some time;<br />
normally it is useful in improving mechanical properties in some respect,<br />
particularly hardness.<br />
Also see<br />
precipitation hardening<br />
ageing:<br />
See aging<br />
agency:<br />
See driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency<br />
energy Protection Agency<br />
agent:<br />
An intermediary with legal authority to operate on behalf of the<br />
manufacturer.<br />
Also see<br />
activating agent<br />
addition agent<br />
aggressive agent<br />
air-entraining agent<br />
anti-knock agent<br />
bonding agent<br />
degreasing agent<br />
oxidizing agent<br />
reducing agent<br />
release agent<br />
rustproofing agent
softening agent<br />
agent fee:<br />
Although you can register your vehicle and obtain your licence from a<br />
government office, some states and provinces permit an agent to per<strong>for</strong>m<br />
that same service and allow the agent to collect an extra fee <strong>for</strong> the service.<br />
In this way the lineup at the government office is reduced.<br />
age theory:<br />
In nuclear reactor theory, the slowing down of neutrons by elastic<br />
collisions. The age equation relates the spatial distribution of neutrons to<br />
their energy. The equation is given by.<br />
.<br />
where q is the slowing-down density and τ is the Fermi age. It was first<br />
<strong>for</strong>mulated by Fermi who assumed that the slowing-down process is<br />
continuous and so is least applicable to media containing light elements.<br />
agglomerate:<br />
Assemblage of particles rigidly joined together, as by partial fusion<br />
(sintering) or by growing together.<br />
agglomerating value:<br />
Index of the binding (sintering) qualities of coal which has been subjected<br />
to a prescribed heat treatment.<br />
aggregate:<br />
[1] Assemblage of powder particles which are loosely coherent<br />
[2] Mixture of sand and gravel or crushed rock used in making concrete.<br />
Graded aggregate has a graded size distribution so that the particles fit<br />
better together, requiring less cement in the mix.<br />
Also see<br />
coarse aggregate<br />
fine aggregate<br />
aggressive:<br />
[3] A mass consisting of rock or mineral fragments.
A French expression to indicate the rein<strong>for</strong>ced front, rear, and side safety<br />
structures of a vehicle. If the strengthened structure causes more than<br />
normal damage to another vehicle, a pedestrian, or the occupants of the<br />
vehicle, then that structure is aggressive.<br />
aggressive agent:<br />
A corrosive material or chemical which attacks metal to pit them. Also<br />
called aggressive medium..<br />
aggressive medium:<br />
A corrosive material or chemical which attacks metal to pit them.<br />
aggressivity:<br />
See aggressive<br />
aging:<br />
[1] The cracking, checking, or general deterioration produced by exposure<br />
of an adhesive, coating or sealer to the weather or some other given set of<br />
conditions <strong>for</strong> a length of time<br />
[2] The deterioration of rubber properties by oxidation over a period of<br />
time.<br />
[3] A change in the properties of some metals after heat treatment or cold<br />
working (i.e., hammering or bending when metal is cold).<br />
[4] The final stage of precipitation hardening, producing an increase in<br />
strength and hardness in metal alloys, due to precipitation of second phase<br />
particles from supersaturated solid solution over a period of days at room<br />
temperature, or several hours at an elevated temperature (called artificial<br />
aging)<br />
[5] Loss of strength in the cladding or the pressure vessel in a nuclear<br />
reactor due to irradiation. Artificial aging would be the simulation of such<br />
processes by increasing the rate of irradiation to obtain in<strong>for</strong>mation more<br />
rapidly<br />
[6] Change in the properties of a substance with time. A change in the<br />
magnetic properties of iron, e.g., increase of hysteresis loss of sheet-steel<br />
laminations; also the process whereby the subpermanent magnetism can be<br />
removed in the manufacture of permanent magnets<br />
[7] The exposure of freshly printed fabrics to steam to produce fully<br />
developed colors.<br />
Also see<br />
artificial aging
tire aging<br />
aging test:<br />
See accelerated aging test<br />
agitation:<br />
Vigorous movement of film and solutions during processing to ensure that<br />
fresh chemicals are brought in contact with the emulsion.<br />
agitation cup:<br />
A type of spray gun paint container which has an agitator.<br />
agitator:<br />
[1] A device used to cause motion in confined fluid<br />
[2] A device <strong>for</strong> mixing paint by shaking the container.<br />
[3] A tank, usually cylindrical, which has a mixing device such as a<br />
propeller or airlift pump near the bottom. Finely ground mineral slurries<br />
(the aqueous component perhaps being a leaching solution) are exposed to<br />
appropriate chemicals <strong>for</strong> purpose of extraction of gold, uranium, or other<br />
valuable constituents. Types include pachuca tank or Brown agitator.<br />
A-glass:<br />
Designation <strong>for</strong> a glass fiber of composition (percentage by weight).<br />
SiO2 = 72%.<br />
Na2O = 14%.<br />
CaO = 10%.<br />
MgO = 2.5%.<br />
Al2O3 = 0.6%.<br />
which is similar to that of the soda-lime-silica glass used <strong>for</strong> windows and<br />
bottles. Its resistance to water, mineral acids, and alkalis is much less than<br />
that of C-glass and E-glass fibers.<br />
AGO:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> automotive gas oil.<br />
AGR:
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> advanced gas-cooled reactor.<br />
agreement:<br />
See Free Trade Agreement of the Americas<br />
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade<br />
North American Free Trade Agreement<br />
Agreement of the Americas:<br />
See Free Trade Agreement of the Americas<br />
Agreement on Tariffs:<br />
See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade<br />
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:<br />
See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade<br />
aground:<br />
See hard aground<br />
AGS:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> aircraft general standard.<br />
AGVS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Automated Guided Vehicle System."<br />
a.h.:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> ampere-hour.<br />
AHAI:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Association of the Hungarian Automotive Industry".<br />
AHAP:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "As High As Possible."<br />
AHARA:
ahm:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "As High As Reasonably Achievable".<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> ampere-hour meter.<br />
ahoogah:<br />
The sound of a particular kind of horn.<br />
AHRA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "American Hot Rod Association."<br />
AH Rim:<br />
A wheel rim which is able to run even when the tire is flat and provides<br />
safety in case of a puncture.<br />
AIAA:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.<br />
AIADA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "American International Automobile Dealers Association".<br />
AIAM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Association of International Automobile Manufacturers".<br />
AIA-SAP:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Automotive Industry Association" (Czech Republic).<br />
AIA-ZAP:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Automotive Industry Association" (Slovakia).<br />
aided:<br />
See computer-aided<br />
aids:
See suspension aids<br />
aileron droop:<br />
The rigging of ailerons so that under static conditions their trailing edges<br />
are below the wing trailing-edge line, pressure and suction causing them to<br />
rise in flight to the aerodynamically correct position.<br />
ailerons:<br />
Surfaces at the trailing edge of the wing, controlled by the pilot, which<br />
move differentially to give a rolling motion to the aircraft about its<br />
longitudinal axis.<br />
AIMA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Associação dos Industriais de Montagem de Automóveis"<br />
(Portugal).<br />
aimer:<br />
A tool <strong>for</strong> aiming headlights.<br />
aiming:<br />
Adjusting the direction of the headlight beams to shine without blinding<br />
oncoming traffic and yet providing the maximum illumination whether in<br />
low beam or high beam.<br />
air:<br />
[1] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "air conditioner."<br />
[2] A bicycling or motorcycling term describing the space or gap between<br />
the tires and the ground when the bike takes a jump. Both tires must be off<br />
the ground be<strong>for</strong>e it can be called "air" as in the expression, "I really<br />
caught air on that last jump."<br />
[3] A gas containing approximately 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, and a<br />
small portion of other gases. One of the essential factors in a combustion<br />
engine (fuel, air, proper proportion of mixture, compression, timing, and<br />
spark).<br />
Also see<br />
ambient air<br />
bath air<br />
external mix air<br />
cap<br />
L-jetronic air flow<br />
meter<br />
proper proportion of air<br />
and fuel
AIR:<br />
charge air<br />
cold air<br />
driver air bag<br />
electric air control<br />
valve<br />
electric air switching<br />
valve<br />
fuel air mixture<br />
fuel air ratio<br />
heater air pipe<br />
idle air bleed<br />
screw<br />
idle air jet<br />
internal mix air<br />
cap<br />
lateral air passage<br />
low-profile air<br />
cleaner<br />
modular air strut<br />
oil bath air cleaner<br />
paper air cleaner<br />
passenger-side air<br />
bag<br />
pulse air principle<br />
pulse air system<br />
ram air<br />
secondary air<br />
An acronym <strong>for</strong> "Air Injection Reactor" system of reducing objectionable<br />
exhaust emissions.<br />
Also see<br />
air injection<br />
air absorption:<br />
Absorption of sound waves propagating in air, caused by molecular<br />
relaxation processes and viscosity.<br />
air and fuel:<br />
See proper proportion of air and fuel<br />
air aspirator system:<br />
(AAS) A passive air injection system that uses a one-way valve instead of<br />
an air pump to introduce extra air into the exhaust stream.<br />
air bag:<br />
A device which is part of the passive safety system. In the event of an<br />
accident, sensors will cause the airbag to be deployed so that your head<br />
will be pillowed by the bag instead of hitting the dash.<br />
Also see<br />
driver air bag<br />
passenger-side air bag<br />
side impact air bag<br />
airbag:<br />
A device which is part of the passive safety system. In the event of an<br />
accident, sensors will cause the airbag to be deployed so that your head<br />
will be pillowed by the bag instead of hitting the dash.<br />
Also see
driver air bag<br />
passenger-side air bag<br />
side impact air bag<br />
airbag module:<br />
All the components that make up the airbag system: Airbag, inflator,<br />
cover, and sensor. Also called airbag unit..<br />
airbag restraint system:<br />
A system which uses an airbag to restrain occupants in the event of a<br />
collision. They may be placed on the dash or doors or even in the shoulder<br />
strap. Also called passive restraint system..<br />
air-bag system:<br />
See supple mental restraint inflatable air-bag system<br />
airbag unit:<br />
All the components that make up the airbag system: Airbag, inflator,<br />
cover, and sensor. Also called airbag module..<br />
air bellows:<br />
A rubber bladder or sleeve filled with compressed gas or air. Found on<br />
some suspension systems to provide cushioning.<br />
Also see<br />
air suspension<br />
air bells:<br />
Minute bubbles which have adhered to the emulsion during processing of<br />
film, leaving small circular spots where it has been protected from<br />
chemical action.<br />
air-blast circuit breaker:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of circuit-breaker or switch in which an arc is deliberately drawn<br />
between two contacts. The arc is cooled by a blast of high pressure air<br />
which removes ions, thereby extinguishing the arc and breaking the<br />
circuit. Also called air-blast switch.<br />
air-blast switch:
A <strong>for</strong>m of circuit-breaker or switch in which an arc is deliberately drawn<br />
between two contacts. The arc is cooled by a blast of high pressure air<br />
which removes ions, thereby extinguishing the arc and breaking the<br />
circuit. Also called air-blast circuit breaker.<br />
air bleed:<br />
See adjustable off-idle air bleed<br />
auxiliary air bleeds<br />
compensating jet<br />
idle air bleed screw<br />
air bleed screw:<br />
See idle air bleed screw<br />
airborne missile control system:<br />
(AMCS) A method of controlling missile attacks from a secure command<br />
position.<br />
airborne radiometric surveying:<br />
See aerial radiometric surveying<br />
airbox:<br />
The container which holds the air filter.<br />
air brake:<br />
[1] A system of braking which is usually found on large truck in which<br />
compressed air pushes against a brake piston or diaphragm in order to<br />
apply the brakes to stop or slow the vehicle.<br />
[2] An extendable device, most commonly a hinged flap on wing or<br />
fuselage, controlled by the pilot, to increase the drag of an aircraft.<br />
Originally a means of slowing bombers to enable them to dive more<br />
steeply, it is an essential flight control on clean jet aircraft and sailplanes<br />
[3] A mechanical brake operated by air-pressure acting on a piston<br />
[4] An absorption dynamometer in which the power is dissipated through<br />
the rotation of a fan or propeller.<br />
air break:<br />
[1] An inverted opening placed in the chimney of a gas furnace to prevent<br />
back pressure from outside wind from reaching the furnace flame or pilot.
[2] Term describing a switch or circuit breaker with contacts in air.<br />
airbrush:<br />
[1] A paint spray gun used <strong>for</strong> precise detailing work and custom painting.<br />
[2] The act of using an airbrush.<br />
air bypass valve:<br />
(ABPV or ABV) a backfire-suppressor valve used in air injection systems.<br />
During high engine vacuum conditions such as deceleration, it vents<br />
pressurized air from the air pump to the atmosphere in order to prevent<br />
backfiring. At other times, it sends air to the exhaust manifold. On vehicles<br />
with a three-way catalyst, it sends air to the oxidation catalyst only when<br />
the engine warms up. Also called an anti-backfire valve, diverter valve, or<br />
gulp valve.<br />
air cap:<br />
See external mix air cap<br />
internal mix air cap<br />
air capacitor:<br />
A capacitor in which the dielectric is nearly all air, <strong>for</strong> tuning electrical<br />
circuits with minimum dielectric loss.<br />
air capacity:<br />
See breathing capacity<br />
air cell:<br />
A small auxiliary combustion chamber used in certain types of<br />
compression-ignition engines, <strong>for</strong> promoting turbulence and improving<br />
combustion.<br />
air charge temperature:<br />
(ACT) The temperature of the air being <strong>for</strong>ced into the carburetor or fuel<br />
injection system. An ACT sensor measures this temperature.<br />
air charge temperature sensor:
(ACTS) a thermistor sensor that inputs the temperature of the incoming air<br />
stream in the air filter or intake manifold to the computer. It can be located<br />
in the intake manifold (EFI systems) or the air cleaner. On carbureted<br />
vehicles, if the air is cold, it signals the choke to let off slowly. It then<br />
alters engine speed after the choke is off and below a certain temperature,<br />
dumps air from the air injection system to the atmosphere <strong>for</strong> catalyst<br />
protection.<br />
air classifier:<br />
Appliance in which vertical, horizontal, or cyclonic currents of air sort<br />
falling ground particles into equal-settling fractions or separate relatively<br />
coarse falling material from finer dust which is carried out. Also called air<br />
elutriator.<br />
air cleaner:<br />
A device which filters the air entering<br />
the engine to remove airborne<br />
impurities, dust, dirt, and<br />
bumblebees. Also called air filter.<br />
Also see<br />
bath air cleaner<br />
bath air cleaner<br />
low-profile air cleaner<br />
oil bath air cleaner<br />
paper air cleaner<br />
thermostatic air cleaner<br />
air cleaner bi-metal sensor:<br />
(ACL BI-MET) a component of a thermostatic air cleaner system. It<br />
senses the temperature of incoming fresh air and bleeds off vacuum when<br />
the air is warm. When the air is cold, the sensor directs vacuum to the air<br />
cleaner vacuum motor.<br />
air cleaner duct and valve vacuum motor:<br />
(ACL DV) a component of thermostatic air cleaner systems. It opens and<br />
closes the air duct valve to provide heated or unheated air to the engine in<br />
accordance with the temperature of the incoming air.
air cleaner element:<br />
The replaceable filter which prevents<br />
impurities from the air which enters<br />
the combustion chamber. Also called<br />
air filter element.<br />
air cleaner horn:<br />
Many air cleaner canisters have a spout or horn extending from the edge of<br />
the canister into which the air is taken in.<br />
Also see<br />
heated intake<br />
air coil:<br />
Coil on some types of heat pumps used either as an evaporator or a<br />
condenser.<br />
air compressor:<br />
A device which compresses air and stores the air into a tank so that the<br />
compressed air can be used in a shop to fill tires, run tools, spray paint,<br />
etc. In a vehicle, it can be used in brake systems, leveling systems,<br />
automatic tire inflation systems, and air supply systems.<br />
air-conditioned:<br />
The state of exchanging warm air <strong>for</strong> cold so that a vehicle or home is<br />
cooler than the outside temperature.<br />
air conditioner:<br />
(A/C) or (Air)<br />
[1] A device used to control temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and<br />
movement and sometimes the air purity, in an enclosed space<br />
[2] A system of devices which causes a reduction or control of the<br />
temperature and humidity within the cab of a vehicle. It was first offered<br />
on the 1941 Packard. Two types are used in vehicles: Receiver-dryer type<br />
and accumulator type.<br />
Also see<br />
compressor
condenser<br />
air conditioner clutch compressor signal:<br />
(ACCC signal) the input to the computer regarding the status of the air<br />
conditioner clutch (engaged or disengaged).<br />
air-conditioning:<br />
A system or process <strong>for</strong> controlling the temperature, humidity, air<br />
movement, and sometimes the purity of the air in an enclosed space.<br />
Also see<br />
automatic air-conditioning<br />
air conduction:<br />
The passing of noise energy along an air path, as contrasted with structureborne<br />
conduction of vibrational energy.<br />
air control:<br />
See electric air control valve<br />
air control valve:<br />
(ACV) a vacuum-controlled diverter valve (or a combination<br />
bypass/diverter valve) in an air injection system that diverts air pump air to<br />
either the upstream (exhaust manifold) or downstream (oxidation catalyst)<br />
air injection points as necessary.<br />
Also see<br />
electric air control valve<br />
air-cooled apparatus:<br />
An electric apparatus in the heat caused by the losses is removed solely by<br />
natural or fan-assisted air flow.<br />
air cooled:<br />
See air cooled engine<br />
air-cooled condenser:<br />
A heat exchanger which transfers the heat of compression from<br />
condensing coils to surrounding air. This may be done either by<br />
convection or by a fan or blower.
air cooled engine:<br />
An engine which generally has large fins or ribs and is<br />
often exposed to the outside air. The heat of the engine<br />
is dissipated through the fins of the engine. In contrast,<br />
the heat in a liquid-cooled engine is reduced by<br />
channels throughout the inside of the engine through<br />
which liquid (antifreeze) passes. Most older<br />
Volkswagens and motorcycles use air cooled engines.<br />
air-cooled engine:<br />
See air cooled engine<br />
air-cooled machine:<br />
A machine in which the heat caused by the losses is removed solely by<br />
natural or fan-assisted air flow.<br />
air-cooled trans<strong>for</strong>mer:<br />
A trans<strong>for</strong>mer in the heat caused by the losses is removed solely by natural<br />
or fan-assisted air flow.<br />
air cooler:<br />
[1] Mechanism designed to lower temperature of air passing through it<br />
[2] The cold "accumulator" used in the Lindé process of air liquefaction<br />
<strong>for</strong> the preliminary cooling of the air.<br />
air cooling:<br />
The cooling of hot bodies by a stream of cold air, instead of liquid (water)<br />
cooling.<br />
Also see<br />
charge air cooling<br />
air core:<br />
Coil of wire not having a metal core.<br />
air core solenoid:
Solenoid which has a hollow core instead of a solid core.<br />
air correction jet:<br />
A small orifice which permits air to enter the emulsion tube of a<br />
carburetor.<br />
aircraft:<br />
Any mechanically driven heavier-than-air flying machine with wings of<br />
fixed or variable sweep angle. Subdivision: landplane, seaplane (float<br />
seaplane and flying boat), amphibian.<br />
aircraft design:<br />
The specification of an aircraft, following compromises between<br />
requirements of per<strong>for</strong>mance, economy, and safety. It includes external<br />
aerodynamic shape, and the spatial arrangement of flying surfaces,<br />
engines, control surfaces and internal systems. Gross weight, take-off<br />
weight, landing weight, and load are all legal values in specification and<br />
contract, and verification is proof of the design by ground and flight tests.<br />
New concepts include an inherently unstable aircraft controlled<br />
continuously by on-board computers.<br />
aircraft engine:<br />
See aero-engine<br />
aircraft flutter:<br />
Term used <strong>for</strong> the rapid fluctuations in very-high-frequency reception,<br />
affecting sound and vision; due to a secondary transmission path, or<br />
rapidly shifting phase, set up by reflection from an aircraft.<br />
aircraft General Standard:<br />
(AGS) Term referring to small parts or items such as bolts, nuts, rivets,<br />
<strong>for</strong>k joints, etc. which are common to all types of aircraft.<br />
aircraft noise:<br />
noise from propeller, engine, exhaust, and that generated aerodynamically<br />
over the surfaces; characterized by unstable low frequencies.<br />
Also see
jet noise<br />
air cushion:<br />
See airbag<br />
air dam:<br />
An attachment called a "spoiler" which is usually located below the front<br />
bumper. Its design shape and placement helps to reduce the flow of air<br />
under the vehicle. It may help to increase the flow of air to the radiator and<br />
engine compartment, affect aerodynamic drag, or affect positive and<br />
negative lift.<br />
air data system:<br />
(ADS) A centralized unit into which are fed the essential physical<br />
measurements <strong>for</strong> flight, e.g., airspeed, Mach number, Pitot and static<br />
pressure, barometric altitude, stagnation air temperature. From this central<br />
source, data are transmitted to the cockpit dials, to flight and navigational<br />
instruments, and to computers.<br />
air deflector:<br />
A panel which is positioned at an angle on the roof of a truck or on the<br />
front of the hood to cause the air to flow over the vehicle. The hood air<br />
deflector (often made of transparent plastic) is designed to prevent bugs<br />
from hitting the windshield. British term is "air shield."<br />
air diffuser:<br />
Air distribution outlet or grille designed to direct airflow into desired<br />
patterns.<br />
air door:<br />
In a mine ventilating system, a door which admits air or varies its<br />
direction.<br />
air dose:<br />
The radiation dose in röntgens delivered at a point in free air.<br />
airdox:
US system <strong>for</strong> breaking coal in fiery mine by use of injected high-pressure<br />
air.<br />
air drag:<br />
Resistance to the motion of a body passing through the Earth's atmosphere,<br />
most serious in the lower regions, producing changes in the geometry of<br />
the orbit, even causing the body to re-enter. More generally the term<br />
atmospheric drag is used in reference to other planets.<br />
air drilling:<br />
Drilling method which uses air instead of mud as the cooling and debris<br />
removal medium. Faster and easier than mud drilling, it cannot prevent<br />
water ingress and emergency mud equipment will then be necessary. Also<br />
called gas drilling..<br />
air dry:<br />
[1] Allowing paint to dry at ambient (surrounding) temperatures, without<br />
the aid of an external heat source.<br />
[2] Said of minerals, pulp and paper in which moisture content is in<br />
equilibrium with that of atmosphere. The basis of sale <strong>for</strong> wood pulp; pulp<br />
with a conventionally accepted theoretical moisture content is usually<br />
100% on total mass.<br />
air-dry:<br />
Allowing paint to dry at ambient (surrounding) temperatures, without the<br />
aid of an external heat source.<br />
air drying adhesives:<br />
Adhesives that can be dried at room temperature without the use of heat.<br />
This type of adhesive consists of solid particles dissolved or dispersed in a<br />
liquid. When the liquid evaporates, it leaves the dry adhesive film. Most<br />
elastomer based adhesives are of this type.<br />
air duct:<br />
A tube or channel which permits heated and ventilated air to enter the<br />
passenger compartment, building, or machinery to provide heating,<br />
cooling, or ventilation.
aired up:<br />
Said of an oil plunger pump which no longer sucks because gas or air has<br />
filled the suction chamber.<br />
air ejector:<br />
A type of air pump used <strong>for</strong> maintaining a partial vacuum in a vessel<br />
through the agency of a high-velocity steam jet which entrains the air and<br />
exhausts it against atmospheric pressure.<br />
air elutriator:<br />
See air classifier<br />
air engine:<br />
[1] An engine in which air is used as the working substance. Rapid heating<br />
from an external source expands the air in the cylinder with consequent<br />
motion being imparted to a piston. After transfer to a compression<br />
cylinder, <strong>for</strong> rapid cooling, the air is returned to the working cylinder <strong>for</strong><br />
the next cycle. Also called hot-air engine.<br />
[2] A small reciprocating engine driven by compressed air.<br />
Also see<br />
Stirling engine<br />
air-entraining agent:<br />
Resin added to either cement or concrete in order to trap small air bubbles.<br />
air equivalent:<br />
The thickness of an air column at 15°C and 1 atmosphere pressure which<br />
has the same absorption of a beam of radiation as a given thickness of a<br />
particular substance.<br />
air escape:<br />
Device <strong>for</strong> releasing excess air from a water pipe. A valve is opened by a<br />
float when sufficient air has accumulated and closed in time to prevent<br />
loss of water.<br />
air exhauster:
[1] A suction fan.<br />
[2] A vacuum pump.<br />
airfield:<br />
See alternate airfield<br />
air filter:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> removing impurities from the air which enters the combustion<br />
chamber.<br />
Also see<br />
air cleaner<br />
canister air filter<br />
centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce air filter<br />
air filter element:<br />
The replaceable filter which prevents<br />
impurities from the air which enters<br />
the combustion chamber. Also called<br />
air cleaner element.<br />
air filtration:<br />
See air filtration system<br />
air filtration system:<br />
A system that cleans smog, pollen, exhaust smoke, and odors out of the air.<br />
Cleans both interior circulated air and that coming from the outside.<br />
air-float table:<br />
Shaking table in which concentration of heavy fraction in sand-sized feed<br />
is promoted by air blown up through the porous deck. Used in desert work.<br />
Also called air table..<br />
airflow:
The passage of air which moves around an object (esp. a vehicle) or<br />
through an air duct (e.g., ventilation system or exhaust system).<br />
Also see<br />
L-jetronic air flow meter<br />
hot-wire airflow meter<br />
mass airflow meter<br />
air flow controlled:<br />
(AFC) a Bosch term <strong>for</strong> its early pulse fuel injection systems; usually<br />
refers particularly to the system which uses an L-Jetronic air mass sensor.<br />
air flow meter:<br />
[1] A meter which measures the rate at which air enters the engine. In<br />
Bosch systems, any device that measures the amount of air being used by<br />
the engine. The control unit uses this in<strong>for</strong>mation to determine the load on<br />
the engine. The two most common examples of airflow meters are the airflow<br />
sensor used in the Bosch L-Jetronic and the air mass sensor used in<br />
the Bosch LH-Jetronic systems.<br />
[2] An instrument, mainly experimental, <strong>for</strong> measuring the airflow in ducts<br />
Also see<br />
L-jetronic air flow meter<br />
hot-wire airflow meter<br />
mass airflow meter<br />
airflow meter:<br />
See air flow meter<br />
airflow sensor:<br />
A device in an electronically controlled fuel injection system which detects<br />
the amount of air entering the combustion chambers. Continuous injection<br />
systems use an airflow sensor plate to measure airflow volume; electronic<br />
systems use a vane or flap-type airflow sensor.<br />
air flue:<br />
A flue which is built into a chimney stack so as to withdraw vitiated air<br />
from a room.
air foil:<br />
An<br />
aerodyna<br />
mic<br />
device<br />
used to<br />
improve<br />
traction by<br />
increasing<br />
the<br />
downward<br />
<strong>for</strong>ce on<br />
either end<br />
of the car.<br />
It can be<br />
compared<br />
to an<br />
airplane<br />
wing with<br />
this<br />
primary<br />
difference:<br />
A wing is<br />
designed<br />
to provide<br />
lift so it<br />
can fly;<br />
the air foil<br />
pushes the<br />
vehicle<br />
closer to<br />
the<br />
ground.<br />
Although<br />
they may<br />
be called<br />
"wings,"<br />
they are<br />
properly<br />
air foils.<br />
They<br />
increase<br />
the
cornering<br />
ability,<br />
improve<br />
stability,<br />
but add<br />
aerodyna<br />
mic drag.<br />
airfoil section:<br />
The cross-sectional shape or profile of an airfoil.<br />
airframe:<br />
The complete aircraft structure without power plant, systems, equipment,<br />
furnishing, and other readily removable items.<br />
air frost:<br />
A screen temperature below 0°C.<br />
Also see<br />
wind frost<br />
air fuel:<br />
See air-fuel ratio<br />
air-fuel:<br />
See air-fuel ratio<br />
air/fuel:<br />
See air-fuel ratio<br />
air-fuel mixture:<br />
See rich air-fuel mixture<br />
lean air-fuel mixture<br />
air fuel ratio:<br />
See air-fuel ratio<br />
air-fuel ratio:<br />
(A/F ratio) The mass of air supplied to the engine divided by the mass of<br />
fuel supplied in the same period of time. The stoichiometric, or chemically
correct, air-fuel ratio is the exact ratio necessary to burn all the carbon and<br />
hydrogen in the fuel to carbon dioxide and water with no oxygen<br />
remaining. The fuel-air ratio is the reciprocal of the air-fuel ratio.<br />
Also see<br />
lean air-fuel mixture<br />
rich air-fuel mixture<br />
air gap:<br />
[1] The space bet magnetic poles or between rotating and stationary<br />
assemblies in a motor or generator<br />
[2] Usually found on regulators, it is the distance between the contact<br />
armature and the iron core that when magnetized, draws the armature<br />
down.<br />
[3] It is also the distance between the two electrodes of a spark plug.<br />
Also see<br />
spark air gap<br />
[4] Gap with points or knobs, adjusted to breakdown at a specified voltage<br />
and hence limit voltages to this value.<br />
[5] Section of air, usually short, in a magnetic circuit, esp. in a motor or<br />
generator, a relay, or a choke. The main flux passes through the gap, with<br />
leakage outside depending on dimensions and permeability.<br />
air-gap torsion meter:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> measuring the twist in a shaft by causing the relative rotation<br />
of two sections to alter the air-gap between a pair of electro-magnets, the<br />
resulting change in the current flowing being indicated by an ammeter.<br />
air gate:<br />
Passage from interior of a mold to allow the escape of air and other gases<br />
as the metal or plastic enters.<br />
Also see<br />
riser<br />
airglow:<br />
The faint permanent glow of the night sky, due to light-emission from<br />
atoms and molecules of sodium, oxygen, and nitrogen, activated by<br />
sunlight during the day.
air-guard:<br />
(AG) An American Motors air injection system that uses an air pump to<br />
supply air into the exhaust manifold to reduce HC and CO emissions.<br />
air gulp system:<br />
A system in vehicles with secondary air injection or induction, which<br />
prevents an very rich mixture of air-fuel from entering the inlet manifold<br />
during deceleration. If it did enter, unburned fuel would be <strong>for</strong>ced over the<br />
hot exhaust system causing backfiring (i.e., uncontrolled detonation). The<br />
air gulp system prevents this condition by allowing a quantity of air to<br />
combine with the rich mixture in the inlet manifold.<br />
air gulp valve:<br />
A diverter valve which adds an amount of air to the rich air-fuel mixture<br />
entering the intake manifold during deceleration.<br />
air hammer:<br />
A hammer that is powered by compressed air<br />
air handler:<br />
Fan-blower, heat transfer coil, filter, and housing parts of a system.<br />
air-hardening steel:<br />
Steel with sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to allow sections<br />
over 500 mm (20 in) to harden fully when cooled in air or other gas from<br />
above its trans<strong>for</strong>mation temperature. Also called self-hardening steel..<br />
airheads:<br />
A term <strong>for</strong> older, air-cooled BMW Boxer Twin motorcycles.<br />
air heater:<br />
[1] Direct-fired heater, in which the products of combustion are combined<br />
with the air.<br />
[2] Indirect-fired heater, in which the combustion products are excluded<br />
from the air flow. Both can be operated in a recirculation system, by which<br />
a proportion of the heated air is returned to and passed through the heating<br />
chamber.
Also see<br />
air preheater<br />
air hoist:<br />
Air winch or other mechanical hoist actuated by compressed air.<br />
air hold fitting:<br />
A tool which uses air pressure to keep the valves closed when working on<br />
an OHV engine. The device is screwed into the spark plug holes and air<br />
pressure keeps the valves from dropping down. In this way the valve seal<br />
or valve spring can be replaced without removing the cylinder head.<br />
air horn:<br />
[1] The upper part of a carburetor into which<br />
the air is drawn. The choke butterfly is located<br />
in this air horn.<br />
[2] It is also a term used <strong>for</strong> a warning horn<br />
which is operated by <strong>for</strong>cing compressed air<br />
through a reed.<br />
air horn baffle:<br />
Used on some Rochester Quadrajet carburetors to prevent incoming air<br />
from <strong>for</strong>cing fuel into the secondary wells through the bleed tubes.<br />
Prevents secondary-nozzle lag during heavy acceleration.<br />
air induction:<br />
See air injection<br />
cold air induction<br />
air infiltration:<br />
Leakage of air into rooms through cracks, windows, doors, and other<br />
openings.<br />
airing:<br />
Removal of sulphur from molten copper in a wirebar furnace, together<br />
with slag-<strong>for</strong>ming impurities.
air injection:<br />
A system that injects fresh air into the exhaust ports or a thermal reactor,<br />
<strong>for</strong> additional conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and<br />
combustion of unburned hydrocarbons (unburned fuel vapors) found in the<br />
exhaust gases as it comes in contact with the high heat in the exhaust<br />
manifold. Also called air induction..<br />
air injection manifold:<br />
The duct inside the cylinder head or the tube outside the cylinder head<br />
feeding secondary air into the exhaust ports.<br />
air injection reaction:<br />
See air Injection Reaction system<br />
air injection reaction system:<br />
(AIR system) The AIR system helps to reduce hydrocarbons and carbon<br />
monoxide levels in the exhaust by injecting air into the exhaust ports of<br />
each cylinder during cold engine operation, or directly into the catalytic<br />
converter during normal operation. It also helps the catalytic converter to<br />
reach proper operating temperature quickly during warm-up. If a GM cars<br />
has an air pump, the system is an AIR otherwise it is a PULSAIR system.<br />
air injection system:<br />
(AIS) any system that injects air into the exhaust stream to promote more<br />
complete oxidation of unburned exhaust gases.<br />
air inlet valve:<br />
An adjustable door, often vacuum operated, in the plenum blower<br />
assembly that permits election of outside or inside air <strong>for</strong> automotive<br />
heating and cooling systems.<br />
air insulation:<br />
Insulation <strong>for</strong> part of an electrical circuit provided by atmospheric air, e.g.,<br />
a high-voltage transmission line, which is suspended between transmission<br />
towers (pylons), is insulated <strong>for</strong> the section between the towers by<br />
atmospheric air.
air intake:<br />
[1] Any opening introducing air into an aircraft; the opening <strong>for</strong> the main<br />
engine air is usually implied if unqualified.<br />
[2] The opening through which air enters a component such as the<br />
carburetor, fuel injection system, radiator, heating system, or ventilation<br />
system.<br />
[3] Vent in a carburetor through which air is sucked to mix with the<br />
gasoline vapor from the jet.<br />
Also see<br />
auxiliary air intake<br />
cold air intake<br />
air-intake guide vanes:<br />
radial, toroidal or volute vanes which guide the air into the compressor of<br />
a gas turbine, or the supercharger of a reciprocating engine.<br />
air interface:<br />
The physical specification and operating protocols governing the radio<br />
links to and from a mobile telephone.<br />
air jet:<br />
See idle air jet<br />
air jet spinning:<br />
Method of converting staple fibers into yarn: they are spun together by jets<br />
of air which strike the fibers tangentially, making them rotate.<br />
air jet texturing:<br />
See textured yarn<br />
air jig:<br />
Use of pulses of air to stratify crushed ore into heavy and light layers.<br />
Used in waterless countries.<br />
airlance:<br />
Length of piping used to work compressed air into settled sand or to free<br />
choked sections of process plant, restoring aqueous flow.
air laying:<br />
Method <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>ming a web by collecting fibers from an air stream on a<br />
mesh ready <strong>for</strong> manufacturing a non-woven fabric.<br />
air leg:<br />
Telescopic cylindrical prop expanded by compressed air, used to support a<br />
rock drill.<br />
airless spraying:<br />
A paint spraying process where the coating material (i.e., paint) is not<br />
atomized by a stream of air. Instead, it is subjected to high pressure and<br />
<strong>for</strong>ced through a narrow jet or nozzle which causes it to be atomized.<br />
airless spray gun:<br />
A paint spraying tool used in airless<br />
spraying.<br />
airlift:<br />
A jet of air or neutral gas used to move solid or liquid material during<br />
processing to avoid necessity <strong>for</strong> pumps, particularly in "maintenancefree"<br />
radioactive environments.<br />
airlift pump:<br />
An air-operated displacement pump <strong>for</strong> elevating or circulating pulp in<br />
cyanide plants.
air line:<br />
[1] A pipe, hose, or duct in a vehicle which permits the flow of air or<br />
vacuum.<br />
[2] The supply line coming from an air compression tank to drive air tools<br />
or inflate tires.<br />
[3] Straight line drawn on the magnetization curve of a motor, or other<br />
electrical apparatus, expressing the magnetizing <strong>for</strong>ce necessary to<br />
maintain the magnetic flux across an air-gap in the magnetic circuit.<br />
air liquefier:<br />
A type of gas refrigerating machine based on the "Sterling" or hot-air<br />
engine cycle.<br />
air lock:<br />
[1] A bubble of air trapped in a fluid circuit which interferes with normal<br />
circulation of the fluid.<br />
[2] Device by which access is obtained to the working chamber (filled<br />
with compressed air to prevent entry of water) at the base of a hollow<br />
caisson. The worker at surface enters and is shut in an air-tight chamber<br />
filled with air at atmospheric pressure. Pressure within this air-lock is<br />
gradually raised to that used in the working chamber, so that the worker<br />
can pass out through another door and communicate with the working<br />
chamber.<br />
air log:<br />
An instrument <strong>for</strong> registering the distance travelled by an aircraft relative<br />
to the air, not to the ground.<br />
air management system:<br />
(AMS) used to control the injected air to the exhaust manifold and<br />
catalytic converter. This improves the pollutant conversion efficiency in<br />
the converter.<br />
air manometer:<br />
A pressure gauge in which the changes in volume of a small quantity of air<br />
enclosed by mercury in a glass tube indicate changes in the pressure to<br />
which it is subjected.
airmanship:<br />
Skill in piloting an aircraft.<br />
air mass:<br />
A part of the atmosphere where the horizontal temperature gradient at all<br />
levels within it is very small, perhaps of the order of 1°C per 100 km.<br />
Also see<br />
frontal zone<br />
air mass flow:<br />
In a gas turbine power plant, the quantity of air which is ingested by the<br />
compressor, normally expressed in pounds or kilograms per second.<br />
air mass sensor:<br />
An airflow meter that uses the changing resistance of a heated wire in the<br />
intake airstream to measure the mass of the air being drawn into the<br />
engine. Also referred to as a hot-wire sensor.<br />
air meter:<br />
An apparatus used to measure the rate of flow of air or gas.<br />
air micrometer:<br />
A control in a paint spray gun which adjusts the amount of air.<br />
air-mileage unit:<br />
An automatic instrument which derives the air distance flown and feeds it<br />
into other automatic navigational instruments.<br />
air miles per gallon:<br />
The number of miles flown through the air <strong>for</strong> each gallon of fuel burnt by<br />
the propulsion units.<br />
air mixture:<br />
See fuel air mixture<br />
air monitor:
Radiation (e.g., γ-ray) measuring instrument used <strong>for</strong> monitoring<br />
contamination or dose rate in air.<br />
air outlet:<br />
The vent or opening where the passage of air exits -- especially in systems<br />
<strong>for</strong> air conditioning, ventilation, and defrosting as air enters the passenger<br />
compartment or flows out of the compartment.<br />
air outlet valve:<br />
A vacuum operated door which directs air flow into the heater core or<br />
ducts, usually located in or near the plenum blower assembly. A vacuum<br />
operated door which directs air flow into the heater core or ducts, usually<br />
located in or near the plenum blower assembly.<br />
air passage:<br />
See lateral air passage<br />
air pipe:<br />
See heater air pipe<br />
air pocket:<br />
Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> a localized region of rising or descending air current.<br />
Causes an abrupt vertical acceleration as an aircraft passes through it,<br />
severity increasing with speed and also with low wing loading. Also called<br />
bump.<br />
Also see<br />
vertical gust<br />
air pollution:<br />
Contamination of the earth's atmosphere by various natural and man-made<br />
pollutants such as smoke, gases, dust, etc.<br />
airport markers:<br />
Particolored boards defining areas on an airfield, e.g., boundary makers<br />
which indicate the limits of the landing area, taxi-channel markers <strong>for</strong> taxi<br />
tracks, obstruction markers <strong>for</strong> ground hazards, and runway visual<br />
markers, situated at equal distances, by which visibility is gauged in bad<br />
weather.
airport meteorological minima:<br />
The minimum cloud base (vertical) and horizontal visibility (expressed as<br />
runway visual range, RVR) in which landing or takeoff is permitted at a<br />
particular aerodrome. ICAO standards:<br />
CATEGORY HEIGHT RVR<br />
1 200 ft (60 m) 2600 ft (800 m)<br />
2 100 ft (30 m) 1300 ft (400 m)<br />
3a zero 700 ft (210 m)<br />
3b 150 ft (45 m) zero<br />
air position:<br />
The geographical position which an aircraft would reach in a given time if<br />
flying in still air.<br />
air-position indicator:<br />
An automatic instrument which continually indicates air position,<br />
incorporating alterations of course and speed.<br />
air preheater:<br />
System of tubes or passages, heated by flue gas, through which<br />
combustion air is passed <strong>for</strong> preheating be<strong>for</strong>e admission to the<br />
combustion chamber, thus appreciably raising flame temperatures and<br />
returning to the combustion chamber some heat otherwise lost.<br />
Also see<br />
recuperative air heater<br />
regenerative air heater<br />
air pressure:<br />
[1] The atmospheric pressure.<br />
[2] Tire pressure.<br />
[3] The <strong>for</strong>ce of air coming from a compressor used to power air tools or<br />
apply air brakes.<br />
air principle:<br />
See pulse air principle
air pump:<br />
[1] The device that supplies<br />
the fresh air needed by the air<br />
injection system.<br />
[2] A reciprocating or<br />
centrifugal pump used to<br />
remove air, and sometimes the<br />
condensate, from the<br />
condenser of a steam plant.<br />
Also see<br />
air ejector<br />
[3] Any device used <strong>for</strong><br />
transferring air from one place<br />
to another. A compressor<br />
increases the pressure, a<br />
vacuum pump reduces the<br />
pressure and a blower causes<br />
a rapidly moving air blast<br />
air quality:<br />
The extent to which air is free from contaminants, conventionally taken to<br />
be the respiratory irritants nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide.<br />
air ratio:<br />
The ratio of actual intake air volume to the air volume theoretically needed<br />
<strong>for</strong> complete combustion of a particular amount of the fuel. This ratio is<br />
represented by the Greek letter lambda (which looks like the letter "y"<br />
upside-down).<br />
Also see<br />
fuel air ratio<br />
air receiver:<br />
An air tank which holds the compressed air created by a compressor.<br />
air-recirculation system:<br />
See automatic air-recirculation system<br />
.
Air Registration Board:<br />
(ARB) The airworthiness authority of the UK until its functions were<br />
taken over in 1972 by the Civil Aviation Authority.<br />
air resistance:<br />
The resistance of the air to <strong>for</strong>ward movement, sometimes called<br />
"aerodynamic drag." This is a factor of the shape of the vehicle, the objects<br />
which stick out (i.e., mirrors, mufflers, bumpers), the amount of turbulence<br />
at the rear of the vehicle, the nature of the vehicle's skin surface, and the<br />
amount of air going through the vehicle <strong>for</strong> cooling and ventilation. The<br />
faster you go, the greater the air friction (air friction = velocity x velocity).<br />
The faster you go, the greater the amount of power needed to overcome<br />
this drag (power = velocity x velocity x velocity).<br />
air route:<br />
In organized flying, a defined route between two aerodromes; usually<br />
provided with direction-finding facilities, lighting, and emergency-landing<br />
grounds.<br />
Also see<br />
airway<br />
air scoop:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>ward<br />
facing<br />
aerodyna<br />
mic<br />
device or<br />
opening<br />
used to<br />
duct cool<br />
outside air<br />
to some<br />
part of the<br />
vehicle<br />
such as<br />
the<br />
carburetor<br />
intake, the<br />
brakes, the<br />
radiator,
or an oil<br />
cooler.<br />
airscoop:<br />
See air scoop<br />
air screw:<br />
Any type of screw designed to rotate in air; defined in 1951. Term now<br />
obsolete and replaced by propeller, a device <strong>for</strong> propelling aircraft, and<br />
fan, a rotating bladed device <strong>for</strong> moving air in ducts or wind tunnels.<br />
Also see<br />
bypass air screw<br />
rotor.<br />
air seal:<br />
Curtain of air maintained in front of kiln or furnace door to aid retention of<br />
heat or in front of a workstation to reduce dust entry.<br />
air select valve:<br />
A valve in a two-stage catalytic converter with secondary air injection. It is<br />
operated by a solenoid and is triggered by the electronic control module. It<br />
directs air to the exhaust valve ports or to the midbed catalytic converter,<br />
depending on operating conditions.<br />
air-sensing thermostat:<br />
The unit in which sensing element is located in refrigerated space.<br />
air sensor:<br />
A device which checks <strong>for</strong> the presence of air pollutants entering the<br />
passenger compartment. If the pollutant concentration is too high, it<br />
operates flaps to cut off the external air to the air conditioning system.<br />
air shaft:<br />
An air passage, usually vertical or nearly vertical, which provides <strong>for</strong> the<br />
ventilation of a tunnel or mine.<br />
air shield:
British term <strong>for</strong> air deflector.<br />
airship:<br />
Any power-driven aerostat. In a non-rigid airship, the envelope is so<br />
designed that the internal pressure maintains its correct <strong>for</strong>m without the<br />
aid of a built-in structure; small, and used <strong>for</strong> naval patrol work. A rigid<br />
airship has a rigid structure to maintain the designed shape of the hull, and<br />
to carry the loads; usually a number of ballonets or gas bags inside the<br />
frame; large, used <strong>for</strong> military purposes in World War I, and having limited<br />
commercial use until 1938. A semi-rigid airship has a partial structure,<br />
usually a keel only, to distribute the load, and maintain the designed shape<br />
of the envelope or ballonets; intermediate size.<br />
air shock absorber:<br />
A shock absorber or damper which has a rubber bladder filled with<br />
compressed air. As the air pressure increases the vehicle is raised. The<br />
system is used in automatic leveling suspensions.<br />
air shooting:<br />
[1]Charging of shot-hole so as to leave pockets of air, thus reducing the<br />
shatter-effect of a blast.<br />
[2] In seismic prospecting, producing an explosion in air, above the rock<br />
<strong>for</strong>mation under examination, to propagate a seismic wave.<br />
air shower:<br />
See cascade shower<br />
air silencer:<br />
A device which is placed in the air cleaner assembly to reduce the sucking<br />
noise that air makes as it enters.<br />
air solenoid:<br />
See bypass air solenoid<br />
air space:<br />
The part of the atmosphere which lies above a nation and which is<br />
there<strong>for</strong>e under the jurisdiction of that nation.
air-spaced coil:<br />
Inductance coil in which the adjacent turns are spaced (instead of being<br />
wound close together) to reduce self-capacitance and dielectric loss.<br />
airspeed:<br />
Speed measured relative to the air in which the aircraft or missile is<br />
moving, as distinct from groundspeed.<br />
Also see<br />
equivalent airspeed<br />
indicated air-speed<br />
true airspeed<br />
air spring:<br />
A high pressure air-filled spring used in the suspension <strong>for</strong>k of some<br />
bicycles."<br />
Also see<br />
air bellows<br />
air suspension<br />
air springing:<br />
See air suspension<br />
air, standard:<br />
See standard air<br />
air standard cycle:<br />
A standard cycle of reference by which the per<strong>for</strong>mance of different<br />
internal-combustion engines may be compared, and their relative<br />
efficiencies calculated.<br />
air standard efficiency:<br />
The thermal efficiency of an internal-combustion engine working on the<br />
appropriate air standard cycle.<br />
air stop:
A registered trademark <strong>for</strong> Michelin tubes.<br />
airstrip:<br />
Unidirectional landing area, usually of grass or of a makeshift nature.<br />
air strut:<br />
See modular air strut<br />
air superiority fighter:<br />
Combat aircraft intended to remove hostile aircraft from a volume of<br />
airspace and so establish control of the air.<br />
air surveying:<br />
See aerial surveying<br />
air-suspended power booster:<br />
A type of power booster that contains atmospheric pressure in both<br />
chambers of the booster when the brake pedal is at res. When the pedal is<br />
applied, the front chamber is opened to manifold vacuum, causing the<br />
diaphragm of the booster to move toward the master cylinder which assist<br />
the driver in the application of the brakes.<br />
air suspension:<br />
A suspension system using air<br />
rather than metal springs to<br />
support the vehicle and<br />
control ride motions. Air<br />
springing results in a<br />
smoother ride, because the<br />
natural frequency of vibration<br />
of an air spring does not vary<br />
with loading as it does with<br />
metal springs. Air springs can<br />
be made very soft <strong>for</strong> the<br />
lightly loaded condition and<br />
the pressure automatically<br />
increased to match any<br />
increase in load, thus<br />
maintaining a constant sprint
vibration period any load.<br />
air suspension power booster:<br />
A type of power booster that contains atmospheric pressure in both<br />
chambers of the booster when the brake pedal is at rest. When the pedal is<br />
applied, the front chamber is opened to manifold vacuum causing the<br />
diaphragm of the booster to move toward the master cylinder which assists<br />
the driver in the application of the brakes.<br />
air-swept mill:<br />
in dry grinding of rock in a ball mill, use of a modulated current of air to<br />
remove sufficiently pulverized material from the charge in the mill.<br />
air switching:<br />
See electric air switching valve<br />
air switching valve:<br />
(ASV) a valve in an air injection system that senses intake manifold<br />
vacuum and during heavy loads, dumps part of the air pump output to the<br />
air cleaner to reduce air injections system pressure.<br />
Also see<br />
electric air switching valve<br />
AIR system:<br />
See air injection reaction system<br />
air system:<br />
See pulse air system<br />
air table:<br />
See air-float table<br />
air tank:<br />
An air container which holds the compressed air created by a compressor.<br />
air temperature:<br />
See ambient air temperature
air-to-air intercooler:<br />
A heat exchanger used on a turbocharged engine, which uses liquid<br />
coolant from the rad to cool the air coming from the turbo into the intake<br />
manifold.<br />
air tool:<br />
A tool such as an impact driver or drill which is powered not by electricity,<br />
but by air pressure coming from an air compressor.<br />
air traffic control:<br />
(ATC) The organized control, by visual and radio means, of the traffic on<br />
air routes, and into and out of aerodromes. ATC is divided into the<br />
following categories:<br />
a. general area control, including defined airways.<br />
b. control zones of specified area and altitude around busy aerodromes.<br />
c. approach control <strong>for</strong> regulating aircraft landing and departing.<br />
d. aerodrome control <strong>for</strong> directing aircraft movement on the ground and<br />
giving permission <strong>for</strong> take-off.<br />
Air traffic control operates under two systems:<br />
a. visual flight rules.<br />
b. more severely, instrument flight rules.<br />
Since World War II great advances in radar technology have enabled airtraffic<br />
controllers to be given very complete "pictures" of the position of<br />
aircraft, not only in flight, but also when maneuvering on the ground.<br />
air-traffic control center:<br />
An organization providing air-traffic control in a control area; and flight<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation in a region.<br />
air-traffic controller:<br />
Someone who is licensed to give instructions to aircraft in a control zone.<br />
air trans<strong>for</strong>mer:<br />
A device which is placed between the compressor and a paint spray gun to<br />
provide clean spraying air and to regulate the oil pressure.<br />
Air Transport Association:
(ATA) A US organization noted particularly <strong>for</strong> its specification which sets<br />
a standard to which manufacturers of aircraft and associated equipment are<br />
required to produce technical manuals <strong>for</strong> the aircraft operator's use. The<br />
specification is accepted by International Air Transport Association as the<br />
basis <strong>for</strong> international standardization.<br />
air trap:<br />
A trap which, by a water-seal, prevents foul air from rising from a sink,<br />
wash basin, drain, or sewer. Also called drain trap, stench trap, and Ubend.<br />
air valve:<br />
A valve in a spray gun which controls the flow of air by the operation of<br />
the trigger.<br />
Also see<br />
auxiliary air valve<br />
air valve carburetor:<br />
See air-valve carburetor<br />
air-valve carburetor:<br />
A type in which a spring-closed or weight-closed air valve opens in<br />
response to engine demand. This valve, through suitable linkage, varies the<br />
fuel-orifice opening to secure the desired mixture ratio throughout the<br />
range of operation. SU and Stromberg CD carburetors operate on this<br />
principle, referred to also as constant-vacuum, constant-depression, or<br />
variable- venturi.<br />
Also see<br />
constant-vacuum carburetor<br />
air vent:<br />
Valve, either manual or automatic, used to remove air from the highest<br />
point of a coil or piping assembly.<br />
air volume:<br />
The amount of air.<br />
air volume spraying:
A method of spray application which involves higher volume and lower<br />
pressure of air than high-pressure air spraying.<br />
air wall:<br />
Wall of an ionization chamber designed to give same ionization intensity<br />
inside the chamber as in open space. This means the wall is made of<br />
elements with atomic numbers similar to those <strong>for</strong> air constituents.<br />
air washer:<br />
Device used to clean air while increasing or lowering its humidity.<br />
airway:<br />
[1] A specified three-dimensional corridor (the lower as well as the upper<br />
boundary being defined) between control zones which may be entered<br />
only by aircraft in radio contact with air-traffic control<br />
[2] Underground passage used mainly <strong>for</strong> ventilation.<br />
airworthy:<br />
[1] Fit <strong>for</strong> flight aircraft, aero-engine, instrument or equipment.<br />
[2] Complying with the regulations laid down <strong>for</strong> ensuring the fitness of an<br />
aircraft <strong>for</strong> flight.<br />
[3] Possessing a certificate of Airworthiness.<br />
Airy disk:<br />
Circular image of a point source of light <strong>for</strong>med by a lens. Named after Sir<br />
George Airy.<br />
Airy points:<br />
The optimum points <strong>for</strong> supporting a beam horizontally to minimize the<br />
bending deflection. The distance apart of the points is equal to l/(n²-1)<br />
where l is the length of the beam and n the number of supports.<br />
Airy's integral:<br />
The factor 1.22, by which the dimensions of the diffraction pattern<br />
produced by a slit must be multiplied to obtain the dimensions of the<br />
pattern due to a circular aperture.
Airy spirals:<br />
The spiral interference patterns produced when quartz, cut perpendicularly<br />
to the axis, is examined in convergent light circularly polarized.<br />
AIS:<br />
AIV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " air injection system".<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "atmospheric/automatic inlet valve," a system used on early<br />
motorcycle engines in which the intake valve is held shut by a weak spring<br />
and opens by atmospheric pressure when the falling piston creates a<br />
vacuum in the cylinder.<br />
Akermanite:<br />
The calcium-magnesium end-member, Ca2MgSi2O7, of the melilite group<br />
of minerals.<br />
Akulon:<br />
Trade Name <strong>for</strong> Dutch nylon-6 polymer used <strong>for</strong> moldings and fibers.<br />
Al:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "aluminum."<br />
alabaster:<br />
A massive <strong>for</strong>m of gypsum, often pleasingly blotched and stained.<br />
CaSO4.2H2O. Because of its softness it is easily carved and polished, and<br />
is widely used <strong>for</strong> ornamental purposes. Oriental alabaster (also called<br />
Algerian onyx and onyx marble) is a beautifully banded <strong>for</strong>m of<br />
stalagmitic calcite.<br />
Alain:<br />
See Prost, Alain<br />
ALAP:
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "As Low As Possible."<br />
ALARA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "As Low As Reasonably Achievable." Used of radiation<br />
levels or decontamination.<br />
alarm:<br />
A warning sound made by a security or safety device to warn off thieves,<br />
alert the driver to take some preventative measures (e.g., secure the seat<br />
belts), or warn those around the vehicle (e.g., backup warning alarm).<br />
Also see<br />
back-up alarm<br />
car alarm<br />
alarm flag:<br />
See flag indicator<br />
alarm system:<br />
A theft protection system which may do one or more of the following:<br />
Sound the horn or an auxiliary siren, flash the lights, lock the hood and<br />
trunk, make the ignition inoperative, put the engine in a "limp home"<br />
mode (i.e., greatly reduce speed), notify the police, and alert the vehicle<br />
owner.<br />
alarmed:<br />
Protected by an alarm system.<br />
alaskite:<br />
Leucocratic variety of alkali feldspar granite.<br />
Albada viewfinder:<br />
Viewfinder with a lightly silvered plano-concave objective which reflects<br />
frame marks placed on the eyepiece and at the focus of the mirror. Also<br />
called bright-line viewfinder.<br />
albedo:
[1] A measure of the reflecting power of a non-luminous body, such as the<br />
surface of a planet, expressed as the ratio of energy reflected in all<br />
directions to total incident energy.<br />
[2] Ratio of the neutron flow density out of a medium free from sources, to<br />
the neutron flow density into it, i.e., reflection factor of a surface <strong>for</strong><br />
neutrons.<br />
albert:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>mer standard size of note-paper, 192x102 mm (6 x 4 in).<br />
albertite:<br />
A pitch-black solid bitumen of the asphaltite group.<br />
albite:<br />
The end-member of the plagioclase group of minerals. Ideally a silicate of<br />
sodium and aluminum, but commonly contains small quantities of<br />
potassium and calcium in addition, and crystallizes in the triclinic system.<br />
albumen process:<br />
Process in which dichromated albumen (egg white) is used as a lightsensitive<br />
coating when preparing surface plates <strong>for</strong> lithography and line<br />
blocks <strong>for</strong> relief printing.<br />
ALCL:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " assembly line communications link".<br />
Alclad:<br />
Composite sheets consisting of an alloy of the Dural type (to give strength)<br />
coated with pure aluminum (to give corrosion resistance).<br />
alcohol:<br />
[1] A general term <strong>for</strong> compounds <strong>for</strong>med from hydroxyl groups attached<br />
to carbon atoms in place of hydrogen atoms; in particular, ethanol.<br />
[2] A substance used as fuel.<br />
See methanol
[3] A beverage which impairs a driver's skill in operating a vehicle safely.<br />
Although the law has set down limits of the amount of alcohol allowable<br />
in the bloodstream be<strong>for</strong>e a person is considered drunk, the effects of the<br />
slightest amount of alcohol can impair one's driving skill.<br />
Also see<br />
grain alcohol<br />
methyl alcohol<br />
wood alcohol<br />
alcohol brine:<br />
Water and alcohol solution which remains a liquid below 32°F (0°C).<br />
alcohol content:<br />
See blood alcohol content<br />
alcohol fuel:<br />
Volatile liquid fuel consisting wholly or partly of alcohol, able to<br />
withstand high-compression ratios without detonation.<br />
alcohol level:<br />
See blood alcohol level<br />
Alcomax:<br />
UK equivalent of Alnico permanent magnet alloy.<br />
aldehyde resins:<br />
Highly polymerized resinous condensation products of aldehydes obtained<br />
by treatment of aldehydes with strong caustic soda.<br />
aldehydes:<br />
A group of compounds containing the CO-- radical attached to both a<br />
hydrogen atom and a hydrocarbon radical.<br />
ALDL:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "assembly line diagnostic link" a diagnostic connector.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> " assembly line data link".
alert:<br />
See deer alert<br />
voice alert system<br />
alert system:<br />
See voice alert system<br />
alexandrite:<br />
A variety of chrysoberyl, the color varying, with the conditions of lighting,<br />
between emerald green and red.<br />
Alfa-Romeo:<br />
A vehicle brand of which all 1925-48 models are<br />
classic cars. The following models are milestone cars:<br />
• All 1956-64 Giuletta Spider models<br />
• All 1959-61 Giuletta/Giulia Sprint Speciale<br />
models<br />
• All 1949 6C 2500 Super Sport models<br />
Alfa Romeo:<br />
See Alfa-Romeo<br />
Alfin:<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Alfa<br />
A trade name to describe the bonding of a steel piece with a light alloy that<br />
has fins. The fins help to dissipate the heat. For instance a steel brake drum<br />
produces a lot of heat in the braking process (and thus reduces the<br />
effective braking ability) so an alloy heat sink is bonded to the drum to<br />
bleed off the heat.<br />
Also see<br />
Alfin process.<br />
Alfin process:<br />
A procedure developed by the Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation<br />
to secure light alloy to steel.<br />
Al<strong>for</strong>d antenna:<br />
Antenna comprising a vertical cylindrical tube with longitudinal slots,<br />
often used to transmit very high or ultrahigh frequency.<br />
.
al fresco driving:<br />
Driving in a convertible with the top down.<br />
algae:<br />
Low <strong>for</strong>m of plant life, found floating free in water.<br />
algal corrosion:<br />
Impairment of structure and systems by algae and other micro-organisms.<br />
Algerian onyx:<br />
See alabaster<br />
aliasing:<br />
[1] Error in making real-time spectra of short signals or of directivity in<br />
sound fields. Caused by insufficient number of data points.<br />
[2] Image imperfections resulting from limited detail in a raster display,<br />
e.g., resulting in diagonal lines appearing stepped.<br />
A-licence:<br />
Basic private pilot's licence in the UK.<br />
alien tones:<br />
Frequencies, harmonic and sum-and-difference products, introduced on<br />
sound reproduction because of non-linearity in some part of the<br />
transmission path.<br />
align:<br />
align bore:<br />
[1] Process of bringing two or more items into mating conjunction so that<br />
all the bolt holes and locating pins fit properly.<br />
[2] Process of adjusting the wheels and other devices so that they are in a<br />
straight line.
A machining operation which corrects an engine's out-of-round and/or<br />
warped main bearing housings. It may be done with either stationary or<br />
portable equipment.<br />
Also see<br />
align hone<br />
aligner:<br />
See wheel aligner<br />
align hone:<br />
A machining operation which corrects an engine's out-of-round and<br />
warped main bearing housings with a special honing mandrel. It must be<br />
done with stationary equipment.<br />
aligning punch:<br />
A tool shaped like a thin rod used to make sure holes line up when<br />
assembling two or more components. Especially used on items which may<br />
move to one side be<strong>for</strong>e the other side can be aligned or another<br />
component installed or when the gasket is likely to slip out of place.<br />
aligning set:<br />
See clutch aligning set<br />
aligning tool:<br />
See clutch aligning tool<br />
alignment:<br />
[1] When referring to wheel alignment, it is the proper adjustment of a<br />
vehicle's front or rear suspension <strong>for</strong> camber, toe-in, toe-out, kingpin<br />
inclination or steering axis inclination, and turning radius or toe-out on<br />
turns, caster, and ride height. Four-wheel alignment is necessary <strong>for</strong> frontwheel<br />
drive vehicles.<br />
[2] The adjustment of two objects to bring them into the proper relation to<br />
each other.<br />
[3] The setting in line (usually straight) of successive lengths of a railway<br />
which is to be constructed<br />
[4] The plan of a road or earthwork<br />
[5] The setting in a true line of a number of points, e.g., the centers of the<br />
bearings supporting an engine crankshaft
[6] Process of orientation of e.g., electric or magnetic dipoles when acted<br />
on by an external field. During magnetization, the alignment of domains is<br />
changed by the magnetizing field<br />
[7] Adjustment of preset tuned circuits to give optimum per<strong>for</strong>mance<br />
Also see<br />
door alignment<br />
four-wheel alignment<br />
four wheel alignment<br />
front-end alignment<br />
front end alignment<br />
wheel alignment<br />
alignment gap:<br />
The distance between two adjacent auto body panels. When an alignment<br />
gap varies too much, it is a sign of poor assembly quality.<br />
alignment gauge:<br />
See wheel alignment gauge<br />
alignment pin:<br />
A pin or stud used to align one part with another, such as the pins used to<br />
align a cylinder head on an engine block.<br />
alignment stud:<br />
A pin or stud used to align one part with another, such as the pins used to<br />
align a cylinder head on an engine block.<br />
align ream:<br />
Machining or hand process which enlarges the inside diameter of bushings<br />
to the correct size.<br />
aliquot:<br />
A small sample of material assayed to determine the properties of the<br />
whole, e.g., in process control, the representative fraction whose<br />
quantitative analysis gives in<strong>for</strong>mation on the assay grade. Term often<br />
applied to radioactive material.<br />
Also see<br />
aliquot part
aliquot part:<br />
In sampling <strong>for</strong> process control, a representative fraction whose<br />
quantitative analysis gives in<strong>for</strong>mation on the assay grade.<br />
aliquot scaling:<br />
In a piano, the provision of extra wires above the normal wires. These are<br />
not struck, but are tuned very slightly above the octave of the struck<br />
strings below, so that by sympathetic vibration the musical quality of the<br />
note is enhanced.<br />
aliquot tuning:<br />
See aliquot scaling<br />
alive:<br />
See keep alive memory<br />
alive memory:<br />
See keep alive memory<br />
alkaline battery:<br />
A storage battery which uses an alkaline electrolyte (dilute potassium<br />
hydroxide).<br />
alkaline degreasing:<br />
A process of removing an oily or greasy substance with the use of an<br />
alkaline solution. Often used in preparing a surface <strong>for</strong> painting.<br />
all-alloy engine:<br />
An engine which uses a light alloy <strong>for</strong> the block, crankcase, sump, and<br />
cylinder head.<br />
all-aluminum body:<br />
A body shell which is mostly made of aluminum.<br />
Allan valve:<br />
Once popular slide-valve design with an internal passage designed to<br />
reduce valve travel and wear.
Allard:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1946-56 Series J2, K2, K3 models are<br />
milestone cars.<br />
all-burnt:<br />
The moment at which the fuel of a missile or spacecraft is completely<br />
consumed.<br />
all-electric signalling:<br />
A railway system in which the signals and points are controlled and<br />
operated electrically.<br />
Also see<br />
electropneumatic signalling<br />
all electronic ignition:<br />
See breakerless<br />
all-electronic ignition:<br />
See breakerless<br />
Allen key:<br />
See Allen wrench<br />
Allen screw:<br />
A fastening device (either a wood screw type or bolt threads) with a<br />
recessed hexagon hole in the head. Also called a hex hole screw..<br />
Allen's loop test:<br />
A modification of the Varley loop test <strong>for</strong> localizing a fault in an electric<br />
cable; it is particularly suitable <strong>for</strong> high-resistance faults in short lengths of<br />
cable.<br />
all-enveloping body:<br />
A modern passenger car body style in which the fenders, headlamps, and<br />
radiator grille are one smooth body line. It contrasts with the style be<strong>for</strong>e<br />
World War II where the fenders and headlights were separate from the
main body.<br />
Allen wrench:<br />
An rod with six sides and often L-shaped. Used to remove certain screws<br />
and fastenings, especially set screws. Sometimes called "hex wrenches" or<br />
"Allen key."<br />
alligator:<br />
A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> a large piece of a tire on the road.<br />
alligator clip:<br />
A small spring clip which is "X-shaped." As you squeeze the two<br />
"legs" of the clip, the other two jaws (usually serrated) open.<br />
Used to make temporary electrical connections. Larger ones are<br />
used at the ends of jumper cables. The British call it a "crocodile<br />
clip."<br />
all-insulated switch:<br />
See shockproof switch<br />
allithium:<br />
Aluminum-lithium alloys.<br />
all-moving tail:<br />
A one-piece tailplane, also controlled by the pilot as is the elevator. Also<br />
called flying tail and "stabilator."<br />
Also see<br />
T-tail<br />
allobar:<br />
A mixture of isotopes of an element differing in proportion from that<br />
naturally occurring.<br />
allochromatic:<br />
Having photoelectric properties which arise from micro-impurities, or<br />
from previous specific irradiation.
allochromy:<br />
Fluorescent reradiation of light of different wavelength from that incident<br />
on a surface.<br />
Also see<br />
Stokes' law<br />
alloter:<br />
A uniselector used to improve the efficiency of distribution of line-finders,<br />
by automatically pre-selecting and pre-connecting the first available linefinder<br />
in the group to which it has access.<br />
all-out braking:<br />
A situation where the driver uses the maximum braking ef<strong>for</strong>t possible.<br />
Although this seems to be the best way to stop a vehicle, in fact it may not<br />
because there may be the tendency to swerve or the brakes may overheat<br />
and lose effectiveness. It is better to pump the brakes (if ABS is not<br />
available) to control steering and get maximum braking.<br />
allowable deficiencies:<br />
Aircraft systems or certain items of their equipment, tabulated in the flight<br />
or operating manual, which even if unserviceable will not prevent an<br />
aircraft from being flown or create a hazard in flight.<br />
allowance:<br />
See mileage allowance<br />
allowances:<br />
Fuel reserves, usually specified as time factors under certain conditions, as<br />
distance plus descent, or as a percentage (by weight or volume) of the<br />
cruising fuel <strong>for</strong> a given stage.<br />
allowed band:<br />
Range of energy levels permitted to electrons in a molecule or crystal.<br />
These may or may not be occupied.<br />
allowed transition:<br />
Electric transition between energy levels which is not prohibited by any<br />
quantum selection rule.
alloy:<br />
A mixture of two or more elements, especially where one is aluminum.<br />
Also see<br />
aluminum alloy<br />
antimony alloys<br />
eutectic alloy<br />
minilite alloy wheel<br />
polymer alloy<br />
zinc alloy<br />
alloy cast-iron:<br />
Cast-iron containing alloying elements in addition to carbon and the<br />
normal low levels of manganese and silicon, usually some combination of<br />
nickel, chromium, copper, and molybdenum. These elements may be<br />
added to increase the strength of ordinary irons, to facilitate heat<br />
treatment, or to obtain martensitic, austenitic, or ferritic irons.<br />
alloy engine:<br />
See all-alloy engine<br />
alloying:<br />
[1] The process of making an alloy<br />
[2] The addition of one or more elements to a pure metal to alter the pure<br />
metal's properties such as strength, elongation, weight reduction, etc.<br />
alloy junction:<br />
A junction <strong>for</strong>med by alloying one or more impurity metals with a<br />
semiconductor. Small buttons of impurity metal are placed at desired<br />
locations on a semiconductor wafer; heating to melting point and rapidly<br />
cooling again produces regions of p-type conduction or n-type conduction,<br />
according to choice of impurity. Also called fused junction.<br />
alloy layer:<br />
See zinc-iron alloy layer<br />
alloy piston:
A piston made primarily of aluminum.<br />
alloy reaction limit:<br />
Concentration in alloy of a specific component, below which corrosion<br />
occurs in a given environment.<br />
alloys:<br />
Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> alloy wheels.<br />
alloy steel:<br />
[1] A steel to which elements not present in carbon steel have been added,<br />
or in which the content of manganese or silicon is increased above that in<br />
carbon steel.<br />
[2] Molybdenum alloy steel of 150M psi and above after heat treating.<br />
Used <strong>for</strong> clevis pins and (4037, 4137) some screws. Aircraft quality alloy<br />
steel (4130,4340,8740) is used extensively in the Aerospace Industry <strong>for</strong><br />
bolts, screws and clevis pins. Tensile strength minimum of 120M psi.<br />
Also see<br />
high-speed steel<br />
nickel steel<br />
stainless steel<br />
alloy wheel:<br />
A generic term used to describe any non-steel road wheel. The usual alloys<br />
are either aluminum or magnesium; the latter material led to the common<br />
usage of the term " mag wheel," often referring to any non-steel wheel.<br />
Also see<br />
minilite alloy wheel<br />
three-piece alloy wheel<br />
two-piece alloy wheel<br />
two-piece <strong>for</strong>ged alloy wheel<br />
all-pass network:<br />
A network which introduces a specified phase-shift response without<br />
appreciable attenuation <strong>for</strong> any frequency.<br />
all-steel body:<br />
A vehicle body shell which is made entirely of steel rather than one with a<br />
wooden frame with steel panels or steel frame with aluminum panels.
Allström relay:<br />
See relay<br />
all terrain:<br />
For use on any kind of ground surface (not on lakes or ocean, though).<br />
all terrain bike:<br />
(ATB) A bicycle with straight<br />
handlebars, sturdy fat tires, and widerange<br />
gearing designed <strong>for</strong> off-road<br />
use. Also called mountain bike.<br />
all-terrain bike:<br />
(ATB) A bicycle with straight handlebars, sturdy fat tires, and wide-range<br />
gearing designed <strong>for</strong> off-road use. Also called mountain bike.<br />
all terrain tire:<br />
A tire which has a number of lugs or knobs used to propel the vehicle over<br />
rough surfaces.<br />
all terrain vehicle:<br />
A vehicle used in rough surface conditions. Also called off-road vehicle..<br />
allure libre:<br />
A self-paced long-distance bicycle ride as promoted by the Audax Club<br />
Parisien, the Randonneurs Mondiaux, and the Randonneurs USA. You can<br />
ride at your own pace so long as you finish within the time limit. This is<br />
not a race where riders are recognized <strong>for</strong> finishing ahead of other riders.<br />
The important thing is to finish the ride.<br />
all-weather tire:<br />
A tire that can be used on roads that are bare or covered with rain, snow, or<br />
ice.
all wheel drive:<br />
See all-wheel drive<br />
all-wheel drive:<br />
(AWD) A variation of four-wheel drive (4WD) designed to improve onroad<br />
traction in unfavorable road conditions or <strong>for</strong> ultra high per<strong>for</strong>mance<br />
driving. All-Wheel Drive (AWD) reduces wheel slippage and provides<br />
greater driver control over the vehicle. AWD usually does not require the<br />
driver to actively engage the system and does not have a low range. AWD<br />
automatically splits engine torque between the front and rear wheels as<br />
needed. All-Wheel Drive is generally an on-road system and is not<br />
designed <strong>for</strong> off-road use.<br />
all-wheel steering:<br />
See four-wheel steering<br />
Alnico:<br />
US trade mark <strong>for</strong> a high-energy permanent magnet material, an alloy of<br />
aluminum, nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper.<br />
Alnico magnet:<br />
A magnet using (Al) aluminum, (Ni) nickel, and (Co) cobalt in its<br />
construction.<br />
Aloxite:<br />
Trade name designating a proprietary fused alumina and associated<br />
abrasive products.<br />
alpaca:<br />
The fine, strong hair of the alpaca of South America, the fabric made from<br />
such hair. This animal belongs to the camel family and is a close relative<br />
of the llama and the vicuña.<br />
Alpert Gauge:<br />
See Bayard and Alpert Gauge
alpha-beta brass:<br />
Copper-zinc alloy containing38-46% (usually 40%) zinc. It consists of a<br />
mixture of the α-constituent (see alpha brass) and the β-constituent (see<br />
beta brass).<br />
alpha brass:<br />
A copper-zinc alloy containing up to 38% zinc. Consists constitutionally of<br />
a solid solution of zinc in copper. Commercial alpha brasses of several<br />
compositions are made. All are used mainly <strong>for</strong> cold-working.<br />
Also see<br />
copper alloys<br />
alpha bronze:<br />
A copper-tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper.<br />
Commercial <strong>for</strong>ms contain 4 or 5% of tin. This alloy, which differs from<br />
gun metal and phosphor bronze in that it can be worked, is used <strong>for</strong><br />
example <strong>for</strong> coinage, springs, and turbine blades.<br />
Also see<br />
copper alloys<br />
alpha chamber:<br />
Ionization chamber <strong>for</strong> measurements of alpha radiation intensity. Also<br />
called alpha counter tube..<br />
alpha counter:<br />
Tube <strong>for</strong> counting alpha particles, with pulse selector to reject those arising<br />
from beta and gamma rays.<br />
alpha counter tube:<br />
See alpha chamber<br />
alpha cut-off:<br />
Frequency at which the current amplification of a transistor has fallen by<br />
more than 3 dB (0.7) of its low-frequency value.<br />
alpha decay:<br />
Radioactive disintegration resulting in emission of alpha particle. Also<br />
called alpha disintegration..
alpha decay energy:<br />
The sum of the kinetic energies of the alpha particle emitted and the recoil<br />
of the product atom in a radioactive decay. Also called disintegration<br />
energy..<br />
alpha disintegration:<br />
See alpha decay<br />
alpha emitter:<br />
Natural or artificial radioactive isotope which disintegrates through<br />
emission of alpha rays.<br />
alpha iron:<br />
One of the polymorphic <strong>for</strong>ms of iron, stable below 1179K. Has a bodycentered<br />
cubic lattice, and is magnetic up to 1041K.<br />
alpha particle:<br />
Nucleus of helium atom of mass number four, consisting of two neutrons<br />
and two protons and so doubly positively charged. Emitted from natural or<br />
radioactive isotopes. Often written α-particle.<br />
alpha pulp:<br />
Wood pulp processed so that only a very small percentage of<br />
hemicellulose remains. Also called dissolving pulp..<br />
alpha radiation:<br />
Alpha particles emitted from radioactive isotopes.<br />
alpha ray:<br />
Stream of alpha particles.<br />
alpha-ray spectrometer:<br />
Instrument <strong>for</strong> measuring the energy distribution of α-particles emitted by<br />
a radioactive source.
alpine gearing:<br />
A gearing system in which a shift between chainwheels on a bicycle is<br />
equivalent to one-and-a-half shifts on the freewheel.<br />
alteration:<br />
See load alteration effect<br />
alteration effect:<br />
See load alteration effect<br />
alternate airfield:<br />
An airfield designated in a flight plan at which a pilot will land if<br />
prevented from landing at the intended destination.<br />
alternating current:<br />
(AC) An electric current that first flows one way in the circuit and then the<br />
other. This is the type used in homes. It contrasts with direct current.<br />
alternating-gradient focusing:<br />
The net focusing effect achieved using a series of alternate converging and<br />
diverging lenses because, under suitable conditions, the rays will strike the<br />
diverging lenses nearer to the axis. Using magnetic or electrostatic lenses,<br />
the idea has been used <strong>for</strong> the design of electron synchrotrons and ion<br />
linear accelerators.<br />
alternating gradient synchrotron:<br />
A synchrotron modified by having magnetic-field gradiens around the<br />
orbit alternating toward and away from the center of the orbit. This<br />
produces a focusing effect which reduces beam divergence caused by the<br />
mutual repulsion of the particles in the beam. Proton energies of up to 500<br />
GeV and electron energies of about 10 GeV can be achieved.<br />
alternating light:<br />
A navigation mark identified during darkness by a light showing<br />
alternating colors.<br />
Also see
flashing light<br />
occulting light<br />
alternating stress:<br />
The stress induced in a material by a <strong>for</strong>ce which acts alternately in<br />
opposite directions.<br />
alternative routing:<br />
The manual or automatic diversion, to a prearranged secondary route, of<br />
traffic which originates at an instant when the primary route is not<br />
available.<br />
alternator:<br />
(ALT) A device which produces<br />
alternating current (AC) by<br />
converting the engine's turning<br />
(mechanical) energy into alternating<br />
electrical current at all engine speeds.<br />
The AC must be rectified (converted<br />
from AC to DC) be<strong>for</strong>e reaching the<br />
vehicle's electrical system. The<br />
alternator is driven by a belt at the<br />
front of the engine. Alternators<br />
replaced the direct-current (DC)<br />
generators used up to the 1960's<br />
because they were less efficient<br />
especially at idle. The electrically<br />
demanding options like air<br />
conditioning <strong>for</strong>ced the use of<br />
alternators over generators.<br />
Altima:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Nissan in<br />
Japan<br />
.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Altima
altimeter:<br />
[1] An instrument to reveal the height (or barometric pressure) above sea<br />
level.<br />
[2] An aneroid barometer used <strong>for</strong> measuring altitude by the decrease in<br />
atmospheric pressure with height. The dial of the instrument is graduated<br />
to read the altitude directly in feet or meters, the zero being set to ground<br />
or aerodrome level.<br />
Also see<br />
encoding altimeter<br />
radio altimeter<br />
recording altimeter<br />
altitude:<br />
[1] The height in feet or meters above sea level. For precision in<br />
determining the per<strong>for</strong>mance of an aircraft, this must be corrected <strong>for</strong> the<br />
deviation of the meteorological conditions from that of the International<br />
Standard Atmosphere.<br />
[2] The angular distance of a heavenly body measured on that great circle<br />
which passes, perpendicular to the plane of the horizon, through the body<br />
and through the zenith. It is measured positively from the horizon to the<br />
zenith, from 0° to 90°.<br />
[3] The line through the vertex of a geometrical figure or solid<br />
perpendicular to its base.<br />
[4] The length of the line of definition #3.<br />
Also see<br />
cabin altitude<br />
pressure altitude<br />
altitude compensation system:<br />
A barometric switch and solenoid used to provide better drivability over<br />
4000 feet (1200 meters) above sea level.<br />
altitude compensator:<br />
See aneroid altitude compensator<br />
altitude level:<br />
Sensitive spirit level which ensures that theodolite is truly horizontal with<br />
respect to the telescope when vertical angles are measured.<br />
altitude switch:
A switching device generally comprising electrical contacts, actuated by<br />
an aneroid capsule which in turn is deflected by change in atmospheric<br />
pressure. The contacts are adjusted to make or break a warning circuit at<br />
the pressure corresponding to a predetermined altitude.<br />
altitude valve:<br />
A manually or automatically operated valve fitted to the carburetor of an<br />
aero-engine <strong>for</strong> correcting the mixture strength as air density falls with<br />
altitude.<br />
alum.:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> " aluminum."<br />
Alumel:<br />
Trade name <strong>for</strong> an alloy of nickel with up to 5% aluminum, manganese,<br />
and silicon, used with chromel in thermocouples.<br />
alumina:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of aluminum oxide, Al2O3 used as a substrate <strong>for</strong> ceramic catalysts<br />
and as an abrasive.<br />
Also see<br />
activated alumina<br />
corundum<br />
alumina beads:<br />
Tiny beads of alumina used in some catalytic converters.<br />
alumina trihydrate:<br />
Al2O33H 2O. Used as a fire-retarding additive in plastics.<br />
aluminium:<br />
British spelling <strong>for</strong> aluminum.<br />
aluminous cement:<br />
See high-alumina cement
aluminum:<br />
(Al or Alum) A silver-white metal which is used in cars because of its<br />
lightness. In pure <strong>for</strong>m, it does not have the strength of the same size of<br />
iron. Thus vehicle manufacturers use aluminum in an alloy <strong>for</strong>m to<br />
produce body panels, wheels, engine blocks, transmission housings,<br />
differential housings, and even frames. British spelling adds an "i" near the<br />
end of the word: "aluminium" and pronounces it al-you-MIN-ee-um<br />
instead of ah-LOO-min-um.<br />
Also see<br />
cast aluminum<br />
aluminum alloy:<br />
A metal which is <strong>for</strong>med from aluminum and another metal.<br />
aluminum anode cell:<br />
A cell with an aluminum anode immersed in an electrolyte which does not<br />
attack aluminum. The cathode may also be of aluminum or some other<br />
metal, e.g., lead. Such cells can be used as rectifiers or as high-capacitance<br />
capacitors.<br />
Also see<br />
electrolytic capacitor<br />
aluminum antimonide:<br />
A semiconducting material used <strong>for</strong> transistors up to a temperature of<br />
500°C.<br />
aluminum body:<br />
See all-aluminum body<br />
aluminum-brass:<br />
Brass to which aluminum has been added to increase its resistance to<br />
corrosion. Used <strong>for</strong> condenser tubes. Contains 1-6% Al, 24-43% Zn, 55-<br />
71% Cu.<br />
Also see<br />
copper alloys<br />
aluminum bronze:<br />
Copper-aluminum alloys which contain 4-11% aluminum, and may also<br />
contain up to 5% each of iron and nickel. These alloys have high tensile
strength, are capable of being cast or cold worked, and are resistant to<br />
corrosion.<br />
Also see<br />
copper alloys<br />
aluminum-steel cable:<br />
See steel-cored aluminum<br />
aluminum oxide:<br />
A metallic abrasive used to manufacture sandpaper and sanding discs.<br />
aluminum wheel:<br />
See alloy wheel<br />
aluminized:<br />
Something that is coated with aluminum or aluminum paint.<br />
aluminizing:<br />
See hot-dip aluminizing<br />
Alvis:<br />
AM:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the Speed<br />
20, 25, and 4.3 litre models <strong>for</strong> 1925-<br />
48 are classic cars.<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> amplitude modulation.<br />
amagat:<br />
The unit of density of a gas at 0°C and one atmosphere pressure; usually 1<br />
amagat-1 mole per 22.4 dm³.<br />
amalgam retort:<br />
Iron vessel in which the mercury is distilled off from gold or silver<br />
amalgam obtained in amalgamation.
Also see<br />
amalgamation pan<br />
ambient:<br />
Surrounding on all sides.<br />
ambient air:<br />
Air outside and surrounding the vehicle.<br />
ambient air temperature:<br />
The temperature of the surrounding air.<br />
ambient illumination:<br />
Background uncontrollable light level at a location.<br />
ambient noise:<br />
[1] Random uncontrolled and irreducible noise at a location, or in a valve<br />
or circuit.<br />
[2] The noise existing in a room or any other environment, e.g., the ocean.<br />
ambient sensor:<br />
A device which samples and detects changes in the temperature of the<br />
ambient air.<br />
ambient switch:<br />
An outside air temperature sensing switch which prevents operation of the<br />
compressor and the recirculating air mode below an outside temperature of<br />
40°F.<br />
ambient temperature:<br />
The surrounding air temperature. The temperature of fluid (usually air)<br />
which surrounds object on all sides.<br />
ambient temperature switch:<br />
A control device in an air conditioning system which delays the<br />
compressor action when the outside temperature is low.
ambiophony:<br />
Technique of sound reproduction which creates an illusion to the listener<br />
of being in a very large room.<br />
ambipolar:<br />
Said of any condition or property which applies equally to positive and<br />
negative charge carriers (e.g., positive or negative ions, holes, electrons) in<br />
a plasma or semiconductor.<br />
ambulance:<br />
A vehicle designed <strong>for</strong> carrying sick<br />
or injured people.<br />
AMC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "American Motors Corp" an<br />
organization which merged with Chrysler<br />
Corporation.<br />
AMCS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> airborne missile control system.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on AMC<br />
American Automobile Labelling Act:<br />
(AALA) regulations requiring vehicle manufacturers to include content<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation on vehicle labels <strong>for</strong> cars and trucks <strong>for</strong> sale in the U.S. after<br />
October 1, 1994.<br />
American Free Trade:<br />
See North American Free Trade Agreement<br />
American Free Trade Agreement:<br />
.
See North American Free Trade Agreement<br />
American Industrial Classification:<br />
See North American Industrial Classification System<br />
American Industrial Classification System:<br />
See North American Industrial Classification System<br />
American Motors:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1968-70 AMX models are milestone cars.<br />
American produced:<br />
See North American produced<br />
American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing Materials:<br />
(ASTM) Society <strong>for</strong> developing and publishing agreed standards.<br />
American standard pipe thread:<br />
Type of screw thread commonly used on pipe and fittings to assure a tight<br />
seal.<br />
American Standard Wire Gauge:<br />
See Brown and Sharpe Wire Gauge<br />
American water turbine:<br />
See mixed-flow water turbine<br />
AM/FM:<br />
A radio capable of receiving amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency<br />
modulation (FM) signals.<br />
AMIA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " Asocicion Mexicana de la Industria Automotriz".<br />
amidship:
The middle portion of a ship or car.<br />
Amilcar:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 Supercharged Sports models with<br />
required application are classic cars.<br />
aminoaldehydic resins:<br />
See urea resins<br />
aminoplastic resin:<br />
One derived from the reaction of urea, thiourea, melamine, or allied<br />
compounds (e.g., cyanamide polymers and diaminotriazines) with<br />
aldehydes, particularly <strong>for</strong>maldehyde (methanal).<br />
ammeter:<br />
An electric instrument used to measure the rate of electrical current flow in<br />
amperes.<br />
ammonia:<br />
Chemical combination of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3). Ammonia<br />
refrigerant is identified as R-117.<br />
ammonia clock:<br />
An accurate clock controlled by the periodic inversion of the ammonia<br />
molecule with a frequency of 2.3786 x 10 10 Hz.<br />
Also see<br />
atomic clock<br />
amorphous:<br />
Term describing a material without the periodic, ordered structure of<br />
crystalline solids.<br />
amorphous head:<br />
A head composed of laminated amorphous alloy layers which improves<br />
signal-to-noise ratio and reduces friction by comparison with ferrite-type<br />
heads.
amorphous metal:<br />
A material with good conductivity, electrical and thermal, and with other<br />
metallic properties but with atomic arrangements that are not periodically<br />
ordered as in crystalline metal solids.<br />
Also see<br />
metallic glass<br />
amorphous semiconductor:<br />
Semiconductor prepared in the amorphous state. It tends to have a much<br />
lower electrical conductivity than its crystalline counterparts, and is<br />
typically made from hydrogenated amorphous silicon or chalcogenide<br />
glass.<br />
amp:<br />
Uncommon abbreviation <strong>for</strong> " ampere." It is preferred to use A.<br />
amperage:<br />
The strength of an electric current in amperes. Electron or current flow of<br />
one coulomb per second past a given point in circuit.<br />
amperage rating:<br />
The strength of an electric current in amperes.<br />
ampere:<br />
[1] (A) A unit of measurement used in expressing the rate of electrical<br />
current flow in a circuit. It is determined by dividing the voltage by the<br />
resistance.<br />
[2] A unit of electric current equivalent to flow of one coulomb per second<br />
[3] That current which, if maintained in two parallel conductors of infinite<br />
length, of negligible cross-section, and placed one meter apart in vacuum,<br />
would produce between the conductors a <strong>for</strong>ce equal to 2x10 -7 Nm -1 .<br />
Also see<br />
absolute ampere<br />
ampere-hour:
[1] Measurement of the ability of a battery to deliver a stated amount of<br />
current <strong>for</strong> a stated period of time. The higher the amp/hr. rating, the more<br />
powerful the battery.<br />
[2] Unit of charge equal to 3600 coulombs or 1 ampere flowing <strong>for</strong> one<br />
hour.<br />
ampere hour capacity:<br />
A measurement of storage battery ability to deliver a specified current over<br />
a specified length of time.<br />
ampere-hour efficiency:<br />
In an accumulator, the ratio of the ampere-hour output during discharge to<br />
the ampere-hour input during charge.<br />
ampere-hour meter:<br />
(ahm) A meter designed to record the product of current and time<br />
(ampere-hours) <strong>for</strong> a given circuit or passing at a given point. If the<br />
voltage is constant, the meter can be calibrated as an energy (kilowatthour)<br />
meter.<br />
Ampère's law:<br />
The relation between the magnetizing field H around a conductor, length l,<br />
carrying a current i, given by the <strong>for</strong>mula:<br />
ampere-turns:<br />
See back ampere-turns<br />
Ampère's rule:<br />
Rule giving the direction of<br />
the magnetic field associated<br />
with a current. If the<br />
conductor is grasped with the<br />
right hand, the thumb pointing<br />
in the direction of the current,<br />
the fingers will curl around<br />
the conductor in the direction
of the field. Also called righthand<br />
rule.<br />
Ampère's theory of magnetization:<br />
A theory based on the assumption that the magnetic property of a magnet<br />
is due to currents circulating in the molecules of the magnet.<br />
ampere-turn:<br />
(At) SI unit of magneto-motive <strong>for</strong>ce, which drives flux through magnetic<br />
circuits, arising from one ampere flowing around one turn of a conductor.<br />
ampere-turn amplification, gain:<br />
Ratio of the load ampere-turns to the control ampere-turns in a magnetic<br />
amplifier..<br />
ampere turns:<br />
Term used to measure magnetic <strong>for</strong>ce. Represents product of amperes<br />
times number of turns in coil of electromagnet.<br />
ampere-turns per meter:<br />
SI unit of magnetizing <strong>for</strong>ce, magnetic field intensity.<br />
amphibian:<br />
Aircraft capable of taking off and landing on land or water, e.g., seaplane<br />
or flying boat with retractable landing gear, or land plane with hydroskis.<br />
amphoric:<br />
Like the sound made by blowing across a narrow-necked vase.<br />
amp/hr. rating:<br />
Measurement of the ability of a battery to deliver a stated amount of<br />
current <strong>for</strong> a stated period of time. The higher the amp/hr. rating, the more<br />
powerful the battery.
amplidyne:<br />
A rotating magnetic amplifier, widely used as a power amplification<br />
device, in which a small increase in power input to the field coils produces<br />
a large boost in power output.<br />
amplified spontaneous emission:<br />
Unwanted noise in an erbium-doped fiber amplifier arising from<br />
amplification of spontaneous as opposed to stimulated emission. Its optical<br />
power in bandwidth B centered on frequency v is (G-1)μhvB <strong>for</strong> each<br />
polarization state of the fiber, where G is the power gain and μ the<br />
inversion factor of the amplifier (unity when ideal).<br />
amplifier:<br />
A device used to increase the electron flow in an electric or vacuum<br />
circuit. It produce a greater electrical signal such as the radio signal. Most<br />
automobile radios have a built-in amplifier; but a few have a separate<br />
amplifier which is sometimes located in the trunk.<br />
Also see<br />
acoustic amplifier<br />
audio-frequency amplifier<br />
balanced amplifier<br />
booster amplifier<br />
ignition amplifier<br />
amplitude:<br />
[1] A confusing term occasionally used <strong>for</strong> the argument of a complex<br />
number. It would more naturally be taken to mean the modulus, and is best<br />
avoided.<br />
[2] The maximum value of a periodically varying quantity during a cycle,<br />
e.g., the maximum displacement of a vibrating particle from its midposition,<br />
the maximum value of an alternating current or the maximum<br />
displacement of a sine wave.<br />
amplitude discriminator:<br />
See pulse-height discriminator<br />
amplitude distortion:<br />
Distortion of wave<strong>for</strong>m arising from the non-linear static or dynamic<br />
response of a part of a communication system, the output amplitude of the<br />
signal at any instant not having a constant proportionality with the
corresponding input signal.<br />
amplitude limiter:<br />
One which separates synchronizing signals in a TV signal from the video<br />
(picture) signal. Also called limiter.<br />
amplitude modulation:<br />
(AM) A type of radio wave in which the amplitude changes rather than the<br />
frequency.<br />
Also see<br />
frequency modulation<br />
amplitude peak:<br />
Maximum positive or negative excursion from zero of any periodic<br />
disturbance.<br />
amplitude shift keying:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of amplitude modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier<br />
assumes only certain discrete values, allowing transmission of digitally<br />
coded in<strong>for</strong>mation.<br />
AMPS:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> advanced mobile phone system.<br />
amps:<br />
See cold cranking amps<br />
amputee spinner:<br />
A device which is attached to a<br />
steering wheel to allow disabled<br />
people to steer a vehicle.<br />
AMS:
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " air management system".<br />
AMSL:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> above mean sea level.<br />
AMVIR:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " Association of Motor Vehicle Importers Representatives"<br />
(Greece).<br />
anaerobic sealer:<br />
A substance used to prevent bolts and screws from loosening up and<br />
backing out. Anaerobic sealers do not require oxygen <strong>for</strong> activation. The<br />
Loctite® brand is the most widely used anaerobic sealer.<br />
anaglyph:<br />
Pair of stereoscopic images reproduced in two colors, generally red and<br />
blue-green, <strong>for</strong> viewing with corresponding color filters, one <strong>for</strong> each eye,<br />
to give a three-dimensional sensation.<br />
anallatic lens:<br />
Special lens which, when correctly placed between the object glass and the<br />
eyepiece lens of a tacheometric telescope, optically reduces the additive<br />
constant <strong>for</strong> the tacheometer to zero.<br />
anallatic telescope:<br />
Telescope which, when used in tacheometry, has a zero additive constant.<br />
anallatism:<br />
See center of anallatism<br />
analog:<br />
A display which uses a dial rather than a read-out of numbers (digital).<br />
British spelling is analogue.<br />
analog clock:
The traditional clock with rotating hands. Contrast with digital clock.<br />
analog cluster:<br />
An instrument panel display using dials. Opposite to electronic cluster.<br />
analog filter:<br />
Filter suitable <strong>for</strong> use with analog signals, i.e., those which are continuous<br />
with time. Contrast with digital filter.<br />
analog speedometer:<br />
A speedometer which shows the speed by a<br />
needle on the dial of a gauge. It contrasts with<br />
a digital speedometer<br />
analogue:<br />
British spelling of analog.<br />
analogue cluster:<br />
See analog cluster<br />
analogy:<br />
Correspondence of pattern or <strong>for</strong>m between mechanical and electrical<br />
quantities, or vice versa; e.g., a network of resistance, capacitance and<br />
inductance can be made to represent a complex mechanical system, or a<br />
stretched rubber membrane <strong>for</strong> the potential distributions between<br />
electrodes in electronic tubes.<br />
analysis:<br />
See Fe analysis<br />
finite-element analysis<br />
analysis meter:
A registering meter used to determine the loading of groups of circuits<br />
with calls, particularly <strong>for</strong> determining the correctness or otherwise of<br />
grading.<br />
analyzer:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> evaluating something.<br />
Also see<br />
engine analyzer<br />
exhaust-gas analyzer<br />
exhaust gas analyzer<br />
Ndir analyzer<br />
non-dispersive infrared analyzer<br />
anamorphic:<br />
A widescreen image that has been laterally compressed or squeezed, either<br />
optically by an anamorphic lens or electronically.<br />
anamorphic lens:<br />
Lens with cylindrical elements giving different magnification in horizontal<br />
and vertical directions. In wide-screen cinematography the image is<br />
compressed laterally in the camera and expanded to compensate in<br />
projection. The equivalent term anamorphotic is rare.<br />
anastigmat lens:<br />
A photographic objective designed to be free from astigmatism or at least<br />
one extra-axial zone of the image plane.<br />
anatomic saddle:<br />
A bicycle seat that is designed with cut out<br />
sections or bumps to accommodate your<br />
ischial tuberosities (i.e., sit-down bones).<br />
ANC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "at no extra cost".<br />
anchor:
[1] A mounting point on the vehicle frame or unibody <strong>for</strong> a non-structural<br />
but stressed component, such as a seat or seat belt.<br />
[2] The stationary portion of a leading/trailing drum brake on which the<br />
heels of the brake shoes ride.<br />
Also see<br />
belt anchor<br />
belt anchor<br />
brake anchor<br />
anchorage:<br />
The point where something is attached -- such as where the seat-belt is<br />
attached to the frame.<br />
Also see<br />
belt anchorage<br />
seat belt anchorage<br />
anchor bolt:<br />
[1] A bolt used to secure frameworks, stanchion bases, etc. to piers or<br />
foundations, and having usually a large plate washer built into the latter as<br />
anchorage<br />
[2] The bolt which goes through a bracket to secure something. British<br />
term is "through bolt."<br />
anchor clamp:<br />
A fitting attached to the overhead contact wire of a tramway or railway to<br />
support the wire, and also to take the longitudinal tension and prevent<br />
movement of the wire in a direction parallel to the track.<br />
anchor gate:<br />
A heavy gate, such as a canal lock gate, which is supported at its upper<br />
bearing by an anchorage in the masonry such as an anchor bolt.<br />
anchor end:<br />
The end of a brake shoe that's attached to or positioned against a fixed<br />
point on the backing plate.<br />
anchor pin:<br />
The stationary portion of a duo-servo drum brake on which the tops of the<br />
brake shoes rest. The secondary shoe bears against the anchor pin when
the brakes are applied and the vehicle is moving <strong>for</strong>ward. Conversely,<br />
when the vehicle is backing up and the brakes are applied, the primary<br />
shoe bears against it.<br />
anchor plate:<br />
The stationary portion of a leading/trailing drum brake on which the heels<br />
of the brake shoes ride.<br />
Also see<br />
caliper mounting bracket<br />
anchor ring:<br />
See toroid<br />
torus<br />
ancien:<br />
A male veteran bicycle rider who has completed a 1200 kilometer<br />
randonnée.<br />
ancienne:<br />
A female veteran bicycle rider who has completed a 1200 kilometer<br />
randonnée.<br />
ancillaries:<br />
The various components attached to the main part of the engine and driven<br />
by the engine itself -- such as the alternator, generator, power steering<br />
pump, supercharger, fuel pump, and water pump.<br />
anechoic room:<br />
A room in which internal sound reflections are reduced to an ineffective<br />
value by extremely high sound absorption, e.g., by using glass-fiber<br />
wedges. Also called dead room.<br />
anelasticity:<br />
[1] Any recoverable de<strong>for</strong>mation which deviates from linear elastic<br />
behavior.<br />
[2] Any structural inhomogeneity or discontinuity which would dampen or<br />
attenuate an elastic wave propagating in a body.
anelectric:<br />
Term once used <strong>for</strong> a body which does not become electrified by friction.<br />
anemometer:<br />
Instrument <strong>for</strong> measuring the rate of airflow or motion.<br />
aneroid altitude compensator:<br />
A bellows device, installed integrally with the APT system on some post-<br />
1975 Rochester Quadrajet carburetors, that automatically compensates <strong>for</strong><br />
changes in altitude by raising or lowering the primary metering rods, thus<br />
richening or leaning out the air/fuel mixture in accordance with changes in<br />
air pressure.<br />
aneroid-type thermostat:<br />
An older style thermostat located in the engine coolant system. It has a<br />
metal expandable bulb partially filled with acetone, alcohol, or another<br />
volatile liquid. As the coolant reaches operating temperature, the liquid in<br />
the bulb will boil and expand the bulb, closing the valve to allow coolant<br />
to the radiator.<br />
ANFAC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " Asociacion Espanola de Fabricantes de Automoviles y<br />
Camiones" (Spain).<br />
ANFAVEA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " Associação Nacional de Veículos Automotores" (Brazil).<br />
ANFIA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " Associazione Nazionale Fra Industrie Automobilistiche"<br />
(Italy).<br />
angels:<br />
Radar echoes from an invisible and sometimes undefined origin. Highflying<br />
birds, insect swarms, and certain atmospheric conditions can be<br />
responsible.
angle:<br />
See ackermann<br />
angle<br />
approach angle<br />
attack angle<br />
azimuth angle<br />
blade angle<br />
bragg angle<br />
bunching angle<br />
brewster angle<br />
angle bar:<br />
See angle iron<br />
cam angle<br />
caster angle<br />
departure<br />
angle<br />
dwell<br />
dwell angle<br />
front triangle<br />
heading angle<br />
ignition angle<br />
included<br />
angle<br />
lock angle<br />
offset angle<br />
opening angle<br />
rake<br />
ramp-over<br />
angle<br />
rear triangle<br />
roll angle<br />
shallow angle<br />
slip angle<br />
spark angle<br />
spark ignition<br />
angle<br />
steep angle<br />
steering angle<br />
steering knuckle<br />
angle<br />
swivel angle<br />
thread angle<br />
tire deviation<br />
angle<br />
tire slip angle<br />
toe-in angle<br />
triangle-split<br />
system<br />
valve angle<br />
yaw angle<br />
angle bars:<br />
On rotary presses, bars at an angle to transfer one or more webs of paper<br />
over each other, or the web to the other side of the press, or at right angles<br />
to its previous direction. Also called turner bars.<br />
angle bead:<br />
A small rounded molding placed at an angle <strong>for</strong>med by plastered surfaces<br />
to protect from damage.<br />
angle bearing:<br />
A shaft-bearing in which the joint between base and cap is not<br />
perpendicular to the direction of the load, but is set at an angle.<br />
angle block:<br />
A cylinder block that doesn't have a deck at 90 degrees to the cylinders<br />
A small wooden block used in woodwork to make joints, esp. right-angle<br />
joints, more rigid.<br />
angle bracket:<br />
[1] A bracket projecting from the corner of a building beneath the eaves,<br />
and not at right-angles to the face of the wall.<br />
[2] A bracket consisting of two sides set at right angles, often stiffened by<br />
a gusset. Also called gallows bracket.
angle cutter:<br />
A machine to which the cross cut knife is not at a right angle to the edge of<br />
the reel, <strong>for</strong> cutting sheets of paper from the reel.<br />
angled deck:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> canted deck.<br />
angledozer:<br />
A bulldozer with a blade able to be set in such a way to push material to<br />
the side of the road. Usually called a grader or motor grader.<br />
angle elevation:<br />
The vertical angle measured above the horizontal, from the surveyor's<br />
instrument to the point observed.<br />
angle grinder:<br />
A power tool (driven by electricity or<br />
compressed air) which has abrasive<br />
discs. The tool helps to remove old<br />
paint or rough metal surface<br />
angle iron:<br />
Mild steel bar rolled to an L-shaped cross-section, used in structural work.<br />
Legs may be equal or unequal and leg lengths up to 800 mm are available.<br />
Also called angle, angle bar, angle steel, and L-iron.<br />
angle modulation:<br />
Any system in which the transmitted signal varies the phase-angle of an<br />
otherwise steady carrier frequency, i.e., phase and frequency modulation.
angle-nose pliers:<br />
A pair of pliers with long jaws that are bent at right angles to aid<br />
in gripping something which cannot be reached with regular<br />
pliers.<br />
angle of advance:<br />
[1] The angle in excess of 90° by which the eccentric throw of a steamengine<br />
valve gear is in advance of the crank.<br />
[2] The angle between the position of ignition and outer dead center in a<br />
spark-ignition engine, optimizes combustion of the fuel.<br />
angle of approach light:<br />
A light indicating an approach path in a vertical plane to a definite position<br />
in the landing area.<br />
angle of arrival:<br />
Angle of elevation of a descending wave.<br />
angle of attack:<br />
The angle between the chord line of an airfoil and the relative airflow,<br />
normally the immediate flight path of the aircraft. Also called (in error)<br />
angle of incidence.<br />
angle-of-attack indicator:<br />
An instrument which senses the true angle of incidence to the relative<br />
airflow, and presents it to the pilot on a graduated dial or by means of an<br />
indicating light.<br />
angle of bank:
See angle of roll<br />
angle of bite:<br />
Maximum angle obtainable between the roll radius where it first contacts<br />
the metal and the line joining the centers of the two opposing rolls, when<br />
rolling metal. Also called angle of nip PICTURE.<br />
angle of contact:<br />
[1] The angle subtended at the center of a pulley by that part of the rim in<br />
contact with the driving belt.<br />
[2] The angle made by the surface separating two fluids (one of them<br />
generally air) with the wall of the containing vessel, or with any other<br />
solid surface cutting the fluid surface. For liquid-air surfaces, the angle of<br />
contact is measured in the liquid.<br />
angle of cut-off:<br />
The largest angle below the horizontal at which a reflector allows the<br />
light- source to be visible when viewed from a point outside the reflector.<br />
angle of deflection:<br />
The angle of the electron beam in a cathode-ray tube relative to the axis.<br />
angle of departure:<br />
Angle of elevation of maximum emission of electromagnetic energy from<br />
an antenna.<br />
angle of depression:<br />
The vertical angle measured below the horizontal, from the surveyor's<br />
instrument to the point observed. Also called plunge angle.<br />
angle of flow:<br />
Angle, or fraction of alternating cycle, during which current flows, e.g., in<br />
a thyristor. Also called conduction angle.<br />
angle of friction:<br />
The angle between the normal to the contact surfaces of two bodies, and<br />
the direction of the resultant reaction between them, when a <strong>for</strong>ce is just
tending to cause relative sliding.<br />
angle of heel:<br />
The angle through which a floating vessel (boat or ship) or pontoon tilts<br />
owing to eccentric placing of loads, etc.; the angle of inclination of a ship<br />
due to "rolling" or to a "list." It is the angle <strong>for</strong>med between the transverse<br />
center line of the ship when on "even keel" and when inclined.<br />
angle of incidence:<br />
Angular setting of any airfoil to a reference axis.<br />
Also see<br />
angle of attack<br />
PICTURE @ PROPELLER.<br />
angle of lag:<br />
In ac circuit theory the phase angle by which the current lags behind the<br />
voltage.<br />
Also see<br />
phase angle<br />
angle of lead:<br />
In ac circuit theory the phase angle by which the current leads ahead of the<br />
voltage.<br />
Also see<br />
phase angle<br />
angle of lock:<br />
The angle between the line through the center of the wheel seen from<br />
above when turning a corner and the same line when going straight.<br />
angle of minimum deviation:<br />
The minimum value of the angle of deviation <strong>for</strong> a ray of light passing<br />
through a prism. By measuring this angle (θ) and also the angle of the<br />
prism (α), the refractive index of the prism may be calculated by means of<br />
the <strong>for</strong>mula: PICTURE.
angle of nip:<br />
The maximum included angle between two approaching faces in a<br />
crushing appliance such as a set of rolls, at which a piece of rock can be<br />
seized and entrained.<br />
angle of obliquity:<br />
The deviation of the direction of the <strong>for</strong>ce between two gear teeth in<br />
contact, from that of their common tangent.<br />
angle of pressure:<br />
The angle between a gear tooth profile and a radial line at its pitch point<br />
PICTURE @ gear wheel.<br />
angle of reflection:<br />
The angle which a ray, reflected from a surface, makes with the normal to<br />
the surface. The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.<br />
angle of refraction:<br />
The angle which is made by a ray refracted at a surface separating two<br />
media with the normal to the surface.<br />
Also see<br />
refractive index<br />
Snell's law<br />
angle of repose:<br />
The greatest angle to the horizontal which the inclined surface of a heap of<br />
loose material (e.g., a powder, earth, or gravel, or an embankment) can<br />
assume and remain stationary.<br />
angle of roll:<br />
The angle through which an aircraft must be turned about its longitudinal<br />
axis to bring the lateral axis horizontal. Also called horizontal angle of<br />
bank.<br />
angle of slide:<br />
Slope at which heaped rock commences to break away.
angle of stall:<br />
The angle of attack which corresponds with the maximum lift coefficient.<br />
angle of twist:<br />
The angle through which one section of a shaft is twisted relative to<br />
another section when a torque is applied.<br />
angle of view:<br />
The angle subtended at the center of the lens by the limits of the image<br />
recorded; in still photography this is taken as the diagonal of the negative<br />
area; but in motion picture and TV work, it is the width of the frame.<br />
angle parking:<br />
A system of parking on the side of the street where the<br />
car is about 45 degrees from parallel with the edge of<br />
the street. The British term is "echelon parking"<br />
angle plate:<br />
Cast-iron plate with the faces machined truly square and having slots on<br />
each face <strong>for</strong> clamping bolts. Used to hold work when marking off on a<br />
surface plate or when machining on a lathe face plate or machine tool<br />
table.<br />
angle ply laminate:<br />
Laminated material of wood or fiber-rein<strong>for</strong>ced composites in which the<br />
angles between the orientation directions of the laminae are not 90°;<br />
commonly used angles are 30°, 45°, and 60°.<br />
angle screwdriver:<br />
A tool that is shaped like the letter "L" and has a blade at either end.<br />
angle steel:
See angle iron<br />
angle stone:<br />
See quoin<br />
angle valve:<br />
Type of globe valve design, having pipe openings at right angles to each<br />
other. Usually, one opening is on.<br />
angora:<br />
The hair of the angora rabbit or the soft yarn and fabric made from it.<br />
ångström:<br />
Unit of wavelength <strong>for</strong> electromagnetic radiation covering visible light and<br />
X-rays. Equal to 10 -10 m. The unit is also used <strong>for</strong> interatomic spacings.<br />
Symbol Å Superseded by nanometer (=10 -9 m) but still used widely in<br />
crystallography. Named after the Swedish physicist A. J. Ångström (1814-<br />
74).<br />
angular acceleration:<br />
The rate of change of angular velocity; usually expressed in rad s -2 .<br />
angular contact bearing:<br />
A ball bearing <strong>for</strong> radial and thrust loads in which a high shoulder on one<br />
side of the outer race takes the thrust.<br />
angular displacement:<br />
The angle turned through by a body about a given axis, or the angle turned<br />
through by a line joining a moving point to a given fixed point.<br />
angular distribution:<br />
The distribution relative to the incident beam of scattered particles or the<br />
products of nuclear reactions.<br />
angular frequency:
Frequency of a steady recurring phenomenon, expressed in rad s -1 , i.e.,<br />
frequency in hertz multiplied by 2π. Symbol ω or p. Also called<br />
pulsatance, radian frequency.<br />
angular magnification:<br />
The ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by an image <strong>for</strong>med by an<br />
optical instrument to the angle subtended by the object at the unaided eye.<br />
angular momentum:<br />
The moment of the linear momentum of a particle about an axis. Any<br />
rotating body has an angular momentum about its center of mass, its spin<br />
angular momentum. The angular momentum of the center of mass of a<br />
body relative to an external axis is its orbital angular momentum. In<br />
atomic physics, the orbital angular momentum of an electron is quantized<br />
and can only have values which are exact multiples of Dirac's constant. In<br />
particle physics, the angular momentum of particles which appear to have<br />
spin energy is quantized to values that are multiples of half of Dirac's<br />
constant.<br />
Also see<br />
momentum<br />
angular motion:<br />
See rotation<br />
angular thread:<br />
See vee thread<br />
angular velocity:<br />
The rate of change of angular displacement, usually expressed in rad s - 1 .<br />
angular vibration:<br />
Side to side movement or shimmy of a tire.<br />
Also see<br />
dynamic balance<br />
anharmonic:<br />
Said of any oscillation system in which the restoring <strong>for</strong>ce is non-linear<br />
with displacement, so that the motion is not simple harmonic.
anhedral:<br />
See dihedral angle<br />
anhydrous calcium sulphate:<br />
Dry chemical made of calcium, sulphur, and oxygen (CaSO4)<br />
aniline foils:<br />
Blocking foils which contain dyestuff; used chiefly <strong>for</strong> leather.<br />
anion:<br />
Negative ion, i.e., atom or molecule which has gained one or more<br />
electrons in an electrolyte, and is there<strong>for</strong>e attracted to an anode, the<br />
positive electrode. Anions include all non- metallic ions, acid radicals and<br />
the hydroxyl ion. In a primary cell, the deposition of anions on an<br />
electrode makes it the negative pole. Anions also exist in gaseous<br />
discharge. Compare cation.<br />
anisodesmic structure:<br />
A structure giving a crystal marked difference between its bond strengths<br />
in the intersecting axial planes.<br />
anisotropic:<br />
Term describing any material whose physical properties depend upon<br />
direction relative to some defined axes (e.g., crystalline axes, fiber<br />
orientation, draw direction) in the material. These properties normally<br />
include elasticity, thermal and electrical conductivity, permittivity,<br />
permeability, refractive index, strength etc. Also said of such processes as<br />
etching when certain directions are preferred.<br />
anisotropic conductivity:<br />
Property of a body which has a different conductivity <strong>for</strong> different<br />
directions of current flow (electrical or thermal).<br />
anisotropic dielectric:<br />
Dielectric in which electric effects depend on the direction of the applied<br />
field, as in many crystals.
anisotropic etching:<br />
Describes an etching process which proceeds preferentially in one<br />
direction. In semiconductor processing when dry etching is accomplished<br />
with energetic ion bombardment, the lateral etch rate may be substantially<br />
less than the vertical rate so that under- cutting is avoided, allowing<br />
narrow, steep-sided features to be defined. Compare isotropic etching.<br />
anisotropy:<br />
[1] Something that has different mechanical properties when measured in<br />
different directions<br />
[2] Term describing a property of a substance when that property depends<br />
on direction as revealed by measurement, e.g., crystals and liquid crystals<br />
in which the refractive index is different in different directions, or when<br />
magnetic dipoles align with certain crystal axes in magnetic materials.<br />
Also see<br />
anisotropic<br />
anneal:<br />
To remove hardness from metal by heating, usually to a red color, then<br />
allowing it to cool slowly. Unlike steel, copper is annealed by heating, and<br />
then plunging it into cold water. It is the reverse of hardening.<br />
annealing:<br />
Process of heat treating metal to get desired properties of softness and<br />
ductility (easily <strong>for</strong>med in to a new shape). For example: heating and slow<br />
cooling of a piece of iron.<br />
Also see<br />
back annealing<br />
box annealing<br />
bright annealing<br />
annealing furnace:<br />
An oven or furnace with controllable atmosphere in which metal is<br />
annealed.<br />
annealing point:
One of the reference temperatures in glass production.<br />
annihilation:<br />
Spontaneous conversion of a particle and its antiparticle into radiation,<br />
e.g., positron and electron yielding two gamma-ray photons each of energy<br />
0.511 MeV.<br />
annihilation radiation:<br />
The radiation produced by the annihilation of an elementary particle with<br />
its corresponding antiparticle.<br />
annual load factor:<br />
The load factor of a generating station, supply-undertaking or consumer,<br />
taken over a whole year.<br />
annular:<br />
Something in the <strong>for</strong>m of a ring.<br />
annular ball bearing:<br />
A ball bearing with a non-adjustable inner and outer race or races.<br />
annular combustion chamber:<br />
A gas turbine combustion chamber in which the per<strong>for</strong>ated flame tube<br />
<strong>for</strong>ms a continuous annulus within a cylindrical outer casing.<br />
annular gap:<br />
Something in a circular gap.<br />
annular gear:<br />
A ring in the shape of an annulus with gear teeth cut on the periphery <strong>for</strong><br />
engagement with a pinion. Usually shrunk fit on to a mating diameter, e.g.,<br />
starter ring on automobile flywheel.<br />
annulus:<br />
A hollow gear which is in the <strong>for</strong>m of a ring with internal teeth.
Also see<br />
epicyclic gearbox<br />
annunciator:<br />
[1] Any device <strong>for</strong> indicating audibly the passage of a train past a point.<br />
[2] Arrangement of indicators which display details on operational<br />
condition and functioning of complex plant. Also called indicator.<br />
anode:<br />
[1] In an electrical circuit it is the positive pole. It is that part of an<br />
electrical circuit to which electrons are flowing.<br />
[2] British term describing the electrode, in a valve or tube, held at a<br />
positive potential with respect to a cathode, and through which positive<br />
current generally enters the vacuum or plasma, through collection of<br />
electrons. The US term is plate<br />
Also see<br />
sacrificial anode<br />
soluble anode<br />
anode breakdown voltage:<br />
The voltage required to trigger a discharge in a cold-cathode glow tube<br />
when the starter gap (if any) is not conducting. It is measured with any<br />
grids or other electrodes grounded to cathode.<br />
anode brightening:<br />
See electrolytic polishing<br />
anode cell:<br />
See aluminum anode cell<br />
anode characteristic:<br />
Graph relating anode current and anode voltage <strong>for</strong> an electron tube.<br />
anode dark space:<br />
Dark zone near the anode in a glow-discharge tube.<br />
anode dissipation:
Generally, the energy produced at the anode of a thermionic tube and<br />
wasted as heat owing to the bombardment by electrons, specifically, the<br />
maximum permissible power which may be dissipated at the anode.<br />
anode drop:<br />
The voltage between the positive column and the anode of a gas discharge<br />
tube. It may be positive, zero, or negative, depending on the gas pressure,<br />
but not the discharge current. Also called anode fall.<br />
anode efficiency:<br />
Ratio of ac power in the load circuit to the dc power supplied to the anode<br />
of a valve amplifier or oscillator.<br />
anode fall:<br />
See anode drop<br />
anode feed:<br />
Supply of direct current to anode of a tube, generally decoupled, so that<br />
the supply circuit does not affect the condition of operation of the tube.<br />
anode modulation:<br />
Insertion of the modulating signal into the anode circuit of a valve, which<br />
is oscillating or is rectifying the carrier. Also called plate modulation.<br />
anode mud:<br />
See anode slime<br />
anode polishing:<br />
See electrolytic polishing<br />
anode saturation:<br />
Limitation of current through the anode of a valve, arising from current,<br />
voltage, temperature, or space charge.<br />
anode slime:<br />
Residual slime left when anode has been electrolytically dissolved. It may<br />
contain valuable by-product metals. Also called anode mud.
anode strap:<br />
Connecting strip between alternate anode segments of a multi-cavity<br />
magnetron Used <strong>for</strong> mode selection and control.<br />
anode tap:<br />
Tapping point on the inductance coil of a tuned-anode circuit, to which the<br />
anode is connected. The position of the tap is adjusted so that the tube<br />
operates into the optimum impedance.<br />
anodic:<br />
See hard anodic coating<br />
anodic coating:<br />
A protective, decorative, or functional coating which is <strong>for</strong>med in the<br />
anodizing process. Also called anodic film or anodic oxide layer.<br />
Also see<br />
hard anodic coating<br />
anodic etching:<br />
A method of preparing metals <strong>for</strong> electrodeposition by making them the<br />
anode in a suitable electrolyte and at a suitable current density.<br />
anodic film:<br />
See anodic coating<br />
anodic oxide layer:<br />
See anodic coating<br />
anodic protection:<br />
System <strong>for</strong> passivating steel by making it the anode in a protective circuit<br />
Compare cathodic protection.<br />
anodic treatment:<br />
See anodizing<br />
anodize:
By electrolytic action, this is the process of coating or plating a metal<br />
(usually aluminum) with a thin protective film or material such as chrome.<br />
It is sometimes applied with colored dye.<br />
anodized:<br />
An electroplating process commonly per<strong>for</strong>med on aluminum parts, which<br />
<strong>for</strong>ms a thin protective film on the surface of the metal. Anodizing is<br />
sometimes accompanied by the use of a colored dye, which gives a<br />
lustrous colored finish to the aluminum parts.<br />
anodizing:<br />
The process by which a hard, non-corroding oxide layer is deposited on<br />
aluminum.<br />
Also see<br />
color anodizing<br />
hard anodizing<br />
integral color anodizing<br />
anodizing bath:<br />
A tub in which the anodizing process is per<strong>for</strong>med.<br />
anodizing tank:<br />
A tub in which the anodizing process is per<strong>for</strong>med.<br />
anomaloscope:<br />
An instrument <strong>for</strong> detection and classification of defective color vision.<br />
Two colors are mixed, and the result matched with a third.<br />
anomalous dispersion:<br />
The type of dispersion given by a medium having a strong absorption<br />
band, the value of the refractive index being abnormally high on the longer<br />
wave side of the band, and abnormally low on the other side. In the<br />
spectrum produced by a prism made of such a substance the colors are,<br />
there<strong>for</strong>e, not in their normal order.<br />
anomalous magnetization:<br />
Irregular distribution of magnetization, e.g., when consequent poles exist<br />
as well as main poles on a magnetic circuit.
anomalous scattering:<br />
See scattering<br />
anomalous viscosity:<br />
A term used to describe liquids which show a decrease in viscosity as their<br />
rate of flow (i.e., velocity gradient or shear strain rate) increases. Also<br />
called non-Newtonian fluids or pseudo-plastic fluids. Advantage is taken<br />
of this behavior when injection molding polymer melts.<br />
anorthic system:<br />
See triclinic system<br />
ANS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "anti-noise system".<br />
ANSI:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "American National Standards Institute".<br />
answer print:<br />
First print from the edited negative of the film shown to the producer <strong>for</strong><br />
approval be<strong>for</strong>e release.<br />
ant:<br />
See p. ant<br />
antagonizing screws:<br />
See clip screws<br />
antapex:<br />
See solar antapex<br />
antechamber:<br />
A small auxiliary combustion-chamber, used in some compression-ignition<br />
engines, in which partial combustion of the fuel is used to <strong>for</strong>ce the<br />
burning mixture into the cylinder, so promoting more perfect combustion.
antenna:<br />
A device which pulls in radio reception. A power antenna automatically<br />
rises when the radio is turned on and lowers when it is shut off. Some cars<br />
had the antenna wires imbedded in the windshield. Also called aerial.<br />
Also see<br />
adcock antenna<br />
al<strong>for</strong>d antenna<br />
antifading antenna<br />
aperiodic antenna<br />
artificial antenna<br />
balancing antenna<br />
beam antenna<br />
beavertail antenna<br />
beverage antenna<br />
power antenna<br />
whip antenna<br />
antenna changeover switch:<br />
Switch used <strong>for</strong> transferring an antenna from the transmitting to the<br />
receiving equipment, and vice versa, protecting the receiver.<br />
antenna downlead:<br />
Wire running from the elevated part or conductor of an antenna down to<br />
the transmitting or receiving equipment.<br />
antenna effect:<br />
[1] Errors arising when a directional antenna, used in an electronic<br />
navigation system, picks up radiation from a non-intended direction, as a<br />
result of imperfections in the radiation pattern.<br />
[2] Spurious effects in radio-direction finding systems caused by stray<br />
capacitance between a loop antenna and ground.<br />
antenna efficiency:<br />
See radiation efficiency<br />
antenna feeder:<br />
The transmission line or cable by which energy is fed from the transmitter<br />
to the antenna.
antenna field:<br />
Map showing electromagnetic field strength produced by an antenna in the<br />
<strong>for</strong>m of contour lines joining points of equal field intensity; it may be in<br />
azimuth or any plane of elevation. Also called radiation pattern.<br />
PICTURE.<br />
antenna gain:<br />
Ratio of maximum energy flux from an antenna, to that which would have<br />
been received from a non-directional aerial radiating the same power.<br />
Also see<br />
directional gain<br />
antenna impedance:<br />
Complex ratio of voltage to current at the point where the feeder is<br />
connected.<br />
antenna load:<br />
See dummy load<br />
antenna noise temperature:<br />
The temperature of a black body which, when placed around an antenna<br />
similar to the real one, but loss-free and perfectly matched to the receiver,<br />
produces the same noise power, within a specified frequency band, as the<br />
real antenna in its operating environment.<br />
antenna resistance:<br />
Total power supplied to an antenna system divided by the square of a<br />
specified current, e.g., in the feeder, or at the ground connection of an open<br />
wire antenna.<br />
antenna-shortening capacitor:<br />
A capacitor connected in series with an antenna to allow operation at a<br />
frequency other than its natural resonant one.<br />
Also see<br />
loaded antenna
anthropogenic:<br />
Man-made, the opposite of natural, used particularly of radiation and<br />
nuclear particles.<br />
anti-aliasing:<br />
Treatment of video picture signal elements to reduce the effects of<br />
aliasing.<br />
antibackfire valve:<br />
See anti-backfire valve<br />
anti-backfire valve:<br />
(anti-BFV) Valve used in air injection reaction ( exhaust emission control)<br />
system to prevent backfiring during the period immediately following<br />
sudden deceleration by diverting the air coming from the air pump away<br />
from the exhaust ports. Otherwise the exhaust gases which contain<br />
unburned gasoline could mix with fresh air and cause unwanted<br />
backfiring.<br />
Also see<br />
air bypass valve<br />
antibaryon:<br />
Antiparticle of a baryon, i.e., a hadron with a baryon number of -1. The<br />
term baryon is often used generically to include both.<br />
anti-BFV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " anti-backfire valve".<br />
antibonding orbital:<br />
Orbital electron of two atoms, which increases in energy when the atoms<br />
are brought together, and so acts against the closer bonding of a molecule.<br />
anti-capacitance switch:<br />
A switch designed to have very little capacitance between the terminals<br />
when in the open condition.<br />
anti-cathode:
The anode target of an X-ray tube on which the cathode rays are focused,<br />
and from which the X-rays are emitted.<br />
anti-chip coating:<br />
A resilient coat of "paint" between the primer and the top coat to protect<br />
the body shell from chipping damage caused by gravel or stones.<br />
anticlutter:<br />
Term describing a circuit or part of a radar system designed to eliminate<br />
unwanted echoes (clutter) and permit the display of signals which might<br />
otherwise abe obscured. Often takes the <strong>for</strong>m of a gain control which<br />
automatically reduces gain immediately after the transmitted pulse and<br />
gradually restores it during the interval leading up to the anticipated return<br />
echo.<br />
anticoincidence counter:<br />
System of counters and circuits which record only if an ionizing particle<br />
passes through particular counters but not through the others.<br />
anticollision beacon:<br />
A flashing red or blue light which is mounted above and below an aircraft<br />
to make it conspicuous when flying in control zones or other busy areas.<br />
anti-corrosion:<br />
A substance used to protect against rust.<br />
Also see<br />
Nordic Anti-Corrosion Code<br />
Anti-Corrosion Code:<br />
See Nordic Anti-Corrosion Code<br />
anti-corrosion warranty:<br />
Manufacturers usually state that all body sheet metal components are<br />
warranted against rust-through corrosion <strong>for</strong> 6 years or 160,000 kilometers<br />
(100,000 miles), whichever comes first.<br />
anti-corrosive:
That which prevents or limits corrosion.<br />
anticyclotron tube:<br />
A type of travelling wave tube.<br />
anti-dazzle mirror:<br />
A mirror that can be set to reduce the glare of the lights from a vehicle<br />
following your vehicle.<br />
Also see<br />
dimming mirror<br />
anti-dieseling solenoid:<br />
See idle-stop solenoid<br />
antidive:<br />
See anti-dive system<br />
anti-dive:<br />
See anti-dive system<br />
anti-dive system:<br />
A dive is the action of the front of the vehicle to point downward during<br />
braking. The suspension in cars is designed to remove this tendency.<br />
anti-drum compound:<br />
A sticky material which is applied to the inside of panels to reduce the<br />
noise caused by vibration or "drumming".<br />
anti-extrusion ring:<br />
Nylon or cetal ring fitted to heavy duty rubber seal to prevent extrusion<br />
through sealed gap.<br />
antifading antenna:<br />
An antenna which confines radiation mainly to small angles of elevation,<br />
to minimize radiation of sky waves which are prone to fading. For<br />
medium-wave transmitters, the antenna is usually a vertical mast about<br />
60% of a wavelength high. adaptive arrays are also used to combat fading
in higher-frequency applications.<br />
antiferromagnetism:<br />
Phenomenon in some magnetically ordered materials in which there is an<br />
antiparallel alignment of spins in two interpenetrating structures so that<br />
there is no overall bulk spontaneous magnetization. Antiferromagnetics<br />
have a positive susceptibility. The antiparallel alignment is disturbed as the<br />
temperature increases until at the Néel temperature the material becomes<br />
paramagnetic.<br />
antifouling composition:<br />
A substance applied in paint <strong>for</strong>m to ships' bottoms and structures subject<br />
to the action of sea water, to discourage marine growths.<br />
antifreeze:<br />
A chemical (usually ethylene glycol) added to the cooling system to<br />
prevent the coolant from freezing in cold weather. It also inhibits the<br />
<strong>for</strong>mation of rust and other deposits which may clog the radiator and other<br />
cooling passageways. Its resistance to freezing is better with a mix of<br />
50:50 with water than 100% antifreeze.<br />
anti-friction bearing:<br />
See antifriction bearing<br />
antifriction bearing:<br />
A bearing containing rollers, needles, or balls<br />
plus an inner and outer race. The bearing is<br />
designed to roll instead of slide thus<br />
minimizing friction between two moving parts.<br />
To avoid disintegration, the bearing must use<br />
lubrication (i.e., wet friction)<br />
anti-friction metal:
See white metal<br />
anti-g:<br />
Resistant to the effects of high acceleration, esp. of an astronaut's<br />
equipment.<br />
anti-g suit:<br />
A close-fitting garment covering the legs and abdomen, which is inflated,<br />
either automatically or at will by the wearer, so that counter-pressure is<br />
applied when blood is displaced away from the head and heart during<br />
high-speed maneuvers. Colloquially, g-suit.<br />
anti-g valve:<br />
[1] A spring-loaded mass type of air valve which automatically regulates<br />
the inflation of an anti-g suit according to the acceleration (g) loads being<br />
imposed.<br />
[2] A valve incorporated in some aircraft fuel systems to prevent engines<br />
being starved of fuel under specific g loads.<br />
antihalation:<br />
The use of backing to reduce halation in plates or films.<br />
anti-icing:<br />
Protection of aircraft against icing by preventing ice <strong>for</strong>mation on<br />
windshield panels, leading edges of wings, tail units, and turbine engine<br />
intakes. The most common methods are to apply continuous heating by hot<br />
air tapped from an engine, by electrical heating elements, or periodically<br />
inflating rubber bags. Compare de-icing.<br />
anti-incrustator:<br />
A substance used to prevent the <strong>for</strong>mation of scale on the internal surfaces<br />
of steam boilers.<br />
anti-induction network:<br />
A network connected between circuits to minimize crosstalk.<br />
anti-knock additive:
See anti-knock agent<br />
antiknock agent:<br />
See anti-knock agent<br />
anti-knock agent:<br />
A substance like tetraethyl lead which is added to gasoline to raise the<br />
octane number and reduce the gasoline's tendency to detonate, knock, or<br />
ping. In unleaded gasoline, tetraethyl lead is not used because of its<br />
environmental danger.<br />
anti-knock agents:<br />
See anti-knock agent<br />
anti-knock index:<br />
The measure of the anti-knock properties of a brand and type of gasoline.<br />
It is defined as half the sum of the research octane number (RON) and<br />
motor octane number (MON).<br />
antiknock substances:<br />
Substances like lead (IV) ethyl added to fuel to lessen its tendency to<br />
detonate or "knock" in an engine.<br />
antiknock value:<br />
The relative immunity of a volatile liquid fuel from detonation in a<br />
gasoline engine as compared with some standard fuel.<br />
Also see<br />
knock rating<br />
octane number<br />
antilepton:<br />
An antiparticle of a lepton. Positron, positive muon, antineutrinos, and the<br />
tau- plus particle are antileptons.<br />
antilift:<br />
See anti-lift<br />
anti-lift:
Lift is the action of the rear end of the vehicle to rise during braking. The<br />
suspension in cars is designed to remove this tendency.<br />
antilock brake:<br />
(ABS)<br />
See anti-lock brake system<br />
anti-lock brake:<br />
(ABS)<br />
See anti-lock brake system<br />
anti-lock brake controller:<br />
CAB Chrysler Corporation's term <strong>for</strong> the electronic control unit.<br />
anti-lock brake system:<br />
(ABS) Sometimes called "anti-skid brakes." A device which senses that<br />
one or more of the wheels are locking up during braking. It monitors the<br />
rotational speeds of the wheels and reduces hydraulic pressure to any<br />
wheel it senses locking up.It is controlled by both mechanical and<br />
electronic components. When you apply the brakes, the ABS will regulate<br />
the flow of brake fluid being delivered to the brake calipers. It must be<br />
remembered that a wheel cannot be steered unless it is rolling; so if the<br />
wheel is locked up, there is no steering control. By the use of electronic<br />
computers, the brakes rapidly alternate (at a rate of 30 times per second)<br />
from full pressure to full release. This process will also alternate from the<br />
left-front wheel and the right-rear wheel and switch to the right-front<br />
wheel and left-rear wheel. In this way both maximum braking and<br />
maximum steering control is allowed during braking. Be<strong>for</strong>e the advent of<br />
ABS, drivers were advised to pump the brakes to maintain the same effect.<br />
However, the human foot cannot pump the brakes faster than the computer<br />
control. Also, steady application of the brakes without ABS may cause<br />
brake failure ( brake fade) because of the excess heat. Never pump the<br />
brakes if you have ABS. When you firmly apply the brakes with ABS, you<br />
may feel a pulsing sensation and hear a banging noise. The abbreviation<br />
ABS comes from the German anti blockier system.<br />
anti-lock braking system:<br />
See anti-lock brake system<br />
antimatter:
See antiparticle<br />
antimonide:<br />
See aluminum antimonide<br />
antimony alloys:<br />
Alloys containing antimony, which is an essential constituent in type<br />
metals, bearing metals (which contain 3-20%), in lead <strong>for</strong> shrapnel (10%),<br />
storage battery plates (4- 12%), roofing, gutters, and tank linings (6-12%).<br />
antimony black:<br />
Finely powdered antimony, which gives plaster casts a metallic look.<br />
antimuon:<br />
Antiparticle of a muon.<br />
antineutrino:<br />
Antiparticle to the neutrino. As <strong>for</strong> the neutrino there are three types of<br />
antineutrino, associated with the electron, muon, and tau lepton.<br />
antineutron:<br />
Antiparticle with spin and magnetic moment oppositely oriented to those<br />
of neutron.<br />
antinode:<br />
At certain positions in a standing wave system of acoustic or electric<br />
waves or vibrations, the location of maxima of some wave characteristics,<br />
e.g., amplitude, displacement, velocity, current, pressure, voltage. At the<br />
notes these would have minimum values.<br />
anti-noise:<br />
See anti-noise system<br />
anti-noise system:<br />
(ANS) A noise counteraction system. This is a sophisticated system which<br />
has a number of small microphones placed around the vehicle to detect<br />
driving noises. A computer microprocessor analyzes these noises and
generates matching counter-frequencies which are sent to small speakers<br />
located in the passenger compartment. In this way the road noises are<br />
cancelled or erased.<br />
anti-ozone compound:<br />
See ozone compound<br />
antiparallax mirror:<br />
Mirror positioned on an arc adjacent to the scale of an indicating<br />
instrument, so that the parallax error in reading the indication of the<br />
pointer is avoided by aligning the eye with the pointer and its image.<br />
antiparticle:<br />
A particle that has the same mass as another particle but has opposite<br />
values <strong>for</strong> its other properties such as charge, baryon number, or<br />
strangeness. The antiparticle to a fundamental particle is also fundamental,<br />
e.g., the electron and positron are particle and antiparticle. Interaction<br />
between such a pair means simultaneous annihilation, with the production<br />
of energy in the <strong>for</strong>m of radiation.<br />
antipercolation valve:<br />
See anti-percolation valve<br />
anti-percolation valve:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> venting vapors from the main discharge tube, or the well, of a<br />
carburetor. The vented vapors are not released into the atmosphere, but<br />
rerouted into an evaporative emission canister where they are stored until<br />
the next time the vehicle is started. Thus it provides a richer mixture<br />
needed <strong>for</strong> starting.<br />
Also see<br />
percolation<br />
antipolarizing winding:<br />
Winding on a trans<strong>for</strong>mer or choke which carries a direct current to<br />
neutralize the magnetizing effect of another direct current.<br />
antiproton:
Short-lived particle, half-life 0.05μs, identical to the proton, but with<br />
negative charge; annihilating with normal proton, it yields mesons. Also<br />
called negative proton.<br />
antiquark:<br />
The antipaticle of a quark.<br />
anti-rattle spring:<br />
A component in disc brakes shaped like the letter "X" and made of spring<br />
steel. It applies radial pressure to the brake pads to prevent rattling. Also<br />
called spreader spring.<br />
antiresonance frequency:<br />
Frequency at which the parallel impedance of a tuned circuit rises to a<br />
maximum.<br />
antiroll bar:<br />
See anti-roll bar<br />
anti-roll bar:<br />
Sometimes called the "anti-sway bar,"<br />
"stabilizer bar," or even (incorrectly) "rollbar."<br />
It is usually a round bar which connects<br />
the left wheel suspension assembly with the<br />
right side. It may be found at the front and/or<br />
rear. Its main function is to keep both wheels<br />
rolling at the same rate when meeting bumps;<br />
but it also affects handling. A front anti-roll<br />
bar increases understeer and a rear bar<br />
increases oversteer.<br />
antiroll device:<br />
See brake anti-roll device<br />
anti-roll device:<br />
See brake anti-roll device<br />
anti-rust treatment:
See rustproofing<br />
antisag bar:<br />
A vertical rod connecting the main tie of a roof truss to the ridge to support<br />
it against sagging under its own weight.<br />
antiscuffing:<br />
The ability of a precision insert bearing to resist scuffing or scratching the<br />
shaft journal in the event that the oil surface skin is destroyed.<br />
anti-set-off spray:<br />
Spray used to apply a layer of fine particles to the surface of each freshly<br />
printed sheet to prevent contact with the succeeding sheet so that set-off<br />
does not occur.<br />
anti-set-off tympan cover:<br />
A top cover <strong>for</strong> the second cylinder of any perfecting press, flat-bed, or<br />
rotary, consisting of a material coated with very small glass beads.<br />
anti-siphon bleeds:<br />
Small holes drilled into the cluster to prevent main-system fuel from<br />
continuing to flow when the throttle is closed, stopping airflow through the<br />
carburetor.<br />
antiskid:<br />
See anti-skid<br />
anti-skid:<br />
(ASBS) A computer controlled automotive device which senses when one<br />
or more of the wheels are locking up during braking. It eases up on the<br />
amount of hydraulic pressure to that wheel. It must be remembered that a<br />
wheel cannot be steered unless it is rolling; so if the wheel is locked up,<br />
there is no steering control. By the use of electronic computers, the brakes<br />
rapidly alternate from full power to none so that both maximum braking<br />
and maximum steering control is allowed. If you jam on the brakes, you<br />
will feel a pulsing sensation. Sometimes called " anti-lock brakes."
antismog device:<br />
A special part or system designed to reduce or eliminate emission of<br />
noxious gases from exhaust of engine.<br />
antisolar glass:<br />
Glass which absorbs heat from sunshine and reduces glare, but transmits<br />
most of the light.<br />
antisound:<br />
Sound signal with same amplitude but opposite phase of some unwanted<br />
sound signal so that both signals cancel each other when superimposed.<br />
Used in active control.<br />
anti-spin parachute:<br />
A small parachute, normally in a canister, which may be fixed to the tail<br />
(occasionally to the wing tips) of an aircraft or glider <strong>for</strong> release in<br />
emergency to lower the nose into a dive and so assist recovery from a spin.<br />
It is jettisoned after use. Colloquially spin chute.<br />
anti-spin regulation:<br />
(ASR) The control or prevention of wheelspin under power, normally by<br />
means of electronic sensing and in conjunction with anti-lock brakes.<br />
anti-spin regulation traction control system:<br />
(ASC) The system which prevents wheelspin.<br />
Also see<br />
anti-spin regulation<br />
antispray film:<br />
An oil film placed on the surface of accumulator cells to prevent the<br />
<strong>for</strong>mation of acid spray due to the bursting of gas bubbles during the<br />
charging process.<br />
anti-spray flap:<br />
See mudflap<br />
antisquat:
See anti-squat system<br />
anti-squat:<br />
See anti-squat system<br />
anti-squat system:<br />
Squat is the action of the rear end of the vehicle to point downward during<br />
hard acceleration. The suspension in cars is designed to remove this<br />
tendency. Contrasts with anti-dive system.<br />
anti-squeal shim:<br />
A shim (metal plate) placed behind the brake piston or the brake pad to<br />
reduce noise when the brakes are applied.<br />
anti-stall dashpot:<br />
A diaphragm unit mounted on the carburetor that allows air to escape<br />
slowly from its vacuum chamber to prevent throttle plate(s) in the<br />
carburetor from closing too suddenly--and stalling the engine--during<br />
deceleration.<br />
anti-stokes lines:<br />
Those in scattered or fluorescent light with frequencies greater than that in<br />
the incident radiation, because of departure of atoms or molecules from<br />
their normal states.<br />
antisurge valve:<br />
A valve <strong>for</strong> bleeding off surplus compressor air to suppress the unstable<br />
airflow due to surge in a gas turbine engine.<br />
anti-sway bar:<br />
See anti-roll bar<br />
antisymmetric:<br />
Pattern or wave<strong>for</strong>m in which symmetry is complete except <strong>for</strong> one<br />
particular feature, e.g., sign of electric charge, direction of current, or of<br />
components in wave<strong>for</strong>m. A system containing several electrons must be<br />
described quantum mechanically by an antisymmetric eigenfunction.
anti-theft system:<br />
Any device (mechanical or electrical) which tends to reduce the theft of a<br />
vehicle. It may involve an alarm system, ignition lockouts, steering locks,<br />
steering wheel locks, transmission locks, and/or wheel locks.<br />
anti-tipper:<br />
An arm, usually with a small wheel attached at the outer end, which is<br />
secured to the back of a wheelchair to prevent the chair from falling on its<br />
back and thereby injuring the patient.<br />
antitippers:<br />
See anti-tipper<br />
anti-transmit receive tube:<br />
(ATR tube) Gas discharge tube which isolates a pulsed radar transmitter<br />
from the antenna so that echoes can be received. Compare transmit receive<br />
tube.<br />
anti-vibration mounting:<br />
[1] Because the engine, transmission, differential, and other components<br />
tend to vibrate when in motion, noise increases and there is possible wear<br />
at the points of contact with the frame members. Rubber blocks are used to<br />
cushion the vibration at the mounting points.<br />
[2] Rubber springs designed to absorb vibrations from engines, etc. Care<br />
needed in design and materials selection to match vibration frequency with<br />
main damping peak of elastomer.<br />
antung:<br />
Slub-free, plain-weave fabric made from wild silk.<br />
A-number:<br />
The telephone number from which a call originates in an intelligent<br />
network Compare B-number and C-number.<br />
anvil:
[1] A heavy iron block (often steel faced) on which something is placed <strong>for</strong><br />
<strong>for</strong>ging or hammering.<br />
[2] The lower wheel of a wheeling machine which shapes metals.<br />
anvil chisel:<br />
See anvil cutter<br />
anvil cutter:<br />
A chisel with a square shank <strong>for</strong> insertion in the hardy hole of a smith's<br />
anvil, the cutting edge being uppermost.<br />
A-panel:<br />
The side panel used to fill the gap between the rear edge of the front<br />
fender and the front edge of the doors.<br />
α-particle:<br />
See alpha particle<br />
APEC:<br />
See " Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation.<br />
ape hangers:<br />
A term coined at the height of the custom-bike movement to describe tall<br />
handlebars that <strong>for</strong>ced the rider to reach skyward to grasp the controls,<br />
making the rider adopt an ape-like posture.<br />
aperiodic:<br />
[1] Said of any potentially vibrating system, electrical, mechanical, or<br />
acoustic, which, because of sufficient damping, does not vibrate when<br />
impulsed. Used particularly of the pointers of indicating instruments,<br />
which having no natural period of oscillation, do not oscillate be<strong>for</strong>e<br />
coming to rest in the final position, and so give their ultimate reading as<br />
fast as possible.<br />
[2] Said of any device or circuit (e.g., antenna, amplifier) which does not<br />
exhibit any variation in characteristics with varying frequency of applied<br />
signals.<br />
aperiodic antenna:
An antenna with useful efficiency over a range of radio frequencies,<br />
terminated to minimize resonance by reflection, e.g., rhombic antenna,<br />
wave antenna. Also called non-resonant antenna.<br />
aperture:<br />
[1] The opening, usually circular, through which light enters an optical<br />
system, such as a camera lens; its area may be varied by an iris diaphragm<br />
to control the amount of light passing.<br />
Also see<br />
f-number<br />
numerical aperture<br />
stop<br />
[2] The rectangular opening at which motion picture film is exposed in a<br />
camera or projector.<br />
[3] The effective area over which an aerial extracts power from an incident<br />
plane wave. The aperture (A) and gain (G) are related by the equation:<br />
G=4πA/λ², where λ is the wavelength.<br />
Also see<br />
door aperture<br />
lamp aperture<br />
valve aperture<br />
windshield aperture<br />
aperture correction:<br />
One <strong>for</strong>m of enhancement of signal differences at image boundaries to<br />
increase apparent sharpness.<br />
aperture distortion:<br />
Distortion arising from the scanning spot having finite, instead of<br />
infinitely small, dimensions.<br />
aperture efficiency:<br />
The ratio of an antenna's actual directivity to the theoretical figure which<br />
would be obtained with ideal aperture illumination, i.e., with uni<strong>for</strong>m<br />
electromagnetic field strength over its aperture.<br />
aperture grille:<br />
The Trinitron picture tube equivalent of a shadowmask, with vertical slits<br />
instead of holes through which the electron beams pass.
aperture number:<br />
See f-number<br />
aperture panel:<br />
A large side panel of a vehicle making up the rear fender, door frame, and<br />
side window frame.<br />
Also see<br />
side aperture panel<br />
sunroof aperture panel<br />
aperture plate:<br />
Plate carrying the opening at which film is exposed or projected.<br />
apex:<br />
The top of a triangle. In racing, it is the point or area closest to the inner<br />
corner.<br />
apex seal:<br />
A wedge shaped<br />
device found on the<br />
tips of the<br />
triangular rotor in<br />
rotary (Wankel)<br />
engines. Its purpose<br />
is to prevent the<br />
escape of<br />
compressed gas or<br />
combustion gases.<br />
It may also release<br />
engine heat.<br />
API:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "American Petroleum Institute," the organization that<br />
classifies oil.<br />
APIA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Association of Automotive Manufacturers and Importers"<br />
(Romania).
API scale:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> American Petroleum Institute scale. Scale of relative<br />
density, similar to Baumé scale. Degrees API=(141.5/s)-131s, where s is<br />
the relative density of the oil against water at 15°C.<br />
A pillar:<br />
See A-post<br />
A-pillar:<br />
When you look at the side of a car, the pillar<br />
that is attached to the windshield and supports<br />
the roof is called the "A-post" or "A-pillar."<br />
There are two to each car. Generally the<br />
middle post is the B-post and the back post is<br />
the C-post.<br />
Apjohn's <strong>for</strong>mula:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>mula which may be used <strong>for</strong> determining the pressure of water vapor<br />
in the air from readings of the wet and dry bulb hygrometer. The <strong>for</strong>mula<br />
is:<br />
pt=pw-0.00075H(t-t w)[1-0.008(t- tw)], where pw is the saturated vapor<br />
pressure at the temperature (tw) of the wet bulb, H is the barometric height,<br />
and t is the temperature of the dry bulb.<br />
aplanatic:<br />
Said of an optical system which produces an image free from spherical<br />
aberration.<br />
aplanatic refraction:<br />
Refraction at a surface under conditions in which there is no spherical<br />
aberration and in which the sine condition is satisfied.<br />
apochromatic lens:
A lens so designed that it is corrected <strong>for</strong> chromatic aberration <strong>for</strong> three<br />
wavelengths thus reducing the secondary spectrum.<br />
apochromatic objective:<br />
Microscope objective in which spherical and chromatic aberrations have<br />
been corrected as completely as possible.<br />
A-point:<br />
Temperature above which steel can be hardened. The equilibrium point of<br />
the trans<strong>for</strong>mation temperature. Also called Ae point.<br />
Apollo:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1963-66 models are milestone cars.<br />
apomecometer:<br />
Instrument based on optical square, <strong>for</strong> measuring heights and distances.<br />
A post:<br />
See A-post<br />
A-post:<br />
When you look at the side of a car, the post<br />
that is attached to the windshield and supports<br />
the roof is called the "A-post" or "A-pillar."<br />
There are two to each car. Generally the<br />
middle post is the B-post and the back post is<br />
the C-post.<br />
apostilb:<br />
A unit of surface luminance used in the case of diffusing surfaces,<br />
numerically equal to 1/100000 lambert (1/πc dm -2 ).<br />
apparatus:
See air-cooled apparatus<br />
Beckmann apparatus<br />
apparent cohesion:<br />
Cohesion of silts and sands due to surface tension in the enclosed films of<br />
water; these films tend to pull the silt grains together.<br />
apparent expansion:<br />
See coefficient of apparent expansion<br />
apparent horizon:<br />
See visible horizon<br />
apparent particle density:<br />
The mass of a particle of powder divided by the volume of the particle<br />
excluding open pores but including closed pores.<br />
apparent powder density:<br />
The mass of the powder divided by the volume occupied by it under<br />
specified conditions of packing.<br />
apparent power:<br />
The volt-amperes, i.e., the product of volts and amperes in an ac circuit or<br />
system.<br />
apparent resistance:<br />
See impedance<br />
apparent viscosity:<br />
Term applied to the viscosity of many non-Newtonian fluids (e.g.,<br />
polymers). Specifically to viscosity calculated using Poiseuille's <strong>for</strong>mula.<br />
appearing:<br />
Term referring to the depth of the actual printed matter on a page,<br />
exclusive of traditional white line at foot. Also called inclusive page depth.<br />
appendages:
Structures extending beyond the main hull. They include items like<br />
shafting, rudder, bossing, struts, and bilge keels.<br />
Applegate diagram:<br />
Presentation of the bunching and debunching of an electron beam in a<br />
velocity-modulation tube, e.g., a klystron.<br />
apple paint:<br />
See candy apple paint<br />
appleton layer:<br />
See f-layer<br />
appliance:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a fire engine.<br />
application:<br />
[1] The use to which something is put.<br />
[2] The process of putting something on something else.<br />
[3] The act of applying adhesives. For adhesives and coatings, the<br />
principal methods of application are: brushing, spraying, dipping,<br />
stencilling, flowing, stamp-padding, roll coating, knife coating,<br />
squeegeeing, or trowelling with spatula or notched trowel. For sealers:<br />
spatula, caulking gun, flow gun, pressure extrusion units and spray gun.<br />
Also see<br />
wet-on-wet application<br />
applicator:<br />
[1] A tool <strong>for</strong> putting something on something else, e.g., a spreader or<br />
brush.<br />
[2] Electrodes used in industrial high-frequency heating or medical<br />
diathermy; often specially shaped to fit the sample or body.<br />
Also see<br />
heating inductor<br />
applied potential tomography:<br />
A system of medical imaging based on the measurement of the electrical<br />
impedance, at about 50 kHz frequency, between many electrodes placed<br />
around the body.
applied power:<br />
For an electrical transducer, the power which would be received if the load<br />
matched the source in impedance. That applied is not equal to the actual<br />
power received, because of the reflection arising from non-equality of<br />
impedance matching.<br />
applied stress:<br />
The stress induced in a member under load.<br />
appliqué:<br />
appliqué Ornament, frequently of fabric or plastic, attached to the surface<br />
of a fabric to give a three-dimensional effect.<br />
apply:<br />
To put something on something else.<br />
approach:<br />
See arc of approach<br />
approach angle:<br />
The most sharply angled incline the vehicle can make without its front<br />
scraping the ground. Measured in degrees, it's the angle <strong>for</strong>med on one<br />
side by the horizontal axis, and on the other by a straight line connecting<br />
the <strong>for</strong>ward edge of the front tire and the most prominent front-end feature<br />
extending beyond that line -- the bumper, fog lamps, tow hook, etc.<br />
approach control radar:<br />
(ACR) A surveillance radar which shows on a cathode-ray tube display the<br />
positions of aircraft in an aerodrome's traffic control area.<br />
approach lights:<br />
Lights indicating the desired approach to a runway, usually of sodium or<br />
high- intensity type and laid in a precise pattern of a lead-in line with<br />
crossbars at set distances from the runway threshold.<br />
Also see
angle of approach light<br />
approach speed:<br />
The indicated air speed at which an aircraft approaches <strong>for</strong> landing.<br />
approval certificate:<br />
See type approval certificate<br />
approximation:<br />
See born-oppenheimer approximation<br />
Aprilia:<br />
A well-regarded Italian motorcycle manufacturer, known <strong>for</strong> 250 GP race<br />
bikes that are tiny and lightweight.<br />
apron:<br />
[1] The paved area directly below the racing surface that separates the<br />
track from the infield.<br />
[2] The panel under the vehicle's doors or the panel acting as an air dam at<br />
the front of a vehicle.<br />
[3] A kick panel.<br />
[4] A firm surface of concrete or "tarmac" laid down adjacent to<br />
aerodrome buildings to facilitate the movement, loading and unloading of<br />
aircraft.<br />
[5] In a lathe, that part of the saddle enclosing the gear operated by the<br />
lead screw.<br />
[6] Flexible strip used as film support in some types of processing tank.<br />
[7] A strip of rubber, metal, or other material at the outlet from the flow<br />
box to seal the gap between it and the machine wire.<br />
Also see<br />
fender splash apron<br />
front apron<br />
rear apron<br />
apron conveyor:<br />
A conveyor <strong>for</strong> transporting packages or bulk materials, consisting of a<br />
series of metal or wood slats (also rubber, cotton, felt, wire, etc.) attached<br />
to an endless chain. Also called slat conveyer.
APT:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "adjustable part throttle"<br />
APU:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> auxiliary power unit<br />
AQL:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " acceptable quality level".<br />
Aquadag:<br />
Trade mark <strong>for</strong> a colloidal suspension of graphite in water.<br />
aquaplaning:<br />
Also called hydroplaning. A dangerous tendency <strong>for</strong> a tire to ride on a thin<br />
film of water, thus creating a loss of driver control until tire contact with<br />
the road surface returns.<br />
aquatread:<br />
A tread pattern of a tire designed to dissipate water lying on the road and<br />
provide good traction in the rain.<br />
aqueduct:<br />
An artificial conduit, generally elevated on columns, used to convey a<br />
water supply<br />
aqueous solution:<br />
A water-based solution.<br />
Ar:<br />
AR:<br />
The trans<strong>for</strong>mation temperature on cooling of the phase changes in iron<br />
and steel, subscripts indicating the appropriate change.<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> analytical reagent<br />
Arago Point:
The bright spot found along the axis in the shadow of a disk illuminated<br />
normally<br />
Arago's rotation:<br />
Experiments (conducted by Arago be<strong>for</strong>e the discovery of electromagnetic<br />
induction by Faraday) in which a rotating copper disk was made to cause<br />
rotation of a pivoted magnet<br />
Araldite:<br />
A trade name <strong>for</strong> range of epoxy resins used <strong>for</strong> adhesives, encapsulation<br />
of electrical components, etc.<br />
ARB:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Air Registration Board<br />
arbitration bar:<br />
Test bar, cast with a given heat of metal, to determine whether the main<br />
casting is to specifications.<br />
arbor:<br />
[1] A rotating shaft in a lathe or drill.<br />
[2] Cylindrical or conical shaft on which a cutting tool or part to be<br />
machined is mounted.<br />
[3] The axis or shaft upon which a rotatable part is mounted: the shaft<br />
upon which a gear or wheel is mounted.<br />
Also see<br />
arc:<br />
mandrel<br />
[1] The discharge of electric current across a gap of two electrodes. The<br />
term given to the flow of electricity through a gaseous space or air gap.<br />
[2] A welding term referring to the flow of electricity through the air<br />
which produces high temperatures.<br />
Also see<br />
arc welding<br />
shielded arc<br />
short arc<br />
spray arc
ARC:<br />
track arc<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> Aeronautical Research Council in the UK.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> Ames Research Center in the USA<br />
arc absorber:<br />
Same as a spark absorber , but referring to a discharge likely to be<br />
destructive if not extinguished.<br />
arc-back:<br />
Flow of electrons, opposite to that intended, in a mercury-arc rectifier.<br />
Caused by a heated spot on the anode acting as a cathode, leading to<br />
possible damage.<br />
arc baffle:<br />
Means of preventing liquid mercury contacting an anode in a mercury-arc<br />
rectifier. Also called splash baffle<br />
arc blow:<br />
A welding term referring to the tendency <strong>for</strong> an arc to wander or whip<br />
from its normal course during arc welding. It is caused by magnetic<br />
changes.<br />
arc crater:<br />
Depression <strong>for</strong>med in electrodes between which an electric arc has been<br />
maintained. In arc welding, the depression which occurs in the weld metal.<br />
arc cutting:<br />
A welding term referring to making a kerf in a metal using the energy of<br />
an electric arc.<br />
arc duration:<br />
Time during which an arc exists between the contacts of an opening switch<br />
or circuit breaker. In ac circuits usually measured in cycles, varying<br />
between half a cycle and perhaps 20 cycles.
arc furnace:<br />
An electric furnace in which the heat is produced by n electric arc between<br />
carbon electrodes, or between a carbon electrode and the furnace charge.<br />
arch:<br />
See<br />
fender arch<br />
flared wheel arch<br />
wheel arch<br />
arch bridge:<br />
A bridge that depends on the principle of the arch <strong>for</strong> its stability.<br />
Also see<br />
rigid arch<br />
three-hinged arch<br />
arch dam:<br />
Dam in which the abutments are solid in rock at sides of impounding area.<br />
arch extension:<br />
See wheel arch extension<br />
Archimedean drill:<br />
A drill in which to-and-fro axial movement of a nut on a helix causes an<br />
alternating rotary motion of the bit<br />
Archimedean screw:<br />
An ancient water-lifting contrivance: a hollow inclined screw (or a pipe<br />
wound in helix fashion around an inclined axis) which has its lower end in<br />
water so that, on rotation of the "screw," water rises to a high level.<br />
Archimedes' principle:<br />
The principle that when a body is wholly or partly immersed in a fluid it<br />
experiences an upthrust equal to the weight of fluid it displaces; the<br />
upthrust acts vertically through the center of gravity of the displaced fluid.
architectural acoustics:<br />
The study of propagation of sound waves in buildings, the results being<br />
applied to the design of studios and auditoriums <strong>for</strong> optimum audition and<br />
to the noise isolation of buildings.<br />
arch piece:<br />
See stern frame<br />
arch protector:<br />
See wheel arch protector<br />
arch stone:<br />
A wedge-shaped stone used as a constituent part of an arch. Also called<br />
voussoir<br />
arcing:<br />
[1] The action of electricity when it leaps the gap between two electrodes.<br />
Usually causes premature wear of breaker points.<br />
[2] A faulty paint spraying technique where the spray gun is not moved<br />
along the panel surface at a uni<strong>for</strong>m distance. Instead it is moved toward<br />
the panel when starting and moved away toward the end of the panel. The<br />
result of this technique is an uneven application of paint.<br />
[3] A process where the brake shoes are ground to the proper curvature <strong>for</strong><br />
the drums they are to be used with. Modern brake shoes are pre-arced.<br />
arcing contact:<br />
An auxiliary contact fitted to a switch or circuit breaker which opens after<br />
and closes be<strong>for</strong>e the main contact and receives most of the damage due to<br />
arcing. Designed <strong>for</strong> easy replacement. Also called arcing tips<br />
arcing, electrical:<br />
See electrical arcing<br />
arcing-ground suppressor:<br />
See arc suppressor<br />
arcing ring:
Circular or oval ring conductor, placed concentrically with a pin insulator<br />
or a string of insulators <strong>for</strong> deflecting an arc from the insulator surface<br />
which could be damaged.<br />
arcing shield:<br />
See grading shield<br />
arcing tips:<br />
See arcing contact<br />
arcing voltage:<br />
Voltage below which a current cannot be maintained between two<br />
electrodes.<br />
arc lamp:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of electric lamp which makes use of an electric arc between two<br />
carbon electrodes as the source of light. It has an extremely high intrinsic<br />
brilliance, and is there<strong>for</strong>e used <strong>for</strong> searchlights and spotlights.<br />
Also see<br />
automatic arc lamp<br />
carbon arc lamp<br />
arc of approach:<br />
The arc on the pitch circle of a gearwheel over which two teeth are in<br />
contact while approaching the pitch point<br />
arc of contact:<br />
The arc on the pitch circle of a gearwheel over which two teeth are in<br />
contact.<br />
arc of recess:<br />
The arc on the pitch circle of a gearwheel over which two teeth are in<br />
contact while receding from the pitch point.<br />
arc process:<br />
See bredig's arc process
arc resistance:<br />
The ability of an insulator to withstand high-voltage sparking<br />
arc spectrum:<br />
A spectrum originating in the non-ionized atoms of an element; usually<br />
capable of being excited by the application of a comparatively low<br />
stimulus, such as the electric arc.<br />
Also see<br />
spark spectrum<br />
arc spraying:<br />
Method of fusing (and thence depositing) refractory ceramic and metal<br />
powders by blowing them through an electric arc or plasma. Used <strong>for</strong><br />
applying a variety of thin and thick film coatings. Also called plasma<br />
spraying<br />
arc-stream voltage:<br />
Voltage drop along the arc stream of an electric arc, excluding the voltage<br />
drops at the anode and cathode.<br />
arc-suppression coil:<br />
See Petersen coil<br />
arc suppressor:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> automatically grounding the neutral point of an insulatedneutral<br />
transmission or distribution line if an arc to ground occurs. Also<br />
called arcing-ground suppressor<br />
arc-through:<br />
Overflow of electron stream into an intended non-conducting period.<br />
arc voltage:<br />
[1] The electrical potential (pressure or voltage) across the arc.<br />
[2] The total voltage across an electric arc, i.e., the sum of the arc stream<br />
voltage, the voltage drop at the anode and the voltage drop at the cathode.<br />
The term is frequently used in connection with arc welding, and with the<br />
arc in a switch or circuit breaker.
arc welding:<br />
Welding by using an electric current to melt both the metal to be welded<br />
and the welding rod or electrode that is being added.<br />
Also see<br />
are:<br />
area:<br />
atomic arc welding<br />
automatic arc welding<br />
inert arc welding<br />
pulse arc welding<br />
A metric unit of area used <strong>for</strong> land measurement. 1 are=100m²=119.6<br />
yard².<br />
Also see<br />
hectare<br />
[1] The sunken space around the basement of a building, providing access<br />
and natural lighting and ventilation.<br />
[2] A measure of the extent of a surface.<br />
[3]In plane surveying, the superficial content of a ground surface of<br />
definite extent, as projected onto a horizontal plane.<br />
area-moment method:<br />
A method of structural analysis based on the slope and displacement of<br />
any part of the structure<br />
area rule:<br />
An aerodynamic method of reducing drag at transonic speeds by<br />
maintaining a smooth cross-sectional variation throughout the length of an<br />
aircraft. Because of the effect of the wing, this often results in a "waspwaist"<br />
on the fuselage or the addition of bulges to the wing or fuselage.<br />
argand burner:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of gas-burner or oil-burner in which air is admitted to the inside of<br />
a cylindrical wick, ensuring a large area of contact between the flame and<br />
the fuel.
argon laser:<br />
Laser using singly ionized argon. It gives strong emission at 488.0, 514.5,<br />
and 496.5 nm.<br />
ARINC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Aeronautical Radio Incorporated, an American organization<br />
whose membership included airlines, aircraft constructors, and avionics<br />
component manufacturers. It publishes technical papers and agreed<br />
standards, and finances research.<br />
arm:<br />
A part attached to or projecting from something.<br />
Also see<br />
a-arm<br />
a arm<br />
actuator arm<br />
adjustable rocker<br />
arm<br />
ball joint rocker<br />
arm<br />
breaker arm<br />
branch<br />
check arm<br />
brush-holder arm<br />
contact arm<br />
control arm<br />
crankarm<br />
door check arm<br />
drop arm<br />
flex arm<br />
suspension<br />
<strong>for</strong>ked rocker arm<br />
high lift rocker<br />
arm<br />
idler arm<br />
knuckle arm<br />
lateral arm<br />
ARM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> anti-radiation missile<br />
leading arm<br />
long and short arm<br />
suspension<br />
pitman arm<br />
radius arm<br />
rocker arm<br />
rocker arm cover<br />
rocker arm shaft<br />
rotor arm<br />
semi-trailing arm<br />
stay<br />
steering arm<br />
steering gear arm<br />
steering knuckle<br />
arm<br />
throttle arm<br />
tie rod arm<br />
torque arm<br />
track control arm<br />
trailing arm<br />
transverse arm<br />
armature:<br />
[1] In a relay, regulator, horn, etc., it is the movable part of the unit which<br />
indicates the presence of electric current as the agent of actuation.<br />
[2] Piece of low-reluctance ferromagnetic material (keeper) <strong>for</strong><br />
temporarily bridging the poles of a permanent magnet, to reduce the<br />
leakage field and preserve magnetization.<br />
[3] In a starter or generator, it is the portion that revolves between the pole<br />
shoes, made up of wire windings of copper on an iron core or axle. When<br />
it revolves, an electric current is induced.<br />
Also see<br />
bar-wound armature
armature bars:<br />
Rectangular copper bars <strong>for</strong>ming the conductors on the armature in large<br />
electric machines having only a few conductors per slot.<br />
armature brake:<br />
A mechanical or electrical component in a starter used to stop the armature<br />
movement after the starter motor has been switched off.<br />
armature coil:<br />
An assembly of conductors ready <strong>for</strong> placing in the slots of the armature of<br />
an electric machine.<br />
armature conductor:<br />
One of the wires or bars on the armature of an electric machine.<br />
armature end connections:<br />
The portion of the armature conductors which project beyond the end of<br />
the armature core, and which are used <strong>for</strong> making the connections among<br />
the various conductors. Also called overhang<br />
armature end plate:<br />
The end plate of a laminated armature core. It is of sufficient mechanical<br />
strength to enable the laminations to be clamped together tightly to prevent<br />
vibration. Also called armature head<br />
armature head:<br />
See armature end plate<br />
armature ratio:<br />
Ratio of distance moved by the spring buffer of an electromagnetic relay,<br />
to that moved by the armature.<br />
armature reactance:<br />
A reactance associated with the armature winding of a machine, caused by<br />
armature leakage flux, i.e., flux which does not follow the main magnetic<br />
circuit of the machine.
armature reaction:<br />
The magnetic field in an electrical machine produced by the armature<br />
current<br />
armature relay:<br />
A relay operated electromagnetically, thus causing the armature to be<br />
magnetically attracted.<br />
armature shaft:<br />
The primary shaft on which the armature is mounted in a starter or<br />
generator.<br />
armature winding:<br />
The complete assembly of conductors carried on the armature and<br />
connected to the commutator or to the terminals of the machine.<br />
Armco:<br />
Trade name <strong>for</strong> a soft iron with less than 1% impurities. Can be rolled or<br />
<strong>for</strong>med with deep corrugations as in circular culverts or traffic barriers.<br />
arm cover:<br />
See rocker arm cover<br />
armé:<br />
See béton armé<br />
arming press:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of blocking press used <strong>for</strong> stamping designs on book covers<br />
armor-clad switchgear:<br />
See metal-clad switch gear<br />
armor clamp:<br />
A fitting designed to grip the armoring of a cable where it enters a box.<br />
Also called armor gland and armor grip
armor gland:<br />
See armor clamp<br />
armor grip:<br />
See armor clamp<br />
armor plate:<br />
Traditionally, specially heavy alloy steel plate hardened on the surface;<br />
used <strong>for</strong> the protection of fighting vehicles and ships. There is also a <strong>for</strong>m<br />
of armor plate based on aluminum alloy particularly suitable <strong>for</strong> fast<br />
moving military vehicles.<br />
armor-plated:<br />
Panels and glass that are extra thick to be bullet-proof.<br />
armour:<br />
British spelling of "armor"<br />
armrest:<br />
A projection upon which the occupants can rest or support their arms.<br />
Usually located on the door panel and sometimes in the center of the front<br />
seats or the center of the rear seat.<br />
arms:<br />
See bracket arms<br />
control arms<br />
high lift rocker arms<br />
arm shaft:<br />
See rocker arm shaft<br />
armstrong:<br />
A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> manual steering. Without power assist, steering will<br />
need a strong arm, thus the name.<br />
Armstrong oscillator:
The original oscillator, in which tuned circuits in the anode and grid<br />
circuits of a valve are coupled.<br />
Armstrong-Siddeley:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with required application<br />
are classic cars.<br />
arm suspension:<br />
See flex arm suspension<br />
long and short arm suspension<br />
semi-trailing arm suspension<br />
swing arm suspension<br />
Arnolt:<br />
See Arnolt Bristol<br />
Arnolt Bristol:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1952-62 models are milestone cars.<br />
array:<br />
An assembly of two or more individual radiating elements, appropriately<br />
spaced and energized to achieve desired directional properties.<br />
Also see<br />
active array<br />
adaptive array<br />
beam antenna<br />
binomial array<br />
arrested failure:<br />
The taking of a cable off voltage be<strong>for</strong>e failure is complete and its<br />
examination to determine the mechanism of breakdown.<br />
arrester:<br />
A device which prevents a certain action. For example, a spark arrester is a<br />
special pipe mounted in the end of the exhaust pipe which prevents any<br />
burning gasses from coming out with the possible danger of igniting any<br />
combustibles in the area (i.e., setting the <strong>for</strong>est on fire).<br />
Also see<br />
lightning arrester
arrester gear:<br />
[1] A device on aircraft carriers and some military aerodromes, usually<br />
consisting of a number of individual transverse cables held by hydraulic<br />
shock absorbers, which stop an aircraft when its arrester hook catches a<br />
cable.<br />
[2] A barrier net, usually of nylon or webbing, attached to heavy drag<br />
weights, which stops fast aircraft from over-running the end of the runway<br />
in an emergency.<br />
arrester hook:<br />
A hook extended from an aircraft to engage the cable of an arrester gear,<br />
mainly on aircraft carriers.<br />
arrest points:<br />
Discontinuities on heating and cooling curves, due to absorption of heat<br />
during heating or evolution of heat during cooling, and indicating<br />
structural (phase) changes occurring in a metal or alloy.<br />
Arrhenius's rate equation:<br />
Equation giving the rate R of a thermally activated, physical process:<br />
R=R0exp(Ea/kT) where R0 is a constant, Ea is the activation energy , k is<br />
Boltzmann's constant and T is the absolute temperature.<br />
arris edge:<br />
Small bevel, of width not exceeding 1/16 in (1.5 mm), at an angle of<br />
approximately 45° to the surface of the glass.<br />
arrival:<br />
See angle of arrival<br />
arrive:<br />
The finish line of a brevet or randonnée.<br />
arrow:<br />
Light steel wire pin, bent into ring at one end and perhaps flagged with<br />
piece of bright cloth, used to mark measured lengths in chain traversing.
Also see<br />
Pierce-Arrow<br />
arsenical copper:<br />
Copper containing up to about 0.6% arsenic. This element slightly<br />
increases the hardness and strength and raises the recrystallization<br />
temperature.<br />
artesian well:<br />
A well sunk into a permeable stratum which has impervious strata above<br />
and below it, and which outcrops at places higher than the place where the<br />
well is sunk, so that the hydrostatic pressure of the water in the permeable<br />
stratum is alone sufficient to <strong>for</strong>ce the water up out of the well. Named<br />
from Artois (France).<br />
articulated:<br />
Jointed. An articulated rod is made of two sections with a moveable joint<br />
which permits its shape to go from perfectly straight to right angle.<br />
Also see<br />
articulated bus<br />
articulated truck<br />
articulated blade:<br />
A rotorcraft blade which is mounted on one or more hinges to permit<br />
flapping and movement about the drag axis<br />
articulated bus:<br />
A large bus with an accordion-like section in the middle of the<br />
body which allows the bus to turn sharply around corners as it<br />
articulates at that part of the bus.<br />
articulated mounting:<br />
A term used where parts are connected by links and links are anchored to<br />
provide a double hinging action.<br />
articulated truck:<br />
A large truck with two sections to allow it to turn sharply around corners.
articulation:<br />
[1] The means by which an architect gives definition to the individual<br />
elements of a building.<br />
[2] The connection of two parts in such a way (usually by a pin joint) as to<br />
permit relative movement.<br />
Also see<br />
axle articulation<br />
artificial aging:<br />
Method of accelerating the hardening of particularly aluminum alloys at<br />
slightly elevated temperatures.<br />
Also see<br />
precipitation hardening<br />
artificial antenna:<br />
Combination of resistances, capacitances, and inductances with the same<br />
characteristics as an antenna except that it does not radiate energy. It is<br />
used in place of the normal antenna <strong>for</strong> purposes such as repair and<br />
checking of a transmitter, or <strong>for</strong> re-tuning of the transmitter on to a<br />
different frequency. Also called dummy antenna, and phantom antenna.<br />
artificial daylight:<br />
Artificial light having approximately the same spectral distribution curve<br />
as daylight, i.e., having a color temperature of about 4000K<br />
artificial disintegration:<br />
The transmutation of non-radioactive substances brought about by the<br />
bombardment of the nuclei of their atoms by high-velocity particles, such<br />
as alpha particles, protons, or neutrons<br />
artificial ear:<br />
Device <strong>for</strong> testing earphones which presents an acoustic impedance similar<br />
to the human ear and includes facilities <strong>for</strong> measuring the sound pressure<br />
produced at the ear.<br />
artificial earth:<br />
See counterpoise
artificial feel:<br />
In an aircraft flying control system, esp. with automatic control of flying<br />
surfaces, in which the pilot's control actions are modified to provide <strong>for</strong>ces<br />
moving the flying controls, a natural feel, opposing the pilot's actions,<br />
which is fed back from the controls. Since these <strong>for</strong>ces vary mostly with<br />
dynamic air pressure as in q=½e v² artificial feel is sometimes known as qfeel<br />
artificial ground:<br />
See counterpoise<br />
artificial horizon:<br />
An apparatus, <strong>for</strong> example a shallow trough filled with mercury, used in<br />
order to observe altitudes of celestial bodies with a sextant on land, i.e.,<br />
where there is no visible horizon. The reflection of the object in the<br />
artificial horizon is viewed directly and the object itself indirectly by<br />
reflection from the index glass of the sextant.<br />
Also see<br />
gyro horizon<br />
artificial line:<br />
Repeated network units which have collectively some or all of the<br />
transmission properties of a line. Also called simulated line<br />
artificial rubber:<br />
See synthetic rubber<br />
artificial stability:<br />
An automatic flight control system which provides positive stability to an<br />
otherwise unstable or neutrally stable aircraft.<br />
artificial traffic:<br />
Automatically generated calls which are deliberately mixed with<br />
subscriber- originated traffic to sample the overall service provided by the<br />
switching equipment of an automatic exchange, by recording or holding<br />
faults recognized by test equipment.<br />
artificial voice:
ASA:<br />
Loudspeaker and baffle <strong>for</strong> simulating speech in testing of microphones.<br />
Formerly, abbreviation <strong>for</strong> American Standards Association. Now known<br />
as American National Standards Institute.<br />
ASA speed:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> American Standards Association photographic speed<br />
rating, expressed on a arithmetic scale. Now replaced by ISO speed<br />
asbestos:<br />
A heat resistant and non-burning fibrous mineral widely used <strong>for</strong> brake<br />
shoes, clutch linings, etc. Asbestos is a health hazard and the dust created<br />
by brake systems should never be inhaled or ingested.<br />
asbestos-free:<br />
Something that has no asbestos -- especially brake and clutch linings.<br />
asbestosis:<br />
An incurable lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers.<br />
ASBS:<br />
See anti-skid braking system<br />
ASC:<br />
See anti-spin regulation<br />
ascending stroke:<br />
See up-stroke<br />
ASD:<br />
asdic:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> automatic slip-control differential.<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> allied submarine detection investigation committee.<br />
Underwater acoustic detecting system which transmits a pulse and
ASE:<br />
receives a reflection from underwater objects, particularly submarines, at a<br />
distance. Also used by trawlers to detect shoals of fish. Equivalent to US<br />
, now the preferred term.<br />
National Institute <strong>for</strong> Automotive Service Excellence.<br />
ASEAN:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Association of South East Asian Nations.<br />
ash frame:<br />
A frame of a car made of wood from the ash tree and covered with<br />
aluminum panels.<br />
ashtray:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> holding cigarette ashes.<br />
ASIA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Automotive Service Industry Association".<br />
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation:<br />
(APEC) An organization established in 1989 to promote trade and<br />
investment in the Pacific Basin. APEC now comprises eighteen countries<br />
located in and around the Pacific Ocean: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile,<br />
China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand,<br />
Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan,<br />
Thailand, and the United States.<br />
ASME:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "American Society of Mechanical Engineers."<br />
ASME boiler code:<br />
Standard specs issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers<br />
<strong>for</strong> the construction of boilers.
aspect:<br />
On railways the indication given by a colored light signal, as contrasted<br />
with that of a semaphore arm signal. A multiple-aspect signal (MAS)<br />
conveys more in<strong>for</strong>mation.<br />
Also see<br />
attitude<br />
aspect ratio:<br />
[1] The ratio of length to width of rectangular air grille or duct.<br />
[2] The relationship in a tire or wheel between the distance from the rim to<br />
the tread and the tire's width (i.e., ratio of section height to section width).<br />
Thus, in a P185/80R13 tire, 80 is the aspect ratio, showing the height is<br />
80% of the width. A lower aspect ratio describes a shorter, wider tire.<br />
[3] In a wing, it is the relationship of its span (horizontal length) to its<br />
chord (height). Important <strong>for</strong> induced drag and range/speed characteristics.<br />
Defined as S²/A where S is the span and A is the area. Normal figure<br />
between 6 and 9, lesser values than 6 being low aspect ratio, greater than 9<br />
high aspect ratios.<br />
[4] Ratio of the length of a fiber or wire to its width or diameter.<br />
[5] (AR) Ratio of the width to the height of the reproduced picture or<br />
computer screen, e.g., 4x3, often expressed with the height as unity.<br />
1.33:1. Wide-screen systems have aspect ratios between 1.65:1 and 2.35:1.<br />
[6] In a Tokamak type of fusion machine, the ratio of the major to minor<br />
radii of the torus.<br />
Also see<br />
ULP<br />
aperity:<br />
Slightly raised parts of a surface which <strong>for</strong>m the actual points of contact<br />
between two surfaces at a microscope level, elastically and plastically<br />
flattened to take the load (normal <strong>for</strong>ce).<br />
asphalt:<br />
[1] A bituminous substance found naturally in oil-bearing strata from<br />
which the volatiles have evaporated<br />
[2] a residue in petroleum distillation<br />
[3] a mixture of asphaltic bitumen and granite chippings, sand, or<br />
powdered limestone. Asphalt is used extensively <strong>for</strong> paving, road-making,<br />
damp-proof courses, in the manufacture of roofing felt and paints and as<br />
the raw material <strong>for</strong> certain moulded plastics.<br />
Also see
itumen<br />
aspheric surface:<br />
A lens surface which departs to a greater or lesser degree from a sphere,<br />
e.g., one having a parabolic or elliptical section<br />
aspirated:<br />
See aspirated engine<br />
aspirated engine:<br />
See naturally aspirated engine<br />
normally aspirated engine<br />
aspirating psychrometer:<br />
Device which draws sample of air through it to measure humidity.<br />
aspiration:<br />
The process of sucking or inhaling the air-fuel mixture into a combustion<br />
engine.<br />
aspirator:<br />
The air intake of a sensor.<br />
aspirator system:<br />
See air aspirator system<br />
aspirator valve:<br />
A check valve in an air injection system.<br />
Aspire:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford<br />
.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Ford Aspire
ASR:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> anti-spin regulation.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> Acceleration Slip Regulation.<br />
assay ton:<br />
Used in assaying precious metals. It is equivalent to 29.160 g and 32.670 g<br />
<strong>for</strong> the short and long ton respectively. The number of milligrams of<br />
precious metal in an assay ton of ore indicates the assay value, since 1 mg<br />
of precious metal per assay ton equals 1 troy oz of precious metal per<br />
avoirdupois ton of ore.<br />
assay value:<br />
Troy ounces of precious metal per avoirdupois ton of ore.<br />
assemble:<br />
The action of putting something together from a number of component<br />
parts.<br />
assemble edit:<br />
Videotape editing in which a new scene is added to follow directly on<br />
existing material<br />
assembly:<br />
[1] The finished union of a number of parts to make a component.<br />
[2] Construction of product from several or many components. Methods<br />
used <strong>for</strong> attachment include welding, fastening, push-fit, snap-fit, lock-fit,<br />
adhesive bonding, ultrasonic welding, etc. Many products are now<br />
designed <strong>for</strong> robotic assembly.<br />
Also see<br />
body assembly<br />
bearing assembly<br />
assembly line:<br />
The production line where a vehicle is put together from its component<br />
parts. Often one team will work on just the engine of each vehicle while<br />
another team works on another part, etc.
assembly line communications link:<br />
(ALCL) An electrical connector used to check a vehicle engine<br />
management system while it is on the assembly line and later once it is in<br />
operation, to output its trouble codes.<br />
Also see<br />
ALDL<br />
assembly line data link:<br />
(ALDL) An electrical connector used on GM vehicles to check a vehicle<br />
engine management system while it is on the assembly line and later once<br />
it is in operation, to output its trouble codes.<br />
assembly Line Data Link connector:<br />
(ALDL) a diagnostic connector used in General Motors vehicles.<br />
assembly lube:<br />
A special lubricant used to coat parts that rub or rotate against each other<br />
during initial assembly.<br />
assigned frequency:<br />
The frequency assigned as center frequency of a class of transmission,<br />
with tolerance, by authority.<br />
assigning authority:<br />
A national body authorized to assign load lines to ships<br />
assist:<br />
See autofocus assist<br />
assisted take-off:<br />
Take-off in which the full power of the normal engines is supplemented by<br />
auxiliary means, which may or may not be jettisonable. Small turbojet or<br />
rocket motor units, powder, or liquid rockets may be used.<br />
Also see<br />
JATO<br />
RATOG
assist power steering:<br />
See variable assist power steering<br />
assist steering:<br />
See variable assist steering<br />
assisted:<br />
See hydraulic assisted brakes<br />
integral-type power assisted steering<br />
power assisted brakes<br />
servo-assisted<br />
assisted brakes:<br />
See hydraulic assisted brakes<br />
power assisted brakes<br />
vacuum assisted brakes<br />
assisted steering:<br />
See integral-type power assisted steering<br />
associated emission:<br />
Emission which brings about equilibrium between incident photons and<br />
secondary electrons in ionization.<br />
association:<br />
In rotary printing, the bring together of separate webs, after printing, to<br />
pass through the folder as a complete product.<br />
Association of South East Asian Nations:<br />
(ASEAN) An organization of states (including Brunei, Myanmar, Burma,<br />
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and<br />
Vietnam) founded in 1967 to present an united front that addresses the<br />
political, economic, and strategic dynamics of the region.<br />
assy:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> assembly.<br />
astable circuit:
An active circuit, having two quasi-stable states, which alternates<br />
automatically and continuously between them, e.g., certain multivibrators<br />
a-stage:<br />
Stage at which a synthetic resin of the phenol <strong>for</strong>maldehyde type is fusible<br />
and wholly soluble in alcohols and acetone.<br />
astatic galvanometer:<br />
Moving magnet galvanometer in which adjustable magnets <strong>for</strong>m an astatic<br />
system<br />
astatic system:<br />
Ideally an arrangement of two or more magnetic needles on a single<br />
suspension so that in a uni<strong>for</strong>m magnetic field, such as the Earth's field,<br />
there is no resultant torque on the suspension.<br />
astern:<br />
A backward movement of a vessel.<br />
ASTM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing Materials".<br />
ASTM standards:<br />
Standards issued by the American Society of Testing Materials.<br />
Aston dark space:<br />
The space in the immediate vicinity of a cathode, in which the emitted<br />
electrons have velocities insufficient to ionize the gas.<br />
Aston-Martin:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1927-1939<br />
models with application and all others from<br />
1925-48 are classic cars. .<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Aston-<br />
Martin
Aston Martin:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1948-63 models are milestone cars. All the<br />
DB4, DB5, DB6 from 1964-67 are milestone cars.<br />
Aston whole-number rule:<br />
Empirical observation that relative atomic masses of isotopes are<br />
approximately whole numbers.<br />
Also see<br />
mass spectrograph<br />
astrafoil:<br />
A thin, dimensionally stable transparent plastic sheet used <strong>for</strong> mounting<br />
lithographic negatives or positives<br />
astrakhan:<br />
A curled-pile woven, warp-knitted, or weft-knitted fabric designed to<br />
resemble the fleece of a still-born or very young astrakhan lamb.<br />
astrocompass:<br />
A non-magnetic instrument that indicates true north relative to a celestial<br />
body.<br />
astrodome:<br />
A transparent dome, fitted to some aircraft usually on the top of the<br />
fuselage, with calibrated optical characteristics, <strong>for</strong> astronomical<br />
observations.<br />
ASV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " air switching valve".<br />
asymmeter:<br />
An instrument having three movements so arranged that any lack of<br />
symmetry when these are connected to a three-phase system can be<br />
observed by a single reading.<br />
asymmetric:
A pattern in which one side does not correspond to the other side.<br />
asymmetrical:<br />
[1] A pattern in which one side does not correspond to the other side.<br />
[2] Said of circuits, networks, or transducers when the impedance (image<br />
impedance, or iterative impedance) differs in the two directions. Also<br />
called or non-symmetrical.<br />
asymmetrical beam:<br />
A headlight system in which one beam is of greater intensity than the<br />
other.<br />
asymmetrical conductivity:<br />
Phenomenon whereby a substance, or a combination of substances as in a<br />
rectifier, conducts electric current differently in opposite directions.<br />
asymmetrical power distribution:<br />
A system in a four-wheel vehicle in which more power is transmitted to<br />
the front wheels than the rear wheels or more to the rear wheels than the<br />
front wheels.<br />
asymmetrical tread:<br />
The tread of a tire which has different<br />
shapes/patterns and sizes of grooves<br />
in the same tire. Often they are<br />
divided into three distinct patterns:<br />
The outside shoulder, the center zone,<br />
and the inside shoulder. The outside<br />
shoulder tread will have larger<br />
shoulder elements with very few<br />
sipes to provide increased cornering<br />
stability. The center tread zone<br />
enhances steering control. The inside<br />
shoulder tread zone provides<br />
additional traction because the shape<br />
of the tread elements, sipes and larger<br />
shoulder slots help disperse water and<br />
slush. Obviously these tires must be<br />
mounted only one way so that the
outside pattern is actually on the<br />
outside of the wheel<br />
asymmetric conductor:<br />
Conductor which has a different conductivity <strong>for</strong> current flowing in<br />
different directions through it, e.g., a diode.<br />
asymmetric flight:<br />
The condition of flying with asymmetrically balanced thrust, weight, drag,<br />
or lift <strong>for</strong>ces, as could occur, e.g., with one external weapon mounted<br />
under one wing, or in a twin- engine aircraft with one engine inoperative.<br />
asymmetric reflector:<br />
A reflector in which the beam of light produced is not symmetrical about a<br />
central axis.<br />
asymmetric refractor:<br />
A refractor in which the light is redirected, unsymmetrically, about a<br />
central axis.<br />
asymmetric rim:<br />
A wheel rim where the well is located outside the centerline of the wheel.<br />
Opposite of symmetric rim.<br />
asymmetry potential:<br />
The potential difference between the inside and outside surface of a hollow<br />
electrode.<br />
asymptotic freedom:<br />
The property that at small distances quarks behave asympototically as free<br />
particles. In quantum chromodynamics, strong interaction between quarks<br />
becomes stronger with distance.<br />
asynchronous motor:<br />
See non-synchronous motor<br />
at:
ATA:<br />
ATB:<br />
ATC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> ampere-turn<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "American Trucking Association."<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> Air Transport Association<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> all-terrain bike.<br />
Sometimes called MTB (mountain<br />
bike), but ATB is the preferred<br />
acronym.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> aeration test burner<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> " automatic temperature control."<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> air-traffic control<br />
ATCRBS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> air-traffic control radar beacon system. A direct<br />
development of the World War II IFF system. Operating at about 1GHz, it<br />
gives air-traffic controllers three- dimensional positional in<strong>for</strong>mation and<br />
full identification of aircraft.<br />
ATDC:<br />
See after top dead center<br />
ATE:<br />
ATF:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " automatic test equipment".<br />
See automatic Transmission Fluid<br />
transmission fluid.<br />
athermal trans<strong>for</strong>mation:<br />
A solid-state reaction e.g., the martensitic trans<strong>for</strong>mation of steel, in which<br />
thermal activation is not required. The trans<strong>for</strong>mation is driven by
increasing thermodynamic instability of a metastable phase, which<br />
eventually trans<strong>for</strong>ms by physical shear of the crystal lattice.<br />
A thread:<br />
See class A thread<br />
athwartship:<br />
Across the ship, at right angles to the <strong>for</strong>e-and-aft centerline.<br />
ATM:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> standard atmosphere.<br />
Also see<br />
atmospheric pressure<br />
ATM adaptation layer:<br />
In an asynchronous transfer mode network, the equipment and procedures<br />
that interface between its standardized cells and the many data types to be<br />
carried. Telephony, <strong>for</strong> example, requires a constant data rate over a fixed<br />
channel, while switched multimegabit data service will tolerate a variable<br />
data rate over a changeable connection path.<br />
ATM cell:<br />
the basic data packet handled by an asynchronous transfer mode network,<br />
consisting of a five octet header followed by 48 octets of user in<strong>for</strong>mation.<br />
The header is used to route the cell between switches, and receives new<br />
labels at each switching point. The user in<strong>for</strong>mation is carried unchanged<br />
across the ATM network <strong>for</strong> delivery at the far terminal.<br />
atmospheric absorption:<br />
Diminution of intensity of a sound wave in passing through the air, apart<br />
from normal inverse square relation, and arising from transfer of sound<br />
energy into heat.<br />
atmospheric acoustics:<br />
Study of the propagation of sound in the atmosphere, of importance in<br />
sound ranging and aircraft noise.
atmospheric boundary layer:<br />
(ABL) The region of the Earth's atmosphere that interacts directly with the<br />
Earth's surface.<br />
atmospheric corrosion:<br />
A gradual oxidation of metal as a result of acid rain and other corrosive<br />
substances in our polluted air.<br />
atmospheric dust spot efficiency:<br />
Measurement of a device's ability to remove atmospheric air from test air.<br />
atmospheric engine:<br />
Earliest <strong>for</strong>m of practical steam engine, in which a partial vacuum created<br />
by stem condensation allowed atmospheric pressure to drive down the<br />
piston.<br />
atmospheric gas-burner system:<br />
A natural-draft burner injector, in which the momentum of the gas passing<br />
into the injector throat inspirates part of the air required <strong>for</strong> combustion.<br />
atmospheric line:<br />
A datum line drawn on an indicator diagram by allowing atmospheric<br />
pressure to act on the indicator piston or diaphragm<br />
atmospheric pressure:<br />
Pressure or weight exerted by the gasses in the air exert upon the earth and<br />
on all things exposed to it. It is measured in pounds per square inch or<br />
kilopascals. At sea level it is about 1 kg. per square centimeter or 14.72<br />
pounds per square inch (psi). (The standard value is 1.01325x10 5 Nm -2 ,<br />
1.01325 bar, or 14.7 lbfin -2 ). Variations in the atmospheric pressure are<br />
measured by means of the barometer.<br />
Also see<br />
barometric pressure<br />
standard atmosphere<br />
atmospheric radio wave:
Any radio wave which reaches its destination after reflection from the<br />
upper ionized layers of the atmosphere. Commonly called skip<br />
atom:<br />
See Bohr atom<br />
Bohr-Sommerfeld atom<br />
atomospherics:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> interfering or disturbing signals of natural origin. Also<br />
called . The US term is strays.<br />
Also see<br />
static<br />
atmospheric waveguide duct:<br />
Atmospheric layer which acts as a waveguide <strong>for</strong> high-frequency (>20<br />
MHz) radio waves under certain conditions of temperature and humidity,<br />
giving reception far outside the normal service area.<br />
atom:<br />
A tiny particle of matter made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons.<br />
Atoms or combinations of atoms make up molecules. The electrons orbit<br />
around the center or nucleus made up of the protons and neutrons.<br />
atomic absorption coefficient:<br />
For an element, the fractional decrease in intensity of radiation per number<br />
of atoms per unit area. Symbol μa. Related to the linear absorption<br />
coefficient μ by where the material contains ni atoms of<br />
element i in a volume V.<br />
atomic arc welding:<br />
Welding using heat created by hydrogen atoms, created by an electric arc<br />
recombining to <strong>for</strong>m hydrogen molecules. The heat is used to weld<br />
delicate joints, and the hydrogen <strong>for</strong>ms a shield over the weld.<br />
atomic bomb:<br />
A bomb in which the explosive power, measured in terms of equivalent<br />
TNT, is provided by nuclear fissionable material such as uranium-235 or
plutonium-239.<br />
atomic clock:<br />
A clock whose frequency of operation is controlled by the frequency of an<br />
atomic or molecular process. The inversion of the ammonia molecule with<br />
a frequency of 2.3786 x 10 10 Hz provides the basic oscillations of the<br />
ammonia clock. The difference in energy between two states of a caesium<br />
atom in a magnetic field giving a frequency of 9,192,631,770 Hz is the<br />
basis of the caesium clock which has an accuracy of better than one in<br />
10 13 .<br />
atomic disintegration:<br />
Natural decay of radioactive atoms, as a result of radiation, into<br />
chemically different atomic products.<br />
atomic displacement cross-section:<br />
The probability of a neutron displacing an atom from its place in a<br />
crystalline solid. Measured in barns as <strong>for</strong> other cross-sections. Important<br />
in determining the lifetime of graphite moderator and structural parts of<br />
reactors.<br />
atomic frequency:<br />
A natural vibration frequency in an atom used in the atomic clock<br />
atomic plane:<br />
A solid is crystalline because its atoms are ordered in intersecting planes<br />
(i.e., atomic planes) corresponding to the planes of the crystal.<br />
Also see<br />
X-ray crystallography<br />
atomic scattering:<br />
The scattering of radiation, usually electrons or X-rays, by the individual<br />
atoms in the medium through which it passes. The scattering is by the<br />
electronic structure of the atom in contrast to nuclear scattering which is<br />
by the nucleus.<br />
atomic scattering factor:
The ratio of the amplitude of coherent scattered X-radiation from an atom<br />
to that of a single electron placed at the atomic center. The atomic<br />
scattering factor depends on the electron-density distribution in the atom<br />
and is a function of the scattering angle.<br />
atomic spectrum:<br />
Characteristic pattern of light frequencies emitted or absorbed by a given<br />
element due to electronic transitions between the discrete energy states of<br />
the atoms accompanied by the emission or absorption of photons.<br />
Also see<br />
absorption lines<br />
atomic structure:<br />
The arrangement of the parts of an atom.<br />
atomic transmutation:<br />
The change of one type of atom to another as a result of a nuclear reaction<br />
The transmutation can be produced by high-energy radiation or particles<br />
and is most easily produced by neutron irradiation. The change in atomic<br />
number means the chemical nature of the atom has been changed. Also<br />
called trans<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
atomization:<br />
See lateral atomization orifice<br />
rotational atomization unit<br />
atomization orifice:<br />
See lateral atomization orifice<br />
atomization unit:<br />
See rotational atomization unit<br />
atomize:<br />
The process of changing liquid to minute particles or a fine spray. The<br />
extent to which a spray gun breaks up paint into a fine mist, fog, or spray.<br />
atomized powder:
A powder produced by the dispersion of molten metal or other material by<br />
spraying under conditions such that the material breaks down into powder.<br />
atomizer:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> producing a fine spray such as used on a paint spray gun.<br />
atomizing pressure:<br />
The pressure needed to atomize a liquid like paint.<br />
ATR:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> attenuated total reflection<br />
atramentizing:<br />
A corrosion protection process in which steel is coated with phosphate<br />
using a zinc phosphate solution at 90° C (194° F).<br />
ATR tube:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> anti-transmit-receive tube<br />
attachment:<br />
A fitting or accessory to be used in conjunction with a tool, such as a<br />
grinding disc <strong>for</strong> use with an electric drill.<br />
Also see<br />
bearing attachment<br />
inner attachment face<br />
attachment face:<br />
See inner attachment face<br />
attack:<br />
[1] Chemical corrosion of metal.<br />
[2] To damage something by corrosion.<br />
Also see<br />
angle of attack<br />
base metal attack<br />
pickling attack
attack angle:<br />
The angle of the rear spoiler where it is most effective against lift.<br />
attendant parking:<br />
Parking which is left to a valet and supervised by an attendant.<br />
attenuated total reflection:<br />
Spectroscopic method of analyzing thin films on reflective substrates, esp.<br />
using infrared radiation.<br />
attenuation:<br />
[1] A reduction of noise or emission.<br />
[2] General term <strong>for</strong> reduction in magnitude, amplitude, or intensity of a<br />
physical quantity, arising from absorption, scattering, or geometrical<br />
dispersion. The latter, arising from diminution by the inverse square law, is<br />
not generally considered as attenuation proper.<br />
attenuation coefficient:<br />
The coefficient which expresses energy losses of electromagnetic radiation<br />
due to both absorption and scattering in a medium. Relevant to narrow<br />
beam conditions. Also called total absorption coefficient<br />
attenuation compensation:<br />
The use of networks to correct <strong>for</strong> frequency-dependent attenuation, e.g.,<br />
in transmission lines.<br />
Also see<br />
pre-emphasis<br />
attenuation constant:<br />
The real part of α in the relationship ρ=ρe - αx , where ρ is a physical<br />
quantity, such as the amplitude of a wave propagating along a transmission<br />
path, and x is the distance along the path. The imaginary part of α is<br />
known as the phase constant. More simply, but less commonly defined by<br />
μ = αλ where μ is the attenuation and λ is wavelength, i.e., α is the<br />
attenuation per wavelength distance of propagation.<br />
Also see<br />
decibel<br />
neper
propagation constant<br />
attenuation distortion:<br />
Distortion of a complex wave<strong>for</strong>m resulting from the differing attenuation<br />
of each separate frequency component in the signal. This <strong>for</strong>m of<br />
distortion is difficult to avoid, e.g., in transmission lines.<br />
attenuation of X-rays:<br />
Absorption and scattering of X-rays as they pass through an object.<br />
attenuator:<br />
An arrangement of fixed or variable resistive elements designed to reduce<br />
the strength of any signal (audio- or radio-frequency) without reducing<br />
appreciable distortion. Attenuators also incorporate impedance matching to<br />
the transmission lines or circuits to which they are connected, regardless of<br />
the attenuation they introduce. For lower frequency applications they may<br />
be simply variable or fixed resistances, <strong>for</strong> high frequencies they may be<br />
pieces of resistive material, introduced into transmission lines, stripline, or<br />
waveguide. Fixed attenuators are sometimes referred to as pad.<br />
attitude:<br />
Of an aircraft in flight, the angle made by its axes with the relative airflow;<br />
the aspect is the angle made by its axes with the ground when the aircraft<br />
is on the ground.<br />
attitude indicator:<br />
A gyro horizon which indicates the true attitude of the aircraft in pitch and<br />
roll throughout 360° about these axes.<br />
Also see<br />
heading indicator<br />
attracted-disk electrometer:<br />
Fundamental instrument in which potential is measured by the attraction<br />
between two oppositely charged disks.<br />
attrition:
A process of wearing out an object by friction.<br />
attrition test:<br />
A test <strong>for</strong> the determination of the wear-resisting properties of stone,<br />
particularly stone <strong>for</strong> road-making. Pieces of the stone are placed in a<br />
closed cylinder, which is then rotated <strong>for</strong> a given time, after which the loss<br />
of weight due to wear is found.<br />
Attwood's <strong>for</strong>mula:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>mula <strong>for</strong> determining the moment of static stability at large angles of<br />
heel of a ship. Taking angle of heel θ, and the weight of the ship W, the<br />
ATV:<br />
moment where v is the volume of emerged<br />
wedge, hh1 is the distance between the cg's of emerged and immersed<br />
wedges, V is the volume of displacement, B is the center of transverse<br />
buoyancy, and G is the center of gravity.<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "All Terrain Vehicle."<br />
at your back door:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> "behind your truck" as in "You got a Smokey at your<br />
back door!".<br />
Auburn:<br />
A vehicle brand of which all 8 and 12-cylinder<br />
models from 1925-1948 are classic cars.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Auburn<br />
audax:<br />
A style of group bicycle touring found in Europe (esp. France) where a<br />
road captain sets a steady pace <strong>for</strong> a group of riders. All riders are to finish<br />
together, but (unlike regular randonneuring) a sag wagon is permitted.<br />
Audax Club Parisien:<br />
.
Audi:<br />
A cycle-touring club in Paris, France which begun in 1904 to promote the<br />
audax style of randonneuring.<br />
A German automobile manufacturer which<br />
began in 1899 has four interlocking rings as its<br />
emblem. These rings represent the 1932 union of<br />
four automakers (Audi, DKW, Horch, and<br />
Wanderer). Later NSU joined in 1969. Audi was<br />
owned by Daimler-Benz from 1958 to 1965, and<br />
then by Volkswagen. .<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Audi<br />
audibility:<br />
Ability to be heard; said of faint sounds in the presence of noise. The<br />
extreme range of audibility is 20-20,000 Hz in frequency, depending on<br />
the applied intensity; and from 2 x 10 -5 Nm -2 (ms) at 1000 Hz (the zero of<br />
the phon scale, selected as the average <strong>for</strong> good ears) to 120 dB.<br />
audible ringing tone:<br />
An audible tone fed back to a caller as an indication that ringing current<br />
has been remotely extended to the called subscriber's telephone. On<br />
circuits in UK it is heard as a double beat recurring at 2 second intervals.<br />
Also called audible signal<br />
audible signal:<br />
See audible ringing tone<br />
audio codec:<br />
A codec <strong>for</strong> use in a multimedia system, designed to handle a range of<br />
sound signals in addition to speech<br />
au diode:<br />
See backward diode
audio dub:<br />
Replacing the existing audio with new<br />
audio-frequency:<br />
Frequency which, in an acoustic wave, makes it audible. In general, any<br />
wave motion including frequencies in the range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz.<br />
audio-frequency amplifier:<br />
Amplifier <strong>for</strong> frequencies within the audible range.<br />
audio-frequency choke:<br />
Inductor with appreciable reactance at audio-frequencies.<br />
audio-frequency modulation:<br />
Method of facsimile transmission in which tone values from black to white<br />
are represented by a graded system of audio-frequencies<br />
audio-frequency trans<strong>for</strong>mer:<br />
Trans<strong>for</strong>mer <strong>for</strong> use in a communication channel or amplifier, designed<br />
with a specified, normally uni<strong>for</strong>m, response <strong>for</strong> frequencies used in sound<br />
reproduction.<br />
audiogram:<br />
Standard graph or chart which indicates the hearing loss (in bels) of an<br />
individual ear in terms of frequency.<br />
Also see<br />
objective noise meter<br />
sound-level meter<br />
audiometer:<br />
Instrument <strong>for</strong> measurement of acuity of hearing. Specifically to measure<br />
the minimum intensities of sounds perceivable by an ear <strong>for</strong> specified<br />
frequencies.<br />
Also see<br />
noise audiometer<br />
auditory perspective:
See stereophony<br />
auger effect:<br />
For an atom which has been ionized by the ejection of an inner electron,<br />
the loss of energy by the ejection of an outer electron. Energies of the<br />
Auger electrons emitted are characteristic of the atomic energy levels,<br />
provided a method of determining surface composition and character.<br />
auger yield:<br />
For a given excited state of an atom of a given element, the probability of<br />
de- excitation by Auger process instead of by X-ray emission.<br />
augmentor:<br />
[1] Means of increasing <strong>for</strong>ces by afterburning in a gas turbine.<br />
[2] Means of increasing <strong>for</strong>ces by induced airflow in a rocket.<br />
[3] Means of increasing <strong>for</strong>ces in a wing of STOL aircraft by ducting<br />
compressed air flow from a gas turbine into circulation-increasing slots<br />
and flaps to create high lift coefficients, thereby giving slow landing<br />
speeds.<br />
aural masking:<br />
See masking<br />
aureole:<br />
Liminous glow from the outer portion of electric arc which has a spectrum<br />
different from that of the highly-ionized core.<br />
auroral zone:<br />
Zone where radio transmission is affected by aurora<br />
aus<strong>for</strong>ming:<br />
Working an alloy steel in the metastable austenite condition. The material<br />
is first heated to a temperature where the austenite is stable, i.e., above the<br />
Ac3 temperature, and is then cooled rapidly to the region of 550°C and<br />
worked to shape be<strong>for</strong>e any trans<strong>for</strong>mation to pearlite or bainite takes<br />
place. It trans<strong>for</strong>ms to martensite on cooling at ambient temperature and is<br />
then tempered. Strength and toughness are enhanced compared with the
same material worked conventionally in the austenite region and quenched<br />
and tempered as separate operations.<br />
Also see<br />
isothermal trans<strong>for</strong>mation diagram<br />
austempering:<br />
Heating a steel to trans<strong>for</strong>m it to austenite followed by cooling rapidly to a<br />
temperature above the martensitic change point, but below the critical<br />
range, so that the austenite isothermally trans<strong>for</strong>ms to bainite, which has<br />
properties resembling a quenched and tempered steel of the same<br />
composition.<br />
Also see<br />
isothermal trans<strong>for</strong>mation diagram<br />
austenite:<br />
The higher density, high-temperature, face-centered cubic, γ <strong>for</strong>m of iron<br />
and of solid solutions based on it. In pure iron it is stable between 1183K<br />
and 1663K.<br />
austenite bay:<br />
The shape of the region around 550°C in an isothermal trans<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
diagram which defines the zone where austenite is metastable and remains<br />
in that condition pending trans<strong>for</strong>mation to pearlite or bainite<br />
austenitic steel:<br />
Steel containing sufficient amounts of nickel, nickel and chromium, or<br />
manganese to retain austenite at atmospheric temperature, e.g., austenitic<br />
stainless steel and Hadfield's manganese steel<br />
Austin Healey:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 100-6 models from<br />
1956-59 are milestone cars. The 3000 models<br />
from 1959-67 are milestone cars. The 100/100M<br />
model from 1953-56 are milestone cars.<br />
.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Austin
Austro-Daimler:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are classic cars.<br />
authentication center:<br />
A node within a personal communications network containing the database<br />
files needed to check that potential users have authority to use the system.<br />
authority:<br />
See Lean Authority Limit Switch<br />
Authority Limit:<br />
See lean Authority Limit Switch<br />
Authority Limit Switch:<br />
See lean Authority Limit Switch<br />
authorized dealer:<br />
A company which sells and services a particular brand of vehicle and is<br />
appointed or recommended by a manufacturer.<br />
auto:<br />
[1] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> automatic transmission.<br />
[2] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> automobile.<br />
auto-adhesion:<br />
Bonding together of identical surfaces, as with contact adhesives.<br />
auto-assemble:<br />
System of videotape editing in which selected scenes are transferred in<br />
their required sequence according to a pre-selected program of time-code<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation.<br />
auto bonnet:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a car cover.<br />
autocapacitance coupling:
Coupling of two circuits by a capacitor included in series with a common<br />
branch<br />
autochoke:<br />
A term <strong>for</strong> automatic choke.<br />
autoclave:<br />
A sealable high-pressure container used <strong>for</strong> polymerization and in tire<br />
production.<br />
auto coarse pitch:<br />
The setting of the blades of a propeller to the minimum drag position if<br />
there is a loss of engine power during take-off<br />
autocollimator:<br />
[1] An instrument <strong>for</strong> accurately measuring small changes in the<br />
inclination of reflecting surfaces. Principally used <strong>for</strong> engineering<br />
metrology measurements.<br />
[2] A convex mirror used to produce a parallel beam of light from a<br />
reflecting telescope. It is placed at the focus of the main mirror.<br />
autocorrelation:<br />
Technique <strong>for</strong> detecting weak signals against a strong background level.<br />
Signal is subjected to controlled delay, the original delay signals then<br />
being fed to the autocorrelation unit which responds strongly only if delay<br />
is an exact multiple of signal period.<br />
autocross:<br />
A timed competition of low-to-medium speed driving, with one driver at a<br />
time navigating a small course defined by traffic cones. Drivers compete<br />
against one another <strong>for</strong> the fastest timed lap (sometimes multiple laps)<br />
through the course.<br />
autocue:<br />
A visual prompter which displays a script to persons in front of a TV<br />
camera. Normally mounted on the camera to give eye contact with the<br />
viewers.
autocycle:<br />
An obsolete moped which is a <strong>for</strong>m of a light motorcycle with a small<br />
engine (usually below 100cc) that uses pedals to start the engine and<br />
provide some extra help getting up hills.<br />
auto dealer:<br />
A retail outlet that carries one (or in some cases in the U.S., a number of)<br />
manufacturer's product line and sells to general consumers and fleet<br />
operators. The outlet will also provide service and sell parts <strong>for</strong> the brand<br />
of vehicle that it carries. In some instances, a dealer may dual <strong>for</strong> another<br />
manufacturer's product line.<br />
autodealership:<br />
A retail outlet that carries one (or in some cases in the U.S., a number of)<br />
manufacturer's product line and sells to general consumers and fleet<br />
operators. The outlet will also provide service and sell parts <strong>for</strong> the brand<br />
of vehicle that it carries. In some instances, a dealer may dual <strong>for</strong> another<br />
manufacturer's product line.<br />
autodyne:<br />
Term describing an electrical circuit in which the same elements and<br />
valves are used both as oscillator and detector. Also called endodyne, or<br />
self-heterodyne.<br />
autodyne receiver:<br />
A receiver utilizing the principle of beat reception and including an<br />
autodyne oscillator.<br />
autoflare:<br />
An automatic landing system which operates on the flare-out part of the<br />
landing, using an accurate radio-altimeter.<br />
autofocus assist:<br />
Device which improves autofocus per<strong>for</strong>mance in low light by projecting a<br />
high contrast light pattern onto the subject.<br />
Also see
automatic focusing<br />
auto graveyard:<br />
An auto wrecker where a large number of older or disabled cars and trucks<br />
are located.<br />
autoignition:<br />
[1] The rapid burning of the air-fuel mixture as a result of a flame or hot<br />
surface, not from a spark plug.<br />
[2] The self-ignition or spontaneous combustion of a fuel when introduced<br />
into the heated air charge in the cylinder of a compression-ignition engine.<br />
Also called automatic ignition.<br />
Also see<br />
spontaneous ignition temperature<br />
auto-inductive coupling:<br />
Coupling of two circuits by an inductance included in series with a<br />
common branch.<br />
autojumble:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a "swap meet" where parts <strong>for</strong> old cars are displayed <strong>for</strong><br />
sale in various stalls.<br />
autoland:<br />
A landing in which the descent, <strong>for</strong>ward speed, flare-out, alignment with<br />
the runway, and touchdown are all automatically controlled.<br />
Also see<br />
autoflare<br />
autothrottle<br />
automated guided vehicle system:<br />
(AGVS) Vehicles equipped with automatic guidance equipment which<br />
follow a prescribed path, stopping at each machining or assembly station<br />
<strong>for</strong> manual loading and unloading of parts.<br />
automatic:<br />
[1] Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> automatic transmission.<br />
[2] Anything that operates without the direct control of the driver.
Also see<br />
automatic choke<br />
automatic gearbox<br />
automatic level control<br />
automatic temperature control<br />
automatic transmission<br />
automatic transmission fluid<br />
automatic adjuster:<br />
Brake adjusters that are actuated by the application of the park brake or by<br />
normal brake operation to compensate <strong>for</strong> lining wear. At one time, in<br />
order to activate the brake adjuster, it was necessary to operate the vehicle<br />
in reverse and hit the brakes.<br />
automatic adjusters:<br />
Brake adjusters that are actuated by the application of the parking brake or<br />
by normal brake operation, to compensate <strong>for</strong> lining wear.<br />
automatic advance:<br />
A mechanism which adjusts the ignition advance by means of centrifugal<br />
weights or by a diaphragm controlled by intake manifold vacuum.<br />
automatic air-conditioning:<br />
An air-conditioning system which automatically maintains a preset<br />
temperature.<br />
Also see<br />
automatic temperature control<br />
automatic air-recirculation system:<br />
A heating and ventilation system which automatically switches to the<br />
recirculation mode when the pollutant levels of the air inside the vehicle<br />
exceed certain levels; but after a certain period of recirculation, opens the<br />
intake air doors again to let some fresh air in, even if its quality is still<br />
questionable.<br />
automatic arc lamp:<br />
An arc lamp in which the feeding of the carbons into the arc and the<br />
striking of the arc are done automatically, by electromagnetic or other<br />
means.
automatic arc welding:<br />
Arc welding carried out in a machine which automatically moves the arc<br />
along the joint to be welded, feeds the electrode into the arc, and controls<br />
the length of the arc.<br />
automatic beam control:<br />
(ABC) System in a TV camera which momentarily alters the beam current<br />
in the camera tube to reduce the tailing effects on moving highlights. Also<br />
called automatic beam optimizer<br />
automatic beam optimizer:<br />
See automatic beam control<br />
automatic brightness control:<br />
Circuit used in some television receivers to keep average brightness levels<br />
of screen constant<br />
automatic call distribution:<br />
An intelligent network service which takes account of factors such as time<br />
of day or caller location to route calls to the appropriate point within an<br />
organization.<br />
automatic camera:<br />
Camera in which the focus lens aperture and shutter speed are selected<br />
automatically, film advance by motor drive may also be included. Priority<br />
selection may be available, <strong>for</strong> example, exposure based on either general<br />
or spot areas and with aperture or shutter speed limitations.<br />
automatic car wash:<br />
See car wash
automatic choke:<br />
A device attached to the carburetor that<br />
automatically reduces the amount of air<br />
entering the carburetor by sensing changes<br />
in engine temperature. It is usually<br />
controlled by a coil spring which changes<br />
length as the engine is warmed or cooled.<br />
automatic circuit-breaker:<br />
A circuit breaker which automatically opens the circuit as soon as certain<br />
predetermined conditions (e.g., an overload) occur.<br />
automatic closing system:<br />
A system which automatically closes the doors, windows, sunroof, trunk,<br />
and hood.<br />
automatic contrast control:<br />
Form of automatic gain control used in video signal channel of a television<br />
receiver.<br />
automatic control:<br />
[1] Valve action reached through self-operated or self-actuated means, not<br />
requiring manual adjustment.<br />
[2] Switching system which operates control switches in correct sequence<br />
and at correct intervals automatically.<br />
[3] Control system incorporating servomechanism or similar device, so<br />
that feedback signal from output of system is used to adjust the controls<br />
and maintain optimum operating conditions.<br />
automatic cut-out:<br />
A term frequently applied to a small automatic circuit breaker suitable <strong>for</strong><br />
dealing with currents of a few amperes.<br />
automatic defrost:
System of removing ice and frost from evaporators automatically.<br />
automatic direction finding:<br />
(ADF) Airborne navigational aid tuned to radio source of known position.<br />
Using rotatable loop aerial mounted above in aircraft to detect the<br />
direction of the radio source by rotating until the signal is zero.<br />
automatic expansion valve:<br />
(AEV) pressure-controlled valve which reduces high-pressure liquid<br />
refrigerant to low-pressure liquid refrigerant.<br />
Also see<br />
expansion valve<br />
automatic exposure:<br />
(AE) A control system using a photosensor in the camera to measure scene<br />
brightness and automatically set the lens aperture/shutter speed<br />
combination. Refinements include measuring particular areas of the scene<br />
and program exposure modes. A video camera uses the video signal to<br />
determine exposure.<br />
automatic flight control system:<br />
(AFCS) A category of automatic pilot <strong>for</strong> the control of an aircraft while<br />
en route. It can be monitored by speed and altitude data signals, signals<br />
from an instrument landing system and VOR, has automatic approach<br />
capability, and is disengaged be<strong>for</strong>e landing. Compare autoflare, autoland,<br />
autothrottle<br />
automatic focusing:<br />
(AF) Control system <strong>for</strong> automatically setting the lens focus to the subject<br />
distance; in a simple <strong>for</strong>m, this may be by means of coupled range-finder<br />
but advanced types employ completely automatic examination of the<br />
image. In an enlarger or rostrum camera, lens focus is mechanically set by<br />
the distance from the base.<br />
automatic four-wheel drive:<br />
(A4WD) A driving system that automatically engages 4WD as needed,<br />
usually by monitoring differences in individual wheel speeds and thus<br />
sensing when a tire is slipping.
automatic frequency control:<br />
(AFC) FM stations tend to drift a little, so radios have incorporated the<br />
frequency control to maintain the desired frequency automatically.<br />
automatic frost control:<br />
Control which automatically cycles refrigerating system to remove frost<br />
<strong>for</strong>mation on evaporator.<br />
automatic gain control:<br />
(AGC) System in amplifiers which compensates <strong>for</strong> a wide range of input<br />
signals to give a more uni<strong>for</strong>m level of output and thus accommodate <strong>for</strong> a<br />
wide range of conditions including fading, masking of antenna, and<br />
ambient light.<br />
automatic gearbox:<br />
See automatic transmission<br />
automatic generating plant:<br />
A small generating station, e.g., a gasoline or diesel driven generator and<br />
battery which is automatically started when the battery voltage falls below<br />
a certain value and stopped when it is fully charged. The term is also<br />
applied to the plant in small unattended hydroelectric generating stations.<br />
automatic ice cube maker:<br />
Refrigerating mechanism designed to automatically produce ice cubes in<br />
quantity.<br />
automatic ignition:<br />
Rapid, out of control combustion of the air-fuel mixture in a spark ignition<br />
engine, but not caused by an external ignition source such as a spark,<br />
flame; instead, its caused by a hot spot such as a carbon deposit in the roof<br />
of the combustion chamber. Also called auto-ignition.<br />
automatic level control:<br />
A component of the suspension which raises or lowers either (or both) the<br />
front or rear of the vehicle when there is a change in the amount of load in
the vehicle.<br />
automatic mixture control:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> adjusting the fuel delivery to a reciprocating engine in<br />
proportion to air density.<br />
automatic muting:<br />
An automobile radio which cancels noise output when you turn the station<br />
dial.<br />
automatic observer:<br />
An apparatus <strong>for</strong> recording, photographically or electronically, the<br />
indications of a large number of measuring instruments on experimental<br />
research aircraft.<br />
automatic parachute:<br />
A parachute <strong>for</strong> personnel which is extracted from its pack by a static line<br />
attached to the aircraft.<br />
automatic phase control:<br />
In reproducing color TV images, the circuit which interprets the phase of<br />
the chrominance signal as a signal to be sent to a matrix.<br />
automatic pilot:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> guiding and controlling an aircraft on a given path. It may be<br />
set by the pilot or externally by radio control. Also called autopilot.<br />
Colloquially called George<br />
automatic quiet gain control:<br />
Joint use of automatic gain control and muting<br />
automatic reel change:<br />
On rotary machines, equipment to attach a new reel to an old web, without<br />
stopping the machine and severing the butt end of the old web. Also called<br />
autopaster or flying paster.
automatic ride control:<br />
Electronically operated soft or firm ride as required.<br />
automatic screw machine:<br />
Fully automatic single-spindle or multiple-spindle bar stock turret lathe.<br />
automatic seat belt:<br />
See inertia reel seat belt<br />
automatic shutter:<br />
In a film projector, a shutter which cuts off the light when the mechanism<br />
stops, to protect the film from heat.<br />
automatic signalling:<br />
A system of railway signalling, usually with electric control, in which the<br />
signals behind a train are automatically put to "danger" as soon as the train<br />
has passed, and held in that position until the train has attained the next<br />
section of line.<br />
automatic slip-control differential:<br />
(ASD) An electronically controlled, automatic locking differential<br />
developed by Mercedes-Benz.<br />
automatic speed control:<br />
See cruise control<br />
automatic stabilizer:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of automatic pilot, operating about one or more axes, adjusted to<br />
counteract dynamic instability. Also called autostabilizer.<br />
Also see<br />
damper<br />
automatic starter:<br />
A starter <strong>for</strong> an electric motor which automatically per<strong>for</strong>ms the various<br />
starting operations (e.g., cutting out steps of starting resistance) in the<br />
correct sequence, after being given an initial impulse by means of a push-
utton or other similar device.<br />
automatic steering effect:<br />
Built in tendency of an automobile to resume travel in a straight line when<br />
released from a turn.<br />
automatic stoker:<br />
See mechanical stoker<br />
automatic substation:<br />
A substation containing rotating machinery which, as occasion demands, is<br />
started and stopped automatically, e.g., by a voltage relay which operates<br />
when the voltage falls below or rises above a certain predetermined value.<br />
automatic synchronizer:<br />
A device which per<strong>for</strong>ms the process of synchronization in an ac circuit<br />
automatically<br />
automatic tap-changing equipment:<br />
A voltage-regulating device which automatically changes the tapping on<br />
the winding of a trans<strong>for</strong>mer to regulate the voltage in a desired manner.<br />
automatic temperature control:<br />
A system which regulates the heater and air conditioner so that the<br />
temperature inside the vehicle meets the preset temperature.<br />
automatic test equipment:<br />
(ATE) An electronic equipment <strong>for</strong> testing ignition, wiring, fuel injection<br />
systems, etc.<br />
automatic tracking:<br />
[1] Servo control of radar system operated by a received signal, to keep<br />
antenna aligned on target.<br />
[2] Maintenance of head-track alignment in a helical scan VTR over a<br />
range of playback speeds. This may be achieved by control signals<br />
recorded in the video tracks (instead of a control track) or by sensing<br />
variations in radio-frequency amplitude caused by azimuth recording, with
either being used to adjust the servo mechanism or the position of heads<br />
on piezoelectric mounts.<br />
Also see<br />
dynamic track following<br />
automatic train stop:<br />
A catch, used in conjunction with an automatic signalling system, which<br />
engages a trip-cock on the train passes a signal at danger.<br />
automatic transmission:<br />
A mechanism of the drivetrain<br />
which takes the power from<br />
the engine and transfers it to<br />
the driveshaft or wheels.<br />
Without using a clutch, it uses<br />
a torque converter and fluid<br />
coupler to change the gear<br />
ratio. It automatically effects<br />
gear changes to meet varying<br />
road and load conditions.<br />
Gear changing is done<br />
through a series of oil<br />
operated clutches and bands.<br />
automatic transmission fluid:<br />
(ATF) A very thin viscosity liquid designed <strong>for</strong> use in automatic<br />
transmissions to transfer the movement of the torque converter to the<br />
driveshaft. However it is also recommended <strong>for</strong> use in the <strong>for</strong>ks of<br />
motorcycles. When poured into the throat of an automobile carburetor, it<br />
helps to remove a build-up of carbon on the cylinder head and the domes<br />
of pistons.<br />
automatic trolley reverser:<br />
An arrangement of the overhead contact line of a tramway, located at<br />
terminal points, which ensures that the trolley collector is reversed when<br />
the direction of motion of the car is reversed.<br />
automatic tuning:
[1] System of tuning in which any of a number of predetermined<br />
transmissions may be selected by means of push-buttons or similar<br />
devices.<br />
[2] Fine tuning of receiver circuits by electronic means, following rough<br />
tuning by hand.<br />
automatic voltage regulator:<br />
A voltage regulator which automatically holds the voltage of a distribution<br />
circuit or an alternator constant within certain limits, or causes it to vary in<br />
a predetermined manner.<br />
Also see<br />
automatic tap-changing equipment<br />
moving-coil regulator<br />
automatic volume compression:<br />
Reduction of signal voltage range from sounds which vary widely in<br />
volume, e.g., orchestral music. This is necessary be<strong>for</strong>e they can be<br />
recorded or broadcast but ideally requires corresponding expansion in the<br />
reproducing system to compensate.<br />
automatic volume control:<br />
(AVC)[1]Alteration of the contrast (dynamics) of sound during<br />
reproduction by any means. By compression (compounder) a higher level<br />
of average signal is obtained <strong>for</strong> modulation of a carrier, the expansion<br />
(expander) per<strong>for</strong>ming the reverse function at the receiver. In high-fidelity<br />
reproduction, arbitrary expansion can be disturbing because of variation in<br />
background noise, if present.<br />
[2] An automobile radio which automatically limits the maximum volume<br />
to a preset level.<br />
automatic volume expansion:<br />
Expansion of dynamic range, e.g., by keeping peak level constant and<br />
automatically reducing the lower levels. Used to counteract loss of<br />
dynamic range through studio or recording equipment, or during<br />
transmission.<br />
automatic wear adjuster:
A device that automatically compensates <strong>for</strong> the wear of brakes or clutch.<br />
automatic welding:<br />
Welding in which the work, the torch, and/or the arc is mechanically<br />
moved and controls are used to control the speed and/or the direction of<br />
travel.<br />
automatic white balance:<br />
(AWB) A self-adjusting balancing system which monitors the lighting and<br />
corrects <strong>for</strong> changes in color temperature<br />
automatic wire stripper:<br />
A tool which removes the outer insulation<br />
from a wire by automatically adjusting to the<br />
size of the wire thus avoiding damaging the<br />
wires.<br />
automixte system:<br />
A system of operation of gasoline-electric vehicles in which a battery,<br />
connected in parallel with the generator, supplies current during starting<br />
and heavy-load periods and is charged by the generator during light-load<br />
periods. Also called Pieper system<br />
automobile:<br />
Four-wheeled passenger motor vehicle having a seating capacity <strong>for</strong> not<br />
more than 10 people. It includes police cars and racing cars but not<br />
ambulances, hearses, or trucks. In Britain, the word "automobile" is not in<br />
frequent use and has been replaced by "motor car."<br />
automobile association:<br />
A motoring club which provides assistance to drivers including insurance,<br />
maps, travel arrangements, etc.<br />
Also see<br />
AA<br />
AAA<br />
Royal Automobile Club
Automobile Club:<br />
See<br />
AA<br />
AAA<br />
Royal Automobile Club<br />
automobile engineering:<br />
See automotive engineering<br />
automobile industry:<br />
The manufacturing industry <strong>for</strong> building automobiles. Also called motor<br />
industry.<br />
automobile insurance:<br />
A plan which a motorist can purchase <strong>for</strong> his vehicle which will offset the<br />
repair costs of a vehicle which has been involved in an accident. Some<br />
plans are offered by a government agency while others are run by<br />
independent agencies. All plans offer the basic coverage of property<br />
damage and public liability. Others offer extra benefits which cover glass<br />
damage, theft, vandalism, etc.<br />
Automobile Labelling Act:<br />
See American Automobile Labelling Act<br />
automobile manufacturer:<br />
An company which designs, builds, and distributes cars and trucks. Also<br />
called motor manufacturer.<br />
automobile mechanic:<br />
An individual who repairs and maintains cars and trucks. Also called<br />
(especially in Britain) motor mechanic.<br />
automobile polish:<br />
A wax or synthetic which is designed to give a glossy, protective finish to<br />
a painted surface. Also called car polish..
automotive:<br />
Relating to or occurring in automobiles.<br />
automotive adhesive:<br />
A glue used in the manufacturing of automobiles.<br />
automotive electrician:<br />
An individual who works with designing the electrical system <strong>for</strong><br />
automobiles.<br />
automotive electronics:<br />
The use of electronic equipment in automobiles.<br />
automotive emissions:<br />
All the different types of fumes that are expelled into the atmosphere<br />
(exhaust gas, fuel fumes, crankcase fumes) as well as the noise it makes.<br />
automotive engineering:<br />
The design and construction of automobiles.<br />
Automotive Engineers:<br />
See society of Automotive Engineers<br />
automotive gas oil:<br />
(AGO) US term <strong>for</strong> gas oil used mainly as diesel fuel; same as the UK<br />
term DERV<br />
Automotive Repair and Service Council:<br />
See Canadian Automotive Repair and Service Council<br />
automotive tool:<br />
Any of the tools used in the construction, maintenance, or repair of<br />
automobiles.
autonomics:<br />
Study of self-regulating systems <strong>for</strong> process control, optimizing<br />
per<strong>for</strong>mance.<br />
autonomous vehicle:<br />
Generally unmanned aircraft operating without external assistance<br />
Auto Pact base year:<br />
With respect to the Auto Pact, the 12 month period beginning on August 1,<br />
1963, and ending on July 31, 1964.<br />
Auto Pact Canadian value added:<br />
The aggregate of the costs of parts, material, labour costs, and<br />
transportation costs that are reasonably attributed to the production of<br />
vehicles or parts by manufacturers producing vehicles in Canada.<br />
Autopar:<br />
Trade name of Chrysler Corp <strong>for</strong> its automobile parts (i.e.,<br />
AUTOmobilePARts). Chrysler also uses the name Mopar to indicate its<br />
motor parts (i.e., MOtorPARts).<br />
auto parts store:<br />
Jobber and retail auto parts stores which primarily sell automotive<br />
products and conduct business at the retail level.<br />
autopaster:<br />
See automatic reel change<br />
autopilot:<br />
See automatic pilot<br />
autoplate:<br />
A machine which can deliver a curved stereoplate <strong>for</strong> rotary printing; built<br />
to suit the requirements of each particular rotary machine.<br />
autoradiograph:
Photographic record, usually of a biological specimen, produced by<br />
exposure to radiation from self-contained radioactive material which has<br />
been injected or absorbed.<br />
auto-reclose circuit breaker:<br />
A circuit breaker which, after tripping due to a fault, automatically<br />
recloses after a time interval which may be adjusted to have any value<br />
between a fraction of a second and 1 or 2 minutes<br />
auto reverse:<br />
A feature on a cassette player which will automatically play the next side<br />
of a cassette tape when one side is finished.<br />
autorotation:<br />
[1] The spin; continuous rotation of a symmetrical body in a uni<strong>for</strong>m airstream<br />
due entirely to aerodynamic moments.<br />
[2] Unpowered rotorcraft flight, in a helicopter with engine stopped, in<br />
which the symmetrical airfoil rotates at high incidence parallel with the<br />
airflow.<br />
autoset level:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of dumpy level <strong>for</strong> rapid operation, in which the essential features<br />
are a quick-levelling head, and an optical device which neutralizes errors<br />
of levelling so that the bubbles need not be central while an observation is<br />
being made.<br />
autostabilizer:<br />
See automatic stabilizer<br />
autostick:<br />
A trademark name <strong>for</strong> a <strong>for</strong>m of semi-automatic transmission. It combines<br />
an automatic transmission with the gear-shifting feature of a manual<br />
transmission without the use of a foot-operated clutch. In the normal<br />
automatic transmission drive mode, the transmission behaves like any<br />
other automatic. The manual-shifting feature allows more control over the<br />
full range of rpms an engine offers. Porsche and Audi offer a related<br />
transmission technology called "Tiptronic." The Lexus GS400 also has a<br />
similar transmission but instead of using a stick to change gears it employs
uttons on the steering wheel. Several other automakers offer similar<br />
technologies.<br />
autosynchronous motor:<br />
See synchronous induction motor<br />
autothermic piston:<br />
An aluminum piston in which steel or alloy inserts are cast to control<br />
expansion of the piston skirt.<br />
autothrottle:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> controlling the power of an aero-engine to keep the approach<br />
path angle and speed constant during an automatic blind landing.<br />
autotransductor:<br />
Transductor in which the same winding is used <strong>for</strong> power transfer and<br />
control<br />
autotrans<strong>for</strong>mer:<br />
Trans<strong>for</strong>mer in which both primary and secondary coils have turns in<br />
common. Step-up or step-down of voltage is accomplished by taps on<br />
common winding.<br />
autotrans<strong>for</strong>mer starter:<br />
A starter <strong>for</strong> squirrel-cage induction motors, in which the voltage, applied<br />
to the motor at starting is reduced by means of an autotrans<strong>for</strong>mer.<br />
auto wrecker:<br />
A place where old and disabled cars and truck go. The parts are removed<br />
and sold. Also called an auto graveyard.<br />
AUX:<br />
auxiliary:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "auxiliary" usually indicating those terminals on the fuse<br />
panel <strong>for</strong> non-standard equipment.
Additionally, supplementary.<br />
auxiliary acceleration pump:<br />
(AAP) a pump that increases driveability during cold engine operation by<br />
providing an extra amount of fuel to the acceleration nozzle to supplement<br />
the main acceleration pump.<br />
auxiliary air bleeds:<br />
Used on some idle systems to add air to the idle system downstream from<br />
the regular idle air bleed; they act in parallel with idle air bleed.<br />
auxiliary air intake:<br />
[1] An air intake <strong>for</strong> accessories, cooling, cockpit air, etc.<br />
[2] Additional intake <strong>for</strong> turbojet engines when running at full power on<br />
the ground, usually spring loaded so that it will open only at a<br />
predetermined suction value.<br />
auxiliary air valve:<br />
A device which allows air to bypass a closed throttle during engine start<br />
and warm-up, in order to maintain a higher idle speed. The auxiliary air<br />
valve provides extra air into the intake manifold during cold engine<br />
starting <strong>for</strong> a higher idle speed during warm-up.<br />
auxiliary brake light:<br />
Additional brake lights mounted at eye level in the rear window or on the<br />
rear fenders. They are designed to give a following vehicle more notice of<br />
your presence and intention of stopping.<br />
auxiliary contact:<br />
See auxiliary switch<br />
auxiliary drive shaft:<br />
A secondary drive shaft which powers the fuel pump, water pump, or<br />
distributor.<br />
auxiliary driving lamp:
A light which supplements the headlights such as a fog light or spot light.<br />
auxiliary driving light:<br />
A light which supplements the headlamps such as a fog light or spot light.<br />
auxiliary gearbox:<br />
An extra gearbox used in conjunction with the main (manual) gearbox to<br />
provide an additional range of speeds.<br />
auxiliary gauge:<br />
The gauge which indicates compressor inlet pressure on older Chrysler<br />
Corporation vehicles with an Evaporator Pressure Regulator (EPR) valve;<br />
also used to measure evaporator pressure on some Ford vehicles with a<br />
Suction Throttling Valve (STV).<br />
auxiliary leaf:<br />
An extra leaf in a set of leaf springs. Also called helper leaf or helper<br />
spring.<br />
auxiliary lighting:<br />
Extra lighting such as fog lights, spot light, and driving lights which are<br />
intended to improve visibility under adverse conditions.<br />
auxiliary plant:<br />
A term used in generating-station practice to cover the condenser pumps,<br />
mechanical stokers, feed-water pumps, and other equipment used with the<br />
main boiler, turbine, and generator plant.<br />
auxiliary pole:<br />
See compole<br />
auxiliary power unit:<br />
(APU) An independent airborne engine to provide power <strong>for</strong> ancillary<br />
equipment, electrical services, starting, etc. May be a small reciprocating<br />
or turbine.
auxiliary rotor:<br />
A small rotor mounted at the tail of a helicopter, usually in a perpendicular<br />
plane, which counteracts the torque of the main rotor; used to give<br />
directional and rotary control to the aircraft.<br />
auxiliary shaft:<br />
In an overhead cam engine, a separate shaft that drives devices such as the<br />
fuel pump, the oil pump, and the distributor.<br />
auxiliary switch:<br />
A small switch operated mechanically from a main switch or circuit<br />
breaker; used <strong>for</strong> operating such auxiliary devices as alarm bells,<br />
indicators, etc. Also called auxiliary contact<br />
auxiliary tanks:<br />
See fuel tank<br />
auxiliary transmission:<br />
Additional gear box increasing the gear ratio combinations when used with<br />
main transmission or multi-speed axles.<br />
auxiliary venturi:<br />
See booster venturi<br />
auxiliary winding:<br />
A special winding on a machine or trans<strong>for</strong>mer, additional to the main<br />
winding.<br />
auxometer:<br />
An apparatus <strong>for</strong> measuring the magnifying power of an optical system<br />
available power efficiency:<br />
The ratio of electrical power available at the terminals of an<br />
electroacoustic transducer to the acoustical power output of the transducer.<br />
The latter should con<strong>for</strong>m with the reciprocity principle so that the<br />
efficiency in sound reception is equal to that in transmission.
available power gain:<br />
The ratio of the available power output of an amplifier to the input power;<br />
equal to power gain only when the output of the device or circuit is<br />
correctly matched to the load.<br />
available power response:<br />
For an electroacoustic transducer, the ratio of mean square sound pressure<br />
at a distance of 1 meter, in a defined direction from the "acoustic center" of<br />
the transducer, to the available electrical power input. The response will be<br />
expressed in dB above the reference response of 1 μbar²W -1 of available<br />
electrical power.<br />
avalanche:<br />
Self-augmentation of ionization.<br />
Also see<br />
Townsend avalanche<br />
Zener effect<br />
avalanche diode:<br />
A semiconductor breakdown diode, usually silicon, in which avalanche<br />
breakdown occurs across the entire p-n junction, giving a voltage drop<br />
which is constant and independent of current. Avalanche diodes break<br />
down much more sharply than Zener diodes. Used in high-speed switching<br />
circuits and microwave oscillators.<br />
avalanche effect:<br />
Cumulative multiplication of carriers in a semiconductor because of<br />
avalanche breakdown. This occurs when the electric field across the<br />
barrier region is strong enough to allow production and cumulative<br />
multiplication of carriers by ionization.<br />
avalanche photodiode:<br />
A photosensitive avalanche diode used as the detector in optical fiber<br />
systems. Its avalanche multiplication factor improves the receiver signalto-noise<br />
ratio by enhancing signal power without increasing thermal noise.
avalanche transistor:<br />
A transistor depending on avalanche breakdown to produce hole-electron<br />
pairs. It can give very high gain in the common-emitter mode or very rapid<br />
switching.<br />
Avalon:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Toyota<br />
avant:<br />
See traction avant<br />
AVC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " automatic volume control".<br />
.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Toyota<br />
Avalon<br />
average:<br />
[1] A calculation in which the mean value or rate is determined. The<br />
average speed is determined by dividing the distance by the time (e.g., 273<br />
kilometers divided by 3 hours = 91 kph). Average fuel consumption is<br />
determined as a ratio of fuel and distance. In the metric system, this is<br />
determined by multiplying the number of liters by 100 and dividing the<br />
result by the number of kilometers (e.g., 31.38 liters times 100 divided by<br />
273 kilometers = 11.49 liters / 100 km). In the Imperial system divide the<br />
number of miles by the amount of fuel in gallons (e.g., 173 miles divided<br />
by 6.9 gallons = 25 mpg).<br />
[2] Loss or damage of marine property, less than total: compensation<br />
payment in proportion to amount insured.<br />
average current:<br />
The current obtained by adding together the products of currents flowing<br />
in a circuit and the times <strong>for</strong> which they flow and dividing by the total<br />
time considered. For direct current the average value is constant; <strong>for</strong> true<br />
alternating current, the average value is zero.
Average Fuel Economy:<br />
See Corporate Average Fuel Economy<br />
average haul distance:<br />
The distance between the center of gravity of a cutting and that of the<br />
embankment <strong>for</strong>med from material excavated from the cutting.<br />
average power output:<br />
In an amplitude-modulated transmission, the radio-frequency power<br />
delivered by a transmitter, averaged over one cycle or other specified<br />
interval of the modulating signal.<br />
average weekly earnings:<br />
Gross taxable payrolls divided by the number of employees.<br />
avgas:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> aviation gasoline.<br />
Also see<br />
aviation spirit<br />
aviation bi-phase shift keying:<br />
A digital modulation scheme in which a "1" is represented by a +90° phase<br />
transition and a "0" by a -90° transition of the carrier<br />
aviation fuel:<br />
A high octane fuel used primarily in aircraft but also used in racing<br />
vehicles to improve per<strong>for</strong>mance. Generally liquid hydrocarbons, because<br />
of high heat of combustion per unit of fuel mass (specific energy) and<br />
volume (energy density), ease of combustion, moderate volatility and<br />
viscosity, and good thermal stability and capacity. Liquid hydrogen and<br />
pentaborane (B5H9) have also been used experimentally.<br />
Also see<br />
aviation gasoline<br />
aviation kerosine<br />
aviation gasoline:
(AVGAS) Blends of liquid hydrocarbons, almost all petroleum products<br />
boiling between 32° and 220°C, with anti-knock rating from 80 octane<br />
number to 145 per<strong>for</strong>mance number. Only small quantities are now used.<br />
Also see<br />
aviation fuel<br />
aviation kerosine<br />
aviation kerosine:<br />
For gas turbine engines, fuel which typically boils over the range 144°-<br />
252°C. Variants include Jet A-1 (AVTUR), the international jet fuel; Jet B<br />
(AVTAG), a blend of naphtha with kerosine now being phased out except<br />
<strong>for</strong> use in cold climates; AVCAT, a naval jet fuel with high flash-point <strong>for</strong><br />
safety in enclosed spaces in ships; AVPIN, an aviation isopropyl nitrate;<br />
and AVGARD, trade name <strong>for</strong> an additive with anti-misting properties.<br />
Also see<br />
aviation gasoline<br />
aviation spirit:<br />
(avgas) A motor fuel with a low initial boiling point and complying with a<br />
certain specification, <strong>for</strong> use in aircraft. Ranges from 73 to 120/130 octane<br />
rating.<br />
Also see<br />
aviation kerosine<br />
wide-cut fuel<br />
aviatrix:<br />
Female aviator<br />
avionics:<br />
The collective word <strong>for</strong> a spacecraft or aircraft's subsystem elements<br />
which involve electronic principles. A contraction of "aviation<br />
electronics."<br />
a-vis:<br />
See vis-a-vis<br />
avoidance system:<br />
See collision avoidance system<br />
avpin:
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> aviation isopropyl nitrate<br />
avpol:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> aviation petrol, oil, and lubricant<br />
avtag:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> aviation wide-cut turbine fuel.<br />
Also see<br />
wide-cut fuel<br />
avtur:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> aviation turbine fuel.<br />
Also see<br />
aviation kerosine<br />
AWACS:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> airborne warning and control system<br />
aware:<br />
See environmentally aware<br />
AWB:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> automatic white balance<br />
AWD:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> " all-wheel drive."<br />
awl:<br />
A pointed or flat tool used to probe nail holes and injuries as well as <strong>for</strong><br />
installing a repair plug.<br />
awning:<br />
A canvas roof which is stretched out from a parked trailer or camper to<br />
give protection from the sun and rain.<br />
awning deck:
Axe:<br />
axes:<br />
A superstructure deck, as the name implies. In its simplest <strong>for</strong>m, it is the<br />
top deck of a two-deck ship, and places the ship in a certain category <strong>for</strong><br />
scantling and freeboard.<br />
Trade name <strong>for</strong> a range of digital switches manufactured by the Swedish<br />
company I. M. Ericsson Telefonaktiebolaget.<br />
Plural of axis<br />
axial compressor:<br />
[1] A compressor characterized by the unusual piston arrangement. The<br />
pistons are arranged horizontally around and parallel to the crankshaft axis<br />
or centerline.<br />
[2] A multistage, high-efficiency compressor comprising alternate rows of<br />
moving and fixed blades attached to a rotor and its casing respectively.<br />
axial engine:<br />
Turbine engine with an axial-flow compressor.<br />
axial-flow compressor:<br />
A compressor in which alternate rows of radially-mounted rotating and<br />
fixed airfoil blades pass the air through an annular passage of decreasing<br />
area in an axial direction.<br />
axial-flow turbine:<br />
Characteristic aero-engine turbine, usually of 1-3 rotating stages, in which<br />
the gas flow is substantially axial<br />
axial pitch:<br />
The distance from any point on one thread or helix to the corresponding<br />
point on the next thread or helix measured along the axis of the screw or<br />
helix.<br />
axial ratio:
Ratio of major to minor axis of polarization ellipse <strong>for</strong> e.g., a wave<br />
propagated in waveguide, polarized light. Also called ellipticity<br />
axial response:<br />
The response of a microphone or loudspeaker, measured with the sound-<br />
measuring device on the axis of the appearance being tested.<br />
axial runout:<br />
Variation from the plane normal to its axis of a rotating part. Its wobble,<br />
rather than its eccentricity. Compare radial runout<br />
axiotron:<br />
Valve in which the electron stream to the anode is controlled by the<br />
magnetic field of the heating current<br />
axis:<br />
[1] The centerline, whether real or imaginary, around which a thing<br />
rotates.<br />
[2] One of the three axes of an aircraft, which are the straight lines through<br />
the center of gravity about which change of attitude occurs: longitudinal or<br />
drag axis in the plane of symmetry (roll); normal or lift axis vertically in<br />
the plane of symmetry (yaw); and the lateral or pitch axis transversely<br />
(pitch).<br />
Also see<br />
wind axes<br />
[3] Of a lens, the line of symmetry of the optical system; the line along<br />
which there is no refraction.<br />
Also see<br />
cam-ground piston<br />
eccentric bolt<br />
hotchkiss drive<br />
kingpin axis<br />
kingpin inclination<br />
axis inclination:<br />
See steering axis inclination<br />
swivel axis inclination<br />
axis of a weld:<br />
moment of inertia<br />
pivot axis<br />
roll axis<br />
self-aligning torque<br />
static balance<br />
steering-swivel axis<br />
steering axis inclination<br />
steering axis<br />
steering geometry<br />
steering knuckle angle.<br />
swivel axis<br />
torque<br />
trailing arm
axle:<br />
An imaginary line along the center of gravity of the weld metal and<br />
perpendicular to a cross section of the weld metal.<br />
An axle is a shaft on which<br />
the wheels revolve. A fullfloating<br />
axle is used to drive<br />
the rear wheels. It does not<br />
hold them on nor support<br />
them. A semi-floating or onequarter<br />
floating axle is used to<br />
drive the wheels, hold them<br />
on, and support them. A threequarter<br />
floating axle is used to<br />
drive the rear wheels as well<br />
as hold them on, but it does<br />
not support them. A live axle<br />
holds the wheels and<br />
transmits power to the wheels.<br />
A dead axle or beam axle<br />
merely holds the wheels, but<br />
does not transmit power to the<br />
wheels.<br />
ackermann axle<br />
back axle<br />
banjo axle<br />
beam axle<br />
cambered axle<br />
dead axle<br />
de Dion axle<br />
driven axle<br />
driving axle<br />
drop-center<br />
axle<br />
dropped axle<br />
dual axles<br />
Elliot axle<br />
Elliot type axle<br />
front axle<br />
full-floating axle<br />
gross axle weight rating<br />
hypoid axle<br />
I-beam axle<br />
Jeantaud axle and<br />
steering<br />
live axle<br />
low pivot swing axle<br />
rear axle crossmember<br />
rear axle differential<br />
axle and steering:<br />
See jeantaud axle and steering<br />
axle articulation:<br />
Also see<br />
rear axle housing tandem axle<br />
rear axle ratio three-quarter floating<br />
reverse-Elliot type axle<br />
axle<br />
torque tube axle<br />
reversed Elliot axle trailing axle<br />
rigid axle twin axle<br />
rigid axle connection twist-beam rear axle<br />
semi-floating axle two-speed axle<br />
slewed axles weissach axle<br />
spread axle<br />
steering axle<br />
stub axle<br />
swing axle .<br />
z-axle.
The degree to which an axle can move up and down. Off-road vehicles<br />
need a great deal of axle articulation to allow <strong>for</strong> extremely uneven terrain,<br />
such as rocks or gullies.<br />
axle-box:<br />
Box-shaped housing containing the axle bearings and lubricant.<br />
Constrained laterally on guides and supports the weight of vehicle through<br />
springs.<br />
axle casing:<br />
A British term indicating a tubular housing which encloses the differential<br />
and half-shafts along with their bearings. The US term is " axle housing".<br />
axle connection:<br />
See rigid axle connection<br />
axle crossmember:<br />
See rear axle crossmember<br />
axle differential:<br />
See rear axle differential<br />
axle drive:<br />
The ring gear and pinion inside a differential housing.<br />
Also see<br />
final drive<br />
axle end gear:<br />
See axle end gears<br />
axle end gears:<br />
The two gears, one per axle, that are splined to the inner ends of the drive<br />
axles. They mesh with and are driven by the spider gears.<br />
axle flange:<br />
Flange to which a road wheel attaches at the end of an axleshaft.
axle housing:<br />
An American term indicating a tubular housing which encloses the<br />
differential and half-shafts along with their bearings. The British term is "<br />
axle casing."<br />
Also see<br />
rear axle housing, banjo type<br />
rear axle housing<br />
rear axle housing, split type<br />
axle housing banjo:<br />
See rear axle housing, banjo type<br />
axle housing banjo type:<br />
See rear axle housing, banjo type<br />
axle housing split:<br />
See rear axle housing, split type<br />
axle housing split type:<br />
See rear axle housing, split type<br />
axle load:<br />
See axle weight<br />
axle parallelism:<br />
Axles are determined to be parallel, thus minimizing tire wear, if a<br />
measurement between two or more axles is equal at both ends of the axle.<br />
axle ratio:<br />
See back axle ratio<br />
rear axle ratio<br />
axles:<br />
See dual axles<br />
axle shaft:<br />
[1] The short shaft which connects the differential and the drive shaft on<br />
each side of an independent suspension configuration.
[2] The drive shaft or halfshaft of a rigid axle.<br />
axle stand:<br />
An adjustable height tripod used to support a vehicle when working<br />
underneath it. Although you can raise the car with the jack, use an axle<br />
stand <strong>for</strong> safety.<br />
axle track:<br />
Distance between centerlines of tire tread measured across axle.<br />
axle tramp:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of wheel hop which is usually found in live rear axle cars. It occurs<br />
when sudden torque loads on the suspension cause the driven wheels to<br />
shake violently by slightly rotating the wheels and then springing back.<br />
axle tube:<br />
The part of the axle housing which covers the half-shaft or a tubular rigid<br />
axle.<br />
axle weight:<br />
The part of the weight of the vehicle which rests on the wheels of the axle.<br />
Also see<br />
gross axle weight rating<br />
axle weight rating:<br />
See gross axle weight rating<br />
axle wind up:<br />
The phenomenon in which the torque<br />
transmitted to the wheels by the axle<br />
which causes the live axle to turn in<br />
its own centerline.
axonometry:<br />
Measurement of the axes of crystals<br />
Ayrton:<br />
See Senna, Ayrton<br />
azeotrope:<br />
Having constant maximum and minimum boiling points.<br />
azeotropic mixture:<br />
Example of azeotropic mixture: refrigerant R-502 is mixture consisting of<br />
48.8 % refrigerant R-22 and 51.2% R-115. The refrigerants do not<br />
combine chemically, yet azeotropic mixture provides refrigeration<br />
characteristics desired<br />
azimuth:<br />
[1] The angle between the vertical plane containing a line or celestial body<br />
and the plane of the meridian, conventionally measured from north<br />
through east in astronomical computations, and from south through west in<br />
triangulation and precise traverse work.<br />
Also see<br />
azimuth angle<br />
[2] The angle, normally 90°, between the direction of motion of the film or<br />
tape and the slit or gap in the optical or magnetic head.<br />
Also see<br />
bearing<br />
azimuthal power instability:<br />
Abnormal neutron behavior which results in uneven nuclear conditions in<br />
the reactor<br />
azimuth angle:<br />
Horizontal angle of observed line with reference to true north.<br />
azimuth marker:<br />
Line on radar display made to pass through target so that the bearing may<br />
be determined.
azimuth recording:<br />
Employing heads with opposed azimuth angles to minimize crosstalk<br />
between adjacent tracks, each head attenuating the other recorded signal.<br />
Removes the need <strong>for</strong> guard bands. Also called slant-azimuth recording<br />
azimuth stabilized PPI:<br />
Form of plan position indicator display which is stabilized by a<br />
gyrocompass, so that the top of the screen always corresponds to north.<br />
azodicarbonamide:<br />
(ADC) Blowing agent used in structural foam molding to create foam<br />
core. Decomposes at about 190° C to give CO, CO2, and N2 gases.<br />
azusa:<br />
US radio-tracking system <strong>for</strong> missile guidance.<br />
BA:<br />
An abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "British Association" which is a term used to describe<br />
a series of fine, small diameter threads <strong>for</strong> electrical and precision<br />
equipment<br />
babbitt:<br />
An alloy of tin, copper, and antimony having good antifriction properties.<br />
Used as a facing <strong>for</strong> bearings.<br />
babbitt metal:<br />
See babbitt
aby seat:<br />
A specially designed seating device (which is not<br />
generally standard equipment) to hold safely very<br />
young children (usually under the weight of 10<br />
kilograms).<br />
BAC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Blood Alcohol Content"<br />
back:<br />
back axle:<br />
The rear axle<br />
back axle ratio:<br />
See final drive ratio<br />
backbone:<br />
See backbone frame.<br />
backbone chassis:<br />
See backbone frame<br />
See<br />
blow back<br />
die-back<br />
die back<br />
kamm back<br />
popping back<br />
spine-back
ackbone frame:<br />
A frame, having the cross-section of a<br />
rectangular box, that runs along the center of<br />
the vehicle and occupies the space between<br />
the seats. This box generally divides at the<br />
front, running along each side of the gearbox<br />
and engine up to a crossmember to which the<br />
front suspension pieces are attached. At the<br />
rear a similar triangular frame encloses the<br />
final-drive housing and provides attaching<br />
points <strong>for</strong> the rear suspension. Lightness<br />
combined with high torsional rigidity are<br />
features of this frame design, made famous<br />
by Colin Chapman with the Lotus Elan.<br />
Also see<br />
tubular backbone frame<br />
backfire:<br />
[1] Passage of unburned fuel mixture into the exhaust system where it is<br />
ignited and causes an explosion (backfire) prematurely.<br />
[2] Sometimes ignition takes place in the intake manifold by a flame from<br />
a cylinder because the intake valve leaks. Burning of the fuel mixture in<br />
the intake manifold may be caused by faulty timing, crossed plug wires,<br />
leaky intake valve, etc.<br />
[3] A welding term referring to a short "pop" of the torch flame followed<br />
by extinguishing of the flame or continued burning of the gasses<br />
backfiring:<br />
Repeated backfires in the exhaust or the cylinders<br />
backflow scavenging:<br />
See loop scavenging<br />
backflushing:<br />
See flushing the cooling system.<br />
backhand welding:<br />
Welding in the direction opposite to the direction that the gas flame is<br />
pointing. Also called "backward welding."
acking:<br />
Some material placed on the root side of a weld to aid control of<br />
penetration.<br />
Also see<br />
steel backing<br />
backing pad:<br />
A rubber disc which is secured to a spindle which in turn is attached to a<br />
drill or other tool which rotates the spindle. An abrasive disc or polishing<br />
disc is secured to the backing pad.<br />
backing plate:<br />
The part of a drum brake to which the wheel cylinder(s) and the brake<br />
shoes are attached. See brake backing plate.<br />
backlash:<br />
The amount of "play" or clearance between two parts. In the case of gears,<br />
it refers to how much one gear can be moved back and <strong>for</strong>th without<br />
moving the gear into which it is meshed.<br />
backlight:<br />
The rear window of a vehicle. Most people call it a "rear window" and<br />
think of "backlight" as the taillight<br />
backlight heater:<br />
Heated rear window<br />
backlight defogging system:<br />
Heated rear window<br />
back panel:<br />
The panel of the body shell set underneath the trunk lid. It is sometimes<br />
referred to as the rear valance if the area below the trunk lid consists of<br />
only a single panel that extends down to the bottom of the body; in many<br />
designs, however, the rear valance is a separate horizontal panel that
extends from the rear bumper area downward. The British term is "rear<br />
panel"<br />
backplate:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> brake backing plate<br />
back pressure:<br />
[1] The resistance to the flow of exhaust gases through the exhaust system.<br />
By rerouting the exhaust gases <strong>for</strong> noise suppression, a muffler causes<br />
back pressure, but a straight pipe alone causes only minimal back pressure.<br />
Some engines require back pressure, so that removing the exhaust system<br />
will cause internal damage.<br />
[2] Pressure in low side of refrigerating systems; also called suction<br />
pressure or low-side pressure<br />
Also see<br />
exhaust back pressure<br />
negative back pressure valve<br />
negative back pressure modulated valve<br />
back pressure modulated:<br />
See negative back pressure modulated valve<br />
back pressure modulated valve:<br />
See negative back pressure modulated valve<br />
back pressure valve:<br />
See negative back pressure valve<br />
backpressure variable transducer:<br />
(BVT) a system combining a ported EGR valve and a backpressure<br />
variable transducer to control emissions of NOx<br />
backrest:<br />
The back (upright) part of the seat against which your back reclines<br />
back-seat:
An air conditioning term which means to rotate a service valve<br />
counterclockwise all the way down until the valve is back-seated. When<br />
referring to a stem type service valve, the term has a more specific<br />
meaning-in the back-seated position, the valve outlet to the system is open<br />
and the service port in the valve is closed (its normal operating position)<br />
back seating:<br />
fluid opening/closing such as a gauge opening; to seat the joint where the<br />
valve stem goes through the valve body<br />
back-step welding:<br />
Welding small sections of a joint in a direction opposite the direction that<br />
the weld as a whole is progressing.<br />
back up:<br />
To go in reverse<br />
back up alarm:<br />
An annoying loud beeping which is repeatedly sounded when a vehicle<br />
(usually a large truck) is placed in reverse. It is designed to warn<br />
pedestrians behind the vehicle. The British term is "reversing warning<br />
signal"<br />
back up light:<br />
A white light which is located at the rear of the vehicle and is illuminated<br />
when the transmission is placed in reverse. The British term is "reversing<br />
light"<br />
back-voltage:<br />
Voltage which opposes the current when the current in an inductive circuit<br />
changes and the magnetic field cuts the conductors.<br />
Also see<br />
backward welding:<br />
self-induction back-voltage
See backhand welding<br />
BAC level:<br />
Blood Alcohol level<br />
badge:<br />
An emblem with a manufacturer's name and/or logo on a plate to identify a<br />
model or component.<br />
Also see<br />
hood badge<br />
badge engineering:<br />
When a manufacturer sells two identical vehicles but the model names are<br />
different, he is badge engineering. For example, General Motors may sell a<br />
vehicle as a Chevrolet or a Pontiac where the only difference is the model<br />
name, logo, and more or less chrome or other minor alterations.<br />
badging:<br />
The tendency of a manufacturer to engage in badge engineering<br />
baffle:<br />
An obstruction (e.g., plate or vane) used to<br />
slow down or divert the flow of gases,<br />
liquids, sound, etc. They are found in the<br />
fuel tank, crankcase, muffler, and radiator.<br />
baffle plate:<br />
A metal plate that acts as a baffle.<br />
bag:<br />
See<br />
air bag<br />
courier bag<br />
cruiser bag<br />
driver air bag<br />
passenger-side air bag<br />
shot bag
side impact air bag<br />
tank bag<br />
bagger:<br />
a motorcycle equipped with saddlebags and other touring amenities<br />
bake:<br />
A process of drying or curing paint by using heat<br />
Bakelite:<br />
The trademark <strong>for</strong> a synthetic thermosetting plastic resin used in electrical<br />
parts because it is a good insulator. The name comes from its inventor, L.<br />
H. Baekeland, 1863-1944.<br />
baking finish:<br />
Paint that requires baking in order to dry<br />
baking temperature:<br />
The temperature at which a varnish or paint must be baked to develop<br />
desired final properties of strength and hardness<br />
balance:<br />
[1] The state in which weight is evenly distributed.<br />
[2] The action of applying weights or drilling holes in something to<br />
establish even weight distribution so that vibration is reduced.<br />
Also see<br />
balance shaft<br />
counter balance<br />
crankshaft counter-balance<br />
dynamic balance<br />
harmonic balancer<br />
heat balance<br />
kinetic balance<br />
off-car balance<br />
on-car balance<br />
spool balance valve<br />
static balance<br />
steering wheel balance<br />
tire balance<br />
wheel balancer<br />
balance control:<br />
A switching device on a stereo radio which adjusts the amount of sound<br />
coming from the left and right speakers or from the front and rear speakers
alanced crankshaft:<br />
A crankshaft with extended rein<strong>for</strong>cements to <strong>for</strong>m counterbalancing or<br />
act as a vibration damper<br />
balance disc:<br />
A disc-shaped device in a centrifugal pump which is attached to the pump<br />
shaft. The disc lifts when a <strong>for</strong>ce is applied to the underside of the disc<br />
allowing pressure to leak past until the axial <strong>for</strong>ces are balanced<br />
balanced engine:<br />
An engine in which all the reciprocating parts such as pistons and<br />
connecting rods are adjusted to exactly the same weight<br />
balance patch:<br />
A factory installed patch used to bring a new tire within quality control<br />
balance tolerances be<strong>for</strong>e distribution and sale. It is placed inside the tire<br />
casing and looks much like a nail hole repair patch.<br />
balance pipe:<br />
A tube which joins two or more carburetors to even out the flow<br />
difference.<br />
balancer:<br />
See<br />
harmonic balancer<br />
wheel balancer<br />
balance shaft:<br />
An engine will normally vibrate because of the up-and-down motion of the<br />
pistons which turn a crankshaft in one direction. A balance shaft rotates<br />
(often in the opposite direction) so that its vibration cancels some of the<br />
vibration of the engine. Sometimes an engine will have two balance shafts<br />
turning in opposite directions located on either side of the crankshaft.<br />
balance valve:
See spool balance valve<br />
balance weight:<br />
A lead weight attached to the rim of a wheel. See wheel weight.<br />
balancing:<br />
[1] Dismantling engine and reassembling it to exact specifications and<br />
tolerances. This process may help to improve engine per<strong>for</strong>mance,<br />
smoothness, and reliability. Sometimes called "blueprinting." See balanced<br />
engine.<br />
[2] Keeping wheels in balance.<br />
Also see<br />
balancing machine:<br />
See wheel balancing machine<br />
balancing weight:<br />
See wheel weight<br />
wheel balancing<br />
off-the-car balancing<br />
on-the-car balancing<br />
bald tire:<br />
A tire on which the tread is all worn away. A slick also has no tread, but<br />
this is done deliberately <strong>for</strong> racing purposes<br />
balk ring:<br />
A friction-regulated pawl or plunger used to<br />
make the engagement of gears easier. British<br />
spelling is "baulk ring"<br />
ball:
A sphere usually made of metal when used in automotive applications.<br />
Also see<br />
ball and spring<br />
ball bearing<br />
ball joint<br />
ball joint rocker arm<br />
check ball<br />
detent ball and spring<br />
hitch ball<br />
ball and nut:<br />
See recirculating ball and nut steering<br />
ball-and-nut steering:<br />
See recirculating ball steering<br />
ball and socket:<br />
See ball joint<br />
ball and socket joint:<br />
See ball joint<br />
ball and spring:<br />
See detent ball and spring.<br />
impact swivel ball universal joint<br />
recirculating ball and nut steering<br />
recirculating ball steering<br />
recirculating ball worm and nut<br />
recirculating ball<br />
towing ball<br />
ballast:<br />
Any liquid or solid weight placed in a ship to change the trim, increase the<br />
draft, or to regulate the stability.<br />
Also see<br />
dry ballast<br />
lead ballast<br />
liquid ballast<br />
ballast ignition system:<br />
An ignition system which uses a ballast resistor connected in series with<br />
the coil primary winding and which is bypassed when the starter is<br />
engaged so that the spark is more efficient under cold weather starting
allast tank:<br />
Tanks at the bottom or sides of a ship which are filled with seawater <strong>for</strong><br />
ballasting purpose.<br />
ballasting:<br />
The addition of liquid or dry weight inside the tire to act as a<br />
counterbalance, to increase traction, reduce wheel spin, and dampen out<br />
bounce.<br />
ballast resistor:<br />
(BAL RES) A resistor constructed of a special type wire, the properties of<br />
which tend to increase or decrease the voltage in direct proportion to the<br />
heat of the wire.<br />
ball bearing:<br />
An antifriction bearing consisting of an inner and outer hardened steel race<br />
(or cage) separated by a series of hardened steel balls.<br />
ball bearing puller:<br />
A tool <strong>for</strong> removing a ball bearing from a shaft or from a housing<br />
ball cage:<br />
A circular frame which holds the balls in place in a ball bearing<br />
ball check valve:<br />
valve assembly which permits flow of fluid in one direction only<br />
ball end hexagon screwdriver:<br />
A tool that looks like an Allen wrench except it has a small ball at the very<br />
end. This arrangement allows it to work at various angles.
all joint:<br />
A flexible<br />
joint using a<br />
ball and<br />
socket type of<br />
construction,<br />
used in<br />
steering<br />
linkage<br />
setups,<br />
steering<br />
knuckle pivot<br />
supports, etc.<br />
Their<br />
flexibility<br />
helps to<br />
compensate<br />
<strong>for</strong> the<br />
changes in<br />
the wheel and<br />
steering when<br />
turning or<br />
hitting a<br />
bump on the<br />
road. There<br />
are usually<br />
upper and<br />
lower ball<br />
joints<br />
attached to<br />
the upper and<br />
lower Aarms.<br />
ball joint rocker arm:<br />
A rocker arm that instead of being mounted on a shaft, is mounted upon a<br />
ball-shaped device on the end of a stud.<br />
ball joint separator:<br />
A tool <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>cing out ball or tapered joints. One style is shaped like a twoprong<br />
<strong>for</strong>k with a wedge-shaped jaw which is struck with a hammer to<br />
separate the joint. Another style uses direct pressure from a screw or
screw-activated lever action to split the joint.<br />
ball joint steering knuckle:<br />
A steering knuckle that pivots on ball joints instead of on a kingpin.<br />
balloon tire:<br />
A type of low pressure tire which was first introduced in the 1920s. Its<br />
width and height were the same which gave it a rounded shape. This style<br />
was used on bicycles as well as automobiles.<br />
Ballot:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 model automobiles with required<br />
application are classic cars.<br />
ball pien hammer:<br />
A hammer with two ends on the head. One is round and the<br />
other is flat. They are best used <strong>for</strong> hammering and shaping<br />
metal. Also spelled "ball peen"<br />
ball peen hammer:<br />
A hammer with two ends on the head. One is round and the other is flat.<br />
They are best used <strong>for</strong> hammering and shaping metal. Also spelled "ball<br />
pien"<br />
ball socket:<br />
A recessed spherical well <strong>for</strong> receiving the ball in a ball joint<br />
ball steering:
See recirculating ball steering<br />
ball universal:<br />
See impact swivel ball universal joint<br />
ball universal joint:<br />
See impact swivel ball universal joint<br />
ball valve:<br />
A check valve in which a ball in a tube is used to control the flow of<br />
liquid.<br />
ball worm:<br />
See recirculating ball worm and nut<br />
ball worm and nut:<br />
See recirculating ball worm and nut<br />
BAL RES:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> ballast resistor<br />
Bambi:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a deer (dead or alive) as in "There's a Bambi on the side<br />
at the 43 yardstick."<br />
band:<br />
Bands are like a metal belt which is in the shape of a circle where the two<br />
ends are close, but do not meet. They wrap around parts inside the<br />
transmission called "drums." The drums house the gears and clutches and<br />
freewheel until a certain gear needs to be applied. When first gear needs to<br />
be applied, the drum <strong>for</strong> first gear is locked up by the application of the<br />
band. By locking up the drum, the gears now drive the wheels rather than<br />
freewheel inside the drum.<br />
Also see<br />
brake band<br />
power band
and brake:<br />
See brake band<br />
band radio:<br />
See citizens band radio<br />
bands:<br />
See band.<br />
squish band<br />
bandwidth:<br />
The range of audio frequencies that an audio component (radio) can<br />
handle<br />
B & S:<br />
bore and stroke.<br />
B & S gage:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "Brown and Sharpe." A standard measure of wire<br />
diameter.<br />
B & S gauge:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "Brown and Sharpe." A standard measure of wire<br />
diameter.<br />
banger:<br />
[1] A colloquial term used to express the cylinders in an engine. Often<br />
used with a number such as "six banger."<br />
Also see<br />
four banger<br />
[2] A British colloquial term <strong>for</strong> beater (an older, cheaper, well-worn car<br />
which is still usable).<br />
[3] One who fakes an accident. See car banger
anger racing:<br />
A competition of speed on small racing tracks where older cars are driven<br />
as fast as they can go and where bumping other racing cars is permitted<br />
(encouraged??)<br />
banging:<br />
See car banging<br />
banjo:<br />
[1] Besides being a musical instrument, this is a fitting which is shaped<br />
like a banjo. It has round end that is doughnut shaped with a tube coming<br />
out from one side. It is usually used to transfer fluid from the center hole<br />
of the round end and out the lateral tube.<br />
[2] A drum-shaped central part of an axle casing containing the<br />
differential.<br />
Also see<br />
rear axle housing, banjo type<br />
axle housing banjo<br />
banjo fitting:<br />
a type of hydraulic fitting, shaped like a banjo, through which a hollow<br />
bolt passes, allowing fluid transfer from a hydraulic line to a hydraulic<br />
component<br />
bank:<br />
See cylinder bank<br />
banking:<br />
The slope of a track from the wall to the apron, generally measured in the<br />
corners.<br />
bar:<br />
[1] A unit of pressure. One bar equals 100 kilopascals or 14.5 psi.<br />
[2] A rod.<br />
Also see<br />
anti-roll bar<br />
anti-sway bar<br />
antiroll bar<br />
header bar<br />
hi-way bar<br />
highway bar<br />
port bar<br />
push bar<br />
roo bar<br />
test bar<br />
tommy bar<br />
torsion bar
oring bar<br />
bull bar<br />
bumper bar<br />
busbar<br />
compensating bar<br />
compensator<br />
extension bar<br />
freeway bar<br />
gunwale bar<br />
hood bar<br />
ladder bars<br />
landau bar<br />
landau bars<br />
levering bar<br />
locking bar clamp<br />
main bar<br />
nerf bar<br />
nudge bar<br />
side impact bar<br />
sissy bar<br />
spring bar<br />
stabilizer bar<br />
stringer bar<br />
strut bar<br />
sway bar<br />
t-bar<br />
targa bar<br />
track bar<br />
traction bar<br />
tread bar<br />
wear bars<br />
wheelie bar<br />
wheelie bars<br />
wobble extension bar<br />
Barach:<br />
The author and compiler of this dictionary at Motorera.com<br />
barbershop:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a low overpass as in "I saw a driver take his trailer to the<br />
barbershop last week."<br />
bar clamp:<br />
A tool with a stationary head and a sliding foot <strong>for</strong> clamping<br />
purposes. Also see locking bar clamp<br />
bar ends:<br />
Short handlebar extensions which are attached<br />
to the ends of a mountain bike handlebar.<br />
bar end shifter:<br />
A bicycle gear shifter that is inserted<br />
into the each of the ends of a<br />
handlebar.<br />
bare shell:
The shell of a car body in which all parts have been removed including<br />
doors, hood, and trunk lid<br />
barge:<br />
A flat-bottomed boat <strong>for</strong> carrying cargo or bunker oil, usually pulled by<br />
tugs.<br />
Also see<br />
barge carriers:<br />
Ships designed to carry barges.<br />
tank-barge<br />
BARO:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> barometric pressure sensor.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> barometric absolute pressure sensor<br />
barometric absolute pressure sensor:<br />
(BARO or BP) sends a variable voltage signal to the computer which<br />
varies in accord with atmospheric pressure, allowing adjustment of the<br />
spark advance, EGR flow, and air/fuel ratio as a function of altitude. Also<br />
called a barometric pressure sensor<br />
barometric and manifold absolute pressure sensor:<br />
(BMAP) a housing containing both BP and MAP sensors<br />
barometric pressure sensor:<br />
(BARO or BP) A sensor found in the engine management system which<br />
detects the ambient barometric pressure so that precise fuel mixture can be<br />
maintained at different altitudes<br />
barrel:<br />
[1] The air horn in the carburetor. In particular, it is that part where the<br />
throttle valve is located. If a carburetor has four openings with a throttle<br />
valve in each, it is called a "four-barrel carburetor."<br />
Also see<br />
carburetor barrel<br />
four barrel carburetor
four barrel<br />
[2] Another name <strong>for</strong> the carburetor barrelcylinder,<br />
cylinder barrel, four<br />
barrel, polishing barrel, and single barrel.<br />
[3] To travel fast as in "We barrelled down the highway well above the<br />
speed limit."<br />
barrel carburetor:<br />
See<br />
four barrel carburetor<br />
single barrel carburetor<br />
twin barrel carburetor<br />
barrel tappet:<br />
A hollow rocker arm shaped like a barrel<br />
barrier:<br />
See crash barrier<br />
barrier cream:<br />
A special cream which is applied to your hands be<strong>for</strong>e working on a<br />
greasy engine. When the job is over, you can wash your hands and easily<br />
remove the grease stains. Also called "invisible glove" or "silicon glove"<br />
barrier effect:<br />
The effect produced by coating metal to shield it from corrosion<br />
barrier paint:<br />
A primer which is used on bare metal to prevent corrosion.<br />
bar roof:<br />
See T bar roof<br />
bars:<br />
See<br />
ladder bars<br />
landau bars
ar suspension:<br />
See torsion bar suspension<br />
base:<br />
wear bars<br />
wheelie bars<br />
[1] The lowest supporting part of an upright member.<br />
[2] The bottom layer or coating in a series of paint coats.<br />
[3] The major ingredient, other than pigments and filler, that make up the<br />
non-volatile portion of an adhesive, coating, or sealing compound<br />
Also see<br />
bead base<br />
edison base<br />
flat base rim taper<br />
flat base rim<br />
lithium base grease<br />
load base<br />
negative load base<br />
rim well base<br />
base and clear system:<br />
Paint finish which is made up of a colored base coat (usually a metallic<br />
finish) and clear lacquer coat<br />
base circle:<br />
As applied to the camshaft the lowest spot on the cam, the area of the cam<br />
directly opposite the lobe or nose. No lift is produced by the base circle.<br />
Also called cam heel<br />
base coat:<br />
The first coat in a paint system. It is either the undercoat or primer or a<br />
colored coat which is covered by clear lacquer<br />
base gasket:<br />
The gasket directly below the cylinder and between the cylinder and<br />
crankcase. Also called "cylinder gasket."<br />
base grease:
See lithium base grease<br />
base idle:<br />
The idle speed determined by the throttle lever setting on the carburetor or<br />
throttle body while the idle speed control (ISC) motor, or any other<br />
computer-controlled idle speed control device, is fully retracted and<br />
disconnected.<br />
base interest rate:<br />
The interest paid on the usage of the vehicle during a lease. It is the "cost"<br />
of a lease be<strong>for</strong>e factoring in discounts, fees, and penalties and is not<br />
directly comparable to the APR <strong>for</strong> a loan. Lowering the base interest rate<br />
is one of the methods manufacturers use to subsidize leases. The phrase<br />
"money factor" measures the same cost and can be converted into a base<br />
interest rate. For example, to convert a money factor of 0.00276 into an<br />
approximate base interest rate would multiply the money factor by 24. The<br />
result would be 0.0662 or 6.6%.<br />
baseline:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>e-and-aft reference line at the upper surface of the flat plate keel at<br />
the centerline <strong>for</strong> flush shell plated vessels. Vertical dimensions are<br />
measured from a horizontal plane through the baseline, often called the<br />
molded baseline.<br />
base material:<br />
Any material (metal or plastic) which needs to be coated<br />
base metal:<br />
[1] Metal that is under a coating or that needs to be coated.<br />
[2] Metal to be welded, cut, or brazed.<br />
base model:<br />
The least expensive vehicle with the least amount of features as standard<br />
equipment. It has the smallest engine and often manual transmission as<br />
well as few power equipment. Base models constitute only a small<br />
percentage of the cars sold. Sometimes called a "stripper" or "stripped<br />
down" unit.
aseplate:<br />
A strong metal plate which is the main support <strong>for</strong> something. See<br />
distributor baseplate<br />
base rim:<br />
base rim taper:<br />
See flat base rim taper<br />
See<br />
flat base rim<br />
flat base rim taper<br />
basic ignition setting:<br />
The ignition setting on a non-running engine according to the<br />
specifications. After the engine is running, the timing can be set more<br />
accurately<br />
basic ignition timing:<br />
The ignition timing on a non-running engine according to the<br />
specifications. After the engine is running, the timing can be set more<br />
accurately<br />
basic price:<br />
The price of a vehicle without including any optional accessories, taxes,<br />
delivery charges, etc.<br />
basic timing:<br />
The ignition timing on a non-running engine according to the<br />
specifications. After the engine is running, the timing can be set more<br />
accurately<br />
basin:<br />
See building basin<br />
basket case:
An old car which probably does not run. Often many engine and<br />
transmission parts have been removed and are either missing or stored in<br />
the trunk or a "basket"<br />
bastard:<br />
A file (a tool) which<br />
has a coarse cut<br />
bastard file:<br />
A file with a coarse cut<br />
bat:<br />
A lump or collection of something.<br />
Also see<br />
fibreglass<br />
batch:<br />
[1] A number of things which are produced as a group.<br />
[2] A mixture of natural and synthetic rubber with other material such as<br />
fillers, chemicals, and vulcanizing agents in the production of tires<br />
batch number:<br />
A number which may be added to a serial number to identify when the<br />
product was manufactured. In this way, when a problem occurs to some<br />
products of the same batch, action can be taken to correct or replace others<br />
from the same batch.<br />
bath:<br />
[1] A tub into which something is immersed.<br />
[2] A liquid solution used <strong>for</strong> cleaning, plating, or maintaining a specified<br />
temperature.<br />
Also see<br />
anodizing bath<br />
galvanizing bath<br />
oil bath air cleaner<br />
primer bath<br />
sealing bath
ath air:<br />
See oil bath air cleaner<br />
bath air cleaner:<br />
See oil bath air cleaner<br />
zinc bath<br />
bathtub:<br />
Bodywork resembling an upside-down bathtub used on the rear of some<br />
Triumph motorcycles. It was introduced in 1957 and dropped in the early<br />
1960s. It was also used on Nash cars of the 50's<br />
battens:<br />
See<br />
cargo battens<br />
hatch battens<br />
battery:<br />
An electrochemical device <strong>for</strong> producing<br />
electricity by converting chemical energy.<br />
The typical automotive lead-acid battery<br />
supplies the source of power <strong>for</strong> cranking<br />
the engine and also provides the<br />
necessary electrical energy <strong>for</strong> the<br />
ignition system. In addition, it can (<strong>for</strong> a<br />
limited time) furnish current when the<br />
electrical demands of the vehicle exceed<br />
the alternator or generator output. Also<br />
called the "storage battery."<br />
accumulator battery<br />
alkaline battery<br />
booster battery<br />
charged battery<br />
check the battery<br />
dead battery<br />
discharged battery<br />
disconnect the battery<br />
dry battery<br />
dry charged battery<br />
flat battery<br />
gel cell battery<br />
Also see<br />
high energy battery<br />
isolate the battery<br />
lead-acid battery<br />
low-maintenance battery<br />
low battery<br />
maintenance-free battery<br />
primary battery<br />
rechargeable battery<br />
secondary battery<br />
sodium-sulphur battery<br />
storage battery<br />
top up the battery
attery acid:<br />
Electrolyte (usually sulphuric acid) in each of the battery cells<br />
battery brush:<br />
A specially designed brush set which<br />
cleans the outside terminals of the<br />
battery post as well as the inside of<br />
the battery cable so that good contact<br />
is made.<br />
battery cap:<br />
Small caps which seal each battery cell<br />
battery capacity:<br />
The amp-hour capacity<br />
battery cell:<br />
Individual compartments in a battery which is filled with electrolyte. Sixvolt<br />
batteries have three cells, 12-volt batteries have six cells<br />
battery case:<br />
The box made of polypropylene holding several chambers (cells) which<br />
have lead plates and filled with electrolyte.<br />
battery charge:<br />
The condition or state of the amount of electricity in a battery<br />
battery charge indicator:
An instrument which shows the state of charge in a battery<br />
battery charger:<br />
An electric device which is plugged into an electrical outlet (e.g.,<br />
110 volt AC) and connected to the two terminals of the battery to<br />
restore the state of charge in the battery. One of leads coming<br />
from the charger is red and the other is black. The red lead is<br />
clamped on the positive post of the battery while the other is<br />
clamped on the frame of the vehicle.<br />
battery charging:<br />
The process of renewing the battery by passing an electric current through<br />
the battery in a reverse direction.<br />
battery charging station:<br />
With the advent of electric cars, there needs to be places where their<br />
batteries can be recharged periodically -- thus is born the battery charging<br />
station. Also called a "charging point."<br />
battery clamp:<br />
A hold down device which secures the battery from moving around<br />
battery compartment:<br />
A place in the vehicle where the battery is located. In cars and trucks it<br />
may be found under the hood (usually toward the front), under one of the<br />
seats, or in the trunk. In motorcycles it is found in the middle of the bike,<br />
under the seat<br />
battery condition:<br />
See battery charge<br />
battery connector:<br />
A plug on battery-powered vehicles to connect the batteries to the charging<br />
station<br />
Battery Council International:
A group which makes decisions related to battery composition and<br />
disposal.<br />
battery cover:<br />
The top of the battery case. It has several holes (covered with caps) <strong>for</strong><br />
access to the battery cells.<br />
battery discharge controller:<br />
A device on a vehicle which is driven by an electrical motor. It triggers a<br />
warning indicator when the battery power drops below a certain level.<br />
battery discharge indicator:<br />
An instrument on a vehicle which is driven by an electrical motor which<br />
indicates the percentage of the maximum charge of the battery<br />
battery earth:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> battery strap or ground strap<br />
battery filler:<br />
A device with a long hollow tube with a rubber bulb at one end. It is used<br />
<strong>for</strong> inserting into a container of battery acid and sucking up the acid, then<br />
inserting into the battery cell to fill it. However, motorcycle batteries<br />
arrive from the manufacturer with no electrolyte (battery acid). Battery<br />
acid comes in a large plastic container with a rubber hose to which a<br />
metering clamp is attached. The container is usually placed on a higher<br />
shelf so that it is fed into the battery by gravity and regulated by the<br />
metering clamp<br />
battery fill line:<br />
A horizontal line on the side of a translucent battery case which indicates<br />
the level to which you fill it with electrolyte. Usually there are two lines<br />
indicating a minimum level and maximum level.<br />
battery fluid:<br />
See battery acid
attery hold down clamp:<br />
See battery clamp<br />
battery ignition:<br />
Any system where the battery supplies the initial voltage to power the<br />
starter motor and fire the spark plugs<br />
battery ignition system:<br />
See battery ignition<br />
battery is dead:<br />
The battery does not have enough electrical power to start the car<br />
battery is flat:<br />
The battery does not have enough electrical power to start the car<br />
battery post:<br />
The terminal on a battery to which the cable is attached. Older automobile<br />
batteries used a round post which stood up from the top of the battery. To<br />
avoid confusion, the positive post has a larger diameter than the negative.<br />
On newer batteries the post may or may not be abandoned in favor of a<br />
terminal on the side of the battery. On motorcycle batteries, the posts are<br />
usually flat with a hole <strong>for</strong> bolting the cables to them.<br />
battery state indicator:<br />
See battery charge indicator<br />
battery strap:<br />
[1] A wire cable or braided wire strap to transfer electricity. It can be found<br />
between the engine block and the chassis because the engine is isolated<br />
from the chassis by rubber mounts. Also called ground strap. See ground<br />
wire.<br />
[2] A rubber strap with metal hooks at each end and is used to secure a<br />
battery in place, especially on motorcycles<br />
battery terminal:
[1] A battery post on the top of the battery or a lug with a hole on the side<br />
of the battery.<br />
[2] The clamp at the end of a battery cable<br />
battery tester:<br />
[1] A voltage meter or hydrometer <strong>for</strong><br />
checking the state of charge of a<br />
battery.<br />
[2] An instrument <strong>for</strong> checking the<br />
condition of the battery cells<br />
battery tray:<br />
A metal or plastic on which the battery sits.<br />
baudelot cooler:<br />
heat exchanger in which water flows by gravity over the outside of the<br />
tubes or plates<br />
baulk ring:<br />
British spelling <strong>for</strong> balk ring<br />
bay:<br />
See engine bay<br />
bayonet bulb:
See bayonet cap<br />
bayonet cap:<br />
A cylindrical base of an electric bulb, usually with two pins<br />
projecting on either side, which engage in J-shaped slots to lock the<br />
bulb securely in its socket.<br />
bayonet fitting:<br />
See bayonet socket<br />
bayonet socket:<br />
A socket <strong>for</strong> receiving a bayonet cap. It has two slots on either side<br />
(usually J-shaped) to accommodate the bulb's pins.<br />
BBDC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "be<strong>for</strong>e bottom dead center."<br />
bbl:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "barrel," as in 4-bbl carburetor.<br />
BCDD:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> boost-controlled deceleration device<br />
BCI:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Battery Council International."<br />
BCM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> body computer module<br />
BDC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "bottom dead center."<br />
bead:
[1] The portion of a tire which fits onto the rim of the wheel. On a tubeless<br />
tire, the contact of the bead with the rim seals the air into the tire. Bead<br />
heel, bead sole, and bead toe <strong>for</strong>m a foot-like shape. Also see tire bead.<br />
[2] A small ball-like particle used in bead blasting or in some catalytic<br />
converters.<br />
[3] In welding, it is the appearance of the finished weld. It describes the<br />
neatness of the ripples <strong>for</strong>med by the metal while it was in a semi liquid<br />
state.<br />
Also see<br />
dual bead tire<br />
rim bead seat taper<br />
rim bead seat<br />
rolled bead<br />
single bead<br />
bead base:<br />
The part of the tire bead which is in contact with the rim bead seat<br />
bead blaster:<br />
A cleaning device <strong>for</strong> removing paint and contaminants from an object.<br />
See bead blasting<br />
bead blasting:<br />
A cleaning process which uses glass beads which are <strong>for</strong>ced by air<br />
pressure against the object to be cleaned. This system removes paint and<br />
contaminants from objects which are awkwardly shaped.<br />
bead breaker:<br />
A device used to remove a tire from its rim by releasing the tension the<br />
bead has upon the rim.<br />
bead core:<br />
The ring of steel wires in the tire's bead. Also called bead wires<br />
beaded edge:<br />
The edge of a body panel or upholstery panel wrapped around a wire or<br />
other stiffening item
eaded edge tire:<br />
An older <strong>for</strong>m of high-pressure tire with projecting beads<br />
beader:<br />
A power tool <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>ming beads on the edges of body panels<br />
bead expander:<br />
A device used in the mounting of tubeless tires to prevent inflation air<br />
from escaping and bring the tire beads against the tapered bead seat area<br />
(rim).<br />
bead heel:<br />
The portion of the tire bead in contact with the rim flange<br />
beading:<br />
The action of <strong>for</strong>ming a step in the middle of a panel (not at the edge)<br />
which creates a shallow indentation to rein<strong>for</strong>ce the panel.<br />
Also see<br />
bead lock:<br />
See tire bead lock<br />
fender beading<br />
bead movement:<br />
Movement of the bead on the rim caused by improper inflation, excessive<br />
loading, improper design, improper seating, or improper rim or tire size.<br />
Also called "bead rocking." See bead unseating<br />
bead point:<br />
A feathered rubber extension of the bead toe used where a flap is not<br />
required; protects the tube from chafing between bead toes and rim base.<br />
beads:<br />
See lubricate beads<br />
bead seat:
The portion of the wheel rim below the rim flange providing radial support<br />
to the bead of the tire.<br />
See also<br />
rim bead seat taper<br />
rim bead seat<br />
safety bead seat<br />
bead seat mat:<br />
A seat cover made of a network of wood beads<br />
bead seats:<br />
See contre pente on both bead seats<br />
bead seat taper:<br />
See rim bead seat taper<br />
bead seat diameter:<br />
The measurement of tire diameter, at the bead heel, where it seats on the<br />
rim. It is marked on the tire sidewall following section width.<br />
bead separation:<br />
A situation where the bead comes off the wheel rim<br />
bead tire:<br />
See dual bead tire<br />
bead toe:<br />
The bottom portion of the tire bead in contact with the rim bead seat<br />
bead unseating:<br />
Shifting of the tire bead from its seat on the wheel rim which often leads to<br />
the removal of the tire. See bead movement<br />
bead wires:<br />
Steel wires wound around the circumference and placed in the beads.<br />
Their tension prevents the beads from lifting over the rim flanges. Also
called bead core<br />
beam:<br />
[1] A projection of light.<br />
[2] A supporting bar.<br />
Also see<br />
dipped beam<br />
headlight beam setting<br />
high beam<br />
high beam indicator<br />
low beam<br />
main beam<br />
main beam indicator<br />
sealed beam<br />
Also see<br />
asymmetrical beam<br />
cant beam<br />
deck beam<br />
door beam<br />
hatch beam<br />
I-beam<br />
knee, beam<br />
molded beam<br />
pulling beam<br />
side impact intrusion beam<br />
transom beam<br />
[3] The width of a ship. Also called breadth.<br />
beam axle:<br />
A rigid or dead axle which supports the non-driven wheels. See axle.<br />
beam indicator:<br />
A light on the instrument panel which comes on when the high beams are<br />
activated. Also called high beam indicator<br />
beam headlight:<br />
See sealed beam headlight<br />
beam indicator:
See<br />
high beam indicator<br />
main beam indicator<br />
beam knee:<br />
Bracket between a deck beam and frame<br />
beam setting:<br />
See headlight beam setting<br />
beam unit:<br />
See sealed beam unit<br />
bear:<br />
[1] To turn, as in the expression, When you get to the corner, bear right.<br />
[2] Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a highway patrol police officer named <strong>for</strong> Smokey<br />
the Bear because they both wore similar hats.<br />
bear bait:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a leader in a group of trucks as in "Looks like Swift is<br />
the bear bait tonight" where "bear" refers to a police officer (i.e., Smokey<br />
the Bear).<br />
bear cave:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a police station on the highway (also called a zoo) as in<br />
"The bear cave is empty tonight so watch out."<br />
bearing:<br />
[1] The area of a unit in which the contacting surface of a revolving part<br />
rests in order to minimize wear and friction between two surfaces.<br />
[2] An antifriction reducing device that is usually found between two<br />
moving parts. The babbitt bearings found between the connecting rod and<br />
the crankshaft are lubricated and cushioned with oil, and the front wheel<br />
bearings must be repacked with grease at regular intervals. Bearings can<br />
be ball or roller type.<br />
Also see<br />
antifriction bearing con rod bearing quill-type bearing sleeve bearing
all bearing<br />
friction bearing<br />
big-end bearing<br />
insert bearing<br />
camshaft bearing<br />
jet bearing<br />
carrier bearings<br />
main bearing<br />
clutch pilot bearing<br />
support<br />
clutch release bearing<br />
main bearing<br />
needle bearing<br />
clutch throwout<br />
pilot bearing<br />
bearing<br />
plain bearing<br />
clutch thrust bearing<br />
precision insert<br />
connecting rod<br />
bearing<br />
bearing<br />
quill bearing<br />
radial bearing<br />
re-metalling the<br />
bearings<br />
release bearing<br />
rod bearing<br />
roller bearing<br />
rolling bearing<br />
sealed bearing<br />
shell bearing<br />
small end bearing<br />
spigot bearing<br />
split bearing<br />
tapered roller<br />
bearing<br />
throw-out bearing<br />
throwout bearing<br />
thrust bearing<br />
timken bearing<br />
timken roller<br />
bearing<br />
wheel bearings<br />
bearing assembly:<br />
When more than one load needs to be supported, several bearings are used<br />
making up the bearing assembly. For instance, a crankshaft may have two<br />
bearings (one at each end) as well as a few more in the middle<br />
bearing attachment:<br />
See split bearing attachment<br />
bearing block:<br />
The two halves of metal which encase a bearing.<br />
bearing cage:<br />
See ball cage<br />
bearing cap:<br />
A rigid, semicircular part which encloses and holds the outer shell of a<br />
shell bearing<br />
bearing clearance:<br />
The amount of space left between a shaft and the bearing surface, this<br />
space is <strong>for</strong> lubricating oil to enter.<br />
bearing cone:<br />
[1] taper roller bearing.
[2] The inner race in an adjustable axial or radial ball bearing<br />
bearing crush:<br />
The additional height which is purposely manufactured into each bearing<br />
half to ensure complete contact of the bearing back with the housing bore<br />
when the engine is assembled<br />
bearing cup:<br />
[1] Retainers, held in place by bolts and nuts, that hold the bearings in<br />
place. Also called bearing shell.<br />
[2] The bearing race that curves around the outside of a ring of ball<br />
bearings and works in conjunction with a cone.<br />
bearing face:<br />
The bottom part of a nut or bolt head which clamps down on the surface of<br />
the part it is securing.<br />
bearing housing:<br />
The cavity into which the bearing fits<br />
bearing knock:<br />
The noise created by movement of a part in a loose or worn bearing<br />
bearing material:<br />
The metal layer which <strong>for</strong>ms the surface of the wear part of the bearing<br />
bearing puller:<br />
A tool used to remove bearings from a shaft by<br />
pulling them off. It has two or more arms<br />
which circle around the back side of the<br />
bearing and a center post which butts up<br />
against the end of the shaft. As the center post<br />
is screwed down, the arms pull the bearing<br />
toward the end of the shaft.<br />
Also see<br />
ball bearing puller
earing race:<br />
In ball or roller bearings, it is one of the two steel rings on either side of<br />
the ball or roller<br />
bearing scraper:<br />
A small, triangular tool that looks like a file without teeth. Used <strong>for</strong><br />
deburring and chamfering the edges of camshaft bearings<br />
bearing separator:<br />
A tool used to separate double bearings or<br />
close-fitting gears when a conventional<br />
bearing puller cannot be used<br />
bearing shell:<br />
One of a pair of thin semicircular steel cups lined with an alloy such as<br />
coper-lead or lead-indium, which together enclose a shaft or other rotating<br />
member, and are held in a circular housing which can be divided into two<br />
halves.<br />
bearing spin:<br />
A type of bearing failure in which a lack of lubrication overheats the<br />
bearing until it seizes on the shaft, shears its locking lip, and rotates in the<br />
housing or block<br />
bearing spread:<br />
A purposely manufactured small extra distance across the parting faces of<br />
the bearing half, in excess of the actual diameter of the housing bore. Thus<br />
the diameter is slightly greater than the housing into which a shell bearing<br />
is being placed. Thus the bearing is <strong>for</strong>ced into place to reduce its<br />
movement. See interference fit<br />
bearing support:<br />
See main bearing support
earing surface:<br />
The area of the bearing that is in actual contact with the shaft or other<br />
supporting member<br />
bearing tang:<br />
A notch or lip on a bearing shell used to correctly locate the bearing during<br />
assembly<br />
bear in the air:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> an overhead highway patrol as in "Slow down<br />
Roadrunner you got a bear in the air past the next rest area."<br />
bear meat:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a speeding truck without a radar detector as in "That<br />
gearjamming large car is bear meat."<br />
bear report:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> asking <strong>for</strong> the location of the cops as in "Can I get a bear<br />
report there Covenant."<br />
beast:<br />
A vehicle which per<strong>for</strong>ms very well.<br />
beater:<br />
[1] An old or collectible vehicle that is in drivable condition, but looks<br />
terrible inside and out, and probably is missing many original parts. Often<br />
used to describe a vehicle that is past the easy restoration stage but still<br />
contains many good driving miles. It is also a term <strong>for</strong> "urban combat car"<br />
and is usually used in conjunction with the word winter, as in winter<br />
beater, which is a vehicle that is so far gone, it is sacrificed to the salt<br />
covered roads of winter. It is a disposable collectible that is driven until it<br />
disintegrates. In other words, it looks as if someone had been beating it <strong>for</strong><br />
quite a while. British term is banger.<br />
[2] A device <strong>for</strong> hitting something.<br />
Also see<br />
panel beater
eating:<br />
beating spoon:<br />
See spring beating spoon<br />
bed:<br />
See<br />
off-the-dolly panel beating<br />
on-the-dolly panel beating<br />
panel beating<br />
spring beating<br />
Any flat surface used as a support.<br />
Also see<br />
catalyst bed<br />
low bed<br />
test-bed<br />
bedbuggers:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> moving companies as in "Bedbuggers on the side of the<br />
road."<br />
bedding-in oil:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> break-in oil<br />
bed in:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> break-in<br />
beefed-up:<br />
[1] Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> making something stronger.<br />
[2] Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> modifying or improving something so it will work<br />
faster or more efficiently. Similar to souped up<br />
Beema:<br />
Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> BMW<br />
Beemer:
Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> BMW<br />
Beetle:<br />
Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> the original rear-engined volkswagen.<br />
Also see<br />
split-window Beetle<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e bottom dead center:<br />
(BBDC) As the crankshaft rotates, it brings the piston down to a place just<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e it reaches bottom dead center.<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e top dead center:<br />
(BTDC) As the crankshaft rotates, it pushes the piston up to a place just<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e the top of its movement.<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e upper dead center:<br />
(BUDC) As the crankshaft rotates, it pushes the piston up to a place just<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e the top of its movement.<br />
bell:<br />
[1] A device mounted on a bicycle and used to warn pedestrians and other<br />
bikes of your approach.<br />
[2] A component that is shaped like half a ball or egg. Also see spray bell<br />
bell housing:<br />
Sometimes called "clutch housing." The metal covering around the<br />
flywheel and clutch (of a manual transmission) or torque converter<br />
assembly (of an automatic transmission).<br />
bell mouth:<br />
Bell-shaped air intake attached to some carburetors<br />
bellows:<br />
A sealed, accordion-type chamber (gas filled or vacuum) which expands<br />
and contracts in accordance with temperature changes or provides a seal<br />
during movement of parts. Used as an air conditioning control device on
many systems. Also see air bellows<br />
bellows seal:<br />
method of sealing the valve stem. The ends of the sealing material are<br />
fastened to the bonnet and to the stem. Seal expands and contracts wit the<br />
stem level<br />
belt:<br />
[1] A rein<strong>for</strong>cing band, normally textile, fiberglass, or steel, which runs<br />
around the circumference of a tire and strengthens the tread area.<br />
Also see<br />
cog belt<br />
[2] A circular band which is used to transfer power from one component to<br />
another. For instance, a fan belt is used to transfer power from the engine<br />
to the alternator, water pump, and air conditionercompressor.<br />
Also see<br />
cam belt<br />
camshaft drive belt<br />
cog belt<br />
cogged belt<br />
[3] An attaching strap.<br />
automatic seat belt<br />
hip belt<br />
inertia reel seat belt<br />
integrated safety belts<br />
diagonal belt<br />
drive belt<br />
fan belt<br />
ring belt<br />
See<br />
lap belt<br />
rear seat belt<br />
safety belt<br />
seat belt<br />
serpentine belt<br />
stabilizer belt<br />
static belt<br />
steel thrust belt<br />
timing belt<br />
toothed belt<br />
v-belt<br />
vee-belt<br />
shoulder belt<br />
three-point seat belt<br />
Y-belt<br />
belt anchor:<br />
The point where the end of the seat belt is attached<br />
belt anchorage:<br />
The point where the end of the seat belt is attached. See seat belt<br />
anchorage<br />
belt drive:<br />
In order to transmit power from a source to a destination, some kind of<br />
connection is needed. A bicycle, <strong>for</strong> instance, uses a chain drive to transmit<br />
the power from pedalling action to the rear wheel. A belt drive uses a
leather or rubber belt to transfer power from one pulley to another thus<br />
increasing or decreasing the speed of rotation of the driven pulley through<br />
mechanical advantage. For instance the alternator is rotated by a belt<br />
(sometimes called the "fan belt") which is driven by a shaft which is<br />
directly attached to the crankshaft. Some motorcycle models (like Harley<br />
Davidson and Honda) have a belt drive to transmit power to the rear<br />
wheels. Since a belt drive requires no lubrication (in contrast with chain<br />
drive) it is one of the cleanest final drive systems.<br />
belt-drive system:<br />
A final-drive system that transmits the power to the rear wheel via a drive<br />
belt<br />
belted bias tire:<br />
A tire which uses both cross-ply and radial-ply patterns with added belts<br />
(such as used on radial-ply tires) on diagonal body plies (as in cross-ply<br />
tires). As a result the tire has stiffer sidewalls than tires with just straight<br />
radial plies.<br />
belted piston:<br />
A piston with a continuous steel band cast into the skirt below the rings <strong>for</strong><br />
controlling skirt expansion.<br />
belted radial tire:<br />
See steel belted radial tire<br />
belted tire:<br />
A tire with a stabilizing belt of two or more plies of steel, fiberglass, etc.,<br />
running circumferentially around the tire between the carcass and the tread<br />
rubber. The carcass can be either radial or bias ply. See bias belted tire.<br />
belt end:<br />
The part of the seat belt which has the bracket which is attached to the<br />
floor pan. Some cars attach this end to the car seat itself.<br />
belt line:
The horizontal line that runs around the body of the vehicle just below the<br />
bottom of the glass panels(greenhouse)<br />
. The British term is "waistline"<br />
belt mounting:<br />
See belt anchor<br />
belt pulley:<br />
See timing belt pulley<br />
belt retractor:<br />
A device which automatically pulls the seat belt back into its reel<br />
belts:<br />
See integrated safety belts<br />
belt sander:<br />
A power sanding tool with a rotating<br />
belt of sandpaper<br />
belt slack:<br />
The looseness of a belt (either the drive type belt or a seat belt)<br />
belt slip:<br />
When a drive belt is not as tight as it should be, it will slip on the pulley<br />
and thus will not transmit power. If a driven pulley is seized, the belt will<br />
also slip.<br />
belt system:<br />
See
seat-integrated belt system<br />
seat-integrated seat belt system<br />
belt tensioner:<br />
A device consisting of an idler pulley which is usually located between the<br />
drive and driven pulleys. It can be adjusted to increase the tension on the<br />
belt.<br />
See<br />
belt transmission:<br />
belt up:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> buckle up<br />
belt warning light:<br />
See seat belt warning light<br />
seat belt tensioner<br />
timing belt tensioner<br />
See<br />
belt drive<br />
variable belt transmission<br />
belt webbing:<br />
Strong fabric material used <strong>for</strong> seat belts<br />
bench:<br />
[1] A workbench.<br />
[2] A test bed <strong>for</strong> studying or repairing an engine.<br />
Also see<br />
bench test<br />
straightening bench
ench grinder:<br />
A power tool mounted on a<br />
workbench with one or two grinding<br />
wheels<br />
bench seat:<br />
A front seat which runs from the left door to the right door. The alternative<br />
is bucket seats.<br />
Also see<br />
split bench seat<br />
bench test:<br />
A determination of the power output of an engine when it is mounted on a<br />
test bed. Also it can be checked <strong>for</strong> oil leaks, fuel consumption, emission<br />
levels, etc.<br />
bench vise:<br />
A vise which is mounted on a workbench<br />
bend:<br />
See free bend test<br />
bender:<br />
bending:<br />
See lower bending die<br />
bending die:<br />
See lower bending die<br />
See<br />
fender bender<br />
tube bender
ending pliers:<br />
Pliers with flat, smooth jaws used to hold sheet metal in place<br />
bending spring:<br />
coil spring which is placed on inside or outside of tubing to keep it from<br />
collapsing while bending it<br />
bending strength:<br />
The ability of metal to resist bending<br />
Bendix:<br />
Bendix drive:<br />
See Bendix type starter drive.<br />
See<br />
Bendix type starter drive<br />
pre-engaged Bendix starter<br />
Bendix screw:<br />
A helical screw on the shaft of a starter motor<br />
Bendix starter:<br />
A starter motor with a Bendix drive.<br />
Also see<br />
pre-engaged Bendix starter<br />
Bendix type starter drive:<br />
A self-engaging starter drive gear, the gear moves into engagement when<br />
the starter starts spinning and automatically disengages when the starter<br />
stops. Also called inertia drive<br />
bend test:<br />
See free bend test<br />
benefits:
See employee benefits<br />
Bentley:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1945<br />
models are classic cars. The 1946-67 models<br />
are milestone cars.<br />
Benz:<br />
Click here <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Bentley<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with required application<br />
are classic cars.<br />
Also see<br />
benzene:<br />
(C6H6) A constituent of gasoline<br />
Mercedes-Benz<br />
benzol:<br />
A by-product of manufacture of coke. Sometimes it is used as an engine<br />
fuel<br />
berline:<br />
A term used during World War I which describes a closed luxury vehicle<br />
with small windows. The passengers were able to see out; but their privacy<br />
was maintained because it was difficult to see in.<br />
bernoulli's Theorem:<br />
in stream of liquid, the sum of elevation head, pressure head, and velocity<br />
remains constant along any line of flow provided no work is done by or<br />
upon liquid on course of its flow; decreases in proportion to energy lost in<br />
flow<br />
better half:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a husband or wife as in "I sure do miss my better half."<br />
between duals:
See kissing between duals<br />
between perpendiculars:<br />
See length between perpendiculars<br />
between wheel spacer:<br />
An obsolete circular metal plate having a bolt hole circle and center bore<br />
and fitting between the faces of disc wheels to provide additional dual<br />
clearance.<br />
bevel:<br />
The angle that one surface makes with another when they are not at right<br />
angles.<br />
Also see<br />
gutter bevel<br />
bevel differential:<br />
A differential which has bevel gears <strong>for</strong> its main elements. This allows the<br />
input and output shafts to be at right angles to one another.<br />
Also see<br />
spur differential<br />
bevel drive shaft:<br />
A shaft with a bevel gear at one end or both ends. It is used primarily <strong>for</strong><br />
driving an overhead camshaft<br />
bevel gear:<br />
A gear shaped like the wide end (frustum) of a cone, used to transmit<br />
motion through an angle. They are found in differentials.<br />
Also see<br />
spiral bevel gear.<br />
bevel gear drive:<br />
A transmission which is used to drive one or more shafts which do not line<br />
up with the output shaft. Also called bevel gear transmission<br />
bevel gear transmission:
A transmission which is used to drive one or more shafts which do not line<br />
up with the output shaft. Also called bevel gear drive<br />
bevel joint:<br />
A piston ring gap in which the two ends of the ring are tapered.<br />
beverage holder:<br />
A circular clip located on the center console, door panel, or dashboard<br />
which is designed to hold a cup or bottle. Also called cup holder<br />
bezel:<br />
The crimped edge of metal that<br />
secures the glass face to an<br />
instrument. A bezel can be either<br />
decorative or functional. Some bezels<br />
are threaded and secure switches and<br />
control buttons to the dash, console,<br />
or steering column.<br />
B-flange:<br />
A type of passenger car wheel<br />
bhp:<br />
BHS:<br />
bias:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> brake horsepower.<br />
Also see<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> bimetal heat sensor<br />
SAE gross bhp<br />
The acute angle at which the cords in the tire fabric intersect the<br />
circumferential centerline of the finished tire.<br />
Also see
ake bias.<br />
bias belted tire:<br />
A type of tire construction in which there are<br />
bias plies as well as a belt of steel or<br />
synthetic (rayon, nylon, or fiberglass) cords<br />
between the carcass and the tread. The belt<br />
overlaps the bias plies and wraps around the<br />
circumference. The cords and belt cross<br />
each other at bias angles.<br />
biased:<br />
See spring-biased<br />
bias ply tire:<br />
A tire having two or more carcass plies arranged in a criss-cross manner<br />
and diagonally to the beads and travels approximately 1/3 the distance<br />
around the circumference be<strong>for</strong>e attaching to the other bead. Each cord in<br />
the next ply is arranged in the same manner, but in the opposite direction.<br />
Also called a "conventional tire" or "cross-ply tire"<br />
bias tire:<br />
A type of tire construction in which the tire<br />
cords or plies run diagonally from bead to<br />
bead. Generally in passenger cars, there are<br />
two plies of fabric. In a P185/80D13 tire, the<br />
"D" indicates a bias-ply tire. Sometimes<br />
called a "conventional" tire.<br />
bib:<br />
Also see<br />
belted bias tire<br />
A leather or vinyl covering <strong>for</strong> the front of a vehicle. See tank bib
icycle:<br />
A two-wheel non-motorized vehicle in which<br />
the two wheels are not side-by-side but in line.<br />
Also called "bike."<br />
Also see<br />
all terrain bike<br />
coaster<br />
girl's bike<br />
loaded tourer<br />
mixte frame<br />
mountain bike<br />
penny-farthing<br />
quadricycle<br />
randonneuring<br />
sports tourer<br />
tandem<br />
tourist<br />
tricycle<br />
unicycle<br />
velocipede.<br />
bicycle carrier:<br />
A device which is attached to the rear bumper<br />
or to the roof of a vehicle to carry a bicycle<br />
bicycle lock:<br />
A horseshoe-shaped metal locking device which will<br />
reach around a small pole (e.g., parking meter) and<br />
the frame of a bicycle.<br />
big-block:<br />
See big-block engine<br />
big-block engine:<br />
A large V-8 engine produced in the '60s and '70s. It typically has a castiron<br />
block and head and is fed by a carburetor. Contrasts with small-block<br />
engine. Although both engines were of the same displacement, the bigblock<br />
engine was larger in overall size than the small-block engine. Thus,<br />
as vehicles grew smaller and more equipment was stuffed into the engine<br />
bay, the small-block engine was favored over its larger brother.
ig end:<br />
The end of the connecting rod which fits around the crankpin<br />
big-end bearing:<br />
See big-end bearing<br />
big-end bearing:<br />
The bearing in the end of the connecting rod<br />
that attaches to the crankshaft.<br />
big-end bolt:<br />
One of the bolts attaching the big-end cap to the connecting rod<br />
big-end cap:<br />
The detachable end of the connecting rod which fits on the crankpin<br />
Big Jim:<br />
A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> a device <strong>for</strong> opening door locks. It is a flexible metal<br />
strip about an inch wide and very thin and has a J-shaped end. It is inserted<br />
between the door window and the door frame to trigger the latch<br />
big rig:<br />
A large truck -- usually a tractor-trailer unit<br />
big/tall rubber:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> 24 inch tires as in "I just bought new big rubber <strong>for</strong> my<br />
rig."<br />
big three:
General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler.<br />
big Twins:<br />
The engines in the larger Harley-Davidson bikes<br />
bihexagon:<br />
A twelve-sided figure. Some nuts and bolt heads have twelve sides.<br />
bihexagonal:<br />
Having 12 sides<br />
bihexagon socket:<br />
A tool socket which fits 12-sided nuts and bolts<br />
bike:<br />
A two-wheel vehicle -- either a bicycle or a motorcycle.<br />
Also see<br />
all-terrain bike<br />
girl's bike<br />
mountain bike<br />
street bike<br />
touring bike<br />
bike crossing:<br />
A place on the highway (usually marked by a<br />
sign) indicating a relatively safe place <strong>for</strong> a<br />
bicycle to cross to the other side. Motorists are<br />
advised that slow moving bicycles may be on<br />
the road.
ike lock:<br />
A horseshoe-shaped metal locking device which will<br />
reach around a small pole (e.g., parking meter) and<br />
the frame of a bicycle.<br />
BIL:<br />
bilge:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Bilimportorenes Lands<strong>for</strong>ening" (Norway). Also Acronym<br />
<strong>for</strong> "Bilindustrief”reningen" (Sweden)<br />
A recess area fitted at the curved section between the bottom and the side<br />
into which water drains from holds or other spaces.<br />
bilge bracket:<br />
A vertical transverse flat plate welded to the tank top or margin plate and<br />
to the frame in the area of the bilge.<br />
bilge keel:<br />
A long longitudinal fin fitted on the curved of a ship at the turn of the bilge<br />
to reduce rolling<br />
bilge strake:<br />
Shell plates at the bilge area<br />
billet:<br />
[1] A section of a log split lengthwise as you would make firewood.<br />
[2] A small bar of iron or steel<br />
bill of lading:<br />
The cost or the paperwork describing the cost of a vehicle's load or freight.
imetal:<br />
Two types of metal bonded into a strip and <strong>for</strong>med into a coil. Each type of<br />
metal has different thermal expansion characteristics, so the coil<br />
straightens when heated and coils up when cold. Bimetals are used mainly<br />
to open and close choke plates on carbureted vehicle<br />
bimetal heat sensor:<br />
(BHS) a strip (usually coiled) consisting of two metals with different<br />
expansion characteristics. Bimetal strips are used in thermostatically<br />
controlled devices because they move or bend toward the metal that<br />
expands least when heat is applied<br />
bimetallic corrosion:<br />
When two different metals are attached to each other, some electrons tend<br />
to move from one metal to the other. This action happens especially when<br />
there is a little moisture between the two pieces.<br />
Also see<br />
galvanic corrosion<br />
bimetallic sensor:<br />
Consists of thermocouple, an arm made of two dissimilar metals with<br />
different rates of thermal expansion, that flexes in accordance with<br />
temperature changes. Used as a temperature sensor. Also called bimetal<br />
sensor<br />
bimetal sensor:<br />
Consists of a thermocouple, an arm made of two dissimilar metals with<br />
different rates of thermal expansion, that flexes in accordance with<br />
temperature changes. Used as a temperature sensor. Also called bimetallic<br />
sensor<br />
Bimmer:<br />
Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> BMW<br />
binder:
The ingredient in a paint that holds or suspends the pigment particles<br />
together.<br />
Also see<br />
binders.<br />
binder bolt:<br />
On a bicycle, the bolt used to fasten a stem inside a steerer tube or a<br />
seatpost inside a seat tube. Some are quick-release type.<br />
binders:<br />
Vehicle brakes.<br />
binding:<br />
[1] The rubbing of brake shoes against the drum or of brake pads against<br />
the disc.<br />
[2] The strip material turned over along the edge of a carpet or mat.<br />
Also see<br />
edge binding<br />
bingo cards:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> the paper cards that hold trucking permits from different<br />
states as in "Better get your bingo cards out, they're checkin' em at the<br />
chicken coop."<br />
binnacle:<br />
The cluster of instruments and switches mounted in a circular casing on or<br />
near the steering column<br />
biocide:<br />
A product which kills any fungus or microbes that may have contaminated<br />
diesel fuel.<br />
biodegradable:<br />
A product which is capable of being decomposed by bacteria into harmless<br />
elements without danger to the environment.<br />
biodiesel:
it:<br />
Diesel fuel made from animal or vegetable fats<br />
[1] A tool <strong>for</strong> boring or cutting which fits into a drill. See drill bit.<br />
[2] The tip of a screwdriver.<br />
Also see<br />
hexagon bit<br />
hex bit<br />
screwdriver bit<br />
socket bit<br />
twisty bits<br />
bit adapter:<br />
A tool (like a screwdriver) with a hollow socket (instead of the blade) to<br />
accept a variety of bits<br />
bite:<br />
bits:<br />
[1] A vehicle's ability to adhere to the road (especially to a racing track).<br />
[2] The ability of a tool to secure itself to a fastener as in I want my<br />
wrench to get a good bite on that bolt.<br />
See twisty bits<br />
bitter end:<br />
The inboard end of a ship's anchor chain that is secured in the chain locker<br />
bituminous paint:<br />
Black or dark colored tarry paint which contains bitumen. Used <strong>for</strong> the<br />
protection of exposed metal parts.<br />
BL:<br />
black:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "British Leyland"
See carbon black<br />
black and white checkered flag:<br />
A flag which is waved at the finishing line in races to indicate the winner.<br />
black box:<br />
[1] A recording device which reveals conditions just prior to a crash.<br />
[2] A control unit<br />
black chromium plating:<br />
An electroplating deposit of a black chromium layer <strong>for</strong> decorative<br />
purposes<br />
blackening:<br />
See<br />
bulb blackening<br />
lamp blackening<br />
black flag:<br />
A flag which is colored black and is waved at a race. It indicates that the<br />
driver must return to his pit <strong>for</strong> consultation. It means that the driver has<br />
violated a serious racing rule such as spilling fluid on the track or was<br />
speeding on the pit road.<br />
black flag with orange circle:<br />
As with the black flag <strong>for</strong> infractions, the black flag<br />
with orange circle means the driver must bring the car<br />
to the pits on the next lap. This flag indicates there is<br />
a serious mechanical problem with the car that can<br />
endanger the driver or others. Ignoring this black flag<br />
can bring severe penalties as it represents a dangerous<br />
situation<br />
Blackhawk:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are classic cars.
lacksmith hammer:<br />
A special hammer <strong>for</strong> hitting and shaping heated iron.<br />
black smoke:<br />
Incompletely burned fuel in the exhaust indicating the fuel mixture is too<br />
rich<br />
blackwall:<br />
Tires which do not have any white or red coloring.<br />
See<br />
whitewall<br />
red line<br />
black and white flag:<br />
The black and white flag is used in some series to<br />
indicate unsportsmanlike conduct. This is typically<br />
held motionless next to a pit board with the car<br />
number on it. The driver may be penalized when this<br />
flag is shown<br />
bladder:<br />
A hollow bag which can be inflated. In some instances, fuel tanks will<br />
become rusty inside. A possible cure is to install a bladder. This is done by<br />
flushing out the rust chips, applying an acid solution to remove any oil/gas<br />
residue, and coating the inside with a plastic compound. When done<br />
correctly, this plastic coating does not dissolve when it comes in contact<br />
with gasoline.<br />
blade:<br />
[1] A straight narrow flat part like the end of a screwdriver or knife.
[2] The part of a windshield wiper (blade rubber) which contacts the<br />
windshield.<br />
[3] One of the vanes of a rotor or impeller.<br />
Also see<br />
bumper blade<br />
bumping blade<br />
fan blade<br />
feeler blade<br />
<strong>for</strong>k blade<br />
blade connector:<br />
A plain metal tongue <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>ming electrical connections<br />
bladed impeller:<br />
A rotating part of a centrifugal pump that has blades or vanes<br />
blade rubber:<br />
The rubber strip that fits into the arm of a windshield wiper<br />
blades:<br />
See <strong>for</strong>k blades<br />
blank:<br />
See sheet metal blank<br />
blanking piece:<br />
A flat piece of metal which closes off a tube. Also called a "blanking plate"<br />
blanking plate:<br />
A flat piece of metal which closes off a tube. Also called a "blanking<br />
piece"<br />
blanking plug:<br />
A rubber stopper <strong>for</strong> filling in the holes of sheetmetal such as drain holes<br />
in the floorpan
last:<br />
See<br />
ocean liner blast horn<br />
sand blast<br />
blast cleaning:<br />
The removal of corrosion, dirt, paint, etc. by a blast of abrasive particles.<br />
Also see<br />
blaster:<br />
See bead blaster<br />
bead blasting<br />
sand blasting<br />
blast freezer:<br />
low -temperature evaporator which uses a fan to <strong>for</strong>ce air rapidly over the<br />
evaporator surface<br />
blast horn:<br />
See ocean liner blast horn<br />
blasting:<br />
See<br />
bead blasting<br />
grit blasting<br />
shot blasting<br />
bleed:<br />
[1] To remove air bubbles from hydraulic lines and components of a<br />
system.<br />
Also see<br />
air bleed<br />
air bleed screw<br />
idle air bleed screw<br />
compensating jet<br />
.<br />
[2] To reduce the air pressure in tires that have been run, warmed up, and<br />
thus increased from their starting pressure -- an action which should be
avoided.<br />
bleed down:<br />
The collapse of a hydraulic lifter as oil drains out<br />
bleeder:<br />
The valve or screw used to vent the air out of a liquid-filled system.<br />
See<br />
bleeder nipple:<br />
See bleeder screw<br />
brake bleeder<br />
pressure bleeder<br />
bleeder screw:<br />
A hollow screw used to open a bleeder valve to allow fluid and air bubbles<br />
from a system like the brake system during a bleeding process.<br />
Also see<br />
idle air bleed screw<br />
bleeder valve:<br />
[1] A valve on a wheel cylinder, caliper, or other hydraulic component that<br />
is opened to purge the hydraulic system of air<br />
[2] The device which vents air from the brake system.<br />
bleeding:<br />
See brake bleeding<br />
bleed screw:<br />
A screw used to release the air from a system like the brake system.<br />
Also see<br />
idle air bleed screw<br />
bleed valve:<br />
[1] A valve with small opening inside which permits a minimum fluid flow<br />
when valve is closed.
[2]The device which vents air from the brake system.<br />
bleeding:<br />
[1] The action of venting air from a liquid-filled (hydraulic) system.<br />
[2] Reducing the air pressure in tires that have been run, warmed up, and<br />
thus increased from their starting pressure -- an action which should be<br />
avoided.<br />
[3] Slowly reducing the pressure of liquid or gas from a system or cylinder<br />
by slightly opening a valve<br />
[4] The separation of components of a dried adhesive, coating, or sealer<br />
film, resulting in an oil-like stain on the surfaces to be bonded, or on<br />
finishes<br />
[5] A lower (older or previous) color coming through a fresh coat of paint.<br />
bleeding a system:<br />
Remove air bubbles from a brake system, a fuel injection system, or a<br />
cooling system so that they won't impede the flow of liquid through that<br />
system.<br />
bleeding the brakes:<br />
This refers to the removal of air from the hydraulic system, bleeder screws<br />
are loosened at each wheel cylinder, (one at a time) and brake fluid is<br />
<strong>for</strong>ced from the master cylinder through the lines until all air is expelled.<br />
blem:<br />
An abbreviation <strong>for</strong> blemish.<br />
blemish:<br />
A tire with a slight imperfection in appearance that will not affect tire life<br />
or safety. Also called a "blem."<br />
blind:<br />
See car blind<br />
blind quarter:
An unusually wide C-pillar enclosing the rear seat area<br />
blind rivet:<br />
A pop rivet<br />
blind spot:<br />
An area not visible from the driver's seat. It is usually the area behind the<br />
rear quarter and not visible in the mirrors. When approaching another<br />
vehicle in a lane beside you, avoid being in its blind spot. Also do a<br />
shoulder check be<strong>for</strong>e switching lanes to check <strong>for</strong> vehicles in the blind<br />
spot<br />
blinkie:<br />
A red taillight on a bicycle which has a switch which<br />
turns it to a steady light or a flashing (blinking) light<br />
blister:<br />
[1] A bubble on a paint surface.<br />
[2] A localized bubble on the surface of a tire, normally caused by a<br />
separation between plies or between surface rubber and a ply.<br />
blistering:<br />
The <strong>for</strong>mation of bubbles on the paint surface.<br />
BLM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> the "Bureau of Land Management."<br />
BLMC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "British Leyland Motor Corporation"
lock:<br />
That part of the<br />
engine containing<br />
the cylinders.<br />
Also see<br />
bearing<br />
block<br />
bigblock<br />
block<br />
heater<br />
brake<br />
block<br />
brake<br />
pad<br />
cylinder<br />
block<br />
die<br />
ENblock<br />
en block<br />
engine<br />
block<br />
heater<br />
engine<br />
block<br />
hollowing<br />
block<br />
hydraulic<br />
control<br />
block<br />
long block<br />
long block<br />
engine<br />
monoblock<br />
rubbing<br />
block<br />
sanding<br />
block<br />
short block<br />
tread block<br />
valve block<br />
keel blocks<br />
block coefficient:<br />
The ratio of the underwater volume of a ship to the volume of a<br />
rectangular block with the same effective lengths, draft and beam<br />
block deck:<br />
The cylinder head gasket surface<br />
block engine:<br />
See<br />
long block engine<br />
short block engine<br />
block heater:<br />
A devices which, during very cold weather, keeps the engine warm when<br />
the vehicle is not being used -- thus making cold starts easier. The free end
is plugged into 110 volt AC wall socket. It is especially important <strong>for</strong><br />
starting diesel engines at very low temperatures.<br />
Also see<br />
blocking ring:<br />
See balk ring<br />
blocks:<br />
See keel blocks<br />
cylinder block heater<br />
engine block heater<br />
block sanding:<br />
The process of using a wooden block wrapped in sandpaper to sand the<br />
material.<br />
blood alcohol content:<br />
The amount of alcohol in the bloodstream as a result of drinking liquor<br />
blood alcohol level:<br />
The amount of alcohol in the bloodstream as a result of drinking liquor<br />
bloom:<br />
A surface film on rubber, caused by the migration to the surface of sulphur,<br />
wax, or other unreacted ingredients of the compound. It may be protective<br />
to the tire and detrimental only if appearance is a major factor.<br />
blooming:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>mation of an undesired thin surface film or a milky white haze or<br />
mist on paintwork. It is caused when paint is applied during humid, cold<br />
conditions as moisture is trapped in the wet film<br />
blow:<br />
To become defective either by leaking or burning through.<br />
Also see<br />
arc blow
striking blow<br />
blow back:<br />
Because of a sticky valve or the intake valve closing late, some of the airfuel<br />
mixture is blown back through the carburetor<br />
blowby:<br />
The mixture of fuel-air which is lost past the piston rings and causes fumes<br />
that <strong>for</strong>m acid and sludge in the crankcase and smoking from the oil filer<br />
hole. Generally there is a loss of engine power. Most are removed through<br />
the PCV system.<br />
blow-by:<br />
The mixture of fuel-air which is lost past the piston rings and causes fumes<br />
that <strong>for</strong>m acid and sludge in the crankcase and smoking from the oil filer<br />
hole. Generally there is a loss of engine power. Most are removed through<br />
the PCV system.<br />
blowdown:<br />
The escape of gases between the opening of the exhaust valve and the<br />
piston reaching bottom dead center, or in a two-stroke engine between<br />
exhaust port opening and transfer port opening.<br />
blowdown period:<br />
In a two-stroke engine, it is the time between the exhaust port opening and<br />
the transfer port opening which should be sufficiently long enough to<br />
allow time <strong>for</strong> the cylinder pressure to drop below the crankcase pressure,<br />
so that the exhaust gases can be expelled more easily<br />
blower:<br />
[1] Also called a "supercharger" or "turbocharger." This is a pump which<br />
<strong>for</strong>ces air into the cylinders at higher than atmospheric pressure. The<br />
increased pressure <strong>for</strong>ces more air into the cylinders than what would be<br />
drawn in normally. In this way the engine can burn more fuel and thus<br />
produce more power. There are two main types of blowers: the<br />
turbocharger, which uses some of the waste heat energy in the exhaust<br />
gases to drive a compressor and pump the air; and the belt-driven or shaftdriven<br />
supercharger which uses engine power to pump air.
[2] A fan <strong>for</strong> an interior heating and ventilating system or even <strong>for</strong> an aircooled<br />
engine.<br />
Also see<br />
heater blower<br />
blower fan:<br />
An electric motor-driven fan which <strong>for</strong>ces air through the evaporator and<br />
duct assembly, then <strong>for</strong>ces the cooled air out of the duct work and<br />
circulates it through the vehicle passenger compartment<br />
blower motor resistor:<br />
A device which regulates fan speed<br />
blow gun:<br />
A paint spray gun with a wide nozzle which is fed by air pressure.<br />
It is used to blow out crevices in material that is otherwise hard to<br />
reach.<br />
blowlamp:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> blow torch<br />
blown:<br />
[1] An engine equipped with a turbocharger or supercharger.<br />
[2] An engine which is ruined. Usually the piston is seized.<br />
Also see<br />
blown head gasket.<br />
blown head gasket:<br />
A gasket that has a break between the opening <strong>for</strong> the cylinder and an<br />
opening <strong>for</strong> the coolant. The coolant will leak into the combustion<br />
chamber. This condition can be diagnosed by a loss in coolant and white<br />
smoke out the exhaust.<br />
blowoff valve:<br />
A one-way valve that opens to the atmosphere above a certain set<br />
pressure to relieve excessive internal pressure buildup; often used<br />
with a turbocharger installation to limit boost pressure to the<br />
engine. Also called pressure-relief valve.
low-off valve:<br />
See blowoff valve<br />
Also see<br />
wastegate<br />
blow out:<br />
To clean a dirty or blocked pipe by blowing compressed air through it<br />
blowout:<br />
A sudden rupturing of tire body, causing complete loss of air pressure<br />
which flattens the tire.<br />
blow-out:<br />
A sudden rupturing of tire body, causing complete loss of air pressure<br />
which flattens the tire.<br />
blow-over:<br />
A respray of doubtful quality, often poorly prepared and carelessly<br />
masked.<br />
blowpipe:<br />
Another term applied to the oxyacetylene torch<br />
blow through:<br />
A turbocharger system in which the turbocharger blows air through the<br />
carburetor(s) or fuel injector(s), i.e., the air and fuel mixing occurs<br />
downstream from the turbocharger
low torch:<br />
A tool which is attached to a bottle of<br />
flammable gas. The gas is ignited to<br />
give an intense flame <strong>for</strong> brazing and<br />
soldering. The British term is<br />
"blowlamp"<br />
bluebird:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a Martin Truck company's truck as in "Can I get a<br />
smokey report there Bluebird."<br />
blue book:<br />
A listing of the current prices <strong>for</strong> used cars, based on age, condition, and<br />
optional equipment. Available at banks, loan offices, libraries, and<br />
insurance companies.<br />
blue flag:<br />
The blue or passing flag has different meanings<br />
depending on how it is held and whether it is used<br />
during practice, qualifying or racing. Generally when<br />
it is held motionless it is an indication to a driver that<br />
there is a faster car following closely behind, but not<br />
yet close enough <strong>for</strong> a pass. A waving flag generally<br />
indicates that the driver is about to be overtaken and<br />
should take care to permit the following vehicle a safe<br />
pass. Some drivers resist moving over <strong>for</strong> an overtaking<br />
car when they feel they are racing <strong>for</strong> position.<br />
Controversy can follow the use of the passing flag.<br />
Some tracks use a blue flag with a diagonal yellow<br />
stripe.
lueing:<br />
The blue color that appears on chrome pipes when subject to intense heat.<br />
In some cases, it can be removed; but most often it is permanent.<br />
blueprinting:<br />
Dismantling engine and reassembling it to exact specifications and<br />
tolerances. This process may help to improve engine per<strong>for</strong>mance,<br />
smoothness, and reliability. Sometimes called "balancing."<br />
blue smoke:<br />
The color of the exhaust which indicates that oil is escaping into the<br />
combustion chamber and abeing burned. It is probably due to worn rings,<br />
valve seals, etc.<br />
blushing:<br />
The <strong>for</strong>mation of a whitish or misty appearance on the finish color of the<br />
paint surface.<br />
BMAP:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> barometric and manifold absolute pressure sensor<br />
BMC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "British Motor Corporation"<br />
BMEP:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> brake mean effective pressure<br />
BMW:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Bayerische Motoren Werke." A<br />
vehicle brand of which the 1925-48 models 327,<br />
328, 327/328, and 335 are classic cars. The 507<br />
models <strong>for</strong> 1957-59 are milestone cars.<br />
Click here <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
BMW
BMW roundel:<br />
The little black, blue, and white BMW checkerboard logo.<br />
board:<br />
A printed circuit board.<br />
board diagnostics:<br />
See on board diagnostics<br />
board test:<br />
A test of a printed circuit board<br />
Also see<br />
circuit board<br />
dash board<br />
on board diagnostics<br />
printed circuit board<br />
running board<br />
shifting board<br />
boardwalk:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a bumpy road as in "I don't run 78 often cause it's a real<br />
boardwalk."<br />
boat chock:<br />
A cradle or support <strong>for</strong> a lifeboat.<br />
boat trailer:<br />
A trailer <strong>for</strong> carrying a boat<br />
BOB:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> break-out box<br />
bobbers:<br />
the custom bikes American riders built after WWII where the owners cut<br />
off, or "bobbed," much of the bodywork.
obtail:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> traveling without a trailer as in "It sure can be hairy to<br />
bobtail in the rain."<br />
bodge:<br />
A British term to describe work that is done poorly or with defective<br />
materials<br />
bodily harm:<br />
Physical injury to a person caused by an accident<br />
bodily injury:<br />
Physical injury to a person caused by an accident<br />
body:<br />
[1] The main portion of an automobile. Often it refers just to the outside<br />
shell.<br />
[2] The main part of a housing.<br />
[3] The shank of a bolt.<br />
[4] In welding, it refers to the main structural part of a regulator.<br />
[5] A term used in describing the thickness or consistency (viscosity) of an<br />
adhesive, coating or sealer<br />
Also see<br />
all-aluminum<br />
body<br />
all-enveloping<br />
body<br />
all-steel body<br />
aluminum body<br />
coachbuilt body<br />
distributor body<br />
dump body<br />
integral body and frame<br />
fabric body<br />
construction<br />
fibreglass body<br />
parallel middle body<br />
fully galvanized<br />
spark plug body<br />
body<br />
special body<br />
half-round body file<br />
stressed body<br />
throttle body<br />
headlight body<br />
body and frame:<br />
See integral body and frame construction<br />
body and frame construction:<br />
See integral body and frame construction<br />
tire body<br />
torpedo body<br />
unit body<br />
valve body
ody assembly:<br />
The building up of the automobile body from its various components<br />
body builder:<br />
A person who builds automobile bodies, i.e., coachbuilder.<br />
body-colored:<br />
Something that is painted the same color as the body.<br />
Also see<br />
color-coded<br />
body component:<br />
Any structural part that makes up the body of a vehicle.<br />
body computer module:<br />
(BCM) Key element of self-diagnostic system used to control vehicle<br />
functions based on monitored inputs<br />
body construction:<br />
The manufacturer of a vehicle body<br />
body file:<br />
When patching hole in a body panel and filling it with body putty, a body<br />
file, which is a hand tool, is used <strong>for</strong> smoothing the putty to con<strong>for</strong>m to the<br />
contour of the body.<br />
Also see<br />
half-round body file<br />
body filler:<br />
A substance (often with the name Bondo) which is a paste used to fill<br />
minor imperfections in a body panel. It hardens and is shaped to fit. It can<br />
also be painted to match the rest of the vehicle.<br />
body flange:<br />
A point on the body where two panels overlap, <strong>for</strong>ming a small step
ody framing:<br />
An assembly of the body components<br />
body fuel injection:<br />
See throttle body fuel injection<br />
body glass:<br />
The windshield, backlight (rear window), and side windows of a vehicle<br />
body hammer:<br />
A hammer with a large flat pounding surface <strong>for</strong> removing dents<br />
body housing:<br />
See valve body housing<br />
body-in-white:<br />
In the process of building a vehicle, this is a body shell after everything is<br />
welded but be<strong>for</strong>e it is painted<br />
body injection:<br />
See throttle body injection<br />
body jack:<br />
A hydraulic tool <strong>for</strong> pushing or pulling body panels into shape<br />
body lead:<br />
An alloy of lead and tin which is used to fill dents and seems in a body<br />
panel to establish a smooth surface. When heated it flows easily to fill the<br />
imperfections<br />
body panel:<br />
The sheet metal that <strong>for</strong>ms the outside body pieces.<br />
body plan:
A drawing showing the <strong>for</strong>ms of the various cross sections, the curvature<br />
of the deck lines at the side, and the projections, as straight lines of the<br />
waterlines, the buttock lines, transverse elevations and the diagonal lines<br />
body putty:<br />
A malleable material designed to smooth on dented body areas, upon<br />
hardening, the putty is dressed down and the area painted. Also called<br />
"bondo."<br />
body rattle:<br />
A noise in the bodywork usually cased by loose parts, badly fitting doors,<br />
hood, or trunk lid<br />
body repair:<br />
After a vehicle has suffered an accident or has corroded panels, the body<br />
needs to be repaired to bring it back to like-new condition<br />
body roll:<br />
The rocking or tilting motion of a vehicle when it goes around the corner<br />
body sealer:<br />
A tar-like substance which is used to seal body joints<br />
body separator plate:<br />
See valve body separator plate<br />
body shell:<br />
The bare skeleton of a vehicle with all the wheels, doors, hood, trunk lid,<br />
etc. removed<br />
body shop:<br />
A service outlet specializing in vehicle body repair work.<br />
body side molding:
A protective stripe along each side of the vehicle running from the leading<br />
edge of the front fender, along the door panel(s) to the rear end of the back<br />
fender. It may be solid plastic or rubber attached directly to the panels<br />
while others are attached to a metal strip which in turn is attached to the<br />
panels.<br />
body spoon:<br />
A tool with a flat contoured working surface like a spoon. It is used to slap<br />
out dents and is sometimes used in place of a dolly when it is too difficult<br />
to reach behind the panel<br />
body stripe:<br />
A decorative stripe applied to a motorcycle fuel tank or the outside of a car<br />
to enhance the appearance. Sometimes model names are also part of the<br />
stripes.<br />
body styling kit:<br />
An additional set of bolt-on parts (like spoilers, air dams, fender skirts,<br />
laker pipes, wings) which are intended to improve the looks, per<strong>for</strong>mance,<br />
and efficiency<br />
body tub:<br />
The bare body shell (minus the doors, trunk lid, hood, fenders) which is<br />
lowered onto the chassis at the time of assembly<br />
bodywork:<br />
The complete body structure mounted on the chassis of a vehicle with a<br />
separate chassis, and the complete sheet metal panel <strong>for</strong> unibody vehicles.<br />
bog:<br />
A hesitation usually experienced when starting out.<br />
bogie:<br />
An assembly of four wheels on two axles with common suspension,<br />
usually on heavy commercial vehicles, trailers, and older Ski-Doos®
ogie wheel:<br />
One of the suspension wheels on an older Ski-Doo<br />
boil:<br />
The process of change from a liquid to a gas through the application of<br />
heat.<br />
boiler:<br />
closed container in which a liquid may be heated and vaporized<br />
boiler, high-pressure:<br />
see high-pressure boiler<br />
boiler horsepower:<br />
term now seldom used, meaning equivalent to a heating capacity of 33,475<br />
BTU/hr (9804 watts)<br />
boiler, hot water and low-pressure steam:<br />
a boiler furnishing hot water at pressures not more than 30 psi gauge (308<br />
kPa) or steam at pressures not more than 15 psi gauge (205 kPa)<br />
boiling point:<br />
The exact temperature at which a liquid begins to boil or changes to a gas<br />
(i.e., vaporizes). The boiling point of a liquid decreases with increasing<br />
altitude, and increases with pressurization. The coolant in a modern<br />
radiator/coolant system can be as high as 260°F (127°C).<br />
Also see<br />
dry boiling point<br />
wet boiling point<br />
boiling temperature:<br />
temperature at which a fluid changes from a liquid to a gas<br />
bold-up:<br />
The application of retread or repair rubber.
olster:<br />
[1] A supporting brace.<br />
[2] The act of supporting.<br />
bolt:<br />
Also see<br />
hexagonal bolster<br />
A securing device upon which a nut is threaded. It usually has a nut-type<br />
head. It is usually measured not so much by the size of the wrench<br />
required to secure the bolt; but by the diameter of the threads, the thread<br />
pitch, the length of the bolt under the head, and the strength of the bolt.<br />
Also see<br />
anchor bolt<br />
big-end bolt<br />
binder bolt<br />
carriage bolt<br />
coach bolt<br />
countersunk bolt<br />
crankarm fixing bolt<br />
cylinder head bolt<br />
eccentric bolt<br />
fixing bolt<br />
flange bolt<br />
four bolt mains<br />
hexagon bolt<br />
hex bolt<br />
locking lug bolt<br />
lug bolt<br />
mounting bolt<br />
octagonal bolt<br />
octagonal head bolt<br />
pivot bolt<br />
round head bolt<br />
shear bolt<br />
stirrup bolt<br />
through bolt<br />
u-bolt<br />
wheel bolt<br />
wheel lug bolt<br />
bolt and nut:<br />
A pair of objects with matching screw threads. When either the bolt or the<br />
nut is turned, it moves with great <strong>for</strong>ce. Often used as fixing devices. The<br />
nut is the circular piece that looks like a ring with threads on the inside<br />
hole. The bolt is the shaft with threads.<br />
Also see<br />
pivot bolt.<br />
bolt hole:<br />
The hole in metal through which a bolt must be inserted or screwed in<br />
place.<br />
Also see<br />
bolt hole circle:<br />
See wheel bolt hole circle.<br />
bolt mains:<br />
wheel bolt hole.
See four bolt mains<br />
bolt-on:<br />
Accessories which are easily secured to an automobile with just a few<br />
bolts rather than having to be welded in place. Usually done by the owner.<br />
bolt-on fender:<br />
A fender which is secured with bolts rather than being welded in place.<br />
bolt-on goodies:<br />
Accessories which are easily secured to an automobile, but are often <strong>for</strong><br />
show rather than function.<br />
bolt-on kit:<br />
A group of parts available in one package which the owner can attach<br />
himself.<br />
bolt-on wing:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> bolt-on fender<br />
bomb:<br />
A vehicle which is in very poor shape, "The car is a bomb and not worth a<br />
nickel." In contrast, it can mean a vehicle which has great acceleration,<br />
"The car flew down the track like a bomb."<br />
bond:<br />
[1] A state of adhesion.<br />
[2] The act of connecting two components by means of a glue or adhesive<br />
or to cause them to adhere<br />
[3] The junction of the weld metal and the base metal<br />
[4] The grip exerted by one material on another.<br />
[5] The attachment between two surfaces that have been joined.<br />
bonded abrasive:<br />
A grinding part which is made of very hard particles which have been<br />
glued together to <strong>for</strong>m a wheel, bar, rod, or cone used to wear down or
smooth metal.<br />
bonded brake lining:<br />
brake lining that is attached to the brake shoe by an adhesive rather than<br />
by rivets.<br />
bonded lining:<br />
Brake lining cemented to shoes or bands with high-temperature adhesive<br />
and cured under pressure and heat resulting in the elimination <strong>for</strong> the need<br />
<strong>for</strong> attaching rivets<br />
bonding:<br />
See<br />
adhesive bonding<br />
panel bonding<br />
bonding agent:<br />
A material which provides adhesion<br />
bonding method:<br />
A procedure of joining two components with adhesive<br />
bonding range:<br />
the time during which a satisfactory bond can be made. It is usually<br />
expressed in two numbers, the first number being the time in minutes one<br />
must wait after applying adhesive be<strong>for</strong>e trying to bond the surfaces, and<br />
the latter number being the longest drying period within which satisfactory<br />
bonds can be made, usually ten to 30 minutes after applying the adhesive<br />
bondo:<br />
See body putty.<br />
bond strength:<br />
the <strong>for</strong>ce or strength necessary to break a bond between 2 adhering<br />
surfaces or materials
one:<br />
boned:<br />
See T-boned<br />
bonk:<br />
See<br />
A bone<br />
T-Bone<br />
backbone frame<br />
herringbone gears<br />
wishbone.<br />
A term used to describe a condition experienced when running out of<br />
energy while riding a bicycle or running.<br />
bonnet:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> vehicle hood.<br />
Also see<br />
bonnet badge:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> hood badge<br />
auto bonnet<br />
bonnet bump rubber:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> hood bump rubber<br />
bonnet bumper:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> "hood bumper" or hood bump rubber<br />
bonnet landing panel:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> hood landing panel<br />
bonnet liner:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> hood liner<br />
bonnet lock:
British term <strong>for</strong> hood lock<br />
Bonnet pin:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> hood pin<br />
bonnet pin kit:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> hood pin kit<br />
bonnet release:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> hood release<br />
bonnet stay:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> hood rod<br />
bonnet support:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> hood rod<br />
bonnet tape:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> hood tape<br />
bonus:<br />
See no-claims bonus<br />
boogie:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> top gear as in "I've got 'er up in the boogie now"<br />
book:<br />
See<br />
blue book<br />
paint chip book<br />
booming:<br />
[1] A noise caused by interruptions to the flow of air such as an open<br />
windows.<br />
[2] Low pitched resonance, especially in the exhaust.
[3] Thumping sound coming from large stereo woofers<br />
boost:<br />
[1] The amount of positive pressure created in an intake system above<br />
normal atmospheric pressure by a turbocharger or supercharger. Normal<br />
atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi. A blower providing 10 psi boost<br />
increases the pressure to 24.7 psi. Boost is sometimes measured in<br />
atmospheres where one atmosphere equals 14.7 psi. Thus 24.7 psi is about<br />
1.7 atmospheres.<br />
Also see<br />
on boost<br />
off-boost<br />
[2] The action of jump starting one battery from another.<br />
[3] To increase power, charge, or pressure, etc.; or to amplify volume,<br />
audio sound, etc.<br />
boost-activated ignition retard:<br />
On a turbocharged engine, a system which retards the ignition timing<br />
when the intake manifold is under pressure, in order to reduce the chance<br />
of detonation<br />
boost-controlled deceleration device:<br />
(BCDD) a valve that, during deceleration, is triggered into action by high<br />
intake manifold vacuum the BCDD valve allows an additional source of<br />
air and fuel to enter the intake manifold during deceleration to obtain a<br />
more burnable mixture<br />
boost control valve:<br />
See blowoff valve<br />
booster:<br />
[1] A radio device which amplifies the signal or the audio output to the<br />
speakers. Because of its size it is mounted in the glovebox, under the dash,<br />
in the center console, under the seat, or in the trunk.<br />
[2] A device incorporated in vehicle system (such as brakes and steering),<br />
to increase the pressure output or decrease amount of ef<strong>for</strong>t required to<br />
operate, or both.
[3] A common term applied to the case of a compressor when used as the<br />
first stage in the cascade refrigerating system<br />
Also see<br />
brake booster<br />
hydraulic brake booster<br />
power booster<br />
spring booster<br />
vacuum booster<br />
vacuum brake booster<br />
booster battery:<br />
A second battery used in commercial vehicles to give a little more power<br />
when starting.<br />
booster cable:<br />
See jumper cables<br />
booster coil:<br />
A secondary ignition coil which increases the intensity of the spark<br />
booster venturi:<br />
A small venturi located immediately above and concentric with the main<br />
venturi in a carburetor. Boosters are designed to amplify the weak venturi<br />
vacuum signal that occurs during low airflow conditions<br />
boost gauge:<br />
An instrument or meter which indicates boost pressure<br />
boosting:<br />
See start boosting<br />
boost pressure:<br />
Pressure in the intake system of a supercharged engine when the<br />
supercharger operates. See the first definition of boost.<br />
boost sensor:
A sensing device in a supercharger. It is located in the choke tube which<br />
sends a signal to the ignition control unit according to pressure conditions.<br />
In turn, the control unit adjusts the ignition timing <strong>for</strong> the best<br />
per<strong>for</strong>mance.<br />
boost valve:<br />
A valve in a hydraulic system which increases the pressure<br />
boot:<br />
[1] British term <strong>for</strong> a trunk.<br />
[2] The rubber or plastic cover located at either end of the spark plug cable<br />
to insulate the connections between the cable ends and the spark plug and<br />
distributor terminal. Always grasp the cable by the boot when removing it.<br />
See spark plug boot.<br />
[3] The protective cover of the ball joint that holds the grease.<br />
[4] The cover that protects the suspension <strong>for</strong>ks on a bicycle or motorcyle<br />
from dirt and grime.<br />
Also see<br />
dust boot<br />
CV joint boot<br />
[4] The covering around the CV joint.<br />
[5] A simple protective device (sometimes a piece of tube, tire, etc., cut to<br />
size) placed between the casing and tube. It offers temporary protection <strong>for</strong><br />
the tube against pinching by an injury in the casing. It is not a repair of the<br />
injury and is unsafe to use.<br />
[6] A denver boot, which is a device which clamps on the wheels of a<br />
parked car to immobilize it. Also called a heavy yellow boot.<br />
[7] A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> the action of going very fast as in, We were<br />
booting along as fast as the snowmobile would go.<br />
booted:<br />
A vehicle which has been disabled by a denver boot is said to be "booted."<br />
booted version:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> trunk model<br />
booth:<br />
See
oot handle:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> trunk handle<br />
bootlid:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> trunk lid<br />
boot puller:<br />
See spark plug boot puller<br />
boots:<br />
See boot.<br />
boot spoiler:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> trunk spoiler<br />
low-bake booth<br />
paint booth<br />
spray booth<br />
border shopping:<br />
See Canadian cross border shopping<br />
bore:<br />
[1] The cylinder hole itself.<br />
Also see<br />
piston bore.<br />
[2] The diameter or width of the cylinder.<br />
[3] As a verb, it means to cut a circular hole.<br />
[4] With the word "full" it means to go fast.<br />
Also see<br />
full bore<br />
center bore<br />
cylinder bore<br />
wheel center bore<br />
bored:<br />
To increase the diameter of the cylinder.
Also see<br />
stroked.<br />
bore diameter:<br />
The diameter of the cylinders. It is usually measured in either inches or<br />
millimetres. When a cylinder is bored out because of scoredwalls,<br />
it is<br />
increased by "ten thou" of an inch (0.01") or 0.25 mm.<br />
bore-stroke ratio:<br />
The relation between the diameter of the cylinder bore and the length of<br />
the stroke of the piston. If the stroke is longer than the cylinder bore<br />
diameter then the engine is called a long stroke engine. If the stroke is<br />
shorter than the cylinder bore diameter then the engine is called a short<br />
stroke engine. If the stroke is the same as the distance of the cylinder bore<br />
diameter then the engine is called a square engine<br />
Borgward:<br />
A German automobile manufacturer which began<br />
by Carl F. W. Borgward in 1921.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Borgward<br />
boring bar:<br />
A machine with a stiff bar that has multiple cutting bits used to cut engine<br />
cylinders to a specific size. As used in garages, to cut worn cylinders to a<br />
new diameter or bearing bores in proper alignment with each other.<br />
boring:<br />
Renewing the cylinders by cutting them out to a specified size, a boring<br />
bar is used to make the cut.<br />
boss:<br />
An extension or strengthened section that holds<br />
the end of a pin or shaft. For example, the holes<br />
in the piston through which the piston pin is<br />
placed would easily break the thin walls of the<br />
piston when under pressure. The area around the<br />
hole (on the inner side of the piston) are
strengthened to prevent breakage. This area is<br />
the piston boss.<br />
Also see<br />
gudgeon pin boss<br />
horn boss<br />
piston pin boss.<br />
bossing mallet:<br />
A hammer with a pear-shaped wooden head used <strong>for</strong> shaping and<br />
stretching metal over a sandbag or wooden block.<br />
botch:<br />
[1] A repair job which is very poorly done.<br />
[2] To do a repair job poorly<br />
botched-up job:<br />
A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> a poor repair which will not be permanent.<br />
bottle:<br />
See acetylene bottle<br />
bottle cage:<br />
A water bottle holding bracket which is<br />
mounted to the frame of bike either with a<br />
clamp or by screws into a pair of braze-on nuts<br />
bottled gas:<br />
(LPG) (liquefied petroleum gas or propane) gas compressed into strong<br />
metal portable tanks. The gas, when confined in the tank, under pressure,<br />
is in liquid <strong>for</strong>m.
ottle jack:<br />
A hydraulic lifting device which is in the shape<br />
of a bottle<br />
bottleneck:<br />
A traffic situation where the road narrows to the point where traffic is<br />
excessively slowed<br />
bottom:<br />
[1] The lowest point. See door bottom.<br />
[2] To lower something.<br />
[3] To reach the end of its travel (i.e., bottom out).<br />
[4] To make contact with the road.<br />
Also see<br />
double bottom<br />
bottom bracket:<br />
Bicycle component that is inserted into the<br />
bottom bracket shell. The bottom bracket<br />
consists of the crank axle (bottom bracket<br />
spindle), ball bearings, and (in older style<br />
bottom brackets) a fixed cup and an adjustable<br />
cup. Crankarms are bolted to the bottom<br />
bracket. Also see adjustable bottom bracket.<br />
sealed bottom bracket, splined bottom bracket,<br />
and square tapered bottom bracket<br />
bottom bracket, adjustable:<br />
See adjustable bottom bracket
ottom bracket, sealed:<br />
see sealed bottom bracket<br />
bottom bracket shell:<br />
The barrel shaped portion of the frame into which the bottom bracket is<br />
inserted. The seat tube, down tube, and chain stays are connected to the<br />
bottom bracket shell.<br />
bottom bracket spindle:<br />
The axle to which both of the crankarms are attached. The spindle length<br />
is measured in millimeters from one end of the spindle to the other.<br />
bottom bracket, splined:<br />
See splined bottom bracket<br />
bottom bracket, square tapered:<br />
see square tapered bottom bracket<br />
bottom dead center:<br />
(BDC) The lowest point of the piston and connecting rod travel in a<br />
cylinder. In a horizontally opposed engine, it is sometimes called the outer<br />
dead center. Opposite to top dead center.<br />
Also see<br />
after bottom dead center<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e bottom dead center<br />
bottom dumps:<br />
Trailers that unload through bottom grates.<br />
bottom end:<br />
[1] All the moving parts in the crankcase and their bearings.<br />
[2] the bottom part of the engine, where the crankshaft and usually the<br />
transmission resides<br />
[3] The lower range of engine revolutions<br />
bottom end gasket kit:
All the gaskets below the base gasket (crankcase gaskets and inspection<br />
cover gaskets) and all the O-rings and replaceable spacers in the bottom<br />
end of an engine.<br />
Also see<br />
top end gasket kit.<br />
bottom gear:<br />
The lowest gear in a transmission.<br />
bottoming:<br />
[1] A situation where the suspension reaches the end of its travel.<br />
[2] A situation where the lowest part of the chassis touches the ground,<br />
especially on a bump<br />
bottom out:<br />
To reach the end of its travel.<br />
bottom tank:<br />
In a thermosyphon water-cooling system, this is the bottom radiator tank.<br />
Also see<br />
header tank<br />
radiator tank<br />
boulevard:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> interstate highway as in "Once we hit the boulevard we<br />
can put some miles behind us."<br />
bounce:<br />
[1] When referring to valves, it indicates a condition where the valve is not<br />
held tightly closed in the seat even though the camshaft has not opened it.<br />
Also called "flutter" or valve bounce<br />
[2] When referring to a distributor, it indicates a condition where the<br />
points make erratic contact when they should remain closed. See contact<br />
bounce.<br />
[3] When referring to suspension, it indicates an up-and-down motion<br />
called "jounce" and "rebound." You can test it by pushing down and<br />
releasing a corner of a vehicle
ound electron:<br />
See bound electrons.<br />
bound electrons:<br />
Electrons in the inner orbits around the nucleus of the atom, they are<br />
difficult to move out of orbit.<br />
bourdon tube:<br />
A circular, hollow piece of thin metal tubing that is used in some<br />
instruments, pressure on the hollow section causes it to attempt to<br />
straighten, the free end then moves a needle on the gauge face. Used in<br />
pressure gauges<br />
bow:<br />
See<br />
header bow<br />
hinge bow<br />
hood bow<br />
main bow<br />
spring bow<br />
bowden cable:<br />
a cable or wire inside a metal or rubber housing used <strong>for</strong> remote control of<br />
a valve or other device<br />
bowed:<br />
A bent shape.<br />
bowden cable:<br />
A wire control cable within a metal or rubber sheath and used <strong>for</strong><br />
activating a valve, clutch, choke, or accelerator<br />
bowl:<br />
bowl vent:<br />
See float bowl.
(BV) connects the float bowl to the carburetor's air inlet. Depressurizes the<br />
fuel being pumped into the float bowl by the fuel pump and acts as a vapor<br />
separator by allowing vapors in the float bowl to escape into the carburetor<br />
air inlet. Bowl vents are cut at a 45-deg angle and face incoming air so that<br />
reference pressure remains the same regardless of airflow<br />
bowl vent port:<br />
(BVP) the port in the carburetor which vents fumes and excess pressure<br />
from the float bowl to maintain atmospheric pressure<br />
bowser:<br />
A tanker used <strong>for</strong> refuelling military ground vehicles or airplanes<br />
bow thrusters:<br />
A propeller at the bow of the ship, used during maneuvering to provide<br />
transverse thrust<br />
bow wow:<br />
A vehicle in very bad shape. A dog.<br />
bow-wow:<br />
A vehicle in very bad shape. A dog.<br />
box:<br />
[1] Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> a transmission.<br />
Also see<br />
crash gearbox<br />
[2] A term <strong>for</strong> an electrical or electronic device.<br />
Also see<br />
[3] A silencer.<br />
black box<br />
cdi box<br />
crash box<br />
E-box<br />
control box<br />
control unit<br />
crash recorder<br />
fuse box<br />
Also see<br />
rocker box<br />
roof box<br />
steering box trigger box<br />
stuffing box<br />
tail light box
panhard rod mounting box<br />
slush box<br />
squirt box transfer box<br />
boxed rod:<br />
A connecting rod in which the I-beam section has been stiffened by<br />
welding plates on each side of the rod.<br />
boxer:<br />
a two-cylinder engine with the pistons opposing each other, resembling<br />
fists flying away from each other.<br />
boxer engine:<br />
A horizontally opposed engine.<br />
box member:<br />
A structural part made as a box section<br />
box section:<br />
A closed panel structure of square cross section which is used to<br />
strengthen a vehicle's underbody<br />
box spanner:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a hollow tube with a socket at each end and two holes<br />
through which a bar can be inserted to turn the wrench. The bar is called a<br />
T-bar; but the British call it a tommy bar<br />
box van:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a cube van with a large cargo box behind the driver's<br />
cab.<br />
box wrench:<br />
A tool designed to secure or remove a bolt or nut. Each end of the wrench<br />
fits around the bolt head or nut. British term <strong>for</strong> "ring spanner." In contrast,<br />
see open end wrench.<br />
boxy:
oy:<br />
A derogatory description of a car that has square angles instead of smooth<br />
curved lines.<br />
See low boy<br />
boyle's Law:<br />
law of physics: volume of a gas varies as pressure varies, if temperature<br />
remains the same. Example: if absolute pressure is doubled on quantity of<br />
gas, volume is reduced one half. If volume becomes doubled, gas has its<br />
pressure reduced by half<br />
boy racer:<br />
A low-cost car without much sophistication or per<strong>for</strong>mance; but it does<br />
have a very sleek and sporty appearance.<br />
boy scouts:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> State police as in "There's a bunch of boyscouts waiting<br />
<strong>for</strong> you at the 157."<br />
BP:<br />
BPA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> barometric absolute pressure sensor or barometric pressure<br />
sensor<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> bypass air solenoid<br />
B-pillar:<br />
The center body pillar on sedans. It connect<br />
the sills and provides roof support. Sometimes<br />
referred to as simply post, as in 1957 Chevy<br />
two-door post. On a true hardtop design these<br />
pillars are missing, leaving uninterrupted glass<br />
area along the sides of the car. Also called "Bpost."<br />
B pillar:
See B-post.<br />
B post:<br />
B-post.<br />
B-post:<br />
The center body post on sedans. It connect the<br />
sills and provides roof support. Sometimes<br />
referred to as simply post, as in 1957 Chevy<br />
two-door post. On a true hardtop design these<br />
pillars are missing, leaving uninterrupted glass<br />
area along the sides of the car. Also called "Bpillar."<br />
BPS:<br />
BPV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> exhaust back pressure transducer valve<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> bypass valve.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> exhaust back pressure transducer valve<br />
bra:<br />
A protective cover, usually of leather or vinyl,<br />
which is mounted to the front of a vehicle to<br />
protect the finish from stones.<br />
Also see<br />
stealth Bra<br />
brace:<br />
A support beam to give rein<strong>for</strong>cement between two objects.<br />
Also see<br />
roof brace<br />
speed brace<br />
bracing:<br />
[1] To stiffen something by using a brace.<br />
[2] A brace. See cross bracing<br />
bracket:<br />
a support device which is often a right-angled shape.
acket set:<br />
See chassis bracket set<br />
Also see<br />
bilge bracket<br />
bottom bracket<br />
bumper bracket<br />
drive end bracket<br />
end bracket<br />
fender support bracket<br />
margin bracket<br />
slip-ring end bracket<br />
spring bracket<br />
towing bracket<br />
tripping bracket<br />
wing support bracket<br />
braided hose:<br />
A rubber hose which is covered in a woven material or braided wire. Used<br />
<strong>for</strong> various hoses under the hood.<br />
brake:<br />
[1] To slow down a vehicle.<br />
[2] The mechanism that converts motion (kinetic energy) into heat energy<br />
through friction. The most common instance is found in the wheels of cars<br />
where the brake shoes or disc pads are designed to press against the brake<br />
drum or brake disc.<br />
Also see<br />
air brake<br />
anti-lock brakes<br />
anti-lock brake<br />
system<br />
armature brake<br />
assisted brakes<br />
band brake<br />
bleeding the<br />
brakes<br />
bonded brake<br />
lining<br />
cable brake<br />
caliper disc brake<br />
cantilever brakes<br />
clutch brake<br />
E-brake<br />
emergency brake<br />
engine brake<br />
fixed-caliper disc<br />
brake<br />
fixed-cam brake<br />
flexible brake pipe<br />
floating caliper disc<br />
brake<br />
flushing the brakes<br />
foot brake<br />
<strong>for</strong>ward brake shoe<br />
four wheel disc<br />
brakes<br />
high-mounted brake<br />
jam on the brakes<br />
jam the brakes<br />
juice brake<br />
leading brake shoe<br />
low brake pedal<br />
master brake<br />
cylinder<br />
maximum brake<br />
power<br />
mechanical brakes<br />
non-servo brake<br />
park brake<br />
park brake<br />
extension<br />
parking brake<br />
primary <strong>for</strong>ward brake<br />
shoe<br />
prony brake<br />
pumping the gas brakes<br />
pump the brakes<br />
reverse brake shoe<br />
rim brake<br />
riveted brake lining<br />
rollercam brake<br />
self-energizing brake<br />
shoe<br />
service brake<br />
servo action brake<br />
servo brake
coaster brake<br />
disc brake<br />
disc brake gauge<br />
disc brake rotor<br />
disc brakes<br />
double leading<br />
brake shoe<br />
drum brake<br />
dual brakes<br />
duo-servo brake<br />
light<br />
hinged-caliper disc<br />
brake<br />
hub brake<br />
hydraulicallyactivated<br />
brakes<br />
hydraulically-assisted<br />
brakes<br />
hydraulic assisted<br />
brakes<br />
hydraulic brake<br />
booster<br />
hydraulic brakes<br />
inboard brake<br />
jake brake<br />
console<br />
parking brake lever<br />
strut<br />
parking brake lever<br />
shooting brake<br />
single-anchor selfenergizing<br />
brake<br />
parking brake pedal sliding-caliper disc<br />
brake<br />
sprag brake<br />
spring brake<br />
U-brake<br />
uni-servo brake<br />
vacuum assisted brake<br />
ventilated brakes<br />
parking brake<br />
pin slider caliper<br />
disc brake<br />
power assisted<br />
brakes<br />
power brake<br />
press brake<br />
primary brake shoe<br />
brake adjuster:<br />
A device which moves the brake drum shoes closer to or further apart from<br />
the drum.<br />
brake adjusting spanner:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> brake wrench<br />
brake adjusting wrench:<br />
A wrench which is used to adjust the brake shoes<br />
brake anchor:<br />
A steel stud or pin upon which one end of the brake shoes is either<br />
attached to or rests against. The anchor is firmly affixed to the backing<br />
plate.<br />
brake, anti-lock:<br />
See anti-lock brakes.<br />
brake antiroll device:<br />
See brake anti-roll device.<br />
brake anti-roll device:
A unit installed in the brake system to hold brake line pressure when the<br />
vehicle is stopped on an upgrade, when the vehicle is stopped on the<br />
upgrade and the brake pedal released, the anti-roll device will keep the<br />
brakes applied until either the clutch is released or as on some models, the<br />
accelerator is depressed.<br />
brake backing plate:<br />
A rigid metal (steel) plate,<br />
located inside the brake drum,<br />
on which the wheel cylinder,<br />
brake shoes, and other brake<br />
parts are mounted. The<br />
braking <strong>for</strong>ce applied to the<br />
shoes is absorbed by the<br />
backing plate.<br />
brake balance:<br />
the ratio of front-to-rear braking <strong>for</strong>ce<br />
brake band:<br />
A band, faced with brake lining, that encircles a brake drum, it is used on<br />
several parking brake installations. It differs from brake shoes in that brake<br />
shoes squeezes against the inside surface of a drum while a brake band<br />
squeezes against the outside surface of a drum.<br />
brake bias:<br />
The front/rear distribution of a vehicle's braking power. For the shortest<br />
stopping distance, brake bias should match the vehicle's traction at each<br />
end during hard braking brake modulation -- the process of varying pedal<br />
pressure to hold a vehicle's brakes on the verge of lockup. Ideally, the<br />
brakes will unlock with only a slight reduction in the pressure needed to<br />
lock them. Typically, however, a considerable pressure reduction is<br />
required.<br />
brake bleeder:
A valve attached to each wheel brake. This valve can be opened and closed<br />
to allow air to be removed or bled from the brake lines.<br />
brake bleeding:<br />
See bleeding the brakes.<br />
brake block:<br />
See brake pad.<br />
brake booster:<br />
[1] A mechanical device<br />
which attaches to the brake<br />
system to multiply the <strong>for</strong>ce<br />
the driver applies with his<br />
foot (or hand as in the case of<br />
a motorcycle). The device<br />
uses air, vacuum, or hydraulic<br />
fluid to accomplish this<br />
purpose. Sometimes called<br />
"power assisted brakes,"<br />
"vacuum assisted brakes,"<br />
"hydraulically assisted<br />
brakes," or just "power<br />
brakes." In most cars, the<br />
boost comes from engine<br />
intake vacuum. In<br />
motorcycles it comes from<br />
hydraulic fluid.<br />
[2] An arch (usually built<br />
from aluminum or carbon<br />
fiber) which attaches to the<br />
brake bosses of a bicycle in<br />
conjunction with the brake.<br />
The powerful braking <strong>for</strong>ce of<br />
V-Brakes or linear pull brakes<br />
can cause frames and <strong>for</strong>ks to<br />
flex and waste energy which<br />
could have been applied to the<br />
rims. The booster acts as a<br />
brace to prevent frame flex
induced during braking.<br />
Also See<br />
hydraulic brake booster<br />
vacuum brake booster<br />
brake boss:<br />
The brazed-on pivots attached to frames and <strong>for</strong>ks <strong>for</strong> cantilever and "V"<br />
style brakes. Shift lever bosses are brazed-on pivots <strong>for</strong> down-tubemounted<br />
shift levers. Most newer "road" bicycles have the shifters<br />
mounted on the handlebars, so they use the old-style lever bosses as<br />
attachment points <strong>for</strong> housing stops<br />
brake cable:<br />
[1] A wire cable which activates the brakes. Used on motorcycles, trailers,<br />
and automobile parkbrakes.<br />
[2] A wound steel cable running from the brake levers of a bicycle to the<br />
brake calipers.<br />
brake cable housing:<br />
The outer, colored housing into which a brake cable is inserted.<br />
brake caliper:<br />
The component of a disc brake that converts hydraulic pressure into<br />
mechanical energy. See calipers.<br />
brake check:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> jamming on your brakes in traffic as in "Watch out we're<br />
doing a break check up ahead."<br />
brake console:<br />
See<br />
parking brake console<br />
computer brake control<br />
brake cylinder:<br />
A cylinder containing a movable piston actuated by hydraulic pressure to<br />
push fluid through the lines and wheel cylinders and <strong>for</strong>ce the brake lining<br />
or pads against a drum or disc.
Also see<br />
wheel cylinder<br />
master brake cylinder<br />
brake disc:<br />
The component of a disc brake that rotates with the wheel and is squeezed<br />
by the brake caliper and pads, which creates friction and converts the<br />
energy of the moving vehicle into heat. A British term <strong>for</strong> brake rotor.<br />
brake disc type:<br />
A braking system that instead of using the conventional brake drum with<br />
internal brake shoes, uses a steel disc with caliper type lining application,<br />
when the brakes are applied, a section of lining on each side of the<br />
spinning disc is <strong>for</strong>ced against the disc thus imparting a braking <strong>for</strong>ce. This<br />
type of brake is very resistant to brake fade.<br />
Also see<br />
disc brake.<br />
brake dive:<br />
The action of the front end of a vehicle as it dips down when the brakes<br />
are applied. Opposite to squat.<br />
Also see<br />
brake drum:<br />
A cast iron or<br />
aluminumhousing<br />
bolted to<br />
the wheel, that rotates around<br />
the brake shoes. When the<br />
shoes are expanded, they rub<br />
against the machined inner<br />
surface of the brake drum and<br />
exert a braking effect upon the<br />
wheel to slow or stop the<br />
vehicle.<br />
brake drum lathe:<br />
anti-dive system<br />
anti-lift<br />
anti-squat system
A machine to refinish the inside of a brake drum.<br />
brake dust:<br />
The dust created as the brake linings wear down in normal use. Brake dust<br />
usually contains dangerous amounts of asbestos<br />
brake extension:<br />
See park brake extension<br />
brake fade:<br />
Reduction or loss in braking <strong>for</strong>ce due to loss of friction between brake<br />
shoes and drum (or brake pads and disc). Caused by heat buildup through<br />
repeated or prolonged brake application.<br />
brake failure:<br />
The total inability of the brakes to function. May be caused by worn out<br />
pads or shoes, broken hydraulic lines, broken cable or other linkage, nonfunctioning<br />
master cylinder, low or empty brake fluid reservoir, etc.<br />
brake feel:<br />
A discernible, to the driver, relationship between the amount of brake<br />
pedal pressure and the actual braking <strong>for</strong>ce being exerted. A special device<br />
is incorporated in power brake installations to give the driver this feel.<br />
brake fluid:<br />
A special fluid used in hydraulic brake systems to stop or slow the vehicle.<br />
Never use something else in place of regular fluid. There are four types of<br />
brake fluid on the market. DOT 3, DOT 4, DOT 5, and DOT 5.1.<br />
Also see<br />
silicone brake fluid<br />
brake fluid reservoir:<br />
In an automobile, it is a translucent tank located in front of the master<br />
cylinder. It usually has two chambers containing brake fluid. In a<br />
motorcycle, it may be found on the handlebar (<strong>for</strong> the front brake) or near<br />
the back of the bike (<strong>for</strong> the rear brake).
ake flushing:<br />
Cleaning the brake system by flushing with alcohol or brake fluid. This is<br />
done to remove water, dirt, or any other contaminant, flushing fluid is<br />
placed in the master cylinder and <strong>for</strong>ced through the lines and wheel<br />
cylinders where it exits at the cylinderbleed<br />
screws.<br />
brake gauge:<br />
See disc brake gauge<br />
brake hood:<br />
A plastic, rubber, or leather covering mounted<br />
around the brake levers to keep out the dust<br />
and to provide a non-abrasive placement <strong>for</strong><br />
the hands during cycling<br />
brake horsepower:<br />
(bhp) A measurement of the actual usable power (not calculated power)<br />
measured at the output shaft (usually the crankshaft) rather than at the<br />
driveshaft or the wheels. Thus none of the auxiliaries (gearbox, generator,<br />
alternator, differential, water pump, etc.) are attached. It is called the brake<br />
horsepower because the shaft power is usually measured by an absorption<br />
dynamometer or "brake." This is not the brake on the vehicle's wheels but<br />
a testing device applied to the shaft. This instrument is applied to stop or<br />
absorb the rotation of the output shaft and returns a value. Compare SAE<br />
gross horsepower and SAE net horsepower.<br />
Also see<br />
horsepower<br />
brake hose:<br />
A flexible high-pressure hose that is rein<strong>for</strong>ced. It connects between the<br />
brake pipes and the brake assembly. It needs to be flexible because of the<br />
constant movement of the suspension<br />
brake lathe:<br />
The machine used to resurface the friction surfaces of brake discs or drums
ake lever:<br />
[1] A blade attached to the right side of a<br />
motorcycle handlebar which usually activates<br />
the front brake.<br />
[2] A device <strong>for</strong> activating the park brake.<br />
[3] A curved blade found on either side of a<br />
bicycle handlebar which activates the front or<br />
rear brakes<br />
brake lever strut:<br />
See parking brake lever strut<br />
Also see<br />
parking brake lever<br />
brake light:<br />
A red light at the rear of the vehicle which is activated when the brakes are<br />
applied. Also called "stop light."<br />
Also see<br />
brake line:<br />
See brake lines.<br />
high-mounted brake light<br />
auxilliary brake lights<br />
brake lines:<br />
A system of hoses and metal tubes through which the brake fluid flows<br />
from the master cylinder to the brake calipers at each wheel. Cracks or<br />
breaks in these lines will cause the fluid to leak out and result in loss of<br />
brakes.<br />
brake lining:
A heat-resistant friction material (usually asbestos) that is attached to the<br />
brake shoe (either riveted or bonded). When the shoe is pressed against the<br />
brake drum, the lining grabs the inside of the drum, which stops the<br />
vehicle and also prevents the drum and the shoe from wearing each other<br />
away.<br />
Also see<br />
bonded brake lining<br />
riveted brake lining<br />
brake lock:<br />
See steering wheel and brake lock<br />
brake master cylinder:<br />
The part of the hydraulic<br />
brake system which stores the<br />
brake fluid. As the brake<br />
pedal is applied pressure is<br />
<strong>for</strong>ced against a small<br />
movable piston in the master<br />
cylinder to push hydraulic<br />
fluid through the lines to the<br />
wheel cylinders and <strong>for</strong>ce the<br />
brake linings against the drum<br />
(in the case of drum brakes)<br />
or <strong>for</strong>ce the brake pads<br />
against the disc (in the case of<br />
disc brakes).<br />
brake mean effective pressure:<br />
(BMEP) The average pressure in the cylinders of an engine divided by its<br />
mechanical efficiency, i.e., the ratio of the power actually delivered at an<br />
output shaft to the power developed in the cylinders. It is used as an<br />
indication of torque.
ake pad:<br />
[1] The friction material or lining which is<br />
secured to metal plates. They press against the<br />
brake disc or rotor to enable the wheel to stop.<br />
They are to be distinguished from brake shoes<br />
which press against the inside of a drum.<br />
[2] On a bicycle, brake pads are blocks of<br />
rubber-like material fastened to the end of the<br />
brake caliper; they press against the wheel rim<br />
when the brakes are applied. Also called<br />
"brake block." Sometimes the term "brake<br />
pad" refers to both the pad and the metal<br />
backing.<br />
brake pads:<br />
See brake pad.<br />
Also see<br />
ceramic brake pad<br />
sintered metal brake pad<br />
brake pad wear indicator:<br />
A device which detects the thickness of the brake pad by using an Lshaped<br />
strap which will scrape against the disc when the pad thickness is<br />
below tolerance. Others use an electrical circuit in which a worn pad<br />
closes an electrical circuit that illuminates a light on the dash panel.<br />
brake pedal:<br />
A foot operated device which engages the brakes to stop or slow the<br />
rotation of the wheels.<br />
Also see<br />
low brake pedal<br />
parking brake pedal<br />
spongy brake pedal<br />
brake pipe:<br />
A steel pipe used to transmit the brake fluid. See flexible brake pipe
ake piston:<br />
On a motorcycle, pressure from the brake lever (when squeezed) <strong>for</strong>ces the<br />
brake fluid to flow from the master cylinder down through the brake line<br />
and into the caliper. The pressure of the brake fluid causes the piston to<br />
push the brake pad to rub against the disc, thus stopping movement of the<br />
motorcycle.<br />
brake, power:<br />
See<br />
power brakes<br />
maximum brake power<br />
brake pressure modulator valve:<br />
(BPMV) a combined assembly of the electronic control unit and hydraulic<br />
control unit, used in tome GM vehicles, Also called the Electro-Hydraulic<br />
Control Unit (EHCU)<br />
brake puck:<br />
See brake pads.<br />
brake pucks:<br />
See brake pads.<br />
brake pulling:<br />
A situation where the vehicle moves to one side when the brakes are<br />
applied. It is usually due to uneven application of the brakes from side to<br />
side.<br />
brake, parking:<br />
See<br />
parking brake<br />
emergency brake
ake proportioning valve:<br />
A valve that limits braking<br />
<strong>for</strong>ce to the front or rear<br />
wheels, usually as a function<br />
of pedal ef<strong>for</strong>t or line<br />
pressure, loading of the<br />
vehicle or front-rear weight<br />
transfer, to prevent wheel<br />
locking and provide the most<br />
effective braking.<br />
brake rod:<br />
A long rod which connects between the brake pedal and the brake<br />
actuating lever.<br />
brake rotor:<br />
The brake disc which is attached to the wheel and is surrounded by a brake<br />
caliper.<br />
Also see<br />
brakes, antilock:<br />
See anti-lock brakes.<br />
brakes, anti-lock:<br />
See anti-lock brakes.<br />
brakes, cantilever:<br />
see cantilever brakes<br />
disc brake rotor<br />
brake servo:<br />
A device which multiplies the driver's physical ef<strong>for</strong>t in applying the<br />
brakes by using manifold vacuum<br />
brake servo unit:<br />
See brake servo
ake shoe:<br />
That part of the brake system,<br />
located at the wheels, upon<br />
which the brake lining is<br />
attached. There are usually<br />
two shoes (curved or arcshaped<br />
pieces) in each wheel.<br />
When the wheel cylinders are<br />
actuated by hydraulic pressure<br />
they <strong>for</strong>ce the brake shoes<br />
apart and bring the lining into<br />
contact with the brake drum.<br />
In this way the vehicle is<br />
slowed or stopped. On a<br />
bicycle, it is the metal part<br />
that holds a brake pad and is<br />
bolted to the end of a brake<br />
caliper.<br />
Also see<br />
double leading brake shoe<br />
<strong>for</strong>ward brake shoe<br />
leading brake shoe<br />
primary brake shoe<br />
primary <strong>for</strong>ward brake shoe<br />
reverse brake shoe<br />
secondary brake shoe<br />
self-energizing brake shoe<br />
single leading brake shoe<br />
trailing brake shoe.<br />
brake shoe grinder:<br />
A grinder used to grind brake shoe lining so that it will be square to and<br />
concentric with the brake drum.<br />
brake shoe heel:<br />
That end of the brake shoe closest to the anchor bolt or pin.<br />
brake shoe return spring:<br />
A spring which is attached to the two brake shoes. After the brake is<br />
applied, this spring pulls the shoes away from the drum
ake shoes:<br />
The components of a drum brake assembly that are surfaced with brake<br />
lining and <strong>for</strong>ced against the brake drum to generate friction<br />
brake shoe toe:<br />
The free end of the shoe, it is not attached to or resting against an anchor<br />
pin.<br />
brake sidepull:<br />
See sidepull brake<br />
brakes linear pull:<br />
see linear pull brakes<br />
brakes, power:<br />
See power brakes.<br />
brakes V:<br />
see V brakes<br />
brake system:<br />
A system that uses hydraulic pressure to enable your vehicle to slow and<br />
stop safely. Consists of the master cylinder, brake lines, and disc or drum<br />
brakes at each wheel.<br />
Also see<br />
anti-lock brake system<br />
brake system cleaner:<br />
A type of solvent designed exclusively <strong>for</strong> cleaning brake system<br />
components. It will not destroy plastic, rubber, or synthetic rubber<br />
components and it dries quickly, without leaving a residue<br />
brake test:<br />
A testing procedure which determines the efficiency of a vehicle's brakes<br />
in order to pass safety tests
ake torquing:<br />
A procedure generally used in per<strong>for</strong>mance tests to improve the off-theline<br />
acceleration of a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission. It<br />
is executed by firmly depressing the brake with the left foot, applying the<br />
throttle with the vehicle in gear to increase engine rpm, then releasing the<br />
brakes. Brake torquing is particularly effective with turbocharged cars<br />
because it helps overcome turbo lag.<br />
brake warning light:<br />
An indicator light on the dash which indicates problems such as low fluid<br />
level in the brake fluid reservoir, a malfunction in any of the hydraulic<br />
brake circuits, or excessive wear of the brake pads or shoes. It also<br />
illuminates when the parkbrake is applied. When the ignition is first<br />
started, the light will illuminate momentarily to show that the light is<br />
working.<br />
brake wrench:<br />
A wrench which is used to adjust the brake shoes. The British call it a<br />
"brake adjusting spanner."<br />
braking:<br />
The action of operating the devices <strong>for</strong> slowing the motion of a vehicle.<br />
Also see<br />
active braking time<br />
all-out braking<br />
cadence braking<br />
diagonal split braking<br />
system<br />
dual-circuit braking<br />
heavy braking<br />
system<br />
hydraulic braking<br />
dual-line braking<br />
system<br />
system<br />
late braking<br />
dual braking system<br />
light braking<br />
engine braking effect<br />
regenerative<br />
braking<br />
stab braking<br />
trail braking<br />
braking distance:<br />
A measurement of the distance that a vehicle will travel from the time the<br />
brakes are first applied to the actual moment it stops.<br />
Also see<br />
braking effect:<br />
See engine braking effect<br />
stopping distance
aking efficiency:<br />
braking ef<strong>for</strong>t as a percentage of the weight of the vehicle<br />
braking ef<strong>for</strong>t:<br />
The amount of strength needed by the operator to bring a vehicle to a stop<br />
or the amount of resistance in the brake system<br />
braking <strong>for</strong>ce:<br />
The amount of strength needed by the operator to bring a vehicle to a stop<br />
or the amount of resistance in the brake system<br />
braking ratio:<br />
The distribution of braking ef<strong>for</strong>t between the front and rear wheels<br />
braking system:<br />
All the components that contribute to stopping the vehicle.<br />
Also see<br />
braking time:<br />
See active braking time<br />
anti-lock braking system<br />
diagonal split braking system<br />
dual-circuit braking system<br />
dual-line braking system<br />
dual braking system<br />
hydraulic braking system<br />
secondary braking system<br />
single-circuit braking system<br />
single-line braking system<br />
brand number:<br />
A series of identifying numbers and letters which some companies burn<br />
into the sidewall rubber of a truck tire to show their initials, mounting<br />
date, etc.<br />
brass hammer:<br />
A hammer with a brass head. Because the head is softer than steel it is<br />
used <strong>for</strong> hitting a steel object without damaging that object
ass punch:<br />
A drift or punch made of brass which is used to remove bushings and<br />
bearing races because brass does not score or mark steel.<br />
brass hammer:<br />
A hammer with a brass head which is used to pound steel<br />
pins etc. into place without damaging them.<br />
braze:<br />
To join two pieces of metal together by heating the edges to be joined and<br />
then melting drops of brass or bronze on the area. Unlike welding, this<br />
operation is similar to soldering, except a higher melting point material is<br />
used.<br />
braze on:<br />
See braze-ons.<br />
braze-on:<br />
See braze-ons.<br />
braze-ons:<br />
Parts <strong>for</strong> mounting shift levers, cable guides, pump pegs, chain hangers,<br />
front and rear eyelets, derailleurs, water bottle cages, and racks, which are<br />
fastened to a bicycleframe<br />
through a type of soldering process known as<br />
brazing.
aze welding:<br />
Making an adhesion groove, fillet, or plug connection with a brazing alloy<br />
brazing:<br />
Making an adhesion groove, fillet, or plug connection with a brazing alloy<br />
brazing flux:<br />
Substance applied to surfaces to be joined by brazing or soldering to keep<br />
oxides from <strong>for</strong>ming and to produce joints.<br />
breadth:<br />
See beam<br />
break:<br />
[1] The action of an item when it no longer holds integrity -- usually<br />
resulting in unusable pieces.<br />
See<br />
impact break<br />
circumferential break<br />
[2] To dismantle a vehicle <strong>for</strong> parts.<br />
[3] To separate as when a switch breaks contact when it is shut off<br />
[4] Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> "I'd like to break-in" or "interrupt" as in "Can I get a<br />
break."<br />
break-10:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> "I want to talk (on channel 10)" as in "Can I get a break<br />
one-oh."<br />
break away:<br />
See breakaway<br />
breakaway:<br />
The action of a wheel when it turns very rapidly and loses traction so that<br />
there is no contact with the ground. Bias-belted tires and radial tires resist<br />
the breakaway action better than a bias ply tire. Also see spark breakaway
eakaway barricade:<br />
A road obstruction which is designed to warn<br />
motorists that the road is unpassable or that<br />
there is construction in a particular lane. It is<br />
easily dismantled (thus "breakable").<br />
breakbulk vessel:<br />
A general, multipurpose, cargo ship that carriers cargoes of nonuni<strong>for</strong>m<br />
sizes<br />
break down:<br />
[1] To cease to operate as in our car broke down on the highway.<br />
[2] To lose its insulating effectiveness<br />
breakdown:<br />
[1] A failure of a mechanism or vehicle as in we had a breakdown on the<br />
highway.<br />
[2] A loss of insulating effectiveness<br />
breakdown recovery:<br />
Rescue of a vehicle that has suffered a breakdown by towing it to a service<br />
station, etc.<br />
breakdown service:<br />
A service provided by a tow-truck in providing repairs at the place where<br />
the breakdown occurred<br />
breakdown truck:
A tow-truck<br />
breaker:<br />
[1] A person who dismantles a vehicle <strong>for</strong> parts. Also called a dismantler.<br />
[2] A cushioning layer between the belt layers and the tread in radial tires.<br />
[3] A device <strong>for</strong> removing contact.<br />
[4] Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a CB'er who asks to use a channel as in "Who's that<br />
breaker out there."<br />
Also see<br />
bead breaker<br />
chain breaker<br />
circuit breaker<br />
contact breaker<br />
dual breaker points<br />
glaze breaker<br />
breaker arm:<br />
The movable part of a pair of contact points in a distributor or magneto.<br />
breaker cam:<br />
The lobed cam rotating in the ignition system<br />
which interrupts the primary circuit to induce a<br />
high tension spark <strong>for</strong> ignition.<br />
breaker gap:<br />
See contact breaker gap<br />
breaker plate:<br />
The movable plate inside the distributor to which the points and the<br />
condenser are attached.<br />
Also see
eaker point:<br />
contact breaker plate<br />
See<br />
breaker points<br />
contact breaker point<br />
breaker points:<br />
A mechanical switch in the distributor with<br />
two metal contact points (usually made of<br />
silver, platinum, or tungsten) that open and<br />
close. When the points are closed, energy is<br />
stored in the primary windings of the coil.<br />
When the breaker points open, this energy is<br />
transferred to the secondary windings of the<br />
coil and stepped up, resulting in a high<br />
voltage to fire the plugs. The air gap<br />
between the breaker-point surfaces is<br />
critical. If the gap is too small, the timing is<br />
retarded, if too wide advanced. Also called<br />
"points," "contact points," and "ignition<br />
points."<br />
Also see<br />
dual breaker points<br />
contact breaker point.<br />
breakerless:<br />
A distributor or ignition system where the mechanical switching device<br />
(such as points or contacts) are replaced by an electronic switching device<br />
through the use of transistors. They are also called "contactless" or "allelectronic<br />
ignitions."<br />
breaker strip:<br />
Strip of wood or plastic used to cover joint between outside case and<br />
inside liner of refrigerator<br />
breaker's yard:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a salvage yard
eaker-triggered transistorized ignition:<br />
A transistorized ignition system whose distributor is the same as that of a<br />
coil ignition system, but whose contact breaker switches only the control<br />
current of the transistor, not the primary current. Usually not fitted as<br />
original equipment.<br />
break in:<br />
See break-in.<br />
break-in:<br />
Period of operation between the installation of new or rebuilt parts and the<br />
time in which the parts are worn to the correct fit, driving at a reduced and<br />
varying speed <strong>for</strong> a specified mileage to permit parts to wear to the correct<br />
fit. British term is "run-in."<br />
break-in oil:<br />
Special <strong>for</strong>mulated oil used in a new engine <strong>for</strong> a specified amount of time<br />
so that all bearing surfaces, etc. are properly seated.<br />
break one-oh:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> "I want to talk (on channel 10)" as in "Can I get a break<br />
one-oh."<br />
break-out box:<br />
(BOB) a service tool that tees-in between the computer and the multi-pin<br />
harness connector. Once connected in series with the computer and the<br />
harness, this test device permits measurements of computer inputs and<br />
outputs<br />
breakover:<br />
The area of a dent in a panel where the sheet metal is actually buckled into<br />
the opposite direction of its normal shape<br />
break time:<br />
The length of time the contact breaker points remain open. Opposite to<br />
dwell
eak up:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> dismantling a vehicle and selling the parts. Similar to part<br />
out<br />
breakwater:<br />
Plates fitted on a <strong>for</strong>ward weather deck to <strong>for</strong>m a V-shaped shield against<br />
water that is shipped over the bow<br />
breasthook:<br />
A triangular plate bracket joining port and starboard side stringers at the<br />
stem.<br />
breathalyze:<br />
To administer a breathalyzer test<br />
breathalyzer:<br />
A device into which a driver blows to determine the amount of alcohol in<br />
his breath (and thus in his blood)<br />
breathalyzer test:<br />
A test given by the police to determine if a driver has exceeded the<br />
allowable alcohol content in his system.<br />
breather:<br />
A vent in the crankcase <strong>for</strong> relieving internal pressure or admitting air.<br />
Also see<br />
crankcase breather<br />
oil breather pipe<br />
oil breather<br />
breather pipe:<br />
A pipe opening into the interior of the engine. It is used to assist<br />
ventilation the pipe usually extends downward to a point just below the<br />
engine so that the passing air stream will <strong>for</strong>m a partial vacuum thus<br />
assisting in venting the engine.
Also see<br />
oil breather pipe<br />
breather port:<br />
The small passage between the master cylinder fluid reservoir and the area<br />
behind the primary cups of the pistons. This port allows fluid from the<br />
reservoir to fill the area behind the cups when the brakes are applied,<br />
which prevents air bubbles from traveling around the lips of the primary<br />
cups as the brakes are released. See replenishing port<br />
breathing:<br />
The action of taking in air <strong>for</strong> combining with fuel <strong>for</strong> burning as energy<br />
and then exhausting it. See breathing capacity.<br />
breathing capacity:<br />
The volume of air that enters the cylinder during each intake stroke.<br />
Volumetric efficiency is determined by comparing the actual volume of air<br />
with the maximum possible amount. Also called "air capacity."<br />
breath test:<br />
See breathalyzer test<br />
breeching:<br />
Space in hot water or steam boilers between the end of the tubing and the<br />
jacket<br />
brevet:<br />
Literally, the word means "certificate," "patent," or "diploma" in French.<br />
In randonneuring, it means two things: certification of having successfully<br />
done a randonné, and the long-distance bicycle event itself of at least 200<br />
kilometers. Brevet and randonnée are often interchangeable terms, but a<br />
randonnée might be considered to be less structured or less <strong>for</strong>mal than a<br />
brevet.<br />
Brewster:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with required application<br />
are classic cars.
BRG:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> British Racing Green<br />
bricklayer hammer:<br />
A special hammer <strong>for</strong> chipping cement blocks and bricks<br />
bridge:<br />
A metal support which is installed in the valve slot of a wheel rim and<br />
prevents the flap and tube from bulging through the slot under high<br />
pressure and high heat conditions. Also called "lemna."<br />
Also see<br />
flying bridge<br />
house bridge<br />
navigating bridge<br />
port bridge<br />
bridge bolts:<br />
High-strength bolts used to fasten together the halves of a split brake<br />
caliper<br />
bridged:<br />
See diode.<br />
bridge igniter:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> detonating the air bag<br />
bridge washer:<br />
A protective thin metal washer installed at the valve stem between the flap<br />
and rim base to prevent the tube and flap from protruding through the<br />
valve slot as a result of high pressure and high temperature.<br />
bridging:<br />
A characteristic of undercoats that occurs when a scratch or other<br />
imperfection in the surface isn't completely filled. Usually due to underreducing<br />
the primer or using a solvent that dries too fast.
Also see<br />
gap bridging<br />
bright:<br />
A lustrous, shiny finish. Opposite to matt<br />
brightening:<br />
See chemical brightening<br />
brine:<br />
Water saturated with a chemical such as salt<br />
Brinell hardness:<br />
A test of a metal's hardness by hydraulically pressing a hard ball into the<br />
metal<br />
Bristol:<br />
See Arnolt Bristol.<br />
British Association:<br />
(BA) A term used to describe a series of fine, small diameter threads <strong>for</strong><br />
electrical and precision equipment<br />
British Leyland:<br />
(BL) A <strong>for</strong>mer manufacturer of British automobiles, now called the Rover<br />
Group<br />
British Motor Corporation:<br />
(BMC) A <strong>for</strong>mer manufacturer of British automobiles which changed its<br />
name to British Leyland and then to the Rover Group<br />
British Racing Green:<br />
(BRC) A dark green color which used to be the official racing color <strong>for</strong><br />
British cars
British Standard Fine:<br />
(BSF) The fine screw thread used on most British vehicles be<strong>for</strong>e<br />
metrication. The coarse thread was British Standard Whitworth<br />
British Standards Institution:<br />
(BSI) An organization which prepares and issues British standard<br />
specifications<br />
British Standard Whitworth:<br />
A coarse screw thread used on British vehicles be<strong>for</strong>e metrication<br />
British thermal unit:<br />
(BTU) A measurement of the amount of heat required to raise the<br />
temperature of one pound of water, one degree Fahrenheit.<br />
brittle point:<br />
A low extreme temperature at which a substance (like rubber) fractures on<br />
sudden impact.<br />
broach:<br />
Bringing a metal surface to the desired shape by <strong>for</strong>cing (pushing or<br />
pulling) a multiple-edged cutting tool across the surface.<br />
broken-in:<br />
A condition in which a new engine has overcome any wear-in problems.<br />
broken storage:<br />
The spaces between and around cargo packages, including dunnage, and<br />
spaces not usable because of structural interference.<br />
broker:<br />
an intermediary with legal authority to operate on behalf of the<br />
manufacturer.<br />
bronze:
An alloy of copper and tin.<br />
bronze welding:<br />
See braze welding<br />
See<br />
phosphor-bronze<br />
sintered bronze<br />
Brough:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 Superior with required<br />
application are classic cars.<br />
Brougham:<br />
See Cadillac Eldorado Brougham<br />
BROW:<br />
A small inclined ramp to allow passage of trucks over a hatch coaming or<br />
bulkhead door sills etc<br />
bruise:<br />
Any tire injury which weakens, breaks, or separates the carcass cords<br />
without damaging the visible rubber surface.<br />
brush:<br />
[1] A paintbrush. See airbrush.<br />
[2] The pieces of carbon, or copper, that rub against the commutator on the<br />
generator or starter motor or against the slip rings on an alternator. As they<br />
wear down, they need to be replaced.<br />
Also see<br />
brushes:<br />
carbon brush<br />
card brush<br />
cup-shaped wire brush<br />
file card brush<br />
spark plug brush<br />
third brush<br />
wire brush
See brush.<br />
brush holder:<br />
A device which keeps the carbon brushes in an electric motor in contact<br />
with the commutator or slip ring<br />
brush spring:<br />
A spring which pushes against the back end of a carbon brush in an<br />
electric motor to <strong>for</strong>ce it against the commutator or slip ring.<br />
Also see<br />
BSF:<br />
BSI:<br />
carbon brush spring<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> British Standard Fine<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> British Standards Institution<br />
BSW:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> British Standard Whitworth<br />
BTDC:<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e top dead center. Spark occurs on the compression stroke, be<strong>for</strong>e the<br />
piston reaches top dead center.<br />
B thread:<br />
BTU:<br />
bubble:<br />
See<br />
internal thread<br />
class B thread<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "British thermal unit." The amount of heat that must be<br />
added to one pound of water to raise its temperature one Fahrenheit<br />
degree.
A small blister in the finish of paint<br />
bubble car:<br />
A type of small car which was popular in the 1950s. It had a bulbousshaped<br />
glass front to provide maximum interior room in spite of its small<br />
size. The door opened to the front of the driver. Examples are the BMW<br />
Isetta and Heinkel Trojan<br />
Bucciali:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with required application<br />
are classic cars.<br />
bucket:<br />
See<br />
headlight bucket<br />
rust bucket<br />
shim under bucket<br />
bucket seat:<br />
An individual seat which is found in pairs in<br />
the front of a vehicle. Named because the<br />
curvature of the backrest and cushion<br />
resembles a cut-out bucket.
ucket tappet:<br />
valve lifters that are hollow, cylindrical, and<br />
closed at one end and used with some<br />
overhead camshafts. The flat, closed end of the<br />
tappet (bottom of the bucket) rests against the<br />
camshaft lobe with part of the valve spring and<br />
valve stem enclosed by the cylinder. Called<br />
"bucket tappets" because they are shaped like<br />
upside-down buckets.<br />
Buckland:<br />
See AC Buckland Open Tourer.<br />
buckle:<br />
[1] A locking clasp usually found on seat belts and tie-down straps.<br />
[2] To crumple up, especially when metal bends in a vehicle accident<br />
buckled plates:<br />
Battery plates that have been bent or warped out of a flat plane<br />
buckler:<br />
A portable cover secured over the deck opening of the hawsepipes and the<br />
chain pipes to restrict the flow of water through the openings<br />
buckle up:<br />
To put your seat belt on. British term is "belt up"<br />
BUDC:
e<strong>for</strong>e upper dead center. Same as BTDC.<br />
budd mounting:<br />
See double cap nut.<br />
buff:<br />
As a verb it means to polish. As a noun it indicates an expert in a field or a<br />
person greatly interested in the field as in Jim is a car buff.<br />
Also see<br />
nut<br />
buff contour:<br />
The specked shape of a buffed retread tire.<br />
buffer:<br />
A machine used to rasp the old tread from the tire.<br />
Also see<br />
jounce buffer<br />
buffered radius:<br />
A dimension that ensures the proper contour of the buffed surface<br />
according to tire size and type and matrix dimensions.<br />
buffeting:<br />
Severe, pulsating <strong>for</strong>ce of wind. When you drive in a convertible with the<br />
top down, you will often experience this buffeting action of the wind. It is<br />
also noticeable when a vehicle is driven quickly with the windows down.<br />
buffing:<br />
[1] Smoothing and polishing a surface by using a buffing wheel and<br />
polishing paste or liquid.<br />
[2] Grinding or rasping off remaining tread rubber to give the casing<br />
proper texture to accept new retread stock and proper dimensions to fit the<br />
matrix.<br />
buffing template:
A machined device of a specific shape used to obtain the required buffed<br />
contour.<br />
buffing wheel:<br />
A disc which is covered in soft cloth or lambswool. It is powered by a tool<br />
like a drill which spins the disc to give a high gloss shine to the surface of<br />
a vehicle.<br />
buff line:<br />
The dividing line in the cross section of a tire between the buffed surface<br />
of the original tire and the new retread rubber.<br />
bug and tar remover:<br />
A solution which will dissolve bugs and tar residue. After application, it<br />
needs to be washed off or it will also remove the paint.<br />
Bugatti:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are<br />
classic cars. The 1951 Type 101 model is a milestone<br />
car.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Bugatti<br />
bug deflector:<br />
A length of clear plastic which is<br />
attached to the front of the hood to<br />
prevent bugs from hitting the<br />
windshield. Also called a bug shield<br />
bug out:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> leaving a CB radio channel as in "I better bug out and<br />
get some shut eye."<br />
bug shield:<br />
see bug deflector
Buick:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the Riviera <strong>for</strong> 1949 and 1963-<br />
70 are milestone cars. The 1931-32 series 90 with<br />
required application are classic cars. The 1953-54 Skylark<br />
are milestone cars.<br />
Buick Century:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Buick<br />
Buick Electra:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Buick<br />
Buick Grand National:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Buick<br />
Buick Park Avenue:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Buick<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Buick<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Buick<br />
Century<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Buick Electra<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Buick Grand<br />
National<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Buick Park<br />
Avenue
Buick Regal:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Buick<br />
Buick Riviera:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Buick<br />
Buick Skylark:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Buick<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Buick Regal<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Buick<br />
Riviera<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Buick<br />
Skylark<br />
build:<br />
The thickness of the paint film deposited on the body during spraying<br />
(measured in mils).<br />
Also see<br />
heavy film build<br />
build date code:<br />
A code which tells you what day, month, and year the engine was made.<br />
Expressed alpha-numerically and stamped somewhere on the block<br />
builder:<br />
In retreading a tire, a machine used to apply tread rubber to a casing.
Also see<br />
body builder<br />
Builders and Repairers Association:<br />
See vehicle Builders and Repairers Association<br />
building basin:<br />
A structure in which one or more ships may be built and floated by<br />
flooding the basin.<br />
build quality:<br />
The quality of workmanship and material composition in the construction<br />
of a vehicle.<br />
build up:<br />
[1] To increase the surface level of metal by welding more material on it<br />
(and later grinding it to shape) or by adding filler to it.<br />
[2] To assemble or put something together.<br />
[3] To add material to something.<br />
See<br />
carbon build-up<br />
pressure buildup<br />
buildup:<br />
[1] The amount a weld face is extended above the surface of the metals<br />
being joined.<br />
[2] An excess of some material as in, "There was a buildup of carbon on<br />
the top of the piston."<br />
Also see<br />
carbon build-up<br />
built-up crankshaft:<br />
A crankshaft which is not cast or <strong>for</strong>ged as one piece, but made of several<br />
different parts.<br />
bulb:<br />
An electronic device which gives off light by the heating of an element<br />
contained with a glass enclosure. The metal base which conducts the
electricity may be a barrel with locating pins, or it may have small<br />
filament wires protruding from the base. In some cases it is a tube with<br />
contacts at either end. When replacing bulbs, especially high intensity<br />
bulbs like halogen, be sure to avoid touching the glass. The oil from your<br />
fingers will cause the bulb to overheat and burn out quickly. If you do<br />
touch the glass, you need to clean it with air dry it.<br />
Also see<br />
bulb, sensitive:<br />
See sensitive bulb<br />
alcohol<br />
bayonet bulb<br />
double filament bulb<br />
festoon bulb<br />
halogen bulb<br />
light bulb<br />
outer bulb<br />
quartz-halogen bulb<br />
quartz halogen bulb<br />
tungsten-halogen bulb<br />
bulk cargo:<br />
Cargo such as oil, coal, ore, woodchips, etc. not shipped in bags or<br />
containers<br />
bulk carrier:<br />
Ship designed to carry cargo such as grain, woodchips, ore, coal, etc. in<br />
bulk<br />
bulk charging:<br />
Using large containers of refrigerant to charge the system. Commonly<br />
employed with charging stations to per<strong>for</strong>m complete system charges<br />
bulkhead:<br />
[1] A structural partition that separates compartments. This is generally a<br />
metal wall that extends from one side of a vehicle to the other. In the<br />
engine compartment, you would find a radiator bulkhead near the front<br />
and a firewall near the back. Another bulkhead separates the passengers<br />
from the trunk. The dashpanel is also a bulkhead.<br />
Also see
ear bulkhead.<br />
[2] Vertical partition walls which separates the interior of a ship into<br />
compartments or rooms.<br />
Also see<br />
afterpeak bulkhead<br />
collision bulkhead<br />
<strong>for</strong>epeak bulkhead<br />
screen bulkhead<br />
swash bulkhead<br />
bulkhead connector:<br />
An OEM device used to connect wiring inside the vehicle body with<br />
wiring outside the body. Usually located at the bulkhead or firewall<br />
bulkhead deck:<br />
The uppermost deck to which the transverse watertight bulkheads are<br />
carried<br />
bulk refrigerant drum:<br />
A large (e.g., 10 lbs, 25 lbs, 30 lbs) container of refrigerant generally used<br />
in professional air conditioning service shops which employ charging<br />
stations to per<strong>for</strong>m complete system charges<br />
bull bar:<br />
The upward extension of a bumper to protect lights and the grille.<br />
Also see<br />
nerf bar<br />
bulldog:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a Mack truck as in "Who we got in that eastbound<br />
bulldog."<br />
bullet-point pick hammer:<br />
See pick hammer<br />
bull horn:
A warning horn that sounds like the bellow of a bull or the moo of a cow<br />
bull low:<br />
The lowest gear in a transmission. Some older transmissions listed their<br />
gears as bull low (used <strong>for</strong> getting out of a stuck condition or climbing a<br />
very steep hill), low or first (used <strong>for</strong> starting out from a stop or <strong>for</strong><br />
climbing a moderate hill), second (used <strong>for</strong> town driving or slight hills),<br />
third (used <strong>for</strong> highway cruising).<br />
bulwark:<br />
Fore-and-aft vertical plating immediately above the upper edge of the<br />
sheer strake<br />
bump:<br />
[1] A slight rising of the pavement possibly<br />
caused by a frost heave and if severe enough<br />
will be indicated by a sign<br />
[2] The upward movement of the wheels and<br />
suspension. Also called "jounce."<br />
Also see<br />
hood bump rubber<br />
bump and rebound:<br />
The two stages of suspension movement requiring damping.<br />
Also see<br />
bump<br />
rebound<br />
bumper:<br />
Originally a bumper was a separate metal bar or blade at each end of a<br />
vehicle to prevent damaging the main part of the vehicle from damage<br />
occurred by a slight bump into an obstruction or another vehicle.<br />
Also see<br />
bumper system
energy-absorbing bumper<br />
energy absorbing bumper<br />
front bumper<br />
hood bumper<br />
jounce bumper<br />
quarter bumper<br />
rear bumper skirt<br />
absorbing bumper<br />
bonnet bumper<br />
bumper to bumper<br />
wrapround bumper<br />
bumper bar:<br />
A tubular bar or series of bars which are designed to protect the front of a<br />
vehicle<br />
bumper blade:<br />
A flat bar which is designed to protect the front or rear of a vehicle.<br />
bumper bracket:<br />
A device to which the bumper is attached to the frame, body, or chassis<br />
bumper filler:<br />
A small panel usually made of plastic which fits between the bumper and<br />
the body of the vehicle.<br />
bumper horn:<br />
A short bumper extension which is mounted vertically (i.e., perpendicular<br />
to the main bumper), usually one on each side of the bumper. The British<br />
term is "overrider."<br />
bumper insert:<br />
A rubber or plastic strip fitted to the width of a bumper to prevent scoring<br />
of the bumper.<br />
bumper iron:<br />
A bumper bracket
umper jack:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> lifting one corner of a vehicle to change a tire.<br />
Older cars used a long bar which fitted into a base. A device<br />
on the long bar had a hook which was placed in a strategic<br />
place on the vehicle. A lug wrench was inserted into the<br />
other end of the device and used to move the device up the<br />
long bar thus lifting the vehicle.<br />
bumper panels:<br />
See side bumper panels<br />
bumpers:<br />
See jounce bumpers<br />
bumper skirt:<br />
See rear bumper skirt<br />
bumper sticker:<br />
[1] A piece of rectangular paper with a sticky back which can be attached<br />
to the back of a vehicle to promote something<br />
[2] Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a car following too closely as in "Hey Charlie better<br />
watch out you got a bumper sticker on your backdoor."<br />
bumper system:<br />
An energy-absorbing system with some type of de<strong>for</strong>mable material<br />
including hydrauliccylinders<br />
which enable the bumpers to protect the<br />
vehicle from damage in low-speed impacts.<br />
bumper to bumper:<br />
[1] A traffic condition in which a line of vehicles are stopped one after the<br />
other or are moving very slowly.<br />
[2] A way of expressing the entire vehicle from one bumper to the other.
umping blade:<br />
An autobody tool used <strong>for</strong> slapping out slight dents (sometimes without a<br />
supporting dolly). It has slight serrations which hold the metal to avoid<br />
stretching. Also called a "bumping file."<br />
bumping file:<br />
An autobody tool used <strong>for</strong> slapping out slight dents (sometimes without a<br />
supporting dolly). It has slight serrations which hold the metal to avoid<br />
stretching. Also called a "bumping blade."<br />
bumping hammer:<br />
An autobody hammer used with a dolly <strong>for</strong> restoring a panel's shape.<br />
Also see<br />
fender bumping hammer<br />
bumping out:<br />
An autobody term in which a damaged panel is hit with a hammer until it<br />
is nearly the correct shape.<br />
bumping spoon:<br />
See spring beating spoon<br />
bump rubber:<br />
See hood bump rubber<br />
bump start:<br />
[1] A method of starting a manual transmission (not <strong>for</strong> automatics)<br />
vehicle by pushing it (especially down a hill) and letting in the clutch<br />
while in second gear and the ignition set to the "on" position.<br />
[2] To start a car using a bump start<br />
bump steer:<br />
When an uneven road surface causes a vehicle to steer or lose directional<br />
stability, this is called "bump steer." At the front, bump steer is associated<br />
with the tie-rod and linkage-arm relationship. It is caused by the method of<br />
locating the rear suspension, the type of rear suspension, and the geometry<br />
of the various linkages. In race cars, bump steer is designed out of the
suspension so that the handling is as precise as possible. In most cars it is<br />
present to some degree. In fact, it can be useful to allow engineers to<br />
design a small amount of understeer or oversteer into the chassis.<br />
bump stop:<br />
A cushioning<br />
device,<br />
usually<br />
rubber, that<br />
limits the<br />
upward<br />
movement of<br />
the wheels<br />
and<br />
suspension to<br />
prevent<br />
metal-tometal<br />
contact<br />
that could<br />
lead to<br />
suspension<br />
damage or<br />
failure. Also<br />
called<br />
"jounce<br />
bumpers."<br />
bundled out:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Trailer is fully loaded as in "As bundled out as I am<br />
those hills will really slow me down."<br />
bungee cord:<br />
A rubber tie down strap of various lengths (usually 10 mm diameter) with<br />
a metal hook on each end. Most are covered with fabric. The hooks are<br />
often plastic coated to minimize scratching. Some have an extra hook<br />
attached in the middle. Others are linked with a second cord to produce an<br />
X-shape. They are used to secure objects to a luggage rack. See bungee<br />
net.<br />
bungee net:
A specialized bungee cord shaped in the pattern of 25 squares with plastic<br />
covered hooks on two opposite sides of the net. It is used to secure objects<br />
to a luggage rack. See bungee cord and cargo net.<br />
bunk:<br />
A built-in bed on a ship<br />
bunker:<br />
Space where ice or cooling element is placed in commercial installations<br />
bunkers:<br />
Fuel consumed by the engines of a ship<br />
buoyancy:<br />
See center of buoyancy<br />
Bureau of land management:<br />
(BLM) The United States government agency within the U.S. Department<br />
of the Interior which has divided trails into four classes: Type I is at least 7<br />
feet (213 cm) wide (enough <strong>for</strong> a family vehicle), paved, easy to traverse.<br />
Type II is also at least 7 feet (213 cm) wide, not paved, but is usually<br />
improved. However it may be rough or rutted and contain washboards. It<br />
is best travelled by high-clearance 4WD vehicles. Type III is a narrow<br />
unimproved dirt road, often with rocks, steep hills, and mud over which<br />
only 4WD should use. Type IV trails are <strong>for</strong> mountain bikes, dirt bikes,<br />
and ATVs. 2WD or 4WD vehicles are not allowed.<br />
burglar:<br />
See car burglar<br />
burned metal:<br />
A term occasionally applied to the metal which has been combined with<br />
oxygen to the end that some of the carbon has been changed into carbon<br />
dioxide and some of the iron into iron oxide.<br />
burned valves:
Valves that have become pitted so that they do not close properly<br />
burner:<br />
[1] A device which tends to consume a lot of material.<br />
[2] Device in which burning of fuel takes place.<br />
Also see<br />
fuel burner<br />
gas burner<br />
lead burning<br />
oil burner<br />
burning:<br />
[1] The violent combination of oxygen with any substance to produce heat.<br />
[2] The action of consuming something to produce heat, i.e., combustion.<br />
Also see<br />
lead burning.<br />
[3] The action of erosion or eating away. Electrical contacts are burning<br />
when they wear away; exhaust valves are burning when they pit and don't<br />
close properly.<br />
[4] flame cutting.<br />
Also see<br />
afterburning<br />
lead burning<br />
burnish:<br />
[1] To bring a surface to a high shine by rubbing with a hard, smooth<br />
object.<br />
[2] The process of "breaking-in" new brake pads or shoes so the linings<br />
con<strong>for</strong>m to the disc or drum friction surfaces<br />
burn rate:<br />
See<br />
cbr process<br />
controlled burn rate<br />
burn rubber:<br />
The action of rapid acceleration where the wheels make rapid rotation, but<br />
there is only very little momentum. As a result, the driving wheels leave<br />
some rubber behind on the pavement.<br />
Also see
urnt valves:<br />
See burned valves<br />
burr:<br />
peel rubber.<br />
A roughness left on a cut or punched metal. A rough edge or ridge.<br />
burred wheel:<br />
A wheel which has metal slivers or roughness around the edge of the rim.<br />
burr walnut:<br />
A wood veneer used <strong>for</strong> dashboards and door trim on some cars.<br />
Also see<br />
zebrawood<br />
burst:<br />
To explode and suddenly lose all the air in a tire.<br />
bury the needle:<br />
Going beyond the displayed maximum speed. For example, a digital<br />
speedometer may show speeds from zero to 137 kph (85 mph) on its<br />
display. When the needle goes beyond the maximum displayed point, it<br />
may go beyond the line of sight and is considered buried.<br />
bus:<br />
busbar:<br />
[1] A large public or private passenger vehicle used <strong>for</strong> transporting many<br />
(at least 10) passengers.<br />
Also see<br />
articulated bus<br />
single-decker bus<br />
double-decker bus.<br />
[2] A busbar which is a heavy conductor used to carry or make a mutual<br />
connection between several circuits.
A heavy conductor used to carry or make a mutual connection between<br />
several circuits. Also called a "bus."<br />
bush:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> bushing.<br />
bushing:<br />
[1] A protective liner or sleeve that cushions noise, friction, or movement.<br />
Suspension bushings are often made from two pipes (one inside the other)<br />
with a sleeve of rubber in the space between the two pipes.<br />
[2] Rubber bushings on the suspension system should be lubricated<br />
regularly.<br />
[3] A bearing <strong>for</strong> a shaft, spring shackle, piston pin, etc., of one piece<br />
construction which may be removed from the part.<br />
Also see<br />
buster:<br />
See lock buster<br />
valve bushing<br />
busy intersection:<br />
A road junction where there is a lot of traffic and may be controlled by<br />
signal lights or not. Usually a place where accidents are more likely to<br />
occur.<br />
butane:<br />
A petroleum gas that is a liquid, when under pressure. Often used as<br />
engine fuel in trucks.<br />
Also see<br />
butt:<br />
LPG.<br />
[1] The end joint between two plates or other members which meet end to<br />
end.<br />
[2] The square ends of a piston ring<br />
butt connector:
A solderless wire connector used to permanently join two wire ends<br />
together<br />
butted tubing:<br />
Tubing whose outside diameter remains constant but whose thickness is<br />
reduced in midsection where less strength is needed.<br />
buttermilk:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Any beer as in "When I get home I'm gonna get me some<br />
buttermilk."<br />
butterfly:<br />
See<br />
butterfly valve<br />
throttle butterfly<br />
butterfly valve:<br />
A nut with wings to be turned by thumb and finger. Sometimes called a<br />
"wing nut."<br />
butterfly valve:<br />
A small metal disc located in the carburetor that controls the flow of air<br />
into the carburetor. It is so named due to its resemblance to the insect of<br />
the same name.<br />
butt joint:<br />
[1] A piston ring gap in which the two ends of the ring are squared off.<br />
[2] A weld where the two panels are not overlapped but fit against each<br />
other end to end.<br />
button:<br />
A small disk or knob which activates something electrical when it is<br />
pressed such as a starter button.<br />
Also see<br />
abs override button<br />
eject button<br />
frequency scan button
utton head:<br />
A bolt with a round head<br />
buttons:<br />
See button.<br />
horn button<br />
memory button<br />
override button<br />
preset station button<br />
push button<br />
release button<br />
reset button<br />
scan button<br />
buttress:<br />
A thick rubber rein<strong>for</strong>cement in the shoulder of a tire. It provides support<br />
at the edge of the tread, limits shoulder area flexing, and protects the<br />
shoulder of off-road tires. See fender strengthening buttress<br />
buttressed thread:<br />
A screw thread with one vertical and one inclined flank<br />
butt strap:<br />
A strap that overlaps the butt between two plates, serving as a connecting<br />
strength strap between the butted ends of the plating<br />
butyl:<br />
A non-porous synthetic rubber used in making inner tubes and tubeless tire<br />
liners.<br />
butyl rubber:<br />
A synthetic rubber used as a base <strong>for</strong> one type of adhesive. It has poor<br />
resistance to petroleum oils and gasoline but excellent resistance to<br />
vegetable and mineral oils; to such solvents as acetone, alcohol, phenol,<br />
and ethylene glycol; and excellent resistance to water and gas adsorption<br />
and sunlight
utyl tube:<br />
The typical material <strong>for</strong> tubes. Inexpensive, easy to repair.<br />
buy at end-of term interest rate:<br />
The effective net interest rate <strong>for</strong> the lease if, at the end of the lease, the<br />
car is purchased at the end-of-lease purchase price.<br />
buying decisions:<br />
the act of determining whether or not a product purchase or repair, will be<br />
made, and/or which product or service will be purchased.<br />
BV:<br />
BVP:<br />
BVT:<br />
B/W:<br />
BW:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> bowl vent<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> bowl vent port<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> backpressure variable transducer<br />
Black and white, usually referring to photographs.<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "blackwall," as in BW tires.<br />
bypass:<br />
[1] A road which avoids the congested area of a city traffic.<br />
[2] An alternate route <strong>for</strong> a flowing substance.<br />
[3] To go around something to avoid it.<br />
[4] A passage at one side of, or around, a regular passage<br />
Also see<br />
oil cooler bypass valve<br />
oil filter oil filter bypass valve
start bypass<br />
bypass air screw:<br />
A screw located on the airflow sensor of a fuel injection system. It adjusts<br />
the amount of air allowed into the air-fuel mixture.<br />
bypass air solenoid:<br />
(BPA) a device used to control the idle speed on some fuel-injected<br />
vehicles<br />
bypass filter:<br />
An oil filter that constantly filters a portion of the oil flowing through the<br />
engine.<br />
bypass valve:<br />
(BPV) A valve that can open and allow fluid or gas to pass through in<br />
other than its normal channel.<br />
Also see<br />
oil cooler bypass valve<br />
oil filter oil filter bypass valve
C:<br />
[C]:<br />
χ:<br />
C-3:<br />
C3I:<br />
[1] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> Celsius or centigrade.<br />
[2] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> coulomb.<br />
[3] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> com<strong>for</strong>t.<br />
[4] Symbol <strong>for</strong> the speed of light in a vacuum.<br />
One of the Fraunhofer lines in the red of the solar spectrum. Its<br />
wavelength is 656.3045 nm; it is due to hydrogen.<br />
(chi) Symbol <strong>for</strong> magnetic susceptibility<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> a computer command control system<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> computer controlled coil ignition<br />
C-4 system:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> computer-controlled catalytic converter<br />
CA:<br />
API classification <strong>for</strong> diesel engine oil widely used in the late '40s and<br />
'50s.<br />
CAA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Civil Aviation Authority<br />
CAAM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "China Association of Automobile Manufacturers."<br />
CAB:
cab:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Civil Aeronautics Board<br />
[1] A taxi or car <strong>for</strong> hire.<br />
[2] The closed part of a truck (or even a car) where the driver sits.<br />
Also see<br />
chassis cab<br />
cabbage:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> a long steep incline in Eastern Oregon as in "I jammed<br />
the brakes pullin' off of Cabbage"<br />
cab chassis:<br />
A truck chassis which includes the driver compartment.<br />
cab-<strong>for</strong>ward design:<br />
A car design in which the front end is short and the footwells extended to<br />
the front axle. This design gave more passenger space and pushed the<br />
windshield further from the passengers<br />
cabin:<br />
A passenger compartment.<br />
Also see<br />
rear cabin pillar<br />
cabin altitude:<br />
The normal pressure altitude maintained in the cabin of a pressurized<br />
aircraft.<br />
cabin blower:<br />
An engine-driven pump, usually of displacement type, <strong>for</strong> maintaining an<br />
aircraft cockpit or cabin above atmospheric pressure. Also called cabin<br />
supercharger.<br />
cabin differential pressure:<br />
The pressure in excess of that of the surrounding atmosphere which is<br />
needed to maintain com<strong>for</strong>table conditions at high altitude. For an aircraft
flying at 9000 m this differential would be about 60 kNm -2 .<br />
cabin <strong>for</strong>ward:<br />
< d>See cab-<strong>for</strong>ward design<br />
clear=all><br />
cabin-<strong>for</strong>ward design:<br />
< d>See cab-<strong>for</strong>ward design<br />
clear=all><br />
cabin pillar:<br />
< d>See rear cabin pillar<br />
cabin superharger:<br />
See cabin blower<br />
cable:<br />
A cord generally made of strands of thin wire. Electrical cables are<br />
covered with a protective non-conducting material. Control cables are<br />
housed within an outer sleeve.<br />
Also see<br />
shift cables,<br />
booster cable gearchange cables<br />
spark plug cable,<br />
bowden cable heavy cable<br />
speedo cable,<br />
brake cable ignition cable<br />
speedometer cable,<br />
clutch cable jumper cables<br />
speedometer drive<br />
control cable light cable,<br />
cable,<br />
starter switch control cable,<br />
stirrup cable,<br />
straddle cable,<br />
transverse cable<br />
cable activated:<br />
A device which is controlled by a cable. As a lever or pedal is engaged, the<br />
device is correspondingly moved. The longer the cable the less efficient is<br />
the system. Cables tend to stretch and fray with use.<br />
cable-angle indicator:<br />
An indicator showing the vertical angle between the longitudinal axis of a<br />
glider and its towing cable, also its yaw and roll attitude relative to the<br />
towing aircraft.<br />
cable brake:
A braking device which is activated by a cable<br />
cable buoy:<br />
A buoy attached to an anchor and serving to mark its position.<br />
cablecar:<br />
A tram pulled by a moving underground cable, in the same manner as the<br />
cable railway.<br />
cable clamp:<br />
[1] A device <strong>for</strong> securing a cable end to the point where it connects.<br />
[2] A device which secures the outer sheath of a cable<br />
cable cover strip:<br />
See spark plug cable cover strip<br />
cable cutter:<br />
A tool <strong>for</strong> severing a cable<br />
cable ducts:<br />
Earthenware, steel, plastic, or concrete pipes containing cables.<br />
cable <strong>for</strong>m:<br />
The normal scheme of cabling between units of apparatus. The bulk of the<br />
cable is made up on a board, using nails at the appropriate corners, each<br />
wire of the specified color identification being stretched over its individual<br />
route with adequate skinner. When the cable is bound with twine and<br />
waxed, it is fitted to the apparatus on the racks and the skinners connected,<br />
by soldering, to the tag blocks.<br />
cable grip:<br />
A flexible cone of wire which is put on the end of a cable. When the cone<br />
is pulled, it tightens and bites into the sheath of the cable, and can be used<br />
to pull the cable into a duct.
cable guide:<br />
A tube which is secured in place to channel the cable which runs through it<br />
cable-laid rope:<br />
A rope <strong>for</strong>med of several strands laid together so that the twist of the rope<br />
is in the opposite direction to the twist of the strands. Compare lang lay<br />
cable lock:<br />
A thick cable with a lock at one end and which can be wrapped around a<br />
bicycle frame and a post to protect the bike from being stolen.<br />
cable loom:<br />
See spark plug cable loom<br />
cable marker:<br />
See spark plug cable marker<br />
cable operated:<br />
An item which is controlled by a cable<br />
cable railway:<br />
Means of transport whereby carriages are pulled up an incline by an<br />
endless overground or underground cable.<br />
cables:<br />
See cable.<br />
cable separator:<br />
See spark plug cable separator<br />
cable-stayed bridge:<br />
A bridge type <strong>for</strong> medium spans in which the decking is suspended by<br />
diagonal cables attached directly to the supporting tower. Can be of fan or
harp design. The decking is always in compression and is self-supporting<br />
during construction. See bridge<br />
cable-way:<br />
A construction consisting of cables slung over and between two or more<br />
towers, so that skips suspended from the cables may be moved often over<br />
long distances. It is used <strong>for</strong> transport of ore etc. Also called blondin.<br />
Cab Plus:<br />
A type of pickup truck (by Mazda) which has a second row of seating; but<br />
unlike a crew cab (which has four full size doors) it has a "half-door" that<br />
can be opened only after the main door is opened. The seating is usually a<br />
little more cramped than in a crew cab. Also called club Cab, extended<br />
Cab, king Cab, xtracab, access Cab, supercab<br />
cabriolet:<br />
Similar to the sport coupé, it has a provision <strong>for</strong> converting to an opentype<br />
body (i.e., convertible). A rumble seat is a common on older vehicles,<br />
but not mandatory feature. Mercedes-Benz distinguishes the cabriolet from<br />
the roadster in that the <strong>for</strong>mer has a soft-top which folds up while the<br />
roadster has a hard-top which is stored in the trunk. Also called a<br />
"drophead coupé."<br />
CACIS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Continuous AC Ignition System"<br />
CAD:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "computer aided design"<br />
cadastral survey:<br />
Land survey, boundary delineation.<br />
Caddy:<br />
An euphemistic name <strong>for</strong> Cadillac<br />
Also see<br />
plug caddy
cadence:<br />
The speed your bicycle pedals turn. Professional bicycle riders have<br />
cadence of over 100 rpm<br />
cadence braking:<br />
A braking method in which the driver rapidly depresses and releases the<br />
brake pedal to bring a vehicle to an emergency stop<br />
Cadillac:<br />
The following Cadillacs are classic cars:<br />
• All 1925-35 models<br />
• All 12-cylinder models<br />
• All 16 cylinder models<br />
• All 1938-41 60 Special models<br />
• All 1936-48 series #67, #70, #72, #75, #80,<br />
#85, #90<br />
For a history of Cadillac, see Cadillac History.<br />
Cadillac DeVille:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by General<br />
Motors' Cadillac division<br />
Cadillac Eldorado:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1953-58, 67-70<br />
Eldorado models are milestone cars. Also see the<br />
history of Cadillac Eldorado.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Cadillac<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Cadillac<br />
DeVille<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Cadillac Eldorado
Cadillac Eldorado Brougham:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1957-58 models are milestone cars. Also see<br />
history of Cadillac Eldorado.<br />
Cadillac Seville:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by General<br />
Motors' Cadillac division<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Cadillac<br />
Seville<br />
Cadillac 60 Special:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1948-49 models are milestone cars. Also see<br />
history of Cadillac.<br />
Cadillac 61 Coupe Fastback:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1948-49 models are milestone cars. Also see<br />
history of Cadillac.<br />
Cadillac 62:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the Sedanet and Convertible DeVille <strong>for</strong> 1948-49<br />
are milestone cars. Also see history of Cadillac.<br />
Cadillac 75:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the Sedan/Limo <strong>for</strong> 1946-70 are milestone cars.<br />
Also see history of Cadillac.<br />
cadmium cell:<br />
A reference voltage standard, giving 1.0186 V at 20°C. Also called Weston<br />
standard cadmium cell.<br />
cadmium copper:<br />
A variety of copper containing 0.7 to 1.0% cadmium. Used <strong>for</strong> trolley,<br />
telephone, and telegraph wires because it gives high strength in cold-
drawn condition combined with good conductivity.<br />
cadmium photocell:<br />
A photoconductive cell using cadmium disulphide or admium selenide as<br />
the photosensitive semiconductor. Sensitive to longer wavelengths and<br />
infrared. It has a rapid response to changes in light intensity.<br />
cadmium-plated:<br />
Something that is covered with a coating of cadmium. It is usually used to<br />
protect aluminum and steel nuts and bolts<br />
cadmium red line:<br />
Spectrum line <strong>for</strong>merly chosen as a reproducible standard of length,<br />
wavelength 643.8496 nm.<br />
CAE:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Computer Aided Engineering<br />
caesium:<br />
British spelling <strong>for</strong> cesium<br />
CAFE:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Corporate Average Fuel Economy."<br />
café chop:<br />
Converting a stock motorcycle into a café racer is known as doing a café<br />
chop on a bike<br />
café racer:<br />
[1] Motorcycle modified to resemble racing motorcycles from the 1950s<br />
and 60s. They are called "café racers" because their owners supposedly<br />
raced from café to café in London, where the bikes first appeared in the<br />
1960s<br />
[2] An early sportbike motorcycle which originated in Europe. They had a<br />
low windshield and the rider was bent <strong>for</strong>ward to optimize the flow of air.<br />
Its name came from those who raced from one restaurant (café) to another.
cage:<br />
[1] Any enclosure.<br />
[2] On a front derailleur of a bicycle, it is a pair of parallel plates that push<br />
the chain from side to side; on a rear derailleur, it is a set of plates in<br />
which pulleys are mounted to hold and guide the chain from cog to cog.<br />
[3] Any device <strong>for</strong> holding or securing something, e.g., a bottle cage on a<br />
bicycle.<br />
[4] When referring to bearings, it is the part which holds the balls or rollers<br />
in place. Usually called ball cage.<br />
Also see<br />
bearing cage<br />
needle cage<br />
roller cage<br />
[5] When referring to a vehicle, it is the safety enclosure called a "roll<br />
cage."<br />
See<br />
differential cage<br />
integrated roll cage<br />
multi-reed cage<br />
[6] The plat<strong>for</strong>m on which goods are hoisted up or lowered down a vertical<br />
shaft or guides; in mines, the steel box used to raise and lower workers,<br />
materials, or tubs. May have two or three decks.<br />
cage pedal:<br />
A bicycle pedal that is surrounded by a cage. It<br />
is found on all terrain bikes.<br />
cage rotor:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of rotor, used <strong>for</strong> induction motors, having on it a cage winding.<br />
Also called squirrel-cage rotor.<br />
cage winding:
A type of winding used <strong>for</strong> rotors of some types of induction motors, and<br />
<strong>for</strong> the starting or damping windings of synchronous machines. It consists<br />
of a number of bars of copper or other conducting materials, passing along<br />
slots in the core and welded to rings at each end. Also called squirrel-cage<br />
winding.<br />
Cailletet's process:<br />
A method <strong>for</strong> the liquefaction of gases based on the free expansion of a gas<br />
from a higher to a lower pressure.<br />
CAJAD:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Canadian Association of Japanese Automobile Dealers"<br />
cake:<br />
cal:<br />
The rectangular casting of copper or its alloys be<strong>for</strong>e rolling into sheet or<br />
strip.<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> calorie<br />
CAL:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Computer Aided Lighting<br />
calandria:<br />
Closed vessel penetrated by pipes so that liquids in each do not mix. In<br />
evaporating plant the tubes carry the heating fluid and in certain types of<br />
nuclear reactor, e.g., CANDU reactors, the sealed vessel is called a<br />
calandria<br />
calcium chloride:<br />
A chemical (salt) which is added to water in a liquid ballast.<br />
calcium sulphate:<br />
Chemical compound (CaSO4), which is used as a drying agent or desiccant<br />
in liquid line driers
calcium tungstate screen:<br />
A fluorescent screen used in a cathode-ray tube; it gives a blue and<br />
ultraviolet luminescence.<br />
calculation:<br />
See load distribution calculation<br />
calendering:<br />
A thin layer of rubber inside the tire casing which covers the carcass cords<br />
to protect them from moisture and to protect the tube from chafing by the<br />
cord body. In tubeless tires, calendering consists of a layer of air proof<br />
butyl rubber.<br />
caliber:<br />
[1] The internal diameter or bore of a pipe, esp. the barrel of a fire-arm.<br />
[2] The arrangement of the various components of a watch or clock. Also<br />
spelled calibre.<br />
calibrate:<br />
As applied to test instruments it is the procedure of adjusting the dial<br />
needle to the correct zero or load setting to determine accurate<br />
measurements.<br />
calibrated airspeed:<br />
(CAS) Indicated airspeed corrected <strong>for</strong> position error and instrument error<br />
only. Not to be confused with equivalent airspeed or true airspeed. Also<br />
called rectified airspeed<br />
calibration:<br />
[1] Marking the measuring units on an instrument or checking their<br />
accuracy<br />
calibration oil:<br />
Oil which is used in a tester <strong>for</strong> checking injection nozzles, meeting SAE<br />
J967D specifications
calibre:<br />
See caliber<br />
Cali<strong>for</strong>nia wheel:<br />
A name given to a spoked wheel produced by particular manufacturer.<br />
Although the wheel is popular in the East and Midwest of United States, it<br />
is not common in Cali<strong>for</strong>nia or other Western states.<br />
caliper:<br />
[1] The apparatus on disc brakes which hold the disc<br />
pads and straddles the disc. When actuated the pads<br />
press against the disc to stop or slow the vehicle.<br />
Also see<br />
brake caliper floating caliper disc brake<br />
pin slider caliper disc brake swinging caliper<br />
[2] On bicycles, the brake arms that reach around the sides of a wheel to<br />
press brake pads against the wheel rim.<br />
[3] (British spelling is calliper). An<br />
adjustable measuring tool that is<br />
placed around (outside caliper) or<br />
within (inside caliper) an object and<br />
adjusted until it just contacts. It is<br />
then withdrawn and the distance<br />
measured between the contacting<br />
points.<br />
caliper disc:<br />
dial caliper<br />
digital caliper<br />
inside spring caliper<br />
machinists' caliper<br />
Also see<br />
outside spring caliper<br />
pocket caliper<br />
pocket slide caliper<br />
vernier caliper<br />
See
caliper disc brake:<br />
caliper gauge:<br />
A caliper (definition #3)<br />
floating caliper disc brake<br />
pin slider caliper disc brake<br />
See<br />
floating caliper disc brake<br />
pin slider caliper disc brake<br />
caliper mounting bracket:<br />
The component that connects a brake caliper to the steering knuckle, hub<br />
carrier, or rear axle<br />
calk:<br />
To fill seams in a wood deck with oakum or hammer the adjoining edges<br />
of metal together to stop leaks. Also spelled "caulk"<br />
calking:<br />
See caulking<br />
call:<br />
See close call<br />
calliper:<br />
Alternate spelling <strong>for</strong> caliper<br />
Cal-look:<br />
A style modification of small vehicles which first started in Cali<strong>for</strong>nia.<br />
Most of the chrome is removed and the vehicle is painted a bright color<br />
like yellow, light blue, and red.<br />
calorescence:<br />
The absorption of radiation of a certain wavelength by a body, and its reemission<br />
as radiation of shorter wavelength. The effect is familiar in the
emission of visible rays by a body which has been heated to redness by<br />
focusing infrared heat rays onto it.<br />
calorie:<br />
Two different calorie units are used by scientists. The calorie used by<br />
medical science is a small heat unit. It equals the heat required to raise the<br />
them of one gram of water one degree Celsius. The calorie used by<br />
engineering science is a large heat unit. It is equal to the amount of heat<br />
required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree C. In<br />
the SI system it is recommended that the Joule unit of energy be used in<br />
place of the calorie<br />
calorific value:<br />
A measure of heating value of fuel<br />
calorimeter:<br />
An instrument to measure amount of heat given off by a substance when<br />
burned<br />
CAM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Computer Aided Manufacturing"<br />
cam:<br />
[1] A designed bump on a shaft or disc which causes a rocking motion in<br />
an adjacent part.<br />
[2] A metal disc with irregularly shaped lobes used in the camshaft to<br />
activate the opening and closing of the valves and in the distributor, to<br />
<strong>for</strong>ce the points to open.<br />
[3] A colloquial name <strong>for</strong> the camshaft.<br />
[4] A name <strong>for</strong> the breaker cam.<br />
Also see<br />
adjuster cam<br />
closing cam<br />
distributor cam<br />
double overhead cam<br />
dual overhead cam engine<br />
exhaust cam<br />
fast idle cam<br />
floating cam<br />
inlet cam<br />
intake cam<br />
overhead cam<br />
single-overhead cam<br />
cam-and-lever steering:<br />
A steering system in which a conical peg mounted on a lever engages in a<br />
helically cut groove on a cylindrical drum. Also called "cam-and-peg
steering"<br />
cam-and-peg steering:<br />
See cam-and-lever steering<br />
cam-and-roller steering:<br />
A steering system in which a tapered disc or a set of discs or rollers engage<br />
with a helically cut, tapered groove on a cylindrical drum<br />
cam angle:<br />
See dwell.<br />
Camaro:<br />
A series of pony cars from the Chevrolet division of<br />
General Motors. It is often misspelled as "Camero"<br />
because of a mispronunciation. The 1967-69 SS/RS V-8<br />
and Z-28 models are milestone cars. Also see Chevrolet<br />
Camaro<br />
cam belt:<br />
See timing belt<br />
camber:<br />
[1] A wheel alignment adjustment of the<br />
inward or outward tilt on the top of the<br />
wheel when viewed from the front of the<br />
vehicle. Tipping the top of the wheel center<br />
line outward produces positive camber.<br />
Tipping the wheel center line inward at the<br />
top produces negative camber. When the<br />
camber is positive, the tops of the tires are<br />
further apart than the bottom. Correct<br />
camber improves handling and cuts tire<br />
wear. Camber is measured in degrees. See<br />
wheel camber.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Camaro
[2] The rise of a deck of a ship, athwartship<br />
cambered axle:<br />
An axle that has a slight arch which curves upward at the center so that the<br />
wheels can tilt outward at the top. In this way it is better than an axle<br />
which might sag under load.<br />
camber thrust:<br />
The side <strong>for</strong>ce generated when a tire rolls with camber. Camber thrust can<br />
add to or subtract from the side <strong>for</strong>ce a tire generates.<br />
cam chain:<br />
A timing chain which controls the overhead camshaft.<br />
cam design:<br />
See cam profile<br />
camel:<br />
A padded fender to keep a vessel away from a pier or quay to prevent<br />
damage to the hull or pier<br />
camelback:<br />
[1] Uncured retread rubber in crescent shape, available in various widths<br />
and depths according to size and type of tire being retreaded.<br />
[2] A container <strong>for</strong> supplying water <strong>for</strong> cyclists<br />
Also see<br />
die size
Camel Grand Touring Prototype:<br />
(GTP) An International Motorsports Association's (IMSA) premier racing<br />
category until 1993 when it was replaced by the controlled cars World<br />
Sports Car Championship. GTP cars were the most powerful and the<br />
fastest on most road racing circuits in North America at that time. Over the<br />
years, many automakers fielded factory teams in this series including Ford,<br />
Toyota, Jaguar, Nissan, and Porsche.<br />
cam engine:<br />
See<br />
dual overhead cam engine<br />
twin cam engine<br />
camera:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Police radar unit as in "There's a local yokal with a<br />
camera just ahead."<br />
camero:<br />
See Camaro<br />
cam face:<br />
The surface of a cam lobe
cam follower:<br />
The unit that<br />
contacts the<br />
end of the<br />
valve stem<br />
and the<br />
camshaft.<br />
The follower<br />
rides on the<br />
camshaft and<br />
when the<br />
cam lobes<br />
move it<br />
upward, it<br />
opens the<br />
valve. Also<br />
called "valve<br />
lifter" or<br />
"tappet."<br />
cam ground piston:<br />
See cam-ground piston.<br />
cam-ground piston:<br />
A piston with a skirt that is ground slightly egg-shaped or oval-shaped.<br />
The widest diameter of the skirt is at right angles to the piston-pin axis.<br />
When it is heated, it becomes round. The design allows <strong>for</strong> a closer fit in<br />
the cylinder so that there is a reduction of blowby gas, cylinder scuffing,<br />
and<br />
piston slap.<br />
cam heel:<br />
The lowest point of a cam opposite the lobe. Also called base circle<br />
cam lobe:<br />
See cam lobes.<br />
cam lobes:
The bumps on a cam that contact and activate such devices as the lifters,<br />
which operate the valves, and the rubbing block, which causes the points<br />
to open and close, as the cam spins with the distributor shaft.<br />
cam lubricator:<br />
A device, often in the <strong>for</strong>m of a wick, <strong>for</strong> lubricating the contact breaker<br />
cam in the distributor<br />
campaigning:<br />
Racing a particular vehicle <strong>for</strong> an entire season.<br />
camper:<br />
A structure which fits into a truck bed<br />
<strong>for</strong> camping purposes. It usually has<br />
beds and possibly cooking and<br />
washing facilities. Also called a<br />
"truck camper" or slide-in camper.<br />
Also see<br />
van camper<br />
camping:<br />
See folding camping trailer<br />
camping trailer:<br />
A trailer containing camping equipment.<br />
Also see<br />
folding camping trailer<br />
soft-top trailer<br />
hard-top trailer<br />
trailer<br />
cam profile:<br />
The shape of each lobe on a camshaft. These shapes determine when the<br />
valves open or close.<br />
cam/rocker:
See opening cam/rocker<br />
cam/rocker:<br />
See opening cam/rocker<br />
cam roller:<br />
Rotating wheel acting as a cam follower<br />
Camry:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota<br />
camshaft:<br />
A shaft with<br />
cam lobes<br />
(bumps)<br />
which is<br />
driven by<br />
gears, a belt,<br />
or a chain<br />
from the<br />
crankshaft.<br />
The lobes<br />
push on the<br />
valve lifters<br />
to cause the<br />
valves to<br />
open and<br />
close. The<br />
camshaft<br />
turns at half<br />
the speed of<br />
the<br />
crankshaft.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Camry
double-overhead cam<br />
double overhead<br />
camshaft<br />
exhaust camshaft<br />
inlet camshaft<br />
intake<br />
camshaft<br />
overhead cam<br />
Also see<br />
overhead camshaft<br />
race camshaft<br />
three-quarter race<br />
camshaft<br />
camshaft bearing:<br />
Usually a plain bearing which supports the camshaft<br />
single-overhead<br />
camshaft<br />
twin camshaft<br />
twin overhead camshaft<br />
camshaft drive:<br />
A connection between the crankshaft and camshaft by means of gears,<br />
chain, drive belt, shaft, or eccentric shaft to maintain the ratio of 1:2.<br />
camshaft drive belt:<br />
A timing belt<br />
camshaft drive sprocket:<br />
A sprocket attached to a crankshaft (either at one end or somewhere in the<br />
middle) which drives the camshaft with the use of a chain<br />
camshaft end play:<br />
The amount of lateral movement of the camshaft once it is installed<br />
camshaft engine:<br />
See twin camshaft engine<br />
camshaft gear:<br />
A gear that is used to drive the camshaft.<br />
camshaft housing:<br />
That part of the engine which encloses the camshaft and often other parts<br />
of the valve train.<br />
camshaft journal:
That part of the camshaft that runs in one of its bearings<br />
camshaft pulley:<br />
The pulley on the end of the camshaft <strong>for</strong> the camshaft drive belt<br />
camshaft sprocket:<br />
The sprocket on the camshaft which (through a chain) is driven by the<br />
camshaft drive sprocket<br />
can:<br />
[1] A tube in a canned motor pump which insulates the motor winding.<br />
[2] A muffler.<br />
[3] A container <strong>for</strong> liquid or other substances.<br />
Also see<br />
oil can<br />
Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement:<br />
(FTA) Implemented in January 1989 to eliminate all tariffs on U.S. and<br />
Canadian goods by January 1998 and to reduce or eliminate many nontariff<br />
barriers.<br />
Canadian Automotive Repair and Service Council:<br />
(CARS) A not-<strong>for</strong>-profit organization established to serve the human<br />
resource and training needs of the Canadian car and truck repair and<br />
service industry.<br />
Canadian cross border shopping:<br />
cross border shopping describes the purchasing by Canadian consumers of<br />
products in the United States. Of particular interest is the decision by these<br />
buyers to obtain their products in the U.S., even though similar products<br />
are available in the Canadian market.<br />
Canadian Environmental Protection Act:<br />
(CEPA) act where the goal is pollution prevention and protection of<br />
Canadians from toxic substances.
cancellation:<br />
See noise cancellation<br />
candela:<br />
(cd) A basic unit of luminous intensity. If, in a given direction, a source<br />
emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 10 12 Hz, and the radiant<br />
intensity in that direction is 1/683 watt per steradian, then the luminous<br />
intensity of the source is 1 candela.<br />
candle:<br />
See candle power.<br />
candle power:<br />
A measurement of the light producing ability of a light bulb.<br />
candy apple paint:<br />
A bright color (usually red) paint (often with metal flakes) with a<br />
transparent clear coat<br />
candy paint:<br />
A bright color (usually red) paint (often with metal flakes) with a<br />
transparent clear coat<br />
canister:<br />
A small metal box or can.<br />
canister air filter:<br />
A centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce air filter<br />
Also see<br />
activated carbon canister<br />
adsorption canister<br />
charcoal canister<br />
vapor canister<br />
canister purge shut-off valve:<br />
(CPSOV) a vacuum-operated valve that shuts off canister purge when the<br />
air injection diverter valve dumps air downstream
canister purge solenoid:<br />
An electrical solenoid that opens the canister purge valve between the fuel<br />
vapor canister line and the intake manifold when energized<br />
canister purge valve:<br />
Valve used to regulate the flow of vapors from the evaporative canister to<br />
the engine<br />
canned motor pump:<br />
A glandless pump with a special type of submersible or "canned" motor,<br />
whose stator winding is insulated from the fluid pumped by a tube, the socalled<br />
can<br />
cannibalize:<br />
The action of removing good parts from one vehicle in order to put them<br />
into another vehicle.<br />
canning:<br />
The insertion of the catalyst element into the converter shell of a catalytic<br />
converter<br />
cannular combustion chamber:<br />
A gas turbine combustion system with individual flame tubes inside an<br />
annular casing.<br />
canonical assembly:<br />
Term used in statistical thermodynamics to designate a single assembly of<br />
a large number of systems which are such that the number of systems with<br />
energies lying between E and E+dE is proportional to e -Eθ , where θ is a<br />
parameter characteristic of the assembly<br />
canopy:<br />
[1] The transparent cover of a cockpit.
cant:<br />
[2] The fabric (nylon, silk, or cotton) body of a parachute, which provides<br />
high air drag. Usually hemispherical, but may be lobed or rectangular in<br />
shape.<br />
Also see<br />
ribbon parachute<br />
Slope of rail or road curve whereby outer radius is superelevated, to<br />
counteract centrifugal thrust of traffic.<br />
cant beam:<br />
Beams supporting the deck plating in the overhanging portion of the stern.<br />
canted deck:<br />
The flight deck of an aircraft carrier prolonged diagonally from one side of<br />
the ship, so that aircraft may fly off and land on without interference to or<br />
from aircraft parked at the bows. The British term is angled deck<br />
cant frame:<br />
A frame connected at the upper end to the cant beams<br />
cantilever:<br />
An arm that projects from a source and supports cables.<br />
Also see<br />
cantilever brake<br />
cantilever brake:<br />
[1] A bicycle rim brake with pivoting arms mounted on <strong>for</strong>k blades or<br />
seatstays at or below rim level. The two brake arms are connected by a<br />
straddle cable with the brake cable attached to the midpoint of the straddle<br />
cable.<br />
[2] A type of ATB brake characterized by having the two brake arms<br />
connected by a straddle cable with the brake cable attached to the midpoint<br />
of the straddle cable. This type of brake was used on ATB bicycles (as well<br />
as tandems, touring, and cyclocross bicycles) be<strong>for</strong>e the invention of the<br />
V-Brake<br />
cantilever brakes:
See cantilever brake.<br />
cantilever bridge:<br />
A bridge <strong>for</strong>med of self-supporting projecting arms built outward from the<br />
piers and meeting in the middle of the span, where they are connected<br />
together.<br />
Also see<br />
suspended span<br />
cantilever deck:<br />
A bridge where the deck slab is fixed above the main beams or trusses and<br />
is cantilevered beyond the outer beams or trusses.<br />
cantilever spring:<br />
[1] A leaf spring which is mounted upside down and attached to the<br />
vehicle at its mid-point. This system is no longer in use in modern<br />
vehicles.<br />
[2] A quarter-elliptic leaf spring<br />
cantrail:<br />
The roof rail<br />
canvas top:<br />
The convertible top.<br />
canyon:<br />
A nuclear energy term <strong>for</strong> a long narrow space often partly underground<br />
with heavy shielding <strong>for</strong> essential processing of wastes from reactors.<br />
cap:<br />
[1] A protective round cover which is secured to something.<br />
[2] A covering over the bed of a truck.<br />
[3] The base of a light bulb which fits into a socket.<br />
[4] Cleaner air package system of reducing the amount of unburned<br />
hydrocarbons in the automobile exhaust.<br />
Also see<br />
air cap dust cap inner cap nut radiatorcap
attery cap<br />
bayonet cap<br />
bearing cap<br />
big-end cap<br />
car cap<br />
cold cap<br />
distributor cap<br />
double cap nut<br />
end cap<br />
external mix air cap<br />
filler cap<br />
flip-top filler cap<br />
fuel cap<br />
full cap<br />
hot cap<br />
hubcap<br />
insulating cap<br />
internal mix air cap<br />
net cap cost<br />
oil filler cap<br />
outer cap nut<br />
plug cap<br />
pressure cap<br />
pressure radiator cap<br />
radiator pressure cap<br />
roto cap<br />
safety pressure cap<br />
spark plug cap<br />
spindle cap<br />
top cap<br />
valve cap<br />
valve spring cap<br />
capacitance: (c)<br />
[1] The property which opposes any change in voltage in an electrical<br />
circuit. The property of a nonconductor by which it stores electrical energy<br />
when separated surfaces of the nonconductor are maintained at a<br />
difference of potential. Capacitance is measured by the ratio of the charge<br />
induced to the potential difference and is proportional to the area of the<br />
conducting plates and the dielectric constant of the nonconducting<br />
material, and inversely proportional to the separation of the plates (mks<br />
unit: farad).<br />
[2] property of a nonconductor (condenser or capacitor) that permits<br />
storage of electrical energy in an electrostatic field.<br />
[3] Of an isolated conductor, the ratio of the total charge on it to its<br />
potential; C=Q/V.<br />
Also see<br />
farad<br />
stray capacitance<br />
capacitance bridge:<br />
An ac bridge network <strong>for</strong> the measurement of capacitance.<br />
Also see<br />
Schering bridge<br />
Wien bridge<br />
capacitance coefficients:<br />
Charges (q1, ..., qn) of a system of conductors can be expressed in terms of<br />
coefficients of electric induction (Cij) by the following equations:<br />
q1 = C1∞V1 + C12(V1-V2 ) + ... + C1n(V1 - Vn)<br />
q2 = C21(V2 - V1) + C2∞V2 + ... + C2n(V2 - Vn)<br />
qn = Cn1(Vn - V1) + Cn2(Vn - V2) + ... + Cn∞Vn<br />
where<br />
Ckm = Ckm(m ≠ k)<br />
and<br />
Cm∞ = Cm1 + Cm2 + ... + Cm(n-1) + Cmn
They are the fundamental relations <strong>for</strong> partial capacitances of a number of<br />
conductors, e.g., electrodes in valves, conductors in cables, variable aircapacitors.<br />
capacitance coupling:<br />
Interstage coupling through a series capacitance or by a capacitor in a<br />
common branch of a circuit.<br />
capacitance grading:<br />
Grading of the properties of a dielectric, so that the variation of stress from<br />
conductor to sheath is reduced. The inner dielectric has the higher<br />
permitivity. Ideally, the grading is continuous and the permittivity varies as<br />
the reciprocal of the distance from the center. See condenser bushing<br />
capacitance integrator:<br />
Resistance-capacitance circuit whose output voltage is approximately<br />
equal to the time integral of the input voltage.<br />
capacitative load:<br />
Terminating impedance which is markedly capacitative, taking an ac<br />
leading in phase on the source emf, e.g., electrostatic loudspeaker.<br />
capacitative reactance:<br />
Impedance associated with a capacitor. Has a magnitude in ohms equal to<br />
the reciprocal of the product of the capacitance (in farads) and the angular<br />
frequency of the supply (in rads s -1 ). Also introduces a 90° phase angle<br />
such that the current through the device leads the applied voltage.<br />
capacities:<br />
See fluid capacities<br />
capacitive discharge:<br />
(CD) A type of ignition system. It can be either all-electronic or breaker<br />
point controlled. The primary power is drawn from the engine's battery<br />
and put into the CD power supply, where it is changed from 12 volts direct<br />
current to about 300 volts of pulsating direct current that is stored in a<br />
capacitor (condenser). The release of this energy through the coil is
governed by a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR). When the SCR switch is<br />
closed, the voltage stored in the capacitor is supplied to the coil, which<br />
acts as a voltage step-up trans<strong>for</strong>mer boosting firing voltage to around<br />
30,000 volts to fire the plugs.<br />
capacitive reactance:<br />
The opposition or resistance to an alternating current as a result of<br />
capacitance; expressed in ohms<br />
capacitor:<br />
[1] A device which gives capacitance, usually consisting of conducting<br />
plates or foil separated by layers of a dielectric. A potential difference<br />
applied across the plates induces a separation of charge centers in the<br />
dielectric, thus storing electrical energy.<br />
[2] Type of electrical storage device used in starting and/or running<br />
circuits on many electric motors<br />
Also see<br />
capacitor bushing:<br />
See condenser bushing<br />
absorption capacitor<br />
condenser<br />
ignition capacitor<br />
capacitor controlled electronic ignition:<br />
See<br />
capacitor discharge ignition:<br />
(CDI) See capacitive discharge<br />
capacitor loudspeaker:<br />
See electrostatic loudspeaker<br />
capacitor microphone:<br />
electronic ignition system<br />
capacitive discharge
See electrostatic microphone<br />
capacitor modulator:<br />
Capacitor microphone, or similar transducer, which, by variation in<br />
capacitance, modulates an oscillation either in amplitude or frequency<br />
capacitor motor:<br />
Single-phase induction motor with an auxiliary starting winding connected<br />
in series with a condenser (capacitor) <strong>for</strong> better starting characteristics.<br />
capacitor-resistance law:<br />
(C-R law) Law relating to exponential rise or decay of charge on capacitor<br />
in series with a resistor, and, by extension, to signal distortion on long<br />
submarine cables.<br />
capacitor start:<br />
Starting unit <strong>for</strong> electric motor using series capacitance to advance phase<br />
of current.<br />
capacitor-start motor:<br />
Motor which has a capacitor in the starting circuit<br />
capacitor terminal:<br />
See condenser bushing<br />
capacitron:<br />
See band ignitor tube<br />
capacity:<br />
[1] The ability to contain or hold something.<br />
[2] Maximum production attainable under normal conditions. With regard<br />
to normal conditions, the company's operating practices are to be followed<br />
with respect to the use of production facilities, overtime, workshifts,<br />
holidays, etc.<br />
[3] The output of an electric motor or other electrical equipment.<br />
[4] The volume of fluid which a pump can handle.
[5] A measure of the theoretical maximum amount of refrigerationproduced<br />
output, measured in tons or BTUs per hour<br />
[6] Refrigeration rating system. Usually measured in BTU per hour or<br />
watts.<br />
[7] Sometimes used to mean capacitance<br />
Also see<br />
air capacity<br />
ampere hour capacity<br />
battery capacity<br />
breathing capacity<br />
carrying capacity<br />
cubic capacity<br />
energy<br />
engine capacity<br />
fuse<br />
fuse capacity<br />
load capacity<br />
net capacity<br />
nominal capacity<br />
passenger capacity<br />
ply rating<br />
rated capacity<br />
reserve capacity<br />
seating capacity<br />
top off<br />
work capacity<br />
capacity plan:<br />
A plan outlining the spaces available <strong>for</strong> fuel, cargo, ballast, fresh water,<br />
etc, with guides on weight and volume <strong>for</strong> spaces at various drafts and<br />
displacements<br />
capacity rating:<br />
See rated capacity<br />
cap-and-pin type insulator:<br />
A special <strong>for</strong>m of the suspension insulator<br />
cap cost:<br />
cap cost reduction:<br />
See capitalized cost reduction<br />
See<br />
capitalized cost<br />
net cap cost<br />
cape chisel:<br />
A metal cutting chisel shaped to cut or work in channels or grooves<br />
capillarity:<br />
A phenomenon associated with surface tension, which occurs in fine bore<br />
tubes or channels.
capillary:<br />
A tube with a very small bore used <strong>for</strong> temperature gauges<br />
capillary action:<br />
The property of a liquid to move into small spaces if it has the ability to<br />
"wet" these surfaces<br />
capillary tube:<br />
A tube usually gas-filled, with a precisely calibrated length and inside<br />
diameter, used to connect the remote bulb or coil to the expansion valve or<br />
thermostat. A tube with a very small bore used <strong>for</strong> temperature gauges.<br />
Also called pressure sensing line<br />
capitalized:<br />
See net capitalized cost<br />
capitalized cost:<br />
The total price of the vehicle, in effect, its purchase price. In theory, the<br />
cap cost should equal the amount you would pay <strong>for</strong> the vehicle if you<br />
were purchasing the vehicle. When a lease is made, the dealer sells that<br />
vehicle to the leasing company (<strong>for</strong> the cap cost), which then leases the the<br />
vehicle to you.<br />
Also see<br />
net capitalized cost<br />
capitalized cost reduction:<br />
A fancy name <strong>for</strong> a cash down payment, money you pay up front that is<br />
applied to the final purchase price of a lease. A large cap cost reduction<br />
will, of course reduce the monthly payments, but it will also negate one of<br />
the big advantages of leasing. However, if you own your present car, you<br />
may be able to use it, as a trade-in, to satisfy the cap cost reduction to start<br />
the lease. Remember, you must pay sales tax on any cap cost reduction<br />
you make. Another source of capital cost reduction may be dealer or<br />
manufacturer participation. Dealers and manufacturers will sometimes<br />
lower the cap cost or offer a rebate that reduces the cap cost. A dealer or<br />
manufacturer cap cost reduction does lower your total out-of-pocket<br />
dollars, unlike a cap cost reduction that you must pay.
capital expenditures:<br />
expenditures to acquire or add to capital assets that will yield benefits over<br />
several accounting periods. Included are cost of procuring, construction,<br />
installing new durable plants, machinery and equipment where <strong>for</strong><br />
replacement, addition or <strong>for</strong> lease or rent to other companies including<br />
subsidies.<br />
cap nut:<br />
A nut that is closed at the threaded end often with a<br />
dome. Also called box nut or dome nut.<br />
Also see<br />
double cap nut<br />
inner cap nut<br />
outer cap nut<br />
capping:<br />
[1] Installing a new tread on a tire carcass.<br />
Also see<br />
retreading.<br />
[2] Door molding or capping<br />
cap screw:<br />
See socket head screw<br />
capstan:<br />
[1] A stump with a vertical axis used <strong>for</strong> handling mooring and other lines.<br />
[2] A vertical drum or spindle on which rope is wound, it is rotated by<br />
manpower or by hydraulic or electric motor.<br />
[3] Roller providing the constant speed drive in a magnetic tape recorder.<br />
capstan-head screw:<br />
A screw having a cylindrical head provided with radial holes in its<br />
circumference. It is tightened by a tommy bar inserted in these holes.
capstan lathe:<br />
A lathe in which the tools required <strong>for</strong> successive operations are mounted<br />
radially in a tool-holder resembling a capstan; by revolving this, each tool<br />
in turn may be brought into position in exact location.<br />
capstan nut:<br />
A nut which is tightened in the same way as a capstan-head screw<br />
capstan screw:<br />
A screw or bolt with a round head and one or more holes through it into<br />
which a bar may be inserted <strong>for</strong> securing or removing it<br />
capstat:<br />
A wax-type thermostat at the base of the jet of a SU carburetor, which<br />
expands and reduces fuel flow when the underhood temperature rises.<br />
Also see<br />
capsule:<br />
temperature compensator<br />
See<br />
advance capsule<br />
vacuum capsule<br />
captive:<br />
Something that is permanently located in the desired position<br />
captive balloon:<br />
A balloon anchored or towed by a line. Usually the term refers only to<br />
spherical balloons. Special shapes (e.g., <strong>for</strong> stability) are called kite<br />
balloons<br />
captive finance company:<br />
A leasing or finance company which is affiliated with an automobile<br />
manufacturer or distributor.
captive import:<br />
an imported motor vehicle or part manufactured by another automaker<br />
usually <strong>for</strong> sale under the brand name of the importer.<br />
captive nut:<br />
A nut which fits into a cage and is welded in place. This is done where the<br />
nut is not easily accessible.<br />
capture:<br />
Any process in which an atomic or nuclear system acquires an additional<br />
particle. In a nuclear radiative capture process there is an emission of<br />
electromagnetic radiation only, e.g., the emission of gamma rays<br />
subsequent to the capture of a neutron by a nucleus.<br />
car:<br />
[1] A wheeled vehicle such as an automobile, a section of a train, or a<br />
streetcar. The word is an abbreviation of "carriage" -- a device to carry<br />
people or goods.<br />
[2] In an airship, the part intended <strong>for</strong> the carrying of the load (crew,<br />
passengers, goods, engines, etc.). It may be suspended below, or may be<br />
inside the hull of envelope.<br />
Also see<br />
49-state car<br />
bubble car<br />
champ car<br />
city car<br />
classic car<br />
collector car<br />
compact car<br />
company car<br />
competition car<br />
concept car<br />
cult car<br />
cycle car<br />
donor car<br />
dream car<br />
edwardian car<br />
electric car<br />
estate car<br />
executive car<br />
family car<br />
fleet car<br />
<strong>for</strong>ty-nine state<br />
car<br />
full-size car<br />
funny car<br />
hybrid car<br />
intermediate car<br />
kit car<br />
luxury car<br />
mass-produced car<br />
mid-size car<br />
milestone Car<br />
Society<br />
milestone cars<br />
motor car<br />
multi-storey car<br />
park<br />
new car dealer<br />
open car<br />
pace car<br />
parts car<br />
passenger car<br />
wheel<br />
passenger car<br />
pony car<br />
production car<br />
program cars<br />
recycling car<br />
shopping car<br />
solar car<br />
spares car<br />
sports car<br />
stock car<br />
street car<br />
sun car<br />
super car<br />
touring car<br />
town car<br />
veteran car<br />
vintage car<br />
volume car<br />
car accident:<br />
A collision between two or more vehicles (or between a vehicle and a<br />
stationary object), whether the vehicles are cars or trucks. Some are minor<br />
like a fender bender while others are totalled.<br />
Also see
written off<br />
caravan:<br />
[1] A group of vehicles (belonging to one organization) which follows<br />
after one another.<br />
[2] A British term <strong>for</strong> camping trailer or a mobile home.<br />
caravanning:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> travelling with a camping trailer<br />
carb:<br />
An abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "carburetor."<br />
car banger:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a person or organization which fakes a car accident in<br />
order to defraud an insurance company<br />
car banging:<br />
The act of faking a car accident in order to defraud an insurance company<br />
carbide:<br />
A binary combound of metals with carbon. Carbides of group IV to VI<br />
metals (e.g., silicon, iron, tungsten) are exceptionally hard and refractory.<br />
In group I and II, calcium carbide (ethynide) is the most useful. See<br />
cemented carbides and cementite<br />
See silicon carbide<br />
carbide tools:<br />
Cutting and <strong>for</strong>ming tools used <strong>for</strong> hard materials or at high temperatures.<br />
They are made of carbides of tungsten, tantalium, and other metals held in<br />
a matrix of cobalt, nickel, etc., and are very hard with good compressive<br />
strength.<br />
car blind:<br />
A curtain or pull-down covering <strong>for</strong> the backlight (i.e., rear window) to<br />
obscure the bright headlights of a following vehicle. Some are also used<br />
<strong>for</strong> side windows <strong>for</strong> privacy. It is generally illegal to use them on the
driver's side window or the windshield.<br />
carbon:<br />
[1] The hard or soft, black deposits found in the combustion chamber, on<br />
the plugs, under the rings, on and under the valve heads, etc. Although it is<br />
not a metal, it is a good conductor of electricity.<br />
[2] An element which <strong>for</strong>ms various kinds of steel when combined with<br />
iron. In steel, it is the changing carbon content which changes the physical<br />
properties of the steel.<br />
[3] Carbon is used in a solid <strong>for</strong>m as an electrode <strong>for</strong> arc welding, as a<br />
mold to hold weld metal, or <strong>for</strong> motor brushes.<br />
Also see<br />
activated carbon<br />
high carbon steel<br />
low carbon steel<br />
medium carbon<br />
carbon arc:<br />
An arc between carbon electrodes, usually limited to pure carbon rather<br />
than flame carbon electrodes<br />
carbon-arc lamp:<br />
Obsolete light source from the arc between carbon electrodes.<br />
carbon-arc welding:<br />
Arc welding carried out by means of an arc between a carbon electrode<br />
and the material to be welded.<br />
carbon black:<br />
A by-product of the petroleum industry used as a pigment and to give body<br />
in the manufacture of rubber products, both natural and synthetic. Carbon<br />
is the black residue from burning petroleum.<br />
carbon brush:<br />
A block of carbon to which a copper wire (or braided cable) is attached at<br />
one end and the other end rubs against a commutator, collector ring, or slip<br />
ring to transmit electricity
carbon brush spring:<br />
See brush spring<br />
carbon build-up:<br />
A deposit of burned oil which collects in the combustion chamber on the<br />
top of the piston and the head. Too much carbon build-up can lead to an<br />
inefficient engine and sticky valves.<br />
carbon button:<br />
See carbon microphone<br />
carbon canister:<br />
See activated carbon canister<br />
carbon contact:<br />
In a switch, an auxiliary contact designed to break contact after and to<br />
make contact be<strong>for</strong>e the main contact to prevent burning of the latter; it is<br />
of carbon and designed to be easily removable.<br />
carbon-core leads:<br />
High tension wire going from the distributor to the coil or the spark plugs.<br />
Each wire has a core of carbon or graphite rather than copper wire to<br />
conduct the electricity. Carbon-core wire is not recommended <strong>for</strong> most<br />
small engines such as motorcycle engines.<br />
carbon dating:<br />
Dating method which uses the fact that atmospheric carbon dioxide<br />
contains a constant proportion of radioactive 14 C, <strong>for</strong>med by cosmic<br />
radiation. Living organisms absorb this isotope in the same proportion.<br />
After death it decays with a half-life 5.57x10³ years. The proportion of 12 C<br />
to the residual 14 C indicates the period elapsed since death. Also called<br />
radiocarbon dating<br />
carbon dioxide:<br />
(CO2) A colorless, odorless, non-toxic gas which is a product of breathing<br />
and the combustion process. Sometimes used as refrigerant: Refrigerant #<br />
is R-744
carbon dioxide laser:<br />
Laser in which the active gaseous medium is a mixture of carbon dioxide<br />
and other gases. It is excited by glow-discharge and operates at a<br />
wavelength of 10.6 μm. Carbon dioxide lasers are capable of pulsed output<br />
with peak power up to 100 MW or continuous output up to 60 kW.<br />
carbon-dioxide welding:<br />
Metal arc welding<br />
using CO2 as the shielding gas.<br />
carbon gland:<br />
A type of gland used to prevent leakage along a shaft. It consists of carbon<br />
rings cut into segments and pressed into contact with the shaft by an<br />
encircling helical spring or garter spring<br />
carboned up:<br />
covered with a thick deposit of carbon. In Britain it is called "coked up"<br />
carbon fiber:<br />
Threadlike strands of pure carbon that are strong and flexible. Carbon fiber<br />
can be bound in a plastic resin matrix to <strong>for</strong>m a strong composite. It is<br />
light-weight and stronger than steel. Can also be spelled "carbon fibre."<br />
carbon fibre:<br />
A high-tech material favored in many motorcycle applications because it is<br />
extremely strong, light and expensive. The distinctive look of carbon fiber<br />
has become trendy. Also see carbon fiber.<br />
carbon filter:<br />
Air filter using activated carbon as a cleansing agent<br />
carbon fouling:<br />
The situation that occurs when the two electrical terminals of the spark<br />
plug are coated with carbon causing a reduction in efficiency leading to<br />
intermittent firing or complete failure.
carbonization:<br />
The steeping of wool in a dilute solution of sulphuric acid, or its treatment<br />
by hydrochloric acid gas (dry process). This converts any cellulosic<br />
impurities into carbon dust and thereby facilitates their removal.<br />
carbonize:<br />
Building up of carbon on objects such as spark plugs, pistons, heads, etc.<br />
carbonized filament:<br />
Thoriated tungsten filament coated with tungsten carbide to reduce loss of<br />
thorium from the surface.<br />
carbonizing:<br />
Another term <strong>for</strong> carburizing or reducing<br />
carbon knock:<br />
When there is a build-up of carbon in the combustion chamber,<br />
uncontrolled ignition will take place causing a knocking noise.<br />
carbon microphone:<br />
A microphone in which a normally dc energizing current is modulated by<br />
changes in the resistance of a cavity filled by granulated carbon which is<br />
compressed by the movement of the diaphragm. The diameter of the cavity<br />
is frequently very much less than that of the diaphragm, and it is then<br />
known as a carbon button.<br />
carbon monoxide:<br />
(CO) A deadly, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas found in the engine<br />
exhaust. Toxic even in relatively small concentrations. Formed by<br />
incomplete burning of hydrocarbons. Thus at its greatest with a rich<br />
mixture.<br />
carbon pile voltage trans<strong>for</strong>mer:<br />
Variable electrical resistor made from disks or plates of carbon arranged to<br />
<strong>for</strong>m a pile.
carbon pin:<br />
A thin cylinder of carbon located in the distributor cap to transfer high<br />
tension electricity from the coil to the rotor to the high tension leads going<br />
to the spark plugs.<br />
carbon resistor:<br />
Negative temperature coefficient, non-inductive resistor <strong>for</strong>med of<br />
powdered carbon with ceramic binding material. Used <strong>for</strong> low-temperature<br />
measurements because of the large increase in resistance as temperature<br />
decreases.<br />
carbon steel:<br />
A steel whose properties are determined principally by the amount of<br />
carbon present and contains no other deliberate alloying ingredient except<br />
those necessary to ensure deoxidation and physical quality. Also called<br />
plain carbon steel. See steel<br />
See<br />
high carbon steel<br />
low carbon steel<br />
carbon tetrachloride:<br />
A liquid often used in fire extinguishers. The fumes are toxic -- avoid<br />
inhaling.<br />
carbon tracking:<br />
A trace of carbon found inside the distributor cap which leads away some<br />
electricity, thus causing the engine to misfire.<br />
carbonyl powders:<br />
Metal powders produced by reacting carbon monoxide with the metal to<br />
<strong>for</strong>m the gaseous carbonyl. This is then decomposed by heat to yield<br />
powder of high purity.<br />
carborundum:<br />
Trade name <strong>for</strong> silicon carbide abrasives.
carborundum wheel:<br />
See grinding wheel<br />
carboy:<br />
Large, narrow-necked container, usually of balloon shape, having a<br />
capacity of 201 or more.<br />
carbs:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> carburetors.<br />
carburation:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> carburetion<br />
Also see<br />
dual carbs<br />
carburetion:<br />
The mixture of vaporized fuel and air in the proper proportions <strong>for</strong><br />
combustion in an engine<br />
carburetor:<br />
Optionally<br />
spelled<br />
"carburette<br />
r" or<br />
"carburetto<br />
r." A<br />
device that<br />
vaporizes<br />
fuel and<br />
mixes it<br />
with air in<br />
proper<br />
quantities<br />
and<br />
proportion<br />
s to suit<br />
the varying<br />
needs of<br />
the engine.
A filter<br />
screens the<br />
air which<br />
is drawn<br />
into the<br />
carburetor.<br />
Here the<br />
gasoline<br />
mixes with<br />
the air and<br />
this fuel<br />
vapor<br />
enters the<br />
combustio<br />
n chamber<br />
through<br />
the intake<br />
valve<br />
where it is<br />
compresse<br />
d and<br />
burned.<br />
air-valve carburetor<br />
air valve carburetor<br />
barrel carburetor<br />
compound carburetor<br />
cross-draft carburetor<br />
double-barrel<br />
carburetor<br />
downdraft carburetor<br />
dual carbs<br />
dual carburetors<br />
feedback carburetor<br />
fixed-choke carburetor<br />
fixed-jet carburetor<br />
flood the carburetor<br />
four-barrel carburetor<br />
four barrel carburetor<br />
hif carburetor<br />
horizontal draft<br />
carburetor<br />
progressive carburetor<br />
Also see<br />
sidedraft carburetor<br />
single-barrel<br />
carburetor<br />
slide carburetor<br />
starting carburetor<br />
stromberg carburetor<br />
su carburetor<br />
tamperproof<br />
carburetor<br />
twin-choke<br />
carburetor<br />
twin barrel<br />
carburetor<br />
twin carburetors<br />
two-stage carburetor<br />
updraft carburetor<br />
variable-choke<br />
carburetor<br />
variable-venturi<br />
carburetor<br />
vv carburetor<br />
carburetor adapter:<br />
An adapter that is used to fit or place one type of carburetor on an intake<br />
manifold that may not be originally designed <strong>for</strong> it. Also used to adapt<br />
four-barrel carburetors to two-barrel manifolds.
carburetor barrel:<br />
The tube-like part of the vehicle through which air flows and is mixed<br />
with vaporized fuel. The choke butterfly valve is located at the top of the<br />
carburetor barrel, and the throttle valve is located at the bottom. Midway<br />
through, the barrel narrows, and this part is called the "venturi."<br />
Carburetors can have one, two, or four barrels.<br />
carburetor circuit:<br />
A series of passageways and units designed to per<strong>for</strong>m a specific function<br />
idle circuit, full power circuit, etc.<br />
carburetor circuits:<br />
See carburetor circuit.<br />
carburetor engine:<br />
A combustion engine which uses a carburetor instead of fuel injection.<br />
carburetor icing:<br />
The <strong>for</strong>mation of ice on the throttle plate or valve during certain<br />
atmospheric conditions. As the fuel nozzles feed fuel into the air horn it<br />
turns to a vapor. This robs heat from the air and when weather conditions<br />
are just right (fairly cool and quite humid) ice may <strong>for</strong>m.<br />
Also see<br />
carburetor throat:<br />
See venturi<br />
carburetor venturi:<br />
See venturi<br />
carburetter:<br />
British spelling <strong>for</strong> carburetor.<br />
carburettor:<br />
icing
See carburetor.<br />
car burglar:<br />
A person who steals object from a car, but does not steal the car itself.<br />
Also see<br />
car thief<br />
carburization:<br />
The process of creating carbon steel by increasing the carbon content of<br />
steel to reach the desired degree of hardness<br />
carburizing:<br />
[1] A carburizing flame in welding terms is an oxygen-fuel gas flame with<br />
a slight excess of the fuel gas.<br />
[2] A method of case-hardening low carbon steel in which the metal<br />
component is heated above its ferrite-austenite transition in a suitable<br />
carbonaceous atmosphere. Carbon diffuses into the surface and establishes<br />
a concentration gradient. The steel can subsequently be hardened by<br />
quenching either directly or after re-heating to refine the grain structure. It<br />
is usually lightly tempered afterwards, producing a hard case over a tough<br />
core.<br />
car cap:<br />
A waterproof cover which encloses just the greenhouse (i.e., the roof,<br />
windshield, side glass, and backlight)<br />
car care product:<br />
One of several items <strong>for</strong> taking care of the outward finish of the car (i.e.,<br />
cleaners, polish, wax, preservers) as well as the interior pieces (e.g., dash<br />
cleaners, upholstery cleaners and sealers)<br />
carcass:<br />
The primary structure of a tire body with its cords, plies, rim wires, etc.<br />
apart from the tread itself. Structurally the carcass should hold air and<br />
provide strength to the tire, but would not wear well without the tread.<br />
Car Club of America:
See Classic Car Club of America<br />
car cover:<br />
A cover which encloses the entire vehicle to protect the finish from the<br />
elements.<br />
car crash:<br />
A car accident<br />
card:<br />
The graduated dial or face of a magnetic compass to which the card and<br />
needle are firmly connected.<br />
See file card brush<br />
cardan:<br />
See cardan joint.<br />
cardan joint:<br />
A type of universal joint named after the Italian Cardan who<br />
developed the concept in the 16th century. In the 17th century,<br />
Robert Hooke of England developed and patented the<br />
conventional universal joint. Sometimes it is called the "Cardan<br />
universal" or the "Hooke universal." It has two yokes at right<br />
angles to each other.<br />
Cardan mount:<br />
Type of gimbal mount used <strong>for</strong> compasses and gyroscopes.<br />
cardan shaft:<br />
A shaft with universal joints at each end<br />
cardan universal:<br />
See cardan joint.<br />
card brush:
See file card brush<br />
car dealer:<br />
See new car dealer<br />
cardinal planes:<br />
In a lens, planes perpendicular to the principal axis, and passing through<br />
the cardinal points of the lens.<br />
cardinal points:<br />
For a lens system, the two principal foci, the two nodal points and the two<br />
principal points. For a lens used in air, the principal points coincide with<br />
the corresponding nodal points. For a lens of negligible thickness the<br />
principal points and the nodal points all coalesce at a single point at the<br />
optical center of the lens.<br />
cardioid:<br />
A heart-shaped curve with polar equation r=2a(1+cosθ). An epicycloid in<br />
which the rolling circle equals the fixed circle.<br />
cardioid directivity:<br />
Special shape of a directivity. It is produced by superimposing the fields of<br />
a monopole and a dipole, and has the shape of a cardioid.<br />
care product:<br />
See car care product<br />
car-floor contact:<br />
A contact attached to the false floor of an electrically controlled lift; it is<br />
usually arranged to prevent operation of the lift by anyone outside the car<br />
while a passenger is in the lift.<br />
cargo:<br />
See<br />
bulk cargo<br />
general cargo
cargo area:<br />
The space within a station wagon or van <strong>for</strong> carrying goods or the bed of a<br />
pickup truck <strong>for</strong> carrying goods<br />
cargo battens:<br />
Strips of wood fitted inside the frames to keep cargo away from hull<br />
steelwork. Also called sparring<br />
cargo box:<br />
A type of container mounted on the roof of a<br />
vehicle<br />
cargo net:<br />
A type of bungee net usually found in the<br />
trunk of a car to secure packages from moving<br />
around; but also found behind or beside a seat.<br />
cargo port:<br />
Opening in a ship's side <strong>for</strong> loading and unloading cargo.<br />
cargo shifting:<br />
Movements or changing positions of cargo from one place to another<br />
which can easily endanger the seaworthiness of the ship<br />
cargo ship:<br />
See dry cargo ship<br />
Carina:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Carina
car insurance:<br />
An insurance policy (mandatory in most states and all of Canada) to cover<br />
possible damage to the vehicle or property or passengers, etc. Sometimes<br />
basic insurance is abbreviated PL&PD (public liability and property<br />
damage). Also called "motor insurance"<br />
car jacker:<br />
A person who steals a car at gunpoint.<br />
car jacking:<br />
A process of stealing a car while the driver is still in it. The car may be<br />
stopped at a traffic light when a car jacker appears with a gun and<br />
demands that the driver get out, then he drives away with the car. If it<br />
happens to you, give him the car -- your life is worth more than the<br />
vehicle.<br />
car key:<br />
An unlocking device <strong>for</strong> the ignition switch, doors, trunk, gas cap, etc.<br />
car lot:<br />
A place where vehicles are sold by an independent dealer<br />
car mechanic:<br />
See mechanic<br />
Carnot cycle:<br />
An ideal heat engine cycle of maximum thermal efficiency. It consists of<br />
isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and<br />
adiabatic compression to the initial state.<br />
Carnot's theorem:<br />
Theorem stating that no heat engine can be more efficient than a reversible<br />
engine working between the same temperatures. It follows that the<br />
efficiency of a reversible engine is independent of the working substance<br />
and depends only on the temperatures between which it is working.
car park:<br />
A parking area usually located within a building.<br />
Also see<br />
multi-storey car park<br />
carpeting:<br />
The action of covering the passenger compartment floor (and sometimes<br />
the trunk floor) with a <strong>for</strong>m-fitting rug or carpet.<br />
car phone:<br />
A telephone that is installed in a vehicle, but has recently been replaced by<br />
personal cell phones.<br />
Also see<br />
cellular phone<br />
car polish:<br />
A product which enhances the shine of the paintwork of a vehicle<br />
car radio:<br />
A radio receiver which is installed (usually in the dash) in a vehicle<br />
carrene:<br />
Refrigerant in Group One (R-11). Chemical combination of carbon,<br />
chlorine, and fluorine<br />
carriage:<br />
[1] A horse-drawn vehicle <strong>for</strong> people to ride in.<br />
[2] A railroad vehicle <strong>for</strong> passengers.
carriage bolt:<br />
A bolt that has a smooth dome head<br />
(like a mushroom) so that no<br />
screwdriver or wrench can remove it<br />
from the dome-side.<br />
carriage spring:<br />
See laminated spring<br />
carriage-type switchgear:<br />
See truck-type switchgear<br />
carriageway:<br />
See dual carriageway<br />
carrier:<br />
[1] A real or imaginary particle responsible <strong>for</strong> the transport of electric<br />
charge in a material. In oxide ceramics, electrons hopping between ions,<br />
diffusing oxygen ions and mobile cations can also transport charge. See<br />
carriers.<br />
[2] A device <strong>for</strong> conveying the drive of a face-plate of a lathe to a piece of<br />
work which is being turned between centers. It is clamped to the work and<br />
driven by a pin projecting from the face-plate.<br />
[3] A frame <strong>for</strong> holding a negative in an enlarger or slides in a projector.<br />
[4] Non-active material mixed with, and chemically identical to, a<br />
radioactive compound. Carrier is sometimes added to carrier-free material.<br />
[5] A vehicle <strong>for</strong> communicating in <strong>for</strong>mation, when the chosen medium<br />
itself cannot convey the in<strong>for</strong>mation but can convey a carrier, on to which<br />
the in<strong>for</strong>mation is impressed by modulation.<br />
[6] In radio transmission, the output of the transmitter be<strong>for</strong>e it is<br />
modulated. See frequency modulation.<br />
[7] The frequencies chosen <strong>for</strong> sending many signals simultaneously along<br />
a single communication channel by frequency-division multiplex.<br />
[8] A thin substance that helps another substance to reach its goal. For<br />
example, a spray grease may have a carrier which transports the grease to<br />
its destination. Then the carrier dries up leaving the grease behind.
arge carriers<br />
bicycle carrier<br />
bulk carrier<br />
carrier bearing<br />
contract carrier<br />
differential carrier<br />
hub carrier<br />
jet carrier<br />
See<br />
lng carrier pinion carrier<br />
luggage carrier planet carrier<br />
ore-bulk-oil carrier product carrier<br />
ore carrier spare tire carrier<br />
carrier bearing:<br />
The bearings upon which the differential case is mounted.<br />
carrier bearings:<br />
See carrier bearing.<br />
carrier mobility:<br />
The mean drift velocity of the charge carriers in a material per unit electric<br />
field.<br />
carrier noise:<br />
Noise which has been introduced into the carrier of a transmitter be<strong>for</strong>e<br />
modulation.<br />
carrier, pinion:<br />
See pinion carrier.<br />
carrier, planet:<br />
See planet carrier.<br />
carrier power:<br />
Power radiated by a transmitter in absence of modulation.<br />
carriers:<br />
In a crystal of semiconductor material thermal agitation will cause a<br />
number of electrons to dissociate from their parent atoms; in moving about<br />
the crystal they act as carriers of negative charge. Other electrons will<br />
move from neighboring atoms to fill the space left behind, thus causing the<br />
holes where no electrons exist in the lattice to be transferred from one<br />
atom to another. As these holes move around they can be considered as<br />
carriers of positive charge. See impurity.
See<br />
barge carriers<br />
top carriers<br />
carrier wave:<br />
An unmodulated radio wave produced by a transmitter on which<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation is carried by amplitude or frequency modulation.<br />
carrosserie:<br />
French term <strong>for</strong> coachwork.<br />
carrozzeria:<br />
Italian term <strong>for</strong> coachwork.<br />
carrying capacity:<br />
The maximum load that a tire is allowed to carry with a particular wheel<br />
and rim. Also called "load capacity."<br />
carrying-current:<br />
See instantaneous carrying-current<br />
CARS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Canadian Automotive Repair and Service Council"<br />
car society:<br />
See milestone Car Society<br />
car sponge:<br />
A large sponge <strong>for</strong> washing the exterior of a vehicle<br />
car stereo:<br />
A listening device in an automobile which usually has an AM/FM radio<br />
and often a cassette player, CD player, and/or CD changer. It also includes<br />
at least a pair of speakers.
car tax:<br />
A government imposed tax which is added to the price of a new car. Some<br />
governments charge a road-use tax and call it a car tax.<br />
cartesian diver:<br />
See diver<br />
car test:<br />
A test of a vehicle's roadworthiness, reliability, and per<strong>for</strong>mance.<br />
car theft:<br />
Unauthorized removal (i.e., stealing) of a car or the items in or on a car.<br />
Also see<br />
car jacking<br />
car thief:<br />
A person who steals a car. If someone steals just the objects from a car, he<br />
is a car burglar.<br />
Also see<br />
car jacker<br />
car tire:<br />
An automotive tire which is used exclusively on a passenger car, not a<br />
light truck, etc.<br />
cartography:<br />
The preparation and drawing of maps which show, generally, a<br />
considerable extent of the Earth's surface.<br />
cartridge:<br />
See<br />
can<br />
filter cartridge<br />
oil filter cartridge<br />
cartridge bottom bracket:<br />
A bottom bracket with protective seals to keep water and grime from<br />
penetrating to the bearings. Also called "sealed bottom bracket"
cartridge brass:<br />
Copper-zinc alloy containing approximately 30% zinc. Possesses high<br />
ductility; capable of being heavily cold-worked. Widely used <strong>for</strong> cold<br />
pressings, cartridges, tubes, etc. See copper alloys.<br />
cartridge starter:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> starting aero-engines in which a slow-burning cartridge is<br />
used to operate a piston or turbine unit which is geared to the engine shaft.<br />
cart spring:<br />
A leaf spring used in small trailers.<br />
carvac:<br />
A small, hand-held vacuum cleaner which is either battery-operated or<br />
which is plugged into the accessory outlet or cigarette lighter socket.<br />
car wash:<br />
[1] A place where you can get your car cleaned. Some are automatic (you<br />
drive through and large brushes clean the car) while others provide a bay<br />
with spray wands and brushes <strong>for</strong> you to do the labor.<br />
Also see<br />
automatic car wash<br />
[2] A product like soap which is added to water <strong>for</strong> the purpose of cleaning<br />
a vehicle.<br />
car wax:<br />
A polish which may be in a paste or a cream and used in protecting the<br />
finish of a car.<br />
car wheel:<br />
See passenger car wheel<br />
CAS:
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "cleaner air system"<br />
cascade:<br />
The arrangement of stages in an enrichment or reprocessing plant in which<br />
the products of one stage are fed either <strong>for</strong>ward to the next closely similar<br />
or identical stage or backward to a previous stage, eventually resulting in<br />
two more or less pure products at each end of the cascade. The classic<br />
examples are gaseous or centrifugal enrichment plants. An ideal cascade is<br />
the arrangement of stages in series and in parallel which gives the highest<br />
yield <strong>for</strong> a given number of units (e.g., centrifuges) and a given separation<br />
factor.<br />
cascade generator:<br />
High-voltage generator using a series of voltage-multiplying stages, esp.<br />
when designed <strong>for</strong> X-ray tubes or low-energy accelerators.<br />
cascade particle: Particle <strong>for</strong>med by a cosmic ray in a cascade shower<br />
cascades:<br />
Fixed airfoil blades which turn the airflow around a bend in a duct, e.g., in<br />
wind tunnels or engine intakes.<br />
cascade shower:<br />
Manifestations of cosmic rays in which high-energy mesons, protons, and<br />
electrons create high-energy photons, which produce further electrons and<br />
positrons, thus increasing the number of particles until the energy is<br />
dissipated. Also called air shower.<br />
cascade systems:<br />
Arrangement in which two or more refrigerating systems are used in<br />
series; uses evaporator of one machine to cool condenser of other machine.<br />
Produces ultra-low temps<br />
cascading of insulators:<br />
Flashover of a string of suspension insulators; initiated by the voltage<br />
across one unit exceeding its safe value and flashing over, thereby<br />
imposing additional stress across the other units, and resulting in a<br />
complete flashover of the string.
case:<br />
That part near the surface of a ferrous alloy which as been so altered as to<br />
allow case-hardening.<br />
See<br />
basket case<br />
battery case<br />
chain case<br />
converter case<br />
differential case<br />
top case<br />
transfer case<br />
case harden:<br />
The action of hardening the surface of steel.<br />
casehardened:<br />
A piece of steel that has had the outer surface hardened while the inner<br />
portion remains relatively soft.<br />
casehardening:<br />
The action of adding carbon to the surface of a mild steel object and heat<br />
treating to produce a hard surface.<br />
cases:<br />
The two clam-shell-like halves in the bottom end of the engine surrounded<br />
by a metal shell<br />
cash register:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Toll booth as in "I'm comin' up on a cash register at<br />
highway 88"<br />
cash value:<br />
See actual cash value<br />
casing:<br />
[1] The outside shell of something such as the shell of an alternator or<br />
starter motor.
[2] The tire casing.<br />
Also see<br />
axle casing<br />
differential casing<br />
spiral casing<br />
turbine casing<br />
volute casing<br />
casing factor:<br />
That portion of the load supported by tire casing stiffness instead of air<br />
pressure.<br />
casing head gasoline:<br />
A term used to describe the lighter parts of petroleum products, which<br />
were obtained from natural gasoline by condensing natural gas from an oil<br />
well<br />
cask:<br />
See flask<br />
casket:<br />
See flask<br />
cassette:<br />
[1] A type of bicycle gear cluster that slides on a freehub rather than<br />
threads on it. The freehub body is attached to the rear hub.<br />
[2] A cartridge containing magnetic tape that can be inserted into a player<br />
<strong>for</strong> listening or viewing (e.g., an audio cassette or video cassette).<br />
cassette cogs:<br />
The individual cogs that make up a bicycle cassette.<br />
cassette compartment:<br />
A storage place <strong>for</strong> audio cassettes<br />
cassette hub:
More recent type of rear hub designed to accept the cassette type of gear<br />
cluster. The cassette hub has the rotating, ratcheting freehub body attached<br />
to the hub <strong>for</strong> the cassette to slide onto and be secured by a lockring.<br />
cassette player:<br />
A unit which plays (but does not record) audio cassettes and is often linked<br />
with a stereo unit in an automobile<br />
cassette size:<br />
The size of a bicycle cassette is described by the number of teeth on the<br />
smallest cog and the number of teeth on the largest cog. An example of a<br />
common size <strong>for</strong> road racing would be 12 x 21.<br />
cast:<br />
[1] To shape molten metal by pouring it into a mold.<br />
[2] A model or result made by pouring metal into a mold.<br />
See<br />
cast iron<br />
casting<br />
die cast<br />
castellate:<br />
Formed to resemble a castle battlement: e.g., a castellated nut<br />
castellated:<br />
See castellated nut.<br />
castellated nut:<br />
A nut with several lugs protruding<br />
from one end making it look like the<br />
turrets on the top of the wall of a<br />
castle. This nut is used on a shaft<br />
with a hole drilled in it. It is secured<br />
to the shaft by passing a cotter pin<br />
through an opening in the nut and<br />
through the shaft hole.
caster:<br />
A wheel alignment adjustment that positions<br />
the wheels like the casters on a chair or<br />
shopping cart, so the tires follow naturally in<br />
a <strong>for</strong>ward straight line. In a truck or older car,<br />
the top of the kingpin is either <strong>for</strong>ward<br />
(negative) or toward the rear of the vehicle<br />
(positive). On a turn, the wheels will tend to<br />
straighten out when the steering wheel is<br />
released. If the car has independent front<br />
suspension, the upper ball joint is set <strong>for</strong>ward<br />
or rearward in relation to the lower ball joint.<br />
Caster is measured in degrees.<br />
Also see<br />
trail distance<br />
caster action:<br />
The self-centering action which causes a caster wheel to move into a<br />
straight-ahead position.<br />
caster angle:<br />
The inclination or angle that a wheel makes when measuring the distance<br />
between the vertical post and the offset of the wheel placement.<br />
caster offset:<br />
The distance on the ground between where the vertical post would touch<br />
the ground if it were extended and the point where the wheel touches the<br />
ground. Also called caster trail<br />
caster trail:<br />
The distance on the ground between where the vertical post would touch<br />
the ground if it were extended and the point where the wheel touches the<br />
ground. Also called caster offset<br />
caster wobble:<br />
A condition generally produced in the front wheels when they are attached<br />
to the ends of a beam axle. It is particularly noticeable on rough roads and<br />
the shimmy at the steering wheel makes it difficult to control the vehicle.
You have probably seen this condition in a shopping cart that has caster<br />
wheels that wiggle or fluctuate back and <strong>for</strong>th and will not roll in a straight<br />
line.<br />
cast holes:<br />
Holes made in cast objects by the use of cores, in order to reduce the time<br />
necessary <strong>for</strong> machining, and to avoid metal wastage.<br />
casting:<br />
[1] A process technology that delivers a liquid molten metal into a<br />
purpose-built mold. After cooling, the solid metal surface has the shape of<br />
the mold cavity.<br />
[2] Pouring metal into a mold to <strong>for</strong>m an object.<br />
[3] A metallic article cast in the shape required, as distinct from one<br />
shaped by working.<br />
Also see<br />
die casting<br />
lost-foam casting process<br />
malleable castings<br />
monobloc casting<br />
sand casting<br />
thin-wall casting<br />
casting copper:<br />
Metal of lower purity than best selected copper. Generally contains about<br />
99.4% of copper.<br />
casting ladle:<br />
A steel ladle, lined with refractory material, in which molten metal is<br />
carried from the furnace to the mold in which the casting is to be made.<br />
casting number:<br />
The number cast into a block, head, or other component when the part is<br />
cast. Casting numbers can be helpful when identifying an engine or its<br />
parts, but they are not completely accurate, because castings are<br />
sometimes machined differently<br />
casting process:
See lost-foam casting process<br />
castings:<br />
Metallic <strong>for</strong>ms which are produced by pouring molten metal into a shaped<br />
container or mold.<br />
Also see<br />
malleable castings<br />
casting wheel:<br />
Large wheel on which ingot molds are arranged peripherally and filled<br />
from stream of molten metal issuing from furnace or pouring ladle.<br />
cast-in-situ concrete piles:<br />
A type of pile <strong>for</strong>med by driving a steel pipe into the ground and filling it<br />
with concrete, using the pipe as a mold, or by a similar method.<br />
cast iron:<br />
[1] An alloy of iron and more than 2% carbon. It is used <strong>for</strong> engine blocks<br />
and transmission and differential cases because it is relatively cheap and<br />
easy to mold into complex shapes.<br />
[2] Any iron-carbon alloy in which the carbon content exceeds the<br />
solubility of carbon in austenite at the eutectic temperature. Widely used in<br />
engineering on account of their high fluidity and excellent casting<br />
characteristics. Carbon content usually in the range of 2-2.3%. Some kinds<br />
are brittle and others difficult to machine. See ductile cast-iron, grey iron,<br />
spherulitic graphite cast-iron.<br />
cast-iron:<br />
See cast iron<br />
castle:<br />
See castellated nut.<br />
castle nut:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> castellated nut -- a six-sided nut in the top of which six<br />
radial slots are cut. Two of these line up with a hole drilled in the bolt or<br />
screw, a split pin can be inserted to prevent turning.
castle section:<br />
A panel with humps or ribs which strengthen the panel. They are called<br />
"castle" because from the end they look like the turrets of a castle<br />
castor:<br />
British spelling of caster.<br />
cast spoke assembly:<br />
That part of the vehicle consisting of the brake drum and wheel spider,<br />
having 3, 5 or 6 spokes.<br />
cast spoke type:<br />
A type of dual mounting wheels where two demountable rims are mounted<br />
directly on the spoke wheel and drum assembly held apart by a spacer<br />
band and locked in place by clamps and nuts which attach to studs in the<br />
spoke face.<br />
cast steel:<br />
Shapes that have been <strong>for</strong>med directly from liquid by casting into a mold.<br />
Formerly applied to wrought objects produced by working steel made by<br />
the crucible process to distinguish from that made by cementation of<br />
wrought-iron, but both of these methods are long obsolete.<br />
cast welded rail joint:<br />
A joint between the ends of two adjacent rails made in position using the<br />
thermite process.<br />
cat:<br />
An abbreviation <strong>for</strong> catalytic converter<br />
catadioptric:<br />
An optical system using a combination of refracting and reflecting<br />
surfaces designed to reduce aberrations in a telescope.
catalan process:<br />
Reduction of haematite to wrought-iron by smelting with charcoal.<br />
catalog:<br />
See parts catalog<br />
catalyst:<br />
[1] A substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself<br />
being used up.<br />
[2] A special agent which is added to a plastic body filler or resin or paint<br />
to speed up the hardening process.<br />
Also see<br />
aged catalyst<br />
fresh catalyst<br />
metal catalyst<br />
oxidizing catalyst<br />
particulate catalyst<br />
pellet catalyst<br />
reducing catalyst<br />
three-way catalyst<br />
two-way catalyst<br />
catalyst bed:<br />
A layer of catalyst-coated material such as pellets or ceramic in a catalytic<br />
converter through which the gases pass.<br />
catalyst charge:<br />
A catalyst-coated material such as pellets or ceramic in a catalytic<br />
converter.<br />
catalyst coating:<br />
A catalytic layer<br />
catalyst container:<br />
A housing of a catalytic converter. Also called a "converter shell"<br />
catalyst contamination:
A reduction of efficiency because of impurity deposits<br />
catalyst degradation:<br />
A reduction of efficiency because of impurities or overheating. Also called<br />
catalyst deterioration<br />
catalyst deterioration:<br />
A reduction of efficiency because of impurities or overheating. Also called<br />
catalyst degradation<br />
catalyst efficiency:<br />
See catalytic efficiency<br />
catalyst indicator:<br />
A light on the instrument panel which glows when a prescribed distance<br />
has passed in order to remind the driver to have the catalytic converter<br />
replaced.<br />
catalyst substrate:<br />
A base material which carries the catalytic layer or coating. Also called<br />
catalyst support<br />
catalyst support:<br />
A base material which carries the catalytic layer or coating. Also called<br />
catalyst substrate<br />
catalytic:<br />
catalytic activity:<br />
See<br />
catalytic converter<br />
dual-bed catalytic converter<br />
mini catalytic converter<br />
open-loop catalytic converter<br />
pellet-type catalytic converter<br />
primary catalytic converter<br />
three-way catalytic converter
The rate a catalytic converter purifies the exhaust system<br />
catalytic converter:<br />
A pollution-control device found on the exhaust system of all cars since its<br />
introduction in 1974 which acts like an afterburner to reburn unburned gas<br />
in the tail pipe. It looks like a small muffler and is usually made of<br />
stainless steel. It contains platinum, rhodium, or palladium which is a<br />
catalyst <strong>for</strong> the chemical reaction needed to burn off any unburned<br />
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by turning them into water vapor,<br />
carbon dioxide and other less toxic gases.<br />
Also see<br />
dual-bed catalytic converter<br />
lean burn engine<br />
mini catalytic converter<br />
open-loop catalytic converter<br />
pellet-type catalytic converter<br />
primary catalytic converter<br />
single-bed 3-way catalytic converter<br />
three-way catalytic converter<br />
two-way catalytic converter<br />
catalytic efficiency:<br />
The effectiveness of a catalyst in purifying exhaust gases<br />
catalytic layer:<br />
A thin layer of catalyst such as platinum and supported by a ceramic or<br />
metal carrier material<br />
catamaran:<br />
A double hulled vessel<br />
cataphoretic painting:<br />
A process of applying the first coat of paint to the body of a car by<br />
positively charging the paint particles and then dunking the metal into the<br />
paint. A current is turned on so that the positively charged paint is attracted<br />
to the negative metal panel. Also called cathodic electropainting<br />
catapult:
an accelerating device <strong>for</strong> launching an aircraft in a short distance. It may<br />
be fixed or rotatable to face the wind. It is usually used on ships which<br />
have no landing deck, having been superseded on aircraft carriers by the<br />
accelerator. During World War II, fighters were carried on (catapult armed<br />
merchant ships) <strong>for</strong> defence against long-range bombers. Land catapults<br />
hae been tried but have been superseded by RATOG and STOL aircraft.<br />
catback:<br />
A per<strong>for</strong>mance exhaust system upgrade which consists of new pipes from<br />
the catalytic converter to the tail pipe which increases horsepower. These<br />
new pipes are larger, thus, more exhaust can exit the system. The faster the<br />
exhaust can exit, the more horsepower you gain.<br />
catch:<br />
See safety catch<br />
catch basin:<br />
See catch pit<br />
catcher:<br />
The element in a velocity-modulated ultrahigh frequency or microwave<br />
beam tube which abstracts, or catches, the energy in a bunced electron<br />
stream as it passes through it. See buncher<br />
catcher foil:<br />
Aluminum sheet used <strong>for</strong> measuring power levels in nuclear reactor by<br />
absorption of fission fragments.<br />
catching diode:<br />
Diode used to clamp a voltage or current at a predetermined value. When<br />
it becomes <strong>for</strong>ward-biased it prevents the applied potential from increasing<br />
any further.<br />
catchment area:<br />
The area from which water runs off to any given river valley or collecting<br />
reservoir. Also called catchment basin
catchment basin:<br />
The area from which water runs off to any given river valley or collecting<br />
reservoir. Also called catchment area<br />
catch net:<br />
See cradle<br />
catch pit:<br />
A small pit constructed at the entrance to a length of sewer or drain pipe to<br />
catch and retain matter which would not easily pass through the pipes.<br />
Also called catch basin. See sump<br />
catch plate:<br />
A disk on the spindle nose of a lathe, driving a carrier locked to the work.<br />
catch points:<br />
Trailing points placed on an up-gradient <strong>for</strong> the perpose of derailing<br />
rolling stock accidentally descending the gradient. See spring points<br />
catch-water drain:<br />
A drain to catch water on a hillside, with open joints or multiple<br />
per<strong>for</strong>ations to take in water in as many places as possible.<br />
cat E:<br />
Category E damage to an aircraft; equivalent to a total loss or "write off."<br />
category:<br />
See speed category<br />
catenary construction:<br />
A method of construction used <strong>for</strong> overhead contact wires of traction<br />
systems. A wire is suspended, in the <strong>for</strong>m of catenary, between two<br />
supports, and the contact wire is supported from this by droppers of<br />
different lengths, arranged so that the contact wire is horizontal. See
compound catenary construction<br />
cathead:<br />
[1] The sheave assembly on the top of crane jib.<br />
[2] A lathe accessory consisting of a turned sleeve having four or more<br />
radial screws at each end; used <strong>for</strong> clamping on to rough work of small<br />
diameter and running in the steady while centering. Also called spider<br />
cathetometer:<br />
An optical instrument <strong>for</strong> measuring vertical distances not exceeding a few<br />
decimeters. A small telescope, held horizontally can move up and down a<br />
vertical pillar. The difference in position of the telescope when the images<br />
of the two points whose separation is being measured are lined up with the<br />
cross-wires of the telescope, is obtained from the difference in vernier<br />
readings on a scale marked on the pillar. Also called reading microscope<br />
and reading telescope<br />
cathode:<br />
[1] In an electric circuit, the negative terminal. Electrons leave at this<br />
terminal.<br />
[2] In an electronic tube or valve, an electrode through which a primary<br />
stream of electrons enters the inter-electrode space. During conduction, the<br />
cathode is negative with respect to the anode. Such a cathode may be cold,<br />
electron emission being due to electric fields, photo-emission, or impact<br />
by other particles, or thermionic, where the cathode is heated by some<br />
means.<br />
[3] In a semiconductor diode, the electrode to which the <strong>for</strong>ward current<br />
flows.<br />
[4] In a thyristor, the electrode by which current leaves the thyristor when<br />
it is in the ON state.<br />
[5] In a light-emitting diode, the electrode to which <strong>for</strong>ward current flows<br />
within the devie.<br />
[6] In electrolytic applications, the electrode at which positive ions are<br />
discharged, or negative ions <strong>for</strong>med.<br />
cathode coating:<br />
A low-work function surface layer applied to a thermionic or photocathode<br />
in order to enhance electron emission or to control spectral characteristics.<br />
The cathode coating impedance is between the base metal and this layer.
cathode copper:<br />
The product of electrolytic refining, after which the cathodes are melted,<br />
oxidized, poled, and cast into wire-bars, cakes, billets, etc.<br />
cathode efficiency:<br />
Ratio of emission current to energy supplied to cathode. Also called<br />
emission efficiency<br />
cathode follower:<br />
A valve circuit in which the input is connected between the grid and<br />
ground, and the output is taken from between the cathode and ground, the<br />
anode being grounded to signal frequencies. It has a high input impedance,<br />
low output impedance, and unity voltage gain. See common-collector<br />
connection<br />
cahode glow:<br />
Glow near the surface of a cathode, its color depending on the gas or vapor<br />
is the tukbe. If an arc takes place in a partial vacuum, it may fill the greater<br />
part of the discharge tube.<br />
cathode luminous sensitivity:<br />
Ratio of cathode current of photoelectric cell to luminous intensity.<br />
cathode modulation:<br />
Modulation produced by signal applied to cathode of valve through which<br />
carrier wave passes.<br />
cathode poisoning:<br />
Reduction of thermionic emission from a cathode as a result of minute<br />
traces of adsorbed impurities.<br />
cathode ray:<br />
A stream of negatively charged particles (electrons) emitted normally from<br />
the surface of a cathode in a vacuum or low-pressure gas. The velocity of<br />
the electrons is proportional to the square root of the accelerating potential,
eing 6x10 5 ms -1 <strong>for</strong> one volt. They can be deflected and <strong>for</strong>med into beams<br />
by the application of electric or magnetic fields, or a combination of both,<br />
and are widely used in oscilloscopes and TV (in cathode-ray tubes),<br />
electron microscopes and electron-beam welding, and electron-beam tubes<br />
<strong>for</strong> high frequency amplifiers and oscillators.<br />
cathode-ray oscillograph:<br />
An oscillograph in which a permanent (photographic or other) record of a<br />
transient or time-varying phenomenon is produced by means of an electron<br />
beam in a cathode-ray tube. Deprecated term <strong>for</strong> cathode-ray oscilloscope<br />
cathode oscilloscope:<br />
(CRT) Device <strong>for</strong> displaying electronic signals by modulating a beam of<br />
electrons be<strong>for</strong>e it impinges on a fluorescent screen<br />
cathode ray tube:<br />
A sealed tube on which graphs or pictures are displayed like a TV screen<br />
cathodic electropainting:<br />
A process of applying the first coat of paint to the body of a car by<br />
positively charging the paint particles and then dunking the metal into the<br />
paint. A current is turned on so that the positively charged paint is attracted<br />
to the negative metal panel. Also called cataphoretic painting<br />
cathode spot:<br />
Area on a cathode where electrons are emitted into an arc, the current<br />
density being much higher than with simple thermionic emision<br />
cathodic chalk:<br />
A coating of magnesium and calcium compounds <strong>for</strong>med on a steel<br />
surface during cathodic protection in sea water<br />
cathodic etching:<br />
Erosion of a cathode by a glow discharge through positive-ion<br />
bombardment, in order to show microstructure
cathodic protection:<br />
[1] The action of protecting metal from electrochemical corrosion by using<br />
it as the cathode of a cell with a sacrificial anode.<br />
[2] In ships and offshore structures, corrosion can be prevented by passing<br />
sufficient direct current through the sea water to make the metal hull a<br />
cathode. See sacrificial anode<br />
cathodoluminescence:<br />
The emission of light, with a possible afterglow, from a material when<br />
irradiated by an electron beam, such as occurs in the phosphor of a cathodray<br />
tube<br />
cathodophone:<br />
Microphone utilizing the silent discharge between a heated oxide-coated<br />
filament in air and another electrode. The discharge is modulated directly<br />
by the motion of the air particles in a passing sound wave. Also called<br />
ionophone<br />
catholyte:<br />
See catolyt<br />
cation:<br />
Ion in an electrolyte which carries a positive charge and which migrates<br />
toward the cathode under the influence of a potential gradient in<br />
electrolysis. It is the deposition of the cation in a primary cell which<br />
determines the positive terminal. Compare anion<br />
catolyte:<br />
That portion of the electrolyte of an electrolytic cell which is in the<br />
immediate neighborhood of the cathode. Also called catholyte<br />
cation:<br />
Ion in an electrolyte which carries a positive charge and which migrates<br />
toward the cathode under the influence of a potential gradient in<br />
electrolysis. It is the deposition of the cation in a primary cell which<br />
determines the positive terminal. Compare anion
catolyte:<br />
That portion of the electrolyte of an electrolytic cell which is in the<br />
immediate neighborhood of the cathode. Also called catholyte<br />
catoptric element:<br />
A component of an optical system that uses reflection, not refraction, in<br />
the <strong>for</strong>mation of an image<br />
cauchy's dispersion <strong>for</strong>mula:<br />
μ= A + (B/λ 2 ) + (C/λ 21 ) + ...<br />
An empirical expression <strong>for</strong> the relation between the refractive index μ of<br />
a medium and the wavelength λ of light; A, B, and C are the constants <strong>for</strong><br />
a given medium.<br />
catwalk:<br />
[1] A raised walkway running <strong>for</strong>e<br />
and aft from the midship.<br />
[2] An obsolete term <strong>for</strong> the section<br />
between the fender and the hood. On<br />
modern cars, this section does not<br />
exist at all. But on older cars (like<br />
the 1937 Cadillac), the fender was<br />
spaced a little way apart from the<br />
hood. The headlights were mounted<br />
toward the front of the catwalk or<br />
above it.<br />
caulk:<br />
To fill seams in a wood deck with oakum or hammer the adjoining edges<br />
of metal together to stop leaks. Also spelled "calk"<br />
caulking:<br />
The process of closing the spaces between overlapping riveted plates or<br />
other joints by hammering the exposed edge of one plate into intimate<br />
contact with the other. A filler material is also used esp. <strong>for</strong> clsing (e.g.,<br />
deck planking). Also called calking
caulking tool:<br />
A tool, similar in <strong>for</strong>m to a cold chisel but having a blunt edge, <strong>for</strong><br />
de<strong>for</strong>ming the metal rather than cutting it.<br />
causality:<br />
[1] The principle that an event cannot precede its cause.<br />
[2] See determinism<br />
caustic curve:<br />
A curve to which rays of light are tangential after reflection or refraction at<br />
another curve<br />
caustic embrittlement:<br />
The intergranular corrosion of steel in hot alkaline solutions, e.g., in<br />
boilers<br />
caustic etching:<br />
The removal of metal by dipping aluminum parts in caustic soda<br />
caution:<br />
A period in racing in which track conditions are too hazardous <strong>for</strong> racing<br />
due to an accident or debris on the racing surface. The cars remain in their<br />
racing positions behind the pace car until it is determined that it is safe to<br />
resume the race.<br />
caved:<br />
Dented inward as in When the car hit me, it caved in the door.<br />
cavitation:<br />
A condition in which a partial vacuum <strong>for</strong>ms around the blades or impeller<br />
wheels of a pump, reducing the pump's output because part of the pump<br />
blades lose contact with the liquid. It can be a problem in fuel and water<br />
pump, fluid couplings, torque converters. When severe, it can result in the<br />
erosion of the pump blades and other internal surfaces.<br />
cavity:
[1] An empty space in a body structure, either in a box section or a doubleskinned<br />
area.<br />
[2] A holder and contact <strong>for</strong> fuses<br />
cavity sealant:<br />
A product made of oil, wax, and rust inhibitors which is painted or sprayed<br />
into a cavity to prevent rust and corrosion.<br />
CB:<br />
[1] diesel engine oil introduced in 1949.<br />
[2] An acronym <strong>for</strong> Contact Breaker.<br />
[3] An acronym <strong>for</strong> Citizens' Band.<br />
Also see<br />
CB radio<br />
CB radio:<br />
A two-way radio which is limited to specific frequencies. Initially used by<br />
truck drivers and later by both mobile vehicles and stationary sites; but<br />
more recently it has declined in use with the advent of cell phones.<br />
CBR process:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Controlled Burn Rate process. It is a method of improving<br />
fuel economy by increasing or decreasing the rate which the fuel burns<br />
CBU:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Completely Built-Up."<br />
CC:<br />
[1] Cruise control.<br />
[2] A type of diesel engine oil introduced in 1961.<br />
[3] (cc) Cubic centimeter.<br />
CCC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> computer command control<br />
CCCA:
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Classic Car Club of America."<br />
CCEC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "constant current electronic circuit"<br />
CCEGR:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> coolant controlled exhaust gas recirculation<br />
CCFA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Comité Des Constructeurs Français d'Automobiles"<br />
C-clamp:<br />
A tool which is in the shape of the letter "C". A screw at one end<br />
of the clamp <strong>for</strong>ces the end of the screw against the object to be<br />
secured.<br />
Also see<br />
long-reach C-clamp<br />
CCOT:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "cycling clutch orifice tube system" or "Cycling clutch<br />
orifice tube air conditioning system"<br />
CCP:<br />
CCS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> controlled canister purge<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "controlled combustion system" of reducing unburned<br />
hydrocarbon emission from the engine exhaust.<br />
CCT:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> computer controlled timing<br />
Cd:
CD:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "Drag Coefficient," a measurement of air resistance<br />
(drag). The lower the number, the less drag that a vehicle or shape has.<br />
[1] Diesel engine oil introduced in 1955.<br />
[2] See capacitive discharge.<br />
[3] (Cd) A measurement of drag coefficient.<br />
CD changer:<br />
A device which is connected to a stereo system and allows several music<br />
CDs to be played.<br />
CDI:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Capacitor discharge ignition";<br />
Also see<br />
CDI box<br />
CDI box:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "capacitive discharge Ignition" device sometimes controlled<br />
by a computer. It is designed to help the spark plug fire at a rate consistent<br />
with the rpms of the engine.<br />
CD player:<br />
A device which plays music compact discs. Usually combined with a<br />
stereo radio receiver and sometimes with a CD changer.<br />
CDR:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> crankcase depression regulator<br />
CDV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Car-Derived Van" (e.g., Renault Kangoo).<br />
Cd value:<br />
a number representing the coefficient of drag which is the amount of<br />
resistance that a moving vehicle makes in a wind tunnel
CEC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "combination emission control"<br />
ceiling:<br />
See<br />
absolute ceiling<br />
hold ceiling<br />
joiner work ceiling<br />
Celebrity:<br />
A model of small car produced by Chevrolet<br />
Celica:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota<br />
cell:<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Celebrity<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Celica<br />
[1] A compartment or chamber in a battery which contain positive and<br />
negative plates suspended in electrolyte. A six-volt battery has three cells,<br />
a twelve-volt battery six cells.<br />
[2] The combustion chamber in a rotary engine.<br />
Also see<br />
battery cell<br />
dry cell<br />
electrolytic cell<br />
fuel cell<br />
cell battery:<br />
See gel cell battery<br />
galvanic cell<br />
local cell<br />
microgalvanic cell<br />
passenger cell<br />
primary cell<br />
roller cell pump<br />
seam sealing cell<br />
secondary cell<br />
storage cell
cell connector:<br />
The lead bar or strap connecting battery cell groups.<br />
cell phone:<br />
See cellular phone<br />
cell pump:<br />
See roller cell pump<br />
cellular phone:<br />
A portable, wireless telephone which was first introduced in 1983 in the<br />
US. Currently it is used both as a car phone and a personal phone.<br />
Commonly called "cell phone."<br />
cellular telephone:<br />
A portable, wireless telephone which was first introduced in 1983 in the<br />
US. Currently it is used both as a car phone and a personal phone.<br />
Commonly called "cell phone."<br />
cellulose:<br />
A popular term <strong>for</strong> nitrocellulose -- a universal automotive finish, which is<br />
thin and there<strong>for</strong>e suitable <strong>for</strong> spraying, fast drying, and gives a hard and<br />
brilliant finish<br />
cellulose putty:<br />
A filler used to cover minor body imperfections.<br />
Celsius:<br />
Thermometer on which the boiling point of water is 100 deg and the<br />
freezing point is 0 deg. The term replaces the word "centigrade." To<br />
convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 then multiply the result by<br />
5 and divide by 9. To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9,<br />
then divide by 5. Now add 32 to the result.<br />
CEMA:
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Consumer Electronics Manufacturers Association."<br />
cement:<br />
An adhesive rubber compound dissolved in solvent used to provide<br />
building tack and cured adhesion <strong>for</strong> tires. May be brushed or sprayed on<br />
the buffed surface. Also called contact cement<br />
cementite:<br />
FE3C Iron carbide. A hard substance found in cast iron.<br />
census value added:<br />
residual representing the difference between the value of goods and<br />
industrial services produced and the direct material costs associated with<br />
the production of goods.<br />
center:<br />
To place something in a central place in relation to other items.<br />
Also see<br />
after bottom dead<br />
center<br />
after top dead center<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e bottom dead<br />
center<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e top dead<br />
center<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e upper dead<br />
center<br />
center bore:<br />
See wheel center bore.<br />
bottom dead center<br />
dead center<br />
diagnostic center<br />
Driver and Vehicle Licensing<br />
Center<br />
drop center rim taper<br />
drop center rim message center<br />
gravity, center outer dead<br />
high center rim center<br />
inner dead roll center<br />
center top dead center<br />
lower dead upper dead<br />
center center<br />
center console:<br />
A section of the dash which is mounted between the driver<br />
and passenger sections. It often houses the shifter, cup<br />
holders, storage space, and possibly the stereo.<br />
center differential:<br />
A differential which is used in a four-wheel-drive vehicle to distribute the<br />
power to both the front and rear differentials.
Also see<br />
variable limited-slip axle/center differential<br />
center drive:<br />
Most engines have the power take-off at the end of the crankshaft. A center<br />
drive has the power take-off between the cylinders.<br />
center drive plate:<br />
The disc between the driven plates in a twin plate clutch.<br />
centered:<br />
See high-centered<br />
center electrode:<br />
[1] Electrode which protrudes out of the insulator nose of a spark plug.<br />
[2] A center terminal.<br />
Also see<br />
compound center electrode<br />
center gear:<br />
The sun gear of a planetary gearset.<br />
center girder:<br />
A vertical plate on the ship's centerline between the flat keel and inner<br />
bottom extending the length of the ship. Also called center vertical keel.<br />
center-hung float:<br />
This type of carburetor float pivots on an axis that's parallel with the<br />
vehicle axles. It's a better float design than a side-hung float during high<br />
speed cornering because the float isn't affected by centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce, so it<br />
won't pull the inlet valve open in the middle of a corner<br />
centering:<br />
See<br />
self-centering<br />
steering wheel centering
center keelson:<br />
See center girder<br />
centerline:<br />
[1] An imaginary line which passes from the front to the rear of a vehicle,<br />
half way between the distance between the left and right side of the<br />
vehicle.<br />
[2] The middle line of the ship, extending from stem to stern at any level.<br />
center locking disc:<br />
A hub cap which is secured in place with a bolt or other locking device.<br />
center lock nut:<br />
A spinner which secures the wheel to the hub.<br />
center median:<br />
On a divided highway, the area between the two directions of traffic. The<br />
British call it the "central reserve."<br />
center of buoyancy:<br />
The position in a floating object where the upthrust appears to act.<br />
center of gravity:<br />
(CG) That point in an object, if through which an imaginary pivot line<br />
were drawn, would leave the object in balance. In the vehicle, the closer<br />
the weight to the ground, the lower the center of gravity. Cornering,<br />
acceleration, and other <strong>for</strong>ces act upon the vehicle's center of gravity, thus<br />
affecting body roll and other handling characteristics.<br />
center of pressure:<br />
An aerodynamically determined point at which wind <strong>for</strong>ce on the side of a<br />
vehicle is assumed to be concentrated <strong>for</strong> analytical purposes. It is a<br />
function of the shape and aerodynamic drag (resistance) of an automobile's<br />
body shell, determines the effect of side winds on a vehicle's direction of<br />
travel, and is a concept similar to the center of gravity.
center pillar:<br />
The supporting post which is located in the middle of the car and holds up<br />
the roof. It is also called the "B-post" or "B-pillar"<br />
center point steering:<br />
A steering geometry where the steering axis cuts the wheel axis in the<br />
wheel center plane, with no offset at the road surface.<br />
center punch:<br />
A metal tool that is shaped like a pencil where you can hit the blunt end<br />
with a hammer so that the sharp point makes an indentation in some metal.<br />
In this way the drill-bit can fit into the indentation when you want to make<br />
a hole.<br />
center rim:<br />
center rim taper:<br />
See<br />
drop center rim taper<br />
drop center rim<br />
high center rim<br />
semi-drop center rim<br />
See<br />
drop center rim taper<br />
semi-drop center rim taper<br />
center section damage:<br />
A description of a vehicle after it is involved in an accident when it has<br />
been hit on the side somewhere between the front and rear wheels. The<br />
frame and body are bashed in at the center, but the front and rear of the<br />
vehicle may not have sustained any damage.<br />
centerstand:<br />
A stand that supports the motorcycle in an upright position<br />
centerstand tang:
A small lever attached to the centerstand<br />
center steering linkage:<br />
A steering system using two tie rods connected to the steering arms and to<br />
a central idler arm, the idler arm is operated by a drag link that connects<br />
the idler arm to the pitman arm.<br />
center terminal:<br />
A high tension distributor has a rotor which spins around a center post and<br />
transfers electrical energy from the center post or terminal to each of the<br />
surrounding terminals located in the distributor cap. In this way the energy<br />
from the coil is transferred to the high tension leads going to each spark<br />
plug.<br />
center the clutch:<br />
To align the center holes in the clutch plates so that they fit easily on the<br />
splines of the crankshaft.<br />
center tunnel:<br />
The hump which runs from front to rear between the left and right<br />
passenger (i.e., driver and passenger). It often accommodates the<br />
transmission and/or drive shaft. In front wheel drive vehicles it covers the<br />
wiring leading to the rear of the vehicle.<br />
Also see<br />
center vertical keel:<br />
See center girder<br />
transmission tunnel<br />
centigrade:<br />
Thermometer on which the boiling point of water is 100° and the freezing<br />
point is 0°. The term is no longer in use and is replaced by the word<br />
Celsius.<br />
centimeter:
See cubic centimeter<br />
central fuel injection:<br />
(CFI) a computer-controlled fuel metering system which sprays atomized<br />
fuel into a throttle body mounted on the intake manifold<br />
central chassis lubrication:<br />
A configuration of the engine and chassis where an oil change and the<br />
greasing of grease (zerk) fittings can be made from one spot -- generally<br />
underneath the vehicle.<br />
central gearchange:<br />
The usual arrangement with the gear lever in the center of the floor.<br />
centralized computerized controller:<br />
Energy control device, centrally located, which makes control decisions<br />
based on operating data, programmed in<strong>for</strong>mation, and stored data. Can be<br />
used to optimize energy consumption of many devices throughout a<br />
building.<br />
central locking:<br />
The locking or unlocking of all the doors by locking from one location.<br />
This may be done by turning a key in a door lock or using an electronic<br />
device.<br />
Also see<br />
central locking hub<br />
central locking hub:<br />
A wheel with splines in the center which match up with the splines on the<br />
outside of the hub. This system is usually found on wheels that are<br />
attached to the hub with a center attaching nut on older cars -- especially<br />
sports cars -- rather than the type that is attached with several studs or<br />
bolts in a circular pattern.<br />
central reservation:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> the median which divides the north and southbound<br />
lanes (or east and westbound lanes) of a divided highway.
central reserve:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> the median which divides the north and southbound<br />
lanes (or east and westbound lanes) of a divided highway.<br />
central station:<br />
Central location of condensing unit with either wet or air-cooled<br />
condenser. Evaporator located as needed and connected to the central<br />
condensing unit.<br />
central warm air furnace:<br />
Self-contained appliance designed to supply heated air through ducts to<br />
spaces remote from or adjacent to the appliance location.<br />
centre:<br />
See center.<br />
centrifugal advance:<br />
A device found on the distributor which,<br />
through the action of centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce on two<br />
weights, advances or retards the ignitionspark<br />
to correspond with changes in engine speed<br />
and load.<br />
Also see<br />
vacuum advance<br />
centrifugal clutch:<br />
A clutch that uses centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce to expand a friction device on the<br />
driving shaft until it is locked to a drum on the driven shaft.
centrifugal compressor:<br />
Pump which compresses gaseous refrigerants by centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce.<br />
centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce:<br />
That <strong>for</strong>ce which tends to keep moving objects travelling in a straight line,<br />
when a moving vehicle is <strong>for</strong>ced to make a turn, centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce attempts<br />
to keep it moving in a straight line, if the vehicle is turning at too high a<br />
speed, centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce will be greater than the frictional <strong>for</strong>ce between<br />
the tires and the road and the vehicle will slide off the road.<br />
centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce air filter:<br />
A type of canister air filter used on the engines of semi-tractor-trailer units<br />
which removes the dust be<strong>for</strong>e it reaches the filter element.<br />
centrifugal governor:<br />
A device which controls the speed by using centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce. As the speed<br />
of a shaft increases, weights are moved outward. When the weights reach a<br />
predetermined place, the shaft can no longer increase in speed. This<br />
governor may be found in automatic transmissions<br />
centrifugal oil filter:<br />
A filter in the lubrication system which pushes any impurities to the<br />
outside of the filter as it rapidly rotates.<br />
centrifugal pump:<br />
[1] A pump which <strong>for</strong>ces liquid from one location to another by the<br />
rotation of an impeller.<br />
[2] A pump which produces fluid velocity and converts it to pressure head.<br />
centrifugal weight:<br />
The movable part in a centrifugal clutch or centrifugal advance. The<br />
weight (sometimes called a "finger") moves outward as a result of<br />
centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce. Changing the mass of the weight will cause the weight to<br />
move outward sooner or later. The heavier the weight the later the<br />
movement.
centrifuge brake drums:<br />
To combine the strength of steel with the desirable friction characteristics<br />
of cast iron, a lining of cast iron is sprayed on the inside of a steel drum.<br />
Both metals are handled while hot to encourage the fusion of the two<br />
metals<br />
centripetal <strong>for</strong>ce:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>ce which acts towards a central point, such as Earth's gravity. In a<br />
sense it is the opposite of centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce.<br />
century:<br />
A bicycle ride of 100 miles (160.9 km).<br />
Also see<br />
metric century<br />
Buick Century<br />
CEPA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Canadian Environmental Protection Act."<br />
ceramic:<br />
A non-organic and non-metallic product made from clay or glass.<br />
Currently some manufacturers are trying to develop ceramic cylinders<br />
because of its ability to retain its shape when heated in contrast with metal<br />
which expands when heated.<br />
Also see<br />
ceramic filter<br />
ceramic brake pad:<br />
A brake pad constructed with ceramics to reduce wear and heat.<br />
ceramic capacitor:<br />
Capacitor using a high-permittivity dielectric such as barium titanate to<br />
provide a high capacitance per unit volume.<br />
ceramic filter:
A filtering device using a porous ceramic as the filtering agent.<br />
ceramic fuel:<br />
Nuclear fuel with high resistance <strong>for</strong> temperature, e.g., uranium dioxide,<br />
uranium carbide.<br />
ceramic honeycomb:<br />
The interior of a monolithic converter which supports the catalyst.<br />
ceramic ignitor:<br />
Electric ignition system used in a water glycol solution, <strong>for</strong>ced-air furnace.<br />
Electrically heated to create ignition of the gas-air mixture in the<br />
combustion chamber.<br />
ceramic insulator:<br />
An insulator made of ceramic material, e.g., porcelain; generally used <strong>for</strong><br />
outdoor installations.<br />
ceramics:<br />
The art and science of non-organic non-metallic materials. See ceramic.<br />
ceramics processing:<br />
The methods of making ceramic products be<strong>for</strong>e final sintering.<br />
ceramic transducer:<br />
Transducer based on the electrical properties of ceramics such as<br />
piezoelectricity.<br />
Cerenkov counter:<br />
Radiation counter which operates through the detection of Cerenkov<br />
radiation.<br />
Cerenkov detector:<br />
Device which detects and measures the Cerenkov radiation produced as a<br />
result of the incidence of high-energy charged particles; from this the
speed and charge of the particles may be calculated.<br />
Cerenkov radiation:<br />
Radiation emitted when a charged particle travels through a medium at a<br />
speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. This occurs when the<br />
refractive index of the medium is high, i.e., much greater than unity, as <strong>for</strong><br />
water.<br />
cermet:<br />
Ceramic articles bonded with metal. Composite materials combining the<br />
hardness and high temperature characteristics of ceramics with the<br />
mechanical properties of metal, e.g., cemented carbides and certain reactor<br />
fuels.<br />
CERN:<br />
Byname <strong>for</strong> Organisation européene pour la Recherche Nucléaire<br />
originally Conseil Europé pour la Recherche Nucléaire; the principal<br />
European center in theoretical and experimental research in particle<br />
physics, supported by most European countries; located in Geneva. Its<br />
facilities include high-energy and low-energy proton and antiproton<br />
accelerators, and an electron-positron collider. See Large Hadron Collider<br />
certificate:<br />
See<br />
international load line certificate<br />
international tonnage certificate<br />
mot certificate<br />
seaworthiness certificate<br />
type approval certificate<br />
certificate of registry:<br />
A document specifying the country the vessel is registered.<br />
Certification Label:<br />
See safety Compliance Certification Label<br />
cesium cell:
Celling having a cathode consisting of a thin layer of cesium deposited on<br />
minute globules of silver; particularly sensitive to infrared radiation, but<br />
generally approximating to that of the eye. British spelling caesium cell.<br />
cesium clock:<br />
Frequency-determining apparatus used on cesium-ion resonance of<br />
9,192,631,770 Hz.<br />
cesium-oxygen cell:<br />
Cell in which the vacuum is replaced by an atmosphere of oxygen at very<br />
low pressure. It is more sensitive to red light than the cesium cell.<br />
cetane number:<br />
A method of rating diesel oil or fuel by measuring the time lapse between<br />
fuel injection and ignition to determine how easy it is to ignite and how<br />
fast it will burn. The lower the cetane number, the higher the temperature<br />
required to burn the oil.<br />
cetane rating:<br />
A method of rating diesel oil or fuel by measuring the time lapse between<br />
fuel injection and ignition to determine how easy it is to ignite and how<br />
fast it will burn. The lower the cetane number, the higher the temperature<br />
required to burn the oil.<br />
ceton filter:<br />
A sock-type filter in the fuel tank capable of wicking diesel fuel, but not<br />
water; keeps water from the rest of the fuel system until the sock is 90%<br />
submerged in water<br />
CFC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> chlorofluorocarbon.<br />
CFC gases:<br />
Chlorofluorocarbon gases.<br />
CFI:
Acronym <strong>for</strong> central fuel injection. A Ford fuel injection system that uses<br />
an injector mounted throttle body assembly<br />
CFM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Cubic Feet per Minute." This is the rating of the volume of<br />
air moved.<br />
CG:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> center of gravity.<br />
chafer:<br />
The area between the bead and sidewall of a tire.<br />
chafer strip:<br />
The area between the bead and sidewall of a tire.<br />
chafing plate:<br />
A bent plate <strong>for</strong> minimizing chafing of ropes<br />
chain:<br />
Linked, flexible metal "rope" that connects two sprockets<br />
(e.g., the chainwheel to the back wheel cogs, sized differently<br />
<strong>for</strong> different types of bikes.) The teeth of the sprockets fit<br />
inside the spaces between the links. Also called a roller chain.<br />
Also see<br />
cam chain<br />
derailleur chain, narrow<br />
width<br />
derailleur chains<br />
double roller chain<br />
drive chain<br />
duplex chain<br />
O-ring<br />
chains<br />
primary<br />
chain<br />
safety chains<br />
silent chain<br />
simplex chain<br />
single roller<br />
chain<br />
snow chains<br />
timing chain<br />
tire chains<br />
triplex chain
chain breaker:<br />
A tool <strong>for</strong> removing the pins in a roller chain<br />
so that the links can be removed.<br />
chaincase:<br />
An enclosed metal covering which encircles the drive and driven sprockets<br />
as well as the chain.<br />
chain case:<br />
See chaincase.<br />
chain drive:<br />
A system of transferring power from one shaft to another by means of<br />
sprockets and an endless chain. This is the system used on a bicycle; but it<br />
is also used on an engine to control the timing of valve opening (called<br />
"timing chain" or "cam chain").<br />
chain filter wrench:<br />
A chain wrench which encircles the oil filter to assist in its removal.<br />
chain guard:<br />
A metal or plastic covering <strong>for</strong> the top run of a chain. It is most often<br />
found on bicycle chains where the guard keeps your clothing from being<br />
caught in the chain or even from getting greasy.<br />
chain hoist:<br />
A lifting device which uses a chain and block and tackle to lift large<br />
objects like engines.<br />
chain locker:<br />
A compartment <strong>for</strong> the stowage of anchor chain<br />
chain pipe:
A pipe <strong>for</strong> passage of chain from windlass to chain locker<br />
chain pipe wrench:<br />
A chain wrench which circles around a pipe and grips it<br />
so that the pipe can be tightened or removed.<br />
chainring:<br />
One of the sprockets attached to the right<br />
crankarm of a bicycle to drive the chain. Also<br />
called "chainwheel."<br />
chainring bolt:<br />
The 4 or 5 bolts that attach the chainrings to the crankarm of a bicycle<br />
chainring bolt circle diameter:<br />
The configuration of the bolt pattern on a chainring. Draw a circle through<br />
the center of all the bolt holes used to connect the chainring to the<br />
crankarm and measure the diameter of the circle (in millimeters). On a<br />
road crankset with two chainrings, they will both use the same bolt circle<br />
diameter. Typical bolt circle diameters are 130 or 135 mm on road bikes.<br />
chainring nut spanner:
A special bicycle tool used to loosen the slotted nuts that fasten a chainring<br />
to a crankarm.<br />
chainring teeth:<br />
The number and type of teeth (i.e., pointed projections which are <strong>for</strong>ced<br />
between the rollers of a chain) in a chainring sprocket. A typical large road<br />
bike chainring has 53 teeth cut into its surface and it is referred to as a size<br />
53.<br />
chain run:<br />
The distance between the front and rear sprockets.<br />
chains:<br />
See chain<br />
chain scrubber:<br />
A device attached to a chain which rubs away the grime while the chain is<br />
moving.<br />
chainstay:<br />
One of the two tubes of a bicycle frame that run horizontally from the<br />
bottom bracket shell back to the rear dropouts.<br />
chainstays:<br />
The two tubes of a bicycleframe<br />
that run from the bottom bracket back to<br />
the rear dropouts.<br />
chain stopper:<br />
A device used to secure the chain cable when riding at anchor, thereby<br />
relieving the strain on the windlass<br />
chain switch:<br />
See snow chain switch<br />
chain tensioner:
A device which takes up the slack in a chain. Some use an idler wheel<br />
which can be adjusted (manually or automatically), others use a flat slide<br />
which pushes against the chain to keep it from bouncing around. Most<br />
modern units are spring loaded so that the tensioner automatically takes up<br />
the slack. Some require that you need to undo a locking nut to allow the<br />
spring to push against the chain. Afterward the lock nut needs to be<br />
secured again.<br />
chainwheel:<br />
One of the sprockets attached to the right<br />
crankarm of a bicycle to drive the chain. Also<br />
called "chainring."<br />
chain whip:<br />
A tool consisting of a metal bar and two sections of chain, used in<br />
changing cogs on a freewheel. Sometimes called "chain wrench."<br />
chain wrench:<br />
A locking pliers which employs a chain to wrap<br />
around an object such as a pipe to secure or remove<br />
it.<br />
Also see
chair:<br />
Motorcycle sidecar<br />
chain whip<br />
chalking:<br />
The appearance of a white powder on a paint surface as it weathers and<br />
ages.<br />
chamber:<br />
[1] A pressure chamber used to vulcanize pre-cured tread stock to the<br />
buffed casing.<br />
[2] A compartment which is basically empty or hollow.<br />
Also see<br />
climatic chamber<br />
combustion<br />
chamber<br />
exhaust chamber<br />
fireball<br />
combustion<br />
chamber<br />
float chamber<br />
gas chamber<br />
hemispherical<br />
combustion chamber<br />
humidity chamber<br />
main combustion<br />
chamber<br />
mixing chamber<br />
pent-roof combustion<br />
chamber<br />
plenum chamber<br />
chamber recess:<br />
See combustion chamber recess<br />
chamber volume:<br />
See combustion chamber volume<br />
pre-chamber<br />
pre-combustion<br />
chamber<br />
pre-compression<br />
chamber<br />
pumping chamber<br />
salt spray chamber<br />
spherical<br />
combustion<br />
chamber<br />
suction chamber<br />
swirl chamber<br />
twin swirl combustion<br />
chamber<br />
vacuum chamber<br />
wedge<br />
combustionchamber<br />
chamfer:<br />
To bevel or taper the edge of an object especially the sides of a hole or a<br />
sharp corner<br />
chamfered:<br />
a chamfered object is one that has a symmetrically bevelled edge.
chamois:<br />
Pronounced SHAM-mee. A soft piece of animal skin (from a deer, sheep,<br />
goat, etc.) used to absorb water after washing the surface of a vehicle. Also<br />
called a chamois leather or shammy leather.<br />
chamois leather:<br />
See chamois.<br />
champ car:<br />
When Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) was co-sponsored by<br />
FedEx, the series became known as the FedEx Championship Series <strong>for</strong><br />
the PPG Cup. The cars in this series, previously known as Indy Cars, are<br />
called Champ Cars.<br />
change:<br />
To remove something and replace it with something else.<br />
Also see<br />
climate change<br />
downward change<br />
floor change<br />
oil change<br />
range-change<br />
upward change<br />
change down:<br />
A British expression meaning to shift to a lower gear.<br />
change gear:<br />
The action of selecting a different gear. This expression is used more in<br />
Britain than in North America where the expression is "shift gear."<br />
change into:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> the action of shifting into another gear, such as "change<br />
into second" (shift into second gear) or "change into top" (shift into high<br />
gear)<br />
change of state:
[1] Rearrangement of the molecular structure of matter as it changes<br />
between any two of the three physical states: solid, liquid, or gas<br />
[2] Condition in which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid or a<br />
liquid to a gas due to addition of heat. Or, the reverse, in which a substance<br />
changes from a gas to a liquid, or a liquid to a solid, due to removal of<br />
heat.<br />
changeover:<br />
[1] The refitting of equipment to either neutralize the effects of the just<br />
completed production or to prepare equipment <strong>for</strong> production of the next<br />
scheduled item, or both.<br />
[2] The removing of new original equipment tires in exchange <strong>for</strong> a<br />
different make, size, or type.<br />
changer:<br />
See<br />
CD changer<br />
column changer<br />
column gear changer<br />
change-speed gearbox:<br />
A transmission which houses a set of gears which move into various<br />
configurations of engagement in order to produce different output ratios.<br />
change the oil:<br />
The act of draining out the old or dirty oil from an engine and replacing it<br />
with fresh oil.<br />
change up:<br />
A British term meaning to shift up to another gear<br />
change valve:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a valve in an automatic transmission which raises the oil<br />
pressure as the vehicle speed increases. In North America it is called the<br />
shift valve.<br />
changing:
See<br />
charge changing<br />
wheel changing<br />
channel:<br />
[1] To lower the vehicle body around the frame.<br />
[2] A route or groove through which anything passes.<br />
[3] The hydraulic routing used by the anti-lock brake system to control the<br />
brake pressure at each wheel. A system may have one, three, or four<br />
channels<br />
Also see<br />
chassis channel<br />
distribution channel<br />
glass channel<br />
grip channel<br />
runabout run channel<br />
run channel<br />
window channel<br />
channelled:<br />
Vehicle body lowered down around the frame.<br />
channel section:<br />
A long metal U-shaped member used in the chassis.<br />
chap:<br />
See tank chap<br />
Chapman:<br />
Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman (1928-1982), the founder of Lotus. One of<br />
the most innovative engineer in automotive racing history.
Chapman strut:<br />
A type of rear suspension<br />
using a lower lateral link and<br />
a long spring-shock strut to<br />
determine wheel geometry.<br />
The basic principle is the<br />
same as that of the front<br />
MacPherson strut and it is so<br />
named because Colin<br />
Chapman first used it on the<br />
original Elite; it is also used<br />
on the Elan models, the new<br />
Elite, and the Datsun (Nissan)<br />
Z-car.<br />
characteristic map:<br />
A three-dimensional picture showing the relationship between various<br />
components of a vehicle. With the help of a computer, engineers can<br />
modify one component to see the effect it has on the whole operation of<br />
the vehicle.<br />
characteristics of materials:<br />
See per<strong>for</strong>mance characteristics of materials<br />
character line:<br />
The design line or bend in the side of the vehicle that separates the upper<br />
and lower sections of the fenders and doors<br />
charcoal:<br />
The amorphous <strong>for</strong>m of carbon obtained by the destructive distillation of<br />
animal or vegetable matter in a limited supply of air. In automotive use, it<br />
is used to purify air or exhaust gases.<br />
Also see<br />
activated carbon<br />
activated charcoal<br />
charcoal canister:<br />
Another name <strong>for</strong> activated carbon canister
charcoal filter:<br />
A filtration system using activated carbon to remove impurities.<br />
charcoal trap:<br />
See activated charcoal trap<br />
charge:<br />
[1] The action of passing an electric current through a battery to restore it<br />
to the active (charged) state. Normally the vehicle's generator or alternator<br />
takes care of this. If the vehicle is not used much, an external charger is<br />
needed to charge the battery.<br />
[2] The definite quantity of electricity usually found in a storage battery.<br />
[3] Refers to the mass of air and fuel that enters a cylinder during the<br />
intake stroke.<br />
[4] A refund amount of money. See core charge.<br />
[5] Amount of refrigerant placed in a refrigerating unit.<br />
[6] A specific amount of refrigerant by volume or weight<br />
Also see<br />
charge air:<br />
The air/fuel mixture.<br />
charge air cooling:<br />
An intercooler<br />
air charge temperature<br />
battery charge<br />
catalyst charge<br />
core charge<br />
cylinder charge<br />
electric charge<br />
fuel charge<br />
intake charge<br />
state of charge<br />
stratified charge<br />
trickle charge<br />
charge-air recycling:<br />
A device on a turbocharger which maintains the speed of the compressor<br />
when there is no boost so that the boost is more instantly available on<br />
demand.
charge changing:<br />
In a two-stroke engine, the removal of exhaust gases through the exhaust<br />
port in order to introduce a new load of fuel-air into the transfer port. Also<br />
called "charge exchange process."<br />
chargecooler:<br />
A radiator that cools and there<strong>for</strong>e recondenses the intake air that has been<br />
compressed and heated by the turbocharger thus allowing a greater amount<br />
of air into the engine. With more air in the combustion chamber, the ECM<br />
can deliver more fuel and make more power. This radiator can be either<br />
cooled by air or by water. Also called intercooler<br />
charged:<br />
See dry charged battery<br />
charged battery:<br />
See dry charged battery<br />
charge engine:<br />
See stratified charge engine<br />
charge exchange process:<br />
Another name <strong>for</strong> charge changing<br />
charge indicator:<br />
See battery charge indicator<br />
charge losses:<br />
In a two-stroke engine, the exhaust gases are expelled out the exhaust port<br />
and the fresh charge is brought in through the transfer port. Sometimes<br />
some of the fresh charge is also <strong>for</strong>ced out with the exhaust gases. There is<br />
there<strong>for</strong>e a loss of some of the fresh air-fuel charge.<br />
Also see<br />
scavenging losses
charger:<br />
Common name <strong>for</strong> a battery charger.<br />
Also see<br />
charges:<br />
See on-the-road charges<br />
charge temperature:<br />
See air charge temperature<br />
charging:<br />
fast charger<br />
trickle charger<br />
turbo charger<br />
See<br />
battery charging<br />
piston charging pump<br />
slow charging<br />
charging board:<br />
Specially designed panel or cabinet fitted with gauges, valves, and<br />
refrigerant cylinders used <strong>for</strong> charging refrigerant and oil into refrigerating<br />
mechanisms.<br />
charging characteristic:<br />
When a battery is being charged, the charger will reveal how much voltage<br />
and/or amperage is being required to bring the battery up to full charge.<br />
charging circuit:<br />
See charging system.<br />
charging current:<br />
The amount of electric current being supplied to the battery from the<br />
alternator or from a battery charger.<br />
charging efficiency:
[1] In a vehicle's electrical charging system, its efficiency is the ratio of<br />
energy output to energy input, i.e., how well does the alternator work to<br />
supply voltage to the electrical components and still charge the battery.<br />
[2] In a two-stroke engine, it is the ratio of the amount of the fresh charge<br />
that remains in the cylinder after the two ports are closed and the actual<br />
volume.<br />
charging hose:<br />
A small diameter hose constructed to withstand high pressures. It is<br />
connected between the air conditioning system and the manifold set<br />
charging piston:<br />
In a two-stroke engine, this is a secondary piston which precompresses the<br />
fresh charge and sends it into the cylinders<br />
charging point:<br />
A place where a battery can be charged -- especially <strong>for</strong> battery-powered<br />
electrical vehicles. Also called battery charging station<br />
charging pressure:<br />
See boost pressure.<br />
charging pump:<br />
See piston charging pump<br />
charging rate:<br />
The amount of electrical current which is delivered by the charging<br />
system. It is usually measured in amperes.<br />
charging station:<br />
A usually portable unit equipped with a manifold gauge set, charging<br />
cylinder, vacuum pump, refrigerant supply, auxiliary gauges, various<br />
valves and the plumbing necessary to hook everything together. Used <strong>for</strong><br />
servicing air conditioning systems.Also see battery charging station<br />
charging stroke:
See induction stroke.<br />
charging system:<br />
A system that, using a fan belt driven by the engine, enables the alternator<br />
(or generator) to generate electrical current, which is stored in the battery<br />
and delivered to the electrically operated pars of the vehicle chassis: The<br />
parts of the vehicle which are left when the body and fenders are removed.<br />
charles's law:<br />
Volume of a given mass of gas at a constant pressure varies according to<br />
its temperature.<br />
Charpy test:<br />
An impact resistance test in which the specimen is supported as a<br />
horizontal beam and broken by a single swing of a pendulum with the<br />
impact line midway between the supports and directly opposite the notch<br />
<strong>for</strong> notched specimens.<br />
chart:<br />
See color chart<br />
chase:<br />
To repair damaged threads on a bolt or nut with a tap or die<br />
chassis:<br />
Generally, chassis refers to the frame, engine, front and rear axles, springs,<br />
steering system, fuel tank. In short, everything but the body or cab and<br />
fenders. Because most modern automobiles (apart from trucks) do not<br />
have a separate chassis, the body is sometimes called the chassis.<br />
Also see<br />
backbone chassis<br />
cab chassis<br />
cowl chassis<br />
ladder chassis<br />
mid-engine chassis configuration<br />
punt chassis<br />
separate chassis
chassis bracket set:<br />
when the sill panel does not have a jointing flange, a set of securing pieces<br />
are welded under the sill be<strong>for</strong>e straightening a bent or damaged sill.<br />
chassis cab:<br />
A truck with a cab but no bed. To this system various bodies (ambulance,<br />
moving van, flat beds, etc.) can be added by aftermarket suppliers.<br />
chassis channel:<br />
A channel section which makes up a member of the chassis.<br />
chassis configuration:<br />
See mid-engine chassis configuration<br />
chassis dynamometer:<br />
A test stand <strong>for</strong> a vehicle to determine its power output or emission levels,<br />
etc. when the vehicle is placed under a variety of driving conditions.<br />
Also see<br />
dynamometer<br />
chassis frame:<br />
A frame (found on large trucks) which is made up of two long side<br />
members which are joined by several crossmembers. The suspension and<br />
axles are attached to this frame.<br />
chassis leg:<br />
The short channel or box section which runs along the vehicle's main axle.<br />
It is an auxiliary member, not the main side member.<br />
chassis lubrication:<br />
See central chassis lubrication<br />
chassis number:<br />
The serial number of an older vehicle which was originally stamped on a<br />
chassis member. Later it became known as a vehicle identification number<br />
(VIN)
chassis section:<br />
One of the chassis channels or boxes, whether bolted or welded to the<br />
whole.<br />
chatter:<br />
[1] A noise which is caused by an irregular movement of rattling parts.<br />
[2] The jerky movement of two components which may have moved in a<br />
systematic way under low speed; but as the speed increases, the<br />
components make irregular contact.<br />
Also see<br />
contact bounce<br />
contact chatter<br />
check:<br />
[1] An inspection to determine if everything is functional.<br />
[2] A slight slash or marking which may appear in a tire or upholstery.<br />
Also see<br />
check arm:<br />
See door check arm<br />
checking<br />
compression check<br />
door check arm<br />
door check strap<br />
optical check<br />
check ball:<br />
A small ball (like a ball bearing) often made of metal or plastic, found in a<br />
check valve to halt the progress of fluid in a certain direction.<br />
check engine light:<br />
A light on the instrument panel that lets the driver know of any detectable<br />
engine management system malfunctions. Also used as an emission<br />
maintenance reminder light on some vehicles. Often when this light is on,<br />
a trouble code is stored in the computer<br />
check engine warning light:
An light on the dash which is illuminated when one of the engine sensors<br />
or components does not function properly.<br />
checkered flag:<br />
A flag with alternating black and white squares to signal the end of the<br />
race.<br />
checking:<br />
[1] Short, very fine crack lines that appear in the paint film.<br />
[2] Small cracks in the surface of rubber (e.g., tires) caused by aging and<br />
oxidation.<br />
Also see<br />
ozone checking<br />
check point:<br />
[1] A designated spot on a component where it is possible to determine if<br />
there is a malfunction.<br />
[2] A place on the road where vehicles are stopped during a rally.<br />
check routine:<br />
A series items in an inspection which traces a fault or problem or which<br />
determines if all the components of a new vehicle meets the required<br />
specifications.<br />
check stop:<br />
An action taken by the police to stop vehicles in order to determine if the<br />
drivers have been drinking, wearing seat belts, and con<strong>for</strong>ming to the other<br />
requirements of operating a vehicle.<br />
check strap:<br />
See door check strap<br />
check the battery:<br />
Determine if the electrolyte is at the correct level and add distilled water to<br />
bring it up if necessary
check the oil:<br />
Using a dipstick, determine if there is sufficient oil in the crankcase<br />
checkup:<br />
The process of discovering the reliability of a vehicle or its components.<br />
"Give my engine a checkup." Sometimes it means "tune-up."<br />
check valve:<br />
A one-way, in-line valve that permits flow of liquids or gases in one<br />
direction only and closes to prevent passage in the opposite direction.<br />
Used to control flow of vacuum, refrigerant, coolant, etc.<br />
Also see<br />
residual check valve<br />
cheese head:<br />
A cylindrical head <strong>for</strong> a screw with a straight slot and straight sides.<br />
chemical brightening:<br />
The improvement of the smoothness of the surface of metal by immersing<br />
it into a solution designed to remove any roughness. Also called "chemical<br />
polishing."<br />
chemical cure:<br />
Vulcanization at room temperature or above, activated by chemical agents<br />
without the application of heat from an outside source.<br />
chemical curing:<br />
The setting or curing of an adhesive, coating or sealer, brought about by<br />
the addition of heat, a catalyst, or an accelerator<br />
chemical polishing:<br />
See chemical brightening.<br />
chemical refrigeration:<br />
System of cooling using a disposable refrigerant. Also called an<br />
expendable refrigerant system.
chemical staining:<br />
Spotty discoloration of the paint caused by air pollution in industrial areas<br />
chemical toilet:<br />
A portable toilet which is used in campers and motorhomes. They contain<br />
chemicals to deal with the feces and its smell until the contents are<br />
dumped.<br />
Chenard-Walcker:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with required application<br />
are classic cars.<br />
cherry:<br />
A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> a vehicle that has been kept in, or restored to, perfect<br />
condition. Also called "mint" or "like new."<br />
cherry condition:<br />
A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> a vehicle that has been kept in, or restored to, perfect<br />
condition. Also called "mint condition."<br />
chest:<br />
See sea chest<br />
Chevelle:<br />
An intermediate model automobile produced by<br />
Chevrolet<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Chevelle
Chevrolet:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1955-57 Bel Air V-8<br />
Hardtop and Convertible are milestone cars.<br />
Chevrolet Camaro:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1967-69 SS/RS V-8<br />
and Z-28 models are milestone cars.<br />
Chevrolet Celebrity:<br />
See Celebrity<br />
Chevrolet Chevelle:<br />
See Chevelle<br />
Chevrolet Corvair:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1960-64 Monza models are<br />
milestone cars. The 1962-64 Monza Spyder models are<br />
milestone cars. The 1965-69 Monza/Corsa models are<br />
milestone cars.<br />
Chevrolet Corvette:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1953-70 models are<br />
milestone cars. See also a history of the Corvette<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Chevrolet<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Chevrolet Camaro<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Corvair
Chevrolet Monte Carlo:<br />
See Monte Carlo<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Corvette<br />
Chevrolet Nomad:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1955-57 models are milestone cars.<br />
Chevrolet Nova:<br />
See Nova<br />
Chevrolet type:<br />
A dual mounting wheel type consists of one cone locking nut on each stud<br />
that holds both wheels in place against the hub.<br />
chicken coop:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Truck weigh station as in "Are the chicken coops open<br />
this morning?"<br />
chicken lights:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Extra lights on a truck as in "Look at all those chicken<br />
lights on that northbound bulldog."<br />
child bike seat:<br />
An accessory which mounts behind the saddle<br />
of a bicycle and is designed to hold a small<br />
child.<br />
childproof lock:
On the rear doors of a car, a specially designed locking device can be set to<br />
normal or to childproof. When set to childproof, the door cannot be<br />
opened from the inside.<br />
child restraint system:<br />
A term <strong>for</strong> a number of items which are designed to protect children from<br />
injury during an accident (such as child seats).<br />
child safety:<br />
See integrated child safety seat<br />
child safety seat:<br />
See integrated child safety seat<br />
child seat:<br />
A small safety seat which is mounted on a regular car seat and is held in<br />
place by the seat belt.<br />
Also see<br />
integrated child seat<br />
child step running board:<br />
An external step which allows a child to be<br />
able to enter or leave a vehicle with a high<br />
ground clearance (a van, SUV, truck, etc.)<br />
chilled iron:<br />
cast iron possessing a hardened outer skin.<br />
chiller:<br />
Air conditioning system which circulates chilled water to various cooling<br />
coils in an installation.<br />
chill factor:
Calculated number based on temperature and wind velocity.<br />
chimney:<br />
Vertical shaft enclosing one or more flues <strong>for</strong> carrying flue gases to the<br />
outside atmosphere.<br />
See<br />
coil tower<br />
coil chimney<br />
chimney connector:<br />
Conduit (pipe) connecting the heating appliance (furnace) with the vertical<br />
flue.<br />
chimney effect:<br />
Tendency of air or gas to rise when heated.<br />
chimney flue:<br />
Flue gas passageway in a chimney.<br />
chip:<br />
[1] Small pits in the glass (windshield or headlight) or in the paint caused<br />
by small flying stones.<br />
[2] To cut with a chisel.<br />
[3] A collection of sample paint.<br />
Also see<br />
chip book:<br />
See paint chip book<br />
chip damage:<br />
See stone chip damage<br />
paint chip book
chip hammer:<br />
A hammer used to remove slag, etc. from metal<br />
because it has a chisel-like end on one side<br />
chipping:<br />
The action of tearing away small bits or flakes of paint or of rubber from<br />
the tread of a tire. When larger pieces of rubber tear away, it is called<br />
chunking.<br />
chipping hammer:<br />
A hammer used to remove the slag from weld<br />
seams.
chisel:<br />
A thick pencil shaped tool with a sharp flat end like a blade<br />
screwdriver. When you hit the blunt end with a hammer, it<br />
<strong>for</strong>ces the blade end into metal to mark it or even cut through it.<br />
chloride:<br />
Also see<br />
splitting chisel<br />
See<br />
calcium chloride<br />
polyvinyl chloride<br />
chlorofluorocarbons:<br />
(CFCs) A gas compound which was used as a propellant in aerosol cans<br />
and in refrigerants.<br />
chmsl:<br />
(pronounced CHIM-sel) An acronym <strong>for</strong> "center high mounted stop light"<br />
an additional brake light as required by federal law whose mounting<br />
position is determined by the manufacturer using federal guidelines<br />
chock:<br />
[1] A wedge used to prevent a wheel from rolling -- especially when<br />
replacing a tire/wheel. Also called a "wheel chock."<br />
[2] A heavy smooth-surfaced fitting usually located near the edge of the<br />
weather deck through which wire ropes or fiber hawsers may be led,<br />
usually to piers.<br />
Also see<br />
boat chock<br />
choke:<br />
A butterfly valve or plate located near the top of the carburetor that limits<br />
or restricts the amount of air allowed to enter the carburetor, thus
enriching the fuel-air mixture and enabling the vehicle to start and run<br />
more easily when cold. Automatic chokes have a thermostatic coil or<br />
thermostatic spring that activates a butterfly valve at the top of the<br />
carburetor barrel. Older cars have manually operated chokes. Some<br />
vehicles use an enrichner instead of a choke.<br />
Also see<br />
manual choke<br />
radio choke<br />
choke stove:<br />
A flapper near the top of the carburetor which regulates the amount of air<br />
entering the carburetor.<br />
Also see<br />
choke<br />
choke control:<br />
A device or system <strong>for</strong> operating a non-automatic choke. It is usually a<br />
cable attached at one end to the choke butterfly and a knob on the dash at<br />
the other end.<br />
choke index:<br />
Automatic chokes have index marks. The factory setting closes the choke<br />
when the bimetal is about 70° F. If you want less or more choke at this<br />
temperature, move the choke index one mark in the direction indicated by<br />
the arrows designating a leaner or richer mixture. You will seldom need to<br />
move the choke more than one mark<br />
choke kick:<br />
A preset position <strong>for</strong> the choke valve set by manifold vacuum that is<br />
routed through a carburetor body passage to the choke diaphragm<br />
choke knob:<br />
A knob on the dash fascia which is part of the choke control system.<br />
choke stove:<br />
A heating compartment in or on the exhaust manifold from which hot air is<br />
drawn to the automatic choke device.
choke thermal vacuum switch:<br />
(CTVS) a switch used on some GM vehicle to deny vacuum to either the<br />
front or the auxiliary choke vacuum breaks. Its purpose is to slow the<br />
opening of the choke and to provide better driveability when the engine is<br />
cold<br />
choke tube:<br />
[1] The part of the carburetor air horn where the choke butterfly is<br />
positioned. Also called a carburetor venturi.<br />
[2] Throttling device used to maintain correct pressure difference between<br />
high-side and low-side in refrigerating mechanism. Capillary tubes are<br />
sometimes called choke tubes.<br />
choke valve:<br />
In a carburetor, it is the choke butterfly.<br />
chop:<br />
Lowering the height of some area of the vehicle roof, hood, top, etc.<br />
chopped wheel:<br />
Lightened flywheel.<br />
chopper:<br />
[1] Once used to describe a custom motorcycle that had all superfluous<br />
parts "chopped" off in order to make the bike faster. A chopper today is a<br />
type of custom bike that usually has an extended <strong>for</strong>k, no rear suspension,<br />
high handlebars and a lowered seat. Often the original fuel tank is changed<br />
to a smaller size.<br />
[2] To travel by motorcycle.<br />
chop shop:<br />
[1] A garage which specializes in turning a two-door car into a convertible<br />
by removing the steel top.<br />
[2] An illegal garage which processes stolen cars by removing valued parts<br />
and selling them privately or by changing the serial numbers <strong>for</strong> illegal<br />
resale.
Christmas tree:<br />
A device, using a series of lights, to start cars on the timed 1/4 mile drag<br />
run.<br />
chromate:<br />
[1] A salt or ester of chromic acid which is often used as a paint pigment.<br />
[2] The action of treating metal with a solution of chromium compound to<br />
produce a protective metal chromate coating. Also called "chromatize."<br />
chromate coating:<br />
A conversion coating produced by chromating.<br />
chromate treatment:<br />
A solution of chromium compound is applied to metal to produce a<br />
protective coating of metal chromate.<br />
chromatic aberration:<br />
[1] An enlargement of the focal spot caused in a cathode tube, by the<br />
differences in the electron velocity distribution through the beam.<br />
[2] An enlargement of the focal spot caused in an optical lens system using<br />
white light, by the refractive index of the glass varying with the<br />
wavelength of the light, resulting in colored fringes surrounding the image.<br />
chromatize:<br />
The action of treating metal with a solution of chromium compound to<br />
produce a protective metal chromate coating. Also called "chromate."<br />
chrome:<br />
[1] A short <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> chromium.<br />
[2] The chromium plating of metal on a vehicle.<br />
[3] To plate with chromium.<br />
Also see<br />
chrome-hardened:<br />
piston ring, chrome<br />
ring, chrome
Steel that has been made harder by adding chromium.<br />
chrome-plated:<br />
In order to prevent iron from rusting and showing bright and shiny, the<br />
iron is coated with a layer of chromium by process of electroplating (or<br />
electrodeposition).<br />
chrome ring:<br />
A piston ring with a chrome face.<br />
Also see<br />
piston ring, chrome<br />
chrome steel:<br />
in order to improve rust resistance and increase hardness, chrome is added<br />
to steel. Also called "chromium steel."<br />
chrome work:<br />
All the metal on a vehicle which has been plated with chrome.<br />
chromic acid:<br />
electrolyte which is used in anodizing processes <strong>for</strong> producing nontransparent,<br />
non-metallic oxide layers.<br />
chromium:<br />
A very hard grey metal used in electroplating and the production of very<br />
hard steel compounds that are also resistant to rust.<br />
Also see<br />
hard chromium plating<br />
chromium-plated:<br />
A coating of metal with chromium to protect the metal from rust.<br />
chromium plating:<br />
The process of coating metal with a layer of chromium to prevent rust.<br />
Also see<br />
black chromium plating<br />
hard chromium plating
chromium steel:<br />
In order to improve rust resistance and increase hardness, chrome is added<br />
to steel. Also called "chrome steel."<br />
Chrysler:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1926-30 Imperial 80,<br />
1931 Imperial 8 Series CG, 1932 CG and CH, 1933<br />
CL, 1934-6 CW with required application are<br />
classic cars. The 1970 300 Hurst is a milestone car.<br />
The 1955-65 300 Letter Series are milestone cars.<br />
The 1946-50 Town and Country models are<br />
milestone cars. Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Chrysler<br />
chubby screwdriver:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a screwdriver with a short handle and blade <strong>for</strong> reaching<br />
into confined spaces. In North America it is called a "stubby screwdriver."<br />
chug:<br />
[1] The short explosive sound of an engine going steadily and rather<br />
slowly.<br />
[2] To make the sound of chug.<br />
[3] To drive slowly and steadily.<br />
chunking:<br />
The action which occurs when large pieces of rubber from the tread of tire<br />
breaks away. When small pieces break away, it is called chipping.<br />
CI:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "compression ignition."<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "coil ignition."
Ciera:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by General<br />
Motors' Oldsmobile division<br />
CIH:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "camshaft in head"<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Ciera<br />
CIH engine:<br />
A type of overhead valve engine (OHV) where the camshaft is enclosed<br />
within the cylinder head not placed on top of it. It is not the same as an<br />
overhead camshaft (OHC).<br />
CID:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "cubic inch displacement."<br />
cigar lighter:<br />
A device which heats up an element when engaged. In turn, the lighter can<br />
ignite something flammable like a cigarette. The socket can also be used to<br />
power other electrical components requiring 12 volts.<br />
cigar lighter:<br />
A device which heats up an element when engaged. In turn, the lighter can<br />
ignite something flammable like a cigarette. The socket can also be used to<br />
power other electrical components requiring 12 volts.<br />
CIM:<br />
circle:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "computer-integrated manufacturing."<br />
base circle<br />
See
circle diameter:<br />
See pitch circle diameter<br />
bolt hole circle<br />
cam heel<br />
hole circle<br />
pitch circle diameter<br />
pitch circle<br />
traffic circle<br />
turning circle<br />
wheel bolt hole circle<br />
circlip:<br />
A flat retaining ring in the shape of an incomplete circle where the ends at<br />
the gap may have small holes <strong>for</strong> inserting special pliers to spread the<br />
circlip apart. Also called a snap ring.<br />
Also see<br />
circlip pliers:<br />
See internal circlip pliers<br />
internal circlip pliers<br />
piston pin circlip<br />
wrist pin circlip<br />
circuit:<br />
[1] A source of electricity (battery), a resistance unit (headlight, etc.) and<br />
wires that <strong>for</strong>m a path <strong>for</strong> the flow of electricity from the source through<br />
the unit and back to the source. The path of electrical current through an<br />
electrical system. See starting system.<br />
[2] The path of the fuel in the carburetor. See carburetor circuits.<br />
[3] The course over which vehicles are raced particularly if it is somewhat<br />
circular.<br />
[4] Tubing, piping, or electrical wire installation which permits flow to and<br />
from the energy source<br />
Also see<br />
carburetor circuitcharging<br />
circuit<br />
cranking circuit<br />
high-tension circuit<br />
HT circuit<br />
idle circuit<br />
idling circuit<br />
ignition circuits<br />
low-speed<br />
circuit<br />
low speed<br />
circuit<br />
low voltage<br />
open circuit<br />
parallel circuit<br />
primary circuit<br />
printed circuit<br />
board<br />
printed circuit<br />
secondary circuit<br />
series-parallel<br />
circuit<br />
series circuit<br />
series parallel<br />
circuit<br />
short circuit
circuit board:<br />
See printed circuit board<br />
circuit<br />
LT circuit<br />
circuit breaker:<br />
A protective device that will make and break the flow of current when<br />
current draw becomes excessive or overloaded. Unlike the fuse, it does not<br />
blow out but vibrates on and off thus giving the driver some light to stop<br />
by.<br />
Also see<br />
cutout<br />
circuit diagram:<br />
A wiring diagram showing the path of the electrical connections and the<br />
various colors of the wires.<br />
circuiting:<br />
See short circuiting<br />
circuit, parallel:<br />
Arrangement of electrical devices in which the current divides and travels<br />
through two or more paths and then returns through a common path.<br />
circuit, pilot:<br />
Secondary circuit used to control a main circuit or a device in the main<br />
circuit.<br />
circuit protector:<br />
Electrical device which will open an electrical circuit if excessive<br />
electrical conditions occur.<br />
circuitry:<br />
circuit, series:<br />
See<br />
phase-locked loop circuitry<br />
pll circuitry
Electrical wiring; electrical path (circuit) in which electricity to operate<br />
second lamp or device must pass through first; current flow travels, in<br />
turn. through all devices connected together.<br />
circuit tester:<br />
A tool which looks like a screwdriver with a light at the end of the handle<br />
as well as a long wire with an allegator clip. The pointed end touches the<br />
hot wire while the allegator end touches or clips to the ground. If there is<br />
continuity and power, the light in the handle will glow.<br />
circular headlamp:<br />
The older type of headlight which may be the larger one (7 inch) with both<br />
high and low beam or the smaller one (5.75 inch) dedicated to either low<br />
or high beam.<br />
circular mil:<br />
Unit of area equal to the area of a circle one mil in diameter<br />
circulating pump:<br />
A centrifugal pump, like an automotive water pump, which moves the<br />
liquid in a closed system.<br />
circulation:<br />
circumference:<br />
See rolling circumference<br />
See<br />
<strong>for</strong>ced circulation<br />
oil circulation<br />
circumferential break:<br />
An injury to the tread or sidewall of a tire which encircles the tire.<br />
circumferential crack:<br />
A crack in the grooves of the tread which may be evident around the whole<br />
tire.
CIS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "continuous injection system." A Bosch fuel injection system<br />
which injects a steady stream of pressurized fuel into each intake port. CIS<br />
was once widely used throughout the industry<br />
CIS-E:<br />
A CIS system with electronic controls<br />
CIS-Lambda:<br />
A CIS system with an oxygen sensor<br />
CIS with Lambda:<br />
See K-Jetronic with Lambda<br />
Cisitalia:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1946-49 GT (Pininfarina) models are<br />
milestone cars.<br />
citizens band radio:<br />
A CB radio which is used to communicate over a specified frequency. It<br />
was particular the domain of truck drivers.<br />
Citroen:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1955-64 models D8 and<br />
ID 19 are milestone cars.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Citroen<br />
city car:<br />
A compact vehicle used <strong>for</strong> driving within a city rather than on the<br />
highway. It is usually only 10 to 12 feet (300 to 360 cm) long.
city cycle:<br />
An adult bicycle or tricycle used <strong>for</strong> riding within the city. Also called an<br />
urban cycle.<br />
city kitty:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Woman city police officer as in "You got a city kitty at<br />
the next corner up here."<br />
Civic:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Honda<br />
CKD:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Completely-Knocked Down."<br />
CL:<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Honda<br />
Civic<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Com<strong>for</strong>t Luxe" as a designation <strong>for</strong> a vehicle which is more<br />
luxurious than an "L" but not quite as luxurious as a "GL"<br />
cladding:<br />
[1] a process of covering one material with another and gluing them<br />
together under high pressure and temperature.<br />
[2] The outer body panels which are attached to the vehicle's frame.<br />
[3] Excessive decorative elements applied to a vehicle.<br />
Claire:<br />
See Wills Sainte Claire<br />
clamp:
A fastening device which secures something within its jaws without<br />
constant human pressure.<br />
Also see<br />
bar clamp<br />
battery clamp<br />
battery hold down<br />
clamp<br />
C-clamp<br />
cable clamp<br />
distributor clamp<br />
distributor hold-down<br />
clamp<br />
G-clamp<br />
hold-down clamp<br />
hose clamp<br />
hose clamp installer<br />
hose clamp pliers<br />
clamping load:<br />
In a clutch, the amount of pressure on the plates.<br />
clamp installer:<br />
See hose clamp installer<br />
clamp pliers:<br />
See hose clamp pliers<br />
hose clamps<br />
locking bar clamp<br />
locking clamp<br />
long-reach Cclamp<br />
piston ring clamp<br />
sheet metal clamp<br />
triple clamp<br />
v-band clamp<br />
welding clamp<br />
wheel clamp<br />
clamshell:<br />
A shape which has a bottom and top but is hinged at one end so that it can<br />
be opened to expose its interior.<br />
clapboard:<br />
A narrow board which is thicker at one edge than the other edge and used<br />
to protect from the weather.<br />
Clark:<br />
Clark, Jim -- Winner of 3 Formula One Championships, 25 Grand Prix<br />
races and of the 1965 Indianapolis 500<br />
class A thread:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> external thread.<br />
class B thread:
A British term <strong>for</strong> internal thread.<br />
classic car:<br />
A vehicle that is generally considered to be one of the finest models ever<br />
built. Unlike antique cars, classic cars do not have to be extremely old.<br />
Mustangs and VW bugs built in the late 1960s are considered to be<br />
classics by many people; however, they are really milestone cars. Classic<br />
cars are defined by the Classic Car Club of America and are considered to<br />
be certain models during the years 1925-1948. They include the following<br />
built during those years:<br />
• A.C.<br />
• Adler<br />
*<br />
• Alfa-Romeo<br />
• Alvis Speed 20, 25, and 4.3 litre<br />
• Amilcar*<br />
• Armstrong-Siddeley*<br />
• Aston-Martin*<br />
• Auburn<br />
• Austro-Daimler<br />
• Ballot*<br />
• Bentley<br />
• Benz*<br />
• Blackhawk<br />
• BMW (327, 328, 327/328, 335)<br />
• Brewster*<br />
• Brough Superior*<br />
• Bucciali*<br />
• Bugatti<br />
• Buick (1931-32 series 90)*<br />
• Cadillac (1925-35, all 12-cyl and 16-cyl, 1938-41 60 Special, 1936-<br />
48 all series 67, 70, 72, 75, 80, 85, 90)<br />
• Chenard-Walcker*<br />
• Chrysler (1926-30 Imperial 80, 1931 Imperial 8 Series CG, 1932<br />
CG and CH, 1933 CL, 1934-6 CW)*<br />
• Cord<br />
• Cunningham<br />
• Dagmar (25-70 model only)<br />
• Daimler*<br />
• Darracq (8-cyl. cars and 4-litre, 6-cyl. cars only)<br />
• Delage (Model D-8, not 4-cyl.)*<br />
• Delahaye (Series 135, 145, 165 not 4-cyl.)*
• Delaunay Belleville (6-cyl. cars only)<br />
• Doble<br />
• Dorris<br />
• Duesenberg<br />
• DuPont<br />
• Excelsior*<br />
• Farman*<br />
• Fiat*<br />
• FN*<br />
• Franklin (All models except 1933-34 Olympic Six)<br />
• Frazer Nash*<br />
• Graham-Paige (Custom body only)*<br />
• Hispano Suiza<br />
• Horch<br />
• Hotchkiss*<br />
• Hudson (1929 Series L)<br />
• Humber*<br />
• Invicta<br />
• Isotta-Fraschini<br />
• Itala<br />
• Jaguar (1946-48 2.5 Litre, 3.5 Litre Mark IV, not 4-cyl.)<br />
• Jensen*<br />
• Jordan (Speedway Series 'Z' only)<br />
• Julian*<br />
• Kissel (1925-26 all models, 1927 8-75, 1928 8-90 and 8-90 White<br />
Eagle, 1929 8-125 and 8-90 White Eagle, 1930 8-125)<br />
• Lagonda (all except Rapier)<br />
• Lanchester*<br />
• Lancia*<br />
• LaSalle (1927-1933)<br />
• Lincoln (All L, K, KA, and KB,1941 168H, 1942 268H)<br />
• Lincoln Continental<br />
• Locomobile (All models 48 and 90; 1927 8-80; 1928 8-80; 1929 8-<br />
80)<br />
• Marmon (All 16-cyl.; 1925 74; 1926 74; 1927 75; 1928 E75; 1930<br />
Big 8; 1931 88 and Big 8)<br />
• Maserati*<br />
• Maybach<br />
• McFarlan<br />
• Mercedes*<br />
• Mercedes-Benz (All 230 and up, and K, S, SS, SSK, SSKL, Grosser<br />
and Mannheim)*<br />
• Mercer
• MG (1935-39 SA, 1938-39 WA)*<br />
• Minerva (All except 4-cyl)<br />
• Moon (Custom bodies only)*<br />
• N.A.G.*<br />
• Nash (1930 Twin Ignition 8, 1931 Series 900, 1932 Series 990,<br />
Advanced 8, Ambassador 8)*<br />
• Packard (All sixes and eights 1925-34, all 12-cyl. models, 1935<br />
Models 1200-1208, 1936 Models 1400-1408, 1937 Models 1500-<br />
1508, 1938 Models 1603-1608, 1939 Models 1703-1708, 1940<br />
Models 1803-1808, 1941 Models 1903-1908, 1942 Models 2004-<br />
2008 plus 2023, 1946-47 Models 2106 and 2126, all Darrinbodied)*<br />
• Peerless (1926-28 Series 69<br />
• 1930-31 Custom 8<br />
• 1932 Deluxe Custom 8)<br />
• Peugeot*<br />
• Pierce-Arrow<br />
• Railton*<br />
• Raymond-Mays*<br />
• Renault (45 HP)*<br />
• Reo (1931-33 Royale 8-31, Royale 8-35, Royale 8-52, and Royale<br />
Custom 8 and 1934 N1, N2, and 8-52)<br />
• ReVere<br />
• Riley*<br />
• Roamer (1925 8-88, 6-54e, 4-75; 1926 4-75e and 8-88; 1927; 1928;<br />
1929 8-88; 1929 8-125; 1930 8:125)<br />
• Rochet-Schneider*<br />
• Rohr<br />
• Rolls-Royce<br />
• Ruxton<br />
• Squire<br />
• SS and SS Jaguar (1932-1940 except 4-cyl.)<br />
• Stearns-Knight<br />
• Stevens Duryea<br />
• Steyr*<br />
• Studebaker (1929-33 President)<br />
• Stutz<br />
• Sunbeam (8-cyl. and 3-litre twin-cam only)<br />
• Talbot (all 105C and 110C)<br />
• Talbot Lago (all 150C)<br />
• Tatra*<br />
• Triumph (Dolomite 8 and Gloria 6 models only)<br />
• Vauxhall (25/70 and 30/98 only)
• Voisin<br />
• Wills Sainte Claire<br />
• Willys-Knight (Series 66)*.<br />
The items marked with an asterisk (*) indicate that these models require<br />
application to be a classic car.<br />
Classic Car Club of America:<br />
P.O. Box 443, Madison, NJ 07940. Organization which defines which cars<br />
are true classics.<br />
Classification:<br />
See American Industrial Classification<br />
classification society:<br />
Independent and reputable organizations which verifies and inspects<br />
vessels <strong>for</strong> seaworthiness. As technical experts, they serve to provide the<br />
necessary basis <strong>for</strong> adjusting insurance rates <strong>for</strong> the vessel.<br />
Classification System:<br />
See North American Industrial Classification System<br />
claw hammer:<br />
a hammer with a <strong>for</strong>ked end on the head which is used <strong>for</strong><br />
removing nails.<br />
Claxton horn:
A horn which makes a particular sound "Ah-oo-gah."<br />
Also see<br />
horn<br />
clay model:<br />
When the design department is creating a new model, it will be built in<br />
clay to full size to determine its looks etc.<br />
clean:<br />
See steam clean<br />
cleaner:<br />
A product to purify or remove unwanted substances.<br />
Also see<br />
cleaner element:<br />
See air cleaner element<br />
cleaner horn:<br />
See air cleaner horn<br />
cleaning:<br />
cleaning unit:<br />
abrasive cleaner<br />
air cleaner horn<br />
air cleaner<br />
air filter<br />
bath air cleaner<br />
low-profile air cleaner<br />
oil bath air cleaner<br />
paper air cleaner<br />
piston ring groove cleaner<br />
thermostatic air cleaner<br />
See<br />
blast cleaning<br />
self-cleaning
See spray gun nozzle cleaning unit<br />
clean oil:<br />
Fresh oil that has not been used in a vehicle be<strong>for</strong>e.<br />
clean oil lubrication:<br />
A lubrication system where fresh oil is supplied to the engine as needed --<br />
such as in a two-stroke engine.<br />
clean shot:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> "No highway patrol around" as in "Large Car you got a<br />
clean shot all the way to the state line."<br />
clearance:<br />
A given amount of space between two parts such as between piston and<br />
cylinder, bearing and journal , etc.<br />
Also see<br />
clearance control:<br />
See ground clearance control<br />
clearance depression:<br />
See valve clearance depression<br />
bearing clearance<br />
front wheel tire clearance<br />
ground clearance control<br />
ground clearance<br />
lateral clearance<br />
lateral tire clearance<br />
longitudinal tire clearance<br />
pedal clearance<br />
piston clearance<br />
piston ring side clearance<br />
radial clearance<br />
ring side clearance<br />
tire clearance<br />
valve clearance<br />
vertical tire clearance
clearance fit:<br />
Parts that are assembled so that there is clearance between them so that<br />
one part can slide in or on the other. Also called "sliding fit"<br />
clearance height:<br />
[1] The distance between the ground and the lowest portion of the bottom<br />
of a vehicle (not counting the wheels). Also called ground clearance.<br />
[2] The distance between the top of a vehicle and the bottom of a bridge or<br />
tunnel which determines whether the vehicle can pass under it.<br />
clearance lamp:<br />
A light which is mounted on the extreme edges of the roof of a truck to<br />
show the maximum height and width of a vehicle. Also called "marker<br />
lamp."<br />
clearance pocket compressor:<br />
Small space in a cylinder from which compressed gas is not completely<br />
expelled. This space is called the compressor clearance space or pocket.<br />
For effective operation, compressors are designed to have as small a<br />
clearance space as possible.<br />
clearance sensor:<br />
See ground clearance sensor<br />
clearance volume:<br />
The space above a piston when it is at the top dead center.<br />
clear coat:<br />
A clear paint covering used on modern vehicle bodies. It is the top coat.<br />
clear system:<br />
See base and clear system<br />
clearwater stern:
cleat:<br />
A stern with a "shoeless" stern frame<br />
[1] An attaching bracket<br />
[2] Clips at intervals on the horizontal stiffeners of hatch coamings to<br />
secure the hatch covers<br />
CLEPA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Comité de Liaison de la Construction d'Equipements et de<br />
Pièces d'Automobiles" (i.e., European Association of Automotive<br />
Suppliers).<br />
clevis:<br />
A U-shaped metal piece with holes in each end through which a pin or bolt<br />
is run, used <strong>for</strong> attaching the brake pedal to the power brake booster<br />
pushrod, the clutch pedal to the clutch cable or master cylinder pushrod<br />
and <strong>for</strong> various other connections on an automobile.Clevises are<br />
sometimes used in other parts of the brake system, like attaching the<br />
parking brake cable to the parking brake lever at the rear brakes<br />
click:<br />
[1] The action of inserting a bicycle shoe's bracket into the receiving part<br />
of a click-in pedal (<strong>for</strong>merly known as a clipless pedal).<br />
[2] A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> a kilometer<br />
click-in pedals:<br />
A term <strong>for</strong> road bike pedals that use a<br />
releasable mechanism like that of a ski binding<br />
to lock onto cleated shoes and do not use toe<br />
clips or straps. Replaces the term clipless<br />
pedals Some brands are: SPD, Look, Time,<br />
and Speedplay.<br />
click-type torque wrench:<br />
A torque wrench which gives out an audible click when the preset torque<br />
is reached.<br />
climate change:
the international concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse<br />
gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere are changing the climate in ways<br />
detrimental to our social and economic well-being.<br />
climate control:<br />
[1] A lever or button which you can move to change the temperature in the<br />
passenger compartment of a vehicle. It controls the heater, vent, and/or air<br />
conditioner.<br />
[2] A space in which an ideal climate is maintained by some devices.<br />
climatic chamber:<br />
A test area into which an automobile can be placed to see if it will meet the<br />
extremes of temperature and humidity.<br />
climbing ability:<br />
While some vehicles may have a high top end speed on a road with no<br />
incline, the real test of a vehicle in mountainous terrain is its ability to go<br />
up a hill at an adequate speed (i.e., its climbing ability).<br />
clincher:<br />
A tire whose edges hook under the curved-in hooked edge of a special rim,<br />
not commonly found anymore on bicycles and often confused with the<br />
common wired-on tire.<br />
clincher rims:<br />
Type of wheel rim used with early beaded-edge tires<br />
clincher tire:<br />
A tire whose edges hook under the curved-in hooked edge of a special rim,<br />
not commonly found anymore on bicycles and often confused with the<br />
common wired-on tire.<br />
clinometer:<br />
An instrument which measures the steepness of a hill.<br />
clip:
clip installer:<br />
See hose clip installer<br />
clipless pedal:<br />
See clipless pedals.<br />
See<br />
alligator clip<br />
crocodile clip<br />
hose clip<br />
hose clip installer<br />
hose clip pliers<br />
jubilee clip<br />
rebound clip<br />
spring clip<br />
clipless pedals:<br />
An obsolete term <strong>for</strong> road bike pedals that use<br />
a releasable mechanism like that of a ski<br />
binding to lock onto cleated shoes and do not<br />
use toe clips or straps. Preferred term is clickin<br />
pedals Some brands are: SPD, Look, Time,<br />
and Speedplay.<br />
clip-on engine:<br />
An engine that is attached to a conventional bicycle frame<br />
clip-ons:<br />
[1] Low racing handlebars <strong>for</strong> a motorcycle that clamp directly onto the<br />
<strong>for</strong>k legs<br />
[2] Handlebars that attach directly to the <strong>for</strong>k tubes, rather than to the top<br />
yoke, that hold the <strong>for</strong>k tubes together<br />
clip-on weight:<br />
A wheel weight that is clipped on the rim between the rim and the tire. It is<br />
used to balance a wheel.<br />
clip pliers:
See hose clip pliers<br />
clock:<br />
[1] An instrument showing the time.<br />
[2] An odometer as in the statement I want to buy this car, but it has too<br />
many miles on the clock.<br />
[3] To record the speed or time that vehicle makes.<br />
[4]To turn the odometer back (an illegal practice)<br />
clocking:<br />
[1] The action of recording the speed of a vehicle.<br />
[2] In Britain, it is the action of turning the odometer back.<br />
C/locking:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "central locking."<br />
clockwise:<br />
Rotation to the right like the direction of clock hands. In most cases it is<br />
the direction to secure a nut to a bolt. It is the opposite to<br />
counterclockwise.<br />
clog:<br />
To obstruct a passageway or track so that the normal flow or operation of<br />
something is hindered.<br />
close call:<br />
In driving it is the near possibility of an accident.<br />
closed circuit:<br />
Electrical circuit in which electrons are flowing.<br />
close coils:<br />
The coils or loops of a spring which are tightly together.<br />
close coupled sedan:
See close-coupled sedan.<br />
close-coupled sedan:<br />
Similar to the sedan, this body style is shorter and thus usually<br />
accommodates only five passengers. The rear quarter windows were<br />
eliminated.<br />
closed container:<br />
Container sealed by means of a lid or other device so that neither liquid<br />
nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures.<br />
closed cooling system:<br />
See coolant recovery system.<br />
closed crankcase ventilation:<br />
A system in which crankcase vapors are discharged into the engine intake<br />
system (usually through the intake manifold) and pass through the engine<br />
cylinders rather than being discharged into the atmosphere.<br />
closed-end connector:<br />
Solderless connector shaped like a hat. Used to join two, three, or more<br />
wires together. Similar to wire connectors used in home wiring, but<br />
installed by crimping instead of twisting<br />
closed end lease:<br />
Most leases offered today are close-end leases, meaning that the residual<br />
value is fixed and stated in the lease contract. The lessee's financial<br />
obligations are unaffected by what the vehicle is actually worth when the<br />
lease ends. In other words, the lessee assumes no risk <strong>for</strong> the depreciation<br />
of the vehicle.<br />
closed loop:<br />
An operating condition or mode which enables modification of<br />
programmed instructions based on a feedback system<br />
closed loop system:
A self-adjusting system which keeps conditions stable and is controlled by<br />
negative feedback from a sensor.<br />
closed system:<br />
An anti-lock brake system with some means, generally a pump, to restore<br />
hydraulic pressure that's bled off during an ABS stop<br />
close-ratio gearbox:<br />
A transmission in which there is very little difference between one gear<br />
ratio and the next. This kind of transmission makes it easy <strong>for</strong> fast shifting.<br />
closes:<br />
closing:<br />
See power closing<br />
See<br />
exhaust valve closes<br />
intake valve closes<br />
closing cam:<br />
A cam or rocker which closes a valve in a mechanically operated valve<br />
system. Other types close the valve through the operation of the valve<br />
spring. Also called "closing rocker."<br />
closing <strong>for</strong>ce:<br />
The <strong>for</strong>ce needed <strong>for</strong> the spring to close a valve.<br />
closing panel:<br />
A panel which covers a hole in the body, interior panels, or frame.<br />
closing rocker:<br />
A cam or rocker which closes a valve in a mechanically operated valve<br />
system. Other types close the valve through the operation of the valve<br />
spring. Also called "closing cam."<br />
closing system:
See automatic closing system<br />
closure:<br />
See road closure<br />
cloth:<br />
See<br />
emery cloth<br />
tack cloth<br />
cloth upholstery:<br />
The fabric of the seats made of cloth rather than leather or vinyl.<br />
cloud point:<br />
The temperature at which diesel oil tends to thicken and cloud up (i.e.,<br />
become cloudy).<br />
cloverleaf:<br />
A highway overpass system which has four basic loops <strong>for</strong> getting on the<br />
highway or leaving it.<br />
club:<br />
club Cab:<br />
A type of pickup<br />
truck (by Dodge)<br />
which has a second<br />
row of seating; but<br />
unlike a crew cab<br />
(which has four<br />
full size doors) it<br />
has a "half-door"<br />
that can be opened<br />
only after the main<br />
door is opened.<br />
See<br />
automobile club<br />
Royal Automobile Club
The seating is<br />
usually a little<br />
more cramped than<br />
in a crew cab. Also<br />
called Extended<br />
Cab, King Cab,<br />
XtraCab, Access<br />
Cab, SuperCab, or<br />
Cab Plus.<br />
club coupe:<br />
The club coupe designation seems to come from club car,<br />
describing the lounge (or parlor car) in a railroad train. The early<br />
postwar club coupe combined a shorter-than-sedan body structure<br />
with the convenience of a full back seat, unlike the single-seat<br />
business coupe. That name has been used less frequently in the<br />
1976-86 period, as most notchback two-door models (with trunk<br />
rather than hatch) have been referred to as just "coupes."<br />
Moreover, the distinction between two-door coupes and two-door<br />
sedans has grown fuzzy.<br />
Also see<br />
two-door club coupe<br />
club hammer:<br />
A hammer with a short handle but a large, heavy head. It is used to hit the<br />
back end of a chisel or drift.<br />
clunker:<br />
A vehicle which might run but is rusty and in need of a lot of repair work.<br />
cluster:<br />
See<br />
analog cluster<br />
analogue cluster<br />
electronic cluster<br />
footpedal cluster<br />
instrument cluster<br />
lamp cluster<br />
rear lamp cluster<br />
seat cluster
cluster gear:<br />
The cluster of gears that are all cut on one long gear blank. The cluster<br />
gears ride in the bottom of the transmission. The cluster provides a<br />
connection between the transmission input shaft and the output shaft. Also<br />
called "counter gear."<br />
cluster panel:<br />
The reverse side of the instrument panel or dash where all the wiring or<br />
circuit board is located.<br />
clutch:<br />
[1] An electrically operated<br />
coupling device that connects<br />
or disconnects the compressor<br />
pulley and compressor shaft<br />
[2] A device that disconnects<br />
the engine from the<br />
transmission, to allow the<br />
vehicle to change gears, and<br />
then allows the engine and<br />
transmission to resume<br />
contact and turn together at a<br />
new speed.<br />
Also see<br />
center the clutch coil spring clutch hydraulically-assisted<br />
centrifugal clutch cone clutch clutch<br />
clutch diaphragm spring diaphragm spring hydrodynamic clutch<br />
clutch disc<br />
clutch<br />
light clutch<br />
clutch explosion diaphragm clutch lock-up clutch<br />
clutch housing disengage the clutch magnetic clutch<br />
clutch lever<br />
dog clutch<br />
multi-plate clutch<br />
clutch pedal free travel double clutch multiple-plate clutch<br />
clutch pedal<br />
double clutching multiple disc clutch<br />
clutch pilot bearing dry clutch<br />
oil-immersed clutch<br />
clutch pressure plate electromagnetic clutch one-way clutch<br />
clutch release bearing fan clutch<br />
one way clutch<br />
clutch semi-centrifugal fluid clutch overrunning clutch<br />
release fingers freewheeling starter drive<br />
clutch shaft<br />
friction clutch overrunning clutch<br />
clutch solenoid heavy clutch starter<br />
clutch throwout <strong>for</strong>k hydraulically-activated overrunning clutch<br />
push-type clutch<br />
reactor one-way<br />
clutch<br />
reverse clutch<br />
riding the clutch<br />
roller clutch<br />
self-operating clutch<br />
single-plate clutch<br />
slip the clutch<br />
sprag clutch<br />
stator roller clutch<br />
sticky clutch<br />
torque converter<br />
lock-up clutch<br />
twin-plate clutch<br />
wet clutch
clutch<br />
positive clutch<br />
pull-type clutch<br />
clutch aligning set:<br />
A group of tools used to align the clutch plates with the flywheel. Usually<br />
there is a shaft, pilot bearing adapters, and tapered universal sleeves<br />
clutch aligning tool:<br />
A tool which looks like a bar or a disc which can be used to line up the<br />
clutch plates with the flywheel.<br />
clutch brake:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> slowing down the clutch discs (and thus the gears themselves)<br />
so that shifting is smoother and quieter.<br />
clutch cable:<br />
A cable (usually a cluster of thin strands within a plastic sheath) which<br />
operates the movement of the clutch plates. At the other end is a pedal (in<br />
automobiles) or a handlebar lever (left side).<br />
clutch cover:<br />
A metal cover which encases the clutch plates.<br />
clutch cycling switch:<br />
A device that turns the compressor on and off in response to changes in<br />
pressure or evaporator temp<br />
clutch diaphragm spring:<br />
A round dish-shaped piece of flat spring steel. It is used to <strong>for</strong>ce the<br />
pressure plate against the clutch disc in some clutches.<br />
clutch disc:<br />
A spinning plate located at the end of the driveshaft facing the engine<br />
flywheel and covered with a friction material such as asbestos. When the<br />
clutch is engaged, the disc is squeezed between the flywheel and the clutch<br />
pressure plate, causing the engine and the transmission to turn at the same<br />
speed. British term is called "clutch plate."
clutch drag:<br />
When the clutch discs do not disengage completely after the clutch pedal<br />
is depressed or the clutch lever is pulled in, there is excessive friction so<br />
that it is difficult to shift gears because both the driven discs and the input<br />
shaft are both rotating.<br />
clutch explosion:<br />
clutches have literally flown apart (exploded) when subjected to high rpm,<br />
a scatter shield is used on competition cars to protect the driver and<br />
spectators from flying parts in the event the clutch explodes.<br />
clutch facing:<br />
The asbestos-type lining on a clutch plate.<br />
clutch field:<br />
A clutch part on an air condition compressor, consisting of hundreds of<br />
windings of wire, that creates a magnetic field when current is applied,<br />
pulling in the armature to engage the clutch<br />
clutch <strong>for</strong>k:<br />
When the clutch pedal (or lever) is depressed, it pulls on a cable which<br />
moves the clutch <strong>for</strong>k which in turn pushes on the release bearing and<br />
disengages the clutch discs.<br />
clutch housing:<br />
A cast iron or aluminumhousing<br />
that surrounds the flywheel and clutch<br />
mechanism. Also called "bell housing."<br />
clutching:<br />
See double clutching<br />
clutch interlock switch:<br />
A switch that prevents the vehicle from starting unless the clutch<br />
pedal/lever is pressed.
clutch judder:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> "clutch shudder."<br />
clutch lever:<br />
A hand-operated blade located on the left side of the handlebar of a<br />
motorcycle. When the clutch lever is pulled in, it disengages the clutch so<br />
the engine and the crankshaft can turn independently of the transmission<br />
and the rider can change gears.<br />
Also see<br />
clutch release finger<br />
clutch lining:<br />
The friction material on the face of the clutch discs.<br />
clutch, magnetic:<br />
Clutch built into automobile compressor flywheel. operated magnetically.<br />
which allows pulley to revolve without driving compressor when<br />
refrigerating effect is not required.<br />
clutch pedal:<br />
A foot-operated pedal located on the floor of the vehicle to the left of the<br />
brake pedal on cars with manual transmission. When the clutch pedal is<br />
depressed, it disengages the clutch so the engine and the crankshaft can<br />
turn independently of the transmission and the driver can change gears.<br />
clutch pedal free travel:<br />
The specified distance that the clutch pedal may be depressed be<strong>for</strong>e the<br />
throwout bearing actually contacts the clutch release fingers.<br />
clutch pilot bearing:<br />
A small bronzebushing,<br />
or in some cases a ball bearing, placed in the end<br />
of the crankshaft or in the center of the flywheel depending on the vehicle,<br />
that is used to support the outboard end of the transmissioninput<br />
shaft.<br />
clutch plate:
The clutch discs.<br />
clutch pressure plate:<br />
That part of a clutch assembly<br />
that through spring pressure,<br />
squeezes the clutch disc<br />
against the flywheel thereby<br />
transmitting a driving <strong>for</strong>ce<br />
through the assembly. To<br />
disengage the clutch, the<br />
pressure plate is drawn away<br />
from the flywheel via linkage.<br />
clutch pulley:<br />
The clutch part turned by the drivebelt. The pulley or rotor "free-wheels"<br />
until the clutch is engaged. On rotors which contain the field, the electrical<br />
connection is made through brushes similar to alternator and starter motor<br />
brushes<br />
clutch release bearing:<br />
See throwout bearing.<br />
clutch release finger:<br />
A flat piece of metal shaped like a curved finger. Through the movement<br />
of the throwout <strong>for</strong>k, the throwout bearing pushes against the clutch<br />
release fingers or levers to release pressure against the pressure plate. Also<br />
called "clutch release lever."<br />
clutch release lever:<br />
See clutch release finger.<br />
clutch rotor:<br />
The clutch part turned by the drivebelt. The pulley or rotor "free-wheels"<br />
until the clutch is engaged. On rotors which contain the field, the electrical<br />
connection is made through brushes similar to alternator and starter motor<br />
brushes<br />
clutch semi-centrifugal release finger:
See clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers.<br />
clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers:<br />
Clutch release fingers that have a weight attached to them so that at high<br />
rpm the release fingers place additional pressure on the clutch pressure<br />
plate.<br />
clutch shaft:<br />
The shaft that takes power from the clutch into the gearbox. Also called<br />
the "drive pinion."<br />
clutch shudder:<br />
When the clutch tries to engage (when the pedal or lever is released), but<br />
the discs do not mate securely, the discs engage intermittently and slip past<br />
each other making a noise like a shudder. In Britain, it is called "clutch<br />
judder."<br />
clutch slip:<br />
Clutch slip occurs when the clutch tries to engage (when the pedal or lever<br />
is released), but the discs do not mate securely.<br />
clutch solenoid:<br />
In some automotive air conditioners, a solenoid that operates a clutch on<br />
the compressor drive pulley. When the clutch is engaged, the compressor<br />
is driven and cooling takes place.<br />
clutch spring:<br />
The clutch cover will have several posts over which the clutch spring<br />
(shaped like a cylinder) fits and pushes the pressure discs against the<br />
driven clutch discs to transmit power.<br />
clutch starter:<br />
clutch starter drive:<br />
See<br />
overrunning clutch starter<br />
overrunning clutch starter drive
See overrunning clutch starter drive<br />
clutch starter interlock:<br />
A device which disengages the starter once the engine has started.<br />
clutch stop:<br />
A clutch brake<br />
clutch throwout bearing:<br />
The clutch release bearing.<br />
clutch throwout <strong>for</strong>k:<br />
The device or <strong>for</strong>k that straddles the throwout bearing and that is used to<br />
<strong>for</strong>ce the throwout bearing against the clutch release fingers.<br />
clutch thrust bearing:<br />
The clutch release bearing.<br />
cluttered engine compartment:<br />
An engine compartment or bay in which all the available space around the<br />
engine is occupied by other objects (alternator, pumps, air intake system,<br />
battery, wiper motor, heater motor, windshield washer motor, starter,<br />
radiator, air conditioner, hoses, pipes, wiring, electronic boxes, etc.)<br />
C-matic transmission:<br />
Citroen's name <strong>for</strong> a semi-automatic transmission<br />
C motorhome:<br />
See type C motorhome<br />
CNG:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Compressed Natural Gas"<br />
CO:
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "carbon monoxide." A deadly, colorless, odorless, and<br />
tasteless gas found in the engine exhaust. Toxic even in relatively small<br />
concentrations. Formed by incomplete burning of hydrocarbons. Thus at<br />
its greatest with a rich mixture.<br />
CO2 indicator:<br />
Instrument used to indicate the percentage of carbon dioxide in stack<br />
gases.<br />
coach:<br />
[1] An enclosed two-door type body with permanent back panels and top,<br />
it is similar to the coupe, but the seating is different. A full width cross seat<br />
in the rear accommodates three passengers. Two separate seats in the front<br />
fold out of the way to admit rear passengers. There is no trunk, but trunk<br />
racks are frequently provided.<br />
[2] A luxurious bus, a tour bus.<br />
coach bolt:<br />
A bolt with a mushroom head, but just below the head there is a square<br />
neck and then the threads. The square neck fits into a matching square hole<br />
to keep the bolt from moving.<br />
coachbuilder:<br />
A person or company which manufactures special bodies <strong>for</strong> automobiles.<br />
coachbuilt body:<br />
A separate body which is not integral with the chassis.<br />
coachbuilt construction:<br />
The process of building an automobile so that the body is separate from<br />
the chassis. Often the bodies are built to customer specifications and may<br />
differ from one another even though they are built upon the same chassis<br />
design.<br />
Also see<br />
skeleton construction<br />
unitary construction
coachlining:<br />
Pinstriping along the side of a vehicle or along the side of the fuel tank of<br />
a motorcycle.<br />
coach paint:<br />
A slow-drying, high-gloss paint used on cars in the early 1900s. It was<br />
painted on car bodies with a brush.<br />
coachwork:<br />
Although it is strictly the body of an automobile, it is particularly the<br />
com<strong>for</strong>t and luxury appointments as distinguished from the operational<br />
chassis thus it would include the interior, seats, upholstery, dashes,<br />
fenders, etc. -- everything but the mechanicals and the chassis. The French<br />
call it Carrosserie, the Germans call it Karosserie, and the Italians call it<br />
Carrozzeria. Also called "bodywork."<br />
coal bucket:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Dump Trailer as in "Goin' up Rte. 61 in PA, better watch<br />
<strong>for</strong> them coal buckets."<br />
coalescing action:<br />
The process of smaller water droplets merging together into larger droplets<br />
which takes place in a water separator<br />
coaming:<br />
See hatch coaming<br />
coarse:<br />
See national coarse thread<br />
coarse-cut file:<br />
A file with deep grooves <strong>for</strong> removing a lot of metal quickly. It leaves<br />
rough edges which will need to be cleaned up with a smooth-cut file<br />
coarse file:
A file with deep grooves <strong>for</strong> removing a lot of metal quickly. It leaves<br />
rough edges which will need to be cleaned up with a smooth-cut file<br />
coarsening:<br />
See grain coarsening<br />
coarse pitch:<br />
Gears or screw threads which have wide gaps between each tooth or<br />
thread.<br />
coarse thread:<br />
The threads of a screw are wider apart. Opposite to fine thread.<br />
Also see<br />
coast:<br />
national coarse thread<br />
[1] To proceed, usually downhill, on a bicycle without pedalling; or in a<br />
motor vehicle without the aid of the engine.<br />
Also see<br />
freewheel.<br />
[2] A designation on a cruise control switch which (when activated) will<br />
cause the vehicle to slow down to a lower cruise controlled speed.<br />
coastal:<br />
Domestic shipping routes along the coast.<br />
coaster:<br />
A vehicle, usually a bicycle, which has no means of propulsion (you can't<br />
pedal it and it is without any engine).<br />
coaster brake:<br />
A braking system on a bicycle in which the rider stops pedalling <strong>for</strong>ward<br />
(thus coasting) and pedals backward to engage the brake within the hub of<br />
the rear wheel.<br />
coat:
[1] A covering of paint or similar substance.<br />
Also see<br />
anodize<br />
base coat<br />
clear coat<br />
color coat<br />
cross-hatch coat<br />
cross coat<br />
finish coat<br />
fog coat<br />
gel coat<br />
guide coat<br />
intermediate coat<br />
mist coat<br />
prime coat<br />
protective coat<br />
single coat<br />
tack coat<br />
top coat<br />
undercoat<br />
[2] To apply a covering of paint, etc.<br />
[3] Single coat means to apply one layer of material on a surface. Double<br />
coat -- to apply two coats of adhesive, coating, or sealer to a surface. In<br />
spaying, it means to spray first a single coat with vertical strokes and then<br />
a second coat across with horizontal strokes, or vice versa<br />
coat drier:<br />
See top coat drier<br />
coated abrasive:<br />
Sandpaper or grinding wheel where an abrasive material such as sand or<br />
diamond grit is glued to a backing material and used to reduce or smooth a<br />
surface.<br />
coated electrode:<br />
See covered electrode<br />
coating:<br />
A protective covering usually of paint.<br />
Also see<br />
anodic coating<br />
anti-chip<br />
coating<br />
catalytic layer<br />
chromate<br />
coating<br />
coil-coating<br />
coat oven:<br />
See top coat oven<br />
cobble:<br />
conversion coating<br />
electrostatic powder<br />
coating<br />
galvanized coating<br />
hard anodic coating<br />
manganese phosphate<br />
coating<br />
phosphate coating<br />
polymer coating<br />
protective coating<br />
pvc underseal<br />
coating<br />
roll coating<br />
spray coating<br />
underbody coating<br />
undercoating<br />
zinc phosphate<br />
coating
To put something together in a rough or clumsy manner. This is usually<br />
done as a temporary measure until more permanent repairs can be made.<br />
cobbled:<br />
The action of putting something together in a rough or clumsy manner.<br />
This is usually done as a temporary measure until more permanent repairs<br />
can be made.<br />
Cobra:<br />
See AC Shelby Cobra<br />
COC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> conventional oxidation catalyst<br />
cock:<br />
A tap or shut-off valve which controls the flow of liquid.<br />
Also see<br />
fuel cock<br />
radiator drain cock<br />
cockpit:<br />
The area, usually in racing cars, in which the driver sits and the<br />
instruments in front of him.<br />
code:<br />
A system of symbols (as letters, numbers, or words) used to represent<br />
meaning of in<strong>for</strong>mation.<br />
Also see<br />
coded:<br />
See color-coded<br />
highway Code<br />
Nordic Anti-Corrosion Code<br />
code hopping:<br />
A technology which prevents thieves with scanners from either picking up<br />
your encoded remote-control signal or from randomly firing numerous
codes at your vehicle in order to stumble upon the one that will disarm<br />
your security system.<br />
code installation:<br />
Refrigeration or air conditioning installation which con<strong>for</strong>ms to the local<br />
code and/or the national code <strong>for</strong> safe and efficient installations.<br />
coefficient:<br />
See<br />
absorption coefficient<br />
block coefficient<br />
drag coefficient<br />
coefficient of apparent expansion:<br />
The coefficient of expansion when the expansion of e.g., a dilatometer is<br />
neglected. See coefficient of expansion<br />
coefficient of conductivity:<br />
Measure of the relative rate at which different materials conduct heat.<br />
Copper is a good conductor of heat and, there<strong>for</strong>e, has a high coefficient of<br />
conductivity.<br />
coefficient of drag:<br />
See drag coefficient.<br />
coefficient of expansion:<br />
[1] Increase in unit length, area, or volume <strong>for</strong> one degree rise in<br />
temperature.<br />
[2] The fractional change in length, area or volume per unit change in tem<br />
of a solid, liquid, or gas at a given constant pressure. e.g., an aluminum bar<br />
stretches 12 millionths percent of its original length <strong>for</strong> each degree F rise<br />
in temperature. Also referred to as "expansivity"<br />
coefficient of friction:<br />
A measurement of the amount of friction developed between two objects<br />
or surfaces in physical contact when one of the objects is drawn across the<br />
other. If a book were placed on a table and a measuring scale used to pull<br />
the book, the amount of weight or pull registered on the scale would be the
coefficient of friction. This coefficient of friction is dependent upon both<br />
surfaces in contact. It is large if the surfaces are rough and small if they are<br />
smooth.<br />
coefficient of per<strong>for</strong>mance:<br />
(COP) Ratio of work per<strong>for</strong>med or accomplished as compared to the<br />
energy used.<br />
cofferdam:<br />
Narrow void space between two bulkheads or floors<br />
cog:<br />
Any toothed gear. A sprocket attached directly to the rear wheel hub on a<br />
single-speed bike and mounted on a freewheel on a multi-speed bike.<br />
cog belt:<br />
A toothed belt normally of fibreglassrein<strong>for</strong>ced<br />
rubber <strong>for</strong> driving the camshaft<br />
from the crankshaft. In cars, cog belts are<br />
primarily used with overhead camshafts but<br />
are sometimes used to drive pumps.<br />
cogeneration:<br />
Primary source of energy that is also used to produce a secondary source<br />
of energy. Example: The use of waste heat from an electrical energy<br />
generation system to heat a building.<br />
cogged belt:<br />
See cog belt
coil:<br />
[1] Metal bands or strands of wire wrapped in<br />
a circular fashion.<br />
[2] A pulse-type trans<strong>for</strong>mer <strong>for</strong> increasing the<br />
voltage to fire the spark plugs.<br />
booster coil<br />
close coils<br />
exciter coil<br />
field coil<br />
four-spark ignition<br />
coil<br />
glow coil<br />
high energy coil<br />
hold-in coil<br />
holding coil<br />
ignition coil<br />
resistor<br />
ignition coil<br />
induction coil<br />
Also see<br />
multi-spark coil<br />
multi-spark ignition coil<br />
multiple-spark coil<br />
multiple-spark ignition<br />
coil<br />
open coil glow plug<br />
pick-up coil<br />
pickup coil<br />
pulser coil<br />
single-spark ignition<br />
coil<br />
thermostatic coil choke<br />
coil binding:<br />
Compressing a valve spring to the point at which each coil touches the<br />
adjacent coil<br />
coil chimney:<br />
The top of the ignition coil where the high tension leads are attached.<br />
coil choke:<br />
See thermostatic coil choke<br />
coil glow plug:<br />
See open coil glow plug<br />
coil ignition:<br />
The standard ignition system which uses an ignition coil which stores the<br />
power from the battery and steps it up. Then the high voltage is sent to the<br />
spark plugs.<br />
Also see<br />
coil ignition with Hall sensor:<br />
transistorized coil ignition
See transistorized coil ignition with Hall sensor<br />
coil lead:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> the high tension wire going from the coil to the<br />
distributor. In America, it is called the "coil wire."<br />
coil resistor:<br />
See ignition coil resistor<br />
coils:<br />
See close coils<br />
coil spring:<br />
[1] A section of spring steel<br />
rod wound in a spiral pattern<br />
or shape. Widely used in both<br />
front and rear suspension<br />
systems. Like large metal bed<br />
springs, these coils cushion<br />
and absorb the shocks and<br />
bumps as the vehicle is<br />
driven. They are usually<br />
found near the front wheels,<br />
but some cars have them in<br />
the rear as well. Often the<br />
shock absorbers run up the<br />
center of the coil springs.<br />
[2] A coiled metal spring used<br />
in a suspension <strong>for</strong>k.<br />
Generally considered to be<br />
plusher, but heavier, than air<br />
springs.<br />
coil spring clutch:<br />
A clutch which has a ring of coil springs which hold the pressure plate in<br />
position.<br />
coil spring compressor:
See spring compressor<br />
coil tester:<br />
See spark gap coil tester<br />
coil tower:<br />
The top of the ignition coil where the high tension leads are attached.<br />
coil wire:<br />
The high tension wire going from the coil to the distributor or spark plug.<br />
coin holder:<br />
A device which retains coins <strong>for</strong> easy access.<br />
coked up:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> "carboned up" to indicate something covered in carbon.<br />
cold:<br />
[1] The relative absence of heat<br />
[2] A temperature considerably below normal.<br />
cold air:<br />
Air that is below the prevailing ambient temperature.<br />
cold air induction:<br />
The induction system <strong>for</strong>ces cold air into the combustion chamber.<br />
Because cold air is more dense than warm air, it contains more oxygen<br />
molecules. With more oxygen, fuel will burn more effectively and thus<br />
increase horsepower.<br />
cold air intake:<br />
The induction system <strong>for</strong>ces cold air into the combustion chamber.<br />
Because cold air is more dense than warm air, it contains more oxygen<br />
molecules. With more oxygen, fuel will burn more effectively and thus<br />
increase horsepower.
cold cap:<br />
A process in retreading a tire where the tire is placed in a pressure chamber<br />
in a temperature range of 195°-212° until bonding of the pre-cured tread<br />
rubber is achieved.<br />
Also see<br />
hot cap<br />
cold-condensate corrosion:<br />
The corrosion of the inside of an exhaust system by direct chemical attack<br />
resulting from an acidic, aqueous solution that condenses from the exhaust<br />
gas at relatively low temperatures and collects at the cooler rear portions<br />
of the exhaust system.<br />
cold cranking ability:<br />
A measurement in amps of a battery's ability to start a vehicle under cold<br />
temperatures. A higher number is better than a lower one. Basic<br />
automobile batteries begin around 400 cold-cranking amps (which is only<br />
marginally acceptable in most vehicles). The best batteries are around<br />
1000 cold-cranking amps.<br />
cold cranking amps:<br />
See cold cranking ability<br />
cold-cranking rating:<br />
The minimum number of amperes a fully charged 12-volt battery can<br />
deliver <strong>for</strong> 30 seconds at 0° F without falling below 7.2 battery volts<br />
cold galvanizing:<br />
The application of zinc to prevent rusting. It can be applied by a paint with<br />
lots of zinc or by electroplating with zinc.<br />
cold junction:<br />
That part of a thermoelectric system which absorbs heat as the system<br />
operates.
cold lash:<br />
The valve lash clearance, measured between the rocker arm and valve tip,<br />
when the engine is cold.<br />
cold manifold:<br />
An intake manifold not heated by exhaust gas<br />
cold plug:<br />
A spark plug which has a short insulator nose which absorbs less heat and<br />
dissipates heat quickly. A colder plug is used in a hot engine while a hot<br />
plug is used in a cold engine. Thus if the plugs are fouling too much, try a<br />
hotter plug. If the plugs are coming out white, try a colder plug. The ideal<br />
color of the center insulator nose should be a light chocolate brown.<br />
cold solder joint:<br />
A poor soldering technique where the solder has not quite melted enough<br />
to produce a good electrical contact.<br />
cold spark plug:<br />
See cold plug<br />
cold spraying:<br />
A method of paint spraying where the paint is excessively diluted with<br />
solvent. This process makes spraying easy, but the coats are very light.<br />
cold start:<br />
Getting a vehicle started which has been sitting <strong>for</strong> some time and cooled<br />
down to ambient temperature. When temperatures reach -40°, a vehicle<br />
may require three or four times as much battery power as it would during<br />
the summer. As well, the carburetor or fuel injection system needs to be<br />
much richer (more gasoline than air). Because condensation has a<br />
tendency to build up in the gas tank during the winter, the liquid going to<br />
the carburetor or fuel injectors may be diluted with water -- thus making<br />
starting more difficult. The application of isopropyl alcohol (marketed as<br />
"gasline antifreeze") removes the water from the tank.<br />
cold starting:
See cold start<br />
cold start enrichment:<br />
A method of providing a higher ratio of fuel to air <strong>for</strong> starting a cold<br />
engine. In some cases, more fuel is fed into the engine with a cold start<br />
injector; in other cases, the amount of air is restricted through the use of a<br />
choke.<br />
cold start injector:<br />
A device in a fuel injection system which shoots an extra amount of fuel<br />
into the cylinder to increase the ratio of fuel to air.<br />
cold wall:<br />
Refrigerator construction which has the inner lining of refrigerator serving<br />
as the cooling surface.<br />
cold weather modulator:<br />
(CWM) a vacuum modulator located in the air cleaner on some models.<br />
The modulator prevents the air cleaner duct door from opening to nonheated<br />
intake air when outside air is below 55° F. Similar to a temperature<br />
vacuum switch<br />
collapse:<br />
See piston collapse<br />
collapsed piston:<br />
A piston whose skirt diameter has been reduced due to heat and the <strong>for</strong>ces<br />
imposed upon it during service in the engine.<br />
Also see<br />
collapsible spare tire:<br />
A space-saver spare wheel.<br />
collapsible steering column:<br />
piston collapse
When a vehicle is involved in an accident, the driver's chest is <strong>for</strong>ced into<br />
the steering wheel. In older cars, the immovable steering column meant<br />
that the driver could sustain chest damage. The collapsible steering column<br />
telescopes or folds (articulate) so that chest damage is reduced.<br />
collar:<br />
A sleeve that fits over a shaft.<br />
Also see<br />
hexagonal collar<br />
split collar<br />
underhead collar<br />
valve spring collar<br />
collector:<br />
Semiconductor section of transistor, connected to the same polarity as the<br />
base. See solar collector<br />
collector car:<br />
An older car which may not fit into the category of a classic car or a<br />
milestone car, but it has nostalgic appeal.<br />
collet:<br />
A removable ring or collar which fits into a groove to hold something in<br />
place.<br />
collier:<br />
Vessel used <strong>for</strong> transporting coal.<br />
collision:<br />
See head-on collision<br />
collision avoidance system:<br />
Electronic system used to prevent collisions in inland navigable<br />
waterways.<br />
collision bulkhead:
The <strong>for</strong>emost main transverse watertight bulkhead designed to keep water<br />
out of the <strong>for</strong>ward hold in case of bow collision damage. Also called<br />
<strong>for</strong>epeak bulkhead<br />
collision insurance:<br />
Insurance coverage that pays to repair damages to your vehicle when it is<br />
involved in an accident.<br />
colloids:<br />
Miniature cells peculiar to meats, fish, and poultry which, If disrupted,<br />
cause food to become rancid. Low temperatures minimize this action.<br />
colonnade hardtop:<br />
In architecture, the term colonnade describes a series of columns,<br />
set at regular intervals, usually supporting an entablature, roof, or<br />
series of arches. To meet US federal rollover standards in 1974<br />
(standards that never emerged), General Motors introduced twodoor<br />
and four-door pillared body types with arch-like quarter<br />
windows and sandwich type roof construction. They looked like a<br />
cross between true hardtops and miniature limousines. Both<br />
styles proved popular (especially the coupe with louvered coach<br />
windows and canopy top) and the term colonnade was applied.<br />
As their "true" hardtops disappeared, other manufacturers<br />
produced similar bodies with a variety of quarter-window shapes<br />
and sizes. These were known by such terms as hardtop coupe,<br />
pillared hardtop, or opera-window coupe.<br />
color:<br />
color anodizing:<br />
See integral color anodizing<br />
color chart:<br />
See<br />
four color<br />
identification color<br />
integral color anodizing<br />
off color<br />
paint color matching
A listing of paint samples of available exterior paint <strong>for</strong> a vehicle.<br />
color coat:<br />
A coat of paint with the final color. Sometimes a clear coat is applied over<br />
it.<br />
color-coded:<br />
[1] Something that is colored the same as the main part of the bodywork.<br />
Also called "color-keyed" or "color-matched."<br />
[2] A series of similar things in which each one is a different color to<br />
distinguish one from the other, such as the wiring (e.g., the red wire goes<br />
from the battery to the fuse box, the blue wire goes from ... to the ...).<br />
colored:<br />
See body-colored<br />
color-keyed:<br />
See color-coded.<br />
color-matched:<br />
See color-coded.<br />
color matching:<br />
See paint color matching<br />
color scheme:<br />
The combination of exterior colors which harmonize, e.g., A maroon body<br />
and a white roof.<br />
Columbus:<br />
Italian manufacturer of high quality bicycle frame tubes.<br />
column:<br />
See<br />
absorbing steering column
column changer:<br />
See column shifter<br />
column controls:<br />
See steering column controls<br />
column gearchange:<br />
See steering column gearchange<br />
column gear changer:<br />
See column shifter<br />
adjustable steering column<br />
collapsible steering column<br />
energy absorbing steering column<br />
height adjustable steering column<br />
safety steering column<br />
steering column<br />
telescopic steering column<br />
tilt column<br />
column shifter:<br />
A gear changer lever and mechanism which is located on the steering<br />
column below the steering wheel. In Britain it is called a "column<br />
changer" or "column gear changer."<br />
combi:<br />
Vessel designed <strong>for</strong> a combination of passengers, and different types of<br />
cargo.<br />
combination:<br />
A vehicle like a motorcycle and sidecar or a tractor and trailer.<br />
combination lamp:<br />
A light or group of lights which serves two or more purposes. For<br />
example, the rear combination lamp illumines the running lights (i.e., the<br />
ones that are turned on when the headlight is turned on) and brake light
and/or the signal light<br />
combination pliers:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a Lineman's pliers or slip-joint pliers<br />
combination spanner:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> combination wrench<br />
combination valve:<br />
[1] A brake system hydraulic control device includes a pressure differential<br />
valve, metering valve, and proportioning valve<br />
[2] A hydraulic valve usually incorporating a pressure differential warning<br />
switch, a metering valve and a proportioning valve. Not all combination<br />
valves contain all of these control valves<br />
combination weight:<br />
See gross combination weight<br />
combination wrench:<br />
A flat wrench with a hex ring at one<br />
end and an open end at the other.<br />
combination valve:<br />
A pressure-regulating valve in braking systems incorporating a failure<br />
warning switch and comprising two or more of the following valves:<br />
pressure-differential valve, metering valve, and proportioning valve.<br />
combined weight rating:<br />
See gross Combined Weight Rating<br />
combiner:<br />
See holographic combiner<br />
combustible liquids:<br />
Liquid having a flash point at or above 1400F 1600C1; known as Class 3<br />
liquids.
combustion:<br />
The intense burning of the fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber.<br />
Some used to think that the fuel-air mixture exploded; but further<br />
investigation has shown that it rapidly burns.<br />
Also see<br />
combustion<br />
chamber:<br />
The volume<br />
of the space<br />
in the<br />
cylinder<br />
above the<br />
piston with<br />
the piston at<br />
top dead<br />
center (TDC)<br />
in the<br />
compression<br />
stroke. The<br />
head of the<br />
piston, the<br />
cylinder<br />
walls, and<br />
the head<br />
<strong>for</strong>m the<br />
chamber.<br />
Combustion<br />
of the fuel-<br />
combustion chamber volume<br />
combustion chamber<br />
combustion space<br />
compression ignition<br />
controlled combustion system<br />
external combustion engine<br />
fireball combustion chamber<br />
hemispherical combustion chamber<br />
internal combustion engine<br />
main combustion chamber<br />
pent-roof combustion chamber<br />
pre-combustion chamber<br />
wedge combustion chamber
air mixture<br />
begins here<br />
when ignited<br />
by a spark<br />
plug. The<br />
design and<br />
shape of the<br />
combustion<br />
chamber can<br />
affect power,<br />
fuel<br />
efficiency,<br />
and<br />
emissions of<br />
an engine.<br />
Also see<br />
fireball combustion chamber<br />
hemispherical combustion chamber<br />
main combustion chamber<br />
pent-roof combustion chamber<br />
spherical combustion chamber<br />
twin swirl combustion chamber<br />
wedge combustion chamber<br />
combustion chamber recess:<br />
The area where combustion occurs in a rotary piston engine<br />
combustion chamber volume:<br />
volume of combustion chamber (space above piston with piston on TDC)<br />
measured in cc (cubic centimetres).<br />
combustion engine:<br />
See<br />
external combustion engine<br />
internal combustion engine<br />
combustion pressure:<br />
The pressure created during the combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the<br />
cylinder, measured in pounds per square inch.
combustion residue:<br />
Carbon and other deposits resulting from combustion.<br />
combustion space:<br />
See combustion chamber.<br />
combustion system:<br />
See controlled combustion system<br />
comeback:<br />
[1] A repair job which has been returned to the dealer because of a repeat<br />
problem. Usually the dealer is responsible to repair it properly at no charge<br />
to the customer.<br />
[2] Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Return call or repeat as in "Can I get a come back on<br />
that smokey report."<br />
comedian:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Median strip as in "You got a smokey in the comedian<br />
taking pictures."<br />
CO meter:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> checking exhaust gases <strong>for</strong> carbon monoxide, a high level<br />
indicates an over-rich mixture as well as causing pollution.<br />
Comet head:<br />
A cylinder head with a swirl chamber <strong>for</strong> indirect injection diesel engines.<br />
Com<strong>for</strong>t:<br />
A designation of some automobiles as a basic or standard line usually<br />
abbreviated as "C"<br />
com<strong>for</strong>t chart:<br />
Chart used in air conditioning to show the dry bulb temperature, humidity,<br />
and air movement <strong>for</strong> human com<strong>for</strong>t conditions.
com<strong>for</strong>t cooler:<br />
System used to reduce the temperature in the living space in homes. These<br />
systems are not complete air conditioners as they do not provide complete<br />
control of heating, humidifying, dehumidification, and air circulation.<br />
Com<strong>for</strong>t Luxe:<br />
An automobile designation (abbreviated as CL) which has more luxury<br />
appointments than a "Com<strong>for</strong>t" but less than a Grand Luxe (GL).<br />
com<strong>for</strong>t zone:<br />
Area on psychrometric chart which shows conditions of temperature,<br />
humidity, and sometimes air movement in which most people are<br />
com<strong>for</strong>table.<br />
comic book:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Truck driver's log book as in "The chicken coops<br />
checking comic books this morning."<br />
coming on the cam:<br />
The term used when a four stroke reaches its powerband<br />
coming on the pipe:<br />
The term used when a two stroke reaches its powerband<br />
commercial tire:<br />
A tire which is designed <strong>for</strong> truck and industrial use.<br />
commercial vehicle:<br />
A vehicle (like a truck or bus) used <strong>for</strong> carrying goods or large numbers of<br />
passengers <strong>for</strong> money.<br />
commutator:<br />
[1] A series or ring of copper bars that are connected to the armature<br />
windings. The bars are insulated from each other and from the armature.
compact:<br />
The brushes (as in the generator or starter) rub against the whirling<br />
commutator.<br />
[2] Part of rotor in electric motor which conveys electric current to rotor<br />
windings.<br />
See<br />
compact car<br />
sub-compact<br />
compact car:<br />
A designation no longer used because even "full-size cars" are now about<br />
the size of what was the compact car. In 1970, <strong>for</strong> instance, a Chevrolet<br />
Impala was a full-size car, a Chevelle was an intermediate, a Nova was a<br />
compact. When cars smaller than the Nova came out (i.e., Chevette), they<br />
were called sub-compacts.<br />
companionway:<br />
An access way in a deck, with a ladder leading below, <strong>for</strong> the use of the<br />
crew<br />
company logo:<br />
An emblem which represents all or part of a company's trademark.<br />
comparison and identification:<br />
See program comparison and identification<br />
compartment:<br />
compartmentation:<br />
See<br />
battery compartment<br />
cassette compartment<br />
cluttered engine compartment<br />
crowded engine compartment<br />
engine compartment<br />
glove compartment<br />
passenger compartment
The subdividing of the hull by transverse watertight bulkheads so that the<br />
ship may remain afloat under certain flooding conditions<br />
compass:<br />
An instrument with a magnetic needle which is mounted on the dash to<br />
give the driver an idea of where magnetic north might be.<br />
compass mirror:<br />
An inside rear view mirror which incorporates<br />
a compass in one corner<br />
compensating bar:<br />
See compensator<br />
compensating<br />
jet:<br />
A fuel tube<br />
or pipe in<br />
the<br />
carburetor,<br />
into which<br />
air is<br />
admitted<br />
through<br />
one or<br />
more holes<br />
to<br />
compensat<br />
e <strong>for</strong> a<br />
tendency<br />
of the main<br />
nozzle to<br />
deliver too<br />
rich a<br />
mixture as<br />
the air<br />
velocity
through<br />
the<br />
carburetor<br />
increases.<br />
Also called<br />
"air bleed."<br />
compensating port:<br />
A small hole in a brake master cylinder to permit fluid to return to the<br />
reservoir.<br />
compensator:<br />
A horizontal bar which is pulled <strong>for</strong>ward when the parkbrake is applied at<br />
its central point, which is pivoted, while it is connected at each end to the<br />
parkbrake cable, enabling equal <strong>for</strong>ce to be exerted on each rear brake.<br />
Also see<br />
temperature compensator<br />
compensator valve:<br />
A valve in automatic transmissions designed to increase the pressure on<br />
the brake band during heavy acceleration.<br />
competition:<br />
See interchannel competition<br />
competition car:<br />
A vehicle which is designed to compete in races, hill climbs, and rallies.<br />
compliance:<br />
A slight resiliency, or "give," designed into suspensionbushings<br />
to help<br />
absorb bumps. Good compliance allows the wheels to move toward the<br />
rear a little as they hit bumps but does not allow them to move laterally<br />
(sideways) during cornering.<br />
Compliance Certification Label:<br />
See safety Compliance Certification Label
component:<br />
[1] One of the parts that make up the whole system or device, as in The<br />
brake pad is a component of the brake system.<br />
[2] A raw material, ingredient, part or subassembly that goes into a higher<br />
level assembly, compound, or other item.<br />
Also see<br />
body component<br />
primary structure component<br />
shared component<br />
component anti-lock brake system:<br />
A type of anti-lock brake system in which the hydraulic control unit is not<br />
a part of the master cylinder/power booster assembly.<br />
component assembly:<br />
A combination of two or more parts or sub-components to <strong>for</strong>m an<br />
assembly.<br />
component design:<br />
the activity <strong>for</strong> the design of specific components including responsibility<br />
<strong>for</strong> material, cost, weight, reliability, durability, function, appearance, and<br />
serviceability.<br />
components:<br />
The various parts that make up the whole system or device.<br />
component sharing:<br />
The use of the same basic parts used in different models -- even in models<br />
from different manufacturers.<br />
composite:<br />
Any material that consists of two or more substances where one or more of<br />
them are high strength fibers and another is an adhesive binder. The most<br />
common composite is fiberglass, which consists of thin glass fibers<br />
bonded together in a plastic matrix. The structural properties of composites<br />
can be altered by controlling the orientation and configuration of the highstrength<br />
components.
composite headlamps:<br />
Reflector and lens system designed <strong>for</strong> specific vehicle model<br />
composite headlight:<br />
A headlight system which is unlike the sealed beam headlight. When the<br />
bulb fails, you can replace just the bulb, not the whole unit. Because the<br />
lens is contoured to the shape of the vehicle, there are many different<br />
shapes. Thus each lens is low production and can be very costly to replace.<br />
composite propeller shaft:<br />
A single-piece propeller shaft made of fibre-rein<strong>for</strong>ced epoxy in which the<br />
fibres are usually glass and/or carbon.<br />
compound:<br />
[1] Two or more ingredients mixed together.<br />
[2] An abrasive paste or liquid that smooths and polishes the painted<br />
surface.<br />
Also see<br />
anti-drum compound<br />
anti-ozone compound<br />
cutting compound<br />
intermetallic compound<br />
ozone compound<br />
rubbing compound<br />
sealing compound<br />
sheet molding compound<br />
underbody sealing compound<br />
valve grinding compound<br />
valve lapping compound<br />
compound carburetor:<br />
A carburetor with more than one choke. Usually there are two: one <strong>for</strong> the<br />
large throttle opening and one <strong>for</strong> the small throttle opening, but they fit to<br />
a single port<br />
compound center electrode:<br />
Also called compound electrode<br />
compound electrode:
A spark plug with a copper core and a jacket of a nickel-based alloy.<br />
compound gauge:<br />
[1] A gauge that can indicate both pressure and vacuum.<br />
[2] Another name <strong>for</strong> the low side gauge, because it can indicate both<br />
pressure and vacuum<br />
compound glass:<br />
See laminated glass<br />
compounding:<br />
See pre-compounding<br />
compound motor:<br />
A direct current electric motor with two separate field windings, one in<br />
parallel and the other in series with the armature circuit; used as a starter<br />
motor<br />
compound refrigerating systems:<br />
System which has several compressors or compressor cylinders in series.<br />
The system is used to pump low-pressure vapors to condensing pressures.<br />
comprehensive insurance:<br />
Insurance coverage that pays <strong>for</strong> damages to your car, its accessories,<br />
spare parts against loss or damage caused by an accidental collision, fire,<br />
theft, vandalism, typhoon, earthquake, and flooding. It will also pay<br />
expenses to have the disabled vehicle towed to the repair shop and<br />
expenses to return the vehicle back to you when the repairs are completed.<br />
It also covers <strong>for</strong> the death and bodily injury of the insured or driver; loss<br />
or damage to someone else's property as a result of the accident; legal<br />
liabilities to the death or bodily injury of the third party arising from the<br />
accident; legal liabilities to the damage to property of the third party<br />
arising from the accident; loss or damage to the property of the spouse(s)<br />
or the child(ren) of the insured or driver; and medical expenses of the<br />
insured or driver's injury caused by the accident.<br />
compress:
To place under pressure or to squeeze into a small space.<br />
Also see<br />
pre-compress<br />
compressed-air spray gun:<br />
A paint gun which makes a fine spray of paint <strong>for</strong> coating the surface.<br />
compressed natural gas:<br />
Abbreviated CNG. See natural gas<br />
compression:<br />
[1] Applying pressure to a spring, or any springy substance, thus causing it<br />
to reduce its length in the direction of the compressing <strong>for</strong>ce.<br />
[2] Applying pressure to a gas, thus causing a reduction in volume.<br />
[3] One of the essential factors in a internal combustion engine (fuel, air,<br />
proper proportion of mixture, compression, timing, spark). It is the<br />
squeezing of the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine<br />
or the squeezing of the air in a diesel engine. Compression makes the<br />
process of combustion more effective and increases engine efficiency.<br />
[4] Term used to denote increase of pressure on a fluid by using<br />
mechanical energy.<br />
[5] Reduction in volume and increase in pressure and temperature of a gas<br />
caused by squeezing it into a smaller space<br />
Also see<br />
crankcase compression<br />
grooved compression ring<br />
high compression head<br />
piston ring, compression<br />
primary compression ratio<br />
primary compression<br />
ring, compression<br />
secondary compression<br />
compression check:<br />
Testing the compression in all the cylinders at crankingspeed.<br />
All plugs are<br />
removed, the compression gauge placed in one plug hole, the<br />
throttlecracked<br />
wide open and the engine cranked until the gauge no<br />
longer climbs. The compression check is a good way in which to<br />
determine the condition of the valves, rings, and cylinders.
compression damping:<br />
The control of the movement as the shock compresses as it hits a bump.<br />
Rebound damping refers to controlling the movement as the shock extends<br />
back to its relaxed position.<br />
compression gage:<br />
See compression gauge.<br />
compression gauge:<br />
[1] A gauge used to test the compression in the cylinders. A poor<br />
compression reading can indicate that there is leakage through the valves<br />
or the piston rings. In two stroke engines, it could indicate that there is<br />
poor primary compression because of a leak in the crankshaft seals.<br />
[2] Instrument used to measure positive pressures (pressures above<br />
atmospheric pressures) only. Gauge dial usually runs from 0 to 300 lb. per<br />
sq. in. gauge, (psig) (101.3-2 170 kPa).<br />
compression head:<br />
See high compression head<br />
compression ignition:<br />
combustion of a fuel-air mixture without spark. In the diesel engine, air is<br />
drawn into the cylinder and compressed to a temperature sufficiently high<br />
that fuel oil injected at the end of the compression stroke burns in the<br />
cylinder without a spark to initiate combustion. A prank played on new<br />
employees is to send them on a search <strong>for</strong> the spark plugs <strong>for</strong> a diesel<br />
engine -- they don't exist.<br />
compression leakage:<br />
In an engine, when some gases escape past the piston because the rings or<br />
cylinder walls are worn, the compression is reduced so that there is less<br />
efficiency.<br />
compression molding:<br />
The shaping of molding material by softening it under pressure and the<br />
action of heat, and <strong>for</strong>cing it through a hole into a hollow space which it<br />
completely fills.
Also see<br />
molding<br />
compression moulding:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> compression molding<br />
compression ratio:<br />
[1] When the piston is at the bottom of its travel (BDC), the volume of<br />
cylinder is measured (suppose the volume is X). Then the piston is placed<br />
at the top of its travel (TDC) and the volume of the cylinder is measured<br />
(suppose this volume is Y). The compression ratio is a comparison of these<br />
two values expressed as X:Y. Then the values are mathematically changed<br />
so that the second number is always 1. Thus you hear of ratios like 10.5:1<br />
or 9.5:1 or 8:1. The higher the compression ratio, the more mechanical<br />
energy an engine can squeeze from its air-fuel mixture. Higher<br />
compression ratios, however, also make detonation more likely.<br />
[2] Ratio of the volume of the clearance space to the total volume of the<br />
cylinder. In refrigeration it is also used as the ratio of the absolute low-side<br />
pressure to the absolute high-side pressure.<br />
Also see<br />
primary compression ratio<br />
compression ring:<br />
A ring which surrounds the piston and fits in a grove in the piston. It is<br />
designed to seal the burning fuel charge above the piston. Generally there<br />
are two compression rings per piston and they are located in the two top<br />
ring grooves. They also help to transfer heat from the piston into the<br />
cylinder walls and subsequently to the water jacket surrounding the<br />
cylinder.<br />
Also see<br />
grooved compression ring<br />
stepped compression ring<br />
tapered compression ring<br />
compression spring:<br />
An open-coil, helical spring that offers resistance to a compressive <strong>for</strong>m.
compression stroke:<br />
The second stroke of the four-stroke<br />
cycle, in which the piston moves<br />
upward from bottom dead center to<br />
top dead center, compressing the fuelair<br />
mixture.<br />
compression tester:<br />
A device which is screwed or pushed into the spark plug hole so that when<br />
the engine is turned over, it measures the amount of compression in that<br />
cylinder.<br />
compressor:<br />
[1] A mechanism in a refrigerator or air conditioner that<br />
pumpsvaporizedrefrigerant<br />
out of the evaporator, compresses it to a<br />
relatively high pressure and then delivers it to the condenser.<br />
[2] A tool <strong>for</strong> compressing a coil spring, such as a valve spring.<br />
[3] Pump of a refrigerating mechanism which draws a low pressure on<br />
cooling side of refrigerant cycle and squeezes or compresses the gas into<br />
the high-pressure or condensing side of the cycle.<br />
[4] An air conditioning component which pumps, circulates, and increases<br />
the pressure of refrigerant vapor
Also see<br />
air compressor<br />
coil spring compressor<br />
piston-type compressor<br />
piston compressor<br />
positive displacement compressor<br />
reciprocating compressor<br />
roots compressor<br />
spring compressor<br />
valve spring compressor<br />
[3] A device which produces<br />
pressurized air <strong>for</strong> filling tires<br />
and running air-powered tools<br />
compressor, centrifugal:<br />
Pump which compresses gaseous refrigerants by centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce.<br />
compressor control:<br />
See motor control<br />
compressor cut-off switch:<br />
A device used by some manufacturers to prevent compressor operation.<br />
Such as the wide open throttle (WOT) cut-off switch, low pressure switch,<br />
and high pressure switch<br />
compressor discharge switch:<br />
A device that shuts off the compressor when refrigerant pressure is low.<br />
The switch is wired in series between the compressor clutch and the<br />
control panel switch<br />
compressor displacement:<br />
Volume, in cubic inches, represented by the area of the compressor piston<br />
head or heads multiplied by the length of the stroke.
compressor, external drive:<br />
See compressor, open type<br />
compressor, hermetic:<br />
Compressor in which the driving motor is sealed in the same dome or<br />
housing as the compressor.<br />
compressor impeller:<br />
An impeller of a turbocharger driven by the turbine at speeds up to<br />
160,000 rpm, which accelerates by centrifugal <strong>for</strong>ce the charge air which<br />
enter axially and leaves radially at a very high velocity.<br />
compressor muffler:<br />
Sound absorber chamber in refrigeration system. Used to reduce sound of<br />
gas pulsations.<br />
compressor, multiple stage:<br />
Compressor having two or more compressive steps. Discharge from each<br />
step is the intake pressure of the next in series.<br />
compressor, open type:<br />
Compressor in which the crankshaft extends through the crankcase and is<br />
driven by an outside motor. Commonly called external drive compressor.<br />
compressor pressure ratio:<br />
In a turbocharger system, the ratio between the absolute pressure at the<br />
compressor outlet and the compressor inlet<br />
compressor ratio:<br />
In a turbocharger system, the ratio between the volume in the cylinder<br />
when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke and the volume in the<br />
cylinder when the piston is at the top of its stroke<br />
compressor, reciprocating:
Compressor which uses a piston and cylinder mechanism to provide<br />
pumping action.<br />
compressor, rotary:<br />
Compressor which uses vanes, eccentric mechanisms, or other rotating<br />
devices to provide pumping action.<br />
compressor seal:<br />
Leakproof seal between crankshaft and compressor body in open type<br />
compressors.<br />
compressor shaft seal:<br />
A seal in an air conditioner compressor, surrounding the compressor shaft,<br />
that permits the shaft to turn without the loss of refrigerant or oil<br />
compressor, single-stage:<br />
Compressor having only one compressive step between low-side pressure<br />
and high-side pressure.<br />
Comprex supercharger:<br />
A supercharger using the pressure waves created by the expanding exhaust<br />
gases to compress the inlet charge. Also called "pressure wave<br />
supercharger."<br />
computer:<br />
[1] A device which calculates in<strong>for</strong>mation and sends the results to a<br />
specific destination. In automobiles, computers are used to regulate fuel<br />
flow, control the air conditioner, display speed, time, ETA, etc.<br />
[2] Series of electrical components which accept inputs from an operator<br />
and controls outputs.<br />
Also see<br />
computer-aided:<br />
diagnostic computer<br />
fuel computer<br />
on-board computer<br />
spark control computer<br />
trip computer
Something which has been helped or designed by a computer.<br />
computer brake control:<br />
See anti-skid.<br />
computer command control:<br />
(CCC) an electronically-controlled fuel metering system used on GM<br />
vehicle. Uses an oxygen sensor, a throttle position sensor and other<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation sensors to provide a computer with the data it needs to alter<br />
the air/fuel ratio via mixture control solenoid in the carburetor<br />
computer command control system:<br />
(C-3) an earlier engine management system used on GM vehicles. (C-4) A<br />
later engine management system used on GM vehicles<br />
computer-controlled:<br />
Something which is monitored by a computer<br />
computer controlled coil ignition:<br />
(C3I) GM's computerized ignition coil system, used on many different<br />
engine applications<br />
computer controlled timing:<br />
(CCT) a system that feeds input from various engine sensors into a<br />
computer. The computer then matches spark timing exactly to engine<br />
requirements throughout its full range of operations<br />
computer languages:<br />
Specific wording or codes, such as BASIC, FORTRAN, and COBOL,<br />
which direct a computer to accept and store in<strong>for</strong>mation and control<br />
outputs.<br />
con:<br />
See<br />
<strong>for</strong>ked con rod<br />
master con rod
concave weld face:<br />
A weld having the center of its face below the weld edges<br />
concealed headlamps:<br />
Headlamp doors close to resent a flush fitting sheet metal to reduce air<br />
resistance in headlamp area<br />
concealed headlights:<br />
Headlight which (when not lit) is hidden<br />
behind a panel. When the headlight switch is<br />
turned on vacuum is applied to a controller<br />
which opens the panel exposing the light. Also<br />
called "hide-away headlights" or "pop-up<br />
headlights."<br />
concentration:<br />
See stress concentration<br />
concentric:<br />
Two or more circles so placed as to share a common center but different<br />
diameters.<br />
concept car:<br />
A vehicle that is not currently in production, but is still in the design stage.<br />
Some are merely paper drawings, but others are clay mock-ups. The ideas<br />
in the concept cars sometimes appears in production models.<br />
Also see<br />
prototype<br />
concept vehicle:<br />
a current production vehicle modified <strong>for</strong> installation of new design<br />
concepts <strong>for</strong> evaluation of environmental functional feasibility.<br />
concho:<br />
A chrome trim disk <strong>for</strong> saddlebags and leathers.
concours:<br />
Also called "concours d'elegance." This is the term used to describe a<br />
show where cars in superb condition are judged against a standard of<br />
excellence established by the sponsors, with awards given to winners.<br />
Show cars compete in a concours.<br />
concours d'elegance:<br />
See concours.<br />
cond:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "condition," as in excellent cond.<br />
condensate:<br />
A fluid <strong>for</strong>med when a gas is cooled to its liquid state. See cold-condensate<br />
corrosion<br />
condensate corrosion:<br />
See cold-condensate corrosion<br />
condensate pump:<br />
Device to remove water condensate that collects beneath an evaporator.<br />
condensation:<br />
[1] Moisture, from the air, deposited on a cool surface. The reverse of<br />
evaporation.<br />
[2] Liquid or droplets which <strong>for</strong>m when a gas or vapor is cooled below its<br />
dew point.<br />
[3] The act or process of reducing a gas or vapor to a liquid or solid <strong>for</strong>m<br />
condense:<br />
Turning a vapor back into a liquid.<br />
condenser:<br />
[1] A small metal cylinder which is usually located in the distributor.<br />
It is installed between the breaker points and coil to prevent arcing at<br />
the breaker points by absorbing or storing the excess current. A
condenser (also called a "capacitor") has the ability to absorb and<br />
retain surges of electricity. It is constructed of two metal plates<br />
separated by an insulator.<br />
[2] The unit in an air conditioning system that cools the hot compressed<br />
refrigerant and turns it from a vapor into a liquid. It is the opposite of an<br />
evaporator.<br />
[3] The part of refrigeration mechanism which receives hot, high-pressure<br />
refrigerant gas from compressor and cools gaseous refrigerant until it<br />
returns to its liquid state.<br />
Also see<br />
steam engine<br />
condenser, air-cooled:<br />
Heat exchanger which transfers heat to surrounding air.<br />
condenser comb:<br />
Comb-like device, metal or plastic, used to straighten the metal fins on<br />
condensers or evaporators.<br />
condenser fan:<br />
Forced air device used to move air through air-cooled condenser.<br />
condenser, water-cooled:<br />
Heat exchanger designed to transfer heat from hot gaseous refrigerant to<br />
water.<br />
condensing furnace:<br />
High efficiency, gas <strong>for</strong>ced-air furnace that extracts the latent heat lost in<br />
conventional gas <strong>for</strong>ced-air furnaces.<br />
condensing pressure:<br />
Pressure inside a condenser at which refrigerant vapor gives up its latent<br />
heat of vaporization and becomes a liquid. This varies with the<br />
temperature.<br />
condensing temperature:
Temperature inside a condenser at which refrigerant vapor gives up its<br />
latent heat of vaporization and becomes a liquid. This varies with the<br />
pressure.<br />
condensing unit:<br />
Part of a refrigerating mechanism which pumps vaporized refrigerant from<br />
the evaporator, compresses it, liquefies it in the condenser, and returns it to<br />
the refrigerant control.<br />
condensing unit service valves:<br />
Shutoff valves mounted on condensing unit to enable service technicians<br />
to install and/or service unit.<br />
condition:<br />
conditioned:<br />
See air-conditioned<br />
conditioner:<br />
See air conditioner.<br />
conditioning:<br />
See air-conditioning<br />
See<br />
air conditioner<br />
battery charge<br />
battery condition<br />
cherry condition<br />
conditioner<br />
mint condition<br />
original condition<br />
spark plug condition<br />
condition-latched soft code:<br />
A type of trouble code that disengages the ABS and turns on the amber<br />
light only as long as the condition, or problem, exists
conditions:<br />
See driving conditions<br />
conductance:<br />
A measure of the ease with which a conductor allows electron flow. In DC<br />
circuits, conductance is the reciprocal of resistance<br />
conduction:<br />
[1] The transfer of heat from one object to another by having the objects in<br />
physical contact.<br />
[2] The flow of heat between substances by molecular vibration.<br />
[3] The transfer of heat between the closely packed molecules of a<br />
substance or between two substances that are touching, caused by a<br />
temperature differential between the 2 molecules or substances<br />
Also see<br />
thermal conduction<br />
conductive:<br />
The ability of something to conduct electricity.<br />
conductivity:<br />
The ability of something to conduct electricity. Opposite of resistivity.<br />
Also see<br />
electrical conductivity<br />
heat conductivity<br />
conductor:<br />
[1] A material <strong>for</strong>ming a path <strong>for</strong> the flow of current, such as silver,<br />
copper, and carbon.<br />
[2] Substance or body capable of transmitting electricity or heat.<br />
Also see<br />
cone:<br />
semiconductor
[1] A bearing race that curves to the inside of a circle of ball bearings and<br />
works in conjunction with a cup.<br />
[2] In welding, it is the inner visible flame shape of a neutral or near<br />
neutral flame.<br />
Also see<br />
bearing cone<br />
inner cone<br />
cone clutch:<br />
A clutch using a cone-shaped member that is <strong>for</strong>ced into a cone-shaped<br />
depression in the flywheel, or other driving unit, thus locking the two<br />
together, although no longer used on cars, the cone clutch finds some<br />
applications in small riding tractors, heavy power mowers, etc.<br />
configuration:<br />
The particular arrangement of the parts in relation to each other.<br />
Also see<br />
chassis configuration<br />
delta configuration<br />
mid-engine chassis configuration<br />
Y-configuration<br />
con<strong>for</strong>mation:<br />
The ability of a precision insert bearing to match the shape and contour of<br />
a shaft surface even after it has been in use <strong>for</strong> some time.<br />
conical:<br />
something in the shape of a cone. It is usually tapered.<br />
conical seat:<br />
A circular, tapered place that something rests. For instance, a spark plug<br />
may fit into a tapered hole.
connecting rod:<br />
The connecting link or arm between the<br />
piston and the crankshaft. It converts the upand-down<br />
(reciprocating) motion of the<br />
piston into the circular (rotary) motion of the<br />
spinning crankshaft. Often called "con rod."<br />
Also see<br />
big-end bearing<br />
boxed rod<br />
<strong>for</strong>ked con rod<br />
master con rod<br />
slave con rod<br />
throwing a rod<br />
connecting rod bearing:<br />
A precision insert bearing. Also called "big end bearing"<br />
connecting rod shank:<br />
A longitudinal part of the connecting rod<br />
connection:<br />
the joining of two or more parts which generally conduct electricity.<br />
Also see<br />
connections:<br />
connector:<br />
axle connection<br />
earth connection<br />
ground connection<br />
rigid axle connection<br />
negative connections<br />
positive connections<br />
See<br />
negative connections<br />
positive connections
A device which joins two items.<br />
Also see<br />
connector system:<br />
See multicon connector system<br />
con rod:<br />
See connecting rod.<br />
con rod bearing:<br />
See connecting rod bearing.<br />
conscious:<br />
See environment-conscious<br />
adapter<br />
battery connector<br />
blade connector<br />
cell connector<br />
engine diagnostic connector<br />
eyelet connector<br />
helmet connector<br />
multicon connector system<br />
T-connector<br />
Y-connector<br />
consistency:<br />
The stiffness, or fluid quality of an adhesive coating or sealer compound<br />
console:<br />
[1] A small storage space or fascia between the two front seats in a car<br />
with bucket seats. Often it houses the shifter, some instruments, coffee<br />
holders, coin holders, etc.<br />
[2] A total unit or system of controls located in one area and enclosed. A<br />
window air conditioner is a console air conditioner.<br />
Also see<br />
brake console<br />
center console<br />
parking brake console<br />
seat rail console
constantan:<br />
An alloy made of nickel and copper which is used in resistance wire and in<br />
thermocouplers.<br />
constant depression:<br />
See air-valve carburetor.<br />
constant-depression:<br />
See air-valve carburetor.<br />
constant idle system:<br />
An electronically-controlled air bypass around the throttle. Also called idle<br />
speed actuator or idle-speed stabilizer<br />
constant mesh gearbox:<br />
A type of transmission in which all or most of the gears are always in<br />
mesh with one another, as opposed to a sliding-gear transmission, in which<br />
engagement is obtained by sliding some of the gears along a shaft into<br />
mesh. In a constant-mesh manual gearbox, gear ratios are selected by<br />
small clutches that connect the various gearsets to their shafts so that<br />
power is transmitted through them.<br />
Also see<br />
sliding mesh gearbox<br />
constant mesh gear:<br />
One of the gears that is always in mesh with another -- whether it is<br />
driving or not (i.e., just idling).<br />
constant mesh gears:<br />
Gears that are always in mesh with each other -- whether it is driving or<br />
not (i.e., just idling).<br />
constant-radius turn:<br />
A turn with a steady, non-changing arc. In a decreasing-radius corner, the<br />
arc gets sharper as you progress through the curve, while in an increasing<br />
radius corner, the arc becomes less sharp
constant vacuum:<br />
See air-valve carburetor.<br />
constant-vacuum:<br />
See air-valve carburetor.<br />
constant-velocity:<br />
A type of carburetor.<br />
constant velocity joint:<br />
(CV joint) A type of universal joint so<br />
designed as to create a smooth transfer of<br />
torque from the driven shaft to the driving<br />
shaft without any fluctuations in the speed<br />
of the driven shaft.<br />
constant velocity universal joint:<br />
See constant velocity joint.<br />
constant voltage regulator:<br />
(CVR) a device used to maintain a constant voltage level in a circuit,<br />
despite fluctuations in system voltage. CVRs are wired into some gauge<br />
circuits so voltage fluctuations won't affect accuracy of the gauge readings<br />
constant volume sampling:<br />
See constant-volume sampling.<br />
constant-volume sampling:<br />
An exhaust-emissions measuring technique in which the exhaust gases<br />
produced by a vehicle's engine are collected as it is driven through a test<br />
sequence of accelerations, decelerations, and cruise modes on a chassis<br />
dynamometer. A quantity of air is added to the exhaust gases until a<br />
specific volume (the same <strong>for</strong> all cars) is obtained. Concentrations of
pollutants in the total sample are then analyzed <strong>for</strong> determination of their<br />
actual mass.<br />
constricted tube:<br />
Tubing reduced in diameter.<br />
constrictor:<br />
Tube or orifice used to restrict flow of a gas or a liquid.<br />
construction:<br />
See<br />
body and frame construction<br />
body construction<br />
coachbuilt construction<br />
frameless construction<br />
integral body and frame construction<br />
monobloc construction<br />
palletized construction<br />
sandwich construction<br />
skeleton construction<br />
unibody construction<br />
unitary construction<br />
unitized construction<br />
consumer factors:<br />
demographic characteristics of consumers including age, gender, income<br />
and geographic location, af<strong>for</strong>dability.<br />
Consumer Products Safety Commission:<br />
(CPSC) the certification agency <strong>for</strong> bicycle helmets.<br />
consumption:<br />
The act of using up an amount of fuel. Actually the fuel is joined with air<br />
and merely changed into other substances (Carbon Dioxide, Carbon<br />
Monoxide, etc. and energy).<br />
Also see<br />
fuel consumption indicator<br />
fuel consumption<br />
oil consumption
consumption indicator:<br />
See fuel consumption indicator<br />
specific fuel consumption<br />
contact:<br />
[1] The touching of two or more parts.<br />
[2] The parts that actually touch each other when making electrical<br />
connection whether permanently or intermittently.<br />
Also see<br />
fixed contact<br />
ground contact area<br />
moving contact<br />
sliding contacts<br />
contact area:<br />
The part of the tire that actually touches the ground at any particular<br />
moment.<br />
Also see<br />
ground contact area<br />
tire contact area<br />
contact arm:<br />
The movable segment of the points which is moved by the lobe of the<br />
distributor.<br />
contact bounce:<br />
The rapid movement of the breaker arm as it opens and closes<br />
contact breaker:<br />
See breaker points.<br />
contact breaker gap:<br />
The distance between the contact points at their furthest opening.<br />
contact breaker plate:<br />
The plate on which the breaker points are mounted. When adjusting the<br />
points, the plate and the points are moved apart in relation to each other.
contact breaker point:<br />
The individual contact of the breaker points.<br />
contact cement:<br />
See cement.<br />
contact chatter:<br />
The rapid movement of the breaker arm as it opens and closes<br />
contact controlled electronic ignition:<br />
See electronic ignition system.<br />
contact gap:<br />
See point gap.<br />
contacting surfaces:<br />
Any two surfaces to be brought together and bonded<br />
contactless electronic ignition:<br />
See breakerless transistorized ignition<br />
contactless ignition:<br />
See breakerless.<br />
contact patch:<br />
The area of a tire's tread that touches the ground.<br />
contact pattern:<br />
The visible wear pattern created by two parts which touch each other<br />
contact point:
See contact points.<br />
contact points:<br />
Two movable points or areas that when pressed together, complete a<br />
circuit. These points are usually made of tungsten, platinum, or silver.<br />
Also see<br />
breaker points<br />
contact set:<br />
Replacement parts consisting of breaker points and possibly breaker plate<br />
and condenser.<br />
contact spring:<br />
A spring which pushes on a contact which holds something in place and<br />
maintains contact.<br />
contact zone:<br />
See tire contact zone<br />
container:<br />
A strong steel box of standard dimensions of 8 feet square and length of 20<br />
feet or 40 feet, in which cargo is preloaded.<br />
Also see<br />
catalyst container<br />
reefer container<br />
containerization:<br />
A shipping system where cargo is loaded into a large container at the<br />
factory and shipped from truck to train to ship, etc. without rehandling of<br />
contents within the container.<br />
container ship:<br />
A ship designed to carry containers as cargo.<br />
contaminant:<br />
[1] Some impurity in gasoline or oil or anything else.
[2] Substance such as dirt, moisture, or other matter <strong>for</strong>eign to refrigerant<br />
or refrigerant oil in system.<br />
contamination:<br />
See catalyst contamination<br />
content:<br />
See blood alcohol content<br />
Continental:<br />
A vehicle brand of Ford cars of which the 1956-57<br />
Mark II models are milestone cars.<br />
Also see<br />
Lincoln Continental<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Continental<br />
continental tire:<br />
The bulge in the rear portion of the trunk which resembles a tire or a rear<br />
mounted tire<br />
Continental-type fuse:<br />
A ceramic fuse with conical end caps. They are color coded <strong>for</strong> different<br />
values.<br />
Continuous AC Ignition System:<br />
Abbreviated CACIS. An ignition system where a high-energy alternating<br />
current arc burns <strong>for</strong> the entire power stroke. In this system, the spark<br />
plugs don't erode as quickly and the air/fuel mixture is more completely<br />
burned. Thus there is no need <strong>for</strong> a catalytic converter.<br />
continuous cycle absorption system:
System which has a continuous flow of energy input.<br />
continuous injection system:<br />
(CIS) A mechanical fuel injection system designed and manufactured by<br />
Bosch, used on many German vehicles. In a CIS system, the fuel injectors<br />
are always open (i.e., they emit a continuous spray of fuel into the intake<br />
ports). The amount of fuel sprayed is determined by the fuel pressure in<br />
the system, which in turn is determined by the position of the throttle.<br />
Also see<br />
K-jetronic<br />
continuously variable transmission:<br />
Abbreviated CVT. See infinitely variable transmission.<br />
continuous weld:<br />
Completing a weld in one operation<br />
Conti tire system:<br />
Abbreviated CTS. A run flat tire and wheel combination which allows the<br />
tire to be run <strong>for</strong> up to 400 km (250 miles) at a speed of up to 80 kph (50<br />
mph)<br />
contour:<br />
See<br />
buff contour<br />
panel contour<br />
contract carrier:<br />
A shipping company which is transporting goods because of a contract<br />
with another shipping company.<br />
contracting-band brake:<br />
A brake in which a band is tightened around a rotating drum<br />
contraction:
A thermal action where the size (mass or dimension) of an object is<br />
reduced when cooled; the opposite of expansion.<br />
contre:<br />
See outboard contre pente<br />
contre pente:<br />
Abbreviated CP. A French designed wheel where the raised portion of one<br />
of the rim bead seat is designed to hold the tire bead of a nearly flat tire<br />
without breaking the bead (i.e., becoming unseated).<br />
Also see<br />
outboard contre pente<br />
contre pente on both bead seats:<br />
Abbreviated CP2. A safety rim contour with a contre pente on both rim<br />
bead seats<br />
control:<br />
[1] A device or mechanism <strong>for</strong> adjusting a component. See cruise control.<br />
[2] The ability of the driver to make a vehicle per<strong>for</strong>m as required.<br />
[3] To regulate.<br />
[4] Automatic or manual device used to stop, start, and/or regulate flow of<br />
gas, liquid, and/or electricity.<br />
Also see<br />
air control<br />
automatic<br />
frequency control<br />
automatic level<br />
control<br />
automatic speed<br />
control<br />
automatic<br />
temperature control<br />
automatic volume<br />
control<br />
balance control<br />
choke control<br />
clearance control<br />
climate control<br />
computer brake<br />
control<br />
electronic control<br />
module<br />
electronic control unit<br />
electronic engine<br />
control<br />
electronic ride control<br />
electronic spark control<br />
electronic<br />
tractioncontrol<br />
electronic transmission<br />
control<br />
emission control<br />
engine control system<br />
evaporation control<br />
system<br />
evaporative emission<br />
control system<br />
heat control valve<br />
height hamper<br />
pitch control<br />
hydraulic control<br />
block<br />
ignition control<br />
unit<br />
illumination<br />
control<br />
inflation control<br />
seam<br />
infrared remote<br />
control<br />
intermittent wiper<br />
control<br />
IR remote control<br />
knock control<br />
manifold heat control<br />
valve<br />
mirrorcontrol<br />
mixture control knob<br />
mixture control screw<br />
mixture control unit<br />
multi-function<br />
control stalk<br />
oil control ring<br />
overrun control valve<br />
piston ring, oil<br />
control<br />
remote control<br />
running-on control<br />
valve<br />
speed control<br />
temperature control
exhaust emission<br />
corrosion control<br />
control<br />
cruise control<br />
feedback control<br />
digital frequency<br />
finance and control<br />
control<br />
flow control<br />
dimmer control<br />
ground clearance<br />
dwell-angle control<br />
control<br />
electric air control<br />
headlight leveling<br />
valve<br />
control<br />
level control<br />
limit cycle control<br />
low-speed traction<br />
control<br />
low speed traction<br />
control<br />
vacuum control<br />
vacuum ignitiontiming<br />
control<br />
vacuum timing<br />
control<br />
control arm:<br />
A metal strut on the suspension which is located at the top and bottom of<br />
the wheel spindle. The upper and lower control arms allow the front<br />
wheels to change direction. Also called a "wishbone" or "A-arm."<br />
Also see<br />
control arms:<br />
See control arm.<br />
control block:<br />
See hydraulic control block<br />
suspension system<br />
track control arm<br />
control box:<br />
A container which houses electrical components which regulate the action<br />
of something.<br />
control cable:<br />
A wire cable which runs from a knob or lever to a device which operates<br />
or regulates. Also called a "control wire."<br />
Also see<br />
control, compressor:<br />
See motor control<br />
control computer:<br />
starter switch control cable
See spark control computer<br />
control, defrosting:<br />
Device to automatically defrost evaporator. It may operate by means of a<br />
clock, door cycling mechanism, or during "off" portion of refrigerating<br />
cycle.<br />
contrôle:<br />
A checkpoint where randonneur bicycle riders must stop to have their<br />
route cards signed and stamped to prove they have kept to the course<br />
within the time limits.<br />
control element:<br />
See temperature control element<br />
control head:<br />
The dashboard mounted assembly which houses the mode selector, the<br />
blower switch and the temperature control lever of the heating, air<br />
conditioner, and ventilation system<br />
Control In<strong>for</strong>mation:<br />
See Vehicle Emission Control In<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
control knob:<br />
See mixture control knob<br />
controlled burn rate:<br />
See CBR process<br />
controlled canister purge:<br />
(CCP) ECM-controlled solenoid valve that permits manifold vacuum to<br />
purge the evaporative emissions from the charcoal canister<br />
controlled combustion system:
An emission control term used by General Motors to include the<br />
following:<br />
• modified combustion chamber design<br />
• high-temperature coolant systems<br />
• thermostatically controlled air cleaners<br />
• very lean air/fuel mixtures<br />
• high idle speeds<br />
• severely retarded ignition timing<br />
• TCS (transmission controlled spark) and TVS (thermal vacuum<br />
switch)<br />
controlled electronic:<br />
See magnetically controlled electronic ignition<br />
controlled electronic ignition:<br />
See<br />
contact controlled electronic ignition<br />
magnetically controlled electronic ignition<br />
capacitor controlled electronic ignition<br />
controlled intersection:<br />
A road junction which is controlled by traffic lights (signal lights)<br />
controlled spark:<br />
See transmission controlled spark<br />
controlled vehicle:<br />
A vehicle with a reduced emission system consisting of a catalytic<br />
converter, EGR, air injection, fuel evaporative emission control, etc. Also<br />
called a "detoxed vehicle."<br />
controller:<br />
A group of controls and circuits used to accurately and automatically<br />
operate a device.<br />
See
attery discharge controller<br />
solid state controller<br />
controller, anti-lock brake:<br />
CAB Chrysler Corporation's term <strong>for</strong> the electronic control unit<br />
control link:<br />
See toe control link<br />
control, low-pressure:<br />
Cycling device connected to low-pressure side of system.<br />
control module:<br />
One of several names <strong>for</strong> a solid-state micro-computer which monitors<br />
engine conditions and controls certain engine functions, i.e., air/fuel ratio,<br />
injection and ignition timing, etc.<br />
See<br />
electronic control module<br />
transmission control module<br />
control, motor:<br />
Temperature or pressure-operated device used to control running of motor.<br />
control orifice valve:<br />
See oil control orifice valve<br />
control plunger:<br />
[1] A device in a fuel injection system which moves up and down to<br />
provide the correct amount of fuel to each cylinder.<br />
[2] One of several names <strong>for</strong> a solid state device which monitors engine<br />
conditions and controls certain engine functions, i.e., fuel injection,<br />
ignition timing, glow plug system in a diesels engine, etc<br />
control pressure:<br />
[1] The pressure in a fuel injection system.<br />
[2] the pressure coming from line pressure or throttle pressure in the<br />
automatic transmission which pushes on the command valves.
[3] In a Bosch CIS, the pressurized fuel used as a hydraulic control fluid to<br />
apply a counter<strong>for</strong>ce to the control plunger in Bosch CIS. Control pressure<br />
alters the air-fuel ratio through the operation of the control-pressure<br />
regulator<br />
control, pressure motor:<br />
High- or low-pressure control connected into the electrical circuit and used<br />
to start and stop motor. It is activated by demand <strong>for</strong> refrigeration or <strong>for</strong><br />
safety.<br />
control, refrigerant:<br />
Device used to regulate flow of liquid refrigerant into evaporator. Can be a<br />
capillary tube, expansion valves, or high-side and low-side float valves.<br />
control ring:<br />
See oil control ring.<br />
controls:<br />
control screw:<br />
control seam:<br />
See inflation control seam<br />
See<br />
dual controls<br />
emission controls<br />
exhaust emission controls<br />
instruments and controls<br />
steering column controls<br />
See<br />
mixture control screw<br />
volume control screw<br />
control stalk:<br />
A shaft which projects from the steering column just below the steering<br />
wheel. It may control lights, cruise control, wipers, windshield washer,<br />
signal lights, horn, etc.<br />
Also see
control switch:<br />
See vacuum control switch<br />
multi-function control stalk<br />
control system:<br />
All of the components required <strong>for</strong> the automatic control of a process<br />
variable.<br />
See<br />
active noise control system<br />
anti-spin regulation traction control system<br />
engine control system<br />
evaporation control system<br />
evaporative emission control system<br />
exhaust emission control system<br />
traction control system<br />
transmission control system<br />
control, temperature:<br />
Temperature-operated thermostatic device which automatically opens or<br />
closes a circuit.<br />
control unit:<br />
See<br />
electronic control unit<br />
ignition control unit<br />
mixture control unit<br />
vacuum control unit<br />
warm-up control unit<br />
control vacuum advance:<br />
See speed control vacuum advance<br />
control valve:<br />
[1] A valve which regulates or operates a system, especially a hydraulic or<br />
vacuum control system.<br />
[2] Valve which regulates the flow or pressure of a medium which affects a<br />
controlled process. Control valves are operated by remote signals from<br />
independent devices using any of a number of control media such as<br />
pneumatic, electric, or electrohydraulic.
Also see<br />
air control valve<br />
boost control valve<br />
electric air control valve<br />
heat control valve<br />
manifold heat control valve<br />
oil control orifice valve<br />
overrun control valve<br />
running-on control valve<br />
control valve assembly:<br />
A casting located in the sump of the automatic transmission. It contains<br />
most of the valves <strong>for</strong> the hydraulic control system.<br />
control wire:<br />
A wire cable which runs from a knob or lever to a device which operates<br />
or regulates. Also called a "control cable."<br />
controlled combustion system:<br />
(CCS) A system of reducing unburned hydrocarbon emission from the<br />
engine exhaust.<br />
conv:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "convertible."<br />
convection:<br />
[1] The transfer of heat from one object to another when the hotter object<br />
heats the surrounding air and the air in turn heats the other object.<br />
[2] The transfer of heat by the circulation or movement of the heated, or<br />
cooled, parts of a vapor or liquid<br />
Also see<br />
thermal convection<br />
convection, <strong>for</strong>ced:<br />
Transfer of heat resulting from <strong>for</strong>ced movement of liquid or gas by means<br />
of a fan or pump.<br />
convection, natural:
Circulation of a gas or liquid due to difference in density resulting from<br />
temperature differences.<br />
conventional oxidation catalyst:<br />
(COC) a catalyst which acts on the two major pollutants: HC and CO<br />
convenience:<br />
See flags of convenience<br />
conventional cross ply:<br />
A tire having two or more carcass plies arranged in a criss-cross manner<br />
and diagonally to the beads and travels approximately 1/3 the distance<br />
around the circumference be<strong>for</strong>e attaching to the other bead. Each cord in<br />
the next ply is arranged in the same manner, but in the opposite direction.<br />
conventional ignition:<br />
The transfer of heat from one object to another when the hotter object<br />
heats the surrounding air and the air in turn heats the other object.<br />
conventional ignition system:<br />
An ignition system consisting of the battery, ignition switch, ballast<br />
resistor, ignition coil, distributor, contact breaker points, condenser,<br />
centrifugal or vacuum advance unit, spark plugs, and high tension wires.<br />
conventional spare tire:<br />
A spare tire & rim which is the same size as the other four wheels. Most<br />
cars do not have them because they take up too much space in the trunk.<br />
conventional theory:<br />
The direction of current flow was arbitrarily chosen to be from the positive<br />
terminal of the voltage source, through the external circuit, then back to<br />
the negative terminal of the source<br />
conventional tire:
A bias ply tire.<br />
conversion:<br />
[1] The change from one state to another, e.g., harmful gases into harmless<br />
gases.<br />
[2] altered state of a particular system, or set of parts needed to achieve it.<br />
Also see<br />
manual choke conversion<br />
energy conversion<br />
tractive conversion<br />
conversion coating:<br />
A coating of some metal which uses the same kind of metal in the coating<br />
compound and improves paint adhesion and corrosion resistance<br />
conversion factors:<br />
Force and power may be expressed in more than one way. A horsepower is<br />
equivalent to 33,000 ft. lb. of work per minute, 746 watts, or 2546 Btu per<br />
hour. These values can be used <strong>for</strong> changing horsepower into foot pounds,<br />
British thermal units, or watts.<br />
conversion rate:<br />
The rate at which a given catalytic converter purifies the exhaust gas<br />
stream, governed by various parameters such as operating conditions and<br />
converter design<br />
converter:<br />
[1] When used with LPG (propane), it is a device which turns LPG<br />
(propane) from liquid to vapor <strong>for</strong> use in the engine.<br />
[2] Referring to a transmission it is the device that transfers engine torque<br />
to the transmission.<br />
Also see<br />
catalytic converter<br />
dual-bed catalytic<br />
converter<br />
hydrodynamic torque<br />
converter<br />
lock-up torque<br />
converter<br />
lockup torque<br />
mini catalytic primary catalytic<br />
converter converter<br />
monolithic rust converter<br />
converter single-bed 3-way<br />
open-loop catalytic catalytic converter<br />
converter single-bed oxidizing<br />
oxidizing converter converter<br />
pellet-type catalytic three-way catalytic<br />
three way catalytic<br />
converter<br />
torque converter<br />
two-way catalytic<br />
converter
converter converter converter<br />
converter case:<br />
An assembly in the automatic transmission encasing the impeller with the<br />
converter cover welded to it. It contains the converter fluid and vane<br />
wheels and connected to the crankshaft by means of the drive plate and<br />
revolving at engine speed.<br />
converter, catalytic:<br />
See<br />
catalytic converter<br />
three-way catalytic converter<br />
converter cover:<br />
A part in the automatic transmission that is welded to the pump and makes<br />
up the converter case<br />
converter drive plate:<br />
See torque converter drive plate<br />
converter housing:<br />
[1] A stationary outer part of the automatic transmission which encloses<br />
the converter case.<br />
Also see<br />
torque converter housing<br />
[2] The housing of a catalytic converter. Also called "converter shell."<br />
converter lock-up clutch:<br />
See torque converter lock-up clutch<br />
converter preheating:<br />
An emission control device which increases catalytic action in cold starts<br />
when HC and CO are their highest. Although not in use in current cars, it<br />
may become necessary in the future. Thus it may mean the following:<br />
Take longer to start a vehicle in the morning, require a larger battery,<br />
necessitate plugging a vehicle into household circuit, need <strong>for</strong> frequent<br />
replacement of the catalytic converter.
Also see<br />
preheating<br />
converter shell:<br />
See the second definition of converter housing<br />
convertible:<br />
Generally this is a two-door automobile without a fixed roof.<br />
Instead, the roof folds up or is removed in some way so that the<br />
passenger compartment is exposed to the open air. Some roofs are<br />
made of flexible fabric or plastic which folds up behind the<br />
passenger compartment. Other roofs are not flexible and retract<br />
into the trunk. Some retract automatically while others must be<br />
manually removed and placed in the trunk. The term was<br />
introduced in the 1930s. In the 1950s, a hardtop convertible was<br />
introduced to look like a convertible with its top up; but its fixed<br />
roof did not fold or retract. It was also called a "drophead coupé"<br />
or "open car."<br />
Also see<br />
hardtop convertible<br />
convertible sedan:<br />
This is similar to the sedan body type, but with provisions of lowering<br />
both the all-weather side windows and the fabric top to create a four-door<br />
convertible.<br />
convertible top:<br />
The soft foldable canvas or vinyl top of a convertible. It usually has a clear<br />
plastic rear window.<br />
convex weld:<br />
A weld with the face above the old edges<br />
coolant:<br />
Liquid in the cooling system. Usually a mixture of water and antifreeze<br />
(ethylene glycol). This mixture lowers the freezing point of the water in<br />
the cooling system, prevents rust and corrosion, lubricates the water pump,
and picks up heat from the engine and transfers it to the air passing<br />
through the radiator.<br />
Also see<br />
engine coolant<br />
coolant controlled exhaust gas recirculation:<br />
(CCEGR) a system that prevents exhaust gas recirculation until engine<br />
coolant temperature reaches a specific value<br />
coolant level warning light:<br />
A small light on the dash which is illuminated when the radiator is low on<br />
coolant<br />
coolant pump:<br />
See water pump<br />
coolant recovery system:<br />
A small bottle that acts as a reservoir <strong>for</strong> liquid expelled from the cooling<br />
system through the overflow pipe and returns the liquid to the system<br />
when it cools down. A special radiatorpressure<br />
cap is also part of the kit. It<br />
is also called a "Closed Cooling System" when it is part of the original<br />
equipment.<br />
coolant temperature override switch:<br />
CTO A switch that prevents vacuum from reaching a component until<br />
coolant temperature reaches a certain value<br />
coolant temperature sensor:<br />
A sensor located at the bottom of the radiator which is connected to the<br />
temperature gauge.<br />
cooled:<br />
See<br />
air-cooled<br />
air cooled<br />
liquid-cooled<br />
water-cooled
cooled engine:<br />
See air cooled engine<br />
cooled valve:<br />
See sodium cooled valve<br />
cooler:<br />
[1] A device <strong>for</strong> cooling hot liquid or air by passing air through the vanes<br />
of a heat sink.<br />
[2] Heat exchanger which removes heat from a substance.<br />
Also see<br />
cooler bypass:<br />
See oil cooler bypass valve<br />
cooler bypass valve:<br />
See oil cooler bypass valve<br />
cooling:<br />
aftercooler<br />
oil cooler<br />
See<br />
charge air cooling<br />
fan cooling<br />
flushing the cooling system<br />
intercooling<br />
thermosyphon cooling<br />
cooling fan:<br />
[1] A large fan designed to suck relatively cool air and <strong>for</strong>ce it onto a warm<br />
object like an engine.<br />
[2] A large fan designed to pull away the radiant warm air surrounding a<br />
hot object.<br />
cooling fins:<br />
The greater the surface area that needs to be cooled, the better you will be<br />
able to cool off a hot object, like an engine. By putting a number of fins on
a surface, you increase the overall area. On air cooled engines, <strong>for</strong><br />
instance, you will see a series of closely <strong>for</strong>med ridges or fins in parallel.<br />
As the air passes by them, the engine heat is dissipated.<br />
cooling jacket:<br />
See water jacket<br />
cooling system:<br />
The system that removes heat from the engine. In a water-cooled engine it<br />
includes radiator, pressure cap, fan, water pump, thermostat, water jackets;<br />
in an air-cooled engine it consists of a fan, cooling fins, and ducting.<br />
Also see<br />
closed cooling system<br />
flushing the cooling system<br />
water cooling system<br />
cooling tower:<br />
Device which cools by water evaporation in air. Water is cooled to wet<br />
bulb temperature of air.<br />
Coolmax:<br />
A garment constructed of four channel polyester, naturally hydrophobic<br />
fabric. Coolmax is designed to regulate body temperature during physical<br />
exertion by increasing air flow and transporting moisture through the<br />
fibers to the outside of the fabric where moisture evaporates.<br />
copolymer:<br />
A polymer produced from two different monomers.<br />
Also see<br />
graft copolymer<br />
copper core:<br />
The center electrode of a spark plug or the center wires of a high tension<br />
wire which is made of copper.<br />
copper-faced hammer:<br />
A hammer with a round head made of copper or brass. It is used to hit<br />
objects without damaging them where hitting them with a steel hammer
might.<br />
copper plating:<br />
[1] The application of a thin layer of copper by a process of electrolysis.<br />
Primarily it is done to electrical contacts and terminals to give excellent<br />
conduction of electricity.<br />
[2] Abnormal condition developing in some units in which copper is<br />
electrolytically deposited on some compressor surfaces.<br />
copy:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> "understand" as in "Do you copy?"<br />
Cord:<br />
[1] A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 model cars are classic cars.<br />
[2] A strand of fabric or steel cable used in the ply of a tire.<br />
[3] A rope.<br />
Also see<br />
bungee cord<br />
cordura:<br />
The brand name <strong>for</strong> a heavy-duty, synthetic material made by DuPont that<br />
feels like canvas. It is often used in the manufacture of lightweight<br />
clothing, backpacks, and camping gear.<br />
core:<br />
[1] When referring to casting -- a sand unit placed inside of a mold so that<br />
when the metal is poured, the core will leave a hollow shape.<br />
[2] The magnetic center of a coil usually made of iron.<br />
[3] The primary part (engine block, alternator, starter, radiator, etc.) which<br />
has malfunctioned, but is still suitable <strong>for</strong> rebuilding or remanufacturing.<br />
You can exchange it <strong>for</strong> a new or rebuilt part. Thus, instead of paying full<br />
price <strong>for</strong> a new alternator, you can submit your old alternator as a core and<br />
pay a lower amount <strong>for</strong> the new alternator. "CORE" is an acronym <strong>for</strong><br />
"cash on return."<br />
Also see<br />
bead core<br />
copper core<br />
laminated iron core<br />
timer core
valve core<br />
core, air:<br />
Coil of wire not having a metal core.<br />
core charge:<br />
The word "core" is short <strong>for</strong> "cash on return." When you purchase a part<br />
which is rebuildable, you can return your old part and receive a core<br />
charge. Generally a core charge is collected <strong>for</strong> engines, crankshafts,<br />
alternators, radiators, brake shoes. If the part is beyond repair, there may<br />
be no core charge.<br />
core hole plug:<br />
core hole plugs:<br />
See core plug.<br />
core/insulator:<br />
See projected core/insulator nose<br />
core/insulator nose:<br />
See projected core/insulator nose<br />
core leads:<br />
See carbon-core leads<br />
See<br />
core plug<br />
freeze plug<br />
core, magnetic:<br />
Magnetic center of a magnetic field.<br />
core plug:<br />
A metal plug located in the sides of the engine block which can pop out<br />
because of excessive pressure or freezing and prevent the engine block<br />
from cracking. These plugs are located in the water jacket and can
sometimes leak and should then be replaced. Block heaters are installed by<br />
removing a core plug and inserting a heating element. Core plugs are also<br />
called "freeze plugs" or "expansion plugs."<br />
core plugs:<br />
See core plug.<br />
core support:<br />
The framework that supports the radiator and air conditioner condenser<br />
assembly and also serves as the attaching point <strong>for</strong> the front fenders, grille<br />
assembly, hood latch, etc.<br />
corncob:<br />
A bicycle term used to describe a cluster of cogs on a racing freewheel<br />
because of the small variation in number of teeth on adjacent cogs.<br />
corner:<br />
See<br />
inside corner weld<br />
outside corner weld<br />
rear corner valance<br />
rear corner panel<br />
cornering:<br />
The negotiation of a curve, bend, or corner of a road. Good cornering<br />
ability allows the vehicle to go around a curve at a reasonable speed<br />
without body roll and breakaway.<br />
cornering <strong>for</strong>ce:<br />
The <strong>for</strong>ces exerted on a tire by the slip angle when moving around a curve.<br />
Also see<br />
ultimate cornering <strong>for</strong>ce<br />
cornering limit:<br />
The maximum speed that a vehicle can travel around a particular curve.<br />
cornering speed:
The speed that a vehicle makes when turning. It is relative to the sharpness<br />
of the curve and the ability of the vehicle to stay on the road under control.<br />
corner joint:<br />
A junction <strong>for</strong>med by edges of two pieces of metal touching each other at<br />
an angle of about 90°<br />
corner panel:<br />
A panel used to fill a gap between larger panels or frame members meeting<br />
at an angle and to serve as a stiffener, such as those at the intersection of<br />
sidemembers and crossmembers and the rear corner panels of rear fenders.<br />
Also see<br />
corners:<br />
See across corners<br />
rear corner panel<br />
windshield corner panel<br />
corner steady:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a jack stand used to support and level the corner of a<br />
parked travel trailer.<br />
corner valance:<br />
See rear corner valance<br />
corner weld:<br />
See<br />
inside corner weld<br />
outside corner weld<br />
corn flakes:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> A Consolidated Freightway truck as in "Can I get a<br />
smokey report there corn flakes."
Corolla:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota<br />
Corona:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Corolla<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Corona<br />
corporate Average Fuel Economy:<br />
(CAFE) Regulation enacted in 1975 which requires a motor vehicle<br />
manufacturer to classify its U.S. vehicle fleet sales as either domestic or<br />
import <strong>for</strong> the purpose of fuel economy averaging.<br />
corporation:<br />
Business association endowed by law with the rights and liabilities of an<br />
individual<br />
correction jet:<br />
See air correction jet<br />
corrector:<br />
See height corrector<br />
corrode:<br />
To eat away, gradually, the surface material from an object by chemical<br />
action, such as rust.<br />
corrosion:<br />
[1] The chemical process in which a metal is eaten away (i.e., rusting).
[2] Deterioration of materials from chemical action.<br />
[3] The eating or wearing away of a substance, such as metal, usually<br />
caused by chemical decomposition brought about by an acid.<br />
Also see<br />
anti-corrosion<br />
atmospheric corrosion<br />
bimetallic corrosion<br />
cold-condensate<br />
corrosion<br />
electrochemical<br />
corrosion<br />
electrolytic intercrystalline<br />
corrosion corrosion<br />
fretting corrosion<br />
galvanic corrosion<br />
general corrosion<br />
graphitic corrosion<br />
intergranular corrosion<br />
localized corrosion<br />
microbial corrosion<br />
oxygen corrosion<br />
pitting corrosion<br />
scab corrosion<br />
selective<br />
corrosion<br />
underfilm<br />
corrosion<br />
uni<strong>for</strong>m corrosion<br />
corrosion control:<br />
The minimizing of corrosion by coating with a protective metal, an oxide,<br />
or similar substance, or with protective paint, or by making the metal<br />
passive.<br />
corrosion cracking:<br />
See stress corrosion cracking<br />
corrosion inhibitor:<br />
A substance which reduces or prevents corrosion in oils, anti-freeze,<br />
paints, etc.<br />
corrosion prevention:<br />
The minimizing of corrosion by coating with a protective metal, an oxide,<br />
or similar substance, or with protective paint, or by making the metal<br />
passive.<br />
corrosion product:<br />
A substance <strong>for</strong>med as a result of corrosion (i.e., the rust itself)<br />
corrosion protection:<br />
The minimizing of corrosion by coating with a protective metal, an oxide,<br />
or similar substance, or with protective paint, or by making the metal<br />
passive.<br />
corrosion resistance:
The ability of metal not to corrode. For example, nickel has a high<br />
corrosion resistance while iron does not.<br />
corrosion warranty:<br />
See anti-corrosion warranty<br />
corrosive:<br />
Causing corrosion, e.g., acid is corrosive because it eats away the<br />
substance on which it is applied. That's why acid rain is so harmful to the<br />
surface of automobiles.<br />
Also see<br />
anti-corrosive<br />
Ford Cortina:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford of<br />
England<br />
Corvair:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1960-64 Monza models are<br />
milestone cars. The 1962-64 Monza Spyder models are<br />
milestone cars. The 1965-69 Monza/Corsa models are<br />
milestone cars.<br />
Corvette:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1953-70 models are<br />
milestone cars. See also a history of the Corvette<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Ford<br />
Cortina<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Corvair<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Corvette
cost:<br />
The price that a shop charges <strong>for</strong> a vehicle or one of its components. To the<br />
shop, it is the price they pay <strong>for</strong> the component (i.e., the net price) to<br />
which they add an amount or percentage to arrive at the selling price.<br />
Also see<br />
cap cost<br />
capitalized cost<br />
net cap cost<br />
net capitalized cost<br />
opportunity cost<br />
total Out-Of-Pocket Cost<br />
operating costs<br />
cost-effective:<br />
worthwhile. Usually a determination of whether repairing a vehicle is<br />
worth the expense in comparison with junking or selling it in favor of<br />
purchasing a newer vehicle. If you spend a<br />
1000 to repair a vehicle worth $20,000, that is cost effective. If you spend a<br />
$1000 to repair a vehicle worth $200, it probably is not. The exception would<br />
be a vehicle which has nostalgic or historic value.<br />
cost of production:<br />
actual cost to the manufacturer of producing a vehicle (does not include<br />
mark-up).<br />
cost option:<br />
An optional item <strong>for</strong> a new vehicle <strong>for</strong> which extra money must be paid to<br />
obtain it.<br />
cost per kilometer:<br />
A ratio which is obtained by dividing the total cost of the tire by the<br />
distance the tire has gone. The total cost involves adding up the initial<br />
price of the tire, price of retreading, repairs, rotation of tires, balancing<br />
tires, and other services. From this total any credits such as warranty,<br />
rebates, and trade-in value is subtracted. It must be remembered that when<br />
calculating the cost per kilometer of summer tires if winter tires were<br />
installed <strong>for</strong> a few months that only the number of kilometers that the
summer tires were actually in use should be determined <strong>for</strong> this ratio.<br />
When purchasing tires, it may be helpful to divide the retail cost by the<br />
number of expected kilometers in order to compare one brand or one series<br />
against another.<br />
cost per mile:<br />
A ratio which is obtained by dividing the total cost of the tire by the<br />
distance the tire has gone. The total cost involves adding up the initial<br />
price of the tire, price of retreading, repairs, rotation of tires, balancing<br />
tires, and other services. From this total any credits such as warranty,<br />
rebates, and trade-in value is subtracted. It must be remembered that when<br />
calculating the cost per mile of summer tires if winter tires were installed<br />
<strong>for</strong> a few months that only the number of miles that the summer tires were<br />
actually in use should be determined <strong>for</strong> this ratio. When purchasing tires,<br />
it may be helpful to divide the retail cost by the number of expected miles<br />
in order to compare one brand or one series against another.<br />
cost reduction:<br />
cost reduction ef<strong>for</strong>t:<br />
See supplier cost reduction ef<strong>for</strong>t<br />
See<br />
cap cost reduction<br />
capitalized cost reduction<br />
Cotal gearbox:<br />
A semi-automatic electrically controlled transmission made in France just<br />
after WWII<br />
cotter:<br />
A tapered pin or wedge which is inserted into holes in two parts to secure<br />
them. Older bicycles used a cotter to secure the crank arm to the crank<br />
spindle.<br />
Also see<br />
cottered crank<br />
cotter pin:<br />
A fastener shaped like a pin, but split up the center. After it is inserted, the<br />
legs are bent around the item containing the hole. A length of wire which
is folded almost in half and the bend <strong>for</strong>ms an eye. Also called a "split<br />
pin."<br />
cottered crank:<br />
A bicyclecrankset<br />
in which the crankarms are fastened to the axle by<br />
means of threaded cotter pins and nuts.<br />
cotterless crank:<br />
A bicyclecrankset<br />
in which the crankarms are fastened to the axle by<br />
means of nuts or bolts instead of cotter pins.<br />
cotterless crankset:<br />
A bicyclecrankset<br />
in which the crankarms are fastened to the axle by<br />
means of nuts or bolts instead of cotter pins.<br />
coulomb:<br />
Abbreviated: C. A unit of electric charge. It is the amount of electricity<br />
conveyed in one second by a current of one ampere.<br />
Council <strong>for</strong> Automotive Research:<br />
See United States Council <strong>for</strong> Automotive Research<br />
counter:<br />
See<br />
rev counter<br />
revolution counter<br />
trip mileage counter<br />
counter balance:<br />
A weight attached to some moving part so that the part will be in balance.<br />
Also see<br />
crankshaft counter-balance<br />
counterbalancer:<br />
A weight inside an engine that cancels out some of the engine's vibration
counterbore:<br />
Enlarging a hole to a certain depth.<br />
counterclockwise:<br />
Rotation to the left as if the hands of a clock were going backwards. In<br />
most cases it is the direction to remove a nut from a bolt. It is the opposite<br />
to clockwise.<br />
counter emf:<br />
Tendency <strong>for</strong> reverse electrical flow as magnetic field changes in an<br />
induction coil.<br />
counterflow:<br />
Flow in opposite direction.<br />
counter<strong>for</strong>ce:<br />
In Bosch CIS, the <strong>for</strong>ce of the fuel-pressure applied to the top of the<br />
control plunger to balance the <strong>for</strong>ce of the airflow pushing against the<br />
sensor plate<br />
counter gear:<br />
See cluster gear.<br />
countershaft:<br />
The shaft in a manual gearbox that carries power by means of gears from<br />
the clutch shaft to the driveshaft, turning opposite to them. The British<br />
term is "layshaft"<br />
countersink:<br />
To make a counterbore so that the head of a screw may set flush, or below<br />
the surface.<br />
countersteering:<br />
The way you use the handlebar to lean the bike into a turn. If you want to<br />
turn right, you push the handlebar to the left, and vice versa
countersunk bolt:<br />
A bolt with a special head. The underside of the head is tapered to fit into a<br />
hole that has tapered sides (countersunk hole) so that when the bolt is<br />
screwed in all the way, the top of the bolt is flush with the surface<br />
countersunk hole:<br />
A hole with sloping sides where the top of the hole is larger than the<br />
bottom of the hole as in the shape of the letter "V"<br />
countersunk screw:<br />
A screw with a special head. The underside of the head is tapered to fit<br />
into a hole that has tapered sides (countersunk hole) so that when the<br />
screw is screwed in all the way, the top of the screw is flush with the<br />
surface<br />
counterweight:<br />
[1] Weight added to a rotating<br />
shaft or wheel to balance<br />
normal loads on the part and<br />
offset vibration.<br />
Counterweights are used on<br />
the crankshaft and are often<br />
found on the flywheel and<br />
driveshaft.<br />
[2] A balance weight<br />
county mounty:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Highway patrol as in "You got a county mounty<br />
advertising at the 34."<br />
coupe:<br />
An enclosed single-compartment body with two doors and varying<br />
passenger capacity depending on seat arrangements. The SAE standard<br />
J1100 defines it as having less than 33 cubic feet (934 liters) of interior<br />
volume. Larger coupes have rear quarter windows. Coupes have fixed
permanent back panels and top, as well as a luggage compartment in the<br />
rear deck. Originally it meant a vehicle which was "cut" (thus the French<br />
"coupé") by a glass partition behind the front seats so that the driver was<br />
exposed to the air while those in the back were enclosed.<br />
Also see<br />
coupé:<br />
See coupe<br />
coupled sedan:<br />
See close coupled sedan<br />
club coupe<br />
drophead coupé<br />
hatchback coupe<br />
sport coupe<br />
three-door hatchback coupe<br />
two-door club coupe<br />
two-door coupe<br />
two-door hatchback coupe<br />
coupler:<br />
A device which links two other components.<br />
coupling:<br />
A connecting device used between two objects so motion of one will be<br />
imparted to the other; it may be mechanical,<br />
hydraulic, or electrical.<br />
Also see<br />
doughnut coupling<br />
föttinger coupling<br />
flexible coupling<br />
fluid coupling<br />
foettinger coupling<br />
guibo coupling<br />
layrub coupling<br />
rotoflex coupling<br />
rubber coupling<br />
rubber doughnut coupling<br />
shaft-to-cage coupling<br />
shaft-to-shaft coupling<br />
viscous coupling
coupling differential:<br />
See viscous coupling differential<br />
coupling point:<br />
This refers to the point at which both the pump and the turbine in a torque<br />
converter are travelling at the same speed, the drive is almost direct at this<br />
point.<br />
couplings:<br />
Mechanical device joining refrigerant lines.<br />
coupling sleeve:<br />
A collar or sleeve which is moved along the main shaft of a transmission<br />
by a selector <strong>for</strong>k engaging in a groove on its center and having dog<br />
clutches at either end.<br />
courier bag:<br />
A flat rectangular-shaped bag with a long strap. They are slung over the<br />
head and one shoulder. Called a courier bag because they were originally<br />
made <strong>for</strong> motorcycle and bicycle couriers.<br />
course:<br />
See road course<br />
courtesy light:<br />
A light in the cab of a vehicle which is illuminated when the door is<br />
opened.<br />
cover:<br />
[1] A protective panel designed to protect or hide components.<br />
Also see<br />
arm cover<br />
battery cover<br />
car cover<br />
clutch cover<br />
converter cover<br />
dust cover<br />
end cover plate sill cover<br />
engine cover<br />
headlight cover<br />
nut cover<br />
rocker arm cover<br />
rocker cover gasket<br />
tonneau cover<br />
transfer port cover<br />
transmission cover<br />
valve cover<br />
wheel cover
end cover rocker cover<br />
[2] The tire itself as opposed to the inner tube.<br />
coverage:<br />
The surface area that a given quantity of paint will cover adequately<br />
coverage:<br />
The area over which a quantity of adhesive, coating, or sealer can be<br />
applied at a specific thickness, usually expressed in terms of square feet<br />
per gallon<br />
covered electrode:<br />
A metal rod used in arc welding which has a covering of materials to aid in<br />
the arc welding process<br />
covered wagon:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Gravel trailer covered with a tarp as in "There's a line of<br />
sand truck in this destruction up ahead."<br />
cover gasket:<br />
cover plate:<br />
See end cover plate<br />
See<br />
rocker cover gasket<br />
valve cover gasket<br />
cowboy:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Truck driver who constantly changes lanes at high<br />
speeds as in "We got a bunch of real cowboys out on the road tonight."<br />
cowl:<br />
[1] The part of the vehicle body between the engine firewall and the front<br />
of the dashpanel.<br />
It usually houses the instruments and the plenumchamber<br />
<strong>for</strong> the heater-ventilation system. The British term is "scuttle."
[2] The part of the bodywork which protects and/or provides streamlining<br />
<strong>for</strong> a usually projecting component.<br />
cowl chassis:<br />
A truck chassis with front fenders and hood as well as the instrument<br />
panel. It is used <strong>for</strong> companies want their own custom body and cab.<br />
cowling:<br />
[1] The part of the bodywork which protects and/or provides streamlining<br />
<strong>for</strong> a usually projecting component.<br />
[2] A piece of bodywork that covers the engine area<br />
cowl panel:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> cowl<br />
cowl section:<br />
A subassembly of the body shell that includes the bulkhead, cowl, and<br />
windscreen pillars; it is preassembled in the factory and spot-welded with<br />
the other subassemblies to <strong>for</strong>m the body shell<br />
cowl shake:<br />
This is a vibration or shake of a vehicle, usually a convertible type, in the<br />
cowl area due to lack of torsional rigidity of the frame and body. A certain<br />
amount is almost unavoidable in convertibles unless frame-strengthening<br />
weight penalties are of no concern.<br />
cowl side panel:<br />
A vertical panel at either end of the cowl<br />
CP:<br />
CP2:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> contre pente<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> contre pente on both bead seats
cpe:<br />
CPI:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "coupe."<br />
Central Point Injection. A GM fuel injection system that uses a centralized<br />
fuel injector delivering fuel through lines to injector nozzles located at<br />
each cylinder<br />
C pillar:<br />
See C-post.<br />
C-pillar:<br />
The body post that supports the rear of the roof and to which the left and<br />
right sides of the back glass are attached. Also called "C-post."<br />
C post:<br />
See C-post.<br />
C-post:<br />
The body post that supports the rear of the roof and to which the left and<br />
right sides of the back glass are attached. Also called "C-pillar."<br />
CPSC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Consumer Products Safety Commission," the certification<br />
agency <strong>for</strong> bicycle helmets.<br />
CPSOV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> canister purge shut-off valve<br />
CR:<br />
crab:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "compression ratio."<br />
The action of a vehicle where the rear wheels are offset from the track of<br />
the front wheels.
crab-tracked:<br />
A situation where the front wheels are wider apart than the rear.<br />
crack:<br />
[1] To open something just a little.<br />
[2] A fracture in something which does not split it open. A hairline crack is<br />
a very narrow fracture which is often barely visible with the naked eye.<br />
Also see<br />
circumferential crack<br />
groove cracks<br />
incipient crack<br />
crackage:<br />
Joint in a structure which permits movement of a gas or vapor through it,<br />
even under a small pressure difference.<br />
cracker:<br />
A non-American colloquial term <strong>for</strong> something that is very enjoyable, e.g.,<br />
"My car's a cracker."<br />
Also see<br />
nut cracker<br />
cracking:<br />
[1] The action of opening a valve slightly and then closing the valve<br />
immediately.<br />
[2] <strong>for</strong>ming of cracks <strong>for</strong> instance in the sidewalls of a tire because of the<br />
hardening of the rubber or in paintwork because of weathering.<br />
Also see<br />
cracking a valve:<br />
Opening a valve a small amount.<br />
cracking groove:<br />
heat cracking<br />
radial cracking<br />
stress corrosion cracking<br />
stress cracking<br />
weather cracking
A split in the grooves of the tread caused by excessive strain.<br />
cracking tread:<br />
A split in the grooves of the tread caused by excessive strain.<br />
cradle frame:<br />
A motorcycle frame with two tubes passing under the engine.<br />
Also see<br />
open cradle frame<br />
crank:<br />
[1] An arm set at right angles to a shaft or axle, used <strong>for</strong> converting<br />
reciprocal (to-and-fro) motion into circular motion.<br />
Also see<br />
cottered crank<br />
cotterless crank<br />
flat crank<br />
hand crank<br />
[2] The action of trying to start a vehicle engine or an electrical motor by<br />
means of a crank handle or by an electrical starter.<br />
crankarm:<br />
[1] A part on a bicycle, where one end is attached to the bottom bracket<br />
axle and the other holds a pedal, whose <strong>for</strong>ward rotation provides the<br />
leverage needed to power the bicycle.<br />
[2] An arm set at right angles to a shaft or axle, used <strong>for</strong> converting<br />
reciprocal (to-and-fro) motion into circular motion.<br />
crankarm fixing bolt:<br />
The bolt that holds a crankarm on the end of the axle in a cotterless<br />
crankset of a bicycle.<br />
crank bolt:<br />
A bolt that run through the end of the crankarm and into the bottom<br />
bracket spindle.<br />
crankcase:
The lower part of the engine that surrounds the crankshaft. It contains the<br />
crankshaft, pistoncylinders,<br />
connecting rods and other moving parts of the<br />
engine. As well, in non-air-cooled engines, it has a number of internal<br />
passages <strong>for</strong> the coolant and oil transfer. In air-cooled engines, it has<br />
internal passages <strong>for</strong> oil transfer; but usually it has fins on the exterior to<br />
dissipate the heat. The crankcase is not to be confused with the pan which<br />
is a thin steel cover that is bolted to the bottom of the crankcase.<br />
Also see<br />
positive crankcase ventilation system<br />
positive crankcase ventilation<br />
crankcase breather:<br />
A vent which allows fumes and blow-by gases to escape. It reduces<br />
condensation. This breather is usually connected to the air intake of the<br />
carburetor so that the fumes can be burned in the combustion chamber<br />
crankcase compression:<br />
The primary compression in a two-stroke engine located below the pistons<br />
and enables a more fresh charge to be fed into the cylinder. Also called<br />
"crankcase pre-compression."<br />
crankcase depression regulator:<br />
(CDR) a device which aids in the control of crankcase gases by<br />
maintaining a specific amount of vacuum in the crankcase<br />
crankcase dilution:<br />
An accumulation of unburned gasoline in the crankcase, an excessively<br />
rich fuel mixture or poor combustion will allow a certain amount of<br />
gasoline to pass down between the pistons and cylinder walls and dilute<br />
the engine oil.<br />
crankcase emissions:<br />
Pollutants allowed to escape into the atmosphere from the crankcase<br />
crankcase half:<br />
One side of a crankcase usually split down the middle. Usually found in<br />
motorcycle engine.
crankcase pre-compression:<br />
See crankcase compression<br />
crankcase scavenging:<br />
A system in a two-stroke engine where the fresh charge is induced into the<br />
cylinder by way of the crankcase and the transfer ports<br />
crankcase ventilation:<br />
circulation of air through the crankcase of a running engine to remove<br />
water, blow-by, and other gases in order to prevent oil dilution and<br />
contamination, sludge <strong>for</strong>mation, and pressure build-up.<br />
Also see<br />
closed crankcase ventilation<br />
positive crankcase ventilation<br />
positive crankcase ventilation system<br />
crankcase ventilation system:<br />
See positive crankcase ventilation system<br />
cranked:<br />
something which has an elbow or right-angle shape.<br />
cranking:<br />
The act of engaging the starter by turning the key in the ignition switch<br />
which makes the engine turn over. In the old days, a hand crank was used<br />
to do this, thus the term "cranking."<br />
Also see<br />
cranking ability:<br />
See cold cranking ability<br />
cranking amps:<br />
See cold cranking amps<br />
cold cranking ability
cranking circuit:<br />
See starting system.<br />
cranking motor:<br />
See starter.<br />
cranking on the throttle:<br />
The action of moving a twist grip so that more fuel enters the engine and<br />
thus increases the speed of the vehicle.<br />
cranking speed:<br />
The speed at which the starter turns the engine.<br />
crank kit:<br />
A reground or reconditioned crankshaft and new main and connecting rod<br />
bearings<br />
crankpin:<br />
The bearing surface on a crank of the crankshaft to which the connecting<br />
rod is attached. Also called the "journal" or "crank throw."<br />
Also see<br />
splayed crankpins<br />
crankset:<br />
A group of components on a bicycle that includes the bottom bracket<br />
removable parts, two crankarms, and one or more chainrings.<br />
Also see<br />
cotterless crankset<br />
crankshaft:<br />
A main rotating<br />
shaft running<br />
the length of<br />
the engine. The<br />
crankshaft is<br />
supported by<br />
main bearings.<br />
Portions of the
shaft are offset<br />
to <strong>for</strong>m throws<br />
to which the<br />
connecting<br />
rods are<br />
attached. As<br />
the pistons<br />
move up and<br />
down, the<br />
connecting<br />
rods move the<br />
crankshaft<br />
around. The<br />
turning motion<br />
of the<br />
crankshaft is<br />
transmitted to<br />
the<br />
transmission<br />
and eventually<br />
to the driving<br />
wheels.<br />
Also see<br />
assembled crankshaft<br />
balanced crankshaft<br />
built-up crankshaft<br />
offset crankshaft<br />
stroked crankshaft<br />
crankshaft counter-balance:<br />
A series of weights attached to or <strong>for</strong>ged integrally with the crankshaft so<br />
placed as to offset the reciprocating weight of each piston and rod<br />
assembly<br />
crankshaft counterbalance:<br />
Series of weights attached to or <strong>for</strong>ged integrally with crankshaft & placed<br />
to offset reciprocating weight of each piston and rod assembly<br />
crankshaft gear:
A gear mounted on the front of the crankshaft. It is used to drive the<br />
camshaft gear.<br />
crankshaft journal:<br />
[1] The journals running in the main bearings as opposed to those <strong>for</strong> the<br />
big-end bearings.<br />
[2] Part of shaft which contacts the bearing on the large end of the piston<br />
rod.<br />
crankshaft position sensor:<br />
A sensor which sends in<strong>for</strong>mation concerning the precise position of the<br />
crankshaft so that accurate ignition timing can be achieved.<br />
crankshaft pulley:<br />
A wheel attached to the front end of the crankshaft which is connected by<br />
fan belts to the fan, the alternator, and other devices so that the rotating<br />
crankshaft can drive these other parts as well. The crankshaft pulley<br />
usually has timing marks located on it, and these are necessary <strong>for</strong><br />
checking and adjusting timing with a timing light. Also called a "harmonic<br />
balance wheel."<br />
crankshaft runout:<br />
A term used to describe how much a crankshaft is bent<br />
crankshaft seal:<br />
Leakproof joint between crankshaft and compressor body.<br />
crankshaft sprocket:<br />
A chain-sprocket mounted on the nose of the crankshaft which drives the<br />
camshaft by means of a timing chain<br />
crank throw:<br />
[1] The part of the crankshaft that the connecting rod fastens to. See<br />
crankpin.<br />
[2] The distance between the crankpin and the axis of rotation or centerline<br />
of the crankshaft, which is equal to half the stroke
crank web:<br />
One of the pair of arms which carry the big-end journal<br />
crash:<br />
A vehicle collision with another vehicle or a stationary object.<br />
Also see<br />
car crash<br />
frontal crash<br />
head-on crash<br />
oblique crash test<br />
crash barrier:<br />
A longitudinal railing usually found on the edge of the road especially<br />
around a curve to help prevent vehicles from leaving the road.<br />
crash box:<br />
An in<strong>for</strong>mal term <strong>for</strong> a non-synchromesh transmission. Short term <strong>for</strong><br />
"crash gearbox."<br />
crash gearbox:<br />
An in<strong>for</strong>mal term <strong>for</strong> a non-synchromesh transmission.<br />
crash recorder:<br />
An electronic device which measures and records a number of<br />
characteristics of a vehicle <strong>for</strong> 60 seconds be<strong>for</strong>e a crash: the speed,<br />
direction, braking, etc. so that the cause of a crash can be determined.<br />
crash sensor:<br />
A sensor which deploys an air bag when a crash is determined -- usually<br />
because of excessive deceleration<br />
crash test:<br />
A controlled test of a vehicle in which it is propelled into a wall or another<br />
vehicle at a given speed in order to determine the effect on its structure<br />
and the effectiveness of its safety devices.
Also see<br />
oblique crash test<br />
crash test dummy:<br />
A specially designed manikin which records the effects in the event of a<br />
crash<br />
crate:<br />
[1] A framework of wooden boards <strong>for</strong> protecting something during<br />
transport.<br />
[2] A vehicle which appears to be unreliable and ready to fall apart.<br />
crater:<br />
A depression in the face of a weld, usually at the termination of an arc<br />
weld<br />
cratering:<br />
The <strong>for</strong>mation of holes in the paint coat due to surface contaminants.<br />
crawler:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a slow-moving vehicle<br />
crawler gear:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a very low gear used especially in off-road application<br />
crawler lane:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a truck lane <strong>for</strong> slow moving trucks, especially going up<br />
a hill.<br />
crazing:<br />
Many fine cracks in the paint surface, resembling crow's feet. It is similar<br />
to checking, but more sever, where fine lines or cracks appear in the paint<br />
cream:<br />
[1] To hit another vehicle.<br />
[2] A soft paste.
Also see<br />
barrier cream<br />
crease:<br />
A wrinkle or ridge in metal as a result of design or accident damage.<br />
creep:<br />
[1] The tendency of a vehicle with automatic transmission to edge <strong>for</strong>ward<br />
when idling when the transmission is in Drive and the brake is not<br />
engaged. Also called "idling drag."<br />
[2] When a crankshaft has slightly excessive runout (is slightly bent), it<br />
can sometimes be corrected by laying the crank in its saddles, installing<br />
the center main bearing cap (with its bearing insert) and leaving it <strong>for</strong> a<br />
day or two. Sometimes the crank will creep or bend enough to put it within<br />
the specified runout range<br />
[3] The change of an adhesive or sealer under constant pressure or load,<br />
following its first slip from its original position (elastic de<strong>for</strong>mation).<br />
Creep at room temperature is sometimes called cold flow<br />
creepage:<br />
The slow spreading of rust under the paint which usually first appears as a<br />
blister and then flaking<br />
creeper:<br />
A plat<strong>for</strong>m on four small caster<br />
wheels that allows you to move<br />
around easily while lying on your<br />
back under your vehicle.<br />
Also see<br />
mechanic's creeper<br />
crescent:<br />
The part between the inner and outer gears of an internal gear pump<br />
crescent wrench:<br />
An adjustable wrench with smooth jaws.
Cressida:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota<br />
crest:<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Cressida<br />
The highest point of a screw thread. The opposite is called a "root."<br />
Also see<br />
thread crest<br />
Crew Cab:<br />
A pickup truck with a large passenger<br />
compartment with four full-size doors<br />
which lead to two full rows of seating. The<br />
doors are mounted so that they swing open<br />
the same way as most four-door car doors<br />
do. Toyota calls it a Double Cab, Dodge<br />
calls it a Quad Cab, Ford calls it a<br />
SuperCrew<br />
crimper tool:<br />
See wire stripper/crimper tool<br />
crimping:<br />
The creation of corrugations in two thin metal parts as they are pressed<br />
tightly together in order to join them. This is often the method used to<br />
attach fittings to the end of an electrical wire -- thus avoiding the necessity<br />
of soldering<br />
crimping pliers:<br />
A tool which looks like pliers with<br />
serrated jaws which are used to attach<br />
fittings to the end of an electrical<br />
wire.<br />
crimping tool:
A tool which looks like pliers with serrated jaws which are used to attach<br />
fittings to the end of an electrical wire.<br />
crisper:<br />
Drawer or compartment in refrigerator designed to provide high humidity<br />
along with low temperature to keep vegetables-especially leafy vegetablescold<br />
and crisp.<br />
critical pressure:<br />
Compressed condition of refrigerant which gives liquid and gas the same<br />
properties.<br />
critical speed:<br />
The top speed of an engine or shaft at which unwanted vibration begins.<br />
critical temperature:<br />
Temperature at which vapor and liquid have same properties.<br />
critical vibration:<br />
Vibration which is noticeable and harmful to structure.<br />
crocodile clip:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> alligator clip<br />
Crosley:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1950-52 Hotshot/SS models are milestone<br />
cars.<br />
crossbar:<br />
[1] any transverse bar, especially a tie rod across the chassis.<br />
[2] The top tube of a bicycle or motorcycle frame.<br />
[3] A short bar used to assist a combination wrench in providing extra<br />
torque. The British term is "Tommy bar"<br />
cross-bolt:
A system of securing the main bearing caps with four bolts per cap by<br />
which two bolts support the bearing cap from below, in the conventional<br />
manner, and two other bolts enter the bearing from the side, passing<br />
through the sides of the engine block. The cross-bolts are visible from the<br />
outside of the engine. This system of securing the main bearing caps<br />
ensures good side-to-side, as well as up-and-down rigidity<br />
cross border shopping:<br />
See Canadian cross border shopping<br />
cross bracing:<br />
strengthening ribs or other members which connect two sides of a frame<br />
cross charged:<br />
Sealed container of two fluids which together create a desired pressuretemperature<br />
curve.<br />
cross coat:<br />
Paint spraying technique in which consecutive coats are sprayed at right<br />
angles to one another<br />
cross-country vehicle:<br />
An off road vehicle<br />
cross-draught carburetor:<br />
A sidedraft carburetor<br />
crossflow cylinder head:<br />
A cylinder head design (especially in an OHC engine) with the inlet<br />
manifold on one side and the exhaust manifold on the other side of the<br />
head, so that inlet and exhaust valves are arranged on opposite sides of the<br />
combustion chamber, giving a wider engine but better gas flow.<br />
crossflow head:<br />
A cylinder head with the intake valves) on one side of the combustion<br />
chamber and the exhaust valve(s) on the other. Also called T-head
crossflow radiator:<br />
A radiator in which the water flows sideways instead of vertically, and<br />
which is there<strong>for</strong>e wider than it is high, permitting a lower hood line<br />
cross hatch:<br />
See cross-hatch.<br />
cross-hatch:<br />
The desired checkerboard design of the inner surface of cylinder after it is<br />
honed.<br />
cross-hatch coat:<br />
Checkerboard application of paint to be sure of a continuous paint film.<br />
One medium coat is usually followed by a second medium coat in a<br />
perpendicular direction.<br />
cross-head screw:<br />
A screw with a slot which looks like an X or + into which the tip of the<br />
blade of a Phillips or Reed and Prince screwdriver can be inserted<br />
cross-head screwdriver:<br />
A Phillips or Reed and Prince screwdriver where the tip <strong>for</strong>ms an X or +<br />
cross-jetting:<br />
Rejetting the carburetor jets from left-to-right to compensate <strong>for</strong> a left-to<br />
right variation in per<strong>for</strong>mance. These tests are usually conducted using an<br />
engine dynamometer<br />
cross member:<br />
A brace or strut which provides structural stability <strong>for</strong> the sides of a frame<br />
-- often in the shape of an "X".<br />
Also see<br />
axle crossmember<br />
rear axle crossmember<br />
rubber-isolated crossmember
crossover:<br />
See heat crossover.<br />
crossover gearing:<br />
A bicyclegearing<br />
system whose shift sequence involves moving from the<br />
lowest to the midrange of gears on the smaller chainring, then crossing<br />
over to the larger chainring <strong>for</strong> the remainder of the gears.<br />
cross ply:<br />
See conventional cross ply<br />
cross-ply tire:<br />
See bias ply tire<br />
cross-point screwdriver:<br />
A Phillips or Reed and Prince screwdriver where the tip <strong>for</strong>ms an X or +<br />
cross scavenging:<br />
Scavenging in a two-stroke engine with flow across the cylinder assisted<br />
by a wedge-shaped piston crown<br />
cross section:<br />
A view of an object when cut transversely at right angles across its center.<br />
Also see<br />
section width<br />
cross-shaft:<br />
[1] Any transverse shaft.<br />
[2] The outgoing shaft of the steering gearbox, to which the pitman arm is<br />
connected. The British term is "rocker shaft"<br />
cross-shaft lug wrench:<br />
See lug wrench.<br />
cross-shaft lug wrench:
See lug wrench.<br />
cross shaft:<br />
The shaft in the steering gearbox that engages the steering shaft worm, the<br />
cross shaft is splined to the pitman arm.<br />
cross-spoke wheel:<br />
Modern design of alloy wheel which imitates the appearance of the<br />
classical wire wheel<br />
cross-threaded:<br />
The characteristic of a bolt or nut in which the bolt is inserted at an angle<br />
so that the original threads are damaged<br />
cross three:<br />
A spoking pattern in which a spoke passes over two and under a third<br />
spoke be<strong>for</strong>e being attached to the rim.<br />
crosswind:<br />
Wind blowing at the side of a vehicle<br />
crotch rocket:<br />
A term some people use to refer to sportbike.<br />
crowbar:<br />
A iron bar tool with a crook at one end with a <strong>for</strong>king device <strong>for</strong> removing<br />
nails, etc. The other end has a wedge shape.<br />
crowded engine compartment:<br />
An engine compartment or bay in which all the available space around the<br />
engine is occupied by other objects (alternator, pumps, air intake system,<br />
battery, wiper motor, heater motor, windshield washer motor, starter,<br />
radiator, air conditioner, hoses, pipes, wiring, electronic boxes, etc.)
crown:<br />
[1] The tread area of a tire.<br />
[2] The top part of the head of a piston.<br />
[3] The outward curvature of an apparently flat<br />
sheet metal panel.<br />
[4] The curve or convex surface of a properly<br />
finished weld.<br />
[5] A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Toyota<br />
crown panel:<br />
crown piston:<br />
See pent crown piston<br />
Also see<br />
<strong>for</strong>k crown<br />
high crown spoon<br />
low crown panel<br />
pent crown piston<br />
piston crown<br />
valve crown<br />
See<br />
high crown panel<br />
low crown panel<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Toyota<br />
Crown<br />
crown radius:<br />
The measurement of the curvature of a tire tread between the shoulders of<br />
the tire. Expressed as a percentage, it indicates the relative flatness of the<br />
tire tread area.<br />
crown spoon:<br />
See high crown spoon<br />
Crown Victoria:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Ford
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Ford Crown<br />
Victoria<br />
crown wheel:<br />
The larger of two gears in a bevel gear drive with teeth around its<br />
periphery facing sideways<br />
crown wheel and pinion:<br />
A pair of gears in the final drive of a vehicle, always found in the back<br />
axle of a rear-wheel drive layout where the pinion is on the end of the<br />
propeller shaft driving the crown wheel mounted on the differential at right<br />
angles to it, and also in front-wheel drives where the engine is not<br />
transversely mounted<br />
crown width:<br />
The distance of a tire tread shoulder to shoulder measured along the buffed<br />
contour.<br />
CRT:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> cathode ray tube<br />
cruci<strong>for</strong>m frame:<br />
A frame with an X-shaped bracing either as a chassis frame, or in a<br />
monocoque as strengthening <strong>for</strong> the floor<br />
crude oil:<br />
Unrefined petroleum as it comes out of the ground. It <strong>for</strong>ms the basis of<br />
gasoline, engine oil, diesel oil, kerosene, etc.<br />
cruise:<br />
To drive at a constant speed, often at highway speed.<br />
cruise control:<br />
A feature that keeps your vehicle moving at a set speed. Old cruise<br />
controls were mere throttle control units which kept the engine speed the<br />
same. When the vehicle approached a hill, the vehicle slowed down<br />
noticeable going up and speeded up going down. Later models used
vacuum controls to push or pull on the accelerator rod. Newer models use<br />
electronic controls to accomplish this task. It can be turned off by hitting<br />
the off button or touching the brake pedal. The resume switch allows you<br />
to return to the pre-set speed after brake disengagement. The coast switch<br />
slows the speed down and the accelerate switch increases it.<br />
cruiser:<br />
[1] Any motorcycle designed to be ridden long distances.<br />
[2] Motorcycle riders who ride long distances.<br />
cruiser bag:<br />
A leather bag which is mounted on the top surface of the fuel tank or<br />
possibly other parts of a motorcycle. Although it can be filled with<br />
anything <strong>for</strong> a trip, usually it contains items that you want to access<br />
quickly (e.g., camera, road map).<br />
cruiser stern:<br />
A spoon-shaped stern used on most merchant ships designed to give<br />
maximum immersed length<br />
cruising circuit:<br />
The main carburetor metering system<br />
cruising speed:<br />
constant speed at which a vehicle can be driven on the highway<br />
crumple zone:<br />
An area of a vehicle that is designed to compress during an accident to<br />
absorb the energy from the impact.<br />
crush:<br />
A slight distortion of the bearing shell that holds it in place as the engine<br />
operates<br />
crusher:
A machine which crushes scrapped cars into small blocks.<br />
crush height:<br />
The precision insert bearing must fit the bottom end of the connecting rod<br />
in order to transfer friction heat to the connecting rod. The insert will<br />
protrude a small amount above the rod bore parting surface. This distance<br />
is called the crush height. When the rod halves are drawn together, the<br />
inserts touch be<strong>for</strong>e the halves, thus <strong>for</strong>cing the inserts tightly into place.<br />
crush washer:<br />
A disc with a hole in the center. It is placed around the threads of a bolt<br />
and secured with a nut or screwed into a hole. When the head of the bolt is<br />
<strong>for</strong>ced against it, the washer is squashed. Crush washers are used on some<br />
spark plugs to provide a better seal when installed.<br />
CRX:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Honda<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Honda<br />
CRX<br />
cryogenic fluid:<br />
Substance which exists as a liquid or gas at ultra-low temperatures (-250°F<br />
or lower).<br />
cryogenics:<br />
[1] The study of physical phenomena at a temperature below -50°F (46°C)<br />
[2] Refrigeration which deals with producing temperatures of 250°F below<br />
zero and lower.<br />
c spanner:<br />
See C-spanner.<br />
c-spanner:
A wrench whose end is shaped like a C, used to loosen the lockring on a<br />
bottom bracket of a bicycle.<br />
CSSA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Chambre Syndicale Suisse de L'Automobile et Branches<br />
Annexes" (Switzerland).<br />
CTC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Chrysler Technology Centre."<br />
CTO:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> coolant temperature override switch<br />
CTS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Conti Tire System<br />
CTVS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> choke thermal vacuum switch<br />
cubby hole:<br />
A glove compartment on older cars, often without a lid.<br />
cubes:<br />
A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> cubic inches, or cubic inch displacement of an<br />
engine.<br />
cube van:<br />
A truck with a large compartment behind the driver's cab and used <strong>for</strong><br />
moving various products.<br />
cubic capacity:<br />
See displacement.<br />
cubic centimeter:
(cc) Metric measurement of engine displacement. 1000 cc = 1 liter (litre)<br />
which is about 61 cubic inches (61.02374409). Thus a 428 cubic inch<br />
engine is 7 liters (428/61) and a 2 liter engine is 122 cubic inches (2 x 61).<br />
cubic inch:<br />
a measurement of volume equal to 16.387 cc<br />
cubic inch displacement:<br />
See displacement.<br />
cubic inch engine:<br />
An engine which is measured in cubic inches rather than cubic<br />
centimeters.<br />
cub scouts:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Sheriff's deputies as in "Cub Scouts at the 97 so you<br />
better watch out."<br />
cu. ft.:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "cubic feet."<br />
cu. in.:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "cubic inch" (also C.I.).<br />
cult car:<br />
A car which has many enthusiastic owners, but may not necessarily be a<br />
classic or milestone car.<br />
Cunningham:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are classic cars. The<br />
1951-55 models are milestone cars.<br />
cuno filter:<br />
A filter made up of a series of fine discs or plates pressed together in a<br />
manner that leaves a very minute space between the discs. Liquid is <strong>for</strong>ced
cup:<br />
through these openings to produce a straining action.<br />
A type of lip seal used on hydraulic pistons.<br />
Also see<br />
cup dent puller:<br />
See suction cup dent puller<br />
adjustable cup<br />
agitation cup<br />
bearing cup<br />
bearing shell<br />
cup washer<br />
fixed cup<br />
vacuum suction cup<br />
viscosity cup<br />
cup holder:<br />
A device to hold a coffee cup or pop bottle. Also called beverage holder<br />
cup seal:<br />
Synthetic rubber seal with a single lip used <strong>for</strong> sealing hydraulic and<br />
pneumatic pistons<br />
cup-shaped wire brush:<br />
circular wire brush on an arbor <strong>for</strong> use with an electric drill<br />
cup washer:<br />
A washer that is dished.<br />
curb:<br />
A stone or cement ridge between the road and the sidewalk. In Britain it is<br />
called "kerb"<br />
curber:<br />
[1] A person who buys cars needing a lot of work and fixes them, then<br />
sells them privately from his own residence.
[2] A person who steals a car, falsifies the registration in<strong>for</strong>mation, and<br />
sells it from a place not near his own home. You need to contact him on his<br />
cell phone where he in<strong>for</strong>ms you that you need to meet him at some<br />
parking lot or on the curb of a residential area.<br />
curb idle:<br />
Normal idle rpm. Computer controlled on many modern vehicle<br />
curb-idle port:<br />
See idle discharge hole<br />
curb-idle stop screw:<br />
A screw which provides an adjustable stop <strong>for</strong> the throttle lever<br />
curb weight:<br />
The weight of a vehicle without passengers or payload, but including all<br />
fluids (oil, gas, coolant, etc.) and other equipment specified as standard.<br />
cure:<br />
[1] A process of vulcanizing raw rubber through the application of heat,<br />
pressure, and time to permanently shape and set the rubber at the degree of<br />
hardness desired to protect it from the effects of normal operating<br />
temperatures and wear.<br />
[2] To change the properties of an adhesive by chemical action. Usually<br />
accomplished by the action of heat, pressure, and catalysts, alone or in<br />
combination<br />
Also see<br />
chemical cure<br />
cure time:<br />
The time required at a reference temperature <strong>for</strong> a compound to reach<br />
optimum physical properties.<br />
curing:<br />
[1] Process of heating or otherwise treating a rubber or plastic compound<br />
to convert it from a thermoplastic or fluid material into the solid, relatively
heat-sensitive state desired in the commercial product. When heating is<br />
employed, the process is called vulcanization.<br />
[2] The final drying stage where the paint reaches maximum strength.<br />
curing gum:<br />
A soft, tacky rubber compound used in retreading and repair to facilitate<br />
bonding between different rubber compounds and between plies, etc.<br />
Also see<br />
cushion gum<br />
curing rim:<br />
When retreading a tire, a special rim that supports the inflated tire during<br />
the curing process.<br />
curing time:<br />
The length of time required <strong>for</strong> paint or plastic to harden.<br />
curing tube:<br />
In retreading a tire, a heavy tube within the tire that provides pressure to<br />
<strong>for</strong>ce the casing against the matrix during the curing process.<br />
current:<br />
[1] The movement of free electrons through a conductor.<br />
Also see<br />
alternating current<br />
charging current<br />
direct current<br />
discharging current<br />
electric current<br />
spark current<br />
[2] The most recent model vehicle (i.e., made in the same year as the<br />
present calendar).<br />
current <strong>for</strong> low temperatures:<br />
See test current <strong>for</strong> low temperatures<br />
current regulator:
A device <strong>for</strong> controlling the current output of a generator (which increases<br />
with engine speed) by opening a switch when the current exceeds a certain<br />
value, thus protecting the generator from damage due to excess current.<br />
current relay:<br />
Device which opens or closes a circuit. It is made to act by a change of<br />
current flow in that circuit.<br />
curtain:<br />
See side curtain<br />
curve:<br />
[1] A gradual bend in the road. A sharp bend is a corner.<br />
Also see<br />
advance curve and torque curve<br />
cush drive:<br />
A motorcycle transmission shock absorber, usually a rubber cushion in the<br />
rear hub<br />
cushion:<br />
See<br />
air bag<br />
air cushion<br />
impact cushion<br />
seat cushion<br />
cushion gum:<br />
A soft, tacky rubber compound used in retreading and repair to facilitate<br />
bonding between different rubber compounds and between plies, etc.<br />
custom:<br />
[1] A restyled or modified vehicle.<br />
[2] A new body mounted on an existing chassis.
customer:<br />
A person who is at least potentially able to purchase something. Good<br />
customer service involves providing the customer with the best answers to<br />
his questions and the best choices to meet his needs or wants.<br />
customize:<br />
[1] To restyle or modify a vehicle.<br />
[2] To mount a new body on an existing chassis.<br />
customs duties:<br />
Customs duties levied on imported goods under the Customs Tariff.<br />
custom wheel:<br />
A special wheel with attractive styling, usually alloy, available as an<br />
aftermarket accessory, designed to make a car look more sporty<br />
cut:<br />
See T-cut<br />
cut-and-shut:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a process of shortening a vehicle by cutting out a section<br />
of the chassis and/or bodywork.<br />
cutaway:<br />
A drawing which shows some of the exterior part and at the cutaway the<br />
interior parts and their workings are shown.<br />
cut gears:<br />
See straight cut gears<br />
cut-in:<br />
The temperature value or the pressure value at which the control circuit<br />
closes.<br />
cut in front:
The action of an overtaking (passing) vehicle which pulls back into the<br />
lane of the overtaken (passed) vehicle. Usually it is a derogatory<br />
expression of a vehicle's action which does not allow <strong>for</strong> much distance<br />
between the two vehicles. Also called, "cut off" as in "He cut me off so I<br />
had to jam on the brakes to avoid hitting him." Proper driving etiquette<br />
states that you should not pull in until you see the front of the overtaken<br />
vehicle in your rear-view mirror.<br />
cut-in speed:<br />
The speed at which the generator has to rotate to produce a voltage which<br />
is greater than that across the battery terminals<br />
cut off:<br />
cut-off/shut-off:<br />
See overrun cut-off/shut-off<br />
cut-off switch:<br />
See<br />
cut in front<br />
deceleration fuel cut-off<br />
fuel cut-off switch<br />
inertia fuel cut-off switch<br />
power cut-off switch<br />
power cut-off<br />
See<br />
fuel cut-off switch<br />
power cut-off switch<br />
inertia fuel cut-off switch<br />
power cut-off switch<br />
fuel cut-off switch<br />
inertia fuel cut-off switch<br />
cutout:<br />
[1] A <strong>for</strong>m of bypass valve, located in the exhaust line, that can be used to<br />
divert the flow of exhaust from one pipe to another. Often used to bypass<br />
the muffler into a straight pipe. See exhaust cutout.<br />
[2] A device to connect or disconnect the generator from the battery<br />
circuit. When the generator is charging, cutout makes circuit, when<br />
generator stops, cutout breaks circuit. Also referred to as "cutout relay,"<br />
and "circuit breaker."
[3] A portion of a panel which has been removed so that a cover can be<br />
inserted.<br />
[4] A circuit-breaker, especially one in the charging circuit of a generator<br />
output is less than the battery voltage, so that the battery does not drain<br />
into the generator. Also called a "cutout relay."<br />
[5] Temperature value or pressure value at which the control circuit opens.<br />
Also see<br />
exhaust cutout<br />
low-pressure cut-out<br />
valve cut-out<br />
wheel cutout<br />
cutout relay:<br />
A device to connect or disconnect the generator from the battery circuit.<br />
When the generator is charging, cutout makes circuit, when generator<br />
stops, cutout breaks circuit. Also referred to as "circuit breaker."<br />
Also see<br />
cutout<br />
cutter:<br />
A small pincer with sharp jaws <strong>for</strong> cuning and stripping wires, etc. The<br />
British term is "end cutters" or "end cutting pliers."<br />
Also see<br />
cutters:<br />
cut thread:<br />
end cutters<br />
manual panel cutter<br />
metal cutter<br />
milling cutter<br />
mini tube cutter<br />
monodex-type cutter<br />
panel cutter<br />
sheet metal cutter<br />
side cutters<br />
taper cutter<br />
tube cutter<br />
valve seat cutter<br />
variable hole cutter<br />
See<br />
end cutters<br />
side cutters
cutting:<br />
A thread produced by removing material from the surface with a <strong>for</strong>m<br />
cutting tool. This method keeps the unthreaded portion of the shank equal<br />
to the major diameter of the thread.<br />
See<br />
acetylene cutting<br />
arc cutting<br />
end cutting pliers<br />
flame cutting<br />
heavy-duty diagonal cutting pliers<br />
heavy-duty end cutting pliers<br />
high leverage diagonal cutting pliers<br />
high leverage end cutting pliers<br />
hole cutting snips<br />
oxygen acetylene cutting<br />
cutting compound:<br />
An abrasive paste which is used to remove oxidation in the surface of<br />
paint in order to bring back the shine.<br />
cutting disc:<br />
An abrasive wheel of an angle grinder<br />
cutting flame:<br />
A process in welding where cutting takes place by a rapid oxidation at a<br />
high temperature produced by a gas flame accompanied by a jet action<br />
which blows the oxides away from the cut.<br />
cutting line:<br />
A line established by the factory along which welded-up assemblies must<br />
be cut when replacing a sheet metal part, in order to maintain structural<br />
strength in the finished repair<br />
cutting pliers:<br />
See<br />
end cutting pliers<br />
heavy-duty diagonal cutting pliers<br />
heavy-duty end cutting pliers
cutting snips:<br />
See hole cutting snips<br />
high leverage diagonal cutting pliers<br />
high leverage end cutting pliers<br />
cutting torch:<br />
An oxyacetylene torch <strong>for</strong> cutting through metal, used by welders.<br />
CV:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> constant-velocity.<br />
CV joint:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "constant velocity joint."<br />
CV joint boot:<br />
A rubber cover over the CV joint. It usually has accordion folds.<br />
CVK:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> center vertical keel.<br />
Also see<br />
center girder<br />
CVMA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Canadian Vehicle Manufacturer's Association"<br />
CVR:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> constant voltage regulator<br />
CVT:<br />
CWM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Continuously Variable Transmission." See infinitely<br />
variable transmission.
cwt:<br />
cycle:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> cold weather modulator<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "hundredweight."<br />
[1] A vehicle with one or more wheels (usually spoked) where the<br />
rider/driver straddles the vehicle as a bicycle, motorcycle, tricycle, etc. It<br />
also includes other vehicles adapted from a traditional cycle where the<br />
rider/driver no longer straddles the vehicle (recumbent cycle, four-wheel<br />
side-by-side pedal powered vehicle). Obviously the distinction blurs with<br />
automobiles -- are they a cycle?<br />
[2] A sequence of changes of state after which the system is in its original<br />
state again.<br />
[3] Series of events or operations which have tendency to repeat in the<br />
same order.<br />
[4] A type of pressure modulation during an ABS stop. Cycles include<br />
pressure hold, pressure release (decay) and pressure build<br />
Also see<br />
city cycle<br />
diesel cycle<br />
ece test cycle<br />
four-stroke cycle engine<br />
four-stroke power cycle<br />
four cycle engine<br />
four stroke power cycle<br />
four stroke cycle engine<br />
ftp test cycle<br />
limit cycle control<br />
miller cycle<br />
otto cycle<br />
refrigeration cycle<br />
two-stroke cycle<br />
two stroke cycle<br />
urban test cycle<br />
working cycle<br />
cycle car:<br />
A term used to describe the very light production automobile made prior to<br />
1922. It was usually made from motorcycle parts and generally powered<br />
by single-cylinder or twin-cylinder engine. They disappeared when<br />
genuine light cars appeared.<br />
cycle control:<br />
See limit cycle control<br />
cycle engine:<br />
See<br />
four-stroke cycle engine<br />
four cycle engine
four stroke cycle engine<br />
two-stroke cycle engine<br />
two stroke cycle engine<br />
cycling clutch orifice tube system:<br />
(CCOT) the GM system that utilizes an accumulator (instead of a receiverdrier).<br />
The system uses a fixed orifice tube located at the evaporator outlet,<br />
instead of an expansion valve. A thermostatic switch or a pressure sensing<br />
switch cycles compressor operation off and on in accordance with system<br />
status.<br />
cycling clutch system:<br />
Any system that controls compressor clutch operation as a means of<br />
temperature control<br />
cyl:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "cylinder," as in 12-cyl. engine.<br />
cylinder:<br />
[1] The round<br />
chamber or hole in<br />
the cylinder block<br />
that houses the<br />
pistons and where<br />
combustion takes<br />
place. Also called<br />
"bore" or "barrel."<br />
[2] Any tube-like<br />
device.<br />
[3] A device which<br />
converts fluid<br />
power into linear<br />
mechanical <strong>for</strong>ce<br />
and motion. This<br />
usually consists of<br />
movable elements<br />
such as a piston and<br />
piston rod, plunger<br />
or ram, operating<br />
within a cylindrical
ore.<br />
[4] A closed<br />
container <strong>for</strong> fluids.<br />
acetylene cylinder<br />
brake cylinder<br />
brake master cylinder<br />
cylinder bore<br />
cylinder head<br />
cylinder sequence<br />
Also see<br />
cylinder sleeve<br />
dual-piston master cylinder<br />
inner cylinder<br />
lock cylinder<br />
master brake cylinder<br />
master cylinder<br />
oxygen cylinder<br />
slave cylinder<br />
split-system master cylinder<br />
tandem master cylinder<br />
wheel cylinder<br />
working cylinder<br />
cylinder bank:<br />
One half of a V-6, V-8, V-12, and V-16 engines along one side.<br />
cylinder barrel:<br />
An external casing of a cylinder <strong>for</strong>ming a separate unit, especially of an<br />
air-cooled engine<br />
cylinder block:<br />
The basic<br />
framework of the<br />
engine to which<br />
other engine parts<br />
are attached. It is<br />
usually a casting<br />
and includes the<br />
engine cylinders<br />
and the upper part<br />
of the crankcase.<br />
Also see<br />
engine block<br />
cylinder block heater:<br />
An electric heater element in the water jacket connected at the other end to<br />
house current. The element warms the coolant so that in very cold weather<br />
the block will not crack and the car will start easier. Often just called
"block heater."<br />
cylinder bore:<br />
The cylinder holes.<br />
cylinder charge:<br />
A quantity of fresh mixture fed into the combustion chamber prior to<br />
combustion<br />
cylinder head:<br />
The detachable<br />
metal (aluminum or<br />
iron) plate or cap<br />
that is bolted to the<br />
top of the cylinder<br />
block. It is used to<br />
cover the tops of the<br />
cylinders, in many<br />
cases the cylinder<br />
head contains the<br />
valves, it also <strong>for</strong>ms<br />
part of the<br />
combustion<br />
chamber. It has<br />
water and oil<br />
passages <strong>for</strong> cooling<br />
and lubrication. It<br />
also holds the spark<br />
plugs. On most<br />
engines a valve<br />
cover or rocker arm<br />
cover is located on<br />
top of the cylinder<br />
head. Some engines<br />
have just one<br />
cylinder head<br />
covering several<br />
cylinders, while<br />
others have separate<br />
heads <strong>for</strong> each
cylinder. In some<br />
motorcycle engines<br />
and small engines,<br />
the cylinder head is<br />
not detachable -- it<br />
is cast with the<br />
cylinder which<br />
<strong>for</strong>ms a blind hole.<br />
Also see<br />
crossflow cylinder head<br />
x-flow cylinder head<br />
cylinder head bolt:<br />
One of several bolts which hold the cylinder head in place<br />
cylinder head gasket:<br />
See head gasket<br />
cylinder head nut:<br />
One of several nuts which hold the cylinder head in place.<br />
cylinder head tester:<br />
A device used to detect cylinder head leakages which cause combustion<br />
gases to appear in the cooling system<br />
cylinder hone:<br />
A tool that uses an abrasive to smooth out (hone) and bring to exact<br />
measurements such things as engine cylinders, wheel cylinders, bushings,<br />
etc.<br />
cylinder liner:<br />
[1] A cylinder sleeve.<br />
[2] A hard metal block <strong>for</strong>ming the cylinder wall and in which the piston<br />
runs<br />
cylinder, refrigerant:
Cylinder in which refrigerant is stored and dispensed. Color code painted<br />
on cylinder indicates kind of refrigerant.<br />
cylinder sequence:<br />
The order in which the cylinders are located on a vehicle. It is important to<br />
locate the number one cylinder to check and adjust timing. In some cars it<br />
may be at the front of an engine on U.S. built cars and at the rear of some<br />
<strong>for</strong>eign cars.<br />
Also see<br />
firing order<br />
cylinder sleeve:<br />
A replaceable cylinder liner or tube, it is made of a pipe-like section that is<br />
either pressed or pushed into the block. If the cylinder cannot be re-bored<br />
to an oversize or if the liner has been damaged beyond repair, the cylinder<br />
may be re-sleeved.<br />
cylinder surfacing hone:<br />
Puts a cross-hatch pattern on the cylinder walls, after they have been<br />
bored, to help seat the new rings properly<br />
cylinder wall:<br />
The inner surface of a cylinder.<br />
cylindrical commutator:<br />
Commutator with contact surfaces parallel to the rotor shaft.
D:<br />
dab:<br />
[1] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "diesel."<br />
[2] Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "drive."<br />
[3] A mark on the output (live) terminal on a generator (contrasts with "F")<br />
A bicycle maneuver in which the rider puts a foot down in order to catch<br />
his balance on a difficult section of trail as in, "You will be disqualified if<br />
you dab on this course."<br />
DAB:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Digital Audio Broadcast."
dagmar:<br />
[1] Large bullet-shaped protrusion on<br />
bumpers of cars in the 1950s. It was<br />
named after the nickname of a buxom<br />
television star, Virginia Ruth Egnor<br />
(1921-2001).<br />
[2] Dagmar is an automobile of<br />
which only the 25-70 models of<br />
1925-1948 are classic cars.<br />
Daimler:<br />
Also called Austro-Daimler. A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948<br />
models with required application are classic cars. The 1949-53 DE-36<br />
Custom Built models are milestone cars. The 1949-53 2.5 Special Sport<br />
Convertible models are milestone cars.<br />
dalton's law:<br />
Vapor pressure created in a container by a mixture of gases is equal to sum<br />
of individual vapor pressures of the gases contained in mixture.<br />
dam:<br />
damage:<br />
See<br />
air dam<br />
heat dam<br />
See<br />
accident damage<br />
center section damage<br />
direct damage<br />
ecological damage<br />
engine damage<br />
frame damage<br />
impact damage<br />
indirect damage<br />
internal damage<br />
secondary damage<br />
stone chip damage
damp:<br />
[1] To reduce the oscillations of spring, carburetor piston, etc.<br />
[2] To reduce the vibration in a crankshaft<br />
damper:<br />
[1] A friction device sometimes called a<br />
"shock absorber." Used <strong>for</strong> controlling and<br />
damping spring oscillations. The springs<br />
actually absorb road shocks; the dampers<br />
convert the energy imparted to the springs<br />
into thermal energy (by friction), which is<br />
dissipated to the atmosphere or the vehicle's<br />
chassis. Dampers are distinguishable by the<br />
type of friction involved, mechanical or<br />
hydraulic but most modern cars used tubularshaped<br />
hydraulic shock absorbers. Because<br />
they affect up and down wheel motions,<br />
dampers are an important link in tuning a<br />
vehicle's ride and handling.<br />
[2] A movable plate which permits or<br />
restricts the flow of liquids or gasses.<br />
Also see<br />
friction damper<br />
gas damper<br />
harmonic balancer<br />
mass damper<br />
monotube damper<br />
piston damper<br />
pulsation damper<br />
steering damper<br />
steering wheel damper<br />
torsional vibration damper<br />
torsion damper<br />
twin-tube damper<br />
vibration damper<br />
damper piston:<br />
A piston in a cylinder whose movement is restricted by a liquid or gas,<br />
which thus also restricts the movement of another member to which it is<br />
connected.
damper settings:<br />
See spring and damper settings<br />
damper springs:<br />
Springs in a clutch plate providing a cushion against sudden loads due to<br />
abrupt engagement<br />
damper strut:<br />
A suspension strut whose hub carrier is attached to the spring element<br />
rather than to the damper tube. Compare Macpherson strut<br />
damping:<br />
[1] Cushioning of <strong>for</strong>ce.<br />
[2] The action of suspension to control the speed of movement through its<br />
travel, usually by a piston running through oil and thus gives a smoother<br />
ride. It vastly improves that smoothness of ride offered. Also see<br />
compression damping<br />
damping <strong>for</strong>ce:<br />
The amount of cushioning applied by a shock absorber<br />
damping rate:<br />
The amount of cushioning applied by a shock absorber<br />
dark 30:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> nighttime as in "I am shutting this rig down right at<br />
darktime."<br />
darktime:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> nighttime as in "I am shutting this rig down right at<br />
darktime."<br />
Darracq:
dash:<br />
A vehicle manufacturer in which only the 8-cyl. cars and 4-litre, 6-cyl. cars<br />
of 1925-1948 are classic cars.<br />
See dashboard.<br />
dash board:<br />
See dashboard<br />
dashboard:<br />
That part of the body containing the driving instruments, switches, etc.<br />
Also called the "instrument panel" or "dash panel" or just "dash."<br />
dashboard gearchange:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> dash shifter<br />
dashboard plaque:<br />
[1] A metal or plastic plate which is mounted to the dash to indicate the<br />
brand, model, or series of vehicle.<br />
[2] A metal plate which is mounted to the dash to indicate an award <strong>for</strong><br />
attending or winning a rally or other automotive event.<br />
dash design:<br />
See wrapround dash design<br />
dash panel:<br />
[1] A structural panel with bracing across the width of the car on the inside<br />
of the bulkhead below the windshield that provides the mounting locations<br />
of the dashboard.<br />
[2] The bulkhead<br />
dash plaque:<br />
[1] A metal or plastic plate which is mounted to the dash to indicate the<br />
brand, model, or series of vehicle.<br />
[2] A metal plate which is mounted to the dash to indicate an award <strong>for</strong><br />
attending or winning a rally or other automotive event.
dashpot:<br />
A unit using a cylinder and piston or a cylinder and diaphragm with a<br />
small vent hole, to retard or slow down the movement of some part.<br />
dash-pot:<br />
(DP) a diaphragm that controls the rate at which the throttle closes<br />
dash shifter:<br />
A shift lever and indicator which is located on the instrument panel either<br />
as a short lever or push buttons<br />
Data:<br />
See radio Data System<br />
Data System:<br />
See radio Data System<br />
Datsun:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Nissan<br />
Datsun Truck:<br />
A model of truck manufactured by Nissan<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Datsun<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Datsun Trucks
Datsun Z:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Nissan<br />
davit:<br />
A crane arm <strong>for</strong> handling lifeboats, stores, etc.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Datsun Z<br />
day-night mirror:<br />
A mirror which adjusts to prevent the glare from the headlights of<br />
following cars. The British term is "dipping mirror."<br />
days' supply:<br />
number of days needed to sell all vehicles in inventory, based on the<br />
previous month's sales rate.<br />
daytime running lights:<br />
A safety-oriented lighting system in which the headlights or other front<br />
lights are constantly on even during the day. They help to prevent possible<br />
accidents because oncoming traffic can be seen.<br />
dazzle:<br />
The glare from the headlights of oncoming traffic which can momentarily<br />
blind a driver.<br />
dazzle mirror:<br />
See dimming mirror<br />
dBA:<br />
A unit of measure <strong>for</strong> decibels, the measure of sound intensity or pressure<br />
named after Alexander Graham Bell. It is a logarithmic measurement;<br />
every 3dB increase represents a doubling of the sound pressure. The "A"<br />
in dBA indicates that the measurement was taken with an A-weighted
DBI:<br />
dbl:<br />
DC:<br />
scale; sound pressure varies across the audible spectrum, and the Aweighted<br />
scale approximates the human ear's sensitivity to various<br />
frequencies.<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "De Danske Bilimport rer" (Denmark)<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "double," as in dbl.-wide rear wheels.<br />
[1] As an electrical term, it is an acronym <strong>for</strong> "direct current."<br />
[2] As a piston position, DC is an acronym <strong>for</strong> "dead center" where the<br />
piston at the extreme top or bottom of its stroke.<br />
DC generator:<br />
See generator<br />
DC rim:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> Drop-Center rim<br />
dead:<br />
See<br />
inner dead center<br />
lower dead center<br />
outer dead center
dead axle:<br />
An axle that<br />
does not rotate<br />
nor is driven<br />
but merely<br />
<strong>for</strong>ms a base<br />
upon which to<br />
attach the<br />
wheels. Also<br />
see beam axle.<br />
It contrasts<br />
with a live<br />
axle.<br />
dead battery:<br />
A battery that registers almost no electrical charge. Sometimes it can be<br />
brought back to life with a charger. The British call it a "flat battery"<br />
dead center:<br />
The point at which the piston reaches its uppermost or lowermost position<br />
in the cylinder the rod crankjournal<br />
would be at 11 o'clock UDC or 6<br />
o'clock LDC.<br />
Also see<br />
after bottom dead center<br />
after top dead center<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e bottom dead center<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e top dead center<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e upper dead center<br />
bottom dead center<br />
inner dead center<br />
lower dead center<br />
outer dead center<br />
top dead center<br />
upper dead center
dead end:<br />
A road which has no outlet<br />
dead freight factor:<br />
The amount of a ship's carrying capacity that is not utilized.<br />
dead-head pressure:<br />
A fuel pressure reading taken directly at the fuel pump outlet. Many<br />
systems use a fuel pressure regulator; dead-head pressure is an unregulated<br />
measurement<br />
dead pedal:<br />
A footrest located to the far left of the driver so that he can brace his left<br />
leg during hard cornering or to balance the position of the right foot on the<br />
throttle pedal during normal driving.<br />
dead rear axle:<br />
A rear axle that does not turn. E.g., rear axle of front wheel drive car<br />
dead rise:<br />
Athwartship vertical rise between the keel and the bilge<br />
dead space:<br />
The space below the piston availaable <strong>for</strong> pre-compression of the<br />
incoming fresh charge of the two-stroke engine.<br />
deadweight:<br />
The total weight in tons (2240 lb.) that a ship carries on a specified draft<br />
including fuel, water in tanks, cargo, stores, passengers, baggage, crew and<br />
their effects, but excluding the water in the boilers. It is the difference in<br />
weight between a vessel when it is fully loaded and when it is empty<br />
measured by the water it displaces.<br />
Also see<br />
tonnage deadweight
dealer:<br />
[1] a firm that buys and sells, adding some value <strong>for</strong> the consumer in the<br />
process. Dealer often means a firm which operates closer in the<br />
distribution channel to the consumer than a distributor or wholesaler and<br />
may add more value <strong>for</strong> consumers than either of the above-mentioned<br />
terms. Also called "dealership."<br />
[2] A person whose business is buying and selling cars and trucks or<br />
motorcycles.<br />
Also see<br />
authorized dealer<br />
auto dealer<br />
car dealer<br />
franchised dealer<br />
new car dealer<br />
scrap dealer<br />
used car dealer<br />
dealer invoice:<br />
The price the dealer pays <strong>for</strong> a vehicle.<br />
dealer participation:<br />
The amount contributed by the dealer to reduce the final purchase price in<br />
the lease contract. Dealer participation can take the <strong>for</strong>m of a rebate or<br />
simply a discount. The dealer participation is reflected in the lease contract<br />
as a capitalized cost reduction.<br />
dealer principal:<br />
The individual or corporation that owns and controls one or a number of<br />
auto dealerships.<br />
dealership:<br />
A firm that buys and sells, adding some value <strong>for</strong> the consumer in the<br />
process. A dealership often means a firm which operates closer in the<br />
distribution channel to the consumer than a distributor or wholesaler and<br />
may add more value <strong>for</strong> consumers than either of the above-mentioned<br />
terms.<br />
deaeration:
Act of separating air from substances.<br />
death rattle:<br />
An in<strong>for</strong>mal term <strong>for</strong> a noise from an engine which indicates that it is<br />
likely to break down at any moment<br />
debugging:<br />
The process of locating and correcting faults in a system<br />
deburr:<br />
To remove burrs from a metal surface<br />
deburring:<br />
Removing burrs from a metal surface or bearing<br />
decal:<br />
A sticker or transfer which is applied to a smooth surface to identify a<br />
particular product. Pronounced dee-KALL in the United States, but<br />
DECK-ull in Canada.<br />
decarbon:<br />
The action of removing carbon buildup from the surface of the cylinder<br />
head and the dome of the piston. The accumulation of carbon indicates<br />
poor combustion and will result in loss of per<strong>for</strong>mance.<br />
decarbonize:<br />
See decarbon<br />
decay:<br />
A term <strong>for</strong> hydraulic pressure reduction that occurs during an ABS stop<br />
decelerate:<br />
The action of slowing down. The opposite of accelerate
deceleration:<br />
Negative acceleration; the rate of change in velocity as a vehicle slows<br />
down during braking.<br />
deceleration fuel cut-off:<br />
A device which stops the flow of fuel to the carburetor or injectors when<br />
the vehicle rapidly decelerates in the event of a crash thus preventing the<br />
possibility of a fire or explosion.<br />
deceleration switch:<br />
A device that signals the rate of vehicle deceleration to the ECU, allowing<br />
it to adjust ABS operation accordingly<br />
decelerometer:<br />
An instrument <strong>for</strong> measuring deceleration.<br />
decibel:<br />
(dB) Unit used <strong>for</strong> measuring relative loudness of sounds. One decibel is<br />
equal to approximate difference of loudness ordinarily detectable by<br />
human ear, the range of which is about 130 decibels on scale beginning<br />
with one <strong>for</strong> faintest audible sound.<br />
deck:<br />
[1] The bed of a half-ton truck.<br />
[2] The floor of a commercial vehicle like a bus.<br />
[3] The trunk lid of a car. Also called "rear deck."<br />
[4] In an engine, top face of the cylinder block on which the cylinder head<br />
mounts.<br />
[5] A plat<strong>for</strong>m in a ship corresponding to a floor in a building.<br />
Also see<br />
bulkhead deck<br />
freeboard deck<br />
main deck<br />
radio/cassette deck<br />
rear deck<br />
rear deck panel<br />
shelter deck<br />
strength deck<br />
tween deck
weather deck<br />
[6] Insulated horizontal partition between refrigerated space and<br />
evaporator space. Also called coil deck<br />
deck beam:<br />
An athwartship horizontal structural member supporting a flat or deck<br />
decker:<br />
See double-decker<br />
deck house:<br />
Small superstructure on the top deck which contains the steering wheel<br />
and other navigational instruments.<br />
decking:<br />
See shaving<br />
deck lid:<br />
The panel which covers the engine in a vehicle with the engine in the rear<br />
of the car.<br />
Also see<br />
hood<br />
deck panel:<br />
The sheet metal panel extending from the bottom of the rear window to the<br />
rear panel and enclosing the cutout <strong>for</strong> the trunk lid, extending sideways to<br />
the top of both rear fenders. In some cases, this panel covers only the area<br />
between the bottom of the rear window and the front edge of the trunk lid.<br />
Also see<br />
deck ship:<br />
See flush deck ship<br />
rear deck panel<br />
deck stringer:<br />
The strake of deck plating that runs along the outboard edge of a deck
declutch:<br />
The action of disengaging the clutch (i.e. releasing the clutch pedal or<br />
lever).<br />
Also see<br />
decoke:<br />
To decarbon<br />
double-declutch<br />
decompressor:<br />
A valve which is manually operated to release compression in a cylinder<br />
by allowing air to escape in order to facilitate manual starting of an old<br />
engine or a diesel engine. Some motorcycles also used a decompressor to<br />
assist in kick-starting.<br />
decreasing-radius corner:<br />
A turn where the arc gets sharper as you progress through the curve<br />
dedicated:<br />
Something that is designed <strong>for</strong> a specific use or <strong>for</strong> a specific vehicle.<br />
de Dion axle:<br />
A rear axle setup developed by Count de<br />
Dion in the 19th century in which the driving<br />
wheels are attached to curved dead axle that<br />
is attached to the frame by a central pivot,<br />
the differential unit is bolted to the frame and<br />
is connected to the driving wheels by drive<br />
axles using universal joints. The De Dion<br />
system keeps the wheels upright (the same as<br />
a live axle does), but unsprung weight is<br />
reduced because the differential is out of the<br />
axle. De Dion suspension also leaves room<br />
around the differential <strong>for</strong> inboard brakes,<br />
which can further reduce unsprung weight.<br />
deep cycling:
The process of discharging a battery almost completely be<strong>for</strong>e recharging<br />
deep tank:<br />
Tanks extending from the bottom or inner bottom up to or higher than the<br />
lowest deck of a ship<br />
deer alert:<br />
A device which is mounted on the outside of a vehicle and which makes a<br />
high-pitched sound to warn deer and other animals away. Whether it really<br />
works or not is debatable.<br />
defect:<br />
A fault in a system or a flaw in materials or a finish<br />
defective:<br />
A description of a component which is faulty or flawed.<br />
defensive driving:<br />
A driving technique in which the driver prepares <strong>for</strong> and watches <strong>for</strong> the<br />
mistakes of other drivers around him so that he can avoid an accident.<br />
deflated:<br />
An air chamber (like a tire or lumbar support chamber) which has lost all<br />
its air.<br />
deflation:<br />
The loss of air from a tire or other air chamber<br />
deflation warning system:<br />
(DWS) developed by Dunlop <strong>for</strong> on-line detection of tire pressure loss.<br />
When tire pressure is reduced, the tire circumference is also reduced<br />
resulting in increased wheel rpm. The system uses the wheel speed sensors<br />
of an existing ABS system to continuously monitor wheel speed and tire<br />
condition, and triggers a warning signal upon detecting a problem.
deflection:<br />
The movement of a suspension piece when subjected to a load.<br />
Also see<br />
effective deflection<br />
deflection rate:<br />
The distance that a spring squeezes together (deflects) in relation to the<br />
pressure applied. E.g., 5 inches per 1000 lb load.<br />
deflection under load:<br />
See temperature of deflection under load<br />
deflector:<br />
[1] A device which causes bugs, tar, and grime from hitting other<br />
components.<br />
[2] A special piston profile used to achieve cross scavenging in earlier twostroke<br />
engines.<br />
Also see<br />
air deflector<br />
air shield<br />
bug deflector<br />
stone deflector<br />
wind deflector<br />
deflector piston:<br />
A piston design which had a crown designed to direct the incoming fresh<br />
mixture upwards to expel the burnt exhaust gas from the cylinder. This<br />
design is no longer used today.<br />
deflector shield:<br />
See sunroof deflector shield<br />
defog:<br />
The action of removing mist or condensation from the inside of a window<br />
or the outside of a mirror by means of blowing air or heated wires<br />
imbedded in the glass. The British term is "demist." See defogger.<br />
defogger:
An electric or hot air device to remove the fog or ice from both the inside<br />
and outside of the windshield, backlight (i.e., rear window) or even<br />
mirrors. Some are designed to remove fog from the side windows.<br />
defogging system:<br />
See backlight defogging system<br />
de<strong>for</strong>mation:<br />
An alteration of shape or dimension which is caused by stress, expansion,<br />
or contraction because of temperature, humidity, or metallurgical changes.<br />
Also see<br />
de<strong>for</strong>mation zone:<br />
A crumple zone<br />
plastic de<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
defrost:<br />
The action of removing frost from the inside of a window or the outside of<br />
a mirror by means of blowing air or heated wires imbedded in the glass.<br />
defrost cycle:<br />
Refrigerating cycle in which evaporator frost and ice accumulation is<br />
melted.<br />
defroster:<br />
The apparatus (either a fan connected to the heating system or electrical<br />
wires imbedded in the glass) which removes frost or fog from a window.<br />
Also called a "demister."<br />
defrosting:<br />
Process of removing frost accumulation from evaporators.<br />
defrosting control:<br />
Device to automatically defrost evaporator. It may operate by means of a<br />
clock, door cycling mechanism, or during "off" portion of refrigerating<br />
cycle.
defrosting type evaporator:<br />
Evaporator operating at such temperatures that ice and frost on surface<br />
melts during off part of operating cycle.<br />
defrost timer:<br />
Device, connected into electrical circuit, which shuts unit off long enough<br />
to permit ice and frost accumulation on evaporator to melt.<br />
deglaze:<br />
The action of removing the smooth finish on cylinder walls so that a new<br />
set of rings will seat.<br />
deglazer:<br />
An abrasive tool used to remove the glaze from cylinder walls so that a<br />
new set of rings will seat.<br />
Also see<br />
degradable:<br />
See bio-degradable<br />
glaze breaker<br />
degradation:<br />
The deterioration in the condition of something.<br />
Also see<br />
catalyst degradation<br />
degrease:<br />
[1] To remove oil and grease from the surface of a parat.<br />
[2] Wiping the surface to be painted with a clean cloth saturated in a<br />
solvent. This is essential to good paint adhesion.<br />
degreaser:<br />
A substance which removes dirt and grease from a mechanic's hands. Also<br />
called "hand cleaner."
degreasing:<br />
[1] The removing of grease or oil from a surface.<br />
[2] Solution or solvent used to remove oil or grease from refrigerator parts.<br />
Also see<br />
alkaline degreasing and vapor degreasing<br />
degreasing agent:<br />
A solvent or alkaline solution which is used <strong>for</strong> removing oil and grease<br />
degree:<br />
1/360 part of a circle.<br />
degree-day:<br />
Unit that represents one degree of difference from inside temperature and<br />
the average outdoor temperature <strong>for</strong> one day; often used in estimating fuel<br />
requirements <strong>for</strong> a building.<br />
degree wheel:<br />
A wheel-like disc divided into 360 equal parts that is attached to the<br />
engine crankshaft it is used to time the valves to a high degree of accuracy.<br />
dehumidifier:<br />
A device which absorbs moisture from the atmosphere. It can be a unit<br />
dedicated <strong>for</strong> this purpose, or even an air conditioner.<br />
dehumidify:<br />
To remove water vapor from the air<br />
dehydrated oil:<br />
Lubricant which has had most of its water content removed (dry oil).<br />
dehydrator-receiver:<br />
Small tank which serves as liquid refrigerant reservoir and which also<br />
contains a desiccant to remove moisture. Used on most automobile air<br />
conditioning installations.
dehydrator:<br />
See drier<br />
de-ice:<br />
To remove the ice from the outside of the windshield.<br />
deice control:<br />
Device <strong>for</strong> operating a refrigerating system in such a way as to provide<br />
melting of the accumulated ice and frost.<br />
de-icer:<br />
A liquid or spray which is applied to the windshield to assist in removing<br />
ice.<br />
Also see<br />
door lock de-icer<br />
lock de-icer<br />
de-ionized water:<br />
Water from which impurities have been removed by a special process and<br />
used <strong>for</strong> topping up batteries.<br />
Delage:<br />
An old brand of automobile of which the 1925-1948 Model D-8 (but not<br />
the 4-cyl.) with required application is a classic car. The 1946-49 D-6<br />
Sedans are milestone cars.<br />
Delahaye:<br />
An old brand of automobile of which the 1925-1948 Series 135, 145, 165<br />
(but not the 4-cyl.) with required application are classic car. The Type 135,<br />
175, 180 (1946-51) are milestone cars.<br />
de-laminate:<br />
To split a layered or laminated material into its separate layers. Sometimes<br />
used to describe failure of an adhesive in bond strength testing<br />
Delaunay:
delay:<br />
An old brand of automobile of which the 1925-1948 6-cyl Belleville are<br />
classic cars.<br />
delay relay:<br />
See time delay relay<br />
See<br />
headlight on/off delay system<br />
ignition delay<br />
delay system:<br />
See headlight on/off delay system<br />
delay vacuum bypass system:<br />
(DVB) an optional system used by Ford that bypasses the spark delay<br />
valve during cold operation to improve driveability<br />
delay valve:<br />
A valve used in a vacuum or hydraulic system in which the valve's<br />
opening or closing is delayed. Also called vacuum delay valve<br />
delay wiper:<br />
A windshield scraper which can be set to activate at various times and<br />
pauses between each swipe. It is useful when there is a mist or light rain.<br />
Also called "intermittent wiper."<br />
d'elegance:<br />
See concours.<br />
d'elegance:<br />
See concours d'elegance
delineator post:<br />
A barracade marking device placed<br />
on a road to prevent travel in a<br />
particular direction<br />
deliver:<br />
[1] To pump or discharge a liquid.<br />
[2] To drive a new car from the factory to the distributor or dealer. Or to<br />
drive it to the customer.<br />
delivery:<br />
[1] The discharging of a liquid from a pump.<br />
[2] Driving a new car from the factory to the distributor or dealer<br />
delivery lines:<br />
Fuel lines used to carry fuel from the fuel injection pump to the injector<br />
nozzles<br />
delivery mileage only:<br />
The odometer reading reflects only the distance from the factory to the<br />
selling dealer.<br />
delivery valve:<br />
[1] The valve on the outlet side of a pump.<br />
[2] A fuel injection pump valve that rapidly decreases injection line<br />
pressure to achieve an abrupt fuel cutoff at the injector
Delorean:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by John Z.<br />
DeLorean<br />
Del Sol:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Honda<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Delorean<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Honda Del<br />
Sol<br />
delta configuration:<br />
A triangular connection of the three stator windings of an alternator.<br />
Also see<br />
Y-configuration<br />
delta trans<strong>for</strong>mer:<br />
Three-phase electrical trans<strong>for</strong>mer which has ends of each of three<br />
windings electrically connected to <strong>for</strong>m a triangle.<br />
deluxe:<br />
Abbreviated (DL). A term used to indicate a series of vehicle which is just<br />
above the basic version.<br />
delugger:<br />
A machine used to cut the lugs from tires prior to buffing.<br />
demagnetize:<br />
Removing residual magnetism from an object which had been previously<br />
magnetized<br />
demand meter:
Instrument which measures the kilowatt-hour usage of a circuit or group of<br />
circuits.<br />
demist:<br />
A British term to clear fog or frost from the windshield or rear window. In<br />
the US and Canada, the term is defog.<br />
demister:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a defogger or defroster<br />
demonstrator:<br />
A vehicle used by a dealer <strong>for</strong> test drives and sold later at a reduced price.<br />
Also see<br />
ex-demonstrator<br />
demountable flange:<br />
A side ring or side and lock ring combination that retains the tire on the<br />
rim. It is removable to permit tire mounting or removal.<br />
demountable rim:<br />
A two piece rim found on trucks. The main part of the rim remains on the<br />
axle while a side piece and a locking ring is removable. In this way the<br />
whole rim is not removed from the vehicle like a passenger car's rim and<br />
wheel. Also called a "detachable rim"<br />
denatured alcohol:<br />
Ethyl alcohol to which a denaturant has been added<br />
Denovo tire:<br />
A special tire (fitted to a special rim) which used to be made by Dunlop,<br />
and which can be run flat <strong>for</strong> up to 160 km (100 miles) at up to 80 kph (50<br />
mph)<br />
density:<br />
[1] Compactness; relative mass of matter in a given volume.
dent:<br />
[2] Closeness of texture or consistency of particles within a given<br />
substance. The weight per unit volume.<br />
[3] The weight or mass per unit volume of a gas, liquid, or solid<br />
[1] A hollow or dip in a body panel caused by a sharp blow or impact.<br />
[2] To cause a dent in a body panel<br />
dent puller:<br />
A tool with a strong suction cup to pull out dents in body panels.<br />
Also see<br />
panel puller<br />
suction cup dent puller<br />
Denver boot:<br />
A locking device which wraps around the wheel of a vehicle to immobilize<br />
its movement<br />
deodorizer:<br />
Device which absorbs or adsorbs various odors, usually by principle of<br />
absorption. Activated charcoal is commonly used.<br />
départ:<br />
The starting line of a randonnée or brevet<br />
departure angle:<br />
The most sharply angled incline the vehicle can leave without its rear<br />
hitting the ground. As with approach angles, it's <strong>for</strong>med on one side by the<br />
horizontal axis, and on the other by a straight line connecting the rear edge<br />
of the rear tire and the most prominent point at the rear of the vehicle,<br />
usually the bumper or exhaust pipe.<br />
depolarize:<br />
Removal of residual magnetism thereby destroying or removing the<br />
magnetic. To remove polarity<br />
deposit:
deposition:<br />
A coating of unwanted mineral or layer of sediment at the bottom of a<br />
tank.<br />
[2] To apply a coating of something (often metal by electrolysis).<br />
Also see<br />
gum deposit<br />
lead deposit<br />
refundable deposit<br />
See<br />
electrolytic deposition<br />
vapor deposition<br />
zinc vapor deposition<br />
depreciation:<br />
The loss of value of a vehicle because of age or deterioration<br />
depression:<br />
[1] An indentation or dent in the surface of a sheet of metal whether<br />
through deliberate design or accident.<br />
[2] A restriction of airflow which causes low pressure and a partial<br />
vacuum.<br />
Also see<br />
depressor:<br />
See valve spring depressor<br />
constant-depression<br />
constant depression<br />
engine depression<br />
valve clearance depression<br />
depress the accelerator:<br />
The action of pressing down on the gas pedal (accelerator) to cause more<br />
fuel to enter the engine thus making the vehicle go faster. Opposite to<br />
"ease up on the accelerator."<br />
depress the gas pedal:<br />
The action of pressing down on the gas pedal (accelerator) to cause more<br />
fuel to enter the engine thus making the vehicle go faster. Opposite to<br />
"ease up on the gas pedal."
depress the throttle pedal:<br />
The action of pressing down on the throttle pedal (accelerator) to cause<br />
more fuel to enter the engine thus making the vehicle go faster. Opposite<br />
to "ease up on the throttle pedal."<br />
depth:<br />
See<br />
molded depth<br />
profile depth<br />
skid depth<br />
throat depth<br />
tread depth<br />
well depth<br />
depth gauge:<br />
A measuring tool <strong>for</strong> determining the depth of something.<br />
Also see<br />
tread depth gauge<br />
depth micrometer:<br />
A measuring device (micrometer) used <strong>for</strong> precise measurement of a hole<br />
depth, recesses, keyways, etc.<br />
depth of thread:<br />
The distance from the thread crest to root measured perpendicular to the<br />
axis of the thread<br />
derailleur:<br />
A lever-activated mechanism that pushes the chain off one sprocket of<br />
a bicycle and onto another, thus changing the gear ratio. See front<br />
derailleur and rear derailleur.<br />
derailleur cable:<br />
A wound steel cable running from the shift lever to the derailleur on a<br />
bicycle.<br />
derailleur cable housing:
The outer casing into which the inner wire is inserted. The inner wire of a<br />
brake cable and matching housing is thicker than those of a derailleur and<br />
thus are not compatible.<br />
derailleur chain, narrow width:<br />
A bicycle chain made especially <strong>for</strong> use on an "ultra" or narrow freewheel<br />
often recognized by bulging inner link plates and flushchain<br />
pins.<br />
derailleur chain, standard width:<br />
A bicycle chain designed to fit a freewheel of standard width, usually<br />
characterized by straight-edged plates and chain pins that protrude slightly<br />
beyond the outer link plates.<br />
derailleur hanger:<br />
the part of a rear dropout to which the rear derailleur attaches<br />
derailleur pulleys:<br />
One of two guide wheels of the rear derailleur which directs the path of the<br />
chain.<br />
derrick:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> hoisting and lowering heavy weights, cargo, stores, etc<br />
derust:<br />
To remove rust from a metal part<br />
derv:<br />
Diesel oil when used as a fuel <strong>for</strong> road vehicles. Acronym <strong>for</strong> "dieselengined<br />
road vehicle"<br />
descaling:<br />
The removal of scale or metallic oxide from metallic surfaces by pickling<br />
desiccant:
[1] A drying agent (silica gel or a similar substance) used in refrigeration<br />
or air conditioning systems to remove excess moisture from refrigerant<br />
vapour<br />
[2] Substance used to collect and hold moisture in refrigerating system. A<br />
drying agent. Common desiccants are activated alumina and silica gel.<br />
design:<br />
[1] The arrangement of parts or the <strong>for</strong>m of construction.<br />
[2] To arrange parts or construction of a vehicle or major component.<br />
Also see<br />
designation:<br />
cab-<strong>for</strong>ward design<br />
cabin-<strong>for</strong>ward design<br />
cam design<br />
cam profile<br />
component design<br />
open-deck design<br />
product design<br />
wrapround dash design<br />
See<br />
model designation<br />
one-piece rim designation<br />
rim designation<br />
type designation<br />
design pressure:<br />
Highest or most severe pressure expected during operation. Sometimes<br />
used as the calculated operating pressure plus an allowance <strong>for</strong> safety.<br />
desmodromic:<br />
something (like valves) which is opened and closed by a mechanical<br />
device. In most 4-stroke engines the valves are opened by the cam, but<br />
closed by the action of the valve springs. In a desmodromic system, the<br />
valves are opened by a cam and closed by a cam or a cable. A<br />
desmodromic system is more costly and more difficult to manufacture, but<br />
the advantage is more precise control of the valves and less valve bounce<br />
which is seen in a normal engine at high speed.<br />
desorption:
The removal of material which has been adsorbed. It is the opposite of<br />
adsorption.<br />
DeSoto:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1956-58 Adventurer<br />
models are milestone cars.<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
DeSoto<br />
destruction:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Road construction as in "Seem's like all the roads in<br />
pennsylvania are always under destruction."<br />
detachable rim:<br />
A wheel rim which is bolted to the wheel center or spider and can be<br />
disassembled <strong>for</strong> replacing the rubber tire. It is found on trucks and some<br />
quads. It is also called a demountable rim<br />
detachment:<br />
See flow detachment<br />
detail:<br />
The action of correcting all appearance flaws in a vehicle.<br />
detailitis:<br />
A term coined by Art Treta to indicate a compulsive disorder which<br />
compels a vehicle owner to correct its every flaw to the extent that he<br />
searches <strong>for</strong> even the most hidden flaw.<br />
Also see<br />
detector:<br />
restorationitis<br />
See<br />
glass tampering detector
adar detector<br />
detector, leak:<br />
Device used to detect and locate refrigerant leaks.<br />
detent ball and spring:<br />
A spring loaded ball that snaps into a groove or notch to hold some sliding<br />
object in position.<br />
detergent:<br />
A soap-like chemical added to the engine oil (particularly MS oil) or<br />
gasoline to improve its characteristics and keep the engine clean by<br />
controlling the <strong>for</strong>mation of sludge and gum as well as controlling<br />
foaming.<br />
detergent oil:<br />
An MS oil which keeps the engine clean by preventing the <strong>for</strong>mation of<br />
sludge and gum.<br />
deterioration:<br />
See<br />
catalyst deterioration<br />
thermal deterioration<br />
DeTomasoPantera:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured in Italy<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Pantera<br />
detonation:<br />
The action of the fuel charge firing or burning too violently, almost<br />
exploding. It sometimes results in a noise called "pinging." Detonation is<br />
caused by autoignition of the "end gas" i.e., that part of the charge not yet<br />
consumed in the normal flame-front reaction. Detonation occurs because<br />
piston motion and compression of the end gas raise its temperature and<br />
pressure to the point where the end gas autoignites. The pinging or<br />
knocking noise is the result of intense pressure waves in the charge which<br />
cause the cylinder walls to vibrate. Also called "fuel knock."
detonation-activated ignition retard:<br />
A system which retards the ignition timing when the detonation sensor<br />
picks up vibration at frequencies typical of denotation<br />
detonation sensor:<br />
A sensor, , usually piezoelectric, mounted near the cylinders which can<br />
detect engine knocking or frequencies of detonation so that it will send a<br />
message to retard the ignition timing to prevent damage to the engine.<br />
detour:<br />
An alternative route which traffic has to follow due to closure of a stretch<br />
of road <strong>for</strong> repairs, etc. A diversion.<br />
detoxed vehicle:<br />
A vehicle with a reduced emission system consisting of a catalytic<br />
converter, EGR, air injection, fuel evaporative emission control, etc. Also<br />
called a "controlled vehicle"<br />
detuned:<br />
The intentional adjustment of an engine to reduce its power in an attempt<br />
to reduce emissions, reduce top-end speed, increase fuel economy, or meet<br />
specific governmental standards.<br />
deuce:<br />
Hot rod built around a 1932 Ford coupe body.<br />
deutsche Industrie Normen:<br />
See DIN.<br />
development:<br />
See research & development<br />
deviation angle:<br />
See tire deviation angle
device:<br />
A piece of equipment or a mechanism designed <strong>for</strong> a specific purpose or<br />
function.<br />
See<br />
anti-roll device<br />
antiroll device<br />
economy device<br />
electronic sensing device<br />
enrichment device<br />
sensing device<br />
triggering device<br />
DeVille:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by General<br />
Motors' Cadillac division<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
DeVille<br />
Devon:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1958-62 S/S models are milestone cars.<br />
dew:<br />
Condensed atmospheric moisture deposited in small drops on cool<br />
surfaces.<br />
dewax:<br />
To remove a coating of wax from the body of a vehicle usually in<br />
preparation <strong>for</strong> painting.<br />
dew point:<br />
Temperature at which vapor (at 100 percent humidity) begins to condense<br />
and deposit as liquid.<br />
DFC:
dhc:<br />
DG:<br />
diac:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> digital frequency control<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> drophead coupe<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Diesel General" oil <strong>for</strong> use under ordinary conditions in<br />
diesel engines.<br />
A two-lead alternating current semiconductor that allows current to flow in<br />
both directions at a preset voltage.<br />
diagnosis:<br />
Refers to use of instruments to determine cause of improper function of<br />
parts or system of a vehicle<br />
See<br />
diagnostic:<br />
fault diagnosis<br />
self-diagnosis<br />
See<br />
engine diagnostic connector<br />
on-board diagnostic system<br />
diagnostic center:<br />
A garage or part of a garage where problems with a vehicle or part of a<br />
vehicle are determined.<br />
diagnostic code:<br />
[1] Code displayed on instrument panel which can be used to determine<br />
area in system where malfunction may be located.<br />
[2] Code numbers obtained by accessing the diagnostic mode of the engine<br />
management computer. This code can be used to determine the area in the<br />
system where a malfunction may be located<br />
diagnostic computer:
A computer terminal or engine analyzer which is hooked up to the car's<br />
electronic box and reveals the condition of the engine and various sensors.<br />
diagnostic connector:<br />
See engine diagnostic connector<br />
diagnostic link:<br />
The electric cord which connects the computer terminal to the socket on<br />
the vehicle.<br />
diagnostics:<br />
The process of identifying the cause or nature of a condition, situation, or<br />
problem to determine the appropriate corrective action to take in the repair<br />
of an automotive system. See on board diagnostics<br />
diagnostic socket:<br />
A socket on the vehicle (usually found in the engine compartment) which<br />
is part of the onboard electronic sensor system.<br />
diagnostic system:<br />
The various sensors and electronic devices which record the operation of a<br />
number of functions within the vehicle.<br />
Also see<br />
on-board diagnostic system<br />
diagnostic testing:<br />
The analysis of the various functions of the components of a vehicle to<br />
determine if they are operating properly or have recorded faults which<br />
need to be corrected.<br />
diagonal:<br />
diagonal belt:<br />
See<br />
heavy-duty diagonal cutting pliers<br />
high leverage diagonal cutting pliers
Another term <strong>for</strong> shoulder belt<br />
diagonal cutting:<br />
diagonal cutting pliers:<br />
See<br />
heavy-duty diagonal cutting pliers<br />
high leverage diagonal cutting pliers<br />
See<br />
high leverage diagonal cutting pliers<br />
heavy-duty diagonal cutting pliers<br />
high leverage diagonal cutting pliers<br />
heavy-duty diagonal cutting pliers<br />
diagonal split braking system:<br />
A dual-circuit braking system in which each circuit brakes one front wheel<br />
and the diagonally opposite rear wheel, so that in the case of failure of one<br />
circuit reasonably balanced braking can be achieved. See dual brakes --<br />
especially the picture.<br />
diagonally split system:<br />
A dual-circuit braking system in which each circuit brakes one front wheel<br />
and the diagonally opposite rear wheel, so that in the case of failure of one<br />
circuit reasonably balanced braking can be achieved. See dual brakes --<br />
especially the picture.<br />
diagram:<br />
dial:<br />
See<br />
circuit diagram<br />
indicator diagram<br />
timing diagram<br />
wiring diagram<br />
The face (usually circular) of an instrument like a speedometer,<br />
tachometer, vacuum gauge, etc.
dial caliper:<br />
A slide-type caliper which registers<br />
on a dial the distance between two<br />
points<br />
dialed in:<br />
[1] The action of fine tuning an engine or component to its peak capacity.<br />
[2] The ideal set up of a bicycle when everything works just right<br />
dial gage:<br />
See dial gauge.<br />
dial gauge:<br />
A precision micrometer type instrument that indicates the reading via a<br />
needle moving across a dial face.<br />
dial indicator:<br />
A precision measuring instrument that indicates movement to a thousandth<br />
of an inch with a needle sweeping around a dial face. See dial gauge.<br />
dial torque wrench:<br />
A wrench usually with a socket end<br />
and which measures the torque of a<br />
nut-bolt fastener. It registers the value<br />
on a dial.<br />
diameter:<br />
The distance between one edge of a circular object to the other edge and<br />
passing through the center.<br />
Also see<br />
bead seat diameter<br />
bore diameter<br />
circle diameter
external diameter<br />
inside diameter<br />
internal diameter<br />
major diameter<br />
minor diameter<br />
nominal diameter<br />
nominal rim diameter<br />
nominal thread diameter<br />
outer diameter<br />
outside diameter<br />
overall rim diameter<br />
pitch circle diameter<br />
pitch diameter<br />
rim diameter<br />
thread diameter<br />
valve diameter<br />
diamond frame:<br />
[1] The traditional men's bicycleframe<br />
the principal parts of which <strong>for</strong>m a<br />
diamond shape.<br />
[2] Tubular-frame design <strong>for</strong> motorcycles common until WW II and<br />
derived from the bicycle layout. The engine cases often <strong>for</strong>m part of the<br />
structure. In profile it resembles a diamond shape<br />
diamond star:<br />
The name of Chrysler Corporation which comes from the pattern of its<br />
emblem.<br />
diaphragm:<br />
[1] A flexible cloth-rubber sheet that is stretched across an area thereby<br />
separating two different compartments. A diaphragm is used in pumps to<br />
create a pressure differential that causes a fluid to be pushed or pulled<br />
from one point to another. Some carburetors have no float bowl (i.e.,<br />
Tillotsen), but use a series of diaphragms to pump gasoline into the engine.<br />
[2] A flexible partition used to separate two chambers or elements.<br />
[3] In air-conditioning system, a rubber-like piston or bellows assembly<br />
which divides the inner and outer chambers of backpressure regulated air<br />
conditioning devices.<br />
[4] In fuel system, a thin dividing sheet or partition which separates a<br />
housing into two chambers, one of which is usually vented to vacuum<br />
while the other is not; used in vacuum-controlled secondaries, anti-stall<br />
dashpots, and other carburetor control devices. Also see piston diaphragm
[5] A rubber-like piston or bellows assembly which divides the inner and<br />
outer chambers of back-pressure regulated air conditioning devices<br />
diaphram clutch:<br />
Another term <strong>for</strong> a diaphragm spring clutch<br />
diaphram link:<br />
The arm which transmits the movement of the diaphram and the<br />
distributor baseplate in a vacuum advance mechanism.<br />
diaphragm pump:<br />
A device which has a flexible diaphragm which moves <strong>for</strong>ward and<br />
backward by a solenoid or other mechanical device to transfer fluid.<br />
Also see<br />
diaphragm spring:<br />
A type of spring shaped like a<br />
disc with tapering fingers<br />
pointed inward or like a wavy<br />
disc, used in some clutches. In<br />
an automotive clutch the<br />
diaphragm spring is part of<br />
the clutch pressure plate.<br />
When the clutch is engaged,<br />
this spring <strong>for</strong>ces the pressure<br />
plate against the clutch disc;<br />
driver ef<strong>for</strong>t through the<br />
clutch linkage overcomes the<br />
spring pressure to disengage<br />
it. A type of spring, shaped<br />
like a disc with tapering<br />
fingers pointed inward or like<br />
a wavy disc, used in some<br />
clutches. In auto application,<br />
the diaphragm spring is part<br />
of the clutch pressure plate.<br />
When the clutch is engaged<br />
twin diaphragm pump
this spring <strong>for</strong>ces the pressure<br />
plate against the clutch disc.<br />
Also see<br />
clutch diaphragm spring<br />
diaphragm spring clutch:<br />
A common clutch used in most vehicles with manual transmission where a<br />
diaphragm spring keeps the pressure plate in contact with the friction plate<br />
dichlorodifluoromethane:<br />
The chemical substance (CCl2F2) used in automotive air conditioning<br />
systems to absorb, carry, and release heat. A member of the fluorocarbon<br />
family. Usually referred to as refrigerant or R-12<br />
dickey:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> rumble seat.<br />
die:<br />
[1] One of a matched pair of hardened steel blocks that are used to <strong>for</strong>m<br />
(by stamping, pressing, extruding, drawing or threading) metal into a<br />
desired shape.<br />
Also see<br />
bending die<br />
lower bending die<br />
[2] A tool <strong>for</strong> cutting threads. See tap and die set.<br />
die back:<br />
See die-back.<br />
die-back:<br />
In a lacquerfinish<br />
the loss of gloss after compounding, caused by<br />
continued evaporation of thinner.<br />
die cast:<br />
Manufactured by <strong>for</strong>cing molten metal into a die. Especially used of<br />
aluminum or an alloy.
die casting:<br />
[1] Formation of an accurate and smooth object by <strong>for</strong>cing molten metal,<br />
plastic, etc., into a die under pressure. See cast.<br />
[2] Process of molding low-melting-temperature metals in accurately<br />
shaped metal molds.<br />
dielectric:<br />
A material which is an electrical insulator or in which an electric field can<br />
be sustained with a minimum loss of power.<br />
dielectric fluid:<br />
Fluid with high electrical resistance.<br />
dielectric grease:<br />
A special grease which is applied to the ends of electric terminals to inhibit<br />
corrosion between the terminals or to be sure that there is good electrical<br />
contact between the terminals.<br />
diesel:<br />
A type of engine or fuel or oil used <strong>for</strong> that engine.<br />
Also see<br />
diesel engine<br />
dieselFuel<br />
diesel oil<br />
turbo-diesel<br />
diesel cycle:<br />
A four-stroke cycle where the air is sucked into the cylinder and<br />
compressed at a ratio of up to 24:1. At the end of the compression stroke<br />
the fuel is injected. Because of the high compression and resulting increase<br />
in temperature, the fuel is ignited leading to the power stroke and followed<br />
by the exhaust stroke where the combustion products are removed.<br />
diesel engine:<br />
An internal combustion engine that uses diesel oil <strong>for</strong> fuel. The true diesel<br />
does not use a carburetor or an ignition system (i.e., spark plugs) but<br />
injects diesel oil into the cylinders when the piston has compressed the air<br />
so tightly that it is hot enough to ignite the diesel fuel without a spark.<br />
Because a cold engine cannot ignite the diesel fuel, glow plugs are used to
heat the mixture, but they do not provide a spark. Named after Rudolf<br />
Diesel (1858-1913), the inventor.<br />
Also see<br />
compression ignition<br />
diesel fuel:<br />
A light oil fuel which has a relatively low ignition temperature<br />
dieseling:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of autoignition in which a gasoline engine continues to fire after<br />
the ignition has been shut off. In late-model emission-controlled engines,<br />
dieseling or run-on is caused by heat and the unusually high manifold<br />
pressure that result from retarding the spark at idle.<br />
diesel knock:<br />
The noise caused by the rapid rise in pressure in a diesel engine especially<br />
when the engine is cold or running at a low speed. Also called "diesel<br />
rattle."<br />
dieselling:<br />
See dieseling<br />
diesel oil:<br />
Fuel <strong>for</strong> cars with diesel engines. This is not a <strong>for</strong>m of lubricating oil. See<br />
cetane rating.<br />
diesel particulate filter:<br />
A filter which removes small particles from a diesel exhaust. It looks like a<br />
honeycomb catalytic converter but acts as a mechanical separator.<br />
diesel rattle:<br />
Another term <strong>for</strong> diesel knock<br />
die set:<br />
See tap and die set
die stock:<br />
A tool used to hold and operate dies when cutting outside threads.<br />
die size:<br />
Retread rubber is designated by its crescent shaped dimensions in inches<br />
and eighths, and its thickness in 32nds of an inch; (e.g., 66-72-16; the<br />
crown would measure 6 and 6 eighths, the base 7 and 2 eighths wide; and<br />
the thickness 16/32 of an inch, or gauge of the stock rubber.)<br />
diff:<br />
differential:<br />
[1]<br />
The<br />
tempe<br />
rature<br />
or<br />
pressu<br />
re<br />
differ<br />
ence<br />
betwe<br />
en<br />
cut-in<br />
and<br />
cutout<br />
tempe<br />
rature<br />
or<br />
pressu<br />
re of a<br />
contro<br />
l.<br />
[2] A<br />
unit<br />
that<br />
takes<br />
the<br />
A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> a differential
power<br />
of the<br />
rotati<br />
ng<br />
drives<br />
haft at<br />
right<br />
angles<br />
to the<br />
rear<br />
axle<br />
and<br />
passes<br />
it to<br />
the<br />
axle.<br />
It will<br />
not<br />
only<br />
drive<br />
both<br />
rear<br />
axles<br />
at the<br />
same<br />
time,<br />
but<br />
will<br />
also<br />
allow<br />
them<br />
to<br />
turn<br />
at<br />
differ<br />
ent<br />
speed<br />
s<br />
when<br />
negoti<br />
ating<br />
turns.<br />
In this
way<br />
the<br />
tires<br />
do not<br />
scuff<br />
or<br />
skid.<br />
Also see<br />
automatic slip-control differential<br />
axle differential<br />
bevel differential<br />
center differential<br />
front differential<br />
helical differential<br />
inter-axle differential<br />
limited-slip differential<br />
limited slip differential<br />
lockable differential<br />
locking differential<br />
lockup differential<br />
multiple-disc limited-slip differential<br />
no-spin differential<br />
open differential<br />
planetary gear differential<br />
pressure differential switch<br />
rear axle differential<br />
rear differential<br />
spur differential<br />
torque sensitive limited slip differential<br />
torsen differential<br />
traction differential<br />
variable limited-slip axle/center differential<br />
visco-differential<br />
differential cage:<br />
The rotating metal fram which encloses the differential side gears and<br />
pinion gears inside the axle casing. Also called the "differential carrier"<br />
differential carrier:<br />
See differential cage<br />
differential case:
The steel unit to which the ring gear is attached. The case drives the spider<br />
gears and <strong>for</strong>ms an inner bearing surface <strong>for</strong> the axle and gears.<br />
differential casing:<br />
The differential housing<br />
differential gear:<br />
See differential gears.<br />
differential gears:<br />
The gears that transmit engine power to the driving axles and are arranged<br />
so as to permit the rear wheels to turn at different speeds as required when<br />
the vehicle is negotiating a turn.<br />
differential grease:<br />
See gear grease.<br />
differential housing:<br />
The enclosure which contains the differential gears.<br />
differential lock:<br />
A mechanism which eliminates the action of the differential so that both<br />
wheels can be driven <strong>for</strong> better adhesion on slippery surfaces.<br />
differentially:<br />
See galvanize differentially<br />
differential pinion:<br />
The bevel pinion in the differential.<br />
differential pressure:<br />
The pressure difference between two regions, such as between the intake<br />
manifold and the atmospheric pressures. In Bosch KE-Jetronic systems,<br />
the difference between actuator fuel pressure in the lower chambers of the
differential-pressure valves and the system pressure entering the pressure<br />
actuator.<br />
Also see<br />
differential-pressure regulator:<br />
A pressure actuator<br />
pressure drop<br />
differential-pressure valve:<br />
Inside the Bosch CIS fuel distributor, these valves (there is one <strong>for</strong> each<br />
cylinder) maintain a constant pressure drop at each of the control-plunger<br />
slits, regardless of changes in the quantity of fuel flow<br />
differential side gear:<br />
The bevel gear on either side of the differential into the center of which the<br />
axle shaft fits<br />
differential switch:<br />
See pressure differential switch<br />
diffusing lens:<br />
The lens in the headlight glass which helps to focus the beam<br />
diffusion:<br />
[1] The way in which innovations spread through market or non-market<br />
channels.<br />
[2] Mixing the molecules of two gases by thermal agitation<br />
digifant:<br />
VW collaborated with Bosch to develop this electronic injection system.<br />
Digifant is similar to a Motronic system, except that its timing control map<br />
is less complicated than the Motronic map. And it does not have a knock<br />
sensor<br />
digifant II:
A refined version of VW 's digifant. This system has some control<br />
improvements and uses a knock sensor <strong>for</strong> improved timing control<br />
digital caliper:<br />
A slide-type caliper which gives a digital readout.<br />
digital frequency control:<br />
(DFC) A system which automatically stabilizes or tunes the frequency of a<br />
selected radio station.<br />
digital fuel injection:<br />
(DFI) a GM system, similar to earlier electronic fuel injection system, but<br />
with digital microprocessors. Analog inputs from various engine sensors<br />
are converted to digital signals be<strong>for</strong>e processing. The system is selfmonitoring<br />
and self-diagnosing. It also has the capabilities of<br />
compensating <strong>for</strong> failed components and remembering intermittent failures<br />
digital ratio adapter controller module:<br />
(DRAC) a device used on GM vehicles to convert the analog signal from<br />
the speed sensor into a digital signal that the EBCm can use<br />
digital speedometer:<br />
A speedometer which shows the speed in digital numbers rather than a<br />
needle on a dial gauge (which is called an analog speedometer).<br />
digital volt-ohm multimeter:<br />
(DVOM) a digital electronic meter that displays voltage and resistance<br />
dig out:<br />
To accelerate at top power.<br />
diluent:<br />
A fluid which thins or weakens another fluid.<br />
dilution:
See crankcase dilution.<br />
dimmer:<br />
A switch used to lower or dip the headlights from high beam to low beam<br />
and back again.<br />
Also see<br />
headlight dimmer switch<br />
dimmer control:<br />
A rotary control switch which will increase or decrease the intensity of the<br />
instrument lights. Also called interior dimmer light switch.<br />
dimmer switch:<br />
A device used to lower or increase the brightness and focus of the<br />
headlights (i.e., from high-beam to low-beam). The British term is<br />
"dipswitch." Also called headlight dimmer switch<br />
DIN:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Deutsche Industrie Normen" (German industrial standards).<br />
DIN horsepower is similar to the SAE net horsepower. It is measured at<br />
the output shaft of an engine fully equipped with normal accessories.<br />
dinging:<br />
The action of straightening a damaged panel by using a hammer and dolly<br />
to bring it back into shape.<br />
DIN mounting:<br />
The standard hole in the dash through which a DIN radio can be installed<br />
Dino:<br />
DIN radio:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Ferrari<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Ferrari Dino
An aftermarket radio which fits into a thinner hole than most American<br />
radios. When installing a repacement radio, special faceplates are<br />
necessary<br />
diode:<br />
[1] Two-element electron tube which will allow more electron flow in one<br />
direction in a circuit than in the other direction; tube which serves as a<br />
rectifier.<br />
[2] An electrical component having the ability to pass electric current<br />
readily in one direction but resisting current flow in the other. When four<br />
diodes are connected in a certain way (i.e., "bridged") they will convert<br />
AC to DC, thus becoming a rectifier.<br />
Also see<br />
Dion axle:<br />
See de Dion axle<br />
dioxide:<br />
See carbon dioxide<br />
dip:<br />
rectifier diode<br />
zener diode<br />
[1] A British term <strong>for</strong> dimming the headlights.<br />
[2] A low horizontal indentation of the pavement which may cause a<br />
speeding vehicle to lose control.<br />
[3] To immerse.<br />
See<br />
dipped beam:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> low beam<br />
full dip treatment<br />
hot dip<br />
dipper:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> the dimmer switch<br />
dipper switch:
A British term <strong>for</strong> the dimmer switch<br />
dipping mirror:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> day-night mirror<br />
dipstick:<br />
The metal rod that passes into the oil sump it is used to determine the<br />
quantity of oil in the engine. The oil level is marked on the rod and<br />
matches level indicators on the rod. Dipsticks are used to check engine oil<br />
and transmission fluid. In most instances, the dipstick is inserted as far as<br />
it will go and then removed to check the level. In motorcycle engines, the<br />
dipstick is placed on the top of the threads (i.e., not screwed down) to<br />
check the level. oil dipstick<br />
dipswitch:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> the dimmer switch<br />
dip treatment:<br />
See full dip treatment<br />
direct-acting shock absorber:<br />
A telescopic shock absorber.<br />
direct current:<br />
(DC) An electric current that flows steadily in one direction only. This is<br />
the type of current found in a battery and throughout the lighting and<br />
accessory system of a vehicle. Contrasts with alternating current (AC).<br />
direct damage:<br />
A vehicle damage caused directly by an impact with an object. In contrast<br />
with an indirect damage.<br />
direct digital control:<br />
(DDC) Use of digital computer to per<strong>for</strong>m required automatic control<br />
operations in a total energy management system.
direct drive:<br />
When the gearing is such that the crankshaft and driveshaft revolve at the<br />
same speed, the vehicle is in direct drive. Usually this occurs in high gear<br />
(except <strong>for</strong> those with overdrive). It is represented as 1.00:1 ratio.<br />
direct drive powertrain:<br />
A system of propulsion where the speed of the engine, transmission, and<br />
propeller shaft rotate the same.<br />
direct expansion evaporator:<br />
Evaporator using either an automatic expansion valve (AEV) or a<br />
thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) refrigerant control.<br />
direct ignition system:<br />
(DIS) An ignition system which does not used a distributor but carries high<br />
voltage from the ignition coils directly to the spark plugs.<br />
Also see<br />
integrated Direct Ignition System<br />
direct injection:<br />
A fuel injection system which is generally used in diesel engines and<br />
<strong>for</strong>ces fuel directly into the combustion chamber. It requires very high<br />
injection system pressure to overcome the pressure within the combustion<br />
chamber.<br />
Also see<br />
high speed direct injection<br />
directional baffle plate:<br />
Installed in a Quadrajet carburetor's secondary bores to help direct the<br />
airflow <strong>for</strong> improved distribution in the intake manifold<br />
directional stability:<br />
Ability of a vehicle to move <strong>for</strong>ward in a straight line with a minimum of<br />
driver control. A vehicle with good directional stability will not be unduly<br />
affected by side wind, road irregularities, etc.
directional tire:<br />
Directional designs are recognized by the grooves in the tread that swipe<br />
away in a backward angle from the center of the tread face and rotate in<br />
only one direction. A direction of rotation arrow is located on both<br />
sidewalls of the tire. Directional tires enhance straight-line acceleration,<br />
provide maximum dry traction, better wet per<strong>for</strong>mance which helps to<br />
reduce rolling resistance as well as providing shorter stopping distances.<br />
See<br />
asymmetrical tread<br />
directional tread<br />
Symmetrical<br />
directional tread:<br />
An arrangement of bars, grooves, and ribs on a tire's tread in any manner<br />
that gives most effective traction when the tire revolves in only one<br />
direction.<br />
Also see<br />
directional tire<br />
direction indicator:<br />
The signal lights which blink on either side of the front of the vehicle and<br />
either side of the rear of the vehicle. Some early cars (like the Austin and<br />
Flying Standard) had small illuminated arms that flipped out from the Bpost<br />
instead. The purpose of signal lights is to warn other drivers of a<br />
change in direction when turning a corner or changing lanes.<br />
direction indicator warning light:<br />
A light on the instrument panel which flashes when the signal lights are<br />
operating. Usually this light is in the shape of a green arrow. On some cars,<br />
like Cadillac, a secondary light is mounted in a pod on the upper edge of<br />
each front fender and in a pod inside the cab above the backlight (i.e., back<br />
window)<br />
direction of rotation:<br />
The direction in which a wheel or shaft turns or is supposed to turn.<br />
direction of travel:<br />
The direction in which an object (e.g., a vehicle) is moving.
direct polarity:<br />
Direct current flowing from anode (base metal) to cathode (electrode). The<br />
electrode is negative and the base metal is positive.<br />
dirtbike:<br />
Bikes intended <strong>for</strong> off-road use that are not legal to ride on public roads.<br />
Sometimes the term pure-dirt is used to distinguish a dirtbike from a dualsport<br />
motorcycle<br />
dirty town:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> New York City as in "I got a load of garbage going to<br />
dirty town."<br />
DIS:<br />
An acronym <strong>for</strong> direct ignition system or a distributorless ignition system<br />
similar to the C3I system, using two coils on four-cylinder engines<br />
disabled:<br />
[1] the condition of a vehicle which is not able to be driven because of a<br />
failure of some component (e.g., bad battery, flat tire, engine seized) or<br />
because of an accident.<br />
[2] A driver who lacks the use of a limb.<br />
disabler:<br />
See ignition disabler<br />
disassemble:<br />
To take a vehicle or major component (e.g., the engine) apart in order to<br />
repair or restore the vehicle or component or to sell or recycle them. Also<br />
called "dismantle."<br />
disc:<br />
May be spelled "disk." A flat dish-shaped item which may or may not have<br />
a center hole.<br />
Also see<br />
abrasive disc<br />
balance disc
ake disc<br />
brake disc type<br />
caliper disc<br />
center locking disc<br />
clutch disc<br />
cutting disc<br />
disc brake<br />
fixed-caliper disc brake<br />
floating caliper disc brake<br />
four wheel disc brakes<br />
friction disc<br />
grinding disc<br />
hardy disc<br />
hinged-caliper disc brake<br />
multi-disc<br />
multiple disc clutch<br />
multiple disc<br />
padding disc<br />
parking disc<br />
pin slider caliper disc brake<br />
plain disc wheel<br />
rotary disc valve<br />
tax disc<br />
ventilated discs<br />
wheel disc<br />
discard diameter:<br />
The diameter at which a worn brake drum should be replaced<br />
discard thickness:<br />
The thickness at which a brake disc should be replaced<br />
disc brake:<br />
A type of brake that has two basic components: a flat rotor (disc) that turns<br />
with the wheel and a caliper that is stationary. When the brake pedal is<br />
depressed, linkage (mechanical or hydraulic) causes the caliper to <strong>for</strong>ce its<br />
heat-resistant brake pads against both sides of the rotating disc thus<br />
slowing or stopping the wheel. Almost all new cars have disc brakes on the<br />
front wheels with drum brakes on the rear. More expensive cars have four<br />
wheel disc brakes. Because of the need <strong>for</strong> greater pressure to activate disc<br />
brakes, most cars so equipped also have a power booster. Wear takes place<br />
in the pads and the rotors. The pads are usually replaced while the rotors<br />
can sometimes be reground else they too must be replaced. If the rotors are
not tightened correctly when installed, they can warp and cause a jerking<br />
motion when stopping.<br />
Also see<br />
brake, disc type<br />
caliper disc brake<br />
fixed-caliper disc brake<br />
floating caliper disc brake<br />
four wheel disc brakes<br />
hinged-caliper disc brake<br />
pin slider caliper disc brake<br />
sliding-caliper disc brake<br />
disc brake gauge:<br />
A tool <strong>for</strong> measuring the thickness, wear, and score depth on brake discs<br />
disc brake rotor:<br />
See brake rotor<br />
disc brakes:<br />
See disc brake.<br />
disc clutch:<br />
See multiple disc clutch<br />
discharge:<br />
[1] The action of drawing electric current from the battery. The opposite<br />
action to charging.<br />
[2] to pour out liquid from a pump.<br />
[3] the product (e.g., the liquid) that is poured out of a pump.<br />
[4] To bleed some or all of the refrigerant from a system by opening a<br />
valve or connection to permit refrigerant to escape slowly<br />
Also see<br />
battery discharge controller<br />
capacitive discharge<br />
gas discharge headlight<br />
gas discharge lamp<br />
gas discharge light<br />
gaseous discharge headlight<br />
gaseous discharge lamp<br />
main mixture discharge nozzle
discharge air:<br />
Air conditioning air <strong>for</strong>ced through the vents (ducts) into the passenger<br />
compartment<br />
discharge check ball:<br />
In a carburetor, a small check ball that lifts off its seat when the pump well<br />
is pressurized by the accelerator pump, which allows fuel to be discharged<br />
into the venturi through the shooter nozzle<br />
discharge controller:<br />
See battery discharge controller<br />
discharged battery:<br />
A battery that cannot produce sufficient power.<br />
discharge headlight:<br />
See<br />
gas discharge headlight<br />
gaseous discharge headlight<br />
discharge ignition:<br />
See capacitor discharge ignition system<br />
discharge indicator:<br />
See battery discharge indicator<br />
discharge lamp:<br />
discharge light:<br />
See gas discharge light<br />
discharge line:<br />
See<br />
gas discharge lamp<br />
gaseous discharge lamp
[1] In an air conditioning system, the line which connects the compressor<br />
outlet to the condenser inlet<br />
[2] The line which connects the compressor outlet to the condenser inlet<br />
discharge nozzle:<br />
In a carburetor, the end of the main delivery tube that discharges fuel into<br />
the venturi area. See main mixture discharge nozzle<br />
discharge pipe:<br />
The outlet pipe from a pump<br />
discharge plug:<br />
See surface discharge plug<br />
discharge pressure:<br />
[1] The pressure exerted in a liquid pumped, expressed in psi.<br />
[2] The (high side) pressure of the refrigerant being discharged from the<br />
air conditioner compressor<br />
discharge rate:<br />
Amount of current discharged from a battery, expressed in amps<br />
discharge side:<br />
[1] Outlet side.<br />
[2] The part of the air conditioner system under high pressure, extending<br />
from the compressor outlet to the thermostatic expansion valve/tube inlet<br />
discharge valve:<br />
[1] Valve on the outlet side of a reciprocating pump. The opposite is<br />
suction valve.<br />
[2] In an air conditioner system, a device used to check high side<br />
pressures, usually referred to as the high side service valve<br />
[3] A device used to check high side pressures. Usually referred to as the<br />
high side service valve<br />
discharge voltage:
See spark discharge voltage<br />
discharging current:<br />
Current supplied by a storage cell or battery, whose direction is opposite to<br />
that of the charging current<br />
discolor:<br />
To alter the color of (a finish, metal, etc.) to a color which is not wanted.<br />
This fading may be caused by sitting in the sun, drops of contaminants<br />
(tree sap, bird dropping, spilled gasoline), poor paintwork, etc.<br />
disconnect:<br />
To remove the terminal from a mechanical or electrical device or from the<br />
other side of the terminal. While some may be simply pulled apart, others<br />
have catches which must first be released.<br />
disconnect terminal:<br />
Solderless connectors in male and female <strong>for</strong>ms, intended to be easily<br />
disconnected and connected. Typically, a blade or pin (male connector) fits<br />
into a matching receptacle or socket (female connector). Many<br />
components have built-in (blade) terminals that require a specialized<br />
female connector<br />
disconnect the battery:<br />
The action of removing the high tension electrical cables from the battery<br />
terminals. Also called "isolate the battery"<br />
discount:<br />
See<br />
residual discount<br />
manufacturer discounts<br />
disc sander:<br />
A round, rubber disc powered by an electric drill and covered with<br />
abrasive paper <strong>for</strong> rough sanding work.<br />
also see<br />
orbital sander
disc type:<br />
See brake disc type<br />
disc valve:<br />
A type of rotary valve that allows the passage of fluid through an arcshaped<br />
slot.<br />
Also see<br />
rotary disc valve<br />
disc wheel:<br />
[1] A wheel constructed of stamped steel.<br />
[2] A rim and metal disc that have been welded together. The disc is<br />
usually offset from the centerline of the rim to allow <strong>for</strong> dual tire mounting<br />
and to provide sufficient clearance between the duals. Disc wheels are<br />
attached to the hub with either single nuts or double cap nuts.<br />
Also see<br />
plain disc wheel<br />
solid disc wheel<br />
disc wheel type:<br />
A type of dual mounting wheels where the discs are offset from the<br />
centerline of the rim to provide clearance between the tires. They are held<br />
in place by double cap nuts, inner cap nuts, and outer cap nuts.<br />
disengage:<br />
To move (a gear, dog clutch, etc.) so that it no longer meshes with another<br />
matching part<br />
disengage the clutch:<br />
During normal driving, the power of the engine is being transferred to the<br />
gears of a manual transmission because the clutch plates are pressed<br />
together. When you press down on the clutch pedal (or pull in the clutch<br />
lever on a motorcycle), you are releasing that contact (i.e., disengaging the<br />
clutch) so that there is no connection between the engine and the<br />
transmission. You engage the clutch when you release the pedal or lever.<br />
dish:<br />
[1] A depression in the top of a piston.
[2] Offsetting of the hub on a rear wheel on a derailleur bike to make room<br />
<strong>for</strong> the freewheel and still allow the wheel to be centered within the frame.<br />
Also see<br />
negative wheel dish<br />
offset dish<br />
dished:<br />
A plate, washer, or disc is dished when the center is recessed from the rim<br />
like a shallow bowl.<br />
dished brake disc:<br />
A disc that has worn thinner at the inner part of its friction surface. This is<br />
an abnormal <strong>for</strong>m of wear<br />
dishing:<br />
See negative wheel dishing<br />
dish washer:<br />
A washer is a flat disc with a hole in the center. The disc in a dish washer<br />
is dished or bent in a concave fashion.<br />
disk:<br />
More commonly spelled "disc."<br />
dismantle:<br />
To take a vehicle or major component (e.g., the engine) apart in order to<br />
repair or restore the vehicle or component or to sell or recycle them. Also<br />
called "disassemble."<br />
dispersant:<br />
Dispersing or scattering in various directions; a state of matter in which<br />
finely divided particles of one substance (disperse phase) are suspended in<br />
another (dispersion medium) substance<br />
displacement:
The total volume of air displaced by all the pistons in travelling from BDC<br />
to TDC, i.e., the total volume of air and fuel the cylinder can hold be<strong>for</strong>e<br />
compression occurs. Also called "piston displacement."<br />
Also see<br />
cubic inch displacement<br />
engine displacement<br />
light displacement<br />
loaded displacement<br />
piston displacement<br />
positive displacement compressor<br />
displacement compressor:<br />
See positive displacement compressor<br />
displacement, piston:<br />
Volume obtained by multiplying area of cylinder bore by length of piston<br />
stroke.<br />
displacement taxes:<br />
A vehicle taxation system which determines the amount of taxes based on<br />
the engine displacement of the vehicle.<br />
displacement volume:<br />
That part of the cylinder capacity that is swept by the pistons on their up<br />
and down strokes (i.e., the volume through which a piston moves in one<br />
stroke) <strong>for</strong>med by the bore diameter and the piston stroke. Also called<br />
"swept volume."<br />
display:<br />
Any device that conveys in<strong>for</strong>mation. In a vehicle, displays are either<br />
lights, gauges, or buzzers. Gauges may be analog or digita<br />
also l.<br />
display unit:<br />
See graphic display unit<br />
See compass display<br />
graphic display unit<br />
heads up display
disposition fee:<br />
A fee you pay at the end of the lease, to the lessor, that covers the lessor's<br />
cost of getting the vehicle ready <strong>for</strong> sale after you have returned the<br />
vehicle. It is often applied against any deposit you made at lease inception.<br />
dissipate:<br />
Scattered in various directions<br />
dissolve:<br />
Transition from one scene to another in which the whole image of the first<br />
gradually disappears as it is replaced by the second<br />
distance:<br />
See<br />
braking distance<br />
reaction distance<br />
stopping distance<br />
trail distance<br />
distance piece:<br />
A collar or spacer which is placed between two parts to keep them the<br />
correct distance apart.<br />
distance to the sun:<br />
See mean distance to the sun<br />
distilling apparatus:<br />
Fluid-reclaiming device used to reclaim used refrigerants. Reclaiming is<br />
usually done by vaporizing and then recondensing refrigerant.<br />
distillation:<br />
Heating a liquid and then catching and condensing the vapors given off by<br />
the heating process.<br />
distilled water:<br />
Pure water that through distillation has had all other chemicals (salts,<br />
suspended solids, and organisms) removed. It is recommended <strong>for</strong> topping
up batteries and radiators.<br />
distortion:<br />
A warpage, bendng, twisting, or change in <strong>for</strong>m from the original shape.<br />
distribution:<br />
distribution calculation:<br />
See load distribution calculation<br />
See<br />
asymmetic power distribution<br />
asymmetrical power distribution<br />
constant power distribution<br />
equal power distribution<br />
load-controlled power distribution<br />
load distribution calculation<br />
load distribution<br />
power distribution<br />
static high-voltage distribution<br />
distribution channel:<br />
The path goods take as their title transfers from producer to consumer. The<br />
title transfer <strong>for</strong> consumer goods is usually accompanied by transfer of the<br />
physical goods, as well.<br />
distribution controls:<br />
Systems which help evenly and efficiently transfer the heating or cooling<br />
medium to the area where it is needed.<br />
distribution tube:<br />
See distribution tubes.<br />
distribution tubes:<br />
Tubes used in the engine cooling area to guide and direct the flow of<br />
coolant to vital areas.
distributor:<br />
[1] A unit in<br />
the ignition<br />
system<br />
designed to<br />
make and<br />
break the<br />
ignition<br />
primary circuit<br />
and to<br />
distribute the<br />
resultant high<br />
voltage to the<br />
proper cylinder<br />
at the correct<br />
time. The high<br />
voltage comes<br />
from the coil to<br />
the center<br />
terminal of the<br />
distributor cap<br />
and passes<br />
down the rotor.<br />
As the rotor<br />
turns, contact is<br />
made with each<br />
successive<br />
terminal on the<br />
circumference<br />
of the<br />
distributor cap.<br />
From there, the<br />
voltage goes<br />
into the spark<br />
plug wires and<br />
to the spark<br />
plug. Generally<br />
when your<br />
vehicle has its<br />
timing<br />
adjusted, it is<br />
the distributor<br />
that is adjusted.
Also called<br />
"ignition<br />
distributor."<br />
[2] A<br />
distributor<br />
per<strong>for</strong>ms many<br />
of the same<br />
functions as<br />
wholesalers<br />
such as selling,<br />
physical<br />
distribution,<br />
credit, etc.; but<br />
is between the<br />
dealer and the<br />
wholesaler.<br />
Some<br />
industries use<br />
the term<br />
distributor<br />
instead of<br />
wholesaler.<br />
Also see<br />
breakerless distributor<br />
fuel distributor<br />
high-tension distributor<br />
HT distributor<br />
ignition distributor<br />
shaft distributor<br />
short-type distributor<br />
distributor baseplate:<br />
The fixed plate in the body of the distributor on which the contact breaker<br />
or triggering device is mounted, and through the centre of which the<br />
distributor shaft passes<br />
distributor body:<br />
The bowl-like part containing the distributor shaft with the rotor arm at its<br />
top end, and, in the conventional version, the centrifugal advance<br />
mechanism and the contact breaker<br />
distributor cam:
The cam at the top of the distributor shaft with as many lobes as there are<br />
cylinders, acting on the heel of the contact breaker arm<br />
distributor cap:<br />
An insulated cover containing a central terminal or tower with a series<br />
(one per cylinder) of terminals or towers that are evenly spaced in a<br />
circular pattern around the central terminal or tower, the secondary voltage<br />
travels to the central terminal or tower where it is then channelled to one<br />
of the outer terminals or towers by the rotor. The cap also keeps dirt and<br />
moisture out of the distributor.<br />
distributor clamp:<br />
See distributor hold-down clamp<br />
distributor hold-down clamp:<br />
A metal bracket at the base of the distributor that has a nut or bolt which<br />
can be loosened to allow the distributor to be moved on its shaft to readjust<br />
ignition timing or to open the points <strong>for</strong> gapping.<br />
distributor injection pump:<br />
A fuel injection pump using pistons which pressurizes fuel <strong>for</strong> injection in<br />
the proper cylinder based on the relative port position of the rotating shaft<br />
in the hydraulic head<br />
distributorless ignition system:<br />
(DIS or DLS) An electronic ignition system that does not have a<br />
conventional rotating distributor. Instead, it uses multi-spark ignition coils<br />
or one ignition coil <strong>for</strong> each spark plug.<br />
distributor pipe:<br />
A pipe or tube through which the fuel travels from the fuel distributor to<br />
the injection nozzle<br />
distributor rotor:<br />
A rotating part of the distributor which transfers high voltage to each spark<br />
plug. In a distributors with points, it is oblong-shaped; but in a distributors<br />
without points, it is usually a disc. Also called a "rotor" or "rotor arm."
distributor shaft:<br />
The metal shaft inside the distributor that has<br />
a cam wheel which revolves with the shaft<br />
and <strong>for</strong>ces the points to open. A spring causes<br />
the points to close. The distributor rotor is<br />
mounted on the top of this shaft.<br />
distributor tower:<br />
The terminals at the top of the distributor cap into which the spark plug<br />
wires fit. Also called "terminal tower"<br />
distributor weight:<br />
One of two flat pieces of metal found inside the distributor's centrifugal<br />
advance mechanism on the baseplate. They swing out as speed increases<br />
and consequently advances the timing of the spark.<br />
distributor wrench:<br />
A special tool used to tighten or loosen the distributor hold down clamp<br />
when installing or removing a distributor<br />
district heating and cooling:<br />
Use of a central utility system designed to provide heating and cooling to<br />
large residential and industrial areas.<br />
dive:<br />
The action of the front of the vehicle to point downward (or dip) during<br />
braking. The opposite is squat.
Also see<br />
anti-dive system<br />
anti-lift<br />
anti-squat system<br />
anti-dive<br />
brake dive<br />
nose dive<br />
diversification:<br />
In today's market, especially in smaller centers, a dealership cannot make a<br />
profit on just one brand of vehicle -- especially <strong>for</strong>eign imports. Thus the<br />
dealership will diversify by having several brands (e.g., Mercedes-Benz,<br />
BMW, and Mazda). A car manufacturer diversifies by making several<br />
different kinds of vehicles (trucks, vans, luxury cars, family-size cars,<br />
commuter cars, compacts, convertibles, sports cars, etc.) in an attempt to<br />
reach every segment of the population. Some dealers or manufacturers<br />
may diversify by offering lawnmowers, boat motors, and motorcycles as<br />
well as automobiles (e.g., Honda) or even musical instruments (e.g.,<br />
Yamaha).<br />
diversion:<br />
An alternative route which traffic has to follow due to closure of a stretch<br />
of road <strong>for</strong> repairs, etc. A detour.<br />
divert:<br />
To cause (air, a liquid, traffic, etc.) to follow a different course. For<br />
example, air is diverted to the air cleaner; traffic has been diverted around<br />
the accident site.<br />
diverter valve:<br />
[1] A valve which adds an amount of air to the rich air-fuel mixture<br />
entering the intake manifold during deceleration.<br />
[2] Used in air injection system to channel airflow to either the exhaust<br />
manifold or oxidation catalyst under different operating conditions.<br />
See<br />
divided propeller shaft:<br />
air gulp valve<br />
air bypass valve
A propeller shaft, usually in long chassis rear-wheel drive vehicles, which<br />
is divided into two sections with a bearing and CV joint mounted on a<br />
chassis crossmember at the central point. Also called "divided propshaft"<br />
divided propshaft:<br />
A propeller shaft, usually in long chassis rear-wheel drive vehicles, which<br />
is divided into two sections with a bearing and CV joint mounted on a<br />
chassis crossmember at the central point. Also called "divided propeller<br />
shaft"<br />
divider:<br />
A measuring tool with two straight pointed arms used to mark off and<br />
transfer measurements, e.g., on sheet metal or other metal components.<br />
Also see<br />
spring divider<br />
divorced choke:<br />
Vacuum diaphragm is mounted on the carburetor, but the bimetal spring is<br />
mounted either on a pad on the intake manifold or in a heat well in the<br />
exhaust man. Choke lever is operated by a mechanical linkage rod from<br />
the bimetal spring. Also called a remote choke<br />
DIY:<br />
An acronym <strong>for</strong> "Do-it-yourself."<br />
Also see<br />
do-it-yourself market<br />
DIY mechanic:<br />
A person, whether qualified or not, who does his own repairs on his own<br />
vehicle.<br />
D-Jetronic:<br />
Term used by Bosch to describe a fuel injection system controlled by<br />
manifold pressure. The D is short <strong>for</strong> "druck," the German word <strong>for</strong><br />
"pressure." Manifold pressure is measured to indicate engine load (how<br />
much air the engine is using.) This pressure is an input signal to the control<br />
unit (ECU) <strong>for</strong> calculation of the correct amount of fuel delivery
DKW:<br />
In 1904 Jörgen Skafte Rasmussen set up on his own as a manufacturer of<br />
boiler fittings. In 1906 he purchased a textile mill in Zschopau, Saxony.<br />
Production started there in 1907. During the First World War Rasmussen<br />
worked on a steam-driven vehicle (Dampfkraftwagen), from which the<br />
three letters DKW were derived. In 1922 the company Zschopauer<br />
Motorenwerke started manufacturing its own motorcycles. The sporting<br />
successes of the lightweight motorcycles with 2.25 hp two-stroke engine<br />
were remarkable. Victories in the Berlin Avus race in 1922 and the triple<br />
victory by the DKW team in the ADAC Reichsfahrt the same year made<br />
people sit up and take notice. The first DKW motorcycle was consequently<br />
called the Reichsfahrt. Over the next six years Zschopauer<br />
Motorenwerke/DKW established itself as the world's biggest motorcycle<br />
manufacturer. Rasmussen finally had access to a powerful engine <strong>for</strong> the<br />
DKW car (600 cc, 15 hp) in the <strong>for</strong>m of the two-cylinder motorcycle unit<br />
(1927). The vehicle, which had a load-bearing body covered in imitation<br />
leather, had rear-wheel drive. It was produced in the Spandau district of<br />
Berlin from 1928.<br />
DL:<br />
DLI:<br />
dlr:<br />
dnf:<br />
An abbreviation <strong>for</strong> deluxe which is usually applied to a series of vehicles<br />
which is one step up from "custom"<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "distributorless ignition"<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "dealer"<br />
A racing term <strong>for</strong> "Did not finish"<br />
Doble:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are classic cars.<br />
DOC:
dock:<br />
document:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "double overhead camshafts"<br />
See dry dock<br />
See<br />
registration document<br />
vehicle registration document<br />
Dodge:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1967-70 Coronet R/T<br />
models are milestone<br />
dog:<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Dodge<br />
[1] Man's best friend.<br />
[2] A vehicle in very bad shape, which may not be man's best friend.<br />
[3] A lug or protrusion on an object.<br />
dog clutch:<br />
[1] A simple coupling with two halves called "dogs," with square<br />
projections in one that engage in square slots in the other to transmit drive,<br />
but can also be disengaged to break the drive.<br />
[2] Mating collars, flanges, or lugs which can be moved as desired to<br />
engage or disengage similar collars, flanges, or lugs in order to transmit<br />
rotary motion<br />
dog guard:<br />
A grid made of tubular bars or wire mesh to keep a dog in the back part of<br />
a vehicle<br />
dogleg pillar:
The C-post or C-pillar.<br />
dogleg section:<br />
An irregular shaped part of the leading edge of the rear quarter panel of a<br />
four-door sedan along the wheel cutout and up to the waistline<br />
DOHC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong><br />
"doubleoverhead<br />
camshaft."<br />
Refers to an<br />
engine with<br />
two overhead<br />
camshafts.<br />
Also see<br />
double overhead cam<br />
engine type<br />
do it to it:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Speed up as in "Now that we're on the boulevard lets do<br />
it to it."
do-it-yourself market:<br />
(DIY) The vehicle maintenance and repairs conducted by the vehicle<br />
owner or friend/relative who purchase auto parts from a retail outlet.<br />
do-it-yourself mechanic:<br />
A person, whether qualified or not, who does his own repairs on his own<br />
vehicle.<br />
dolly:<br />
[1] A metalworking tool, available in a variety of shapes and sizes,<br />
comprising a curved polished block of cast iron or <strong>for</strong>ged steel, used to<br />
assist in <strong>for</strong>ming three-dimensional shapes and in straightening dented<br />
panels, usually by holding the dolly behind the metal to be shaped and<br />
hammering the metal. See heel dolly.<br />
[2] A small two-wheeled trolley <strong>for</strong> moving heavy objects.<br />
[3] A trolley that supports the front wheels or back wheels of a disabled<br />
vehicle <strong>for</strong> towing it.<br />
Also see<br />
grid dolly<br />
heel dolly<br />
kidney dolly<br />
mushroom-shaped dolly<br />
shrinking dolly<br />
toe dolly<br />
wheel dolly<br />
domains:<br />
Groups of atoms that have same magnetic polarity<br />
dome:<br />
See<br />
pop-up<br />
piston dome<br />
dome-hat:<br />
Sealed metal container <strong>for</strong> the motor compressor of a refrigerating unit.<br />
dome lamp:
A dome-shaped interior light. Also called a "dome light."<br />
dome light:<br />
A dome-shaped interior light. Also called a "dome light."<br />
domestic:<br />
A vehicle produced in Canada, United States, or Mexico. The opposite is<br />
"<strong>for</strong>eign."<br />
donor car:<br />
A car from which parts are used to repair another one of the same type or<br />
to build a special or kit car<br />
do not enter:<br />
A sign indicating that travel is not permitted<br />
down a certain road or in that direction<br />
door:<br />
The hinged side panels of a vehicle which permit the occupants to enter or<br />
leave the passenger compartment. In most cases the doors open so that the<br />
hinge is toward the front of the vehicle. When the hinge is toward the back<br />
of the vehicle, they are called "suicide doors."<br />
Also see<br />
filler door<br />
five-door<br />
four-door<br />
gull-wing door<br />
pull-out door handle<br />
rear-hinged door<br />
sagging door<br />
suicide door<br />
three-door<br />
two-door
door alignment:<br />
Accuracy or fitting of the door in the door aperture<br />
door aperture:<br />
opening into which the door fits<br />
door beam:<br />
A longitudinal rein<strong>for</strong>cing bar which fits between the inner and outer shell<br />
of the door. It is designed to withstand side impacts. Also called a side<br />
impact bar.<br />
door bottom:<br />
The lower door area, both of the door skin and of the door frame, also the<br />
narrow horizontal lower panel of the door frame that has the drain holes<br />
door capping:<br />
the molding between the door trim panel and the window glass<br />
door check arm:<br />
A metal part near the hinge which has several notches which allows the<br />
door to remain partially or fully open<br />
door check strap:<br />
A leather strap near the hinge which prevents the door from opening too<br />
far.<br />
door face:<br />
The edges of a door which are not visible from the outside or inside when<br />
the door is shut. Also called "door shut."<br />
door frame:<br />
[1] the bare skeleton of the door to which the door skin and door trim are<br />
added.
[2] the door aperture.<br />
door gap:<br />
The distance around the door between the edge of the door and the<br />
aperture<br />
door glass:<br />
The glass pane filling the top half of a door, which can usually be lowered<br />
or raised<br />
door handle:<br />
The interior or exterior handle <strong>for</strong> opening a door.<br />
Also see<br />
pull-out door handle<br />
door hinge:<br />
The pivoting part which is attached to the door fram and the door pillar. It<br />
allows the door to swing open or shut.<br />
door hold-open spring:<br />
A spring attached to the door hinge to provide a spring load to keep the<br />
door in an open position<br />
door latch:<br />
That part of the door lock which contacts the striker plate as the door is<br />
closed, and springs back when the door is fully shut to hold it in the closed<br />
position<br />
door lock:<br />
A mechanism <strong>for</strong> allowing a door to be opened either by the operation of a<br />
key on the outside of the door or by releasing a mechanical switch on the<br />
inside of the door.<br />
door lock de-icer:<br />
A fluid which is inserted into the key-hole to melt the ice which has bound<br />
the tumblers in a door lock.
door mirror:<br />
An exterior, door mounted, rear-view mirror. On trucks and older vehicles<br />
the mirror is manually adjusted; but on many cars they are adjuste either<br />
by a cable inside the cab or by an electric motor with the switch inside the<br />
cab. The control device is located on the door, on the dash, or on the<br />
console between the driver and passenger.<br />
door pad:<br />
The door inner trim panel<br />
door panel:<br />
A panel covered in vinyl or other material and mounted to the inside of the<br />
door<br />
door pillar:<br />
One of the vertical members of the body shell ahead of and behind the<br />
doors, which also support the roof structure and rein<strong>for</strong>ce the body as a<br />
whole<br />
door pillar switch:<br />
A small switch, typically in the lower portion of the A-pillar, whose main<br />
function is to turn on the courtesy lights when the door is opened and to<br />
indicate that the door is open especially if the key is left in the door.<br />
door pocket:<br />
A container or pouch located on the lower inside portion of the door. It can<br />
be used to store maps and other small items<br />
door post:<br />
One of the vertical members of the body shell ahead of and behind the<br />
doors, which also support the roof structure and rein<strong>for</strong>ce the body as a<br />
whole<br />
door protector:
A strip of rubber, plastic, or chrome which fits over the edge of the door to<br />
protect it from damage when opened carelessly<br />
door pull:<br />
A handle on the inside of a vehicle door which allows the driver/passenger<br />
to pull his door shut<br />
door rates:<br />
The hourly rates charged by dealers on standardized units of service work.<br />
Hourly rates may or may not correspond to an actual hour of work.<br />
door seal:<br />
A weatherstrip surrounding the door to <strong>for</strong>m a seal when the door is closed<br />
door shut:<br />
The edges of a door which are not visible from the outside or inside when<br />
the door is shut. Also called "door face."<br />
door sill:<br />
The bottom part of the door frame (i.e., the pat under the door when it is<br />
closed).<br />
door skin:<br />
The large sheet metal panel of the door visible from the outside. Available<br />
to body shops as a replacement panel <strong>for</strong> most cars<br />
door speaker:<br />
Radio/stereo speakers mounted in the door panel<br />
door stay:<br />
A device incorporated in door hinges that keeps the door in an open<br />
position and prevents it from closing under its own weight<br />
door step:
Top part of the outer sill, visible when the door is opened<br />
door surround:<br />
The faces of the door step, door pillars, and roof section which makes up<br />
the door aperture<br />
door trim:<br />
A panel covered in vinyl or other material and mounted to the inside of the<br />
door<br />
door well:<br />
A cavity enclosed by the door frame, door skin, and trim panel containing<br />
the window winding mechanism and into which the window glass is<br />
lowered<br />
doosy:<br />
See Duesy.<br />
dope:<br />
Highly combustible alcohol/methanol-based fuel mixture<br />
Dorris:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are classic cars.<br />
dos-a-dos:<br />
Back to back seating on older cars where the driver and front passenger<br />
faced <strong>for</strong>ward; but the two rear passengers faced rearward.<br />
DOT:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Department of Transportation" -- an American federal<br />
agency or "Department of Transport" -- a British agency<br />
DOT 3:<br />
This brake fluid has a glycol base. It is clear or light amber in color. Its dry<br />
boiling point is 401° minimum and wet boiling point of 284° minimum. It
will absorb 1 to 2 percent of water per year depending on climate and<br />
operating conditions. It is used in most domestic cars and light trucks in<br />
normal driving. It does not require cleaning the system and it can be mixed<br />
with DOT 4 and DOT 5.1 without damage to the system. The problem<br />
with it is that it absorbs moisture out of the air and thereby reduces its<br />
boiling point. It can also damage the paint on a vehicle.<br />
DOT 4:<br />
This brake fluid has a borate ester base. It is clear or light amber in color.<br />
Its dry boiling point is 446° minimum and wet boiling point of 311°<br />
minimum. It is used in many European cars; also <strong>for</strong> vehicles in highaltitude,<br />
towing, or high-speed braking situations, or ABS systems. It does<br />
not require cleaning the system and it can be mixed with DOT 3 without<br />
damage to the system. The problem with it is that it absorbs moisture out<br />
of the air and thereby reduces its boiling point. It can also damage the<br />
paint on a vehicle.<br />
DOT 5:<br />
This brake fluid generally has a silicone base. It is violet in color. Its dry<br />
boiling point is 500° minimum and has no wet boiling point in federal<br />
DOT 5 specifications. It is used in heavy brake applications, and good <strong>for</strong><br />
weekend, antique, or collector cars that sit <strong>for</strong> long periods and are never<br />
driven far. It does not mix with DOT 3, DOT 4, or DOT 5.1. It will not<br />
absorb water and will not damage the paint on a vehicle. It is also<br />
compatible with most rubber <strong>for</strong>mulations. The problem with it is that it<br />
may easily get air bubbles into the system which are nearly impossible to<br />
remove, giving poor pedal feel. It is unsuitable <strong>for</strong> racing due to<br />
compressibility under high temperatures. If as little as one drop of water<br />
enters the fluid, severe localized corrosion, freezing, or gassing may occur.<br />
This can happen because water is heavier and not mixable with silicone<br />
fluids. It is unsuitable <strong>for</strong> ABS.<br />
DOT 5.1:<br />
This brake fluid has a borate ester base. It is clear or light amber in color.<br />
Its dry boiling point is 500° minimum and wet boiling point of 356°<br />
minimum. It is used in severe-duty vehicles such as fleets and delivery<br />
trucks; towing vehicles, and race cars. It can be mixed with DOT 3 or<br />
DOT 4 without damage to the system. It maintains higher boiling point<br />
than DOT 3 or DOT 4 fluids due to its higher borate ester content. It is<br />
excellent <strong>for</strong> severe duty applications. The problem with it is that it costs
more than other fluids and there is limited availability. It also absorbs<br />
moisture out of the air and thereby reduces its boiling point. It can also<br />
damage the paint on a vehicle.<br />
DOT number:<br />
The symbol DOT on a tire means it meets or exceeds Department of<br />
Transportation safety standards. Following DOT are a maximum of eleven<br />
numbers. E.g., "DOT FT TW A2NX 092." ("DOT" = meets or exceeds<br />
federal standards; "FT" = identifies manufacturing plant; "TW" = the code<br />
<strong>for</strong> tire size; "A2N" or "A2NX-3" or optional 4 digits = manufacturer's<br />
code to identify the characteristics of the tire; "092" = Week of mfg., in<br />
this case, 9th week of 1972. Prior to May 22, 1971 the manufacturer's<br />
plant was identified by only three numbers (Example DOT 129).<br />
Retreaded tires must also have a new serial number and can be determined<br />
by the letter "R" following DOT letters.<br />
double-acting:<br />
(of a shock absorber or pump) having a piston with fluid on both sides so<br />
that in a pump one piston end per<strong>for</strong>ms the suction stroke while the other<br />
discharges the liquid, and in a shock absorber both upward and downward<br />
movements are damped<br />
double anchor drum brake:<br />
See leading/trailing drum brake<br />
double-barrel carburetor:<br />
Two throttle openings or barrels from the carburetor to the intake<br />
manifold. Also called "twin-choke carburetor."<br />
Also see<br />
four-barrel carburetor<br />
single-barrel carburetor<br />
double bottom:<br />
Compartments at the bottom of a ship between inner bottom and the shell<br />
plating, used <strong>for</strong> fresh water, ballast water, fuel oil, etc<br />
double cap nut:
(Budd mounting) A type of securing device which consists of an inner cap<br />
nut (sleeve nut) and an outer cap nut. It is the most common method <strong>for</strong><br />
mounting disc wheels in dual.<br />
double century:<br />
A bicycle ride of 200 miles.<br />
double clutch:<br />
See double clutching.<br />
double clutching:<br />
Vehicles with manual transmission and no synchromesh have difficulty<br />
shifting from one gear to another. With synchromesh, shifting is<br />
accomplished by depressing the clutch pedal and moving the gearshift<br />
selector from one gear to the next. Without synchromesh, shifting is not<br />
smooth unless you double clutch. Here you depress the clutch pedal shift<br />
to neutral lift up on the clutch pedal blip the throttle (accelerator), then<br />
depress the clutch pedal again and shift to the next gear. While this action<br />
seems complicated, you can get used to doing it to avoid the grinding<br />
noise heard in non-synchromesh transmissions.<br />
double coat:<br />
Two single coats of primer or paint applied with little or no flash time<br />
between them.<br />
Also see<br />
single coat<br />
double-cradle frame:<br />
A bike frame with two steel tubes circling the engine from the front and<br />
"cradling" it<br />
double-decker:<br />
A passenger bus with a set of seats on a floor above a lower set.<br />
double-decker bus:
A passenger bus with a set of seats on a floor above a lower set.<br />
double-declutch:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> double clutch<br />
double duty case:<br />
Commercial refrigerator in which a part of space is <strong>for</strong> refrigerated storage<br />
and part is equipped with glass windows <strong>for</strong> display purposes.<br />
double-ended spanner:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> double-ended wrench<br />
double-ended wrench:<br />
A tool which has a hexagon ring at each end.<br />
double filament bulb:<br />
A light bulb with two filaments. For example a headlamp bulb with one <strong>for</strong><br />
the high beam and another <strong>for</strong> the low beam; or a bulb with one filament<br />
<strong>for</strong> the stop light and another <strong>for</strong> the taillight.<br />
double flare:<br />
The end of the tubing, especially brake tubing, has a flare made so that the<br />
flare area uses two wall thicknesses. This makes a much stronger and safer<br />
joint in bicycle tubing.<br />
double harley:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Putting the CB on channel 11 as in "Anyone looking to<br />
buy a good C.B. take it to the double harley."<br />
double helical gear:<br />
A gear with two rows of inclined teeth, each <strong>for</strong>ming an open "V" or<br />
chevron. Also called "herringbone gear"<br />
double hexagon socket:
A socket with 12 points rather than the normal 6 points.<br />
double leading brake shoe:<br />
A system of braking where two hydraulic plungers and separate pivots<br />
create better braking when the vehicle is going <strong>for</strong>ward; however it is not<br />
very effective when the vehicle goes in reverse.<br />
Also see<br />
single leading brake shoe<br />
double nickel:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Traveling at 55 MPH as in "I sure got tired of running<br />
the double nickle."<br />
double overhead<br />
cam:<br />
(DOHC) An<br />
engine with<br />
two camshafts<br />
located above<br />
the cylinders.<br />
One drives the<br />
intake valves<br />
and the other<br />
operates the<br />
exhaust valve.<br />
In a single<br />
overhead cam<br />
engine<br />
(SOHC), one<br />
cam has<br />
enough lobes<br />
to drive both<br />
the intake and<br />
exhaust valves.<br />
The DOHC<br />
engine is<br />
considered to<br />
be a very<br />
sophisticated<br />
and more<br />
efficient
engine; but is<br />
sometimes<br />
more difficult<br />
to adjust the<br />
valves. Also<br />
called "twin<br />
overhead<br />
camshaft." See<br />
engine type.<br />
double overhead camshaft:<br />
See double overhead cam<br />
double-pivot steering:<br />
Steering in which the steered wheels are pivoted on kingpins, which is the<br />
usual arrangement on motor vehicles.<br />
Also see<br />
ackermann steering<br />
single-pivot steering<br />
double reduction axle:<br />
A drive axle construction in which two sets of reduction gears are used <strong>for</strong><br />
extreme reduction of gear ratio<br />
double reduction gearing:<br />
Gearing in which the ratio is reduced in two stages, used especially in<br />
heavy trucks<br />
double roller chain:<br />
See duplex chain<br />
double thickness flare:<br />
Copper, aluminum, or steel tubing end which has been <strong>for</strong>med into twowall<br />
thickness, 37 to 45 deg. bell mouth or flare.<br />
double-throw switch single-pole:
(SPDT) Electric switch with one blade and two contact points.<br />
double-tube shock absorber:<br />
An older design of hydraulic shock absorber using two concentric tubes,<br />
one serving as the working cylinder, the other as the reservoir.<br />
Also see<br />
single-tube shock absorber<br />
double wishbone:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of independent suspension used on the front of a vehicle where<br />
both the upper and lower wishbones are of equal length.<br />
double wishbone suspension:<br />
See double wishbone<br />
doughnut:<br />
See rubber doughnut coupling<br />
doughnut coupling:<br />
A flexible joint made of rubber and shaped like a ring doughnut. It is used,<br />
<strong>for</strong> example, between the front of the propeller shaft and the gearbox. Also<br />
called "doughnut joint."<br />
Also see<br />
rubber doughnut coupling<br />
doughnut joint:<br />
A flexible coupling made of rubber and shaped like a ring doughnut. It is<br />
used, <strong>for</strong> example, between the front of the propeller shaft and the<br />
gearbox. Also called "doughnut coupling."<br />
dowel:<br />
A pin projecting from one of two mating surfaces which fits into a<br />
correspondng hole in the other thus lining up the two pieces accurately<br />
during assembly.<br />
Also see<br />
locating dowel
dowel pin:<br />
[1] A pin (steel or wood), passed through or partly through, two parts to<br />
provide proper alignment and to prevent movement between them.<br />
Sometimes called "locating pin."<br />
[2] Accurately dimensioned pin pressed into one assembly part and slipped<br />
into another assembly part to insure accurate alignment.<br />
downdraft carburetor:<br />
A carburetor in which the air passes downward through the carburetor into<br />
the intake manifold. Contrasts with sidedraft carburetor.<br />
downdraught carburetor:<br />
British spelling <strong>for</strong> downdraft carburetor<br />
downflow radiator:<br />
A traditional type of vertical radiator, with header tank and bottom tank<br />
and a system of small tubes and cooling fins in-between, the hot water<br />
entering at the top and exiting at the bottom. This type of radiator has been<br />
replaced by a crossflow radiator.<br />
down<strong>for</strong>ce:<br />
A vertical <strong>for</strong>ce directed downward, produced by airflow around an object<br />
such as the body of a vehicle.<br />
downgearing:<br />
See downshifting.<br />
downhand welding:<br />
See flat position welding<br />
downpipe:<br />
The pipe that joins the entire exhaust system to the exhaust manifold.<br />
downshift:<br />
The act of selecting a lower gear. In Britain it is called "downward<br />
change."
Also see<br />
<strong>for</strong>ced downshift<br />
downshifting:<br />
Manually shifting to a lower gear in order to use the engine compression<br />
to assist in reducing the vehicle's speed. Also called "downgearing."<br />
downstroke:<br />
[1] The downward movement of the piston, either the intake stroke or the<br />
power stroke in a four-cycle engine.<br />
[2] Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> A hill going down as in "You can put her in georgia<br />
overdrive on the downstroke."<br />
downtime:<br />
Downtime occurs when a vehicle is being repaired (esp. a commercial<br />
vehicle), it cannot fulfil its function. There is a loss in both potential<br />
proceeds from its use as well as the salary of its operators.<br />
down tube:<br />
The bicycle frame tube running from the headset to the bottom bracket one<br />
part of the main triangle on a bicycleframe.<br />
down tube shifter:<br />
One of the gear shift levers that are mounted to<br />
the down tube of a bicycle frame.<br />
downward change:<br />
A British expression of shifting the transmission to a lower gear. The<br />
North American term is downshift.
dozer:<br />
A portable frame straightening machine<br />
DP:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "dash-pot"<br />
D-pillar:<br />
The fourth vertical post in a van or station wagon. Also called D-post<br />
D-post:<br />
The fourth vertical pillar in a van or station wagon. Also called D-pillar<br />
dr:<br />
draft:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "door," as in 2-dr. Sedan."<br />
[1] An unpleasant current of air intruding into the interior of a car.<br />
[2] The depth of the ship below the waterline measured vertically to the<br />
lowest part of the hull.<br />
[3] To follow behind a faster vehicle to take advantage of its air currents.<br />
Also see<br />
horizontal draft carburetor<br />
draft gauge:<br />
Instrument used to measure air movement by measuring air pressure<br />
differences.<br />
draft indicator:<br />
Instrument used to indicate or measure chimney draft or combustion gas<br />
movement. Draft is measured in units of .1 in. of water column.<br />
drafting:<br />
The action of following closely behind a faster vehicle so as to take<br />
advantage of the aerodynamic effect which causes both the vehicles<br />
behind and the one in front to move faster. See slip stream.
draft marks:<br />
The numbers which are placed on each side of a ship at the bow and stern<br />
from the lower edge of the number to the bottom of the keel<br />
draft regulator:<br />
Device which maintains a desired draft in a combustion-heated appliance<br />
by automatically controlling the chimney draft to the desired value.<br />
drag:<br />
[1] To accelerate a vehicle from a standing start, over a course one-fourth<br />
mile in length. Also called "drag racing."<br />
[2] Used by some drivers when referring to challenging another driver to<br />
an acceleration race.<br />
[3] Air resistance. See aerodynamic drag.<br />
[4] The condition of a clutch when it fails to fully disengage. The plates<br />
still rub against each other and causes intermittent contact between the<br />
engine output and the transmission gears. Called "clutch drag."<br />
[5] The condition of brakes when the pads or shoes still rub the disc or<br />
drum. Called "brake drag."<br />
Also see<br />
aerodynamic drag<br />
clutch drag<br />
coefficient of drag<br />
idling drag<br />
wind drag<br />
drag coefficient:<br />
(Cd) A number used in calculating the aerodynamic drag acting on a<br />
vehicle. The drag coefficient is a function of factors like the shape of the<br />
vehicle, airflow through the vehicle <strong>for</strong> ventilation and cooling. The<br />
number is determined in a wind-tunnel or by coasting tests per<strong>for</strong>med on<br />
the vehicle. The lower the drag coefficient the less drag on the vehicle and<br />
the more aerodynamic is the vehicle. A sleek vehicle has a drag<br />
coefficient, or "Cd," of about 0.30; a square, flat plate's is 1.98. Also<br />
signified by Cx.<br />
drag link:<br />
A steel rod connecting the pitman arm to one of the steering knuckles. On<br />
some installations the drag link connects the pitman arm to a center idler
arm.<br />
dragon fly:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> A truck with no power as in "Drag 'er up one side of the<br />
hill, let 'er fly down the other"<br />
dragon wagon:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Tow truck as in "Looks like that bulldog is gonna need a<br />
dragon wagon."<br />
drag race:<br />
A competitive match between two vehicles in which they race over a 1/4<br />
mile course.<br />
dragster:<br />
A specially constructed car <strong>for</strong> drag racing, typically with a huge<br />
supercharged V-8 engine mounted well back in the chassis and extremely<br />
wide rear tires<br />
dragstrip:<br />
A quarter-mile stretch of track <strong>for</strong> drag racing<br />
drag wheel:<br />
Special steering wheel used on some dragsters. Often consists of a<br />
crossbar spoke and a portion of rim on each end.<br />
drain:<br />
[1] To empty a container usually from the bottom.<br />
[2] A tube or channel which allows water to run to another place.<br />
Also see<br />
draincock:<br />
magnetic drain plug<br />
oil drain plug<br />
oil drain valve<br />
radiator drain cock<br />
radiator drain plug
A petcock or drain tap.<br />
Also see<br />
radiator drain cock<br />
drain hole:<br />
A hole drilled in the bottom of a box section or a door, to allow water that<br />
has accumulated to escape so as to prevent or delay rusting<br />
draining tray:<br />
A container used to catch oil when draining the sump, transmission, etc.<br />
drain plug:<br />
Usually a threaded plug at the lowest point of the sump, gearbox, cooling<br />
system, etc., which is removed in order to drain the oil or coolant, and<br />
typically has a recessed hexagon head.<br />
Also see<br />
magnetic drain plug<br />
oil drain plug<br />
oil pan drain plug<br />
radiator drain plug<br />
sump drain plug<br />
drain plug key:<br />
A tool <strong>for</strong> removing and tightening drain plugs, e.g., on transmissions and<br />
engine sumps, either as a multi-purpose tool with a number of different<br />
drives in the <strong>for</strong>m of hexagonal or square projections at either end <strong>for</strong><br />
different drain plugs, or as a special tool <strong>for</strong> one specific size of drain plug.<br />
Also called a "drain plug wrench."<br />
drain plug spanner:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a drain plug wrench<br />
drain tap:<br />
A device which controls the flow of fluid (oil or coolant) out of the bottom<br />
of the cylinder block or the bottom of the radiator.<br />
drain plug wrench:
A tool <strong>for</strong> removing and tightening drain plugs, e.g., on transmissions and<br />
engine sumps, either as a multi-purpose tool with a number of different<br />
drives in the <strong>for</strong>m of hexagonal or square projections at either end <strong>for</strong><br />
different drain plugs, or as a special tool <strong>for</strong> one specific size of drain plug.<br />
Also called a "drain plug key."<br />
drain valve:<br />
See oil drain valve<br />
draught:<br />
British spelling <strong>for</strong> "draft"<br />
draught excluder:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> "weatherstrip"<br />
draw:<br />
[1] To <strong>for</strong>m wires by pulling the wire stock through a series of hardened<br />
dies.<br />
[2] The process of removing the hardness from a piece of metal.<br />
[3] The amount of electrical load or electrical requirement.<br />
drawback:<br />
See duty drawback<br />
drawbar:<br />
Two converging bars <strong>for</strong>ming a V-frame or an A-frame at the front of a<br />
trailer or motorhome, which carry the coupling <strong>for</strong> attaching to the towing<br />
vehicle<br />
draw filing:<br />
A file is drawn across work at right angles. See draw-filing.<br />
draw-filing:<br />
Filing by passing the file, at right angles, up and down the length of the<br />
work.
draw-through:<br />
A tubocharger system in which the turbocharger sucks the air/fuel mixture<br />
through the carburetor or fuel in, i.e., the air and fuel mixing occurs<br />
upstream from the turbocharger<br />
dream car:<br />
A one-of-a-kind futuristic, experimental automobile usually appearing at<br />
auto shows to stimulate interest in the manufacturer's products. Much<br />
design benefit spurs from dream cars and many reach the production stage.<br />
dress:<br />
[1] to give (a rough surface, flanges, etc.) the right shape by grinding or a<br />
similar process.<br />
[2] To prepare ore <strong>for</strong> smelting by removing impurities.<br />
dresser:<br />
A motorcycle set up <strong>for</strong> long-distance touring<br />
dressing:<br />
See tire dressing<br />
dribble:<br />
Insufficiently atomized fuel issuing from the fuel injection nozzle at or<br />
immediately following the end of the main injection phase<br />
drier:<br />
[1] A dehumidifier.<br />
[2] A drying oven.<br />
[3] Substance or device used to remove moisture from a refrigeration<br />
system.<br />
[4] A device located in the liquid line, contains desiccant to absorb<br />
moisture from the system. Usually combined with the receiver<br />
Also see<br />
A-drier<br />
accumulator-drier<br />
accumulator drier
drift:<br />
gelling drier<br />
infrared radiant drier<br />
receiver-drier<br />
top coat drier<br />
tunnel drier<br />
[1] A short bar or punch used with a hammer to drive a component in or<br />
out of place <strong>for</strong> removal or installation.<br />
[2] To deviate from the normal direction.<br />
See<br />
four-wheel Drift<br />
tire deviation angle<br />
drift punch:<br />
A tapered tool which is hit with a hammer and used to remove or install<br />
pins, shafts, rivets, etc. or to align holes when inserting screws and bolts.<br />
drill:<br />
[1] A tool used to bore holes.<br />
[2] The action of using a drill to make a hole.<br />
Also see<br />
hammer drill<br />
hand drill<br />
letter drills<br />
number drills<br />
press, drill<br />
spot-weld drill<br />
twist drill<br />
drill bit:<br />
A piece of rod with spiral recesses cut in it and a hardened steel tip, made<br />
in different sizes <strong>for</strong> drilling different sized holes, and inserted in the<br />
chuck of a drill<br />
drilled:<br />
An expression used to describe a hole which has been cut into a crankshaft<br />
to allow oil to be fed to the main bearings on the connecting rod throws.
drill press:<br />
A nonportable machine used <strong>for</strong> drilling.<br />
d ring:<br />
See D-ring.<br />
d-ring:<br />
A D-shaped ring found on many models of bicycle shift levers, used to<br />
adjust the level of tension on the inner parts of the lever.<br />
drip molding:<br />
The curved metal molding around the edge of the roof that directs water<br />
away from the side windows. Also called "drip rail"<br />
drip moulding:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> "drip rail"<br />
drip pan:<br />
Pan-shaped panel or trough used to collect condensate from evaporator.<br />
drip rail:<br />
A gutter running along either side of the roof to take water to the front or<br />
rear of the car, and prevent it from dripping into the car when the door is<br />
opened. The British term is "drip moulding"<br />
drivable:
The condition of a vehicle which may have many mechanical and<br />
appearance problems, but it has an engine which runs and wheels that turn,<br />
etc. so that it can be operated and driven.<br />
drivability:<br />
The general qualitative evaluation of a powertrain's operating qualities,<br />
including idle smoothness, cold and hot starting, throttle response, power<br />
delivery, and tolerance <strong>for</strong> altitude changes.<br />
drive:<br />
[1] to travel in a car as in the expression, "We drove to Chicago."<br />
[2] to operate a vehicle as in the expression, "Martha drove to New York<br />
by herself."<br />
[3] to cause a wheel, shaft, etc. to turn or rotate.<br />
[4] to propel a vehicle.<br />
[5] a journey in a car as in "The drive to Chicago was uneventful."<br />
[6] to go <strong>for</strong> a drive as in, "We went <strong>for</strong> a drive last Sunday."<br />
[7] A stretch of private road leading to a house (i.e., driveway).<br />
[8] A means of transmitting power or motion as in "The drive is controlled<br />
by a servo switch."<br />
[9] A tool which has a square end (1/4 inch, 3/8 inch, or 1/2 inch) which<br />
fits into a recess in a corresponding socket <strong>for</strong> the installation or removal<br />
of nuts and bolts.<br />
[10] a die position.<br />
[11] One of the <strong>for</strong>ward gears marked on the gear selector of an automatic<br />
transmission.<br />
Also see<br />
all-wheel drive<br />
all wheel drive<br />
automatic four-wheel drive<br />
axle drive<br />
belt drive<br />
bendix drive<br />
bendix type starter drive<br />
bevel gear drive<br />
camshaft drive sprocket<br />
camshaft drive<br />
center drive<br />
chain drive<br />
clutch starter drive<br />
direct drive powertrain<br />
direct drive<br />
dual drive
eccentric drive<br />
Ferguson four-wheel drive<br />
final drive gear<br />
final drive ratio<br />
final drive<br />
fixed drive<br />
flexible drive handle<br />
flexible drive<br />
four-wheel drive<br />
friction drive<br />
front-wheel drive<br />
front wheel drive<br />
full-time four-wheel drive<br />
hotchkiss drive<br />
hydrostatic drive<br />
inertia drive<br />
intermediate drive plate<br />
left-hand drive<br />
meshing drive<br />
metallic drive screw<br />
overrunning clutch starter drive<br />
part-time four-wheel drive<br />
permanent four-wheel drive<br />
real-time four-wheel drive<br />
rear-wheel drive<br />
rear-wheel drive transaxle<br />
right-hand drive<br />
shaft drive<br />
starter drive<br />
strap drive<br />
tandem drive<br />
test-drive<br />
test drive<br />
torque tube drive<br />
torsen four-wheel drive<br />
tri-drive<br />
two-wheel drive<br />
v-belt drive<br />
drive belt:<br />
A flat belt which connects two or more pulleys so as to transmit motion<br />
from one pulley to the other.<br />
Also see<br />
drive cable:<br />
camshaft drive belt
See speedometer drive cable<br />
drive chain:<br />
An endless chain which encircles two or more sprockets so as to transmit<br />
motion from one sprocket to the other<br />
drive end:<br />
The end of an alternator, generator, etc., where the drive pulley or gear is<br />
located.<br />
drive end bracket:<br />
The cover which houses the drive end of an alternator or generator<br />
drive fit:<br />
A condition of fit (contact) between two parts that requires pressure to<br />
<strong>for</strong>ce the parts together. Usually the shaft is slightly larger than the hole so<br />
that they must be pounded or <strong>for</strong>ced or driven together. Also called "<strong>for</strong>ce<br />
fit," "press fit," or "interference fit."<br />
drive gear:<br />
The gear which transmits the power to a driven gear.<br />
Also see<br />
final drive gear<br />
drive handle:<br />
A tool, typically in the <strong>for</strong>m of a bar, <strong>for</strong> turning sockets to loosen and<br />
tighten nuts and bolts, with a male square drive to be inserted into the<br />
female square drive of sockets <strong>for</strong> the turning operation. They include<br />
ratchets, jointed handles, speed brace, T-handles, torque wrenches,<br />
speeeder handle, and breaker bar.<br />
Also see<br />
flexible drive handle<br />
drive layout:<br />
The arrangement of the order of the engine, transmission, and driven axles,<br />
e.g., Front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, mid-engine drive, four-wheel<br />
drive, two-wheel drive
drive line:<br />
See driveline<br />
driveline:<br />
All the individual components beyond the engine up to the wheels (e.g.,<br />
clutch, drive shaft, differential, driven axles); but not the engine or<br />
transmission. Also called "drivetrain" or "powertrain"<br />
drive module:<br />
interchangeable unit providing motive power, either in the <strong>for</strong>m of an<br />
electric motor and ancillaries, or an internal combustion engine with all<br />
necessary components, <strong>for</strong> alternative use in the same vehicle according to<br />
needs and conditions<br />
drive motor:<br />
electric motor providing motive power in an electric vehicle<br />
driven:<br />
Something made to rotate by the engine or some other source of motive<br />
power.<br />
Also see<br />
two-wheel driven<br />
driven axle:<br />
The axle to which power is transmitted to drive the vehicle<br />
driven gear:<br />
An engine needs to transmit power to the wheels by the use of sprockets<br />
and chain (as in a motorcycle) or by a drive gear which meshes with a<br />
driven gear to propel the vehicle.<br />
driven plate:<br />
The central clutch plate carrying clutch linings and held under pressure<br />
between the flywheel and the pressure plate when the clutch pedal is<br />
released, and transmitting power to the gearbox input shaft via splines
driven pulley:<br />
A pulley which is surrounded by a belt to receive power from the drive<br />
pulley<br />
driven sprocket:<br />
On a vehicle which uses a chain (like a bicycle and some motorcycles),<br />
there are two important sprockets: the drive sprocket is connected to the<br />
power source (the engine or your pedals) and the driven sprocket is usually<br />
connected to your rear wheel.<br />
driven wheel:<br />
The wheel (or wheels) to which power is transmitted to drive the vehicle<br />
drive pinion:<br />
The shaft that takes power from the clutch<br />
into the gearbox.<br />
Also see<br />
clutch shaft<br />
hypoid gear<br />
drive plate:<br />
A light plate bolted to the crankshaft to which the torque converter is<br />
attached in a vehicle with automatic transmission.<br />
Also see<br />
drive powertrain:<br />
See direct drive powertrain<br />
center drive plate<br />
intermediate drive plate<br />
torque converter drive plate
drive pulley:<br />
[1] A pulley which is surrounded by a belt to transmit power to the driven<br />
pulley<br />
[2] The pulley attached to the nose of the engine crankshaft. It drives the<br />
compressor clutch pulley, usually with a V-type drivebelt<br />
driver:<br />
[1] A collectible vehicle which is too good to treat as a beater and not quite<br />
good enough to show. It is a presentable old car or truck that is used <strong>for</strong><br />
everyday purposes. It is maintained as though it were a late-model vehicle.<br />
With care, it could be easily restored to show car condition.<br />
[2] A person who operates the controls of a vehicle to regulate its speed<br />
and direction.<br />
[3] A tool used to insert something like a fastening device (e.g.,<br />
screwdriver).<br />
[4]<br />
Also see<br />
drivers<br />
impact driver<br />
nut driver<br />
rim drivers<br />
socket driver<br />
tubular nut driver<br />
valve guide driver<br />
driver air bag:<br />
original type of air bag, designed to protect the driver from being hurled<br />
into the steering wheel and instrument panel<br />
Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency:<br />
(DVLA) A section of the British Department of Transport which is<br />
responsible <strong>for</strong> keeping records of all registered vehicles and issuing<br />
registrations and licences <strong>for</strong> vehicles as well as licences <strong>for</strong> drivers. The<br />
center is located in Swansea.<br />
Driver and Vehicle Licensing Center:<br />
The location <strong>for</strong> the British Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency located<br />
in Swansea.<br />
drive ratio:
See final drive ratio<br />
driver error:<br />
A mistake made by the operator of a vehicle particularly when there is an<br />
accident. An accident may be caused by a vehicle failure (e.g., a tire<br />
blowout), unsafe road conditions (e.g., snow, ice, fallen rock or tree), the<br />
inattention of a pedestrian, or the fault of a driver (e.g., drunkenness,<br />
inattention, intentional damage, disobedience to rules of the road).<br />
driver evaluation:<br />
A test of a driver's ability to handle a vehicle. May be used to grant a<br />
driver's licence <strong>for</strong> a particular type of vehicle (i.e., motorcycle, passenger<br />
car, truck, bus, taxi)<br />
drivers:<br />
Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> "drive axle tires."<br />
Also see<br />
drive screw:<br />
See metallic drive screw<br />
driveshaft:<br />
The shaft<br />
connecting<br />
the<br />
transmission<br />
output shaft<br />
to the<br />
differentialp<br />
inion shaft.<br />
It transmits<br />
power from<br />
the<br />
transmission<br />
to the<br />
differential.<br />
It is found<br />
primarily on<br />
rim drivers
ear-drive<br />
vehicles.<br />
There is<br />
usually a<br />
universal<br />
joint on<br />
either end.<br />
Also called<br />
"propeller<br />
shaft."<br />
Also see<br />
auxilliar drive shaft<br />
bevel drive shaft<br />
drive shaft:<br />
See driveshaft<br />
driveshaft safety strap:<br />
A metal strap or straps, surrounding the driveshaft to prevent the shaft<br />
from falling to the ground in the event of a universal joint or shaft failure.<br />
drive sprocket:<br />
On a vehicle which uses a chain (like a bicycle and some motorcycles),<br />
there are two important sprockets: the drive sprocket is connected to the<br />
power source (the engine or your pedals) and the driven sprocket is usually<br />
connected to your rear wheel.<br />
Also see<br />
camshaft drive sprocket<br />
drive tool:<br />
Any accessory <strong>for</strong> use with a socket wrench, including the drive handle<br />
drive train:<br />
[1] This term refers to the entire moving part of the car: Engine, clutch,<br />
transmission, driveshaft, differential, axles, and sometimes the wheels.<br />
Also see<br />
strain in the drive train<br />
[2] The derailleurs, chain, freewheel, and crankset of a bicycle.
drivetrain:<br />
[1] This term refers to the entire moving part of the car: Engine, clutch,<br />
transmission, driveshaft, differential, axles, and sometimes the wheels.<br />
[2] The derailleurs, chain, freewheel, and crankset of a bicycle.<br />
drive transaxle:<br />
See rear-wheel drive transaxle<br />
driveway:<br />
A short drive, often leading to a garage<br />
driving:<br />
[1] providing motive power, making a gear, shaft, etc. rotate.<br />
[2] Controlling the movement and direction of a vehicle.<br />
Also see<br />
al fresco driving<br />
defensive driving<br />
metro driving<br />
urban driving<br />
driving axle:<br />
The axle which is driven by the engine through the drivetrain. Used to<br />
hold, align, and drive rear wheels and support weight of vehicle on rear<br />
wheel drive cars, or half shafts on front wheel drive cars that provide<br />
torque <strong>for</strong>ce to front wheels. Also called the "drive axle" or "driven axle"<br />
driving conditions:<br />
The situation created by the amount of traffic, the weather, and state of the<br />
roads<br />
driving gear:<br />
The gear which is driven by the engine. Also called the "driven gear"<br />
driving habits:<br />
The personal behaviour of the driver when controlling the vehicle,<br />
including the speeds he travels, how and when he shifts gears, how he uses<br />
the brakes, when and if he uses his signal lights, how he changes lanes,<br />
how he turns corners, etc.
driving lamp:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> "driving light" or "spot light."<br />
Also see<br />
auxilliar driving lamp<br />
driving licence:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> "driver's licence" or "operator's licence." A document<br />
which allows the holder to drive a certain type or types of vehicle, and is<br />
the only document required to be carried by the driver in Britain<br />
driving light:<br />
An auxiliary light used at night to illuminate the side of the road and<br />
increase the viewing distance.<br />
Also see<br />
auxiliary driving light<br />
driving mirror:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> either the interior rear-view mirror or the mirrors<br />
mounted on the outside of the front doors or the front fenders<br />
driving position:<br />
The position in which the driver grasps the steering wheel and adjusts the<br />
location of the seat in relation to the pedals.<br />
driving style:<br />
The manner in which the driver handles a vehicle. See sporty driving style<br />
driving wheel:<br />
The wheel(s) which is driven by the engine through the drivetrain. Also<br />
called the "driven wheel"<br />
drop:<br />
[1] A sudden reduction of pressure or voltage, etc. See voltage drop.<br />
[2] The vertical distance from the horizontal line connecting the two wheel<br />
axles and the bottom bracket, one way of determining the location of the<br />
bottom bracket in relation to the rest of the bicycleframe.
Also see<br />
drops<br />
drop arm:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> the pitman arm<br />
drop-center axle:<br />
A beam axle in which the main central portion of the beam is lower than<br />
the wheel centers, which was the usual layout <strong>for</strong> front axles until<br />
independent front suspension became almost universal<br />
drop-center rim:<br />
See drop center rim<br />
drop center rim:<br />
A one-piece rim with a deep center section which is lower than the two<br />
outer edges, this allows the bead of the tire to be pushed into the low area<br />
on one side while the other side is pulled over and off the flange. The<br />
British term is "well-base rim"<br />
drop center rim taper:<br />
A passenger rim where both bead seats are tapered 5° or a tubeless truck<br />
rim where both bead seats are tapered 15°.<br />
drop-centre rim:<br />
See drop center rim<br />
drop centre rim:<br />
See drop center rim<br />
drop <strong>for</strong>ged:<br />
A part that has been <strong>for</strong>med by heating the steel blank red hot and<br />
pounding it into shape with a powerful drop hammer.<br />
drop <strong>for</strong>ging:
A piece of steel shaped between dies while hot<br />
drophead:<br />
[1] A British term <strong>for</strong> a convertible. The word "head" refers to the roof.<br />
[2] Having a folding top which can be raised or lowered over the<br />
passenger compartment.<br />
See<br />
drophead coupé<br />
Jaguar Drophead<br />
Lagonda Drophead<br />
drophead coupe:<br />
(DHC) This is a two-door automobile which has the appearance of a<br />
convertible, but the roof is fixed in place. Abbreviated: dhc. In Europe, it<br />
is called a "cabriolet."<br />
drophead coupé:<br />
This is a two-door automobile which has the appearance of a convertible,<br />
but the roof is fixed in place. Abbreviated: dhc. In Europe, it is called a<br />
"cabriolet."<br />
dropout:<br />
One of two slots in the frame into which the rear wheel axle fits.<br />
Also see<br />
<strong>for</strong>k tips<br />
dropout hanger:<br />
A threaded metal piece that extends below the right rear dropout of a<br />
bicycle used as a mount <strong>for</strong> the rear derailleur.<br />
dropped axle:<br />
A front axle that has been altered so as to lower the frame of the vehicle,<br />
consists of bending the axle downward at the outer ends.<br />
dropped valve:<br />
A situation where the rising piston hits a valve which has become<br />
dislodged or open at the wrong time.
drops:<br />
The lower, straight portion of a turned-down-type handlebar set.<br />
droptop:<br />
A colloquial term <strong>for</strong> "convertible."<br />
Druid <strong>for</strong>ks:<br />
Side-sprung girder <strong>for</strong>ks on a motorcycle. Druid was the original maker<br />
drum:<br />
[1] A cylindrical container.<br />
[2] A housing <strong>for</strong> transmission gears where the bands are located.<br />
[3] To make a "whump, whump" sound.<br />
Also see<br />
brake drum<br />
brake drum lathe<br />
drum brake<br />
drum brake:<br />
A type of brake using a shallow drum-shaped metal cylinder that attaches<br />
to the inner surface of the wheel and rotates with it. When you press down<br />
on the brake pedal, curved brake shoes with friction linings press against<br />
the inner circumference of the drum to slow or stop the vehicle.<br />
Also see<br />
drum brakes:<br />
See drum brake.<br />
drum compound:<br />
See anti-drum compound<br />
drum lathe:<br />
See brake drum lathe<br />
brake drum
dry:<br />
[1] For paint, to lose its wetness often to the place where the surface is not<br />
even tacky.<br />
[2] For bearings, to lack grease or other lubricant.<br />
Also see<br />
air-dry<br />
air dry<br />
hard-dry<br />
surface dry<br />
touch-dry<br />
dry ballast:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of ballasting where a fine powder of barium sulphate is inserted<br />
inside the tire. It is sometimes referred to incorrectly as "Lead" ballast<br />
because of one brand name, "Ledballast."<br />
dry battery:<br />
See dry cell.<br />
dry boiling point:<br />
The temperature at which fresh brake fluid from a new container will boil.<br />
See wet boiling point, and DOT 3.<br />
dry box:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Freight trailer as in "I pulled both skateboards and dry<br />
boxes."<br />
dry bulb:<br />
An instrument with a sensitive element to measure ambient air<br />
temperature.<br />
dry bulb temperature:<br />
Air temperature as indicated by an ordinary thermometer.<br />
dry capacitor condenser:<br />
Electrical device made of dry metal and dry insulation; used to store<br />
electrons.
dry cargo ship:<br />
Vessel which carries all dry cargo<br />
dry cell:<br />
A battery (like a flashlight battery) that uses no liquid electrolyte.<br />
dry cell battery:<br />
Electrical device used to provide dc electricity, having no liquid in the<br />
cells.<br />
dry charged battery:<br />
A battery with the plates charged but lacking electrolyte<br />
when ready to be placed in service, the electrolyte is added.<br />
dry clutch:<br />
A clutch with only one plate.<br />
dry dock:<br />
An enclosed basin used to place a ship on dry land so that all the<br />
submerged parts and fittings can be repaired.<br />
dryer:<br />
See a-dryer<br />
dry friction:<br />
Dry friction exists when the rubbing parts have no other substance<br />
between them and are clean of other materials (i.e., no grease or oil).<br />
Opposite to wet friction.<br />
dry galvanizing:<br />
A hot-dip galvanizing method in which the metal components are first<br />
immersed in a solution of flux and then dried, so that they become precoated<br />
with a thin film of flux, which melts in the zinc bath, to which<br />
certain metals, such as tin and aluminum, may be added to give fluidity,
and in the case of tin, brightness. The opposite is wet galvanizing<br />
dry ice:<br />
Refrigerating substance made of solid carbon dioxide which changes<br />
directly from a solid to a gas (sublimates). Its subliming temperature is -<br />
109 0F I - 79 0C1.<br />
drying agent:<br />
See desiccant<br />
drying oil:<br />
Any oil that hardens in the presence of air and sunlight<br />
drying oven:<br />
An enclosure where painted vehicle bodies are subjected to heat in order to<br />
dry and/or bake on the paint<br />
drying time:<br />
The time required <strong>for</strong> a solvent to evaporate after an adhesive film has<br />
been spread over the two surfaces to be bonded<br />
dry joint:<br />
A faulty electrical joint which does not give proper contact<br />
dry liner:<br />
When a cylinder sleeve is pressed into a bore and the cooling fluid does<br />
not contact the outside of the sleeve, the engine has a dry liner.<br />
Also see<br />
liner<br />
dry manifold:<br />
An intake manifold with no integral coolant passages cast into it<br />
dry setting:<br />
The adjustment of the float with a graduated rule or drill bit while the<br />
carburetor is disassembled on the bench. Usually consists of setting a
prescribed clearance between the top of the float and the air horn<br />
dry sleeve:<br />
A cylinder sleeve application in which the sleeve is supported in the block<br />
metal over its entire length, the coolant does not touch the sleeve itself.<br />
Also see<br />
dry spray:<br />
See dry-spray.<br />
wet sleeve<br />
dry-spray:<br />
A paint fault where the paint pigment is not being held properly by the<br />
binder, or where the binder evaporates be<strong>for</strong>e the paint reaches the surface.<br />
Atomized paint that does not dissolve into the material being sprayed. It is<br />
caused by holding the gun too far from the work, too much air pressure or<br />
a solvent that evaporates too fast.<br />
dry sump:<br />
A lubrication system in which the engine's supply of oil is not contained in<br />
the crankcase (sump) but is pumped to the engine from an external<br />
container. This system allows the crankcase to be reduced in size and the<br />
engine to be installed lower in the chassis, and eliminates the oil starvation<br />
most conventional oiling systems suffer when subjected to the<br />
accelerative, braking, and cornering <strong>for</strong>ces generated by a racing car.<br />
dry sump lubrication:<br />
See dry sump<br />
dry system:<br />
Refrigeration system which has the evaporator liquid refrigerant mainly in<br />
the atomized or droplet condition.<br />
dry type evaporator:<br />
Evaporator in which the refrigerant is in the liquid droplet <strong>for</strong>m.
dry weight:<br />
The weight of a vehicle without any fuel, oil, or coolant.<br />
Also see<br />
DS:<br />
dual:<br />
curb weight<br />
gross vehicle weight<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Diesel Severe" oil <strong>for</strong> use in under adverse conditions in<br />
diesel engines.<br />
[1] a combination of two nearly identical parts (e.g., a truck with dual tires<br />
has two tires at each end of the axle).<br />
[2] In Britain, dual is a verb meaning to twin a highway or railroad.<br />
dual-acting:<br />
See double-acting<br />
dual axles:<br />
See tandem axles.<br />
dual bead tire:<br />
Heavy service and large truck tires using two or more sets of bead wires in<br />
each bead rather than one.<br />
dual-bed catalytic converter:<br />
A catalytic converter which combines two converters (with different<br />
catalysts) in a single housing<br />
dual brake:<br />
See dual brakes.
dual brakes:<br />
A brake system that uses a tandem or dual<br />
master cylinder to provide separate brake<br />
system <strong>for</strong> both front and rear of vehicle. In<br />
the event of a loss of hydraulic fluid, one<br />
system may still work because it is<br />
independent of the other system. Often the<br />
front left brake is linked with the right rear<br />
brake. Likewise the right front brake is linked<br />
with the left rear brake. Some cars like the<br />
Rolls-Royce, link the two front brakes with<br />
the right rear brake, and the two front brakes<br />
with the left rear brake. Also called "dualcircuit<br />
braking system."<br />
dual braking system:<br />
See dual brakes.<br />
dual breaker points:<br />
A distributor, using two sets of breaker points, to increase the cam angle so<br />
that at high engine speeds, sufficient spark will be produced to fire the<br />
plugs.<br />
dual carbs:<br />
Two carburetors on the same engine.<br />
dual carburetors:<br />
Two carburetors on the same engine.<br />
dual carriageway:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a divided highway (i.e., a road that has four lanes -- two<br />
in one direction and two in the other -- separated by a median).<br />
dual-circuit braking system:<br />
A brake hydraulic system composed of two separate hydraulic circuits. See<br />
dual brakes<br />
dual controls:
A second set of controls <strong>for</strong> use by a driving instructor when teaching<br />
someone to drive<br />
dual drive:<br />
[1] Tandem axles, both powered directly by the engine.<br />
[2] Colloquial term <strong>for</strong> twin screw.<br />
dual exhaust system:<br />
See twin exhausts<br />
dual fuel engine:<br />
An engine equipped to operate on two different fuels such as gasoline and<br />
LP-Gas<br />
Dual Ghia:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1956-58 models are milestone cars.<br />
dual ignition system:<br />
See twin ignition system<br />
dual-line braking system:<br />
A braking system in which a towing vehicle and trailer are connected by<br />
two or more brake lines<br />
dual mounting:<br />
Two tires mounted together on each side of an axle of several types: cast<br />
spoke type, disc wheel type (held on by double cap nuts or inner cap nuts<br />
and outer cap nuts), Chevrolet type, and motor wheel type<br />
dual overhead cam engine:<br />
See double overhead cam engine.<br />
dual-piston engine:
See twin-piston engine<br />
dual-piston master cylinder:<br />
See tandem master cylinder<br />
dual-purpose motorcycle:<br />
Street-legal motorcycles with varying degrees of off-road capabilities.<br />
Also called dual-sport<br />
dual purpose ship:<br />
Specially designed ship <strong>for</strong> carrying different types of cargoes such as ore<br />
and/or oil.<br />
dual-range gearbox:<br />
See dual-range transmission<br />
dual-range transmission:<br />
A transmission in a four-wheel drive vehicle and some motorcycles with<br />
two sets of ratios, usually a higher set <strong>for</strong> road use and a lower set <strong>for</strong> offroad<br />
use.<br />
dual reduction axle:<br />
A drive axle construction with two sets of pinions and gears, either of<br />
which can be used<br />
duals:<br />
[1] Two sets of exhaust pipes and mufflers -- one <strong>for</strong> each bank of<br />
cylinders.<br />
[2] Two tires on each end of an axle.<br />
Also see<br />
between duals<br />
kissing between duals<br />
dual spacing:<br />
A measurement in inches (or millimeters) from the center of the tread of<br />
one tire, to the center tread of the other tire in dual, which provides<br />
clearance between duals <strong>for</strong> air circulation.
dual sport:<br />
Street-legal motorcycles with varying degrees of off-road capabilities.<br />
Also called dual-purpose motorcycles<br />
dual-tone horn:<br />
See two-tone horn<br />
Dubonnet suspension:<br />
An independent front suspension and steering arrangement used in the<br />
1930s and '40s, in which the axle beam is rigidly attached to the vehicle<br />
frame, and the kingpins carry sprung steering and suspension arms, from<br />
which the wheels are mounted on stub axles<br />
duct:<br />
A tube or channel through which air, gas, or liquid is conducted, conveyed,<br />
or moved.<br />
Also see<br />
air duct<br />
NACA duct<br />
oil duct<br />
ductile:<br />
Metal which can be bent, hammered, or drawn out into wire or sheet<br />
without fracturing<br />
ductility:<br />
The ability of a material to undergo stretching or bending without<br />
fracturing<br />
Duesenberg:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models<br />
are classic cars. Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Duesenberg<br />
duesy:
dull:<br />
Expression to indicate quality, as "It's a duesy." The word is derived from<br />
the high quality Duesenberg automobiles.<br />
[1] A finish that is not shiny.<br />
[2] A blade, saw, or drill bit that is not sharp.<br />
Also see<br />
go dull<br />
dumbirons:<br />
The front extensions of the side members of a chassis frarne in older<br />
designs, to which were fitted the front ends of the leaf springs carrying the<br />
front axle.<br />
dummy:<br />
A stuffed figure made to look like a human being, used, <strong>for</strong> instance, when<br />
crash testing cars. Also called a crash test dummy.<br />
Also see<br />
crash test dummy<br />
side impact dummy<br />
dummy lights:<br />
[1] Exterior lights which do not work, but may enhance the appearance of<br />
a vehicle.<br />
[2] The idiot lights that indicate a condition, but does not give details as a<br />
gauge would do, e.g., an oil light that indicates low pressure. By the time it<br />
comes on, you may have damaged your engine.<br />
dump:<br />
See end dump<br />
dump body:<br />
A large truck's metal body which is generally hinged at rear and dumped<br />
by hydraulic means. The size is generally given in cubic yard water level<br />
capacity.<br />
dumps:
See bottom dumps<br />
dump truck:<br />
[1] A large truck with a bed designed to be tilted at its front to unload its<br />
contents usually through a gate in the rear.<br />
[2] In Britain it is a small truck with a tipping container in front of the<br />
driver, used in construction, like a front-end loader<br />
dump valve:<br />
A valve <strong>for</strong> relieving pressure, such as that between the turbocharger and<br />
the carburetor in some systems<br />
dunnage:<br />
Cushioning material placed among cargo to prevent their motion<br />
duo-servo brake:<br />
A servo brake with one double-end wheel cylinder and two linked selfenergizing<br />
brake shoes<br />
duo-servo drum brake:<br />
A type of self-energizing drum brake that has servo action in both <strong>for</strong>ward<br />
and reverse<br />
duplex:<br />
Double, having two parts. Applies to motorcycle frames with two<br />
downtubes, and chains with double rows of rollers<br />
duplex chain:<br />
A chain with two rows of rollers, used especially <strong>for</strong> timing chains.<br />
Also see<br />
simplex chain<br />
triplex chain<br />
DuPont:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are classic cars.
durability:<br />
[1] The ability of a component or entire vehicle to last a long time.<br />
[2] The expected lifespan of a paint film<br />
durable:<br />
The ability of something to be serviceable <strong>for</strong> a long time be<strong>for</strong>e being<br />
replaced<br />
Duraspark system:<br />
Ford electronic ignitions system<br />
duration:<br />
The length of time that an action is allowed to operate or that something is<br />
supposed to last.<br />
Also see<br />
spark duration<br />
valve duration<br />
durometer:<br />
A device to indicate the hardness of rubber.<br />
Duryea:<br />
See Stevens Duryea<br />
dust boot:<br />
[1] A covering (often shaped like an accordian) usually made of rubber or<br />
plastic to cover over a shaft, CV joint, etc.<br />
[2] A rubber diaphragm-like seal that fits over the end of a hydraulic<br />
component and around a pushrod or end of a piston, not used <strong>for</strong> sealing<br />
fluid in but keeping dust out<br />
dust cap:<br />
[1] A metal or plastic covering that fits into a hub shell to keep<br />
contaminants out of hub bearings.<br />
[2] A metal or plastic end cover <strong>for</strong> a spindle in a pedal or a cotterless<br />
crankset.
dust cover:<br />
A soft, flexible valve cap to protect the valve assembly from dust while in<br />
shipment and storage. It is not capable of sealing the air pressure and<br />
should not be used in service.<br />
dust-free paint:<br />
A condition of paint which has hardened beyond being tacky so that any<br />
air-borne dust particles will not be imbedded in the paint.<br />
dust sheet:<br />
A sheet <strong>for</strong> covering a car when in a garage and not in use.<br />
Also see<br />
car cover<br />
dust shield:<br />
Sheet metal disc or plate placed on the brake assembly to keep debris from<br />
brake assembly. Also called "splash shield."<br />
duties:<br />
See customs duties<br />
duty:<br />
See<br />
heavy-duty<br />
light-duty<br />
duty cycle:<br />
Many solenoid-operated metering devices cycle on and off. The duty cycle<br />
is a measurement of the amount of time a device is energized, or turned<br />
on, expressed as a percentage of the complete on-off cycle of that device,<br />
in other words, the duty cycle is the ratio of the pulse width to the<br />
complete cycle width<br />
duty-cycle solenoid:<br />
The duty-cycle solenoid is a computer-controlled device in a feedback<br />
carburetor that alters the mixture adjustment. Also called a mixture control<br />
solenoid
duty drawback:<br />
Import duties or taxes repaid by a government in whole or in part, when<br />
the imported goods are re-exported or used in the manufacture of exported<br />
goods.<br />
duty paid value:<br />
In respect to imported goods, is the aggregate value <strong>for</strong> duty on imported<br />
goods.<br />
duty waiver:<br />
<strong>for</strong>giveness, in whole or in part, of import duties when certain conditions<br />
are met.<br />
DVB:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> delay vacuum bypass system<br />
DVLA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency<br />
DVLC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Driver and Vehicle Licensing Center<br />
DVOM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> digital volt-ohm multimeter<br />
dwell:<br />
[1] In a contact breaker ignition system, the number of degrees the breaker<br />
cam rotates from the time the breaker points close until they open again.<br />
Also called the "dwell angle" or "dwell period."<br />
[2] In a breakerless ignition system, the time during which the electronic<br />
control unit allows current to flow through the primary winding of the coil,<br />
which in ignition systems with a Hall generator is determined by the width<br />
of the vanes.<br />
Also see<br />
variable dwell
dwell angle:<br />
See dwell.<br />
dwell-angle control:<br />
A system which makes sure that the dwell is sufficient <strong>for</strong> all engine<br />
conditions<br />
dwell-angle map:<br />
The pattern described by the electronic dwell-angle control, dependent on<br />
engine speed and battery voltage<br />
dwell meter:<br />
An instrument which determines the number of degrees the breaker cam<br />
rotates while the breaker points are closed. Changing the point gap affects<br />
the dwell angle. When the breaker points are correctly gapped, the<br />
distributor can give the proper amount and duration of spark to the spark<br />
plugs.<br />
dwell period:<br />
The time during which the primary circuit is closed and primary current<br />
flows through the ignition coil, given in crankshaft or distributor shaft<br />
degrees and there<strong>for</strong>e also called dwell angle. See dwell.<br />
DWS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> deflation warning system<br />
dwt:<br />
Deadweight ton(s)<br />
Dykem-type metal bluing:<br />
A special blue dye used to check a valve job. When applied to the valve set<br />
to show up as a dark ring contrasted against the brightly finished top &<br />
bottom cuts, making the seat easier to see and measure
dykes ring:<br />
A compressionpiston<br />
ring which is L-shaped when<br />
viewed from the end. When installed in the piston<br />
the horizontal part fits more deeply in the piston<br />
groove while the vertical side rubs against the<br />
cylinder wall. This style of ring gives good sealing<br />
and prevents piston-ring flutter during acceleration<br />
and deceleration of the piston.<br />
dynamic balance:<br />
When the center line of the weight mass of a revolving object is in the<br />
same plane as the center line of the object, that object would be in<br />
dynamic balance. For example, the weight mass of the tire must be in the<br />
same plane as the center line of the wheel. Static balance is made off the<br />
vehicle and determined with the tire stationary. Dynamic balance is made<br />
with the tire in rotation.<br />
dynamic ignition timing:<br />
Be<strong>for</strong>e the introduction of a strobe light, ignition timing was done<br />
statically in that the distributor was moved a certain measured amount.<br />
With modern engines, a timing light or strobe light is used. It is connected,<br />
generally, with the spark plug of the number one cylinder. As power is<br />
provided to that cylinder from the coil, the timing light flashes. When the<br />
light is projected to the flywheel, the timing marks are illuminated.<br />
Moving the distributor will make the timing mark move closer to a fixed<br />
mark (retarded) or further away (advanced). Also called stroboscopic<br />
ignition timing. The opposite is static ignition timing<br />
dynamic imbalance:<br />
Lack of balance in a rotating part such as a wheel, which can cause<br />
vibration and shudder<br />
dynamic seal:<br />
oil seal between a moving and a stationary part. Opposite to static seal<br />
dynamic supercharging:<br />
The pressurizing of the air/fuel mixture using the natural dynamic<br />
behaviour of the aspirated air, and not some mechanical device to<br />
compress it
dynamic timing meter:<br />
A GM diesel tool used <strong>for</strong> measuring timing while the engine is running<br />
by using a quartz sensor in the combustion chamber that measures the<br />
point of combustion and converts this to timing in degrees of crankshaft<br />
flotation through the use of a magnetic crankshaft pickup and<br />
microprocessor<br />
dynamo:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a generator producing direct current.<br />
Also see<br />
alternator<br />
dynamometer:<br />
[1] An electric or hydraulic machine used to measure the actual engine<br />
horsepower output and torque. An engine dynamometer measures<br />
horsepower at the crankshaft and a chassis dynamometer measures<br />
horsepower output at the wheels.<br />
[2] Device <strong>for</strong> measuring power output or power input of a mechanism.<br />
Also see<br />
roller dynamometer<br />
dynastart:<br />
A combined generator and starter used on some cars in the 1920s and '30s,<br />
and more recently on two-stroke motorcycles<br />
dynastarter:<br />
A combined generator and starter used on some cars in the 1920s and '30s,<br />
and more recently on two-stroke motorcycles
E:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> Economy Gear<br />
EACV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "electronic air control valve." A valve used in fuel-injection<br />
system, usually computer controlled, that controls the amount of air<br />
bypassing the throttle during idle. The more air that bypasses the throttle,<br />
the higher the idle speed<br />
EAC Valve:<br />
electric air control valve. This is the GM version of a diverter air gulp<br />
valve, providing three functions in a single valve:<br />
1. the normal diverter valve function, i.e., it diverts air on rapid<br />
increase in manifold vacuum;<br />
2. it relieves pressure by diverting air to the air cleaner when the air<br />
injection system pressure exceeds a certain set level;<br />
3. being solenoid-controlled, it allows air to be diverted under any<br />
desired operating mode<br />
Also see<br />
EAS valve<br />
EAMA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Egyptian Automobile Manufacturers Association."<br />
ear:<br />
A projection in the shape of an ear, usually as a lug or support <strong>for</strong> other<br />
components such as the brackets which are part of the <strong>for</strong>k cover and to<br />
which the headlight is mounted on a motorcycle. It is also a spoiler behind<br />
the rear windows to improve stability in side winds.
Also see<br />
<strong>for</strong>k ear<br />
Earles <strong>for</strong>ks:<br />
Long leading-link motorcycle <strong>for</strong>ks, i.e., front suspension has a pivoting<br />
<strong>for</strong>k controlled by twin shock absorbers. Designed by Ernie Earles, they<br />
were used by many manufactures of motorcycles in the 1950s<br />
early fuel evaporation system:<br />
(EFE) A system that heats the inlet manifold to provide a warm air/fuel<br />
mixture, reducing condensation and improving fuel evaporation, thus<br />
improving cold engine operation and reducing exhaust emissions. An EFE<br />
system operated by engine exhaust gas responds quicker to engine heat-up<br />
than systems heated by engine coolant; some EFE systems use an electric<br />
heater in the intake duct<br />
early termination:<br />
A vehicle's depreciation is highest in the first few months after it leaves the<br />
dealer's lot. Since a lessee pays <strong>for</strong> depreciation in equal monthly<br />
payments, lessees who end a lease early have almost always used up more<br />
of a car's value than they've paid <strong>for</strong>. There<strong>for</strong>e, lease contracts generally<br />
include penalties <strong>for</strong> early termination. Be aware of these penalties be<strong>for</strong>e<br />
you sign the lease contract and consider your ability to fulfill the contract.<br />
earnings:<br />
See average weekly earnings<br />
ears on:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> CB is turned on as in "Any smokeys out there with their<br />
ears on."<br />
earth:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> ground<br />
earth connection:
British term <strong>for</strong> ground connection<br />
earth electrode:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> ground electrode<br />
earthmover:<br />
See A-2 tire.<br />
earth return:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> ground return<br />
earth strap:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> ground strap<br />
earth wire:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> ground wire.<br />
ease up on the accelerator:<br />
The action of releasing the accelerator partially or completely in order to<br />
reduce the amount of fuel entering the engine and thus slow down the<br />
speed of the vehicle. Opposite of depress the accelerator or step on the<br />
accelerator.<br />
ease up on the gas pedal:<br />
The action of releasing the gas pedal partially or completely in order to<br />
reduce the amount of fuel entering the engine and thus slow down the<br />
speed of the vehicle. Opposite of depress the gas pedal or step on the gas<br />
pedal..<br />
ease up on the throttle:<br />
The action of releasing the twist-grip or throttle lever partially or<br />
completely in order to reduce the amount of fuel entering the engine and<br />
thus slow down the speed of the vehicle. Opposite of engaging the throttle<br />
or cranking on the throttle..
ease up on the throttle pedal:<br />
The action of releasing the throttle pedal partially or completely in order to<br />
reduce the amount of fuel entering the engine and thus slow down the<br />
speed of the vehicle. Opposite of depress the throttle pedal or step on the<br />
throttle pedal..<br />
easing fluid:<br />
Penetrating oil<br />
Easton:<br />
American developer of high quality aluminum and carbon fiber bicycle<br />
products.<br />
east-west layout:<br />
transverse positioning of the engine across the car from left to right, found<br />
in many front-wheel drive designs. Also called transverse engine. The<br />
opposite is north-south layout<br />
EAS Valve:<br />
The valve in an emission control system governing the airflow from the air<br />
pump in connection with the EAC valve. When its solenoid is energized,<br />
air is directed into the exhaust ports to increase oxidation and accelerate<br />
catalytic converter heat-up to operating temperature, and when its solenoid<br />
is de-energized, it switches airflow between the converter beds to help the<br />
oxidizing catalyst to decrease the CO and HC levels
easy access cab:<br />
A regular cab<br />
pickup with an<br />
extra fold-out<br />
section behind the<br />
door to allow you<br />
to have access to<br />
the things behind<br />
the seat. Unlike an<br />
extended cab, there<br />
is no seating<br />
behind the seat.<br />
easy out:<br />
A brand name <strong>for</strong> a screw extractor.<br />
easy-out:<br />
A brand name <strong>for</strong> a screw extractor.<br />
eat:<br />
to corrode and remove the metal from the front fender has been eaten away<br />
by rust<br />
eat away:<br />
to corrode and remove the metal from the front fender has been eaten away<br />
by rust<br />
eat-em-up:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Truck stop Cafe as in "It's been so long since I stopped at<br />
the eat em up that my stomach thinks my throats been slashed."<br />
eater:<br />
See rust eater
ebonite:<br />
hard black rubber compound especially one containing no filler<br />
e box:<br />
Any electronic box including capacitive discharge ignition and computer<br />
controlled devices.<br />
e-box:<br />
Any electronic box including capacitive discharge ignition and computer<br />
controlled devices.<br />
E-brake :<br />
See emergency brake<br />
ECA:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> electronic control assembly<br />
ECC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> electronic climate control<br />
eccentric:<br />
[1] Two circles, one within the other, neither sharing the same center, i.e.,<br />
they are off-center.<br />
[2] A protrusion on a shaft that rubs against or is connected to another part,<br />
such as a cam on a camshaft.<br />
[3] A part transmitting an eccentric drive, such as a disc with a provision<br />
<strong>for</strong> a drive from its outer part, or an eccentric shaft<br />
eccentric bolt:<br />
A bolt with centers of head and body on different axis so that one is offcenter<br />
in relation to the other.<br />
eccentric drive:<br />
A drive from a point not on the axis of the driving shaft, e.g., from the<br />
outer part of a disc, so that a reciprocating or up and down motion is<br />
transmitted; used in pumps or <strong>for</strong> a camshaft drive
eccentric journals:<br />
These are used to attach the connecting rods to the crankshaft (also called<br />
metal shafts)<br />
eccentric rotor pump:<br />
rotor-type pump<br />
eccentric shaft:<br />
A shaft transmitting eccentric motion<br />
ECE test cycle:<br />
A 13 minute, three-part test of automotive emissions <strong>for</strong> compliance with<br />
emission standards, adopted by most European countries, simulating urban<br />
driving conditions, i.e., involving relatively long idling periods and speeds<br />
below 35 mph, emission characteristics at cruising speeds not being<br />
considered<br />
echelon parking:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> angle parking<br />
ECI:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> electronically controlled injection<br />
Eclat:<br />
A 2+2 Coupe produced by Lotus from 1975 to 1982. This vehicle was the<br />
basis <strong>for</strong> the current Lotus Excel.<br />
ECM:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "electronic Control Module" which is the master computer<br />
responsible <strong>for</strong> interpreting electrical signals sent by engine sensors and<br />
<strong>for</strong> activating automated engine components and processes accordingly in<br />
order to produce optimum per<strong>for</strong>mance.<br />
ecological damage:
damage to the environment, usually in the <strong>for</strong>m of pollution, such as that<br />
caused by vehicle emissions<br />
ecologically harmful:<br />
damaging to the environment automotive exhaust gases are ecologically<br />
harmful<br />
ecology:<br />
Science of life balance on earth.<br />
economical:<br />
The determination of how much money or fuel is required to cover a<br />
particular distance. Good economy involves driving at a steady rate,<br />
avoiding rapid starts and stops, driving in the highest possible gear,<br />
avoiding using power- robbing components (e.g., air conditioning), proper<br />
tire inflation, etc.<br />
Economic Cooperation:<br />
See Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation<br />
economizer:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> making a vehicle use less fuel, either by regulating the flow<br />
of fuel, or by admitting extra air to the air/fuel mixture -- especially when<br />
cruising<br />
economizer valve:<br />
A fuel flow control device within the carburetor.<br />
economy:<br />
The ratio between a product or service and its value.<br />
Also see<br />
economy device:<br />
corporate Average Fuel Economy<br />
epa fuel economy<br />
fuel economy<br />
tuned <strong>for</strong> economy
See economizer<br />
economy gear:<br />
High gear designed <strong>for</strong> economical cruising often better than 1:1 ratio like<br />
an overdrive.<br />
economy jet:<br />
An additional jet in a carburettor admitting extra air to the air/fuel mixture<br />
-- especially when cruising<br />
economy ratio:<br />
An overdrive gear ratio better then 1:1 <strong>for</strong> economical cruising<br />
ECS:<br />
ECT:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> electronically controlled suspension.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> evaporation control system<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "engine coolant temperature sensor"<br />
ECU:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "electronic Control Unit"<br />
eddy currents:<br />
Induced currents flowing in a core.<br />
edge:<br />
See<br />
*absorption edge<br />
abutting edge<br />
beaded edge<br />
feather-edge<br />
feather edge<br />
leading edge<br />
trailing edge<br />
wiring an edge
edge binding:<br />
tape <strong>for</strong> securing the edges of carpets<br />
edge guard:<br />
rubber or plastic, U-section strip fitted to panel edges to protect them<br />
against chipping, etc.<br />
edge joint:<br />
A joint <strong>for</strong>med when two pieces of metal are lapped with at least one edge<br />
of each at an edge of the other.<br />
edge protection:<br />
protection of edges against corrosion, e.g.. by weatherstrips<br />
edge-ride:<br />
The tendency of crankshaft main bearings to ride up the radius (rather than<br />
seat on the journal) when the radius is too large<br />
edge tire:<br />
See beaded edge tire<br />
edge trim:<br />
rubber or plastic, U-section strip fitted to panel edges to protect them<br />
against chipping, etc.<br />
Edison base:<br />
A light bulb base that is threaded.<br />
Edison screw:<br />
A light bulb base that is threaded
Edsel:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford<br />
Edwardian car:<br />
A car built in Great Britain between 1905 and 1918<br />
EEC:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> electronic engine control system.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> evaporative emission control system<br />
EECS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "evaporative emissions control system"<br />
EER:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> energy efficiency ratio<br />
EESS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> evaporative emission shed system<br />
EEVIR:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> evaporator equalized valve in receiver<br />
EFE:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> early fuel evaporation system<br />
EFE system:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Early Fuel Evaporation System<br />
effect:<br />
See<br />
alteration effect<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Edsel
arrier effect<br />
braking effect<br />
engine braking effect<br />
ground effect<br />
hall effect<br />
kadenacy effect<br />
liftoff effect<br />
load alteration effect<br />
roll steer effect<br />
self-centering effect<br />
synergetic effect<br />
synergistic effect<br />
effective:<br />
[1] actual rather than theoretical or potential.<br />
[2] producing an effect.<br />
Also see<br />
cost-effective<br />
indicated mean effective pressure<br />
mean effective pressure<br />
effective area:<br />
Actual flow area of an air inlet or outlet. Gross area minus area of vanes or<br />
grille bars.<br />
effective deflection:<br />
deflection of a suspension system under a particular load<br />
effective pressure:<br />
See<br />
brake mean effective pressure<br />
indicated mean effective pressure<br />
mean effective pressure<br />
effective stroke:<br />
working or power stroke in a two-stroke engine<br />
effective temperature:<br />
Overall effect on a human of air temperature, humidity, and air movement.
efficiency:<br />
[1] The accomplishment of something with the least amount of ef<strong>for</strong>t,<br />
energy, or fuel.<br />
[2] Output of a device, system, or activity, divided by the input necessary<br />
to create the output. In a compressor the efficiency would be the work<br />
output, as measured by pressure change, divided by the energy input<br />
(usually electrical).<br />
See<br />
braking efficiency<br />
catalyst efficiency<br />
catalytic efficiency<br />
charging efficiency<br />
fuel efficiency<br />
mechanical efficiency<br />
thermal efficiency<br />
trapping efficiency<br />
volumetric efficiency<br />
ef<strong>for</strong>t:<br />
The <strong>for</strong>ce which is doing work on an object.<br />
Also see<br />
EFI:<br />
braking ef<strong>for</strong>t<br />
(EFi) Acronym <strong>for</strong> electronic Fuel Injection<br />
EGC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> exhaust gas check valve<br />
egg-crate grille:<br />
A radiator grille with crisscrossing bars <strong>for</strong>ming gaps which are more or<br />
less square. One of the distinctive characteristics of Cadillac cars<br />
EGI:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> electronic gasoline injection<br />
EGO:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> exhaust gas oxygen sensor
EGR:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Exhaust-gas recirculation."<br />
Also see<br />
negative transducer EGR valve<br />
vacuum modulated EGR<br />
EGRC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> EGR control solenoid<br />
EGR control solenoid:<br />
(EGRC) energizes to allow manifold vacuum to the EGR gas temperature<br />
EGRV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> EGR vent solenoid<br />
EGR vacuum:<br />
A vacuum source above the closed throttle plate; used <strong>for</strong> control of ported<br />
EGR valves. Vacuum is zero at closed throttle<br />
EGR valve:<br />
[1] A part of an EGR system mounted on or near the inlet manifold and<br />
controlled by inlet manifold vacuum, which is usually closed at idle and<br />
low speeds, but opens during acceleration, admitting exhaust gas to the<br />
inlet manifold. Most EGR valves are of the single diaphragm type, some<br />
are dual diaphragm valves connected to two separate vacuum sources to<br />
more closely match EGR function to engine loads; <strong>for</strong> the same purpose,<br />
EGR valves are frequently governed by additional regulating devices.<br />
[2] A valve used to introduce exhaust gases into the intake air stream.<br />
There are several types.<br />
Also see<br />
integral backpressure transducer EGR valve<br />
ported EGR valve<br />
electronic EGR valve<br />
valve and Transducer assembly<br />
negative transducer EGR valve<br />
EGR valve position sensor:<br />
(EVP) A potentiometric sensor used in electronically controlled EGR<br />
system. Sensor wiper position is proportional to EGR valve pintle position,
which allows electronic control assembly to determine actual EGR flow at<br />
any point in time<br />
EGR vent solenoid:<br />
(EGRV) electrical solenoid that normally vents EGRC vacuum line. When<br />
EGRV is energized, EGRC can open the EGR valve<br />
EGR venturi vacuum amplifier:<br />
A device that uses a relatively weak venturi vacuum to control a manifold<br />
vacuum signal to operate the EGR valve. Contains a check valve and relief<br />
valve that open whenever the venturi vacuum signal is equal to or greater<br />
than manifold vacuum<br />
EIA:<br />
eight:<br />
8 trk:<br />
8-trk:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Electronics Industries Association."<br />
eight-cylinder engine, or a vehicle fitted with one; the cylinders may be inline<br />
(a straight eight) or in a V-layout (a V-8).<br />
Also see<br />
flat eight straight eight<br />
V-eight<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "eight-track" tape player found in many '60s and some<br />
'70s cars.<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "eight-track" tape player found in many '60s and some<br />
'70s cars.<br />
eighteen wheeler:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> A truck with 18 wheels as in "If you got it an 18-wheeler<br />
brought it."<br />
eight track:
See eight-track.<br />
eight-track:<br />
An 8-track tape player found in many '60s and some '70s cars.<br />
EIN:<br />
eject:<br />
Engine Identification Number<br />
To push or throw out<br />
eject button:<br />
button on a cassette player or CD player <strong>for</strong> taking out the cassette or CD<br />
ejector:<br />
Device which uses high fluid velocity, such as a venturi, to create low<br />
pressure or vacuum at its throat to draw in fluid from another source.<br />
Elan:<br />
A two-seater roadster produced by Lotus from 1964 to 1974.<br />
elapsed time:<br />
(ET) The length of time it takes a dragster to complete the one-fourth mile<br />
run.<br />
elasticity:<br />
[1] The ability to recover the original size and shape after being de<strong>for</strong>med,<br />
especially stretched, <strong>for</strong>ces are released.<br />
[2] The property of an adhesive or sealer which enables it to recover its<br />
original shape and size when de<strong>for</strong>ming <strong>for</strong>ces are removed. It is the<br />
ability to change size or shape repeatedly without breaking the molecular<br />
bonds that cause an object to hold its shape.<br />
elastomer:
[1] A term which includes natural rubber and the many synthetic materials<br />
that possess rubber-like properties.<br />
[2] An elastic macromolecular material that at room temperature returns<br />
rapidly to approximately its initial dimensions and shape after substantial<br />
de<strong>for</strong>mation by a weak stress and release of the stress.<br />
[3] A classification of rubber-like substances used in the <strong>for</strong>mulation of<br />
adhesives, coatings, and sealers without reference to their composition.<br />
Also classed as an elastic material that can be stretched repeatedly to at<br />
least twice its original length and, upon sudden release of stress, to return<br />
with equal <strong>for</strong>ce to its approximate original length thermoplastic<br />
elastomers<br />
[4] An elastic polymer, a springy plastic used commonly as a spring or<br />
shock absorber, particularly in suspension <strong>for</strong>ks and similar mechanisms.<br />
elbow:<br />
A pipe or rod with a bend, usually at right angles.<br />
Also see<br />
ELC:<br />
Electronic level control<br />
mechanic's elbow<br />
Eldorado:<br />
A Cadillac vehicle brand of which the 1953-58, 67-<br />
70 Eldorado models are milestone cars. Also see<br />
the history of Cadillac Eldorado.<br />
Eldorado Brougham:<br />
See Cadillac Eldorado Brougham<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on<br />
Cadillac Eldorado<br />
Electra:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by<br />
Buick Click <strong>for</strong> books on Buick Electra
electric:<br />
operated by or derived from electricity<br />
electric air control valve:<br />
The EAC valve<br />
electric air switching valve:<br />
EAS valve<br />
electrical:<br />
relating to electricity<br />
electrical arcing:<br />
Band of sparks <strong>for</strong>med when an electrical discharge from a conductor<br />
jumps to another conductor<br />
electrical balance:<br />
An atom or an object in which positive and negative charges are equal<br />
electrical conductivity:<br />
The ability of a material to conduct electricity. The opposite is resistivity<br />
or resistance.<br />
electrical potential:<br />
Electrical <strong>for</strong>ce which moves, or attempts to move, electrons along a<br />
conductor or resistance.<br />
electrical resistance:<br />
The difficulty electrons have moving through a conductor or substance.<br />
electrical screwdriver:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> an electric screwdriver<br />
electrical spanner:
A British term <strong>for</strong> an ignition wrench<br />
electrical system:<br />
The system that generates, stores, and distributes electrical current to crank<br />
the engine <strong>for</strong> starting and to keep it running by providing high voltage to<br />
the spark plugs; and to give power to the lights, the heater motor, radio,<br />
and other accessories. It is made up of the ignition system starter motor,<br />
battery alternator voltage regulator lights, electrical accessories and all the<br />
wiring, switches, and relays.<br />
electric car:<br />
A car whose only power source is an electric motor and a number of<br />
batteries.<br />
electric charge:<br />
A definite quantity of electricity, which-may be positive, as with protons,<br />
or negative, as with electrons.<br />
Also see<br />
coulomb<br />
electric current:<br />
The flow of electricity passing through a conductor<br />
electric defrosting:<br />
Use of electric resistance heating coils to melt ice and frost off evaporators<br />
during defrosting.<br />
electric fuel pump:<br />
electrically powered gasoline or diesel pump which draws fuel from the<br />
tank and delivers it to the carburetor or fuel injection system<br />
electric grid:<br />
The electrical system<br />
electric heating:
System in which heat from electrical resistance units is used to heat the<br />
building.<br />
electrician:<br />
See automotive electrician<br />
electric insulation:<br />
Substance which has almost no free electrons.<br />
electricity:<br />
See static electricity<br />
electric mirror:<br />
An external door mirror which is controlled by an electric motor and<br />
operated by a switch inside the car<br />
electric motor:<br />
A device which changes electrical energy into rotational motion. In<br />
addition to the starter and windshield wiper motors, which were the first<br />
electric motors to be added to the automotive electrical system, modern<br />
cars include a large number of small motors <strong>for</strong> driving such items as the<br />
electric windows, aerials, sunroofs, mirrors and seat adjustment, central<br />
locking and power hoods; electric-powered cars use large motors <strong>for</strong> their<br />
drive.<br />
electric rectifier:<br />
Electrical device <strong>for</strong> converting ac to dc.<br />
electric screwdriver:<br />
A tool which resembles a pistol which can accept screwdriver bits. It is<br />
similar to an electric drill.<br />
electric top:<br />
A power convertible roof. The British term is "power hood"
electric vehicle:<br />
Cars, buses, vans or trucks which use dedicated or hybrid electric systems<br />
as their power source.<br />
electric water valve:<br />
Solenoid type (electrically operated) valve used to turn water flow on and<br />
off.<br />
electric welding:<br />
Welding by using an electric current to melt both metal (work) and<br />
welding rod, or electrode<br />
electric windows:<br />
Side windows which are raised and lowered by an electric motor which is<br />
operated by a switch.<br />
electrochemical:<br />
Chemical (battery) production of electricity.<br />
electrochemical corrosion:<br />
corrosion involving at least one electrode reaction<br />
electrocoating:<br />
electrophoretic painting
electrode:<br />
[1] In a spark plug one electrode (the center<br />
electrode) is the center rod passing through<br />
the insulator. The side electrode is a rod<br />
welded to the shell of the spark plug. The<br />
distance between them is the spark gap.<br />
[2] In welding it is the metal rod that is used<br />
in arc welding. A substance which brings<br />
electricity up to the point where the arc is to<br />
be <strong>for</strong>med; in other words it is the material<br />
immediately adjacent to the arc proper and<br />
the one which carries the current to this point.<br />
In electric arc welding the electrode is usually<br />
melted and becomes a part of the weld.<br />
Also see<br />
center electrode<br />
coated electrode<br />
compound center electrode<br />
compound electrode<br />
covered electrode<br />
earth electrode<br />
ground electrode<br />
negative electrode<br />
outer electrode<br />
platinum electrode<br />
positive electrode<br />
side electrode<br />
spark plug electrode<br />
top electrode<br />
triangular ground electrode<br />
electrode adjusting tool:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a spark plug gap gauge<br />
electrode gap:<br />
Spark plug gap<br />
electrodeposition:<br />
A generic term <strong>for</strong> electrolytic processes in which a metal is deposited at<br />
the cathode from a solution of its ions, such as electroplating, or in which<br />
paint is deposited in an immersion process by means of electric current<br />
electrodeposition process:
Process in which metallic particles are applied to another metal surface<br />
through the use of an electric current.<br />
electrode spark plug:<br />
See split electrode spark plug<br />
electrogalvanizing:<br />
An electroplating coating of zinc on metal that will rust (i.e., iron or steel).<br />
electro-hydraulic pressure actuator:<br />
See pressure actuator<br />
electro-hydraulic pump:<br />
An electrically powered hydraulic pump used to create pressure in certain<br />
portions of the brake system. Typically found in GM Powermaster brake<br />
boosters and in ABS hydraulic control units<br />
electrolysis:<br />
[1] A method by which chemical reactions are carried out by passage of<br />
electric current through a solution of an electrolyte or through a molten<br />
salt.<br />
[2] Movement of electricity through a substance which causes a chemical<br />
change in the substance or its container.<br />
electrolyte:<br />
In automotive batteries, it is a sulphuric acid and water solution. It can be<br />
any solution (usually an acid) that will conduct electric current. The acid<br />
reacts with the battery plates (usually made of lead) to produce direct<br />
current (DC) electricity.<br />
electrolytic:<br />
relating to electrolysis or an electrolyte<br />
electrolytic cell:<br />
A cell consisting of electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution <strong>for</strong><br />
carrying out electrolysis
electrolytic condenser-capacitor:<br />
Plate or surface capable of storing small electrical charges.<br />
electrolytic corrosion:<br />
electrochemical corrosion causing the electrolytic removal of metal<br />
electrolytic deposition:<br />
electroplating<br />
electrolytic galvanizing:<br />
electrogalvanizing<br />
electrolytic protection:<br />
cathodic protection<br />
electromagnet:<br />
A magnet produced by placing a coil of wire around a steel or iron bar.<br />
When current flows through the coil the bar becomes magnetized and will<br />
remain so as long as the current continues to flow.<br />
electromagnetic:<br />
Magnetic (generator) production of electricity.<br />
electromagnetic clutch:<br />
any clutch in which a magnetic <strong>for</strong>ce is used to hold the drive in<br />
engagement, such as that in the compressor drive of an air-conditioning<br />
system<br />
electromagnetic energy:<br />
Energy which has both electrical and magnetic characteristics. Solar<br />
energy is electromagnetic.<br />
electromagnetic induction:
Voltage is induced in a coil of wire by moving coil through a magnetic<br />
field or by keeping coil stationary and moving magnetic field.<br />
$electrometer: See *absolute electrometer<br />
electromotive <strong>for</strong>ce:<br />
(EMF) A source of electrical energy required to produce an electric<br />
current, produced by devices such as batteries or generators and measured<br />
in volts. See voltage.<br />
electromotive <strong>for</strong>ce voltage:<br />
(emf) Electrical <strong>for</strong>ce which causes current (free electrons) to flow or<br />
move in an electrical circuit. Unit of measurement is the volt.<br />
electron:<br />
A negatively charged particle that makes up part of the atom.<br />
Also see<br />
bound electrons<br />
free electrons<br />
electron flow:<br />
A current produced by the motion of free electrons towards a positive<br />
terminal, whose direction is the opposite to that of the current<br />
electronic:<br />
Featuring semiconductors (usually transistors) as an operating medium.<br />
Also see<br />
fully electronic ignition<br />
high energy ignition system with electronic spark timing<br />
magnetically controlled electronic ignition<br />
electronic air control valve:<br />
(EACV) A valve used in fuel-injection system, usually computer<br />
controlled, that controls the amount of air bypassing the throttle during<br />
idle. The more air that bypasses the throttle, the higher the idle speed<br />
electronically controlled:<br />
Most items can be controlled by a mechanical means (squeeze a lever to<br />
move something) or by hydraulics (a lever pushes fluid which applies<br />
movement to something) or electronically (move a switch and a servo
motor moves something)<br />
electronically controlled transmission:<br />
A transmission that relies on sensors, an electronic control unit (ECU), and<br />
solenoids to control torque convertor lockup and shift points<br />
electronically-controlled wastegate:<br />
A turbo-charger wastegate that is activated by an electric signal from a<br />
computer<br />
electronic brake control module:<br />
(EBCM) GM's term <strong>for</strong> the electronic control unit<br />
electronic climate control:<br />
(ECC) An air conditioning system control which determines and maintains<br />
the preset temperature in the passenger compartment.<br />
electronic cluster:<br />
A display showing various functions, including speedometer, tachometer,<br />
gauges, etc., using LEDs or LCD technology displaying symbols and bar<br />
graphs instead of numbers. The opposite is an analog cluster<br />
Electronic control Assembly:<br />
ECA: A Ford vehicle computer consisting of a calibration assembly<br />
containing the computer memory, its control program, and processor<br />
assembly (the computer hardware)<br />
electronic control diagnostics:<br />
Trouble codes which may be referenced on an automatic climate control<br />
system to diagnose problems.<br />
electronic control module:<br />
(ECM)<br />
[1] The master computer responsible <strong>for</strong> interpreting electrical signals sent<br />
by engine sensors and <strong>for</strong> activating automated engine components and<br />
processes accordingly in order to produce optimum per<strong>for</strong>mance.
[2] A GM term and also a generic term referring to the computer. The<br />
ECM is the brain of the engine control system receiving in<strong>for</strong>mation from<br />
various sensors in the engine compartment. The ECM calculates what is<br />
required <strong>for</strong> proper engine operation and controls the different actuators to<br />
achieve it Also called "electronic control unit"<br />
electronic control unit:<br />
(ECU)<br />
[1] A microprocessor and memory with electronic maps, <strong>for</strong>ming the<br />
central part of an engine management system or of subsystems such as a<br />
fuel injection or ignition system.<br />
[2] The "brain" of an ABS system. The ECU reads impulses from the<br />
wheel speed sensors to determine if anti-lock braking needs to take place.<br />
If so, the ECU controls the cycling of the solenoid valves in the hydraulic<br />
control unit. Also called "Electronic Control Module"<br />
electronic EGR valve:<br />
The EGR valve used in engine management system in which the EGR<br />
flow is controlled by the computer (usually by means of an EGR valve<br />
position sensor attached to the EGR valve). Operating vacuum is supplied<br />
by EGR solenoid valve(s)<br />
electronic engine control:<br />
(EEC)<br />
[1] The engine management system which controls the ignition system and<br />
various other systems, including the exhaust gas recirculation and airinjection<br />
systems.<br />
[2] Ford's computerized engine control system. There are four versions:<br />
EEC-I controls engine timing. EEC-II controls engine timing and fuel (on<br />
engines with an FBC system). EEC-III-FBC is a refined version of EEC-<br />
II. EEC-III-CFI controls engine timing and fuel (on engine with an EFI<br />
system). EEC-IV is a refined version of the EEC-III system<br />
electronic fuel injection:<br />
(EFI or EFi) A system that injects fuel into the engine and includes an<br />
electronic control unit to time and meter the flow. Fuel is delivered in<br />
intermittent pulses by the opening and closing of solenoid-controlled<br />
injectors. Also called pulsed injection
electronic gasoline injection:<br />
(EGI) Mazda's fuel injection system <strong>for</strong> the RX-7, RX-7 Turbo, 323, and<br />
626<br />
electronic ignition:<br />
See<br />
electronic ignition system<br />
all electronic ignition<br />
capacitor controlled electronic ignition<br />
contact controlled electronic ignition<br />
contactless electronic ignition<br />
fully electronic ignition<br />
magnetically controlled electronic ignition<br />
electronic ignition system:<br />
An ignition system using electronic switching devices to assist or<br />
eliminate the mechanical breaker points. There are three basic electronic<br />
ignitions: contact controlled (the breaker points are retained but merely<br />
serve to trigger a transistor which switches the heavy primary current),<br />
magnetically controlled (transistors are used as the switching device <strong>for</strong><br />
the primary current and the points are eliminated -- also called<br />
"contactless" or "all-electronic"), and capacitor controlled (also called<br />
"capacitive-discharge system" and can be either all-electronic or breakerpoint<br />
controlled).<br />
electronic leak detector:<br />
Electronic instrument which measures electronic flow across gas gap.<br />
Electronic flow changes indicate presence of refrigerant gas molecules.<br />
electronic navigator:<br />
A trip computer which gives estimated time of arrival (ETA), amount of<br />
fuel left, average fuel consumption, etc.<br />
electronic relay:<br />
Electronic switch, such as a triac, which controls a power consuming<br />
device.<br />
electronic ride control:
A suspension control system made up of a microprocessor-controlled,<br />
electronically adjustable air shock absorbers <strong>for</strong> automatic selection of the<br />
optimum damping characteristics depending on road surface and load<br />
conditions<br />
electronics:<br />
Field of science dealing with electron devices and their uses. Also see<br />
automotive electronics<br />
electronic sensing device:<br />
An electronic device <strong>for</strong> vehicles with fuel injection. It detects changes in<br />
speed and driving conditions and determines the amount of fuel to be<br />
injected into the combustion chamber thus eliminating the need <strong>for</strong><br />
carburetors.<br />
electronic sight glass:<br />
Device that sends an audible signal when system is low in refrigerant.<br />
electronic spark:<br />
See high energy ignition system with electronic spark timing<br />
electronic spark advance:<br />
(ESA) the part of an ECU that controls ignition timing and dwell angle<br />
electronic spark control:<br />
(ESC) The timing of the ignition by means of an ignition map, either<br />
integrated into the mapped ignition systems or available as a separate<br />
module to enhance transistorized ignition systems. Also called "electronic<br />
spark timing."<br />
electronic spark timing:<br />
(EST) The timing of the ignition by means of an ignition map, either<br />
integrated into the mapped ignition systems or available as a separate<br />
module to enhance transistorized ignition systems. Also called "electronic<br />
spark control."<br />
Also see
high energy ignition system with electronic spark timing<br />
electronic spark timing system:<br />
(EST) An ECM-controlled timing of ignition spark. This replaces the<br />
vacuum or centrifugal mechanism in the distributor and uses the computer<br />
to advance or retard the spark timing<br />
electronic thermistor:<br />
Electrical device that senses temperature change to control an output<br />
source; see thermistor<br />
electronic thermostat:<br />
Thermostat that uses electronic components to accomplish various<br />
sensing, switching, timing, staging, and display functions.<br />
electronic traction control:<br />
(ETC) A system <strong>for</strong> reducing wheelspin, incorporating wheel sensors.<br />
Also see<br />
antispin regulation<br />
electronic transmission:<br />
A system of controlling the shifting of gears in the transmission by means<br />
of electrical pulses sent to solenoids and relays. In mechanical<br />
transmissions, the operator moves levers which makes the transmission<br />
shift gears.<br />
electronic transmission control:<br />
A system or module <strong>for</strong> controlling an automatic transmission<br />
electro vacuum relay:<br />
(EVR) a combination solenoid vacuum valve and electrical relay which<br />
locks out blower operation and closes the fresh air door in cold weather,<br />
and switches the system to the recirculating air mode during maximum<br />
system use<br />
electronic voltage regulator:
(EVR) a type of regulator that uses all solid state devices to per<strong>for</strong>m the<br />
regulatory functions<br />
electrons:<br />
See bound electrons free electrons<br />
electropainting:<br />
Electrophoretic painting.<br />
Also see<br />
cathodic electropainting<br />
electropaint tank:<br />
A tank in which items are immersed <strong>for</strong> electrophoretic paint application<br />
electrophoretic painting:<br />
A process used to apply the first coat of paint (primer) to car bodies. The<br />
process involves using negatively charged paint particles (anodic<br />
electropainting) or positively charged paint particles (cathodic<br />
electropainting). The cleaned metal parts to be coated are immersed in a<br />
tank of electrodeposition paint, and the current is turned on, so that the<br />
paint particles are attracted by the positively charged paint particles<br />
electrophoretic primer:<br />
Paint used to prime car bodies by the electrophoretic process<br />
electro picker:<br />
A device which is electrically operated and is used to open locked car<br />
doors. It is available only to automotive locksmiths and the police. It<br />
consists basically of a vibrator with an attached steel blade. When the<br />
vibrating blade is inserted into a lock, it finds its way past the locating pins<br />
which would normally block anything but the original key<br />
electroplate:<br />
The process of depositing gold, silver, chrome, nickel, etc., upon an object<br />
by placing the object in a special solution and then passing an electric<br />
current through the solution. The object <strong>for</strong>ms one terminal, a special<br />
electrode the other. Direct current is used.
electroplating:<br />
The process of electrodeposition of metal or alloys from suitable<br />
electrolyte solutions. The articles to be plated are connected to the cathode<br />
in an electrolyte solution, and direct current is introduced through the<br />
anode of the metal to be deposited.<br />
Also see<br />
zinc electroplating<br />
electrostatic filter:<br />
For cleaning air, a type of filter which gives dust particles an electric<br />
charge. This causes particles to be attracted to a plate so they can be<br />
removed from air.<br />
electrostatic painting:<br />
A painting method using the particle-attracting property of electrostatic<br />
charges, in which a direct current of approximately 100,000 volts is<br />
applied to a grid of wires through which the paint is sprayed to charge<br />
each particle, and the metal objects to be sprayed are connected to the<br />
opposite terminal of the high-voltage circuit, so as to attract the paint<br />
particles. Also called "Electrostatic Spraying"<br />
electrostatic powder coating:<br />
(EPC) A painting process in which the outer parts of the body shell are<br />
coated with a powder dispersion by means of cathodic immersion, and in<br />
which the cavities are coated with cathodic electropaint<br />
electrostatic spraying:<br />
A painting method using the particle-attracting property of electrostatic<br />
charges, in which a direct current of approximately 100,000 volts is<br />
applied to a grid of wires through which the paint is sprayed to charge<br />
each particle, and the metal objects to be sprayed are connected to the<br />
opposite terminal of the high-voltage circuit, so as to attract the paint<br />
particles. Also called "Electrostatic Painting"<br />
electro vacuum relay:<br />
(EVR)A combination solenoid vacuum valve and electrical relay which<br />
locks out blower operation and closes the fresh air door in cold weather,
and switches the system to the recirculating air mode during maximum<br />
system use<br />
electrovalve:<br />
A solenoid valve<br />
element:<br />
A group of plates in a battery. Three elements <strong>for</strong> a six volt and six<br />
elements <strong>for</strong> the twelve volt battery. The elements are connected in series.<br />
Also see<br />
element glow:<br />
See open element glow plug<br />
element glow plug:<br />
See open element glow plug<br />
air cleaner element<br />
air filter element<br />
filter element<br />
hall element<br />
hot-wire element<br />
open element glow plug<br />
temperature control element<br />
Elliot:<br />
See Elliot axle reversed Elliot axle<br />
Elliot axle:<br />
A solid bar front axle on which the ends span or straddle the steering<br />
knuckle.<br />
Also see<br />
reversed Elliot axle<br />
Elliott steering knuckle:<br />
Type of axle in which ends of axle beam straddle spindle<br />
Elliot type axle:<br />
See elliot axle
ellipsoidal headlight:<br />
A headlight with a reflector which is wider than it is high, and not circular;<br />
has replaced the parabolic reflector<br />
elongation:<br />
The percentage increase in the length of a specimen when stressed to its<br />
yield strength.<br />
ELV:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "End-of-Life Vehicles."<br />
emblem:<br />
See wheel trim emblem<br />
embrittlement:<br />
A reduced toughness in plastic or metal caused by age, heat or rough use.<br />
Also see<br />
hydrogen embrittlement<br />
emergency:<br />
A sudden, unexpected occurrence, such as a breakdown or the failure of<br />
some part, which may be dangerous and demands immediate action.<br />
emergency brake:<br />
A braking system which is independent of the main hydraulic system. It<br />
can be used to slow or stop the vehicle if the primary brakes fail, or to hold<br />
the vehicle stationary though the brake pedal is not depressed. It usually<br />
consists of a foot pedal or hand lever that actuates either front or rear<br />
brakes mechanically through a series of cables and linkages. It is also<br />
called the "parking brake" or E-brake.<br />
emergency inflator:<br />
An aerosol can which inflates a punctured tire and injects sealing<br />
compound to provide at least a temporary repair<br />
emergency transmitter:
A transmitter no larger than a car radio, fitted inside the vehicle which<br />
enables a driver to radio <strong>for</strong> help from the security of his own car<br />
emergency windshield:<br />
A sheet of clear plastic fitted in place of a broken windshield<br />
emery cloth:<br />
A cloth coated in emery crystals like fine sandpaper <strong>for</strong> use as an abrasive<br />
on metals<br />
EMF:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "electromotive <strong>for</strong>ce" See voltage.<br />
Emily:<br />
An affectionate name <strong>for</strong> the RollsRoyce radiator mascot, the "Spirit of<br />
Ecstasy"<br />
emission:<br />
The<br />
passing of<br />
gases and<br />
other toxic<br />
substances<br />
into the<br />
atmospher<br />
e.<br />
Also see<br />
automotive emissions<br />
crankcase emissions<br />
evaporative emission control system<br />
evaporative emissions<br />
exhaust emission controls
exhaust emissions<br />
low-emission<br />
low Emission Vehicle Standards<br />
particulate emission limit<br />
particulate emission<br />
emission control:<br />
A system <strong>for</strong> restricting the amount of noxious emissions. There are two<br />
standards <strong>for</strong> emission controls: level E <strong>for</strong> Europe and the more stringent<br />
level U <strong>for</strong> the United States. See exhaust emission control evaporative<br />
emission control system<br />
Emission Control In<strong>for</strong>mation:<br />
See Vehicle Emission Control In<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
emission controls:<br />
See exhaust emission control.<br />
emission control system:<br />
See<br />
evaporative emission control system<br />
exhaust emission control system<br />
emission levels:<br />
amounts of toxic substances passed into the atmosphere by motor vehicles<br />
emission limit:<br />
See particulate emission limit<br />
emissions:<br />
Gases and other pollutants coming from a vehicle with an internal<br />
combustion engine. See emission<br />
emission standards:<br />
specified maximum emission levels permitted from different classes of<br />
motor vehicle in different countries
Emission Vehicle:<br />
See Low Emission Vehicle Standards<br />
Emission Vehicle Standards:<br />
See<br />
Low Emission Vehicle Standards<br />
ultra Low Emission Vehicle Standards<br />
emitter:<br />
The lead of a transistor shown using an arrow with a head on it.<br />
employment:<br />
total employment in each manufacturing facility, including total<br />
manufacturing employees, total support staff, and total engineering/R&D<br />
staff. Average number of workers employed by an establishment during<br />
the year. Production workers relate to the average number actually<br />
engaged in the manufacturing process. Administrative and nonmanufacturing<br />
includes employees at head offices and sales offices.<br />
employee benefits:<br />
the provision of direct (salary, bonuses, etc.) indirect (vacation leave,<br />
medical and dental plans, etc.) and deferred employee compensation<br />
(pensions, etc.).<br />
EMS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Engine Management System<br />
emulsification:<br />
The process of making an emulsion<br />
emulsion:<br />
A mixture of two liquids which do not fully mix, such as oil and water, or<br />
specifically of gasoline and air in a carburetor be<strong>for</strong>e it is discharged and<br />
fully atomized<br />
emulsion tube:
part of a fixed jet carburetor, in which air is introduced into the mixture<br />
through holes to help atomize it and correct excessive richness at higher<br />
engine speeds. A per<strong>for</strong>ated tube which extends from an air bleed in the<br />
top of the air horn down into the main well. Admits air from the air bleed<br />
into the main well to emulsify the fuel in the main well. Improves idle<br />
response and stability when the engine is hot and prevents fuel percolation<br />
and general hot-starting problems. Also improves response in the main<br />
metering circuit during part throttle conditions. Also called main-well tube<br />
enable:<br />
A microcomputer decision that results in an engine management system<br />
being activated and permitted to operate<br />
enamel:<br />
Type of paint that dries to a smooth, glossy finish. It is easier to apply than<br />
cellulose. If cellulose is applied over it, the cellulose will lift (i.e., peel<br />
off).<br />
Also see<br />
enamelling:<br />
See vitreous enamelling<br />
EN block:<br />
See EN-block.<br />
finishing enamel porcelain enamel<br />
vitreous enamel<br />
EN-block:<br />
One piece -- such as an engine cylinder block cast in one piece.<br />
enclosure:<br />
See speaker enclosure<br />
end:<br />
belt end<br />
big end<br />
firing end<br />
front end<br />
See<br />
male end<br />
nut end<br />
ring end gap<br />
small end
itter end<br />
bottom end<br />
drive end<br />
drive end bracket<br />
female end<br />
end alignment:<br />
See front end alignment<br />
end bearing:<br />
See small end bearing<br />
front end alignment<br />
gudgeon pin end<br />
heavy-duty end cutting pliers<br />
high leverage end cutting pliers<br />
little end<br />
open end lease<br />
piston pin end<br />
piston ring end gap<br />
rear end<br />
rear end lift<br />
stud end<br />
tie rod end<br />
top end<br />
wedge end<br />
end bell:<br />
End structure of plate of electric motor which usually holds motor<br />
bearings.<br />
end bracket:<br />
The cover containing a bearing at each end of a generator or alternator.<br />
Also called "end cover" or "end cover plate."<br />
Also see<br />
drive end bracket<br />
slip-ring end bracket<br />
end cap:<br />
The cap covering the end of a piece of trim or of a barrel fuse<br />
end cover:<br />
The cover containing a bearing at each end of a generator or alternator.<br />
Also called "end bracket" or "end cover plate"<br />
end cover plate:<br />
The cover containing a bearing at each end of a generator or alternator.<br />
Also called "end cover" or "end bracket"<br />
end cutters:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> a "side cutter"
end cutting:<br />
end cutting pliers:<br />
British term <strong>for</strong> "side cutter"<br />
See<br />
heavy-duty end cutting pliers<br />
high leverage end cutting pliers<br />
Also see<br />
heavy-duty end cutting pliers<br />
high leverage end cutting pliers<br />
end dump:<br />
A term used to describe various dump trucks or trailers that tilt to unload at<br />
the rear.<br />
end float:<br />
End play<br />
end <strong>for</strong>m:<br />
Any type of connector at the end of a hose or pipe.<br />
end gap:<br />
See<br />
piston ring end gap<br />
ring end gap<br />
end gas:<br />
The last part of the fuel-air mixture that has been introduced into the<br />
cylinder but has not yet been consumed in the normal flame-front reaction.<br />
end gear:<br />
See axle end gears.<br />
end gears:<br />
See axle end gears.<br />
end hexagon screwdriver:
end lease:<br />
See ball end hexagon screwdriver<br />
end lift:<br />
See rear end lift<br />
endo:<br />
See<br />
closed end lease<br />
open end lease<br />
(Short <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> "end-over-end"). The maneuver of flying unexpectedly<br />
over the handlebars, thus being <strong>for</strong>cibly ejected from the bike as in "If you<br />
hit that log you'll go endo."<br />
end-of-lease purchase price:<br />
If there is a purchase option in the lease contract or agreement, this will be<br />
the agreed upon price <strong>for</strong> the purchase of the vehicle at the end of the<br />
lease-the stated residual value. This price may also include additional fees.<br />
end-of term interest rate:<br />
See buy at end-of term interest rate<br />
endoscope:<br />
An instrument used to see into the interior of hollow cavities such as box<br />
sections<br />
endothermal:<br />
Chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed.<br />
end piece:<br />
See sill end piece<br />
end play:<br />
[1] The looseness in bearing clearance in an axial direction.<br />
[2] Slight movement of shaft along its center line.
end speed:<br />
See top end speed<br />
Also see<br />
camshaft end play<br />
endurance test:<br />
A test of a material or system over a long period to determine when it will<br />
fail<br />
enduro:<br />
Off-road competition against the clock and usually over long distances<br />
energize:<br />
To activate (a solenoid, relay, etc.) by providing sufficient energy<br />
energizing:<br />
See self-energizing<br />
energy:<br />
Capacity (actual or potential) <strong>for</strong> doing work. It is measured in joules or<br />
kilowatt-hours.<br />
See<br />
high energy battery<br />
high energy coil<br />
high energy ignition system with electronic spark timing<br />
high energy ignition system<br />
kinetic energy<br />
potential energy<br />
energy-absorbing:<br />
The ability to absorb impact <strong>for</strong>ces<br />
energy absorbing bumper:<br />
See bumper system.<br />
energy-absorbing bumper:
See bumper system.<br />
energy absorbing steering column:<br />
A steering column which collapses when the vehicle is involved in an<br />
accident.<br />
energy audit:<br />
Process of accurately determining the current energy consumption <strong>for</strong> a<br />
given area.<br />
energy battery:<br />
See high energy battery<br />
energy coil:<br />
See high energy coil<br />
energy conservation:<br />
Process, upon reviewing the calculations <strong>for</strong> determining head loads, of<br />
instituting changes that will result in energy savings.<br />
energy conversion:<br />
The changing of one <strong>for</strong>m of energy into another or into work, such as that<br />
in the combustion process, the heat of which is used to turn the engine and<br />
thus create motion<br />
energy efficiency ratio:<br />
(EER) The ratio of the rated cooling capacity in Btu per hour divided by<br />
the amount of electrical power used in watts.<br />
energy ignition:<br />
energy ignition system:<br />
See<br />
high energy ignition system with electronic spark timing<br />
high energy ignition system
See<br />
high energy ignition system<br />
high energy ignition system with electronic spark timing<br />
energy ignition system with electronic spark timing:<br />
See high energy ignition system with electronic spark timing<br />
energy management control system:<br />
Controllers used in a system which optimizes total energy usage in a<br />
building or residence.<br />
Energy Protection Agency:<br />
See EPA estimates.<br />
energy retarder:<br />
See engine brake.<br />
energy utilization index:<br />
(EUI) A number which is used to compare energy usages <strong>for</strong> different<br />
areas. It is calculated by dividing the energy consumption (in BTUs) by<br />
the square footage of the conditioned area.<br />
engage:<br />
[1] to come into contact and be locked together (with another part).<br />
[2] to bring (a part) into contact with another so that it is locked to it<br />
engagement:<br />
The result of bringing into locking contact (e.g. of the clutch), or selection<br />
of a gear<br />
engaging the throttle:<br />
The action of causing the throttle linkage to move so that more fuel enters<br />
the engine to increase the speed of the vehicle.<br />
engine:
A device <strong>for</strong> changing fuel energy to mechanical energy. The term applies<br />
to the primary source of power generation. In Britain there is a desire to<br />
make a clear distinction between "engine" and "motor" so that "motor"<br />
refers only to electric power units (i.e., starter motor) and "engine" <strong>for</strong><br />
gasoline or diesel powered units. However, in the U.S.A. the term "motor"<br />
can apply to both types. Yet, even in Britain, combustion driven vehicles<br />
are called "motor cars" and "motorcycles."<br />
Also see<br />
adiabatic engine<br />
air cooled engine<br />
all-alloy engine<br />
alloy engine<br />
aspirated engine<br />
balanced engine<br />
big-block engine<br />
boxer engine<br />
cam engine<br />
carburetor engine<br />
cih engine<br />
combustion engine<br />
cubic inch engine<br />
diesel engine<br />
dual-piston engine<br />
dual overhead cam<br />
engine<br />
electronic engine<br />
control<br />
engine types<br />
exchange engine<br />
external combustion<br />
engine<br />
F-head engine<br />
federal engine<br />
F head engine<br />
fire engine<br />
flat engine<br />
flooded engine<br />
four-cycle engine<br />
four-cylinder engine<br />
four-stroke cycle<br />
engine<br />
four cycle engine<br />
four stroke cycle<br />
engine<br />
front engine<br />
fuel-injected engine<br />
fuel injection engine<br />
high-camshaft engine<br />
horizontally opposed<br />
engine<br />
hydrocarbon engine<br />
I-head engine<br />
IC engine<br />
I head engine<br />
in-line engine<br />
inclined engine<br />
indirect injection<br />
engine<br />
injected engine<br />
inlet over exhaust<br />
engine<br />
inline engine<br />
intake over exhaust<br />
engine<br />
internal combustion<br />
engine<br />
ioe engine<br />
L-head engine<br />
lean-burn engine<br />
L head engine<br />
long block engine<br />
longitudinal engine<br />
long stroke engine<br />
mid-engine<br />
naturally aspirated<br />
engine<br />
nominal engine speed<br />
normally aspirated<br />
engine<br />
OHV engine<br />
opposed engine<br />
over square engine<br />
pancake engine<br />
piston-valve engine<br />
piston engine<br />
plastic engine<br />
quad-cam engine<br />
radial engine<br />
rear engine<br />
rebuilt engine<br />
reciprocating<br />
engine<br />
reconditioned<br />
engine<br />
rotary engine<br />
short block engine<br />
short engine<br />
short stroke engine<br />
side-valve engine<br />
SI engine<br />
single-cylinder<br />
engine<br />
six-cylinder engine<br />
sixteen valve<br />
engine<br />
slant engine<br />
small-block engine<br />
spark ignition<br />
engine<br />
square-four engine<br />
square engine<br />
steam engine<br />
stirling engine<br />
straight engine<br />
stratified charge<br />
engine<br />
supercharged<br />
Engine<br />
SV engine<br />
T-head engine<br />
T head engine<br />
three-port engine<br />
three-valve engine<br />
traction engine<br />
transverse engine<br />
twelve-cylinder<br />
engine<br />
twelve-valve engine<br />
twin-piston engine<br />
twin cam engine<br />
twin camshaft<br />
engine<br />
two-cycle engine<br />
two-stroke cycle<br />
engine<br />
two-valve engine<br />
two stroke cycle<br />
engine<br />
U-cylinder engine<br />
under-square engine<br />
undersquare engine<br />
under square engine<br />
unit engine<br />
V-eight engine<br />
V-engine<br />
V-four engine<br />
V-six engine<br />
V-sixteen engine<br />
V-ten engine<br />
V-twelve engine<br />
V-type engine<br />
V-X engine<br />
valve-in-head<br />
engine<br />
vee engine<br />
V engine<br />
VR engine<br />
V type engine<br />
W-engine<br />
wankel engine<br />
winding the engine<br />
X-engine<br />
X-type engine<br />
x. Liter Engine
HC engine<br />
pre-combustion<br />
engine<br />
pushrod engine<br />
push rod engine<br />
turbine engine<br />
turbocharged<br />
engine<br />
X engine<br />
engine adapter:<br />
A unit that allows a different engine to be installed in a vehicle and still<br />
bolt up to the original transmission.<br />
engine analyzer:<br />
An electronic engine testing device which (because of its size) used to be<br />
placed in a cabinet or a movable stand. The modern units are often handheld<br />
and are connected to the vehicle's diagnostic socket (as in the case of<br />
the diagnostic read-out box), which provides data on all aspects of the<br />
engine's state of tune<br />
engine bay:<br />
The engine compartment.<br />
engine block:<br />
The cylinder block.<br />
engine block heater:<br />
See block heater<br />
engine brake:<br />
(Energy Retarder or jake brake) A system that allows <strong>for</strong> slowing of a<br />
vehicle that is independent of the conventional braking systems. A driver<br />
would normally down-shift to slow his descent of a hill, using engine<br />
compression. The engine brake increases the effectiveness of this<br />
regarding <strong>for</strong>ce.<br />
engine braking effect:<br />
A retarding effect of an engine when the vehicle is in gear with the throttle<br />
closed. Also called a "jake brake"<br />
engine calibration unit:
An electronic component which can be specifically programmed to the<br />
design of each car model to control the M/C solenoid. Plugs into the<br />
Electronic Control Module (ECM). Also called a programmable read only<br />
memory (PROM)<br />
engine capacity:<br />
The swept volume of an engine<br />
engine compartment:<br />
The space where the engine is mounted. Also called the "engine bay."<br />
Also see<br />
cluttered engine compartment<br />
crowded engine compartment<br />
engine control:<br />
See electronic engine control engine control module<br />
engine control module:<br />
(ECM) An advanced electronic computer which monitors engine<br />
conditions and then controls engine settings to optimize the combustion of<br />
the air/fuel mixture.<br />
engine control system:<br />
See engine-control system.<br />
engine-control system:<br />
A computer that regulates the operation of the engine by monitoring<br />
certain engine characteristics (rpm, coolant temperature, intake airflow,<br />
etc.) through a network of sensors and then controlling key variables (fuel<br />
metering, spark timing EGR, etc.) according to pre-programmed<br />
schedules.<br />
engine coolant:<br />
Antifreeze liquid used in the engine's cooling system<br />
engine coolant temperature sensor:
(ECT) the thermistor sensor that provides coolant temperature in<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
to the computer. Used to alter spark advance and EGR flow during warmup<br />
or an overheating condition<br />
engine cover:<br />
The panel which conceals the engine in a mid-engine car. Also called<br />
"access panel." Also see hood (British "bonnet") which covers the engine<br />
only in a front-mounted engine.<br />
engine damage:<br />
Breakage, de<strong>for</strong>mation, or scoring of the internal parts of an engine due to<br />
running at very high rpms <strong>for</strong> an extended period of time or with<br />
insufficient lubrication. A rod could break off and drive a hole into the<br />
cases; a valve could break off or imbed itself into the top of a piston; the<br />
piston could heat and expand and thus seize against the cylinder walls; or<br />
other types of damage could occur.<br />
engine depression:<br />
Low pressure on the engine side of the throttle caused by piston suction in<br />
the inlet manifold<br />
engine diagnostic connector:<br />
The electrical connector <strong>for</strong> plugging in the engine analyzer, <strong>for</strong>ming an<br />
interface between the engine electronic controls and diagnostic unit, and<br />
used to read the engine data as well as any fault codes stored in the<br />
memory of the engine controller<br />
engine displacement:<br />
To determine, multiply the volume of the space through which the head of<br />
the piston moves in the full length of its stroke by the number of cylinders<br />
in the engine. The result is given in cubic inches.<br />
engineering:<br />
See<br />
automotive engineering<br />
badge engineering<br />
production engineering
engine flywheel:<br />
A spinning plate located at the end of the crankshaft. See flywheel.<br />
engine hoist:<br />
small crane <strong>for</strong> lifting an engine out of a motor vehicle, <strong>for</strong>merly<br />
incorporating a block and tackle, but now usually hydraulically operated.<br />
Also see<br />
gantry<br />
engine identification number:<br />
(EIN) A number stamped on the engine which may or may not match the<br />
number on the vehicle identification plate. Also called "engine number"<br />
engine knock:<br />
When the engine is operating, an audible noise may be heard when the fuel<br />
in the cylinders is ignited too early and/or spontaneously, resulting in<br />
colliding flame fronts and shock waves which cause high thermal and<br />
mechanical stress, and can severely damage the engine.<br />
engine layout:<br />
[1] The type of engine, with reference to the arrangement of its cylinders<br />
and their number (as in a flat four, V-twin, or straight eight).<br />
[2] The location of the engine in the vehicle (as in a front mount, midmount,<br />
or rear engine.<br />
[3] The placement of the engine in the engine compartment: e.g., a<br />
transverse or in-line engine<br />
engine management system:<br />
(EMS) An electronic engine control system which covers at least the<br />
functioning of the fuel injection and ignition, but may also include<br />
emission controls and self-diagnostics<br />
engine map:<br />
See characteristic map. As an engine speeds up, the timing needs to be<br />
advanced. On older vehicles, this is accomplished mechanically with a<br />
counterweight advance in the distributor. In modern vehicles, the timing<br />
can be advanced progressively by means of a computer chip which is<br />
programmed to provide the ideal timing. It also provides other factors in
some engines such as the opening and closing of valves, etc.<br />
engine misfire:<br />
See misfire<br />
engine modifications:<br />
Alterations to the specification of the engine to increase power output,<br />
improve economy, reduce emissions, etc.<br />
engine mounting:<br />
A flexible support <strong>for</strong> the engine in which an elastic medium, usually<br />
rubber, is interposed between the lugs on the engine and the frame of the<br />
vehicle<br />
engine noise:<br />
The amount of noise produced by the engine when it is running. Engine<br />
noise is more noticeable with a diesel at lower speeds<br />
engine number:<br />
(EIN) A number stamped on the engine which may or may not match the<br />
number on the vehicle identification plate. Also called "engine<br />
identification number"<br />
engine oil:<br />
Oil within the engine used to lubricate the moving components. At one<br />
time the oil was a single grade, but modern engines use a multigrade oil.<br />
Also see<br />
engine oil pan:<br />
See oil pan.<br />
straight weight engine oil<br />
synthetic engine oil<br />
engine oil level warning light:<br />
A light on the instrument panel which comes on when the oil in the sump<br />
falls below a certain level
engine overhaul:<br />
When an old engine burns too much oil and loses power, it is dismantled<br />
and restored to the manufacturer's original tolerances by replacement of<br />
worn parts, reboring the cylinders, regrinding the crankshaft, etc.<br />
engine parameters:<br />
A term used in the context of emission controls <strong>for</strong> those engine<br />
characteristics sensitive to engine per<strong>for</strong>mance, such as power/bhp,<br />
general engine per<strong>for</strong>mance, and fuel economy<br />
engine per<strong>for</strong>mance tester:<br />
An engine analyzer<br />
engine sequence test:<br />
The test which determines how well oil will prevent engine rusting,<br />
corrosion, scuffing, wear, and the <strong>for</strong>mation of sludge and varnish.<br />
engine size:<br />
The engine displacement or capacity<br />
engine speed:<br />
The number of revolutions per minute (rpm) at which the engine<br />
crankshaft turns. The vehicle itself may be stationary or in motion.<br />
Also see<br />
nominal engine speed<br />
engine speed limiter:<br />
A device which acts as a governor which cuts the power when a certain<br />
number of rpm is reached<br />
engine speed sensor:<br />
In most cases, a magnetic pick-up that scans the flywheel teeth and<br />
produces one output signal per scanned tooth, or a hall generator in the<br />
distributor, whose signals are passed to the electronic control unit
engine subframe:<br />
A separate frame in which the engine is mounted<br />
engine temperature sensor:<br />
A sensor used to monitor the temperature of the engine<br />
engine timing:<br />
[1] The point of time when the spark ignites the air/fuel mixture (ignition<br />
timing)<br />
[2] The setting of the valves when they open or close (valve timing)<br />
engine type:<br />
Over the years of engine development, several types or configurations<br />
have been made. All of them relate to the position of the valves and the<br />
camshaft (s) that operates them.<br />
• air cooled engine -- An engine which is not cooled by antifreeze but<br />
by passing air beside external fins.<br />
• diesel engine -- An engine with high compression that pressurizes<br />
the diesel oil fuel and fires the charge through compression not by a<br />
spark plug.<br />
• DOHC -- double overhead camshafts<br />
• F-head -- Side exhaust valve and overhead intake valve.<br />
• flat engine<br />
• four-stroke cycle engine<br />
• hemi or hemi-head<br />
-- Engine using hemispherical-shaped (half of a<br />
globe or sphere) combustion chambers.<br />
• horizontally opposed engine<br />
• hydrocarbon engine<br />
• I-head<br />
-- Both valves located directly over the piston. Also called<br />
valve-in-head or overhead valve engine.<br />
• in-line engine<br />
• internal combustion engine<br />
• L-head<br />
-- Both valves on one side of the cylinder<br />
• oversquare engine<br />
• pancake engine<br />
• radial engine<br />
• rotary engine<br />
• slant engine<br />
• SOHC<br />
-- Single overhead camshaft.<br />
• square engine
• steam engine<br />
• stirling engine<br />
• stratified charge engine<br />
• straight engine<br />
• T-head -- exhaust valve on one side and intake valve on the other<br />
side of the cylinder and found on twin-camshaft engines.<br />
• traction engine<br />
• transverse engine<br />
• turbine engine<br />
• two-stoke cycle engine<br />
• undersquare engine<br />
• V-type -- Two sets of cylinders set apart in a V-<strong>for</strong>mation like a V-8<br />
or V-6<br />
• valve-in-head engine<br />
• wankel engine<br />
• X-type<br />
engine warning light:<br />
See check engine warning light<br />
enrichment:<br />
making the air/fuel mixture richer, i.e., increasing the fuel content.<br />
Also see<br />
acceleration enrichment<br />
after-start enrichment<br />
cold start enrichment<br />
cranking enrichment<br />
full load enrichment<br />
full throttle enrichment<br />
hot start enrichment<br />
warm-up enrichment<br />
enrichment device:<br />
A circuit in a carburetor providing a richer mixture, operated by engine<br />
vacuum<br />
enrichment unit:<br />
A circuit in a carburetor providing a richer mixture, operated by engine<br />
vacuum
enrichner:<br />
A fuel plunger which is used in a carburetor in place of a choke. By<br />
activating the plunger more gas is permitted into the intake area to<br />
enrichen the fuel-air mixture <strong>for</strong> easier starting.<br />
Also see<br />
entertainment:<br />
See in-car entertainment<br />
choke<br />
enthalpy:<br />
Total amount of heat in one pound of a substance calculated from accepted<br />
temperature base. Temperature of 32 0F (0 0C1 is accepted base <strong>for</strong> water<br />
vapor calculation. For refrigerator calculations, accepted base is -400F<br />
(-400C).<br />
entrain:<br />
to add or suspend bubbles or particles in a moving fluid<br />
entrepreneur:<br />
One who undertakes ownership of a business or enterprise<br />
entrepreneurship:<br />
A person's ability to organize, manage, and assume risks of operating a<br />
business<br />
entropy:<br />
Mathematical factor used in engineering calculations. Energy in a system.<br />
entry:<br />
See<br />
illuminated entry system<br />
keyless entry system<br />
multi-entry<br />
remote keyless entry
entry-level version:<br />
basic model suitable as someone's first car<br />
entry model:<br />
basic model suitable as someone's first car<br />
entry system:<br />
See<br />
illuminated entry system<br />
keyless entry system<br />
envelope:<br />
[1] A thin rubber wrapper that surrounds the tread, sidewall and is tucked<br />
inside the curing rim during the pre-cured cold process retreading. It<br />
protects bonding materials from humidity within the chamber.<br />
[2] A cover enclosing something entirely, such as the glass of a lamp bulb.<br />
Also see<br />
outer envelope<br />
envelope separator:<br />
A porous plastic separator used in maintenance-free batteries to enclose<br />
the individual plates completely<br />
enveloping body:<br />
See all-enveloping body<br />
environment:<br />
The surrounding conditions.<br />
environmentally aware:<br />
An awareness of the dangers and threats to the environment caused by<br />
vehicle use and the taking of appropriate action to avoid them<br />
environmentally friendly:<br />
Something that is harmless to the environment, or causing as little harm as<br />
possible
Environmental Protection Act:<br />
See canadian Environmental Protection Act<br />
environment-conscious:<br />
An awareness of the dangers and threats to the environment caused by<br />
vehicle use and the taking of appropriate action to avoid them<br />
enzyme:<br />
Complex organic substance, originating from living cells, that speeds up<br />
chemical changes in foods. Enzyme action is slowed by cooling.<br />
EPA:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Energy Protection Agency." Also see EPA fuel economy.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Environmental Protection Agency" which is responsible<br />
fol recommending environmental legislation and in the automotive sphere<br />
produces test cycles and estimates fuel economy<br />
EPA estimate:<br />
An American organization (Energy Protection Agency) which determines<br />
the fuel consumption of various vehicles. It takes into account city and<br />
highway driving. These figures may be helpful in comparing one vehicle<br />
against another. Your vehicle can greatly exceed these estimates with<br />
sensible driving, the use of cruise control obeying the speed limits<br />
avoiding rapid starts, coasting long be<strong>for</strong>e a stop light or sign.<br />
Also see<br />
EPA fuel economy<br />
EPA estimates:<br />
An American organization (Energy Protection Agency) which determines<br />
the fuel consumption of various vehicles. It takes into account city and<br />
highway driving. These figures may be helpful in comparing one vehicle<br />
against another. Your vehicle can greatly exceed these estimates with<br />
sensible driving, the use of cruise control obeying the speed limits<br />
avoiding rapid starts, coasting long be<strong>for</strong>e a stop light or sign.<br />
Also see<br />
EPA fuel economy:<br />
EPA fuel economy
EPC:<br />
Laboratory fuel economy tests administered by the Environmental<br />
Protection Agency (EPA) using simulated weight and drag to re-create real<br />
driving conditions. The city fuel-economy test, also used to test emissions<br />
compliance is based on a drive through typical Los Angeles urban traffic<br />
of about twenty years ago. Such conditions in LA are no longer present.<br />
The highway test uses a higher, steadier speed averaging 79.5 kph (49.4<br />
mph).<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Electrostatic Powder Coating<br />
EP gear oil:<br />
An extreme pressure gear oil preventing metal-to-metal contact, used<br />
mainly in gearboxes and final drive units. Also called "EP lubricant"<br />
epicyclic:<br />
See epicyclic gearbox.<br />
epicyclic gear:<br />
A gear that operates around the circumference of another<br />
epicyclic gearbox:<br />
A <strong>for</strong>m of gear used by Benz in which small pinions revolve around a<br />
central or sun gear and mesh with an outer ring gear called the annulus.<br />
Type used in the Ford Model T. Also called planetary gearset "planetary<br />
transmission" and "sun-and-planet gears."<br />
epitrochoid:<br />
A geometric path followed by a specific point located in a generating<br />
circle which is rolled around the periphery of a base circle.<br />
epitrochoidal:<br />
A part of a circle which is not on the circumference of another circle<br />
around which it turns<br />
EP lubricant:
See extreme pressure lubricant.<br />
epoxy:<br />
Synthetic plastic adhesive.<br />
epoxy adhesive:<br />
Adhesives which offer a combination of high room temperature strength<br />
with good load bearing properties. These adhesives have exceptional<br />
adhesion to metal surfaces<br />
epoxy resin:<br />
A thermosetting resin based on ethylene oxide or similar materials or<br />
derivatives, used in adhesives, fillers, and primers and other finishes<br />
EPR:<br />
[1] Acronym <strong>for</strong> evaporator pressure regulator valve.<br />
[2] Acronym <strong>for</strong> exhaust pressure regulator<br />
EPR system:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> evaporator pressure regulator<br />
EPS:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> electronically controlled power steering. EPS is used in more<br />
expensive models, such as the BMW Servotronic system where the<br />
assistance provided alters according to the speed at which the car is<br />
travelling<br />
equalizer:<br />
A bracket or cable connector which balances tension equally on the cables<br />
to the parking brakes.<br />
See<br />
graphic equalizer<br />
compensator<br />
equalizer line:<br />
In air conditioner system, a line or connection used to operate certain<br />
control valves. Little or no refrigerant flows through the line
equal length header:<br />
An exhaust manifold where the runners from each cylinder are of equal<br />
length. Such a system allows exhaust pulses to meet at the collector or<br />
single pipe in a controlled sequence, thus enhancing cylinder evacuation<br />
and gas flow.<br />
equal power distribution:<br />
A system in four-wheel drive vehicles which ensures that an equal amount<br />
of power is passed to the front and rear wheels<br />
equal power split:<br />
A system in four-wheel drive vehicles which ensures that an equal amount<br />
of power is passed to the front and rear wheels<br />
equation:<br />
See nernst equation<br />
equilibrium:<br />
See thermal equilibrium<br />
equipment:<br />
devices and systems fitted to a vehicle which are either essential or<br />
optional, and either fitted by the manufacturer (original equipment) or<br />
subsequently by the owner (after market equipment).<br />
Also see<br />
aftermarket equipment<br />
integral equipment<br />
low-bake equipment<br />
optional equipment<br />
original equipment<br />
standard equipment<br />
equipment package:<br />
A combination of equipment provided by the manufacturer<br />
ergonomics:
[lit: The law of work] Technically, it means the biotechnology study of<br />
how human beings relate to their surroundings and how efficiently they<br />
per<strong>for</strong>m in that environment. However, the meaning has also come to be<br />
used in a qualitative sense so that a vehicle has good or bad ergonomics<br />
meaning that the controls, switches, instruments, seats, pedals, and<br />
steering wheel suit the human driver.<br />
Ergopower shifter:<br />
Campagnolo's integrated brake levers/shifter levers which provides the<br />
ability to shift gears without taking your hands off of the handlebars.<br />
erode:<br />
to remove a surface layer (by chemical action or by rubbing)<br />
erosion:<br />
A reduction in size of an object because of a liquid or gas impact on the<br />
object.<br />
error:<br />
See driver error<br />
ESA:<br />
ESC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Electronic Spark Advance<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Electronic Spark Control<br />
escape trunk:<br />
A vertical trunk fitted with a ladder to permit personnel to escape if<br />
trapped
Escort:<br />
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford<br />
escutcheon:<br />
A panel or part used to hide another part<br />
ESR:<br />
EST:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> electric sunroof<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> electronic spark timing system<br />
Click <strong>for</strong> books on Ford Escort<br />
establishment:<br />
smallest operating entity producing a homogenous set of goods and<br />
services and is capable of reporting full range of production account<br />
variables to calculate "value added."<br />
estate car:<br />
A British term <strong>for</strong> a station wagon<br />
estimate:<br />
See estimates.<br />
estimates:<br />
A guess on the part of a service department with respect to the nature of a<br />
vehicle's problem and cost of repairing it. Although most shops will stand<br />
by their estimate, there is also the situation where the problem is caused by<br />
something which will be more expensive to repair or may be less<br />
expensive. In the case where other components are also faulty (but the<br />
estimate did not include them), the shop may contact the customer with a<br />
revised estimate saying, "We can repair what we thought was the faulty<br />
part, but we found another defective part which also contributed to the
ESV:<br />
ET:<br />
ETA:<br />
ETC:<br />
problem once we took things apart. Now the cost will be more. Do you<br />
want us to go ahead and repair that component too?" In the case where a<br />
lesser solution repaired the problem, good shops will give you a bill that is<br />
much less than the estimate with an explanation like, "We thought we had<br />
to replace the expensive control box, but we found that one of its plugs<br />
had come loose."<br />
Also see<br />
EPA estimates<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Experimental Safety Vehicle<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "elapsed time." The length of time it takes a dragster to<br />
complete the one-fourth mile run.<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "expected time of arrival."<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Electronic Traction Control<br />
etching:<br />
[1] A roughening or disintegration of the paint surface, which can occur on<br />
small patches or over a wide area, through attack from bird droppings,<br />
soap deposits, industrial fallout, etc. Also called "lifting."<br />
[2] The removal of soil or the natural oxide film from an aluminium<br />
surface, giving a roughened surface which improves adhesion of the<br />
subsequent paint layer, or removal of the actual metal.<br />
[3] A system of marking car windows with the registration number so as to<br />
deter thieves.<br />
Also see<br />
caustic etching<br />
window etching<br />
etching primer:<br />
A primer <strong>for</strong> aluminum which has an etching effect to improve adhesion
etch primer:<br />
A primer <strong>for</strong> aluminum which has an etching effect to improve adhesion<br />
ethane:<br />
(R-170) Refrigerant sometimes added to other refrigerants to improve oil<br />
circulation.<br />
ethanol:<br />
ethyl alcohol which is added to gasoline, typically in a mixture of 10%<br />
ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline<br />
ethyl acrylate:<br />
A polymer used in toughening rubber<br />
ethylene glycol:<br />
A chemical solution added to the cooling system to protect against<br />
freezing. See antifreeze.<br />
ethyl gasoline:<br />
Gasoline to which ethyl fluid (tetraethyl lead ethylene dibromide, ethylene<br />
dichloride, or another octane improver) has been added to improve the<br />
gasoline's resistance to knocking. It slows down the burning rate thereby<br />
creating a smooth pressure curve that will allow the gasoline to be used in<br />
high compression engines. It is a generic term describing premium or<br />
high-octane fuel. It was first sold in 1924.<br />
ETR:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> evaporator temperature regulator<br />
ETRTO:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation."<br />
EUI:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> energy utilization index
Euromix <strong>for</strong>mula:<br />
The basis <strong>for</strong> a standard test cycle covering both town driving and driving<br />
on the open road. In North America a similar is called the "Town and<br />
Country Formula"<br />
eutectic:<br />
That certain mixture of two substances providing lowest melting<br />
temperature of all the various mixes of the two substances.<br />
eutectic alloy:<br />
A mixture of metals which has a melting point lower than that of any of<br />
the metals in the mixture, or of any other mixture of these metals.<br />
eutectic point:<br />
Freezing temperature <strong>for</strong> eutectic solutions.<br />
evacuate:<br />
[1] To remove by pushing out.<br />
[2] To create a vacuum in an air conditioning system to remove all traces<br />
of air and moisture.<br />
[3] To pump the air, moisture and <strong>for</strong>eign material out of the system with a<br />
vacuum pump. Also called pump down<br />
evacuation:<br />
Removal of air (gas) and moisture from a refrigeration or air conditioning<br />
system.<br />
evaluation:<br />
See driver evaluation<br />
EVAP:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> evaporative emission control system<br />
evaporate:
to turn into a vapour<br />
evaporation:<br />
The process of changing from a liquid to a vapor, such as boiling water to<br />
produce steam; evaporation is the opposite of condensation. Heat is<br />
absorbed in this process of evaporation. Evaporation can occur at various<br />
temps, depending on the liquid and the pressure. Also refers to solvents in<br />
the paint escaping to the air.<br />
Also see<br />
early fuel evaporation system<br />
evaporative condenser:<br />
Device which uses open spray or spill water to cool a condenser.<br />
Evaporation of some of the water cools the condenser water and reduces<br />
water consumption.<br />
evaporation control system:<br />
(EVAP or ECS) A system <strong>for</strong> reducing evaporative emissions by means of<br />
a sealed fuel tank, a vapour-liquid separator, a three-way valve, an<br />
activated carbon filter, and a network of interconnecting hoses. A system<br />
used to prevent the escape of gasoline vapors to the atmosphere from the<br />
fuel tank and carburetor. Also called "evaporative Emission Control<br />
system"<br />
evaporation system:<br />
See early fuel evaporation system<br />
evaporative emission control system:<br />
(EVAP pr EEC) A system <strong>for</strong> reducing evaporative emissions by means of<br />
a sealed fuel tank, a vapour-liquid separator, a three-way valve, an<br />
activated carbon filter, and a network of interconnecting hoses. Also called<br />
"evaporation control system"<br />
evaporative emissions:<br />
Vapours or fumes not emitted by the exhaust system, but escaping from<br />
the fuel tank, carburetor and crankcase, and accounting <strong>for</strong> about 40% of<br />
hydrocarbon emissions released by a gasoline engine without emission<br />
controls
evaporative emission shed system:<br />
(EESS) a Ford evaporative emission control system introduced in 1978<br />
evaporative losses:<br />
Vapours or fumes not emitted by the exhaust system, but escaping from<br />
the fuel tank, carburetor and crankcase, and accounting <strong>for</strong> about 40% of<br />
hydrocarbon emissions released by a gasoline engine without emission<br />
controls<br />
evaporator:<br />
The unit in an air conditioning system used to trans<strong>for</strong>m refrigerant from a<br />
liquid to a gas. It is at this point that cooling takes place as heat is removed<br />
from the air. An air conditioning system component through which cool,<br />
liquid refrigerant is pumped at a reduced pressure. When heated by the<br />
warm passenger compartment air being <strong>for</strong>ced through the evaporator, the<br />
refrigerant evaporates, drawing heat from the air as it passes over the<br />
cooling fins. Opposite to "condenser."<br />
evaporator, dry type:<br />
Evaporator in which the refrigerant is in the liquid droplet <strong>for</strong>m.<br />
evaporator equalized valve in receiver:<br />
(EEVIR) A unit similar in design to a valve-in-receiver type, except that it<br />
has an equalizer port of the expansion valve that allows <strong>for</strong> faster reaction<br />
time<br />
evaporator fan:<br />
Fan which increases airflow over the heat exchange surface of<br />
evaporators.<br />
evaporator, flooded:<br />
Evaporator containing liquid refrigerant at all times.<br />
evaporator pressure regulator:
Automatic pressure regulating valve mounted in suction line between<br />
evaporator outlet and compressor inlet. Purpose is to maintain a<br />
predetermined pressure and temperature in the evaporator.<br />
evaporator pressure regulator valve:<br />
(EPR) An evaporator temperature control device regulated by back<br />
pressure. Used on an older Chrysler Corp. system. Located in the<br />
compressor inlet. A system using this device is referred to as an EPR<br />
system<br />
Evaporator temperature regulator valve:<br />
(ETR) A temperature-regulated evaporator temperature control device used<br />
on some early model Chrysler Corp. systems<br />
EVAP system:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Evaporative Emission Control System<br />
EVC:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Exhaust Valve Closes<br />
even keel:<br />
A ship at even keel is when the keel is horizontal<br />
evil kenivel:<br />
Trucker slang <strong>for</strong> Motorcycle cop as in "Ther's an Evil Kenivel taking<br />
pictures at the 38."<br />
EVO:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> Exhaust Valve Opens<br />
evolution:<br />
[evo] When Harley-Davidson began using aluminum to build its cylinder<br />
jugs, it called this new engine the Evolution<br />
EVP:
Acronym <strong>for</strong> EGR valve position sensor<br />
EVR:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> electronic voltage regulator<br />
EVRV:<br />
Electronic vacuum regulator valve<br />
EVT:<br />
EW:<br />
Acronym <strong>for</strong> "Electromagnetic Valve Train."<br />
acronym <strong>for</strong> "electric windows"<br />
examination:<br />
See metallographic examination<br />
exc:<br />
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "excellent," as in exc condition.<br />
Excalibur:<br />
A vehicle brand of which the 1965-69 model II Series I are milestone cars.<br />
exchange engine:<br />
A replacement engine which is provided in exchange <strong>for</strong> a worn engine<br />
while the original engine is being rebuilt<br />
exchange process:<br />
See charge exchange process<br />
exchanger:<br />
See heat exchanger.
Excelsior:<br />
The 1925-1948 models with required application are classic cars.<br />
excitation winding:<br />
Field winding<br />
excite:<br />
To pass an electric current through a unit such as the field coils in the<br />
generator.<br />
exciter coil:<br />
A primary coil which provides stepped up voltage to a second coil.<br />
exciter winding:<br />
Field winding<br />
excluder:<br />
See draught excluder<br />
ex-demonstrator:<br />
A vehicle which had been used as a demonstrator and is now available <strong>for</strong><br />
sale<br />
exducer:<br />
The outermost section of a turbine wheel, used to purge the turbine of<br />
exhaust gases<br />
executive car:<br />
A large, powerful luxury car considered suitable <strong>for</strong> a business executive<br />
exfiltration:<br />
Slow flow of air from the building to the outdoors.
exhaust:<br />
[1] To expel spent fumes.<br />
[2] The spent fuel after combustion takes place<br />
in an internal combustion engine. Sometimes it<br />
refers to the exhaust system.<br />
Also see<br />
dual exhaust system<br />
intake over exhaust engine<br />
raw exhaust gas<br />
residual exhaust gases<br />
tuned exhaust<br />
tuning the exhaust<br />
exhaust back pressure:<br />
any pressure holding back the flow of the gases in an exhaust system.<br />
Pressure exerted in exhaust system in reverse direction. Also called back<br />
pressure<br />
exhaust back pressure transducer valve:<br />
(BPV or BPS) a device sued to sense exhaust pressure changes and control<br />
vacuum to the EGR valve in response to these changes<br />
exhaust cam:<br />
A separate camshaft controlling the opening and closing of the exhaust<br />
valves used in twin overhead camshaft engines<br />
exhaust camshaft:<br />
A separate camshaft controlling the opening and closing of the exhaust<br />
valves used in twin overhead camshaft engines<br />
exhaust chamber:<br />
part of the two-stroke exhaust system designed to maintain a specified<br />
back pressure<br />
exhaust cutout:<br />
A Y-shaped device that is placed in the exhaust pipe ahead of the muffler.<br />
The driver may channel the exhaust through the muffler or out the other
leg of the "Y" where the exhaust passes out without going through the<br />
muffler.<br />
Also see<br />
cutout<br />
exhaust donuts:<br />
The small rubber hangers used to suspend the exhaust system from the<br />
chassis pan<br />
exhaust emission:<br />
See exhaust emissions.<br />
exhaust emission control:<br />
See exhaust emission controls<br />
exhaust<br />
emission<br />
controls:<br />
Systems<br />
or<br />
adjustment<br />
s designed<br />
to limit<br />
noxious<br />
gases in an<br />
engine's<br />
exhaust.<br />
Such<br />
controls<br />
can be<br />
grouped<br />
into two<br />
broad<br />
categories:<br />
those<br />
designed<br />
to reduce<br />
or<br />
eliminate<br />
the
<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
of harmful<br />
pollutants<br />
in the<br />
engine<br />
itself (e.g.,<br />
retarded<br />
spark<br />
setting)<br />
and those<br />
designed<br />
to destroy<br />
or<br />
otherwise<br />
alter the<br />
pollutants<br />
after they<br />
have been<br />
<strong>for</strong>med<br />
(e.g., air<br />
injection,<br />
thermal<br />
reactors,<br />
and<br />
catalytic<br />
converters<br />
).<br />
Evaporativ<br />
e emission<br />
controls<br />
prevent<br />
gasoline<br />
vapors<br />
from<br />
escaping<br />
into the<br />
atmospher<br />
e from the<br />
fuel tank<br />
and<br />
carburetor<br />
and<br />
crankcase
controls<br />
recycle<br />
fumes<br />
from the<br />
crankcase<br />
through<br />
the engine.<br />
exhaust emission control system:<br />
A general term <strong>for</strong> any system that reduces the harmful exhaust emissions<br />
of a motor vehicle, including one or all of the following systems: catalytic<br />
converter (with or without oxygen sensor air/fuel control), exhaust gas<br />
recirculation, secondary air injection or induction, and positive crankcase<br />
ventilation<br />
exhaust emissions:<br />
The unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and<br />
other noxious gases emitted when gasoline is burned in an engine.<br />
exhaust engine:<br />
See intake over exhaust engine<br />
exhaust gas:<br />
gas which is the product of the combustion process and which is passed<br />
out of the cylinder through the exhaust valve or port into the exhaust<br />
system.<br />
Also see<br />
raw exhaust gas<br />
residual exhaust gases<br />
exhaust gas analyzer:<br />
An instrument <strong>for</strong> determining efficiency with which an engine is burning<br />
fuel. See exhaust-gas analyzer.<br />
exhaust-gas analyzer:<br />
An instrument used to measure the exhaust gases (in parts per million,<br />
percent, grams per kilometer, or grams per mile) to determine both<br />
combustion efficiency and the amount of pollutants in the exhaust.
exhaust gas check valve:<br />
(EGC) a device that allows air injection system air to enter the exhaust<br />
manifold, but prevents a reverse flow in the event of improper operation of<br />
other components<br />
exhaust gas oxygen sensor:<br />
(EGO) a device that changes its output voltage as the exhaust gas oxygen<br />
content changes when compared to the oxygen content of the atmosphere.<br />
This constantly changing voltage signal is sent to the processor <strong>for</strong><br />
analysis and adjustment to the air/fuel ratio<br />
exhaust gas purification system:<br />
An emission control system <strong>for</strong> diesel engines, which may consist of an<br />
exhaust scrubber, a diesel exhaust filter, and/or a catalytic converter<br />
exhaust gas recirculation:<br />
See exhaust-gas recirculation.<br />
exhaust-gas recirculation:<br />
(EGR) An emission control system where some of the exhaust gases are<br />
rerouted from the exhaust manifold into the combustion chamber to make<br />
sure that all fuel is burned be<strong>for</strong>e entering the atmosphere. The process<br />
lowers the combustion temperature and reduces the <strong>for</strong>mation of oxides of<br />
nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust.<br />
exhaust gas recirculation system:<br />
(EGR) a system used to control oxides of nitrogen (NOx) the exhaust<br />
gases are recirculated, lowering the engine combustion temperature,<br />
thereby reducing engine pollutants<br />
exhaust gas:<br />
See exhaust gases.<br />
exhaust gases:
The burned and unburned gases which are expelled out of the exhaust<br />
system after combustion takes place.<br />
Also see<br />
exhaust emissions<br />
exhaust header:<br />
Steel tubing connecting pipes between the exhaust ports and the exhaust<br />
pipe. Usually a header has been polished to allow <strong>for</strong> better flow of the<br />
exhaust.<br />
Also see<br />
exhaust manifold<br />
exhaust heat control valve:<br />
(HCV) a valve which routes hot exhaust gases to the intake manifold heat<br />
riser during cold engine operation. Valve can be thermostatically<br />
controlled, vacuum operated or computer controlled<br />
exhaust manifold:<br />
The connecting pipes between the exhaust ports of each cylinder and the<br />
exhaust pipe. It is usually made of cast iron. Sometimes called the<br />
"exhaust header " but it is usually made of steel tubing.<br />
exhaust note:<br />
The sound coming from the end of the exhaust pipe. It is usually described<br />
as pleasant, loud, throaty, or sporty.<br />
exhaust oxygen sensor:<br />
Device that detects the amount of oxygen in the exhaust stream and sends<br />
that in<strong>for</strong>mation the ECM. Also called an oxygen sensor or an O2 sensor
exhaust pipe:<br />
Pipe<br />
connectin<br />
g exhaust<br />
manifold<br />
or header<br />
to the<br />
muffler.<br />
exhaust pollutants:<br />
Exhaust emissions<br />
exhaust port:<br />
[1] The<br />
passage in the<br />
cylinder head<br />
which connects<br />
the exhaust<br />
valve and the<br />
exhaust<br />
manifold. The<br />
exhaust gases<br />
pass through<br />
the port to the<br />
exhaust<br />
manifold or<br />
header.<br />
[2] On twostroke<br />
engines<br />
the exhaust<br />
port is cut into<br />
the cylinder<br />
wall because it<br />
does not have<br />
valves.<br />
[3] That<br />
opening which<br />
carries the fluid<br />
to the
downstream<br />
pressure of a<br />
fluid system.<br />
Also see<br />
adjustable variable exhaust port<br />
variable exhaust port<br />
exhaust pressure regulator:<br />
(EPR) a device <strong>for</strong> increasing exhaust backpressure at specific times to<br />
increase exhaust flow to the EGR valve<br />
exhaust scrubber:<br />
A diesel exhaust gas purification system which cools the exhaust and<br />
separates nitrogen oxide and oil vapours from the gas stream<br />
exhaust side:<br />
The side of the engine where the exhaust valves and exhaust manifold are<br />
located<br />
exhaust stroke:<br />
The fourth stroke of a four-stroke cycle where<br />
the piston moves upward from bottom dead<br />
center to top dead center and pushes the<br />
burned exhaust gases out of the cylinder.
exhaust system:<br />
The pipes, resonators and mufflers that carry<br />
the exhaust gases from the exhaust manifold<br />
out into the atmosphere.<br />
Also see<br />
dual exhaust system<br />
stainless-steel exhaust system<br />
twin exhaust system<br />
exhaust timing:<br />
exhaust control system developed especially <strong>for</strong> two-stroke motorcycle<br />
engines in order to enhance low and mid-range power<br />
exhaust treatment:<br />
any measures taken to reduce the pollutant concentrations in the exhaust of<br />
an internal combustion engine released into the atmosphere<br />
exhaust tuning:<br />
Cutting the exhaust pipe to a length that provides maximum efficiency.<br />
exhaust turbocharging:<br />
See turbocharging
exhaust valve:<br />
[1] The valve<br />
through which<br />
the burned fuel<br />
charge passes<br />
on its way<br />
from the<br />
cylinder to the<br />
exhaust<br />
manifold. It is<br />
driven by the<br />
camshaft.<br />
When<br />
comparing an<br />
exhaust valve<br />
with an intake<br />
valve in the<br />
same engine,<br />
the part of the<br />
exhaust valve<br />
that seats into<br />
the head (i.e.,<br />
not the stem)<br />
will have a<br />
smaller<br />
diameter than<br />
the intake<br />
valve.<br />
[2] A movable<br />
port which<br />
provides an<br />
outlet <strong>for</strong> the<br />
cylinder gases<br />
in a<br />
compressor or<br />
engine.<br />
Also see<br />
sodium-cooled exhaust valve<br />
exhaust valve closes:<br />
(EVC) A mark on a valve-timing diagram<br />
exhaust valve opens:
(EVO) A mark on a valve-timing diagram<br />
exothermal:<br />
Chemical reaction in which heat is released.<br />
expander:<br />
[1] A ring placed under a piston ring to increase ring pressure on the<br />
cylinder walls. For instance an oil control ring may have an expander ring<br />
to assist the oil-control ring to scrape oil off the cylinder wall and provide<br />
further sealing. See piston ring expander.<br />
[2] A device in a drum brake system (either hydraulic or mechanical)<br />
which <strong>for</strong>ces the shoes apart into contact with the drum.<br />
Also see<br />
expander spacer:<br />
See expander ring<br />
expanding:<br />
See piston skirt expanding<br />
bead expander<br />
piston skirt expander<br />
ring expander<br />
skirt expander<br />
tailpipe expander<br />
wedge expander<br />
expansion:<br />
An increase in size, <strong>for</strong> example: when a metal rod is heated, it increases<br />
in length and perhaps also in diameter. Expansion is the opposite of<br />
contraction.<br />
Also see<br />
piston expansion<br />
shell expansion<br />
expansion joint:<br />
Device in piping designed to allow movement of the pipe caused by the<br />
pipe's expansion and contraction.
expansion plug:<br />
A steel plug, slightly dished or cup-shaped. When driven into place it<br />
flattens to fit tightly in its seat. In an engine block, expansion plugs (also<br />
called freeze plugs or core-hole plugs) are inserted into the holes in the<br />
casting through which core was removed when casting was <strong>for</strong>med. They<br />
open into cooling passages and thus provide pressure relief should the<br />
engine coolant freeze and expand. See core plugs.<br />
expansion stroke:<br />
See power stroke<br />
expansion tank:<br />
When the engine is heated, the coolant expands to fill any available space<br />
(usually in the radiator). Be<strong>for</strong>e the introduction of coolant expansion<br />
tanks, the excess coolant was <strong>for</strong>ced out of a vent tube and on the ground.<br />
The expansion tank collects the coolant so that when the engine cools off,<br />
the resultant vacuum sucks the coolant from the tank back into the<br />
radiator.<br />
expansion tube:<br />
A device that converts high pressure liquid refrigerant into low pressure<br />
liquid refrigerant (thus lowering its boiling point) be<strong>for</strong>e it passes through<br />
the evaporator. The expansion valve replaces the thermostatic expansion<br />
valve. It is also referred to as a fixed orifice tube<br />
expansion valve:<br />
A part of an air-conditioning system, located between the condenser and<br />
the evaporator that regulates the flow of liquid refrigerant to the vaporator.<br />
If cooling needs are low, the valve is almost closed; as additional cooling<br />
is required, the valve opens wider so that more liquid refrigerant flows to<br />
the evaporator. It reduces the pressure from the high side to the low side<br />
and is operated by pressure. Also called an automatic expansion valve<br />
(AEV) or "thermostatic expansion valve."<br />
expansivity:<br />
See coefficent of expansion<br />
expected residual value:
This is the projected or expected value of the vehicle at the end of the<br />
lease. Residual value is a measure of the vehicle's expected depreciation.<br />
expendable refrigerant system:<br />
System which discards the refrigerant after it has evaporated.<br />
expenditures:<br />
See capital expenditures<br />
experiment:<br />
See windsor experiment<br />
Experimental Development Program:<br />
See scientific Research and Experimental Development Program<br />
Experimental Safety Vehicle:<br />
(ESV) A special vehicle built <strong>for</strong> research into and testing of safety<br />
features; (compare SID)<br />
exploded view:<br />
A drawing of a mechanism or structure which shows the parts separately<br />
but approximately in the position they occupy when assembled<br />
explosion:<br />
A rapid disintegration of an object. See clutch explosion.<br />
Export Restraint:<br />
See Voluntary Export Restraint<br />
expressway:<br />
A US multilane highway road with limited access to be used <strong>for</strong> rapid<br />
travel with few interchanges.<br />
ext:
Abbreviation <strong>for</strong> "exterior."<br />
Extended Cab:<br />
A type of pickup truck<br />
(by GM) which has a<br />
second row of seating;<br />
but unlike a crew cab<br />
(which has four full size<br />
doors) it has a "halfdoor"<br />
that can be opened<br />
only after the main door<br />
is opened. The seating is<br />
usually a little more<br />
cramped than in a crew<br />
cab. Also called Club<br />
Cab, King Cab, XtraCab,<br />
Access Cab, SuperCab,<br />
or Cab Plus.<br />
extension:<br />
A part which is inserted between a ratchet and a socket to provide access<br />
to nuts or bolts which are deeply inset or hard to reach. Also called<br />
"extension bar" or "extension piece."<br />
Also see<br />
extension bar:<br />
brake extension<br />
fender extension<br />
load floor extension<br />
park brake extension<br />
piston extension screw<br />
valve extension<br />
wheel arch extension<br />
wing extension<br />
See<br />
extension<br />
wobble extension bar<br />
extension housing:<br />
See transmission extension housing
extension piece:<br />
See extension<br />
extension screw:<br />
See piston extension screw<br />
extension spring:<br />
A closed-coiled helical spring that offers resistance to a pulling <strong>for</strong>ce.<br />
exterior mirror:<br />
The mirror that is usually mounted on the door. In Japan (and other<br />
countries) it was mounted on the front fenders. Also called "external<br />
mirror."<br />
external combustion engine:<br />
An engine that burns its fuel outside the engine. A steam engine is an<br />
external combustion engine.<br />
external diameter:<br />
The outside diameter of a cylinder, tube, or washer<br />
external drive:<br />
Term used to indicate a compressor driven directly from the shaft or by a<br />
belt using an external motor. Compressor and motor are serviceable<br />
separately.<br />
external drive compressor:<br />
See compressor, open type<br />
external equalizer:<br />
Tube connected to low-pressure side of a thermostatic expansion valve<br />
diaphragm and to exit end of evaporator. See equalizer line<br />
externally-balanced crankshaft:
A crankshaft that requires external balancing weight, usually on the<br />
vibration damper of the flywheel, <strong>for</strong> balance<br />
external micrometer:<br />
A micrometer <strong>for</strong> measuring external diameters<br />
external mirror:<br />
The mirror that is usually mounted on the door. In Japan (and other<br />
countries) it was mounted on the front fenders. Also called "exterior<br />
mirror."<br />
external mix air cap:<br />
A special type of air cap <strong>for</strong> spray guns. Air and fluid are mixed in the<br />
space outside the air cap, directly in front of the nozzle: the most common<br />
type of air cap.<br />
Also see<br />
internal mix air cap<br />
external thread:<br />
Thread consisting of projecting ridges on the outside of a part such as a<br />
bolt or screw (which fits into the corresponding internal thread of a nut).<br />
Also called male thread<br />
external vane pump:<br />
A pump with either an elliptic rotating piston or an eccentrically mounted<br />
circular rotor<br />
extinguisher:<br />
See fire extinguisher<br />
extractor:<br />
A device <strong>for</strong> removing some object (e.g., bearing, bushing, sleeve, bolt,<br />
stud, etc.).<br />
See<br />
oil and water extractor<br />
screw extractor<br />
stud extractor
extras:<br />
Optional items either supplied by the manufacturer at the buyer's request,<br />
or added later by the owner. Usually they are things like seat covers, floor<br />
mats, additional lights, sunroof, glass tinting, CD changers, etc.<br />
extreme-pressure lubricant:<br />
(EP lubricant) A lubricant designed and compounded to withstand very<br />
heavy loads imposed on gear teeth.<br />
extruder:<br />
A machine that shapes a rubber compound into a usable <strong>for</strong>m. Uncured<br />
rubber is heated to soften and <strong>for</strong>ced through dies having the desired shape<br />
and dimensions.<br />
eye:<br />
A circular opening or hole, such as that at the end of a leaf spring or that<br />
<strong>for</strong>med at the end of a cable.<br />
Also see<br />
fish eye<br />
impeller eye<br />
spring eye<br />
towing eye<br />
eyebolt:<br />
A bolt with an eye in place of a head, through which a cable can be passed,<br />
e.g. <strong>for</strong> lifting purposes<br />
eyelet:<br />
A frame attachment that allows you to mount racks or fenders to the<br />
bicycle.<br />
eyelet connector:<br />
A connector <strong>for</strong> electrical connections which is attached to a wire and has<br />
its ring-shaped end pushed onto a round post or threaded terminal<br />
eyelet pliers:
Pliers <strong>for</strong> punching small holes, with a round stud in one jaw and a hole in<br />
the other