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nino kiRuraZe, giorgi sanikiZe, levan gordeziani,<br />
lali fircxalava, revaz gaCeCilaZe<br />
istoria<br />
moswavlis wigni<br />
11
4<br />
I<br />
II<br />
sarCevi<br />
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
Teoriebi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb<br />
(kreaciuli da evoluciuri)<br />
uZvelesi adamiani (ganviTarebis<br />
anTropologiuri safexurebi, dmanisis<br />
aRmoCenebi da maTi mniSvnebloba)<br />
socialuri struqturebi: gvari, Temi.<br />
pirvelyofili religia da xelovneba.<br />
`socialur-ekonomikuri~ sistema<br />
pirvelyofili sazogadoebis ganviTarebis<br />
etapebi msofliosa da saqarTveloSi<br />
Zveli msoflio<br />
5. saxelmwifos warmoSoba. Teoriebi<br />
saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxeb<br />
26<br />
6. saxelmwifos ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi 31<br />
7. uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi. egvipte 36<br />
8. uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi.<br />
Sumeri da babiloni<br />
41<br />
9. asureTi, xeTebi, urartu<br />
44<br />
10. uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
erTeulebi ZvelaRmosavlur xanaSi<br />
52<br />
11. saxmeleTo imperia. aqemenianTa irani<br />
(Zv.w. VI-IV ss.)<br />
58<br />
12. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. finikiuri<br />
qalaq-saxelmwifoebi da kolonizacia 66<br />
13. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.<br />
berZnuli polisebi, saxelmwifos<br />
mmarTvelobis formebi<br />
69<br />
14. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. didi<br />
berZnuli kolonizacia da misi Sedegebi 76<br />
15. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.<br />
berZen-sparselTa omebi<br />
84<br />
16. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.<br />
aTenis kavSiri - pirveli sazRvao `imperiis~<br />
Seqmnis mcdeloba<br />
88<br />
17. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.<br />
peloponesis omi<br />
92<br />
8<br />
12<br />
16<br />
21<br />
13<br />
33<br />
61<br />
79<br />
92<br />
27<br />
45<br />
70<br />
84
112<br />
145<br />
165<br />
218<br />
97<br />
124<br />
149<br />
174<br />
230<br />
18. aleqsandre makedonelis imperia, elinizmi da<br />
elinisturi saxelmwifoebi<br />
97<br />
19. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi elinistur xanaSi 104<br />
20. romis warmoSoba; romauli sazogadoeba,<br />
saxelmwifo wyoba - mefoba/respublika 109<br />
21. romauli dapyrobebi. respublikis dacema 113<br />
22. romi imperiis epoqaSi<br />
120<br />
23. romis imperia da saqarTvelo. romis urTier-<br />
Toba parTiasTan da sasanianTa iranTan 124<br />
Sua saukuneebi<br />
24. romi da `barbarosuli samyaro~, cvlilebebi<br />
evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi<br />
131<br />
25. dasavleT romis imperiis dacema.<br />
aRmosavleT romis imperia - bizantia 135<br />
26. qristianoba - msoflio religia.<br />
qristianobis Camoyalibeba da gavrceleba 145<br />
27. qristianobis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi.<br />
msoflio saeklesio krebebi da saqarTvelo 152<br />
28. qarTli V saukuneSi. vaxtang gorgasali 158<br />
29. bizantia da irani VI saukuneSi<br />
165<br />
30. saqarTvelo VI saukuneSi<br />
170<br />
31. feodalizmi evropaSi<br />
176<br />
32. papizmi. eklesia da Zalauflebis legitimacia 187<br />
33. Sua saukuneebis evropis qalaqebi da<br />
saqalaqo cxovreba<br />
195<br />
34. feodalizmi saqarTveloSi<br />
203<br />
35. ganaTleba da mecniereba. `universitetebis<br />
xana~ evropaSi. ganaTleba da mecniereba<br />
`oqros xanis~ saqarTveloSi<br />
211<br />
36. Sua saukuneebis wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
organoebi<br />
220<br />
37. brZola gavlenisTvis qristianul<br />
samyaroSi. bizantia VII-XII saukuneebSi 225<br />
38. brZola gavlenisTvis qristianul<br />
samyaroSi Sua saukuneebSi. `imperiis<br />
gadatana~<br />
231<br />
III<br />
5
6<br />
saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi<br />
VII-XV saukuneebSi<br />
IV 236<br />
V<br />
39. arabebi da islamuri saxalifo<br />
236<br />
40. saxalifos kultura da socialurekonomikuri<br />
ganviTareba<br />
248<br />
41. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi<br />
255<br />
42. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTareba da kultura VIII-IX saukuneebSi 259<br />
43. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis gaerTianeba 266<br />
44. bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi 272<br />
45. Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifo<br />
276<br />
46. Turq-selCukebi da saqarTvelo<br />
286<br />
47. daviT aRmaSeneblis reformebi<br />
290<br />
48. didgoris brZola<br />
295<br />
49. Tamar mefis epoqa<br />
301<br />
50. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTareba Tamar mefis epoqaSi<br />
309<br />
51. jvarosnuli epoqa<br />
314<br />
52. monRolTa dapyrobebi da misi Sedegebi 325<br />
53. saqarTvelo XIII saukuneSi. monRolebi<br />
saqarTveloSi<br />
333<br />
54. qarTuli saxelmwifos daSla<br />
343<br />
55. konstantinopolis dacema<br />
349<br />
evropa axal droSi<br />
56. renesansi da humanizmi. aRorZinebis<br />
evropuli centrebi<br />
356<br />
57. axali samimosvlo gzebisa da kontinentebis<br />
aRmoCena<br />
362<br />
58. kolumbamdeli amerika<br />
367<br />
59. koloniuri epoqis dasawyisi<br />
373<br />
60. reformacia da kontrreformacia<br />
378<br />
61. religiuri omebi<br />
384<br />
62. holandiis revolucia da misi mniSvneloba 392<br />
63. XVII saukunis inglisis revolucia<br />
395<br />
64. absolutizmi<br />
402<br />
65. Svidwliani omi evropaSi<br />
410<br />
260<br />
327<br />
365<br />
382<br />
249<br />
286<br />
346<br />
371
411<br />
459<br />
489<br />
504<br />
398<br />
475<br />
495<br />
517<br />
66. ganmanaTlebloba<br />
415<br />
67. amerikis kolonizacia da aSS-is Seqmna 422<br />
68. safrangeTis didi revolucia. `Zveli<br />
reJimis~ krizisi da agonia<br />
427<br />
69. safrangeTis didi revolucia. revoluciis<br />
dasawyisi<br />
434<br />
70. safrangeTis didi revolucia. monarqiis<br />
damxoba da pirveli respublika<br />
444<br />
71. industriuli revolucia<br />
454<br />
saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi<br />
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi<br />
72. brZola osmaluri eqspansiis winaaRmdeg<br />
evropasa da aRmosavleTSi<br />
458<br />
73. sefianTa iranis saxelmwifo<br />
464<br />
74. ruseTis gamoCena msoflio asparezze da<br />
reC-pospolita<br />
468<br />
75. petre I-is sagareo politika da reformebi 474<br />
76. saqarTvelo XVI saukuneSi<br />
478<br />
77. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo Sah abas I-isa da misi<br />
memkvidreebis mmarTvelobis dros<br />
485<br />
78. saqarTvelo aRmosavleTsa da<br />
dasavleTs Soris XVII saukuneSi<br />
493<br />
79. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi 499<br />
80. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi.<br />
sagareo orientaciis sakiTxi<br />
505<br />
81. saqarTvelos urTierTobebi ruseTTan.<br />
georgievskis traqtati<br />
512<br />
VI<br />
7
Tavi pirveli<br />
8<br />
I uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili<br />
sazogadoeba<br />
1.<br />
Teoriebi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb<br />
(kreaciuli da evoluciuri)<br />
adamians yvela religia RmerTis qmnilebad miiCnevs. Zvel samyaros mraval<br />
religiaSi adamiani RmerTma (an RmerTebma) Seqmna Tavis damxmared da msaxurad.<br />
`Zveli aRTqma~ da is msoflio religiebi, romlebic mas efuZnebian, adamians<br />
RmerTis xatad, msgavsad miiCneven.<br />
`Zveli aRTqmiseuli~ samyarosa da adamianis Seqmnis ambavi jer kidev Zveli<br />
drois mecnierTa diskusiis sagnad iqca. cxadia, yvela droSi arsebobda<br />
teqstis sityvasityviT gagebis momxreebi. ax.w. I saukunis moRvawem, filon<br />
aleqsandrielma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom<br />
`bibliis~ zogi pasaJi amgvarad esmis im mkiwyaro<br />
1<br />
Txvels, visac uWirs ufro Rrma arsis wvdoma.<br />
magaliTad mas mohyavs moses sityvebi Zvelegvipturi teqstidan sam-<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom RmerTma samyaro eqvs dRe- yaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb:<br />
Si Seqmna, rac imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom<br />
`warmoiSva guliT da eniT<br />
Txroba gasagebi da mowesrigebuli yofili-<br />
atumis saxe. didia ptaxi, romeyo,<br />
xolo realurad es aRniSnavda Sesaqmis<br />
lic qmnis RmerTebs da maT kas<br />
erTdroul da yovlismomcvel aqts.<br />
(= RmerTebisa da adamianebis<br />
aqedan moyolebuli, saeklesio moRvawee-<br />
sulieri oreuli) am eniT, am<br />
bSi ar aris erTsulovneba Sesaqmis inter-<br />
guliT. warmoiSva xori misgan<br />
pretaciaSi. marTalia, isini aRiareben sam-<br />
– ptaxisgan, warmoiSva Toti<br />
yarosa da adamianis Seqmnas RmerTis mier,<br />
misgan – ptaxisgan, guli da ena<br />
magram RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis Tanamimde-<br />
batonoben yvelaferze, radgan<br />
vrobas da eqvs dReze ganawilebas mravali<br />
ptaxi aris yovel sxeulSi, yo-<br />
maTgani, magaliTad origene (III s.) da basili<br />
vel RvTaebaSi, yovel adamiandidi<br />
(IV s.), erTgvar alegoriad miiCnevda.<br />
Si, yovel mwerSi, romlebic<br />
am pasaJis sityva-sityviTi gagebis momxreTa<br />
cocxloben misi ideiT da brZa-<br />
Soris iyvnen, magaliTad, reformaciis mamenebiT...<br />
ptaxi yoveli gadawyvebi<br />
– martin luTeri da Jan kalvini.<br />
tilebis mizezs warmoadgens...<br />
axali drois geografiulma aRmoCene-<br />
ena imeorebs gulis azrs. ase<br />
bma, agreTve codnam, romelic sabunebis-<br />
Seiqmna yvela RvTaeba... ase miemetyvelo<br />
mecnierebis sxvadasxva sferoSi<br />
ca sicocxle keTils da miezRo<br />
dagrovda, am Temebze diskusias axali suli<br />
sikvdili damnaSaves, ase Seiqm-<br />
STabera. Tumca, TiTqmis sayovelTaod iyo<br />
na samuSaoebi da xelovneba, xe-<br />
gaziarebuli mosazreba, rom RmerTma saTilis<br />
Sroma, fexis siaruli... man<br />
Taod Seqmna cocxal arsebaTa TiToeuli<br />
Seqmna RmerTebi, Seqmna qala-<br />
saxeoba. 1605 wels fransis bekonma gamoqebi,<br />
daaarsa nomebi, gaanawila<br />
Tqva azri, rom RmerTis qmnilebebi buneba-<br />
RmerTebi TavianT sakulto ad-<br />
Si gvaswavlis “bibliaSi” RmerTis sityvis<br />
gilebSi, daawesa maTi Sesawi-<br />
gagebas, rac ganmsazRvrel meTodad iqca<br />
ravi, daaarsa maTi taZrebi~.<br />
mis Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi. mecnierebi
wyaro 2<br />
biblia. dabadeba 1. 26-31.<br />
26. Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi<br />
Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da yvela qvemZroms, rac ki miwaze<br />
daxoxavs.<br />
27. Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini.<br />
28. akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da imravleT, aavseT dedamiwa,<br />
daeufleT mas, epatroneT zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, yovel cxovels, rac ki<br />
dedamiwaze daxoxavs.<br />
29 . Tqva RmerTma: aha, momicia TqvenTvis yoveli balaxi, Teslis mTesveli, rac<br />
ki dedamiwis zurgzea, da yoveli nayofieri xe, Teslis mTesveli. es iyos Tqveni<br />
sazrdo.<br />
30. miwis yvela mxecs, cis yvela frinvels, yvela qvemZroms, rasac ki sicocxlis suli<br />
udgas, mwvane balaxi hqondes saWmelad. da iqmna ase.<br />
31. dainaxa RmerTma yovelive, rac gaaCina, da aha, Zalian kargi iyo. iyo saRamo, iyo<br />
dila _ meeqvse dRe.<br />
bunebasa Tu warsulis naSTebSi eZebdnen “bibliaSi” aRweril movlenaTa, pirvel<br />
rigSi, warRvnisa da noes kidobanis dadasturebas.<br />
XIX saukunis dasawyisidan Cndeba ideebi saxeobaTa cvlilebis Sesaxeb. Carlz<br />
darvinma Camoayaliba Tavisi Teoria bunebrivi gadarCevis Sesaxeb. mis publikaciebs<br />
30-ian da 40-ian wlebSi didi gamoxmaureba, magram amasTanave samecniero<br />
wreebis kritika mohyva. 1859 wels man gamoaqveyna wigni `saxeobaTa warmoSobis<br />
Sesaxeb~, sadac sakmaod didi masala da argumentacia hqonda motanili saxeoba-<br />
Ta bunebrivi gadarCevis, evoluciuri gziT warmoSobis dasadastureblad.<br />
naSromma mniSvnelovani Zvra gamoiwvia sazogadoebriv<br />
azrSi da safuZveli Cauyara Widils evoluciur da kreaciul<br />
(an kreacionistur) Teoriebs Soris.<br />
uxeSad rom iTqvas, dava daiyvaneba kiTxvamde:<br />
`adamiani Seqmna RmerTma (zebunebrivma Zalam),<br />
Tu igi warmoiqmna maimunisagan, TavisiT, metnaklebad<br />
SemTxveviTi mizeziT gamowveuli<br />
cvlilebebis Sedegad?~<br />
dRemde arsebobs orive ukiduresi<br />
poziciis mimdevrebi. magram ukve XIX<br />
saukunis II naxevarSi mecnierebi dafiqrdnen<br />
maT erTgvar morigebaze. evolucionistTa<br />
erTi nawili miiCnevs,<br />
rom RvTaebriv nebas SeiZleboda mieca<br />
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
9
Tavi pirveli<br />
10<br />
biZgi im procesebisaTvis, rac samyaroSi ganviTarda da risi aRwerac mecnierebam<br />
moaxerxa, maT Soris, adamianis warmoSobisTvisac. maTTvis es rCeba rwmenis<br />
sakiTxad, radganac ver gaizomeba mecnierisaTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualebebiT.<br />
saerTod, is dapirispireba, erTi mxriv, racionalur azrovnebas, mecnierebasa<br />
da, meore mxriv, religias, eklesias Soris, romelic XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi arsebobda<br />
da evropaSi revoluciuri xanis aTeizmis erTerTi masazrdovebeli<br />
gaxda, dRevandel civilizebul msoflioSi daZleulia da rwmena da azrovneba<br />
aramc Tu ar uSlian xels erTmaneTs, aramed erTgvarad avseben kidec, rogorc<br />
es, magaliTad, Tundac qristianobis gariJraJze iyo.<br />
agreTve maTTvisac, vinc uciloblad miiCnevs RvTaebriv Semoqmedebas,<br />
dRes mTlianad ugulebelyofili ar aris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa<br />
saSualebebiT dagrovili codna. ase magaliTad, kreacionistTa calkeuli<br />
skolis warmomadgenlebi aRiareben samyarosa da dedamiwis warmoSobas ramdenime<br />
miliardi wlis win, agreTve sxvadasxva saxeobisa da, maT Soris, adamianis<br />
garkveul evolucias.<br />
dRes kreacionistTa mravali skola arsebobs. isini gansxvavdebian erTmane-<br />
Tisagan met-naklebad principuli sakiTxebisadmi damokidebulebiT. ase magaliTad,<br />
`axalgazrda dedamiwis kreacionistebi~ faqtobrivad `bibliis~ sityvasityviTi<br />
gagebis poziciaze dganan. maT sapirispirod, `Teisturi evoluciis~<br />
mimdevrebi, faqtobrivad, srulad iziareben dRevandeli sabunebismetyvelo<br />
mecnierebebis miRwevebs da RmerTis rols samyaros Seqmnis iniciirebaSi xedaven.<br />
maT Soris aris kidev mravali Sualeduri mimdinareoba, romelic `bibliis~<br />
calkeuli pasaJisaTvis Tu bunebis ama Tu im movlenisaTvis gansxvavebul interpretacias<br />
gvTavazobs. mag., erTni Sesaqmis `erT dRes~ erT epoqad iazreben,<br />
ris saSualebasac iZleva ebrauli originalis Sesabamisi sityva; meoreni<br />
calkeuli saxeobis warmoSobas `gonivruli Canafiqris~ Sedegad warmoadgenen<br />
da Aase Semdeg.<br />
Tanamedrove samyaroSi am TeoriaTa miReba-gaziareba araTanabradaa gadanawilebuli.<br />
yvelaze meti momxre evolucionistebs – sxvadasxva gamokiTxviT,<br />
mosaxleobis 70-80% dasavleT evropis qveynebSi hyavs. dasavlur civilizacia-<br />
Tagan yvelaze meti dasayrdeni kreacionistul mimdinareobebs aqvs amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi. cxadia, im qveynebSic, sadac `biblia~ ar warmoadgens ZiriTad<br />
religiur wigns, agreTve vxvdebiT Widils evolucionistur Teoriasa<br />
da adgilobrivi religiis Sesabamis kreacionistul Teoriebs Soris.<br />
aSS didi xnis manZilze iyo am Teoriebs Soris mZafri brZolis arena, pirvel<br />
rigSi, skolaSi maTi swavlebis gamo. jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi Zalze<br />
gaxmaurda e.w. `maimunis procesi~, romelzec sasamarTlo arkvevda, hqonda<br />
Tu ara axalgazrda bunebismetyvels skolaSi darvinis moZRvrebis swavlebis<br />
neba. arc Tu Soreul warsulSi agreTve sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagani gaxda<br />
sxvadasxva kreacionistuli moZRvrebis mecnieruloba da, Sesabamisad, misi<br />
skolaSi swavlebis ufleba.
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. SeadareT wyaroebi erTmaneTs. ipoveT gansxvavebebi da msgavsebebi.<br />
2. rogori axsna mouZebna samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb bibliidan pasaJs filon<br />
aleqsandrielma da ras saxis dava wamoiSva Semdgom saeklesio moRvaweebs<br />
Soris? daaxasiaTeT ori mimdinareobis warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebi.<br />
3. ra aris evolucionizmi da rogor Caeyara mas safuZveli? romel sasamarTlo<br />
davas ewoda `maimunis procesi~ da ratom?<br />
RmerTis mier adamianis Seqmna. miqelanjelos freska<br />
saSinaodavaleba<br />
1. werilobiT CamoayalibeT adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebis<br />
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.<br />
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
11
Tavi pirveli<br />
12<br />
2.<br />
uZvelesi adamiani (ganviTarebis<br />
anTropologiuri safexurebi, dmanisis<br />
aRmoCenebi da maTi mniSvnebloba)<br />
pirveli `adamianebi~<br />
evoluciuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, rasac<br />
kreacionistTa zogi mimdinareobac iziarebs,<br />
adamiani biologiurad primatebis<br />
rigs ganekuTvneba. misi uaxloesi naTesavebi<br />
arian adamianismagvari maimunebi,<br />
romlebic, adamianTan erTad dRes hominidebis<br />
ojaxSi erTiandebian. am ojaxis<br />
SigniT klasifikacia ukanasknel aTwleulebSi<br />
araerTxel Seicvala. es arcaa gasakviri,<br />
radganac mecnierebs xelT aqvT<br />
mxolod umniSvnelo naSTebi, romelTa<br />
Seswavla da erTmaneTTan Sedareba Zalze<br />
garTulebulia.<br />
tradiciulad, hominidebs uwodebdnen<br />
Tanamedrove adamianis uSualo winaprebs<br />
da maT monaTesave saxeobebs, romelTac<br />
dRes ufro xSirad hominidebad moixsenieben.<br />
maTgan yvela sxva saxeoba, Tanamedrove<br />
adamianis garda, gadaSenebulia.<br />
adamianis msgavsi arsebebi – hominidebi,<br />
an axali klasifikaciiT, hominidebi –<br />
afrikaSi ramdenime milioni wlis win ga-<br />
Cndnen.<br />
uZveles naSTad dRes zogierTi mec-<br />
leqsikoni<br />
r ekosistema – cocxali organizmebiTa<br />
da maTi sabinadro<br />
garemoTi warmoqmnili bunebrivi<br />
kompleqsi.<br />
r universaluri – sayovel-<br />
Tao, yvelgan miRebuli<br />
r diferenciacia – calkeuli<br />
nawilebis gamoyofa, danawevreba<br />
r rekonstruqcia – aRdgena<br />
r proto – wina, Zveli<br />
r genetikAAADFGGHGHGa<br />
– cocxali organizmebiTa<br />
da maTi sabinadro<br />
garemoTi warmoqmnili bunebrivi<br />
kompleqsi.<br />
r komponenti – Semadgeneli<br />
nawili<br />
r kombinirebuli – sxvadasxva<br />
nawilebis gaerTianebiT Seqmnili<br />
nieri miiCnevs 2001 wels CadSi, afrikaSi<br />
aRmoCenil 7 milioni wlis winandel `Cadis sahelanTropuss~, romelsac zedmetsaxeli<br />
`tumai~ misces. man CamoarTva pirveloba masze 3-4 milioni wliT<br />
ufro axalgazrda avstralopiTeks, zedmetsaxelad `liusi~.<br />
2,5 milioni wlisaa homo habilisi (homo habilis) – `marjve adamiani~, adamianTa<br />
(homo) gvaris CvenTvis cnobilTagan yvelaze adreuli warmomadgeneli, romelic<br />
adamianis uSualo winaprad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mas adamianismagvari sxva<br />
arsebebisgan gamoarCevda, pirvel rigSi, tvinis zoma. igi ara marto iyenebda<br />
sxvadasxva sagnebs iaraRad, rasac zogi cxovelic axerxebs, aramed TviTon<br />
amzadebda qvis primitiul iaraRs. amitomac ewoda `marjve~.<br />
misi savaraudo STamomavali, homo ereqtusi (homo erectus) – `gamarTulad mosiarule<br />
adamiani~ daaxl. 2-1,8 milioni wlis win gaCnda da man TandaTan aiTvisa<br />
evrazia. zogi mecnieri am saxeobis mravali variaciis arsebobas varaudobs, zo-
gic mis gverdiT gamoyofs sxva saxeobebs – homo ergaster (homo ergaster), homo<br />
georgikus (homo georgicus), anu `qarTveli~, misi aRmoCenis adgilis mixedviT.<br />
adamianis uZvelesi sadgomebi afrikis farglebs gareT aRmoCnda saqarTveloSi,<br />
dmanisSi (daaxl. 1,8 milioni wlis winandeli), agreTve espaneTSi, indoeT-<br />
Si, CineTSi, indoneziaSi.<br />
dmaniseli adamiani<br />
dmanisel adamians zogi mkvlevari homo ereqtusis saxeobas miakuTvnebda,<br />
zogi – homo ergasterisas, zogic calke gamohyofs homo georgikuss, rogorc<br />
gardamaval saxeobas homo habilissa da homo ereqtuss Soris.<br />
dmanisSi araerTi adamianis naSTebia aRmoCenili. ori yvelaze kargad Senaxuli<br />
Tavis qalis patronebs saxelad mzia da zezva daarqves. am aRmoCenam didad<br />
gazarda saqarTvelos mniSvneloba kacobriobis saerTo warsulis Seswavlis<br />
saqmeSi da qarTveli mecnierebic CaerTnen am sakiTxebis Semswavlel saer-<br />
TaSoriso qselSi.<br />
ganviTarebis am etapze adamianma SedarebiT daxvewa qvis iaraRi, Seqmna kombinirebuli<br />
iaraRi qvis, xis, Zvlis komponentebis gamoyenebiT. homo ereqtusma<br />
pirvelma `moaTviniera~ da sakuTar samsaxurSi Caayena cecxli.<br />
mogvianebiT, kvlav afrikidan gavrceldnen adamianis sxva, ufro maRalganviTarebuli<br />
saxeobebi – `haidelbergeli adamiani~, neandertaleli da Tanamedrove<br />
adamiani – homo sapiens (homo sapiens), `gonieri an moazrovne adamiani~.<br />
homo sapiensi<br />
homo sapiensi daaxl. 200-150 aTasi wlis win gaCnda da daaxl. 50 aTasi wlis<br />
win man sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo (homo sapiensis ganviTarebis<br />
Sedegad Camoyalibebul Tanamedrove adamians homo sapiens sapiensadac moixse-<br />
homo habilisi homo ereqtusi<br />
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
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14<br />
nieben). dRes homo sapiensi adamianis erTaderTi saxeobaa, sxvebma ver gauZles<br />
masTan konkurencias, ver moaxerxes klimatur cvlilebebTan Tu bunebis sxva<br />
gamowvevebTan adaptacia da gadaSendnen, gonierma adamianma ki TiTqmis mTeli<br />
planeta aiTvisa. daaxl. 50 aTasi wlis win is gamoCnda evraziaSi, 40 aTasi wlis<br />
win – okeaniaSi da bolos, 14 aTasi wlis win amerikasac miaRwia.<br />
garkveuli drois manZilze evropaSi neandertaleli da homo sapiensi Tanaarsebobdnen.<br />
mecnierebi dRes intensiurad swavloben am saxeobaTa Tanaarsebobas,<br />
maT urTierTdamokidebulebas, Sejvarebis SesaZleblobas. calkeuli<br />
naSTebidan moxerxda dnm-is analizis aReba. am analizebis safuZvelze naTeli<br />
gaxda, rom neandertalelsa da homo sapienss saerTo winapari daaxl. 500 aTasi<br />
wlis win unda hyolodaT da isini arc erT saxeobas, arc uSualo winaparsa da<br />
mis memkvidres ar warmoadgendnen. genetikurma analizma Searyia aseve erT<br />
dros sakmaod popularuli Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis warmoSoba planetaze<br />
sxvadasxva adgilas erTdroulad mimdinareobda. dRes mecnierebs gamoTvlili<br />
aqvT, rom mitoqondriebis mixedviT homo sapiensis saxeobis yvela<br />
qals erTi winapari qali hyavda – e.w. “mitoqondriuli eva”, xolo yvela kacs,<br />
qromosomis mixedviT, erTi winapari kaci – “adami”. sainteresoa, rom es adami<br />
da eva ramdenime aTeuli aTasi wliT arian erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli, magram<br />
orive afrikelia da swored aqedan unda momxdariyo adamianis xelaxali gansaxleba<br />
planetaze. H<br />
uZvelesi adamiani moixmarda imas, rasac mas buneba sTavazobda – agrovebda<br />
sakvebad vargis mcenareebsa Tu mis nayofs, nadirobda, Tevzaobda. igi sxvadasxva<br />
masalisgan – qvisgan, Zvlisgan, xisgan, amzadebda iaraRs, romelsac iyenebda,<br />
pirvel rigSi, sakvebis mosapoveblad. cxovelis tyavisa da mcenareuli masalisgan<br />
igi amzadebda agreTve tansacmels, romelic mas sicivigan, mcxunvare<br />
mzisgan an cxovelis kbenisgan icavda.<br />
Tavdapirvelad adamianTa mcire jgufebi – jogebi uvlidnen mozrdil teritorias<br />
sakvebis mopovebisa da usafrTxo droebiTi sadgomis moZebnis mizniT.<br />
saukeTeso sanadiro da sacxovrebeli adgilebis Ziebam adamiani miiyvana<br />
Cveni planetis yvela kuTxeSi, sadac cxovrebisaTvis metnaklebad Sesaferisi<br />
pirobebi iyo. gaazrebuli koleqtiuri qmedebebi da damatebiT saSualebaTa<br />
gamoyeneba garemo pirobebTan adaptaciisas zrdida adamianis warmatebis SesaZleblobas<br />
sruliad gansxvavebul bunebriv pirobebSi. swored garemosTan<br />
adaptaciis Sedegia is rasobrivi gansxvavebebi, rac dRes sxvadasxva kontinentis<br />
mkvidr mosaxleobas Soris SeimCneva.<br />
daaxl. 70 aTasi wlis win, savaraudod, kunZul sumatraze tobas vulkanuri<br />
superamofrqvevis Semdeg daiwyo intensifikacia procesisa, romelsac “didi<br />
gamyinvareba” ewodeba da romelmac planetaze mosaxle adamianebis didi nawili<br />
Seiwira, magram gadarCenilebi gamoawrTo da Semdgomi warmatebebisTvis<br />
Seamzada.<br />
yinulis ukan daxevis Semdeg, daaxl. 12 aTasi wlis win iqmneba xelSemwyobi<br />
pirobebi demografiuli zrdisa da axali miwebis aTvisebisaTvis.
homo sapiensi<br />
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. CamoTvaleT adamianis Camoyalibebis anTropologiuri safexurebi. daaxasiaTeT<br />
isini.<br />
2. ram gamoarCia adamianis msgavsi pirveli arsebebi cxovelTa samyarosagan?<br />
3. ra SeiZleba miviCnioT homo ereqtusis `did gamarjvebad~?<br />
4. ratom sWirdebodaT adamianebs koleqtiuri moqmedeba?<br />
saSinaodavaleba<br />
1. ewvieT saqarTvelos erovnul muzeums. moiZieT aseve masalebi muzeumis vebgverdze<br />
da klasisTvis moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: `pirveli adamianebi<br />
saqarTveloSi~.<br />
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
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16<br />
3.<br />
socialuri struqturebi: gvari, Temi.<br />
pirvelyofili religia da xelovneba.<br />
`socialur-ekonomikuri~ sistema<br />
pirvelyofili jogi<br />
Tavdapirvelad adamiani mcire jogebad cxovrobda. am jogSi, iseve, rogorc<br />
sxva cocxal arsebaTa nebismier erTad mcxovreb jgufSi, arsebobda garkveuli<br />
socialuri organizacia, ierarqia da funqciaTa danawileba. mecnierebs ar<br />
aqvT zusti warmodgena am urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb da maT Seswavlas sxvadasxva<br />
saSualebiT cdiloben: dRes arsebuli primitiuli tomebis, cxovelTa, pirvel<br />
rigSi, primatebis sociumebis, arqeologiuri masalis SeswavliT da am monacemTa<br />
urTierTSepirispirebiT. cxadia, ikveTeba garkveuli kanonzomierebebi,<br />
romlebic adamianTa nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis saerTo Cans, magram agreTve<br />
sakmao gansxvavebebic, romlebic ganpirobebulia garemo pirobebiTa Tu sxva<br />
racionaluri an jerac amoucnobi mizezebiT.<br />
adamianTa jogebSi maTi raodenobis zrda, iaraRis daxvewa, yoveldRiuri<br />
saqmianobis gamravalferovneba iwvevda socialuri organizaciis, adamianebs<br />
Soris urTierTobaTa sistemis garTulebas. ukve dmaniseli homo georgikusi,<br />
rogorc es mecnierebma calkeuli naSTebis Seswavlis Sedegad daadgines, zrunavda<br />
ara marto sakuTari Tavisa da STamomavlobis gamokvebaze, e.i. gadarCenasa<br />
da gamravlebaze, aramed sazogadoebis umweo, moxuc wevrebzec.<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba adamianTa Soris urTierTobebSi komunikaciis<br />
saSualebas – enas eniWeba. dRes mecnierebi intensiurad swavloben sxvadasxva<br />
cxovelis “enas” – emociisa da informaciis gadacemas, ZiriTadad, xmovani<br />
signalis meSveobiT. cxadia, amgvari komunikaciis saSualeba hominidebsa da<br />
adamiansac uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli hqonda. magram danawevrebuli<br />
metyveleba, romlis saSualebiTac martivi emociebisa da informaciis garda,<br />
abstraqtuli cnebebis, azrebis, dagrovili codnis gadacema da ganzogadebaa<br />
SesaZlebeli, savaraudod, homo sapienss ukavSirdeba da es unari aTaswleulebis<br />
manZilze ixveweboda.<br />
rogorc irkveva, cxovelebs esmiT ara marto sakuTari saxeobis, aramed ekosistemaSi<br />
mcxovrebi sxva cxovelis signalebic. aseve adamianis Zvel saxeobebsac<br />
ar unda hqonodaT komunikaciis Tu “urTierTgagebis” problema sakuTari<br />
saxeobis farglebSi an mis gareT. Sesabamisad, jogi SeiZleba met-naklebad<br />
mdgradic yofiliyo da sakmaod cvalebadic, romelSic mcire jgufebi mcire<br />
xniT erTiandebodnen arsebobisaTvis erToblivad brZolis mizniT.<br />
gvari da Temi<br />
komunikaciis saSualebis, enis daxvewa-ganviTareba da sociumSi urTierTobaTa<br />
gaRrmaveba-garTuleba paraleluri procesebia, romlebsac mivyavarT<br />
axlo naTesavTa myari gaerTianebis, gvaris warmoqmnisaken. erT teritoriaze<br />
mcxovreb ramdenime gvars SeiZleba hqonoda erTmaneTTan naTesauri kavSirebi,
erToblivi interesebi: teritoriis ucxoTagan dacva, did cxovelebze erToblivi<br />
nadiroba. binadar cxovrebaze gadasvlasTan erTad, izrdeba calkeul<br />
sociums Soris mWidro TanamSromlobis aucilebloba, rogorc TavdacviTi,<br />
aseve sameurneo mizniT. ramdenime monaTesave an mezobeli gvari qmnida Tems.<br />
garemo pirobebisa da sxvadasxva mosazrebis gamo, Tems SeiZleboda erT mWidro<br />
dasaxlebaSi ecxovra, an gafantulad, mTel mis mier kontrolirebul<br />
teritoriaze. erTi an zogjer ramdenime Temis wevrebs, saerTo interesebis<br />
garda, aerTianebda komunikaciis saSualeba – saerTo ena. amgvar gaerTianebas<br />
SeiZleba tomi vuwodoT.<br />
garTulebul socialur urTierTobebs Tan axlda sazogadoebis wevrebs<br />
Soris ierarqiis daxvewa da funqciaTa ganawileba. gvars Taobda zrdasruli,<br />
Zlieri da gamocdili individi. sxvadasxva drosa Tu regionSi, meTauri Sei-<br />
Zleba qalic yofiliyo da kacic.<br />
matriarqati da patriarqati<br />
mecnierebi miiCnevdnen, rom “qalis batonobis” periodi, matriarqati kacobriobis<br />
ganviTarebis universaluri safexuri iyo, romelsac mosdevda aseve<br />
universaluri safexuri “kacis batonobisa” – patriarqati. dRes es aRaraa<br />
sayovelTaod gaziarebuli. marTalia, arsebobs calkeuli SemTxveva, sadac qalis<br />
pirveloba met-naklebad dasturdeba, magram ZiriTadad sociumis lideri<br />
kaci iyo. sxva sakiTxia, rom naTesaobis dadgena qalis xaziT ufro ioli iyo da,<br />
Sesabamisad, pirveloba memkvidreobiT matrilinearulad, e.i. qalis meSveobiT<br />
gadaecemoda. mamidan Svilze Zalauflebis gadacema mxolod mas Semdeg gaxda<br />
SesaZlebeli, rac qorwinebasa da ojaxTan dakavSirebulma wesebma met-naklebad<br />
ucilobeli gaxades mamobis dadgena.<br />
odiTganve qalsa da kacs Soris funqciebi<br />
danawilebuli iyo. kaci, ZiriTadad, nadirobda<br />
da orfexa Tu oTxfexa mters igeriebda, qali ki<br />
bavSvebs zrdida, mcenareul sakvebs agrovebda<br />
da sxvadasxva Sinaur saqmes akeTebda.<br />
binadar cxovrebasa da warmoebiT meurneobaze<br />
gadasvlasTan erTad kacma SeinarCuna<br />
garesamyarosTan urTierTobis funqcia, xolo<br />
meurneobaSi ZiriTadad iseT saqmes akeTebda,<br />
rasac uxeSi fizikuri Zala metad sWirdeboda.<br />
qali kidev ufro Caiketa saxlSi da SinameurneobaSi.<br />
soflis meurneobisa da xelosnobis dargebis<br />
gaCenam gamoiwvia erTgvari specializacia gvarisa<br />
Tu Temis wevrebs Soris, gaRrmavda Sromis<br />
danawileba. Temsa da tomSi gaCnda fena, beladi<br />
da uxucesebi, romlebic ZiriTadad gamoTavisufldnen<br />
yoveldRiuri Sromisagan da sazogadoebis<br />
dacvisa da marTvis funqcia itvirTes. deda-RvTaeba<br />
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
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cxadia, rom Tavdapirvelad mterTan dapirispirebaSi Tu koleqtiur nadirobaSi<br />
Tavkacobas fizikuri ZaliTa da Wkua-gonebiT, gamocdilebiT gamor-<br />
Ceul kacs andobdnen. qonebrivi diferenciaciis gaCenis Semdeg, mdidari da<br />
warCinebuli gvarebi axerxebdnen Zalauflebis SedarebiT didi xniT, TaobaTa<br />
manZilze dapatronebas, radgan maT hqondaT meti saSualeba, rom pirvelobis<br />
pretendenti gamoewrToT da sazogadoebrivi saqmeebisTvis moemzadebinaT.<br />
TandaTanobiT xelisufleba memkvidreobiTad iqca, jer ojaxis farglebSi<br />
gadadioda uxucesze, Semdeg ki mamidan ufros vaJze.<br />
tomisa Tu Temis Tavkacsa da uxucesebs mravali funqcia hqondaT. garda<br />
omSi winamZRolobisa, isini arCevdnen davebs sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris,<br />
aRasrulebdnen samarTals, maTve ekisrebodaT sxvadasxva ritualis Catareba.<br />
uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebi da xelovneba<br />
dRes gadaWriT verafers vityviT uZvelesi adamianismagvari arsebebis religiurobis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tumca gamoTqmulia eWvi, rom maTac SeiZleba hqonodaT<br />
garkveuli rwmena-warmodgenebi garemomcveli samyarosa Tu erTmaneTs Soris<br />
urTierTobaTa wesebis Sesaxeb. “gonier adamians”, homo sapienss misi arsebobis<br />
adreul xanaSive Camouyalibda rwmena-warmodgenaTa erTgvari kompleqsi,<br />
romelic aiZulebda Caetarebina ritualebi, daekrZala Tavisi micvalebuli,<br />
daexata Tu gamoeZerwa adamianebisa da cxovelebis gamosaxulebebi.<br />
adamianis uZvelesi warmodgenebis rekonstruqcia dRes mxolod pirobiT<br />
xerxdeba, sxvadasxva saxis masalisa da analogiebis kompleqsuri SeswavliT.<br />
cxadia, rom adamiani ar grZnobda samyaroSi Tavs marto da mas intensiuri ur-<br />
TierToba hqonda rogorc xorciel arsebebTan, ise sulebTan. gardacvlili<br />
winaprebisa da axloblebis sulebis keTilganwyoba da Tanadgoma maT yoveldRiurad<br />
sWirdebodaT. cxovelebisa Tu bunebis movlenebis sulebTan kontaqti<br />
maT warmatebuli nadirobis, kargi amindis Tu usafrTxoebis imeds aZlevda.<br />
ama Tu im nivTs an gamosaxulebas aseve hqonda Zala, raTa adamians daxmareboda,<br />
an misTvis evno.<br />
axali drois eTnografiuli kvleva, romelic dRevandeli msoflios naklebad<br />
civilizebuli, “veluri” xalxebis cxovrebas swavlobs, saintereso masalas<br />
gvaZlevs Cveni Soreuli winaprebis azrebisa da ocnebebis amosacnobad. aseTi<br />
tomebis Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda primitiul religiaTa nairsaxeobebi<br />
(fetiSizmi, totemizmi, Samanizmi da sxv.), agreTve maTi, rogorc universaluri<br />
stadiebis Tanamimdevroba. dRes mecnierebs ukve eWvi eparebaT imaSi, rom garda<br />
zogadi kanonzomierebebisa, arsebobda universaluri stadiebi Zveli religiebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi. mravalferovani adgilobrivi Taviseburebebi SeiZleba warmoqmnides<br />
garkveul saazrovno stereotipebs, romlebic Zalze myaria da metnaklebad<br />
ucvlelad darCa aTaswleulebis manZilze, ama Tu im xalxis maRal<br />
civilizaciebTan ziarebis Semdegac ki. sxva SemTxvevaSi rwmena-warmodgenaTa<br />
sxvadasxva elementebis kanonzomieri Tu SemTxveviTi kombinaciebi gvaZlevs<br />
SesaZlo Sedegebis did siWreles, romlis klasifikacia yovelTvis ar xerxdeba.<br />
mecnierebs Soris sadavod rCeba sakiTxi, rodis gaCnda adamianebSi Rmer-<br />
Tis – maradiuli, gonieri da Tu ara yovlisSemZle, Zlieri arsebis cneba. zogs
miaCnia, rom es xdeba mxolod religiur warmodgenaTa SedarebiT gviandel<br />
etapze, civilizaciis zRurblze. sxvani ki fiqroben, rom uZvelesi adamiani<br />
ara mxolod icnobda am cnebas, aramed mas bevrad ufro uSualo kontaqti<br />
hqonda RmerTTan da sulier samyarosTan, vidre es civilizaciis pirobebSia<br />
da amis sabuTs Zvel religiur gadmocemebSi xedaven – adami da eva “bibliur”<br />
samoTxeSi, hesiodes “oqros xana” da sxv.<br />
adamianis rwmena-warmodgenebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli uZvelesi xelovneba.<br />
naxatebi gamoqvabulebis kedlebze, qvisa da Zvlisgan gamoTlili an<br />
Tixisgan gamoZerwili figurebi, savaraudod, Zveli ritualebis ganuyofel<br />
nawils warmoadgendnen. aseve ritualis Semadgeneli unda yofiliyo cekva da<br />
simRera. magram maT adamianis gaxaliseba da misTvis esTetikuri siamovnebis<br />
miniWebac SeeZloT. ritualuris garda, esTetikuri, anu samkaulis funqcia<br />
SeiZleboda hqonoda mZivebs, samajurebsa Tu sxva aqsesuarebs, romlebsac<br />
gonieri adamiani aTeulaTasobiT wlis win amzadebda.<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, uZvelesi droidan adamianis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba<br />
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli mis meurneobis formasTan, rac sazogadoebis<br />
kompleqsuri Seswavlis saWiroebas ganapirobebs. zogi mecnieruli mimdinareoba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki, marqsizmi ekonomikas adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTad,<br />
gamsazRvrel sferod miiCnevs da, Sesabamisad, kacobriobis istorias hyofs<br />
periodebad “social-ekonomikuri formaciebis” mixedviT, rasac sabWoTa dros<br />
gamocemul araerT wignSi waawydebiT. marqsizms mimdevrebi dResac hyavs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT maT Soris, vinc Zveli samyaros sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur<br />
istorias swavlobs.<br />
uZvelesi adamiani am klasifikaciiT eqceva “pirvelyofili formaciis” an<br />
“wyobis” safexurze, romelsac agreTve “gvarovnulsac” uwodeben, radgan Semgroveblobidan<br />
warmoebaze gadasvlis Semdeg adamianuri sazogadoebis Ziri-<br />
Tad ujreds gvari warmoadgens. am etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia met-naklebad<br />
Tanasworuflebiani, erTmaneTTan naTesaobiT dakavSirebuli adamianebis<br />
erToblivi cxovreba da Sroma.<br />
pirvelyofili adamianis naxati gamoqvabulis kedelze<br />
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
19
Tavi pirveli<br />
20<br />
damatebiTicnoba<br />
matriarqati<br />
mecnierebi miiCneven, rom yvelaze tipur matriarquli TemSi erTiandeboda 200-300<br />
naTesavi qalis xaziT. mas saTaveSi edga `ufrosi~ qali, zogjer ki misi Zma. Temis<br />
SigniT arsebobda mravali mcire jgufi, romlebic Sedgeboda qalis, misi Svilebisa<br />
da SviliSvilebisagan. am `ojaxebisgan~ iqmneboda `dedis~ Temi, romelsac erToblivad<br />
ekuTvnoda miwis nakveTi. sxva saxis sakuTreba ki dedisgan qaliSvilebs gadaecemodaT.<br />
arsebobda matriarqalur-patriarqaluri wesrigis saxeobac: tomi orad iyo gayofili<br />
– qalebad da kacebad. TiToeuli maTgani damoukidebeli iyo meorisgan.<br />
matriarqalur sazogadoebebSi araerT qalRmerTs scemdnen Tayvans. umaRles RvTaebad<br />
ki iTvleboda deda-RvTaeba.<br />
matriarquli wyobis calkeul niSan-Tvisebebi dRemde SemorCa zogierT primitiul<br />
toms.<br />
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. isaubreT enis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb pirvelyofil sazogadoebebSi.<br />
2. ra gamaerTianebeli faqtorebi arsebobda gvarisaTvis? ris safuZvelze<br />
iqmneboda tomi?<br />
3. ra pirobebSi Caeyara safuZveli xelisuflebis memkvidreobiT gadacemas?<br />
4. ra mniSvneloba aqvs dRevandeli `aracivilizebuli~ xalxebis eTnografiul<br />
Seswavlas?<br />
5. gaecaniT damatebiT cnobas. teqstisa da wyaros mixedviT daaxasiaTeT matriarqati.<br />
Tqveni azriT, ris gamo Seicvala matriarqati patriarqatiT?
4.<br />
pirvelyofili sazogadoebis ganviTarebis<br />
etapebi msofliosa da saqarTveloSi<br />
istoria uZvelesi, winaistoriuli xanis<br />
periodizaciisaTvis iyenebs arqeologebis<br />
mier miRebul terminologias,<br />
romelic emyareba adamianis mier iaraRis<br />
dasamzadeblad gamoyenebul ZiriTad masalas,<br />
kerZod, qvis xana, brinjaos xana,<br />
rkinis xana.<br />
qvis xana<br />
qvis xana, Tavis mxriv, iyofa samad – Zveli<br />
qvis xana, paleoliTi; Sua qvis xana, mezoliTi<br />
da axali qvis xana, neoliTi.<br />
adamianis arsebobis udidesi periodia Zveli qvis xana, paleoliTi, romelic<br />
qvis sakmaod primitiuli iaraRiT xasiaTdeba. uxeSad damuSavebul qvas<br />
daumuSaveblisgan specialistis Tvali Tu gaarCevs. qvis damuSavebis teqnikis<br />
mixedviT gamoyofen qveda, Sua da zemo paleoliTs.<br />
qveda da Sua paleoliTi adamianis Zveli saxeobebis arsebobis xanaa. zeda<br />
paleoliTSi ki “gonieri adamiani” gamodis asparezze.<br />
paleoliTi moicavs kacobriobis istoriis 99%-s, drois monakveTs adamianis<br />
gaCenidan da daaxl. 20-12 aTasi wlis win sxvadasxva regionSi icvleba mezoli-<br />
TiT, Sua qvis xaniT, romelic ramdenime aTasi weli gagrZelda.<br />
momdevno periodi – neoliTi (axali qvis xana) formalurad xasiaTdeba qvis<br />
damuSavebis axali teqnikiT, adamianma iswavla qvis gaxvreta, gaprialeba, mis-<br />
Tvis sasurveli, sakmaod daxvewili formis micema. am niSniT arqeologi Seucdomlad<br />
miakuTvnebs Tavis aRmoCenas neoliTs. magram am periodSi moxda sxva<br />
umniSvnelovanesi, revoluciuri Zvrebi adamianis cxovrebaSi.<br />
`neoliTuri revolucia~<br />
leqsikoni<br />
r pleistoceni – dedamiwis<br />
arsebobis `meoTxeuli~ periodi.<br />
iwyeba daaxl. 2,6 mln<br />
wlis win da sruldeba 11,7<br />
aTasi wlis win.<br />
r proto (berZn. protos - pirveli)<br />
– pirveladi, sawyisi<br />
“neoliTuri revolucia” aris erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi texili kacobriobis<br />
istoriaSi, rodesac adamiani nadirobasa da Semgroveblobas sakuTari<br />
sakvebis warmoebiTa (miwismoqmedeba, mesaqonleoba) da binadari cxovrebiT<br />
anacvlebs. sxvadasxva mcenarisa da cxovelis moSinaurebis kvali mecnierebs<br />
msoflios mraval kuTxeSi aRmouCeniaT. axlo aRmosavleTSi mdebareobda<br />
yvelaze Zveli (daaxl. 10 000 wlis winandeli) da mniSvnelovani kera, romelic<br />
“nayofieri naxevarmTvaris” saxeliTaa cnobili.<br />
miuxedavad saxelisa “revolucia”, rac Cven cnobierebaSi swraf da radikalur<br />
cvlilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, es procesi sakmaod xangrZlivi iyo<br />
da aTaswleulebs moicavda.<br />
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
21
Tavi pirveli<br />
22<br />
Zvlis iaraRebi<br />
Tavad saxeli “neoliTuri revolucia” gordon Caildma gamoiyena gasuli<br />
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi axlo aRmosavleTis agrokulturuli (samiwaTmoqmedo)<br />
revoluciis aRsaniSnavad.<br />
mainc ram aiZula adamiani planetis sxvadasxva wertilSi sakvebis mopovebidan<br />
mis warmoebaze gadasuliyo? am kiTxvaze mecnierebs ar aqvT erTi pasuxi.<br />
Tavad gordon Caildi emxroboda `oazisis Teorias~, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />
mSrali klimatis dasadgurebam gamoiwvia adamianebisa da cxovelebis didi<br />
koncentracia sicocxlis momcemi wyaroebis garSemo, sadac moxda kidec cxovelebisa<br />
da mcenareebis moSinaureba. dRes neoliTis xanaSi amgvari klimaturi<br />
cvlilebebi TiTqos ar dasturdeba. Tumca klimati ama Tu im formiT SeiZleba<br />
am revoluciis faqtori yofiliyo. SesaZloa, gamyinvarebis Semdgom didi<br />
cxovelebis gawyvetam aiZula adamiani, sakvebis axali wyaro eZebna. klimatis<br />
cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli dRevandeli SiSis fonze gaCnda azri, rom neoliTis<br />
xanaSi stabilurma klimatma ganapiroba miwaTmoqmedebis gaCena.<br />
mniSvnelovani faqtori unda yofiliyo demografiuli – adamianebis ricxvis<br />
mkveTri zrda garkveul teritoriaze.<br />
miwaTmoqmedeba SeiZleboda Casaxuliyo axlo aRmosavleTSi tavrosisa da<br />
zagrosis mTebis nayofier ferdobebze, sadac mravlad iyo iolad moSinaurebadi<br />
cxovelebi da mcenareebi. moSinaurebis procesi, SesaZloa, evoluciuric<br />
(TandaTanobiTi, bunebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegi) yofiliyo. nayofier adgileb-<br />
Si sakvebad vargisi mcenareebis dacva da movla TandaTanobiT miwaTmoqmedebis<br />
saxes iZenda. uZvelesi kulturuli mcenareebia xorbali da qeri. neoliTis<br />
xanas ganekuTvneba vazis moSinaurebac. Sinauri yurZnis dReisaTvis cnobili<br />
uZvelesi naSTebi samxreT saqarTveloSia aRmoCenili.<br />
jer kidev mezoliTSi, daaxl. 15 aTasi wlis win unda damegobrebuliyvnen<br />
adamiani da ZaRli – pirveli moSinaurebuli cxoveli.
ukanaskneli gamokvlevebis fonze ZaRlis gaCenis, anu mglis moSinaurebis<br />
procesi mecnierebs amgvarad warmoudgeniaT:<br />
adamianTa ricxvis zrda da met-naklebad stabiluri dasaxlebebis gaCena<br />
gaxda nagavsayrelis warmoSobis mizezi. es ukanaskneli ki gareuli cxovelebisaTvis<br />
sakvebis SedarebiT iolad mopovebis saSualebas iZleoda da qmnida<br />
axal garemos, romelSic SedarebiT Tvinier da adamianTan Semguebel individebs<br />
meti perspeqtiva hqondaT. SedarebiT mokle droSi amgvari gadarCevis<br />
Sedegad mglebis erTma jgufma ganicada transformacia da proto-ZaRlad<br />
iqca. genetikuri kvlevis mixedviT, es procesi CineTis teritoriaze unda<br />
warmarTuliyo. ZaRlebis jiSebis mTeli dRevandeli mravalferovneba am Cinuri<br />
proto-ZaRlidan unda iyos warmomdgari. adamianisa da ZaRlis megobroba<br />
aRmoCnda uaRresad produqtiuli adamianisaTvis – man ganapiroba axali teritoriebis<br />
aTviseba, meurneobis axali dargebis, maT Soris, mecxvareobis gaCena.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriazec neoliTis xanaSi xdeba gadasvla mwarmoeblur<br />
meurneobaze. dasavleT saqarTveloSi adreul neoliTSi viTardeba mesaqonleoba,<br />
arqeologiur masalaSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi Cndeba<br />
marcvleuli kulturebis – fetvis, xorblis, qeris, agreTve yurZnis warmoebis<br />
niSnebi.<br />
sakvebis mopovebis wesis Secvlas mniSvnelovani Zvrebi mohyva sazogadoeba-<br />
Si. Tanasworuflebian adamianTa mcire da mobiluri jgufebi, romlebic<br />
aTaswleulTa manZilze imiT ikvebebodnen, rasac maT buneba sTavazobda, iwyeben<br />
soflebisa da qalaqebis Senebas. maT garSemo icvleba bunebrivi garemoc.<br />
miwaTmoqmedeba da masTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva saqmianoba, mag., irigacia<br />
(sarwyavi sistemebis mowyoba) iZleoda zedmeti produqtis Seqmnis saSualebas.<br />
aman, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo mosaxleobis zrdas, Sromis danawilebas,<br />
xelosnobisa da vaWrobis gaCenas. viTardeboda xelovneba, arqiteqtura, sazogadoebrivi<br />
Tu politikuri struqturebi, gaCnda kerZo sakuTreba da damwerloba.<br />
am yovelives vxvdebiT samxreT SuamdinareTis (mdinareebi – evfratisa<br />
da tigrosis auzebSi, dRevandeli erayis teritoria) Sumerul qalaqebSi ukve<br />
5-6 aTasi wlis win. swored aq mTavrdeba preistoriuli (winareistoriuli) xana<br />
da iwyeba istoriuli dro.<br />
Zvlis savarcxlebi. xramis didi<br />
gora, Zv. w. VI aTaswleuli<br />
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
23
Tavi pirveli<br />
24<br />
epoqa maxasiaTeblebi<br />
Zveli qvis xana,<br />
paleoliTi<br />
Sua qvis xana,<br />
mezoliTi<br />
axali qvis xana,<br />
neoliTi<br />
monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa<br />
xana. kaJisgan iaraRis<br />
damzadeba<br />
iwyeba pleistocenis dasasruli<br />
evropaSi. monadireebma<br />
da Semgroveblebma iswavles<br />
ufro daxvewili iaraRebis<br />
damzadeba qvisa da Zvlisagan,<br />
aseve daiwyes mSvild-isris<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
`neoliTuri revoluciis~<br />
dros axlo aRmosavleTSi<br />
Cndeba keremikis pirveli<br />
nakeTobebi (daaxl. Zv 12000).<br />
yalibdeba meurneobis<br />
warmarTvis axali xerxebi<br />
– miwaTmoqmedeba, mesaqonleoba,<br />
romelic ufro gvian<br />
evropaSic vrceldeba. gvian<br />
neoliTs erwymis spilenZis<br />
xana, halkoliTi anu eneoliTi.<br />
es ukanaskneli xasiaTdeba<br />
sawarmoo revoluciiT,<br />
romlis umTavresi niSania<br />
liTonis iaraRebis gaCena.<br />
brinjaos xana metalurgiis gavrceleba<br />
iZleva liTonebis (oqro,<br />
vercxli, brinjao) mopovebisa<br />
da damuSavebis saSualebas.<br />
iqmneba pirveli werilobiTi<br />
Zeglebi wina aziasa da<br />
egeosis zRvis auzSi.<br />
adamianis<br />
saxeobebi<br />
hominidebi: homo habilisi,<br />
homo ereqtusi, homo sapiensi.<br />
Sua paleoliTSi homo neandertalensisi<br />
da homo sapiens<br />
sapiensi<br />
homo sapiens<br />
sapiensi<br />
homo sapiens<br />
sapiensi<br />
homo sapiens<br />
sapiensi<br />
rkinis xana homo sapiens<br />
sapiensi
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. ra mniSvneloba hqonda Zveli adamianisaTvis qvis damuSavebis srulyofas?<br />
2. ra warmoadgens `oazisuri Teoria~?<br />
3. ra saxis cvlilebebi mohyva sakvebis mopovebis axali wesis damkvidrebas?<br />
4. gaecaniT cxrils da moawyveT diskusia adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.<br />
saSinaodavaleba<br />
saojaxo WurWeli<br />
1. moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi da dawereT Tema: `neoliTuri revoluciis~<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
25
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