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a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>kultura</strong><br />
Tbilisi<br />
2004 weli<br />
1
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>kultura</strong><br />
avtorebi:<br />
levan berZeniSvili, zurab bragvaZe, giorgi gvaxaria,<br />
zaza <strong>da</strong>raselia, levan TaqTaqiSvili, fridon sayvareliZe<br />
gamocemis mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori: levan berZeniSvili<br />
dizaini <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kabadoneba: kaxa baxtaZe<br />
gamocemulia aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) <strong>da</strong><br />
merilendis universitetis IRIS Center-is finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT (kontraqti<br />
#114-C-00-01-11136-00). gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvniT maT<br />
avtorebs <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa ar emTxveodes USAID-is Tvalsazriss.<br />
© ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis centri _ pluralizmis centri,<br />
Tbilisi, saqarTvelo<br />
HUMAN RIGHTS AND GEORGIAN CULTURE<br />
Authors:<br />
Levan Berdzenishvili, Zurab Bragvadze, Giorgi Gvakharia, Zaza Daraselia, Levan Taktakishvili,<br />
Fridon Sakvarelidze<br />
Editor in chief: Levan Berdzenishvili<br />
Published with the financial support of the United States Agency for International<br />
Development (USAID) through the IRIS Center at the University of Maryland (contract #114-C-<br />
00-01-11136-00). Any opinions expressed in this publication are those of authors(s) and do<br />
not necessarily reflect the views of the USAID.<br />
© Center for Development and Cooperation – Center for Pluralism, Tbilisi, Georgia<br />
2
Sinaarsi<br />
Sesavali 4<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifos istoria<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi<br />
zurab bragvaZe 7<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebi<br />
fridon sayvareliZe 36<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi qarTul literaturaSi<br />
levan berZeniSvili 60<br />
`kavkasiuri kosmopolitizmi~ _<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kinoavangardis arCevani<br />
giorgi gvaxaria 83<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> periodikis saTaveebTan<br />
levan TaqTaqiSvili 104<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi qarTul ritorikaSi<br />
zaza <strong>da</strong>raselia 126<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi qarTul yofiT <strong>kultura</strong>Si<br />
levan berZeniSvili 159<br />
3
Sesavali<br />
ukanasknel xanebSi qarTul samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur wreebSi seriozulad dgeba sakiTxi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
kulturisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis umaRlesi Rirebulebebis<br />
Tavsebadobis Sesaxeb. qarTul inteleqtualur, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ki humanitarul <strong>da</strong> akademiur wreebSi, araerTgzis gamoTqmula<br />
mosazreba, rom unikaluri <strong>da</strong> ZirZveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>kultura</strong> `ver hguobs~ axal <strong>da</strong> ucxo Rirebulebebs <strong>da</strong> rom<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> liberaluri Rirebulebebi Tavisi<br />
arsiT SesaZloa miuRebeli iyos saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> mentalobisaTvis. amave dros, saqarTvelos,<br />
rogorc gaeros wevr <strong>da</strong>moukidebel qveyanas,<br />
deklarirebuli aqvs <strong>da</strong>savluri arCevani, qveyana gax<strong>da</strong> evrosabWos<br />
wevri, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> liberalur RirebulebaTa upirobo aRiarebas.<br />
xom ar gvaqvs aq Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> arCevanis kolizia, Sinagani<br />
konfliqti, romelmac sazogadoebrivi rRveva SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios?<br />
winamdebare krebulis mizania, warmoaCinos a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi<br />
rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturisTvis sruliad misaRebi<br />
fenomeni <strong>da</strong> misi bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawili.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, avtorTa koleqtivis mier detalurad<br />
aris Seswavlili <strong>qarTuli</strong> istoria, samarTlis Zeglebi, literaturuli<br />
nawarmoebebi, kino, publicistika, ritorika <strong>da</strong><br />
yofiTi <strong>kultura</strong>. avtorebi sargeblobdnen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari<br />
masaliT, romelSic liberaluri Rirebulebebi gansxvavebuli<br />
intensivobiT aris asaxuli; avtorebi, bunebrivia,<br />
iyenebdnen kvlevis gansxvavebul meTodebs, magram yvela avtori<br />
mainc mivi<strong>da</strong> msgavs <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad kulturis<br />
fenomenis garkveuli unikalurobisa, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi<br />
principulad Tavsebadia <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis TiToeuli<br />
ganakveTisaTvis.<br />
4
nebismieri donis pirvelive miaxloeba qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>sTan<br />
avlens mis aSkarad Ria, liberalur, humanistur <strong>da</strong><br />
evropul xasiaTs, mis erTgulebas liberaluri Rirebulebebisadmi,<br />
mis samoqalaqoobas <strong>da</strong> swrafvas individualuri Tavisuflebisadmi.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: maS,<br />
sai<strong>da</strong>n modis zemoxsenebuli skefsisi <strong>da</strong> moaruli azrebi<br />
TiTqos<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis ara<strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong> araliberaluri<br />
xasiaTis Sesaxeb? SevecdebiT, pasuxi gavceT Cveni<br />
drois am erT-erT mniSvnelovan axal kiTxvas.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis kvlevisas gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba <strong>da</strong>imsaxura `ucxos~ fenomenma. ucxo gaxlavT<br />
sarke, romelSic Cven vCanvarT. ucxos uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva aris<br />
uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cva par exellence. am saqmes gansakuTrebuli<br />
gaazreba sWirdeba, aq ki gvaqvs kidev erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
problema, es gaxlavT aqtiuri moqalaqeobis inteleqtualuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris problema ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Cveni inteleqtualebi<br />
sabWoTa droSi <strong>da</strong>adgnen ara disentis, aramed Sinagani<br />
emigraciis gzas. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis Cvens humanitarul<br />
<strong>da</strong> teqnikur inteligenciaze, bunebrivia, im xalxis gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
vinc pirveli mdivnebis e. w. `amala~ Seadgina <strong>da</strong> xan<strong>da</strong>xan<br />
maTzec ki. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi Cveni inteleqtualebi<br />
SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad ar monawileobdnen tyuilSi, magram<br />
yvelanairad gaurbodnen sajaro protestis formebs. am<br />
wreebSi Cveni disidentebis saqmianoba ar sargeblob<strong>da</strong><br />
ramenairi mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT. es inercia grZeldeba dResac:<br />
ufleba<strong>da</strong>cviTi saqmianoba Cveni inteleqtualebis udidesi<br />
nawilisaTvis kvlav rCeba cxovrebis gaugebar <strong>da</strong> miuRebel<br />
stilad, Tumca isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom amgvari saqmianobiT<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mainc `axali~ inteleqtualebi arian <strong>da</strong>kavebuli,<br />
magram isinic miu-Rebeli arian Cveni inteleqtualebis,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d `namdvili~ universitetis profesurisTvis.<br />
Cveni krebulis ZiriTadi amocana iyo miaxloeba <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
kulturis RirebulebiT struqturasTan, rac man, metnaklebi<br />
warmatebiT mokrZalebulad Seasrula.<br />
levan berZeniSvili<br />
5
<strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifos istoria<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi<br />
zurab bragvaZe<br />
sakiTxi, romlis ganxilvasac vapirebT, uaRresad sayuradReboa,<br />
radgan saqarTvelos istoria aseTi kuTxiT TiTqmis<br />
aravis ukvlevia. am viTarebas SeiZleba hqondes obieqturi<br />
pirobebi. Tema imdenad rTuli <strong>da</strong> sapasuxismgebloa,<br />
rom misi Seswavla mravali aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa arsebobdes myari wyaroTmcodneobiTi<br />
baza, radgan amosavali istoriul analebSi Semonaxuli<br />
cnobebi un<strong>da</strong> iyos. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom<br />
saqarTvelos istoriis uZvelesi periodis Sesaxeb sakmaod<br />
mwiri werilobiTi cnobebi moipoveba. gansakuTrebiT mZafrad<br />
wyaroebis ukmarisoba igrZnoba antikuri <strong>da</strong> adre Sua saukuneebis<br />
istoriasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c mxolod TiTebze<br />
CamosaTvleli sarwmuno dokumentebi mogvepoveba. erTaderTi<br />
werilobiTi wyaro, romelSic gadmocemulia winaqristianuli<br />
xanis saqarTvelos istoriis met-naklebad<br />
mwyobri suraTi, aris leonti mrovelis `cxovreba qar-<br />
TuelTa mefeTasa <strong>da</strong> pirvelTaganTa mamaTa <strong>da</strong> naTesavTa~ <strong>da</strong><br />
isic Tanadrouli movlenebi<strong>da</strong>n sakmaod gvian, XI saukuneSia<br />
Seqmnili <strong>da</strong> cxadia, zustad ver asaxavs im obieqtur<br />
realobas, rac xdebo<strong>da</strong> antikuri xanis qarTlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kolxeTis samefoebSi; magram erTi ram ki aSkaraa, rom qveynis<br />
ganviTarebis zogadi istoriuli suraTi leonti mrovels<br />
sworad aqvs gadmocemuli <strong>da</strong> amitomac vendobiT mas,<br />
rodesac aseT Soreul warsulze vmsjelobT. Tumca, am<br />
naSromis Seswavlisas mainc rCeba ukmarisobis ganc<strong>da</strong>,<br />
radgan masSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia sazogadoebis<br />
warCinebul fenebze (samefo dinastiaze, erisTavTa <strong>da</strong><br />
spaspetTa socialur institutebze <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong> xalxi,<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d sociumi avtors TiTqmis ar ainteresebs. amitom<br />
verc erT konkretul SemTxvevas ver vipoviT, sa<strong>da</strong>c saubari<br />
iqneba zoga<strong>da</strong>d a<strong>da</strong>mianze, Tu igi mefe, erisTavi an spaspeti<br />
ar aris, magram es garemoeba ar gviSlis xels, mTlianobaSi<br />
6
gaviazroT, ra tipis sazogadoeba arsebob<strong>da</strong> antikuri xanis<br />
qarTlis samefoSi <strong>da</strong> ra prioritetebs aniWeb<strong>da</strong> upiratesobas<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifo, rodesac is imyofebo<strong>da</strong> jer<br />
kidev CanasaxSi <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis adreul safexurze.<br />
I.<br />
sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom nebismier xalxs aqvs<br />
TviTgamorkvevisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri statusis arCevanis saSualeba.<br />
es a<strong>da</strong>mianTa erT-erTi upirvelesi uflebaa <strong>da</strong> igi istoriul<br />
WrilSi Tanabrad exeba dRemde arsebul yvela saxelmwifos.<br />
leonti mroveli gadmogvcems, rom es ufleba<br />
Tavis droze qarTvelTa Soreul winaprebsac gamouyenebiaT.<br />
Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis mijnaze qarTlis teritoria aleqsandre<br />
makedonelis erT-erTma sar<strong>da</strong>lma azom <strong>da</strong>ipyro. misi<br />
tirania TiTqmis ori aTeuli weli gagrZel<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTvelTa sayovelTao ajanyebiT, romelsac saTaveSi farnavazi<br />
edga. es ajanyeba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc<br />
qarTlis mcxovrebTa uflebebis demonstrireba ucxo Zalis<br />
winaSe, rac miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> erovnul saxelmwifoebriobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TviTgamorkvevis miRwevas. e.i. qarTvelma xalxma moipova<br />
saxelmwifos Seqmnis ufleba <strong>da</strong> axla sainteresoa gavarkvioT,<br />
ras warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> es saxelmwifo CvenTvis saintereso<br />
kuTxiT.<br />
Cans, rom uZvelesi <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifo xels ar uSli<strong>da</strong><br />
sakuTar teritoriaze ucxotomelTa gansaxlebas <strong>da</strong> garkveul<br />
situaciasac qmni<strong>da</strong>, raTa maT erovnuli TviTmyofadobis<br />
SenarCunebis pirobebi hqono<strong>da</strong>T. rodesac nabuqodonosor<br />
meorem israelis samefo <strong>da</strong>ipyro, am movlenas mohyva ebraeli<br />
xalxis ayra ZirZveli miwebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
qveynebSi. erTi aseTi nakadi qarTlsac moadga <strong>da</strong><br />
mcxeTis mamasaxlisisgan TavSesafari moiTxova. qarTlis xelisufalT<br />
isini mcxeTaSi, aragvTan axlos, adgil zanavSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>usaxlebiaT. istorikosTa garkveuli nawili eWvis qveS<br />
ayenebs leonti mrovelis aRniSnuli cnobis siswores <strong>da</strong> miiCnevs,<br />
rom Zv.w. VI saukuneSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze ar<br />
momx<strong>da</strong>ra ebraelTa migracia, radgan es faqti ar <strong>da</strong>sturde-<br />
7
a ara<strong>qarTuli</strong> werilobiTi wyaroebiTa <strong>da</strong> arqeologiuri<br />
monacemebiT. amJamad am movlenis zusti TariRis gansaz-<br />
Rvras ar eniWeba ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba, radgan jer erTi,<br />
Cven gvainteresebs ara ebraelTa saqarTveloSi Semosvlis<br />
konkretuli TariRis <strong>da</strong>dgena, aramed <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba zoga<strong>da</strong>d aRniSnuli problemis mimarT <strong>da</strong><br />
meorec _ aravin eWvobs, rom ebrauli nakadis Semosvla namdvilad<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am movlenis arc qve<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc ze<strong>da</strong> qronologiuri<br />
zRvari ar scildeba antikur xanas. karga<strong>da</strong>a cnobili<br />
is faqtic, rom I saukuneSi sakuTari qveyana ebraelTa<br />
kidev erTma didma nakadma <strong>da</strong>tova. qarTulma saxelmwifom<br />
kari ar <strong>da</strong>uxSo israeli<strong>da</strong>n ltolvilebs <strong>da</strong> rogorc leonti<br />
mroveli gadmogvcems, `muniT otebulni uriani movides<br />
mcxeTas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sxdes ZuelTave uriaTa Tana~ (leonti mroveli,<br />
1955. gv. 36).<br />
saqarTvelo Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> polieTnikur saxelmwifos.<br />
aq SeiZleba erTi arqeologiuri faqtic movixmoT.<br />
qobuleTis mimdebare teritoriaze, adgil fiWvnarSi, Seswavlilia<br />
samarxebi, romlebic eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT ar<br />
miekuTvneba adgilobriv, kolxur garemos. maTSi <strong>da</strong>krZaluli<br />
arian berZnebi. aq berZnul samarxTa raodenoba iseTi<br />
TvalSisacemia, rom aravin uaryofs berZnuli <strong>da</strong>saxlebis<br />
arsebobas. fiWvnaris samarovani imiTac aris mniSvnelovani,<br />
rom berZnuli samarxebis gverdiT gvxvdeba adgilobrivi,<br />
kolxuri samarxebic. e. i. fiWvnarSi araTu erTad cxovrobs<br />
es ori eTnosi, aramed Zv. w. VI-III saukuneebSi maT sasaflaoc ki<br />
erTi aqvT. (kaxiZe, baTumi, 1972). fiWvnaris gar<strong>da</strong> Sereuli<br />
mosaxleobis arseboba ivaraudeba SavizRvispireTis sxva qalaqebSic<br />
(fazisi, gienosi, dioskuria). naTelia, rom Sereuli<br />
mosaxleobis arseboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs mosuli<br />
eTnosis enis, tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d kulturis Semotana<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebasac.<br />
`qarTlis cxovrebiseuli~ versiiT, aramkvidri<br />
eTnosi saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n sargeblob<strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />
<strong>da</strong> faqtiurad, maTi uflebebi di<strong>da</strong>d ar gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur-politikuri mdgomareobisagan.<br />
naTqvamis pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong>sturia leonti mrovelis<br />
erTi cnoba: `iyvnes qarTlsa Sina aRreul yovelni naTesavni<br />
8
<strong>da</strong> izraxebo<strong>da</strong> qarTlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri, <strong>qarTuli</strong>,<br />
xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli <strong>da</strong> berZnuli. ese enani icodes<br />
yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa, mamaTa <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>Ta~ (leonti<br />
mroveli, 1955. gv. 16). es metad sagulisxmo cnobaa, radgan<br />
zustad asaxavs antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi Seqmnil realur<br />
istoriul suraTs. Znelia <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT mtkiceba, rom<br />
CamoTvlil xalxebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari kulturisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmyofadobis<br />
SenarCunebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis absoluturi pirobebi,<br />
magram sruli safuZvelia vivaraudoT, rom aRniSnuli<br />
gadmocema realuri istoriuli sinamdvilis gamoZaxilia.<br />
leonti mrovelis zemoT naxseneb cnobas garkveulwilad<br />
amagrebs <strong>da</strong> avsebs arqeologiuri faqtebi. antikuri xanis<br />
saqarTvelos araerT arqeologiur obieqtzea <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli<br />
epigrafikuli Zeglebi, romlebic Sesrulebulia<br />
berZnul, arameul, ebraul <strong>da</strong> falaur enebze. gansakuTrebiT<br />
mravlad aseTi warwerebi Tavmoyrilia mcxeTasa <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
did saqalaqo centrebSi (mcxeTa I, 1955). es garemoeba ki im<br />
viTarebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa, rom am periodis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
saxelmwifo raRac kulturuli avtonomiis msgavs pirobebs<br />
uqmni<strong>da</strong> mis farglebSi mcxovreb sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnosebs.<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi, istorikosis fraza, rom `ese enani icodes<br />
yovelTa mefeTa, mamaTa <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>Ta~ niSnavs, rom<br />
qarTlis mefeebi <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d qarTvelebi eqvs enaze ki ar<br />
saubrobdnen, aramed es eqvsive ena imyofebo<strong>da</strong> Tanabar<br />
uflebeb-Si <strong>da</strong> am eqvsive enaze molaparake xalxs hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebis Tanabari SesaZloblebebi. farnavazis<br />
reformis Semdeg, rodesac man erovnuli <strong>da</strong>mwerloba<br />
SemoiRo, leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> upiratesi<br />
ena gamx<strong>da</strong>ra, <strong>da</strong> `arRara izraxebo<strong>da</strong> sxua ena~ (leonti<br />
mroveli, 1955. gv. 26), magram antikuri xanis qarTlis<br />
arqeologiuri monapovari, rogorc aRiniSna, a<strong>da</strong>sturebs,<br />
rom mTeli winaqristianuli epoqis ganmavlobaSi falauri,<br />
berZnuli, ebrauli <strong>da</strong> asiriuli <strong>da</strong>mwerlobebi <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, Sesabamisi enebi, farTod <strong>da</strong> SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
`izraxebo<strong>da</strong> qarTlsa Sina~. rogorc vnaxeT, qarTveli <strong>da</strong><br />
mosuli xalxis umTavresi ufleba, rac mdgomareob<strong>da</strong><br />
erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> mcire eTnosTa<br />
9
TavisTavadobis SenarCunebaSi, antikuri xanis qarTul<br />
saxelmwifoSi realurad xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, Tu ras akeTeb<strong>da</strong> sakuTriv<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifo calkeuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad.<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, antikuri sazogadoebis despotizmis<br />
pirobebSi uaRresad Znelia aRniSnuli sakiTxis win wamoweva,<br />
magram sayovelTao<strong>da</strong>a cnobili, rom antikurma samarTalma,<br />
gansakuTrebiT romaulma samarTalma, cal-calke <strong>da</strong>ayena<br />
sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> isic <strong>da</strong>adgina, ra ufleba-movaleobani<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mians sazogadoebis winaSe <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad,<br />
ranair pirobebs uqmni<strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba a<strong>da</strong>mians misi uflebamovaleobebis<br />
Sesrulebis saqmeSi. dReisTvis Cvens gankargulebaSi<br />
myofi naratiuli wyaroebi a<strong>da</strong>stureben, rom<br />
antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi iurisprudencia <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad,<br />
<strong>da</strong>werili samarTali ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>, amitomac SeuZlebelia<br />
msjeloba imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, konkretulad ra ufleba-movalebebzea<br />
saubari. aRniSnuli problemis Seswavlas<br />
kidev ufro arTulebs ukve naxsenebi viTarebac _ rodesac am<br />
periodis garSemo <strong>da</strong>grovil werilobiT ZeglebSi xalxi <strong>da</strong><br />
misi moRvaweobis prioriteti konkretulad ar Cans.<br />
CvenTvis saintereso kiTxvaze pasuxi ki isev <strong>da</strong> isev<br />
`qarTlis cxovrebaSia~ Semonaxuli <strong>da</strong> ukve religiis sferos<br />
exeba. u<strong>da</strong>oa, rom poliTeisturi religia demokratiis<br />
gacilebiT met niSnebs Seicavs, vidre monoTeisturi.<br />
poliTeisturi religia a<strong>da</strong>mians aZlevs arCevanis<br />
saSualebas, magram am pirobebSic ki xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi,<br />
rodesac xdebo<strong>da</strong> calkeuli RvTaebebisa <strong>da</strong> kultebis<br />
akrZalva, an maTi SeerTeba ama Tu im gabatonebul<br />
RvTaebasTan. amis magaliTebi bevri icis rogorc antikurma,<br />
aseve ufro adrindelma istoriam. gansakuTrebiT xSiri iyo<br />
SemTxvevebi, rodesac gamarjvebuli Zala sakuTar mfarvel<br />
RvTaebas Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiT abatoneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCen kultebze <strong>da</strong> es<br />
meTodi gansxvavebuli kultebis mimdevarTa <strong>da</strong>morCilebis<br />
saukeTeso saSualebac iyo. rodesac azo qarTlSi movi<strong>da</strong>, man<br />
aq ori kultic moitana. gacisa <strong>da</strong> gaimis kerpebi mcxeTaSi<br />
aRmarTa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebs maTi Tayvaniscemac ubrZana.<br />
sainteresoa, rom gamarjvebuli farnavazi gacisa <strong>da</strong> gaimis<br />
10
kerpebs xeluxlebels tovebs <strong>da</strong> maT Soris dgams sakuTar,<br />
armazis RvTaebas, romelsac acxadebs kidec samefos mTavar<br />
mfarvel RvTaebad. e.i. farnavazi, am SemTxvevaSi, icavs<br />
gacisa <strong>da</strong> gaimis mimdevarTa uflebebs <strong>da</strong> erTi SexedviT, am<br />
ori RvTaebis Tayvanismcemlebs arafers erCis. armazi<br />
meomari RvTaeba iyo <strong>da</strong> am rigis sxva kultebis <strong>da</strong>rad<br />
msxverplad iwirav<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebs. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa msxverplad<br />
Sewirva III saukuneSi akrZala mefe revma, risTvisac igi<br />
`marTlis~ TikuniT Seamkes. `qarTlis cxovreba~ revis saqciels<br />
xsnis qristianobis gavleniT <strong>da</strong> ise warmoaCens, TiTqos<br />
warmarTma mefem kargad ico<strong>da</strong> qristianobis arsi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n es humanuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebac swored aqe<strong>da</strong>n iyo<br />
nakarnaxevi (leonti mroveli, 1955. gv. 58). ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, rev<br />
marTalis reformas sxva mxarec aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi ki mTavaria<br />
is, rom qarTlis samefo kari auqmebs dromoWmul <strong>da</strong> Semzarav<br />
tradicias <strong>da</strong> nebsiT Tu uneblieT icavs iseT maradiul<br />
Rirebulebas, rogoricaa a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxlis ufleba.<br />
kidev SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> calkeuli magaliTebis moxmoba, magram<br />
vfiqrobT, rom ganxiluli SemTxvevebi sakmarisia saimisod,<br />
raTa vivaraudoT, rom saxelmwifoebriobis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel<br />
etapzeve humanisturi idealebi sulac ar iyo ucxo <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
saxelmwifosTvis <strong>da</strong> swored antikuri xani<strong>da</strong>n iRebs saTaves<br />
ara marto <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis, aramed samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebisTvis moZraobis istoriac.<br />
II.<br />
antikuri epoqis Semdgom xanaSi, adre <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebul Sua<br />
saukuneebSi, ufro meti cnoba mogvepoveba saqarTvelos<br />
samarTlebrivi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am<br />
dros saxezea TiTqmis yvela is ZiriTadi principi, rac <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d sazogadoebisa Tu konkretulad<br />
calkeuli pirovnebis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa Tu am uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRvevis sferosTan.<br />
umTavresi momenti, romelic am periodis saqarTvelos istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Cvens interess warmoadgens, aris qarTul saistorio<br />
wyaroebSi Camoyalibebuli koncefcia, Tu vin SeiZleba<br />
11
iyos qarTveli <strong>da</strong> hqondes ufleba ixseniebodes qarTvelad.<br />
am mxriv metad sainteresoa codna imisa, Tu rogor esmo<strong>da</strong>T<br />
cneba `qarTveli~ Sua saukuneebis moRvaweebs. amasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT niSandobliv koncefcias gvTavazobs leonti<br />
mroveli, romelic gadmogvcems, rom pirveli qristiani mefe<br />
miriani warmoSobiT iyo iraneli, magram qarTlSi gamefebis<br />
Semdeg, man `Seiyvarna qarTvelni, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iviwya ena sparsuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> iswava ena <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>da</strong> hmata Semkoba kerpTa <strong>da</strong> bomonTa,<br />
keTilad ipyrna qurumni kerpTani <strong>da</strong> yovelTa mefeTa<br />
qarTlisaTa umetes aRasruleb<strong>da</strong> msaxurebasa mas kerpTasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Seamko saflavi farnavazisi, xolo ese yoveli qarTvelTa<br />
saTnoebisaTvis qmna <strong>da</strong> keTilad ipyrna qarTvelni niWiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
yovliTa didebiTa~ (leonti mroveli, 1955. gv. 65). e. i. aq gadmocemulia<br />
Tvalsazrisi, Tu vin iyo uflebamosili wodebuliyo<br />
qarTvelad: is vinc flob<strong>da</strong> qarTul enas, eziarebo<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>s, iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifos istoriis<br />
pativismcemeli, emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> qarTveli xalxis keTildReobas.<br />
amrigad, XI s-is saqarTveloSi miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom sisxlismier<br />
warmomavlobas ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba ar hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
imisaTvis, raTa ama Tu im pirovnebis ufleba Tavi mieCnia<br />
qarTvelad, realurad <strong>da</strong>culi yofiliyo. es umTavresi<br />
principi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> religiur-konfesiuri momentic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ukana<br />
planze iyo ga<strong>da</strong>weuli. problemisadmi amgvari midgoma TavisTavad<br />
win wamoswev<strong>da</strong> sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra teritoriaze<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebuliyo qarTvelobis ufleba. X s-is<br />
moRvawis giorgi merCules azriT, `qarTlad friadi queyanai<br />
aRiricxebis, romelsaca Sina <strong>qarTuli</strong>T eniTa Jami Seiwirvis <strong>da</strong><br />
locvai yoveli aResrulebis~ (giorgi merCule, 1987. gv. 563).<br />
amdenad, qarTvelis ufleba ifareba im arealiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
qarTulad laparakoben <strong>da</strong> qarTulad loculoben. amrigad, X-<br />
XI ss-Si qarTvelma moRvaweebma zustad gansazRvres qarTvelTa<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> am saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb eTnosTa umTavresi<br />
ufleba _ gansazRvrul miwawyalze arsebuliyo garkveuli<br />
eTnikuri jgufebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli saxelmwifo, romlis<br />
politikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul sarbielze moRvawe nebismier<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians hqono<strong>da</strong> ufleba wodebuliyo qarTvelad.<br />
12
ase rom, rogorc aRiniSna, qarTveloba ar iyo mxolod<br />
sisxlismieri cneba <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, erTi romelime agnaturi<br />
jgufis ufleba. igi gacilebiT farTo sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis<br />
matarebel termins warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. albaT, sainteresoa<br />
Tvali gavadevnoT im istoriul process, Tu rogor mivi<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoeba aRniSnul Segnebamde.<br />
Qqristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam didi<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispireba gamoiwvia tradiciul, qarTul warmarTul<br />
religiis mimdevarTa <strong>da</strong> qristianTa Soris. es globaluri<br />
antagonizmi, rogorc cnobilia, am ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, magram Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel etapze (IV-Vss) qristianobam<br />
mainc ver moipova gabatonebuli mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> axla<br />
ukve am religiis maRali samRvdeloebis winaaRmdeg qarTlis<br />
samefo kari gamovi<strong>da</strong> vaxtang gorgaslis meTaurobiT. istorikos<br />
juanSeris TxzulebaSi, romelic vaxtangis moRvaweobas<br />
exeba, gadmocemulia erTi sagulisxmo detali. mefis<br />
brZolam qarTlis eklesiis avtokefaliis mopovebisaTvis<br />
sapirispiro mxareebze <strong>da</strong>ayena erTi mxriv, vaxtang gorgasali<br />
<strong>da</strong> meore mxriv, qarTlis eklesiis meTauri, mTavarepiskiposi<br />
miqaeli. cxadia, miqaels xels ar aZlev<strong>da</strong> eklesiis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba,<br />
radgan am SemTxvevaSi igi gavlenas kargav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amitom mTeli SesaZleblobebi gamoiyena, raTa mefes es aqti<br />
ar ganexorcielebina. vaxtangs erTi SexedviT logikuri resursebi<br />
amoewura <strong>da</strong> miqaeli korufciaSi <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>naSaula, rodesac<br />
saeklesio qonebis miTvisebaSi amxila. mTavarepiskoposma<br />
miiCnia, rom misi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri uflebebi uxeSad<br />
<strong>da</strong>arRvies <strong>da</strong> masTan misul mefes saxeSi fexi Caartya <strong>da</strong><br />
kbilebi Caumtvria (juanSeri, 1955. gv. 148). am gadmocemaSi<br />
sagulisxmo is aris, rom ukve V s-Si kargad icodnen, rom<br />
mefes ufleba ar hqon<strong>da</strong> sakuTari TavisaTvis yvelafris neba<br />
mieca <strong>da</strong> mtkicebulebebis gareSe vinmesTvis brali<br />
waeyenebina. marTalia, es brZola mefis gamarjvebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>, magram mTavari aq, cxadia, es momenti ar aris.<br />
vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg qarTlSi mZime viTarebam <strong>da</strong>isadgura.<br />
523 wels mefe gurgens iranis Sahma kavad II SemouTvala,<br />
rom qarTvelebs uari eTqvaT sakuTar sarwmunoebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> tradiciebze <strong>da</strong> yvelaferSi ise moqceuliyvnen, rogorc<br />
13
iranelebi iqceodnen. micvalebulebic miwaSi ki ar <strong>da</strong>emarxaT,<br />
aramed, mazdeanuri wesis Tanaxmad, cxovelebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
frinvelebisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>eyaraT. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, am pirobis Sesruleba<br />
qristiani mefisagan SeuZlebeli iyo <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebmac<br />
sakuTari uflebebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad ajanyeba <strong>da</strong>iwyes. brZolebi<br />
iranis gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. rasac Sedegad mohyva is,<br />
rom Sahma kavadma qarTlis samefo gaauqma <strong>da</strong> is gamoacxa<strong>da</strong><br />
iranis satrapiad (prokopi kesarieli, 1965. gv. 49). farnavazis<br />
droi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli saqarTvelos istoriaSi es iyo<br />
pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac <strong>da</strong>irRva qarTvelTa yvelaze<br />
didi ufleba, rac gamoixata erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
gauqmebiT. es viTareba 571 wlamde grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. swored am<br />
wels qarTli moicva sayovelTao ajanyebam, romelsac saTaveSi<br />
edga guaram bagrationi. brZola sasurveli SedegiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTli iranis batonobisagan ganTavisufl<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTvelebs xelaxla moux<strong>da</strong>T saxelmwifos Seqmna <strong>da</strong> es ufleba<br />
Cvenma Soreulma winaprebma brZoliT moipoves. aRdgenili<br />
saxelmwifos meTauri gax<strong>da</strong> guarami, romelmac saTave<br />
<strong>da</strong>udo qarTlis erismTavarTa dinastias. erismTavris uflebebi<br />
SezRuduli iyo. mas ar hqon<strong>da</strong> mefis uflebebi,<br />
magram realurad igi samefos pirvel pirs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
`moqcevai qarTlisais~ qronikaSi am movlenebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSireviT <strong>da</strong>culia cnoba, romlis mniSvnelobac<br />
ganuzomlad didia. saqme exeba imas, Tu rogor movi<strong>da</strong><br />
guarami xelisuflebis saTaveSi. matiane gadmogvcems, rom<br />
571 wlis qarTlSi Catarebula sayovelTao arCevnebi <strong>da</strong> am<br />
gziT moupovebia guarams qveynis marTvis ufleba. `neladre<br />
Sekrba qarTli <strong>da</strong> ganaCines erismTavrad guaram~ (moqcevai<br />
qarTlisai, 1959. gv.95). `moqcevai qarTlisais~ es cnoba aris<br />
ara marto qarTlSi, aramed mTel maSindel adre Sua<br />
saukuneebis msoflioSi ar-Cevnebis gamarTvis erTaderTi<br />
precedenti. sxva analogiuri SemTxveva am periodis<br />
istoriam ar icis. cxadia, am viTarebam axal qarTul<br />
saxelmwifos Seuqmna myari samarTlebrivi bazisi, ramac<br />
ganapiroba iseTi Rirebulebebis win wamoweva, rogoricaa<br />
qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba, piradi qonebis<br />
xelSeuxebloba <strong>da</strong> misi anderZiT ga<strong>da</strong>cemis ufleba.<br />
14
yovelive amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas vxvdebiT basili zarzmelis<br />
`serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi~.<br />
basili zarzmelis gadmocemiT, feo<strong>da</strong>li giorgi CorCaneli<br />
uSvilo iyo <strong>da</strong> sikvdilis win mTeli qoneba <strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> disSvilebs<br />
uanderZa; magram misma disSvilebma sulam, beSqenma <strong>da</strong><br />
laklakma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites wili ar miecaT sakuTari disTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
siZe mokles. mkvlelobis motivi martivi iyo. siZe wils iTxov<strong>da</strong><br />
CorCanelebis qonebi<strong>da</strong>n; Tan sakuTar uflebas imiT<br />
asabuTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom qalsac ergeba wili, radgan es qoneba de<strong>da</strong>Tqvens<br />
ergo <strong>da</strong> Tqvenc misi meSveobiT miiReT igio (basili<br />
zarzmeli, 1959. gv. 340). es viTareba a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom qals<br />
mSoblebis qonebaSi hqon<strong>da</strong> memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba.<br />
Gganxilul epizodSi kidev erTi detalia uaRresad<br />
saintereso. KkerZod, irkveva, rom adre Sua saukuneebis<br />
saqarTveloSi a<strong>da</strong>mians piradi qonebis sruli<br />
xelSeuxeblobis garantia hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tu igi uSvilo iyo,<br />
werilobiTi anderZiT SeeZlo qonebis ganawileba uaxloes<br />
naTesavebze. am sakiTxze imitom vamaxvilebT yuradRebas,<br />
rom sakuTrebis ganyenebuli cneba sxva feo<strong>da</strong>lur<br />
saxelmwifoebSi gvian SemuSav<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi mxolod<br />
XIII-XIV ss-<strong>da</strong>n vxvdebiT dominiumis gamomxatvel termins,<br />
ruseTSi ki ufro gvian XVIII s-<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
aRniSnul periodSi saintereso movlenebs hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili<br />
egrisis samefoSic. rogorc cnobilia, 554 wels bizantielma<br />
sardlebma veragulad mokles mefe gubaz II. am qmedebam<br />
mosaxleobis ukiduresi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong> Seikriba didi<br />
saxalxo kreba (ix. zaza <strong>da</strong>raselias statia amave krebulSi).<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, istoriuli viTarebis sirTulis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
adre Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi ufro maRal safexurzea<br />
asuli brZola a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevebis winaaRmdeg<br />
<strong>da</strong> eWvsgareSea, rom am mxriv VI-X ss-ebi warmoadgens<br />
antikur xanasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT aSkarad win ga<strong>da</strong>dgmul nabijs.<br />
swored am periodma Seasrula erTgvari <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli<br />
roli antikur xanasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebs Soris,<br />
rodesac CvenTvis saintereso problemebma kidev ufro Rrma<br />
ganviTareba hpova, ramac saqarTvelo im drois yvelaze<br />
mowinave <strong>da</strong> civilizebul saxelmwifoTa Soris Caayena.<br />
15
III.<br />
X-XI saukuneebi aris erTiani saqarTvelos Camoyalibebis<br />
xana. aRniSnuli periodis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasac<br />
swored es garemoeba gansazRvravs. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, gaerTianebuli<br />
saxelmwifos arsebobas esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong> myari iuridiuli<br />
safuZveli, romelic Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moiTxov<strong>da</strong> mTeli rigi reformebis gatarebas <strong>da</strong> cxadia,<br />
rom es reformebi srul SesabamisobaSi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo<br />
maSindeli msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi miRebul <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul iuridiul normebTan (mag. bizantia). am<br />
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs <strong>da</strong>viT<br />
aRmaSenebelis, giorgi III-isa <strong>da</strong> Tamaris epoqa.<br />
saqarTvelos reformator politikosTa Soris, jer-jerobiT<br />
mainc, yvelaze did interess iwvevs <strong>da</strong>viT IV moRvaweoba.<br />
axla ar SevudgebiT mis mier ganxorcielebuli yvela<br />
reformis mniSvnelobis Sefasebas. Cveni interesi mxolod<br />
ori maTganiT Semoifargleba; esenia sasamarTlo reforma <strong>da</strong><br />
mstovarTa institutis Seqmna. werilobiTi wyaroebi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>stureben, rom qarTul samefo karze <strong>da</strong>viT IV perio<strong>da</strong>mdec<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvela saqmis garCeva iyo<br />
mefis prerogativa. <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli pirveli qarTveli<br />
politikosia, romelmac erTmaneTisagan gamijna sasamarTlo<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, Seqmna ra umaRlesi<br />
saapelacio sasamarTlo `saajo kari~, romlis muSaobis warmarTvac<br />
mwignobarTuxucess <strong>da</strong>evala.<br />
`saajo kari~ <strong>qarTuli</strong> feo<strong>da</strong>luri saxelmwifos Sinagani<br />
wesrigis <strong>da</strong>cvis umTavresi sa<strong>da</strong>rajo iyo. <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis<br />
istorikosi gadmogvcems, rom mis mizans warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
momCivanTa, <strong>da</strong>WirvebulTa <strong>da</strong> mimZlavrebulTa gankiTxva <strong>da</strong><br />
kurneba. xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac `saajo kari~ ixilav<strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis iseT SemTxvevebs, rogoricaa<br />
di<strong>da</strong>znaurTa, did moxele erisTavTa, ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
amkrefTa TviTneboba <strong>da</strong> Zaladoba. aseve xSiri iyo<br />
SemTxvevebi, rodesac `saajo karis~ meSveobiT sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali fenis warmomadgenlebi poulobdnen <strong>da</strong> icavdnen sakuTar<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianur uflebebs. SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom<br />
`saajo karis~ Seqmnis aucileblobac swored im garemoebiT<br />
16
iyo nakarnaxevi, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi maqsimalurad yofiliyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>culi saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n, radgan mefemde misvlis<br />
saSualeba, bunebrivia, sazogadoebis mxolod warCinebul<br />
nawils xelewifebo<strong>da</strong>. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT sainteresod<br />
gadmogvcems <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi: `slvaTa<br />
Sina TvisTa samefoTasa <strong>da</strong> simravliTa spaTaTa <strong>da</strong> simaliTa<br />
slavisasa ver advilad miemTxueodian momCivani <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Wirvebulni<br />
<strong>da</strong> mimZlavrebulni <strong>da</strong> visac esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong> gankiTxva<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sewevna mefobrivi, nuukue <strong>da</strong> vinme aRvidis borcusa ze<strong>da</strong><br />
rasame, gzisa maxlobelsa, anu kldesa, gina Tu xesa, viTarca<br />
zaqe. UukeT Tu oden epovis eseviTari rame <strong>da</strong> muniT sacnaur<br />
yves Wrtinva Tvisi~ (<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, 1959,<br />
gv. 354).<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, <strong>da</strong>viT IV gatarebuli RonisZiebebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo mstovarTa institutis<br />
Seqmna, romelic warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> sameTvalyureo-sa<strong>da</strong>zvervo<br />
organizacias <strong>da</strong> miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos usafrTxoebas.<br />
am instituts, cxadia didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos gaZlierebis saqmeSi, magram Cvenamde<br />
moRweuli istoriuli wyaroebi imasac a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom<br />
igi mizanmimar-Tulad arRvev<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebs. saqme<br />
isaa, rom mstovarTa didi nawils warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
samRvdeloeba, romelic yvelaze did informacias<br />
flob<strong>da</strong> qveynis SigniT Tu qveynis gareT mimdinare<br />
procesebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> am informaciis miRebis wyaro iyo<br />
aRsareba. samRvdeloebis saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Cayeneba<br />
maTgan moiTxov<strong>da</strong> aRsarebis saidumlos <strong>da</strong>rRvevas <strong>da</strong> am<br />
gziT miRebuli informaciis samefo karisaTvis miwodebas.<br />
sainteresoa, rom swored amgvari saSualebebiT Seityo<br />
mefem liparit baRvaSis ori SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb. Tumca,<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebelis istorikosi mefis aseT nabijs<br />
gamarTlebulad miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> aRniSnavs, rom calkeuli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis uflebebis Selaxvis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, mstovarTa<br />
saqmianoba mainc gamarTlebuli iyo, radgan <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
saxelmwifo ver gaZlierdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am SemTxvevaSi TviT<br />
religiis msaxurnic valdebulni iyvnen jer saxelmwifo<br />
interesebisaTvis emoRvawaT <strong>da</strong> rodesac idga<br />
17
saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> qarTveli eris yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi,<br />
konfesiuri saidumloebis <strong>da</strong>cvas meorexarisxovani<br />
mniSvnloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis Semdgom xanaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRvevebma kidev ufro sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo. am moments<br />
myari biZgi misca jer demetre I, rodesac taxtis memkvidred<br />
gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> ara ufrosi Svili <strong>da</strong>viTi, aramed umcrosi<br />
_ giorgi, riTac <strong>da</strong>arRvia mefed kurTxevis tradiciuli<br />
wesi, xolo Semdeg TviT giorgi III, romelmac, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, taxti waarTva sakuTar ZmisSvil demnas, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT mexuTis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg mefobis kanonier pretendentad<br />
iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. giorgi III taxtze regentobis uflebiT<br />
avi<strong>da</strong>. es cxadia, gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> demnas srulwlovnad gaxdomisTanave<br />
am ukanasknelis gamefebas. magram gairkva, rom<br />
giorgi ar apireb<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>dgomas <strong>da</strong> taxtis <strong>da</strong>brunebas kanonieri<br />
memkvidrisaTvis, rasac mohyva demnas momxreTa didi<br />
ajanyeba. ajanyebis meTauri, amirspasalari ivane orbeli samarTlianad<br />
asabuTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom giorgi uzurpatori iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
erTaderT kanonier memkvidres demna warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. brZola,<br />
rogorc cnobilia, giorgis gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi<br />
demnas momxreTa umagaliTo devna <strong>da</strong>iwyo. TviT<br />
ufliswuls Tvalebi <strong>da</strong>Txares <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asaWurises, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />
igi Wkui<strong>da</strong>n SeiSala <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>icvala, ivane orbeli <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
ojaxi sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes, orbelTa mTel sagvareulos<br />
qoneba CamoarTves <strong>da</strong> qveyni<strong>da</strong>n gaaZeves.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom giorgim uxeSad <strong>da</strong>arRvia u<strong>da</strong>naSaulobis<br />
prezumpcia orbelTa sagvareulos mimarT <strong>da</strong> yvela maTgans,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, monawileob<strong>da</strong> Tu ara ajanyebaSi, gamoutana<br />
saerTo ganaCeni (istoriani <strong>da</strong> azmani SaravandedTani,<br />
1959. gv. 30_31).<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis aseT Selaxvas, cxadia, ar SeeZlo ar<br />
gaemwvavebina samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong>pirispireba <strong>da</strong> gaamwvava kidec.<br />
saqarTvelos mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi Si<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebas iseTi masStabi arasodes miuRia, rogorc<br />
giorgi mesamisa <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT Tamaris mefobaSi.<br />
swored am procesis ganmuxtvasa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos marTvagamgeobis<br />
mowesrigebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad is didi <strong>da</strong><br />
18
umagaliTo moZraoba, romelic yuTlu arslanis <strong>da</strong>sis<br />
saxeliTaa cnobili.<br />
samecniero literaturaSi yuTlu arslanisa <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebis<br />
socialuri determinaciisa <strong>da</strong> maTi politikuri<br />
moTxovnebis Sesaxeb araerTgvarovani <strong>da</strong>, xSir SemTxvevaSi,<br />
urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebia gamoTqmuli. yuTlu<br />
arslanis umTavresi moTxovna, rom saxelmwifos marTvis<br />
procesSi monawileobis ufleba hqono<strong>da</strong>T sazogadoebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fenebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebsac un<strong>da</strong> SeeqmnaT<br />
arCeviTobis principze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli organo, karavi, ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, safuZvelSive miuRebeli iyo absoluturi monarqizmis<br />
pirobebSi <strong>da</strong> sruliad bunebrivia, rom Tamari <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
samefo kari am moTxovnis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen absolutizmis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis <strong>da</strong>sawyiss.<br />
saqarTvelos istorii<strong>da</strong>n viciT, rom arCeviTobis ufleba<br />
sulac ar iyo ucxo movlena <strong>qarTuli</strong> realobisaTvis<br />
(swored ase gax<strong>da</strong> guaram kurapalati erismTavari VI s-Si),<br />
magram yuTlus programa aSkarad zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> mefis<br />
ganusazRvrel uflebebs <strong>da</strong> mas utoveb<strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, Tanac wamyvan Tanamdebobebze<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>turebi karavs un<strong>da</strong> ganexila <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eniSna, xolo<br />
mefes ki un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emtkicebina isini. yuTlu arslani<br />
imedovneb<strong>da</strong>, rom saxelmwifos marTvis aseTi modelis<br />
SemTxvevaSi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n iqnebo<strong>da</strong> acilebuli jer kidev demetre I<br />
dros <strong>da</strong>wyebuli sazogadoebis gaTiSvisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
Semdgomi gaRrmavebis safrTxe.<br />
YyuTlu arslanis momxred gamodiodnen rogorc<br />
warCinebuli feo<strong>da</strong>lebi, aseve <strong>da</strong>bali socialuri wris<br />
warmomadgenlebic. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tamaris<br />
istorikosebi aRniSnaven, rom yuTlus mxars uWer<strong>da</strong><br />
laSqaric. karavis arCevis momxreTa gamosvla im periodSi<br />
mox<strong>da</strong>, rodesac <strong>da</strong>pirispireba sazogadoebis maRal <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bal<br />
fenebs Soris ukiduresad gamwvav<strong>da</strong>. cnobilia, rom giorgi III<br />
demnas ajanyebis Semdeg maRal Tanamdebobaze <strong>da</strong>niSna<br />
ugvaro, ara aristokratuli warmomavlobis pirovnebebi<br />
(amirspasalari yubasari, msaxurTuxucesi afridoni),<br />
romlebic Tamaris dros didgvarovanTa <strong>da</strong>rtymis obieqtebi<br />
19
gaxdnen. swored maTi zewolis Sedegad Tamarma Tanamdebobi<br />
<strong>da</strong>atovebina yubasarsa <strong>da</strong> afridons <strong>da</strong> ver SeZlo maTi<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva. aseT situaciaSi yuTlu arslanisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
momxreebis miCneva m<strong>da</strong>bioTa wri<strong>da</strong>n gamosul a<strong>da</strong>mianebad<br />
cota saeWvoa, radgan yuTlu am dros meWurWleTuxucesi<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong> didgvarovnebi mis ga<strong>da</strong>yenebas ar moiTxovdnen. e. i.<br />
irkveva, rom isic maTi wris a<strong>da</strong>miania, xolo Tamaris<br />
istorikosTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n yuTlu arslanisa <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebis<br />
m<strong>da</strong>bioebad warmoCena mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod ideologiuri<br />
momentiTaa ganpirobebuli. ase rom, Tamaris istorikosebi<br />
Segnebulad malaven simarTles, riTac am a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
uflebebsac laxaven.<br />
XII s-is 80-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>ikarga istoriuli<br />
Sansi. YyuTlu arslanis programis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
saqarTvelo xdebo<strong>da</strong> im epoqis erTaderTi qveyana, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
Seiqmnebo<strong>da</strong> pirveli sakanonmdeblo organo, xolo es<br />
viTareba Sua saukuneebis partikularizmis pirobebSi, qveyanas<br />
Seuqmni<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis manamde arnaxul SesaZleblobebs.Y<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi, Semdgomdroindelma istoriulma<br />
realobam TvalnaTliv aCvena, rom erTi SexedviT didebis<br />
zenitSi myofma qveyanam veraviTari, metic, odnavi winaaRmdegobac<br />
ver gauwia monRolebs <strong>da</strong> maT faqtobrivad, ubrZolvelad<br />
<strong>da</strong>neb<strong>da</strong>. am viTarebaSi sulac ar iyo meorexarisxovani<br />
momenti qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, romlis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
asacileblad verc Tamarma, verc giorgi-laSam <strong>da</strong> verc<br />
rusu<strong>da</strong>nma qmediTi nabijebi ver ga<strong>da</strong>dges. yuTlu arslanis<br />
programis ganxorcieleba, Cveni azriT, TavisTavad moxsni<strong>da</strong><br />
am problemas, radgan karavi <strong>da</strong>akmayofileb<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
yvela fenis warmomadgenelTa politikur Tu pirovnul<br />
ambiciebs.<br />
cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebis evropis saxelmwifoebma<br />
sakanonmdeblo organoebis meSveobiT aiciles Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong>pirispirebebi <strong>da</strong> Seqmnes samarTlebrivad<br />
mowesrigebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi<br />
(parlamenti inglisSi XIII s-<strong>da</strong>n, generaluri Statebi safrangeTSi,<br />
respublikuri sabWoebi genuasa <strong>da</strong> florenciaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.).<br />
20
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Tamaris epoqis saqarTvelo mzad ar<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> aseTi progresuli nabijisaTvis, am periodSic ki<br />
saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n zrunva a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad<br />
mainc xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>. yvelaze didi miRweva, romliTac Sua<br />
saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriam SeiZleba iamayos, aris XII<br />
s-is 80-ian wlebSi sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis gauqmeba. am droisaTvis<br />
sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjasTan erTad gauqmebula <strong>da</strong>masaxiCrebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis Rirsebis <strong>da</strong>mamcirebeli sasjelebic. basili<br />
ezosmoZRvari gadmogvcems: `mowyalebiTa ieso RmrTisa<br />
msgavsiTa <strong>da</strong> samarTlisa misisa mibaZviTa dReTa Sina<br />
TamarisaTa aravin gamoCn<strong>da</strong> momZlavrebuli mecnierebaTa<br />
misiTa, arca vin <strong>da</strong>sjili, TvT arca vis Rirss sikudilisasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> arca patiJisasa miexa<strong>da</strong> Tananadebi, arca vin brZanebiTa<br />
misiTa asomokveTil iqmna, arca sibrmaviT <strong>da</strong>isaja~ (basili<br />
ezoismoZRuari, 1959, gv. 144).<br />
Sua saukuneebis msoflio istoriaSi saqarTvelo, bizantiis<br />
Semdgom, meore qveyanaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c araTu sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja<br />
gauqm<strong>da</strong>, aramed aikrZala a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>masaxiCrebeli <strong>da</strong> Rirsebis<br />
Semlaxavi sasjelebi.<br />
IV.<br />
XV s-Si, kerZod, 1490 wels saqarTvelo iuridiulad <strong>da</strong>iSala<br />
sam (kaxeTis, qarTlis, imereTis) samefod <strong>da</strong> ramdenime<br />
(afxazeTi, guria, odiSi, samcxe) samTavrod. qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>ikarga<br />
erTiani azri, aRar arsebob<strong>da</strong> saerTo idea, romelic<br />
gamsWvaluli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> erTiani samefos aRdgenis surviliT<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, ase mcire nawilebad <strong>da</strong>glejili qveyanac xan<br />
osmalebis, xan iranelebis, xan Crdilo kavkasieli tomebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xanac SinaaSlilobis ganuwyvelel asparezad iqca. es iyo<br />
logikuri <strong>da</strong>sasruli im tendenciebisa, rac gamoikveTa jer<br />
kidev XII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n, rodesac saxelmwifos SigniT Seqmnilma<br />
mZafrma <strong>da</strong>pirispirebam qveyana <strong>da</strong>ayena ganadgurebis safrTxis<br />
winaSe. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, iyo araerTi mcdeloba saqarTvelos<br />
erTianobis aRsadgenad, magram yvela maTgani sruli<br />
kraxiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelom ise <strong>da</strong>asrula istoriuli<br />
ganviTarebis Sua saukuneebrivi etapi, rom erTian politikur<br />
organizmad veRar Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. Gga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli ar iqne-<br />
21
a imis aRniSvnac, rom gviani Sua saukuneebis (XIV-XVIII ss) saqarTvelo<br />
iyo arSemdgari sazogadoebrivi konglomerati,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c upirveles adgilze wamoweuli iyo gancalkevebis, ga-<br />
TiTokacebis tendenciebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos interesebze maRla<br />
idga calkeuli saTavadoebisa <strong>da</strong> samTavroTa interesebi,<br />
rac kidev ufro zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs <strong>da</strong><br />
erT dros mowinave samyarosagan ganuyofeli xalxi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
srul izolaciaSi. saqarTvelos imJamindeli mdgomareobis<br />
Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, albaT, gazviadebuli ar iqneba imis<br />
aRniSvnac, rom qarTulma samefo-samTavroebma veRar SeZles<br />
(Tu ar SeZles) im liberaluri <strong>da</strong> maradiuli Rirebulebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cva, rac esoden iyo <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli gacilebiT adreuli<br />
epoqebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> erTi xelis mosmiT wyalSi Cayares<br />
yvelaferi is, rac wina saukuneebma memkvidreobiT <strong>da</strong>utoves<br />
qarTvel xalxs. XIV-XVIII ss-ebis saqarTvelo sakmaod CamorCa<br />
drois dinebas <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>uWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es<br />
xana iyo yvelaze didi ukusvla Cveni qveynis istoriaSi.<br />
politikuri ganviTareba, politikuri ganswavluloba<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir asaxavs ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi humanisturi ideebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> maradiuli Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis xarisxs, yoveli<br />
eri imdenad aris tolerantuli <strong>da</strong> mswrafi liberaluri<br />
idealebisadmi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mas amis saSualebas aZlevs is<br />
politikuri viTareba <strong>da</strong>, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, sazogadoebrivi garemo,<br />
romelSic esa Tu is sociumi imyofeba. gviani Sua saukuneebis<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoeba gaxleCili iyo Svid, rva <strong>da</strong> zogjer aT<br />
nawila<strong>da</strong>c. amitom, bunebrivia, aseT viTarebaSi calkeuli<br />
pirovnebisa Tu zoga<strong>da</strong>d a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvac adrindeliviT<br />
aRar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n gansakuTrebuli<br />
zrunvis sagans <strong>da</strong> Tamamad SeiZleba vaRiaroT,<br />
rom am periodSi aRniSnuli uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevaze ufro mizanSewonili<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> msjeloba, vidre mis <strong>da</strong>cvaze.<br />
iranisa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis gabatonebam saqarTvelos samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
<strong>da</strong> samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis sazRvrebze Cveni qveyana<br />
moaqcia srul politikur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> informaciul<br />
izolaciaSi, ramac farTo gasaqani misca a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRvevis iseT amazrzen formas, rogoricaa a<strong>da</strong>mianebiT<br />
vaWroba, anu `tyveTa syidva~. frangi mogzauris Jan Sardenis<br />
22
cnobiT, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa vaWrobiT gansakuTrebiT iyvnen <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />
Turqebi. zogjer TiTo qalSi 300-400 cexins<br />
iZleodnen, mamakaci 25-40 wlamde 15 ekiud fasob<strong>da</strong>, ufrosebi<br />
_ 8-10 ekiud, lamazi gogonebi 13-18 wlisani _ 20 ekiud,<br />
bavSvebi _ 3-4 ekiud (Jan Sardeni, 1935. gv.108). `tyveTa syidva~<br />
moedo sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela fenas. <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos<br />
TiTqmis yvela mTavari, Tavadi, aznauri, Tu saeklesio<br />
moRvawe aqtiurad aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> CarTuli am procesSi.<br />
Ddon juzepe judiCe milanelis gadmocemis Tanaxmad, mxolod<br />
samegrelo<strong>da</strong>n XVII s-is Sua xanebisTvis yovelwliurad<br />
sami aTasi monadqceuli glexi iyidebo<strong>da</strong> (don juzepe<br />
judiCe milaneli, 1968. gv. 119). analogiuri viTareba iyo<br />
Seqmnili aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic. ai, rogor aRwers<br />
mematiane sacicianoSi arsebul situacias: `<strong>da</strong>saxoci<br />
<strong>da</strong>xoces, gasayidi gayides, naxevari osmalos mihyides <strong>da</strong><br />
naxevaric imerlebsa. rac Cvili ymawvili iyo, rom aravin<br />
iyi<strong>da</strong> cixi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>yares <strong>da</strong> nadir-frinvelma SeWama, rac<br />
monazoni <strong>da</strong> beri iyo, rom ar gaiyidebo<strong>da</strong>, sul erT saxlSi<br />
Seyares, boZebi gamouyares, saxli zed <strong>da</strong>aqcies <strong>da</strong> ise<br />
uziareblad <strong>da</strong>xoces~ (gvritiSvili, 1962. gv. 230).<br />
saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n sakmao popularoba moipova<br />
mosaxleobisadmi e.w. `avad mokidebam~. am qmedebis arsi<br />
SemdegSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>: Tu esa Tu is pirovneba (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
glexoba) uars ityo<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>ze,<br />
mebatone, mefis miTiTebiT, aseT a<strong>da</strong>mians col-Svils<br />
<strong>da</strong>uWer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gauyid<strong>da</strong>. elementaruli uflebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad<br />
xalxis did nawils an batonis mokvla uwev<strong>da</strong>, an ajanyeba, an<br />
sakuTari miwa-wyli<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xvewa. Zaladobis erTi forma<br />
ebrZo<strong>da</strong> Zaladobis meore Fformas, magram bunebrivia,<br />
imarjveb<strong>da</strong> is, visac Zaladobis gatarebis meti SesaZlebloba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mokled rom aRvniSnoT, a<strong>da</strong>mianoba <strong>da</strong> pirovnuli Rirseba<br />
sazogadoebis mxolod viwro nawilis ufleba gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am<br />
kuTxiT XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelo aSkarad mahmadianur<br />
samyarosTan iCens ufro met siaxloves, vidre xsenebuli<br />
periodis evropasTan. raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Sors varT im<br />
azrisgan, rom XVII-XVIII ss-ebis evropaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis<br />
23
<strong>da</strong>cvis TvalsazrisiT yvelaferi wesrigSi iyo, magram isic<br />
cxadia, rom es periodi evropisTvis warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> didi<br />
reformaciis epoqas, ramac Tavis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>sabami misca axali<br />
istoriis, kapitalizmis eras, romelmac a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cva, Tun<strong>da</strong>c deklaraciis doneze mainc, manamde arnaxul<br />
simaRlemde aiyvana. amitom, rodesac Cven vmsjelobT gviani<br />
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos CamorCenilobis Sesaxeb,<br />
mxedvelobaSi upirvelesad swored am moments vgulisxmobT.<br />
TumcaRa, yovlad antimecnieruli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> mtkiceba imisa,<br />
TiTqos am periodis saqarTveloSi ar iyo calkeuli Sem-<br />
Txvevebi <strong>da</strong> ar ibrZodnen mdgomareobis gasakeTilSobilebelad.<br />
vaxtang VI sakanomdeblo moRvaweoba am mxriv marTlac<br />
kargi magaliTia. SesaniSnavi iyo sulxan-saba orbelianis<br />
mTeli saqmianobac. sulxan-sabas <strong>da</strong>savleT evropuli<br />
vizitic miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> ara mxolod vaxtangis gamoxsnas<br />
iranis samefo karisagan, aramed mas ufro farTo <strong>da</strong> Sors mimavali<br />
gegmebi hqon<strong>da</strong>. kerZod, ki is, rom saqarTvelo kvlav<br />
moqceuliyo <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwifoTa interesebSi,<br />
rac iqnebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos bunebriv-istoriuli ganviTarebis<br />
wiaRSi <strong>da</strong>brunebisa <strong>da</strong> aq liberaluri Rirebulebebis<br />
aRorZinebis umTavresi piroba.<br />
samwuxarod, es mcdeloba marcxiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> xolo ra<br />
bedi ewia <strong>da</strong>savluri orientaciis mimdevar sulxan-sabas, es<br />
sayovelTao<strong>da</strong>a cnobili. vaxtang VI <strong>da</strong> sulxan-sabas<br />
orbelianis politikuri mimarTulebis marcxi kargad<br />
warmoaCens, rom am periodis saqarTvelo namdvilad ar iyo<br />
mzad, raTa igi <strong>da</strong>brunebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur samyaros <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisad, adgili epova mowinave, progresuli mimarTulebis<br />
saxelmwifoTa Soris. aseTi viTarebis fonze<br />
arc imis <strong>da</strong>viwyeba SeiZleba, rom XVIII s-is <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebi<br />
_ qarTl-kaxeTi, imereTi _ sakuTari, Zalze mokrZalebuli<br />
SesaZleblobis farglebSi mainc cdilobdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong>ecvaT a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> upirveles yovlisa, SeemsubuqebinaT<br />
uSualo mwarmoebeli fenis, glexebisa <strong>da</strong> xelosanTa<br />
autaneli pirobebi. am mxriv gamorCeulia erekle II <strong>da</strong><br />
solomon I Rvawli. erT-erTi kaxeli batoni erekles swer<strong>da</strong>:<br />
24
`Tqveni wyenis uRono gaxlavarT, Torem Cems ymas rogor ver<br />
<strong>da</strong>vimorCileb~ (scssa f. 299. <strong>da</strong>v. 24. sab. 2063).<br />
moxmobili magaliTiT kargad Cans, rom mefis SiSiT<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>lebi ver be<strong>da</strong>vdnen a<strong>da</strong>mianTa TviTnebur <strong>da</strong>sjas.<br />
erekles mxri<strong>da</strong>n, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, iyo mcdeloba, <strong>da</strong>ecva<br />
sakuTari qveSevrdomebi, magram cxadia, es ar iyo<br />
problemisadmi saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />
rom erekle Tavadebs afrTxileb<strong>da</strong>: `Sens sargos aiRebde <strong>da</strong><br />
usamarTlos nu aiReb, nurc aras usamarTlos moindomeb~<br />
(scssa f. 299 <strong>da</strong>v. 24 sab. 109). rodesac migvaCnia, rom<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi erekles ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma, amovdivarT im martivi<br />
postulati<strong>da</strong>n, rom mxolod SegonebebiTa <strong>da</strong> epistolaruli<br />
mimarTvebiT es problema ver ga<strong>da</strong>iWrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> verc mogvardebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Zalian gaWirdeba <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT XVIII s-is meore<br />
naxevris Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTi sakanonmdeblo aqti mainc, romelSic<br />
aRniSnuli sakiTxebi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> aqcentirebuli. 1770 Tu 1787<br />
wels gamocemuli brZanebebi ymaTa umamulod gayidvis akrZalvis<br />
Sesaxeb sul sxva xasiaTis dokumentebia <strong>da</strong> saTvalavSi<br />
misaRebic ar aris.<br />
TiTqmis imaves Tqma SeiZleba solomon I mimarTac. Tumca,<br />
am mefis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis erTgvari gvirgvini SeiZleba<br />
iyos 1759 wlis saeklesio kreba, romelmac mkacri<br />
ganaCeni gamoutana `tyveTa msyidvelebs~. am krebaze<br />
imereTis, guriisa <strong>da</strong> samegrelos saero <strong>da</strong> sasuliero<br />
xelisuflebma <strong>da</strong>des `tyveTa syidvis~ akrZalvis piroba.<br />
saeklesio xelisuflebam tyveTa msyidvelni SeaCvena, xolo<br />
saero xelisufleba ki maT sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjiT <strong>da</strong>emuqra.<br />
Tanamedroveobam marTlac rom <strong>da</strong>ufasa mefes a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
uflebebis Semlaxavi RonisZiebebis akrZalva <strong>da</strong> solomoni<br />
erovnul gmira<strong>da</strong>c moinaTla. xalxis xatovani TqmiT, Tu<br />
solomon pirvelis gamefebis dros `imereTi koWlic<br />
gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, yruc, brmac <strong>da</strong> kbilebCacvenilic, dRes<br />
yvelaferi kargad esmis, Sors xe<strong>da</strong>vs, fexebze magrad dgas<br />
<strong>da</strong> kbilebic amouvi<strong>da</strong>… mTeli samefo gamobrun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamokeT<strong>da</strong><br />
~ (<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, 1964. gv.<br />
147).<br />
25
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor zrunav<strong>da</strong> solomon I sakuTari<br />
mosaxleobis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad, kargad gadmogvcems<br />
erTi leqsic:<br />
`amis avi kaci viyav,<br />
tyve arvis vayidvineo,<br />
mwyemsi vasuqe, vadide,<br />
Ceros qveS <strong>da</strong>vaZineo~<br />
besiki, 1962. gv. 224<br />
amrigad, gviani Sua saukuneebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad <strong>da</strong>vaxasiaToT;<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis TvalsazrisiT igi<br />
ver Seedreba verc antikur xanas, verc adreul <strong>da</strong> verc ganviTarebul<br />
Sua saukuneebs. yvelaze didi xelisSemSleli <strong>da</strong><br />
Semaferxebeli piroba iyo ramdenime samefo-samTavrod <strong>da</strong><br />
saTavadod <strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli qveynis faqtori. am periodSi SemoRebuli<br />
iqna, ufro sworad, aRdgenil iqna, sikvdiliT<br />
<strong>da</strong>sja, `tyveTa syidva~ faqtobrivad niSnav<strong>da</strong> monaTmflobelobisaken<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebas, uxeSad <strong>da</strong> sistematurad irRveo<strong>da</strong><br />
sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, gviani Sua saukuneebis<br />
saqarTvelos istoriam ar icis arc erTi arCeviTi organos<br />
arseboba.<br />
kidev ufro mZime viTareba Seiqmna 1801 wlis Semdeg,<br />
rodesac ruseTTan jer aRmosavleT, xolo SemdgomSi <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
saqarTvelos mierTebiT, qarTvelma xalxma erovnebis<br />
uflebac <strong>da</strong>karga. am dros cnebebi `saqarTvelo~ <strong>da</strong> `qarTveli~<br />
saerTod iqna gauqmebuli <strong>da</strong> ruseTis politikur rukaze<br />
saqarTvelo quTaisis <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis guberniebis saxeliT<br />
aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Cveni qveynis istoriaSi meored <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> SemTxveva,<br />
rodesac <strong>da</strong>mpyrobelma saerTod mospo <strong>da</strong> gaauqma <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
saxelmwifoebrioba (pirvelad es iranelebma moimoqmedes<br />
523 wels). mTiuleTis, kaxeTis, imereTis ajanyebebi, 1832<br />
wlis SeTqmuleba, Terg<strong>da</strong>leulTa moRvaweoba _ ai is<br />
ZiriTadi momentebi, romlebic gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> qarTveli<br />
xalxis brZolas sakuTari uflebebis aRsadgenad. am<br />
brZolis uzenaesi mizani, ki ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis xelaxali mopoveba iyo.<br />
26
aseTi rTuli realobiTa <strong>da</strong> mZime memkvidreobiT xvdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTveli xalxi XX saukunes, konkretulad ki, 1918 wlis<br />
26 maiss.<br />
V.<br />
ruseTis imperiis transformaciam saSualeba misca qarTvel<br />
politikosebs aRedginaT 1801 wels <strong>da</strong>karguli saxelmwifoebrioba<br />
<strong>da</strong> es misia wilad xv<strong>da</strong> social-demokratiul<br />
(menSevikur) partias. 1918 wels, amierkavkasiis seimis <strong>da</strong>Slis<br />
Semdeg, gamocxad<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika.<br />
es marTlac didmniSvnelovani aqti iyo saqarTvelos<br />
istoriaSi, radgan ga<strong>da</strong>uWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom qarTveli xalxi mTeli istoriis manZilze arasdros yofila<br />
ase didxans saxelmwifoebriobis gareSe.<br />
imperiis <strong>da</strong>namati<strong>da</strong>n, Cveulebrivi koloniis statusi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
saqarTvelo aRsdga rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis wevri<br />
qveyana <strong>da</strong> rogorc sruliad gansxvavebuli tipis<br />
saxelmwifo, radgan respublikuri wyoba manamde ucxo<br />
movlena iyo saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. monarqiisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, respublikuri mmarTvelobis forma<br />
moiTxov<strong>da</strong> erTi mxriv, qarTveli xalxis Seguebas axali<br />
realobisadmi <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv, liberaluri RonisZiebebis<br />
Tvisobrivad axal safexurze ayvanas. am periodSi<br />
saqarTvelos politikur <strong>da</strong> samarTlebriv cxovrebaSi bevri<br />
iseTi ram mox<strong>da</strong>, rac sruliad ucxo <strong>da</strong> SeuZlebeli iyo<br />
adrindel istoriul realobaSi.<br />
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos, romlis arsebobis safuZvels gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi aqtebiTa <strong>da</strong> kanonmdeblobebiT<br />
mowesrigebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi <strong>da</strong> am pirobebSi<br />
farTo gasaqani eZleo<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
iseT prioritetul sferoebs, rogoricaa: arCeviTobis<br />
principi, qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba, religiuri<br />
Tavisufleba, politikuri partiebis arseboba, rasobrivi<br />
diskriminaciis akrZalva, moqalaqeobis ufleba,<br />
Sromisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>svenebis ufleba, erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cva, kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, cenzuris<br />
27
gauqmeba, presis Tavisufleba, sasamarTlos <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba,<br />
sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis gauqmeba. anu, Tamamad SegviZlia vaRiaroT,<br />
rom axalgazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifo Tavisi arsebobis<br />
xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi icav<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis yvela im<br />
uflebas, rac Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gvian aisaxa `a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis<br />
sayovelTao deklaraciaSi~.<br />
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
iyo qarTveli xalxis didi monapovari. erT-erT umTavres <strong>da</strong><br />
Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul movlenas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> 1921 wlis<br />
21 Tebervalis konstitucia. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, esec pirveli<br />
SemTxveva iyo saqarTveloSi, rodesac saxelmwifos arsebobas<br />
safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo ZiriTadi kanoni. samwuxaro mxolod<br />
is faqtia, rom pirvelma konstituciam ver imuSava,<br />
radgan cnobilia, rom igi faqtobrivi saomari moqmedebebis<br />
pirobebSi iqna miRebuli; magram es mis Rirsebas cxadia,<br />
Crdils ver ayenebs, radgan konstituciam asaxa yvela is mTavari<br />
niuansi, romelic warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> demokratiuli respublikis<br />
zrunvis sagans <strong>da</strong> romelic manamde araerTxel iyo<br />
deklarirebuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aqtsa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis<br />
Sesaxeb kanonSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aqtis proeqti momzad<strong>da</strong> 1918 wlis 20-<br />
21 maiss baTumSi z. avaliSvilis, a. Cxenkelis, n. nikolaZis<br />
<strong>da</strong> p. surgulaZis mier <strong>da</strong> gansaxilvelad waredgina 1917<br />
wlis 22 noembers arCeul erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebel<br />
komitets, xolo 26 maiss man iuridiuli Zalac SeiZina. Cveni<br />
amJamindeli interesi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aqtis 1, 2, 5 <strong>da</strong> 6<br />
muxlebs Seexeba. pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo<br />
cxaddebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel, sruluflebian saxelmwifod,<br />
meore muxli gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> politikuri wyobis formas.<br />
saqveynod cxaddebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos politikuri wyobis<br />
forma _ demokratiuli respublika. mexuTe muxlis<br />
Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Tavis<br />
farglebSi Tanasworad uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> yvela moqalaqis<br />
samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> politikur uflebebs, ganurCevlad<br />
erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sqesisa. meeqvse muxlSi Camoyalibebuli debulebis<br />
Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika<br />
28
ganviTarebis Tavisufal asparezs uxsni<strong>da</strong> mis teritoriaze<br />
mcxovreb yvela ers (saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aqti,<br />
1991. gv.198).<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aqtiT deklarirebuli debulebebis<br />
Sesruleba rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifos ganuxreli zrunvis<br />
sagani iyo, kargad Cans saqarTvelos parlamentis magaliTzec,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c adgilebis arcTu mcire raodenoba ergoT<br />
erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs. saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovreb somxobas hyav<strong>da</strong> 10 deputati, azerbajianelebs _ 4,<br />
afxazebs _ 3, rusebs _ 2, osebs _ 2, qarTvel ebraelebs _ 2,<br />
berZnebs _ 1, ebraelebs _ 1, germanelebs _ 1. umaRles<br />
sakanonmdeblo organoSi aseve TvalSisacemi iyo politikur<br />
partiaTa siWrelec, arsebob<strong>da</strong> eqvsi fraqcia: social-demokratebi<br />
(umravlesoba), erovnul-demokratebi, socialist-federalistebi,<br />
socialist-revolucionerebi, `sxvisistebi~<br />
<strong>da</strong> upartioebi (a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, 1991. gv.<br />
205). marTalia, parlamentis samuSao ena <strong>qarTuli</strong> iyo, magram<br />
saxelmwifo enis armcodne deputatisaTvis moixsna<br />
yovelgvari enobrivi barieri, maT SeeZloT sityvis warmoTqma<br />
mSobliur enaze.<br />
1920 wels parlamentma SeimuSava `afxazeTis avtonomiuri<br />
mmarTvelobis debulebis~ proeqti, rac niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo afxazeTs saSinao <strong>da</strong> kulturul<br />
saqmianobaSi aniWeb<strong>da</strong> srul TviTgamorkvevas. sxvaTa Soris,<br />
konstituciis Tanaxmad, Sinagan saqmeebSi sruli<br />
avtonomiuri uflebebi, afxazeTis gar<strong>da</strong>, eZleo<strong>da</strong><br />
samusulmano saqarTvelosac (zaqaTalisa <strong>da</strong> baTumis<br />
olqebs).<br />
bunebrivia, rom konstituciis momzadebasa <strong>da</strong> miRebas<br />
garkveuli dro <strong>da</strong> procedurebis gavla sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>, amitom<br />
saqarTvelos parlamenti am sicarieles avseb<strong>da</strong> sxva mniSvnelovani<br />
kanonebiT. erTi aseTi umniSvnelovanesi aqti iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis (parlamentis) mier 1919 wels miRebuli<br />
kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb. aRar SevudgebiT imis mtkicebas,<br />
rom saqarTvelos istoriaSi esec pirvel <strong>da</strong> sruliad<br />
uprecedento SemTxvevas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. mokled SevexebiT<br />
aRniSnul kanons CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT.<br />
29
saqarTvelos moqalaqed iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> yvela is piri, romelic<br />
saqarTveloSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> 1914 wlis 19 ivlisis aRweris<br />
mixedviT. moqalaqeobis ufleba eZleo<strong>da</strong> agreTve imas, vinc<br />
aranakleb sami weli cxovrob<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos teritoriaze,<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> uZravi qoneba <strong>da</strong> kanonis miRebi<strong>da</strong>n sami Tvis va<strong>da</strong>Si<br />
ganacxadeb<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis miRebis survils. saqarTvelos<br />
farglebSi kanonieri Tu ukanono qorwinebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>badebuli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani avtomaturad iReb<strong>da</strong> moqalaqis statuss.<br />
amave statusiT SeeZloT esargeblaT saqarTvelos moqalaqis<br />
cols, an qvrivs, saqarTvelos moqalaqis mier kanonieri<br />
wesiT Svilad ayvanil pirovnebas, ucxoel mcirewlovan<br />
bavSvs, romlis mSoblebi miiRebdnen saqarTvelos<br />
moqalaqeobas. moqalaqeobis miReba xdebo<strong>da</strong> agreTve<br />
naturalizaciis wesiT. <strong>da</strong>uSvebeli iyo ormagi moqalaqeoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqes SeeZlo monawileoba<br />
mieRo qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. aseve nebismier<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians SeeZlo uari eTqva saqarTvelos moqalaqeobaze,<br />
saWiro iyo mxolod amis Sesaxeb saTanado gancxadeba<br />
samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav organoebSi (saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis<br />
kanoni, 1991, gv. 334-336).<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aqti <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis kanoni, ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi<br />
dokumentebi iyo, magram, isic cxadia, rom am uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> xelSeuxeblobis umTavres garants warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
1921 wlis konstitucia. Gga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli Sefaseba<br />
ar iqneba Tu aRvniSnavT, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> liberaluri<br />
Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi saqarTvelos konstitucia<br />
srulad akmayofileb<strong>da</strong> XX saukunis pirveli naxevrisaTvis<br />
aRiarebul saerTaSoriso normebs. ukve iTqva,<br />
rom 1921 wlis konstitucia exmaureba <strong>da</strong> garkveulwilad Seesabameba<br />
1948 wels miRebul `a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis sayovel-<br />
Tao deklaracias~. cxadia, Cveni mizani ar aris konstituciis<br />
sruli ganxilva, magram mainc sasurvelia, zemoT Tqmulis<br />
<strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad movaxdinoT misi calkeuli muxlebis konstatacia:<br />
muxli 16 _ moqalaqeni kanonis winaSe Tanasworni arian.<br />
muxli 17 _ wodebrivi gansxvaveba ar arsebobs.<br />
30
muxli 18 _ xarisxis miniWeba gar<strong>da</strong> akademiurisa akrZalulia.<br />
muxli 19 _ sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja gauqmebulia.<br />
muxli 20 _ ar SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>sjil iqnes vinme sxvafriv, Tu<br />
ara sasamarTlo wesiT.<br />
muxli 21 _ yvela moqalaqe un<strong>da</strong> gasamarTldes<br />
sasamarTlo wesiT.<br />
muxli 22 _ pirovneba xelSeuxebelia. ar SeiZleba Sepyrobili<br />
an sxvafriv Tavisuflebas moklebul <strong>da</strong> pira<strong>da</strong>d gaCxrekil<br />
iqnes vinme, Tu ara sasamarTlos an sagamoZiebo organos<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli brZanebis saxiT.<br />
muxli 26 _ sasarTlo valdebulia wardgenili piri <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv,<br />
ara ugvianes 24 saaTisa, <strong>da</strong>hkiTxos, xolo Semdgom<br />
brZaneba gasces an misi Sepyrobis an <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv gasaTavisufleblad.<br />
muxli 28 _ yoveli moqalaqis bina Seuvalia, misi gaCxreka<br />
SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlo <strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT.<br />
muxli 29 _ yoveli moqalaqe mimosvlasa <strong>da</strong> binadrobis<br />
arCevaSi sruliad Tavisufalia.<br />
muxli 31 _ yoveli moqalaqe sargeblobs sindisis sruli<br />
TavisuflebiT. moqalaqis devna, misi politikuri Tu samoqalaqo<br />
uflebaTa SezRudva sarwmunoebis an rwmenis gamo ar<br />
SeiZleba. yvelas SeuZlia aRiaros is sarwmunoeba, romelic<br />
surs, an sarwmunoeba gamoicvalos, an <strong>da</strong> arc erT kults ar<br />
ekuTvnodes.<br />
muxli 32 _ yovel moqalaqes aqvs sityviT, beWdviT an sxva<br />
ram RonisZiebiT Tavisi azrebi gamoTqvas <strong>da</strong> gaavrcelos<br />
mTavrobis winaswar neba<strong>da</strong>urTvelad. yoveli <strong>da</strong>naSaulisaTvis,<br />
romelsac igi aseT SemTxvevaSi Caidens, pasuxs agebs mxolod<br />
sasamarTlos winaSe.<br />
muxli 33 _ saqarTvelos moqalaqeT ufleba aqvT mTavrobis<br />
neba<strong>da</strong>urTvelad Seikribon sajarod <strong>da</strong> uiaraRod, rogorc<br />
WerqveS ise gareT.<br />
muxli 35 _ saqarTvelos respublikis moqalaqeebs ufleba<br />
aqvT mTavrobis winaswar neba<strong>da</strong>urTvelad <strong>da</strong>arson profesiuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva yovelgvari kavSiri.<br />
muxli 37 _ piradi <strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri peticiis ufleba uzrunvelyofilia.<br />
31
muxli 38 _ muSaTa gaficva Tavisufalia.<br />
muxli 39 _ orive sqesis moqalaqe Tanasworia, rogorc<br />
politikur ise samoqalaqo ekonomiur Tu saojaxo uflebiT.<br />
muxli 40 _ qorwineba emyareba uflebriv Tanasworobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> nebayoflobas. Qqorwinebis gareSe <strong>da</strong> qorwinebiT Sobili<br />
uflebiTa <strong>da</strong> movaleobiT Tanasworni arian.<br />
muxli 41 _ politikuri devnili, respublikis teritoriaze<br />
Semoxiznuli, sxva saxelmwifos ar ga<strong>da</strong>ecema.<br />
muxli 42 _ moqalaqis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaTvis, rogorc<br />
Tanamdebobis, aseve kerZo piri miecema pasuxisgebaSi,<br />
sisxlis samarTlis kanonebis Tanaxmad.<br />
muxli 109 _ xelovneba, mecniereba <strong>da</strong> maTi swavla Tavisufalia.<br />
saxelmwifo valdebulia mfarveloba gauwios <strong>da</strong> xeli<br />
Seuwyos mis ganviTarebas.<br />
muxli 113 _ respublika zrunavs Tavis moqalaqeTa Rirseuli<br />
arsebobisaTvis.<br />
muxli 129 _ ar SeiZleba SeizRudos saqarTvelos respublikis<br />
romelime erovnuli umciresobis Tavisufali socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli ganviTareba. Yyvelas aqvs<br />
ufleba weros, beWdos <strong>da</strong> ilaparakos de<strong>da</strong>enaze.<br />
muxli 131 _ ar SeiZleba SeizRudos visime politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobrivi ufleba erovnul kavSirSi monawileobisaTvis.<br />
muxli 133 _ yvela moqalaqes aqvs Tanabari ufleba miiRos<br />
saxelmwifo, samoqalaqo, samxedro <strong>da</strong> saqalaqo Tu saerobo<br />
samsaxuri.<br />
muxli 143 _ arc erT sarwmunoebas ar aqvs upiratesoba.<br />
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ara marto aRiareb<strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis uzenaes kanonebs, aramed zrunav<strong>da</strong><br />
kidec maTi <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis. pirvelma respublikam ise <strong>da</strong>asrula<br />
arseboba, rom sakuTari moqalaqeebisaTvis ar SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vs<br />
erovnuli, politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu<br />
kulturuli uflebebi.<br />
am mxriv niSandoblivad gamoiyureba mTavrobis<br />
Tavmjdomaris n. Jor<strong>da</strong>niasa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi didi britaneTis<br />
jarebis sar<strong>da</strong>l general uokeris dialogi:<br />
32
uokeri: TqvenSi arsebuli socializaciis pirobebSi, mokavSireTa<br />
kapitali aq ver mova.<br />
n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia: mrewveluri <strong>da</strong> savaWro sawarmoebi socializacias<br />
ar eqvemdebarebian, es CvenSi ar xdeba.<br />
uokeri: Cven amaSi mtkiced <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulebi ara varT.<br />
n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia: un<strong>da</strong> iyoT. es rom ase ar iyos, Cven<br />
bolSevikebi viqnebodiT <strong>da</strong> ara saqarTvelo (scssa f.1878 saq.<br />
48 furc. 20).<br />
SegveZlo gagvexila kidev araerTi movlena, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> saTaurSi wamoWril problemasTan.<br />
Cven Sors varT im azrisagan, rom amomwuravad SeviswavleT<br />
ganviTarebis calkeul etapebze <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d liberaluri Rirebulebebisadmi,<br />
magram imis mtkiceba ki <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT SeiZleba, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi yovelTvis iyo swrafva aRniSnuli<br />
faseulobebisken <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos istoriac, iseve rogorc<br />
sxva nebismieri qveynis istoria, imavdroulad aris<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa Tu am uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis<br />
matiane.<br />
33
literatura<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
saerTaSoriso bili, wigni II, Tb.1999, gv.4_12 (saias gamocema)<br />
agaTia sqolastikosi, georgika II, Tb. 1967<br />
basili zarzmeli, serapion zarzmelis cxovreba, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, Tb.1959<br />
basili ezoismoZRuari, cxovreba mefeT-mefe Tamarisi, qarTlis<br />
cxovreba, II. Tb. 1959<br />
besiki, Txzulebani, Tb. 1962. gv. 224<br />
d. gvritiSvili, feo<strong>da</strong>luri saqarTvelos socialuri urTierTobebis<br />
istorii<strong>da</strong>n, Tb. 1962<br />
giorgi merCule, grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba, t. I. Tb.<br />
1987<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, cxovreba mefeT-mefe <strong>da</strong>viTisi, qarTlis<br />
cxovreba, I, Tb.1959<br />
don juzepe judiCe milaneli, werilebi saqarTveloze, Tb.1968<br />
istoriani <strong>da</strong> azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis cxovreba, II, Tb.1959<br />
a. kaxiZe, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis antikuri xanis qalaqebi, bT.1972<br />
leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTasa <strong>da</strong> pirvelTaganTa<br />
mamaTa <strong>da</strong> naTesavTa, qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tb. 1955 moqcevai qarTlisai,<br />
Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, Tb.1959 mcxeTa<br />
I. armazisxevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb.Q prokopi kesarieli,<br />
georgika, II, Tb.1965 Jan Sardeni, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, Tb.1935<br />
saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aqti, wignSi a. surgulaZe,<br />
p. surgulaZe, saqarTvelos istoria (1783_1990), Tb.1991<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis mier 1919 wels SemuSavebuli kanoni<br />
moqalaqeobis, wignSi a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, saqarTvelos<br />
istoria (1783_1990), Tb.1991<br />
saqarTvelos konstitucia, miRebuli saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis<br />
mier 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals, wignSi a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe,<br />
saqarTvelos istoria (1783_1990), Tb.1991<br />
a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, saqarTvelos istoria (1783_1990), Tb.1991<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, t. II. Tb.1964<br />
juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa, qarTlis cxovreba, I. Tb.1955<br />
34
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebi<br />
fridon sayvareliZe<br />
`...arc mtyuansa <strong>da</strong> arc marTalze qrTami ar aris,<br />
<strong>da</strong> arc un<strong>da</strong> mosamarTlem indomos <strong>da</strong> aiRos,<br />
Torem Zneli tvirTi <strong>da</strong>uc aRsakidebelad beWTa<br />
TvisTaTvis~.<br />
samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa<br />
dRes saqarTveloSi iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebi, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba<br />
Tu demokratia sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilis<br />
mier aris miCneuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis ganuyofel nawilad.<br />
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa umravlesoba ki, Cven<strong>da</strong> samwuxarod,<br />
miiCnevs rom es cnebebi ar warmoadgens erovnul Rirebulebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> ucxoa <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturisaTvis. isini gare<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n) Semotanilad <strong>da</strong> iZulebiT Tavsmoxveulad<br />
miiCneva <strong>da</strong> xSir SemTxveveaSi ara Tu maTi ganxorcielebisaken<br />
mimarTuli konkretuli RonisZiebebi, aramed maTi xsenebac<br />
ki sazogadoebis garkveuli <strong>da</strong> arcTu mcire nawilis ga-<br />
Rizianebas <strong>da</strong> zogjer agresiasac ki iwvevs. ara<strong>da</strong>, a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebsa <strong>da</strong> erovnul Rirebulebebs Soris konfliqti ar<br />
arsebobs. am werilis mizanic swored amis Cvenebaa. vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi mWidrod aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iuridiul<br />
mecnierebebTan, ga<strong>da</strong>vwyviteT am kuTxiT Segveswavla <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
samarTlis Zeglebi, gveZebna analogiebi <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebebi<br />
am ZeglebSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul sakiTxebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa Tanamedrove dokumentebs Soris.<br />
isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom amgvari kvleva saqarTveloSi jer<br />
ar Catarebula. Tavad proeqtis moculobac SeuZlebels<br />
xdis <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebis srulfasovan Seswavlas<br />
am mimarTulebiT. Cven vecadeT <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis zogierT<br />
Zeglze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT gveCvenebina sazogadoebisaTvis, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri Rirebulebebi srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar aris ucxo <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
kulturisaTvis.<br />
35
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> misi wyaroebi<br />
orasi wlis win Tavisi saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>arsebisas amerikelebma<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis deklaraciis preambulaSi aRiares:<br />
`Cven gvesmis rogorc TavisTavadi WeSmariteba, rom yvela<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani aris Tanaswori <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>jildoebulia RmerTis mier<br />
xelSeuxebeli uflebebiT. am uflebaTa uzrunvelsayofad<br />
xalxi ayalibebs mTavrobas, romlis kanonieri Zalauflebac<br />
gamomdinareobs marTulTa Tanxmobi<strong>da</strong>n. Tuki rodesme esa<br />
Tu is mmarTvelobis forma saSiSi aRmoCndeba am miznebisaTvis,<br />
xalxs ufleba aqvs <strong>da</strong>amxos xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> Seqmnas axali,<br />
romelic safuZvlad iseT principebs aiRebs <strong>da</strong> ise moaxdens<br />
sakuTari xelisuflebis organizebas, rogorsac xalxi<br />
miiCnevs ufro xelsayrelad <strong>da</strong> sasargeblod usafrTxoebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad~.<br />
diax, es orasi wlis winaT iyo, magram a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebis pirvelwyaroebi uZveles xanaSi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi codnis is <strong>da</strong>rgia, romelic mWidro<strong>da</strong>a<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli religiasTan, filosofiasTan, pirvel<br />
rigSi ki _ eTikasTan, iuridiul <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
mecnierebebTan. codnis es <strong>da</strong>rgi Tanamedrove saxiT meore<br />
msoflio omis Semdeg warmoiSva, Tumca misi saTaveebi<br />
mkafiod SeiniSneba Zvel epoqaSi, Sua saukuneebSi, <strong>da</strong>, ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi. komunistur epoqaSi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> kvlevis sagans <strong>da</strong><br />
arsad iswavlebo<strong>da</strong>. Tumca, Tavad gamoTqma _`a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebi~, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, zedsarTavi `socialisturiT~<br />
Sevsebuli, samoc<strong>da</strong>aTiani wlebis bolos<br />
gaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Segnebulad amaxinjeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n mosul<br />
ideebs, romlebsac Cvens qveynebSi `a<strong>da</strong>mianis burJuaziul<br />
uflebebs~ uwodebdnen.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa ZiriTad Tanamedrove wyaroebs miekuTvneba:<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa deklaracia, saerTaSoriso<br />
paqti samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb,<br />
saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikur, socialur <strong>da</strong> kulturul<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb, samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> politikur uflebaTa<br />
saerTaSoriso paqtis Tan<strong>da</strong>rTuli fakultaturi<br />
protokolebi (zemoT CamoTvlili dokumentebi gaeros<br />
36
mieraa miRebuli <strong>da</strong> maT a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso<br />
bils uwodeben). sxva dokumentebTan erTad mniSvnelovani<br />
regionuli tipis dokumentebia: a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropis konvencia, evropis<br />
socialuri qartia <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
mkafiod un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi saxelmwifosagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad arsebobs, misi wyaro ar aris saxelmwifo,<br />
kanonmdebloba an sazogadoeba. es uflebebi Tan<strong>da</strong>yolilia.<br />
isini gvekuTvnis Cven swored imitom, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebad<br />
<strong>da</strong>vibadeT. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, araviTari mniSvneloba<br />
ara aqvs, <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia Tu ara es uflebebi konstituciaSi<br />
Tu sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n Cveni kuTvnili<br />
uflebebi <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebi yvela konstituciasa <strong>da</strong> kanonmdeblobaze<br />
maRla dgas.<br />
amasTan erTad, saxelmwifos movaleobaa a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cva. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, saxelmwifo arsebobs<br />
xalxisagan <strong>da</strong> xalxisaTvis.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebi waruvali <strong>da</strong> uzenaesi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Rirebulebebia, rac imas niSnavs, rom am uflebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa arseboba ar SeiZleba Semoifarglos<br />
drois romelime monakveTiT <strong>da</strong> Seilaxos sxva RirebulebebiT.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebi zRu<strong>da</strong>vs saxelmwifosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xalxs xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis amgvari garantiis<br />
SeqmniT pirovneba <strong>da</strong>culia xalxisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />
TviTnebobisagan.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi ar aris kavSirSi politikur procesebTan<br />
(sxva saqmea, Tu rogor iyeneben amas politikosebi),<br />
isini politikuri procesis gareT arsebul Rirebulebebs<br />
exeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi ar aris yvela<br />
sxva Rirebulebis tolfasi, am ukanasknelTan Sejaxebisas<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi wamyvan rols asrulebs. swored amaSi<br />
vlindeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmi.<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>menturobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi ar aris<br />
absoluturi. SeiZleba xdebodes <strong>da</strong> xdeba kidec maTi ignorireba<br />
sxva RirebulebaTa sanacvlod. patimroba pirad Ta-<br />
37
visuflebas ewinaaRmdegeba, rasizmis propagandis akrZalva<br />
ki _ azris gamoTqmis Tavisuflebas; policielTa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamomZiebelTa zogi qmedeba piradi cxovrebis<br />
xelSeuxeblobis uflebas arRvevs <strong>da</strong> a. S. magram mTavari is<br />
aris, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sferoSi SeWra TviTneburad<br />
ar xdeba <strong>da</strong> winaswar gansazRvruli viTarebiTa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi<br />
samarTlebrivi proceduriTaa SezRuduli.<br />
isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> demokratia<br />
erTi <strong>da</strong> igive ar aris. a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi arc Tanasworuflebianobas<br />
niSnavs <strong>da</strong> namdvilad ar aris samarTlianoba. miT<br />
umetes, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi ar aris igive, rac Tavisufleba,<br />
Tumca Tavisuflebis cneba yvelaze axlos aris a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebis cnebasTan.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis wyaroebi<br />
cnobilia, rom rac ufro maRalia xalxis marTlSegneba, miT<br />
ufro ganviTarebulia misi samarTlebrivi institutebi <strong>da</strong><br />
piriqiT, primitiuli <strong>da</strong> ganuviTarebeli samarTali<br />
yovelTvis <strong>da</strong>bali <strong>da</strong> CamorCenili uflebrivi Segnebis<br />
nayofi iyo.<br />
cnobilia, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> samarTlis arsebobas<br />
didi xnis istoria aqvs. <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis ZeglebSi<br />
asaxulia Sesabamisi epoqis sazogadoebaSi arsebuli warmodgenebi<br />
Rirsebaze, Tavisuflebaze <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobaze, romlebic<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis qvakuTxedia. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi samarTlis sferoSi, iseve rogorc saxelmwifos<br />
mowyobaSi, erTis mxriv saxelmwifo xelisufleba moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
meores mxriv ki eklesia, romelic saxelmwifo yofa-cxovrebis<br />
Zlier faqtorad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli gavlena<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> masze. amis gamo samarTlis Zeglebic orgvari iyo _<br />
saero <strong>da</strong> saeklesio. amasTan erTad, mkvlevarisaTvis metad<br />
sainteresoa naTargmni samarTlis Zeglebic (rogorc<br />
saeklesio, ise saero). maT Soris saqristiano msoflioSi<br />
moqmedi samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebi _ didi sjulis<br />
kanoni, siriul-romauli, bizantiuri <strong>da</strong> somxuri kanonebi,<br />
romlebic saqarTveloSi maT Targmnamde didi xniT adre<br />
moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom es kanonebi imdenad<br />
38
ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebuli saxiTaa Targmnili, rom isini Sesabamisi<br />
Zeglebis Tavisebur qarTul versiad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.<br />
aq, mokled CamovTvliT <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis im Zeglebs,<br />
romlebsac mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravT <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
samarTlis istoriaSi <strong>da</strong> romlebic, amasTan erTad, friad<br />
sainteresoa sakvlevi sakiTxisaTvis.<br />
naTargmni saeklesio Zeglebi<br />
`didi sjulis kanoni~ _ Targmna arsen iyalToelma, Tumca,<br />
rogorc Cans, manamdec iyo naTargmni;<br />
`wesi <strong>da</strong> gangeba <strong>da</strong> sjulis kanoni meequsisa krebisa~ _<br />
Targmna eqvTime mTawmindelma.<br />
`kanonni SecodebulTani~ _ Targmna eqvTime<br />
mTawmindelma.<br />
sakuTriv <strong>qarTuli</strong> saeklesio Zeglebi<br />
ruiss-urbnisis 1103w. krebis Zegliswera.<br />
1263 wlis `saqarTvelos saeklesio krebis moxseneba <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenileba~ _ eZRvnebo<strong>da</strong> ulu-<strong>da</strong>viTis mier saeklesio mamulebis<br />
gasxvisebas.<br />
`samarTali kaTalikozTa <strong>da</strong> krebisa mier~ _ XVI saukunis<br />
Zeglia.<br />
1767-68ww. `ganCineba~ _ Seadgines <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amtkices anton ka-<br />
Talikosma <strong>da</strong> erekle mefem _ sagulisxmo cnobebi moipoveba<br />
qarTul-xalxur zne-CveulebaTa, warmarTobis naSTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sisxlis samarTlis zogierTi <strong>da</strong>naSaulis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc<br />
sasjelTa Sesaxebac.<br />
saero kanonmdeblobis Zeglebi<br />
maT Soris:<br />
saxelmwifo samarTlis Zeglebi<br />
`garigeba xelmwifis karisa~ _ e. TayaiSvilis azriT, giorgi<br />
brwyinvalis epoqaSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos Sedgenili. Zegli<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebis, kulturuli <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikuri istoriis bevr mniSvnelovan sakiTxs Seicavs.<br />
`wesi <strong>da</strong> gangebai mefeTa kurTxevisai~ _ ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
azriT, XV saukuneze adre ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos Sedgenili.<br />
39
`<strong>da</strong>sturlamali~ _ vaxtang VI Seadgina XVIII saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>sturlamali anu <strong>da</strong>sturi moqmedebisa vaxtang VI<br />
sityvebiT warmoadgens `sjulisdebasa saxelmwifoTasa~, anu<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifo samarTlis Zeglia, magram Sinaarsi<br />
gacilebiT farTo <strong>da</strong> mravalmxrivia. masSi aris cnobebi mosaxleobis<br />
aRweris, Semosavlis <strong>da</strong>vTrebis Sedgenis wesis,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis akrefis, gzebis movla-patronobis <strong>da</strong> a.S. Sesaxeb.<br />
sisxlis <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo samarTlis Zeglebi<br />
`Zeglis <strong>da</strong>deba giorgi brwyinvalesi~ <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis<br />
erT-erTi uZvelesi Zeglia, romelic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT sruli saxiT<br />
aris Semonaxuli <strong>da</strong> sisxlis <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo samarTals exeba.<br />
Tumca, Cvenamde moaRwia sxva sakanonmdeblo ZeglebSi<br />
gafantulma zogierTma fragmentma, romlebic, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />
azriT, bagrat III xanas (978-1014) miekuTvneba. eWvs ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iwvevdes isic, rom <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis, giorgi III <strong>da</strong><br />
Tamar mefis drosac iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gamocemuli kanonebi, romlebmac,<br />
rogorc Cans, Cvenamde ver moaRwia.<br />
`beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wigni~ Seadgines samcxejavaxeTis<br />
aTabagma beqa I jayelma (<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1240-1306 ww.)<br />
<strong>da</strong> samcxis aTabagma aRbuRa I jayelma (XIV saukunis I naxevari).<br />
es Zegli gvawvdis metad sagulisxmo cnobebs imdroindeli<br />
samxreT saqarTvelos politikur wyobaze, samarTlebriv<br />
mdgomareobaze, <strong>da</strong>naSaulTa saxeebze, saojaxo samarTalze<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
`vaxtangis samarTlis wigni <strong>da</strong> kodiko~. krebuli Sedgenilia<br />
XVIII saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi (1705-1708 ww.). batoniSvilma<br />
vaxtangma `igula <strong>da</strong> igulismodgina <strong>da</strong> Semokribna yovelni<br />
wigni samarTlisani, romelni JamTa viTarebiTa TviToeulad<br />
mimo<strong>da</strong>bneul iyo~.<br />
krebuli Seicavs sakuTriv <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebs _<br />
`samarTali mefisa giorgisa~, `samarTali beqasi <strong>da</strong><br />
aRbuRasi~, `bagrat kurapalatis samarTali~, `kanonikuri<br />
samarTali~ <strong>da</strong> Tavad vaxtang mefis Sedgenil Zegls _<br />
`samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa~. krebuli Seicavs<br />
agreTve saqristiano msoflioSi moqmed samarTlis<br />
40
umniSvnelovanes Zeglebs _ moses Sjuls, siriul-romaul,<br />
bizantiur <strong>da</strong> somxur kanonebs, romelnic saqarTveloSi<br />
krebulis Sedgenamde didi xniT adre moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
monoba saqarTveloSi<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTali monobas ganmartavs, rogorc im<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebis pirobebs, an statuss, romelic ar aris<br />
Tavisufali samuSaos mimcemis arCevaSi, romelsac eqcevian<br />
rogorc sagans, an sakuTrebas <strong>da</strong> romelic SeiZleba gaiyidos<br />
bazarze.<br />
monobis sawinaaRmdego pirveli saerTaSoriso konvencia<br />
erTa ligam 1926 wels JenevaSi miiRo. gaeros mier 1948 wels<br />
miRebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-4<br />
muxlis mixedviT akrZalulia monobis yvela forma:<br />
`aravin un<strong>da</strong> imyofebodes monobaSi an ZalmomreobiTi<br />
morCilebis mdgomareobaSi, yvela saxis monoba <strong>da</strong> monaTvaWroba<br />
akrZalulia~. 1<br />
1956 wels JenevaSi 59 qveynis warmomadgenlebma miiRes <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
konvencia, romliTac gauqnebulia monoba, monebiT<br />
vaWroba <strong>da</strong> yvela instituti <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>Ti, romelic monobasTanaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
strabonis aRwerilobi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom saqarTveloSi, Cveni<br />
welTaRricxvis I saukuneSi marto mefesa hyav<strong>da</strong> monebi, xolo<br />
sazogadod monaTmflobelobaze straboni arafers<br />
ambobs. monebi maSin aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
mravalricxovanni ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyvnen. amgvarad<br />
socialuri uTanasworobis mxolod Canasaxi Cans <strong>da</strong> iberiis<br />
mosaxleobis udidesi nawili Tavisufali <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanasworuflebiani yofila. sxva suraTi gvaqvs V-VI<br />
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, rodesac monamxevlebi<br />
saqarTveloSi aramarto mefesa <strong>da</strong> aznaurebs hyoliaT,<br />
aramed ufro <strong>da</strong>bali fenis warmomadgenlebsac ki, magaliTad<br />
xelosnebs. iakob xucesis sityvebiT momakv<strong>da</strong>vi<br />
SuSanikis sanaxavad 472 wels sxvebTan erTad mosulan<br />
`aznaurni <strong>da</strong> uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani~. cxadia, rom am<br />
1 `a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi~ gv. 8. Tbilisi, 2000.<br />
41
SemTxvevaSi aznauri mxolod wodebis aRmniSvneli termini ki<br />
ar aris, aramed gvaris warmomadgenels, gvaris Svils niSnavs<br />
<strong>da</strong> amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT `Tavisufalis~ mniSvnelobac<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> (Tu qarTul termins `Tavisufali~ CavukvirdebiT, am<br />
sityvis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli mniSvneloba gviCvenebs, rom<br />
Tavisufali is iyo, visac Tavisi Tavis uflad an batonad<br />
miaCn<strong>da</strong> Tavi, anu visac batoni <strong>da</strong> ufali ar hyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> batons<br />
ar emorCilebo<strong>da</strong>). Tavisufali mxolod is iyo, vinc<br />
romelime gvars ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>. is ki vinc uazno anu ugvaro iyo,<br />
sxva qveyni<strong>da</strong>n iyo Semoxiznuli, an tyved wamoyvanili <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisufali ar yofila. <strong>qarTuli</strong> saistorio,<br />
literaturuli <strong>da</strong> samarTlis Zeglebis Seswavlis<br />
safuZvelze ivane javaxiSvili <strong>da</strong>askvnis _ `sruli sicxadiT<br />
irkveva, rom saqarTveloSi I-VII ss-Si mxolod monoba iyo,<br />
patronymoba maSin ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
X s-is meore naxevriTgan ki saqarTveloSi marto<br />
patronymobaRa iyo, monoba, rogorc sazogado movlena ukve<br />
aRar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. VII-IX ss-Si monobis xseneba qreba, magram<br />
patronymoba jer ar aris. am xanas gar<strong>da</strong>mavali xanis<br />
Tvisebebi aqvs <strong>da</strong> jer kidev gamosarkvevia, ranairi<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba sufev<strong>da</strong> maSin ufalTa <strong>da</strong> im<br />
msaxurTa, an saxleulTa Soris, romelnic am dros ZeglebSi<br />
moxseniebulni arian~ 2.<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Cven kargad gvesmis, rom es ar niSnav<strong>da</strong> monobis<br />
yvela formis gauqmebas, aramed monobis mxolod ZiriTadi,<br />
pirvelyofili formis gauqmebas, monobis sxva saxeebi ki<br />
(magaliTad batonymoba, savalo valdebuleba) didxans SemorCa<br />
saqarTveloSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, monobis ZiriTadi<br />
formis gauqmeba mainc un<strong>da</strong> Sefasdes, rogorc im droisaTvis<br />
progresuli movlena.<br />
paralelisaTvis aRvniSnavT, rom safrangeTSi monoba<br />
didi revoluciis dros gauqm<strong>da</strong>, magram faqtobrivad is<br />
SenarCunebuli iyo safrangeTis koloniebSi me-19 saukunis<br />
40-ian wlebamde. didma britaneTma monoba 1807 wels gaauqma,<br />
magram britanul koloniebSi es instituti 1833 wlebamde<br />
2 ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. 6, gv. 176, Tbilisi 1982.<br />
42
moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. me-19 saukunis 50-ian wlebSi monoba gaauqmes<br />
portugaliaSi, 60-ian wlebSi ki is gauqm<strong>da</strong> amerikis<br />
kontinentis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi. kerZod aSS-m<br />
monoba 1861-65 wlebis samoqalaqo omis Semdeg gaauqma.<br />
eTiopiaSi, nigeriaSi <strong>da</strong> a.S monoba me-20 saukunis 50-ian<br />
wlebamde moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad monobis sawinaaRmdego<br />
oraswliani brZolisa, monoba kvlav arsebobs. gaeros<br />
monacemebiT, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 12 milioni a<strong>da</strong>miani cxovrobs<br />
monobaSi _ laTinur amerikaSi, afrikasa <strong>da</strong> samxreT aziaSi.<br />
sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />
zemoT patronymoba vaxseneT, romelic Zlier waagav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropis saSualo saukuneebis feo<strong>da</strong>lur weswyobilebas,<br />
e. w. feo<strong>da</strong>lizms. am werilis mizani ar gaxlavT am<br />
metad Taviseburi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebaze<br />
didi gavlenis mqone <strong>da</strong> misi socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />
mowyobis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli institutis aRwera. aq mxolod imas<br />
aRvniSnavT, rom qarTul patronymobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>lur weswyobilebas Soris mravali msgavsebis gar<strong>da</strong><br />
erTi friad mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
azrovnebis gamomxatveli gansxvaveba iyo. <strong>da</strong>savleT evropeli<br />
patroni anu feo<strong>da</strong>li Tavisi safeo<strong>da</strong>los umaRlesi<br />
gamgebelic iyo <strong>da</strong> misi avtonomiuri kompetencia gulisxmob<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos marTvisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi ori<br />
funqciis ganxorcilebas _ ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis akrefas <strong>da</strong><br />
marTlmsajulebas. feo<strong>da</strong>lis xelT iyo rogorc sisxlis, ise<br />
samoqalaqo samarTali <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo. mis sapatrono<br />
qveyanaSi samefo sasamarTlo ar moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>, misi ymebi mefis<br />
msajulebs ar eqvemdebarebodnen, maTTvis samefo samarTlis<br />
<strong>da</strong> sasamarTlos karebi <strong>da</strong>xSuli iyo. ymas Tu glexs samarTali<br />
isev imasTan un<strong>da</strong> eZebna, vinc misi uflebebi Selaxa. yovelive<br />
es sruliad cxa<strong>da</strong>d gvaZlevs safuZvels seriozuli eWvi<br />
SevitanoT am sasamarTloebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobaSi, miukerZoeblobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> obieqturobaSi. <strong>da</strong>, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania,<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>lizmi saxelmwifos mravali kerZo meurneobis<br />
elfers aZlev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amiT Zirs uTxri<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mTlianobas.<br />
43
im periodSi, rodesac patronymobis instituti moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
saqarTveloSi msgavsi araferi yofila. patronebs ar<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T TavianTi ymebis gasamarTlebis ufleba, aramed ymebic<br />
samefo sasamarTlos eqvemdebarebodnen <strong>da</strong> maTTvis saxelmwifo<br />
sasamarTlos kari mu<strong>da</strong>m Ria iyo (samarTlianoba<br />
moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom mxolod saqarTvelos eklesias<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> e.w. sasamarTlo Seuvalobis ufleba, rac imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom saeklesio marTlmsajulebaSi veravin Caereo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
eklesiis ymebi mxolod saeklesio sasamarTlos emorCilebodnen).<br />
zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n cxadi xdeba, rom imdroindel saqarTveloSi<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba <strong>da</strong> samarTali safuZvlianad<br />
gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebis <strong>da</strong>savleT evropuli samarTlisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi samarTlis gamoyenebisas un<strong>da</strong><br />
vaRiaroT, rom aSkarad progresuli iyo, vinai<strong>da</strong>n saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
azrovnebis matarebel niSan-Tvisebebs Seicav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sasamarTlo sistemis mniSvnelovani reforma ganaxorciela<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebelma. mis saxelTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sasamarTlo<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebis _ `saajo karis~ reforma, romelic<br />
umaRles sasamarTlo instancias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romelsac<br />
Wyondidel mwignobarTuxucesi xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>. misi kari<br />
mu<strong>da</strong>m Ria iyo maTTvis, vinc qve<strong>da</strong> donis sasamarTlos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT<br />
ukmayofilo iyo <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi `aja~ Sehqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
orSabaTobiT Wyondideli Tavad iyo msajuli, sxva dReebSi<br />
ki saqmeebs sxva mosamarTleni ganixilavdnen. samarTlis axali<br />
institutis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> marTlmsajulebis saxelmwifos<br />
marTva-gamgeobisagan gamoyofa im droisaTvis u<strong>da</strong>od progresuli<br />
nabiji iyo.<br />
gvianfeo<strong>da</strong>lur saqarTveloSic qveynis uzenaesi<br />
mosamarTle mefe iyo. vaxtang VI `ganaCina wigni samarTlisa,<br />
oTxSabaTsa <strong>da</strong> paraskevsa <strong>da</strong>jdis samdivnos saxlsa, ganageb<strong>da</strong><br />
samarTalsa mcireTa <strong>da</strong> didebulT Tana~. sxva dReebSi<br />
saqmeebs mdivanbegi arCev<strong>da</strong> (am periodSi sasamarTlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebas<br />
`divans~ uwodebdnen, rac sparsulad saxelmwifo<br />
krebas, kancelarias niSnav<strong>da</strong>, mdivanbegad ki ufrosi<br />
mosamarTle iwodebo<strong>da</strong>). es instituti saqarTveloSi XV<br />
saukunis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n arsebobs. SemdgomSi erekle II<br />
44
gaafarTova mdivanbegis uflebamosileba. es centraluri<br />
xelisuflebis gaZlierebis maCvenebelic iyo. ereklem<br />
SezRu<strong>da</strong> TavadTa uflebebi <strong>da</strong> aqtiurad ereo<strong>da</strong> saTavados<br />
saSinao saqmeebSi. cnobilia, rom erekle II sistematurad<br />
arCev<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs, amasTan,<br />
angariSs ar uwev<strong>da</strong> saqmis sirTules, an mo<strong>da</strong>ve mxareTa<br />
socialur mdgomareobas. mis mier gamotanili ganaCenebi<br />
samarTlianobiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gasaCivrebas ar<br />
eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>. sakuTari an sxva sasamarTlos mier<br />
miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis Secvla, aRsrulebis SeCereba an<br />
gauqmeba mxolod mefes xelewifebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis ZeglebSi didi yuradReba eqceva rogorc<br />
mosamarTleTa miukerZoeblobas, patiosnebas, arakorumpirebulobas,<br />
profesionalizms, aseve samarTliani sasamarTlo<br />
procesis uflebasa <strong>da</strong> SejibrebiTobis princips sasamarTlo<br />
procesis dros.<br />
ai, rogor aris aRwerili is Tvisebebi, romliTac un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos Semkuli mosamarTle batoniSvil vaxtangis samarTlis<br />
wignis me-3 muxlis mixedviT:<br />
`pirvel ese, rome mosamarTle di<strong>da</strong>d mCxrekeli, mimxu<strong>da</strong>ri,<br />
gamomeZiebeli, gonebaauCqarebeli, <strong>da</strong>wynarebuli, gamgone,<br />
saCivris yuris mimgdebi, gamsinjavi, moCivris moadis momcdeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxvisac mkiTxveli, Tu amisi samarTali Tgvengan rogor<br />
isinjvis, mowmis maZebari un<strong>da</strong> iyos, uqrTamo RvTis moSiSi.<br />
...marto moCivars samarTali ar un<strong>da</strong> uyos, meorec <strong>da</strong>ibaros<br />
<strong>da</strong> orniv erTad alaparakos. mowmiT, kiTxviT <strong>da</strong> gamoZiebiT<br />
maTis saCivris marTlad Setyobas ecados. rac ficxlav<br />
samarTali qnas _ un<strong>da</strong> orjel, samjer, xan erTad <strong>da</strong> xan<br />
calcalke alaparakos.<br />
...arc mtyuansa <strong>da</strong> arc marTalze qrTami ar aris, <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mosamarTlem indomos <strong>da</strong> aiRos, Torem Zneli tvirTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>uc aRsakidebelad beWTa TvisTaTvis~ 3.<br />
iqve 215-e muxlSi CamoTvlilia is moTxovnebi, romelic<br />
savaldebuloa mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis misaRebad:<br />
3 <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 480-481, Tbilisi<br />
1963<br />
45
`ormocs weliwads iqiT iyos <strong>da</strong> arc, diaR, siRaribe awuxebdes,<br />
Torem motyuvdeba; RvTismoSiSi iyos~.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebisTvis ukomentarod GgTavazobT Sesabamis amonaridebs<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa ZiriTadi dokumentebi<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa deklaracia, muxli 8<br />
`yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians ufleba aqvs efeqtianad aRidginos Tavisi<br />
uflebebi kompetentur erovnul sasamarTloSi im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, roca <strong>da</strong>rRveulia misi konstituciuri Tu<br />
kanoniT miniWebuli ZiriTadi uflebebi~.<br />
muxli 10<br />
`yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians mis ufleba-movaleobaTa gansazRvrisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> misTvis wayenebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldebis<br />
safuZvlianobis <strong>da</strong>sadgenad, sruli Tanasworobis safuZvelze,<br />
ufleba aqvs, rom misi saqme sajarod <strong>da</strong> samarTlianobis<br />
yvela moTxovnis <strong>da</strong>cviT gaarCios <strong>da</strong>moukidebelma <strong>da</strong> miukerZoebelma<br />
sasamarTlom~ 4<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropis<br />
konvencia, muxli 6.1 _ samarTliani marTlmsajulebis ufleba:<br />
`samoqalaqo uflebebis <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis an nebismieri<br />
sisxlis samarTlebrivi braldebis gansazRvrisas yvelas<br />
aqvs ufleba misi saqmis samarTlian <strong>da</strong> sajaro mosmenaze kanonis<br />
mier Seqmnili <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong> miukerZoebeli sasa-<br />
5<br />
marTlos mier drois gansazRvrul va<strong>da</strong>Si~ .<br />
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe <strong>da</strong><br />
kanonis uzenaesoba<br />
termini _ samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo _ germanelebis Semotanilia.<br />
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
sferoSi erT-erTi sakvanZoa. samarTlebrivia iseTi saxelmwifo,<br />
romelSic a<strong>da</strong>miansa <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebas Soris mkafio,<br />
stabiluri <strong>da</strong> yvelasaTvis cnobili TamaSis wesebi arsebobs.<br />
es is saxelmwifoa, romelSic a<strong>da</strong>mians SeuZlia sakma-<br />
4<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi, gv 8-9, Tbilisi, 2000<br />
5<br />
`a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sferoSi ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli,<br />
nawili 2, gv. 29, Tbilisi 2001<br />
46
od zustad gamoicnos xelisuflebis reaqcia mis qmedebaze.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianma zustad icis, Tu ra sasjeli mohyveba ama Tu im <strong>da</strong>naSauls,<br />
isic icis, rom mas ar Casvamen cixeSi sxvis nacvlad,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n am saxelmwifos marTaven ara Tavneba Cinovnikebi <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanamdebobis pirebi, aramed mkafio kanonebi.<br />
bunebrivia, rom samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo sulac ar<br />
aris yovelTvis demokratiuli (aseT saxelmwifoSi SeiZleba<br />
kanoniT iyos <strong>da</strong>wesebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis pativisa <strong>da</strong> Rirsebis Semlaxveli<br />
romelime norma, magaliTad fizikuri sasjeli), xolo<br />
demokratiuli _ samarTlebrivi (es gansakuTrebiT<br />
axlad Seqmnil demokratiebze iTqmis, sa<strong>da</strong>c xSirad icvleba<br />
kanonebi <strong>da</strong> moqalaqe ver aswrebs maT gaazrebas. amitom TamaSis<br />
wesebis Camoyalibebac Zneldeba).<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa deklaraciis me-7 muxlSi kanonis winaSe<br />
Tanasworobis, kanonis uzenaesobisa <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi<br />
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb naTqvamia:<br />
`yoveli a<strong>da</strong>miani Tanasworia kanonis winaSe <strong>da</strong><br />
ganurCevlad raime gansxvavebisa, ufleba aqvs Tanabrad<br />
iyos <strong>da</strong>culi kanoniT. yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians ufleba aqvs<br />
Tanabrad iyos <strong>da</strong>culi nebismieri diskriminaciisagan,<br />
romelic arRvevs am deklaracias <strong>da</strong> aseTi diskriminaciis<br />
yovelgvari waqezebisagan~ 6 .<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis erT-erT ZeglSi _ samarTali batoniSvilis<br />
vaxtangisa, romelsac zemoTac movuxmeT, aRwerilia<br />
ganaCenis Sedgenis wesi _ `viTar Jams <strong>da</strong>wera ganaCenisa~,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c aRniSnulia, rom mdivanbegisagan <strong>da</strong>beWdili<br />
samarTlis wigni salaroSi iyo Cabarebuli. procesis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebisas mdivanbegi gamoitan<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gaxsni<strong>da</strong> wigns. mdivans<br />
wigni win edo <strong>da</strong> kiTxulob<strong>da</strong>. ganaCenSi un<strong>da</strong> aRniSnuliyo,<br />
Tu romeli muxlis safuZvelze iyo is gamotanili. amis<br />
aucileblobad sxva mizezTa Soris isicaa aRniSnuli, rom Tu<br />
momCivani mosamarTles qrTamis aRebaSi an araobieqturobaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>naSauleb<strong>da</strong> am wigns gaxsnidnen <strong>da</strong> ganaCenis siswores<br />
Seamowmebdnen. Tu momCivani marTali aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
mosamarTles mefisagan sasjeli <strong>da</strong>edebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
6 `a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi~, gv. 8 Tbilisi, 2000<br />
47
<strong>da</strong> bolos: `<strong>da</strong> verc es mosamarTleni, Tu ara am wignSi<br />
werebuls, sxvas mogonebuls samarTals ver gaaCenen~ 7.<br />
marTalia, am formulirebis demokratiulobis xarisxi <strong>da</strong><br />
samarTlebrivi done ar aris a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa Tanamedrove<br />
dokumentebSi moyvanili formulirebebis identuri,<br />
magram isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom masSi aris rogorc samarTlebrivi<br />
saxelmwifos elementebi (mogonil, ararsebul<br />
samarTals veravin gaaCens, anu veravin momisjis sasjels, Tu<br />
is kanoniT ar aris <strong>da</strong>wesebuli, sasjelis misjis uflebac<br />
mxolod mosamarTles aqvs), aseve, imave mizeziT, kanonis<br />
uzenaesobis elementebic. rac Seexeba kanonis winaSe<br />
Tanasworobas, is araTu imdroindel saqarTveloSi, aramed<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSic jer kidev ocnebad (zogis azriT,<br />
iluzia<strong>da</strong>c ki) rCeba.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom XVIII saukunis pirveli naxevari<br />
marTlac gasaocari xana iyo. mefe vaxtang meeqvsem Sekriba<br />
Cveni qveynis warsulisa <strong>da</strong> matianeebis mcodne pirebi, erTad<br />
mouyara Tavi saistorio masalebs, Seavso Zveli <strong>da</strong> Seaswora.<br />
manve Seagrova <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zveli naSTebi <strong>da</strong> Zeglebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis kodiko Seadgina. aqve <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
saxelmwifo samarTlis axali wigni _ `<strong>da</strong>sturlamali~ <strong>da</strong><br />
sisxlis <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo samarTlis Zegli _ `samarTali<br />
batoniSvilis vaxtangisa~ Seqmna. <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis<br />
istoriis mkvlevaris profesor i. doliZis sityvebiT _<br />
`vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli aris Cveni Corpus<br />
juris civilis <strong>da</strong> Cvens sjulmdebelsac samarTlianad<br />
SeiZleba qarTveli iustiniane ewodos~.<br />
amaze cota xnis winaT sulxan-saba orbeliani oc<strong>da</strong>aTi<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi agroveb<strong>da</strong> masalebs <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikonisaTvis.<br />
amave xanaSi vaxtang VI Svilma vaxuSti batoniSvilma<br />
Seadgina saqarTvelos istoria <strong>da</strong> gasaocari geografiuli<br />
aRweriloba, xolo anton kaTalikosma <strong>qarTuli</strong> gramatika,<br />
manve Seagrova cnobebi qarTveli moRvaweebis Sesaxeb.<br />
7 <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 533 Tbilisi<br />
1963<br />
48
marTlac enciklopediuri xana iyo <strong>da</strong> mraval sasikeTo<br />
Zvrasa <strong>da</strong> ganaxlebas pirdebo<strong>da</strong> qveyanas, politikur<br />
garemoebebs <strong>da</strong> mtrebis Semosevas rom ar <strong>da</strong>ebrkolebina.<br />
isic un<strong>da</strong> vTqvaT, rom amgvari mdgomareoba, samarTlis<br />
sakiTxebisadmi gamoCenili interesi <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi maRali samarTlebrivi<br />
donec yvela epoqisaTvis rodi iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli, sxva mdgomareoba iyo XVI-XVII saukuneebSi,<br />
rodesac, vaxtangis sityvebiT, mosamarTleni `vieTnime<br />
moyusobiT, vieTnime megobrobiT, vieTnime moridebiT,<br />
vieTnieme RvTis uridvelobiT <strong>da</strong> vieTnime miRebiTa<br />
qrTamiTa, viTarca enebaT egre hsjiden~ 8.<br />
pirovnebis xelSeuxebloba<br />
`yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> piradi<br />
9<br />
xelSeuxeblobis ufleba~ .<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa deklaracia, muxli 3<br />
es ki magaliTia vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTli<strong>da</strong>n, muxli 95:<br />
`Tu kacma Tavisi yma an moklas, an gaaxeibros, Tu <strong>da</strong>naSaulzed<br />
uqnia, miT batonisagan <strong>da</strong> kaTalikozisagan sawyenis<br />
ari, amitom rome uxelmwifos kacs Tavisis ymis sikudili <strong>da</strong><br />
gaxeibreba aravis xelewifebis, romelic magvari sasikudilo<br />
<strong>da</strong> gasaxeibrebeli <strong>da</strong>naSauli qondes, xelmwifes moaxsenos<br />
10<br />
<strong>da</strong> misis <strong>da</strong>sturiT uyos~ .<br />
marTalia, es muxli ar krZalavs sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjas,<br />
magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, batonis mier sakuTari ymis<br />
TviTneburi <strong>da</strong>sjis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. ver <strong>da</strong>sjis<br />
is, visac ar xelewifebis, anu kompetenturi ar aris.<br />
xelmwife xom sruluflebiani xelisuflebis mqonebels<br />
ewodeba, anu, rogorc Tavad sityva migvaniSnebs, iseT pirs<br />
niSnavs, visac `xeli~, e.i. ufleba `mwife~, anu sruli aqvs.<br />
8 CubiniSvili, qrestomatia, pirveli gamocema; gv .394<br />
9 `a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi~, gv. 8, Tbilisi, 2000<br />
10 <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebi, i .doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 505, Tbilisi<br />
49
a<strong>da</strong>mianis gataceba gamosasyidis miRebis mizniT<br />
bavSvis, an mozrdilis motaceba gamosasyidis, an sxva sargeblis<br />
miRebis mizniT a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa umZimes <strong>da</strong>rRveva<strong>da</strong>a<br />
miCneuli.<br />
ai, citata <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis XVI saukunis saeklesio<br />
Zegli<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
samarTali kaTalikozTa, muxli 1 11.<br />
`kacis syidvisa ase gavaCineT:<br />
ramanc kacman kaci gayidos, anu didman, anu mcireman, anu<br />
Tavadman, anu aznaurman <strong>da</strong> an glexman, wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta krebulTagan<br />
12<br />
SeCvenebuli iyos <strong>da</strong> ganxdili .<br />
rasac kacs marTliT gankiTxviTa <strong>da</strong> gamoZiebiTa kacis<br />
syidva gamoaCndes, Tu is kaci <strong>da</strong>ixsnas <strong>da</strong> moiyuanos, missa<br />
say<strong>da</strong>rsa <strong>da</strong> episkoposs <strong>da</strong>uurvos, ra erTic Zal edvas, <strong>da</strong>mklebica<br />
ufalsaca <strong>da</strong>uurvos.<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tu ver moiyuanos, vin gin<strong>da</strong> iyos, TavadiSvili un<strong>da</strong> aznauriSvili,<br />
un<strong>da</strong> glexi, maSinc veram saqmem ver ixsnas, uka-<br />
13<br />
nonodca ars, _ Zelsa mieces~ .<br />
kaTalikosTa samarTali 1543-1549 wlebSi Seiqmna. aRniSnuli<br />
kanonmdeblobis moqmedebis asparezi TviT ZeglSi<br />
miTiTebuli ar aris, Tumca boloSi <strong>da</strong>rTuli<br />
mRvdelmTavarTa xelmowerebi cxadyofs, rom miwawyali <strong>da</strong><br />
mosaxleoba, romlisTvisac es samarTlis wigni iyo<br />
gankuTvnili Semofargluli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo imereTis<br />
samefoTi <strong>da</strong> samegrelo-afxazeTis sazRvrebiT. im<br />
periodisaTvis <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelo osmaleTis gavlenis<br />
sferoSi iyo moqceuli. mefemTavrebi, romlebmac ver<br />
SesZles garTianeba cdilobdnen cal-calke garigebodnen<br />
<strong>da</strong>myroblebs <strong>da</strong> sakuTari usafrTxoebis garantiebi mieRoT.<br />
am viTarebaSi gaxSir<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis motaceba, qurdoba <strong>da</strong><br />
yaCaRoba. gansakuTrebiT masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo tyveebis<br />
gayidvam sazRvargareTis bazrebze. osmalebis gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
11<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t.1, gv. 394, Tbilisi<br />
1963<br />
12<br />
ganxdili (mokveTili, gaZevebuli)<br />
13 Zelsa micema _ CamoxrCoba<br />
50
omlebisTvisac es soliduri Semosavlebis wyaro gax<strong>da</strong> am<br />
saqmianobaSi aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmuli adgilobrivi<br />
qarTveli feo<strong>da</strong>lebic. faqtiurad kiTxvis qveS <strong>da</strong>dga TviT<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> feo<strong>da</strong>luri sazogadoebis arsebobis sakiTxi.<br />
progresulma politikurma <strong>da</strong> saeklesio moRvaweebma<br />
saeklesio kreba moiwvies `kaTalikozTa samarTali~<br />
SeimuSaves <strong>da</strong>, amasTan erTad, saero sakiTxebsac Seexnen. amgvarad,<br />
eklesiam sakuTar Tavze aiRo sasjelis <strong>da</strong>weseba kacis<br />
gatacebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, sastiki sasjelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>awesa.<br />
sakuTrebis ufleba<br />
`yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians ufleba aqvs flobdes qonebas rogorc<br />
erTpirovnulad, aseve sxvebTan erTad. aravis un<strong>da</strong><br />
CamoerTvas misi qoneba TviTneburad~ 14.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa deklaracia, muxli 17.1<br />
sakuTrebis uflebas ganmartaven, rogorc yoveli fizikuri<br />
Tu iuridiul piris uflebas, flobdes <strong>da</strong> gankargavdes<br />
qonebas. <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis<br />
TviTneburad CamorTmeva.<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis mixedviT, sakuTrebis<br />
uflebis gauqmeba <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia. sakuTrebis ufleba sami<br />
elementisagan Sedgeba: mflobeloba, sargebloba <strong>da</strong><br />
gankargva.<br />
sakuTrebis sawyiss qarTul samarTalSi moZravi <strong>da</strong> uZravi<br />
qoneba Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. uZravis mTavari Semadgeneli iyo miwa,<br />
romelic or Semadgenel nawilad iyofo<strong>da</strong>: `mamulni~ <strong>da</strong> `adgili<br />
umamuloni <strong>da</strong> umkvidroni~. IX-X saukuneebis samarTlis<br />
ZeglebSi `mamuli~ memkvidreobiT miRebul uZrav qonebas<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom termini `mamuli~ sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
pirobebSi <strong>da</strong> epoqaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gagebiT ixmarebo<strong>da</strong>, igi<br />
mainc gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> feo<strong>da</strong>luri sakuTrebis yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebul formas, e.i. memkvidreobiT miwis sakuTrebas.<br />
`adgili umamuloni <strong>da</strong> umkvidroni~ ki niSnav<strong>da</strong> iseT miwas,<br />
14 `a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi~, gv. 15, Tbilisi, 2000<br />
51
omelsac memkvidreobiTi mesakuTre ar hyav<strong>da</strong>, anu aravis<br />
sakuTrebasa <strong>da</strong> mamuls ar Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miwis sakuTreba feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis safuZveli iyo.<br />
sainteresoa aseve termini `agaraki~, romelic wvril miwis<br />
naWers niSnav<strong>da</strong>, sasoflo miwebis gareT iyo moqceuli <strong>da</strong><br />
individualuri kerZo sakuTrebis yidva-gayidvis sagans<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
simon janaSia samefo memamuleobaSi or Semadgenel nawils<br />
asxvavebs: samefo domens, romelic Sedgeba `samamasaxliso<br />
samsaxurebisagan~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pyrobili teritoriebisagan <strong>da</strong><br />
samefos <strong>da</strong>narCen miwa-wyals (agarakebis gamoklebiT).<br />
memkvidreobis ufleba<br />
samemkvidreo samarTali, rogorc Cans, saqarTveloSi im<br />
periodSi warmoiSva, rodesac sagvareulo saxli calkeul<br />
mcire nawilebad <strong>da</strong>iyo. qarTul samarTalSi cnobilia, rom<br />
mSoblebi Svilebs wils asakis mixedviT aZlevdnen _ ufross<br />
meti wili ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas `sauxuceso~ ewodebo<strong>da</strong>. wili gauTxovar<br />
qalebsac eZleo<strong>da</strong>T. Tu ojaxs mamrobiTi sqesis memkvidre<br />
ar hyav<strong>da</strong>, memkvidreoba qals rCebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mis STamomavlobaze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>. Tuki ojaxi saerTod uSvilod ga<strong>da</strong>vido<strong>da</strong>,<br />
aseTi ojaxis qoneba saxelmwifo sakuTrebad rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTul samemkvidreo samarTlisaTvis cnobili iyo anderZis<br />
meSveobiT qonebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema. anderZis ori forma arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
zepiri <strong>da</strong> werilobiTi. orive saxis anderZs erTnairi<br />
samarTlebrivi Zala hqon<strong>da</strong>. Tu saqme did qonebas<br />
exebo<strong>da</strong>, anderZi wesisa <strong>da</strong> kanonis mixedviT un<strong>da</strong><br />
Sedgeniliyo. un<strong>da</strong> gamocxadebuliyo moanderZis sruli<br />
vinaoba, anderZis Sedgenis momentSi igi `suliTa cnobiTa~<br />
un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo aRWurvili `simarTlisa Sina tanisa~, es imas<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom anderZis <strong>da</strong>mtovebeli saR gonebaze iyo <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
iyo grZnoba <strong>da</strong> cnobamixdili, anu Tanamedrove<br />
terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, qmedunariani un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo.<br />
Tu wera SeeZlo, anderZi Tavad un<strong>da</strong> Seedgina, Tu ara _ mis<br />
karnaxs mowmeebi eswrebodnen <strong>da</strong> anderZis siswores xelis<br />
moweriT a<strong>da</strong>sturebdnen. werilobiTi anderZi xSirad<br />
sulier moZRvars ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
52
ai, erTi magaliTi _ samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa,<br />
muxli 233:<br />
`Tu kacman moku<strong>da</strong>vma, Tavis alali saqoneli Tavis suls<br />
<strong>da</strong>aklo <strong>da</strong> visac uanderZa miecemis. mamuli Tu nasyidi aqvs<br />
isic miecemis. sxva mamuli mis patronzed hkidia~ 15.<br />
amgvarad, SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi memkvidreobiTi<br />
samarTali sakmaod ganviTarebuli <strong>da</strong>, amasTan<br />
erTad, evropul qveynebTan mimsgavsebuli yofila.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis pativi <strong>da</strong> Rirseba, sasjelis saxeebi<br />
`aravis mimarT ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos gamoyenebuli wameba an sastiki,<br />
araa<strong>da</strong>mianuri Tu misi Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyroba <strong>da</strong><br />
16<br />
sasjeli..~<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa deklaracia, muxli 5<br />
saqarTvelos samarTlis Zeglebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqaSi sasjelis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeebs icnobs _ erTi SexedviT Zlier humanuriT<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebulsa <strong>da</strong> sasjelis sastiki saxeebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuls.<br />
pirvelis magaliTia beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis 62-e<br />
muxli gatacebuli qonebis anu naparavis Sesaxeb:<br />
`naparevisa pirvel asre gaCenila <strong>da</strong> asre iqnas aw-ca, rome<br />
Tu cxeni Tu ragin<strong>da</strong>ra kacman moiparos, Tu xelTave aqvdes<br />
Tavis naparevi, igi misces <strong>da</strong> erTi ezomi sxva, <strong>da</strong>, Tu ara aqvdes,<br />
aficos saqonlis patronman, rogorca <strong>da</strong>ificos igi<br />
17<br />
misces <strong>da</strong> erTi zomi sxva~ .<br />
marTlac<strong>da</strong> humanuria sasjelis es forma, vinai<strong>da</strong>n ar iTvaliswinebs<br />
fizikur sasjels an Tavisuflebis xelyofas <strong>da</strong><br />
mparavisaTvis mxolod zaralis ormagi sazRauriT kmayofildeba.<br />
gacilebiT mkacri <strong>da</strong> sastikia kanonikuri samarTlis 168e<br />
muxli _ .,,romelmanca kacman ra gin<strong>da</strong> ra moiparos <strong>da</strong> ga-<br />
15<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 541, Tbilisi<br />
1963<br />
16<br />
`a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi~, gv. 8, Tbilisi, 2000<br />
17<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 448, Tbilisi<br />
1963<br />
53
moCndes, ornive Tvali <strong>da</strong>ewunen <strong>da</strong> anu xel-fexi <strong>da</strong>eWras. Tu<br />
sapatiJo adgilsa (bagrat kurapalatis samarTalSi ganmartebulia,<br />
Tu ra iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> sapatiJod _ an didi salaro, an<br />
eklesia, an jogi) ara moeparos, vin iyiddes, viTaca <strong>da</strong>afason,<br />
egre mihyidon <strong>da</strong> naparevi <strong>da</strong>uklebliv missa patronsa<br />
miscen. <strong>da</strong> krul, wyeul <strong>da</strong> SeCuenebul iyavn~ 18.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, kanonmdebeli ar jerdeba fizikuri sasjelis<br />
iseT sastik formebs, rogoricaa Tvalebis amowva <strong>da</strong><br />
xel-fexis <strong>da</strong>Wra <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiT wyevla-krulvasac ar aklebs<br />
mparavs. wyevla-krulva <strong>da</strong> SeCveneba gansakuTrebul sasjelebs<br />
miekuTvnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saeklesio sasjelebis yvelaze mZime<br />
formad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es muxli, rogorc Cans, gacilebiT Zvelia, vidre beqas kanoni.<br />
Tamar mefis mematiane ambobs, rom TvalTa <strong>da</strong>wva <strong>da</strong><br />
xel-fexis moWra gansakuTrebiT Tamaris win scodniaT. Tamars<br />
ki es kanonebi gauuqmebia (ix. qarTveli eris istoria, II,<br />
kari meoTxe). bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis 152 muxlSi aRniSnulia,<br />
rom TvalTa <strong>da</strong>wva mxolod sapatiJo adgilas moparvisaTvis<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> miesajaT, magram mematiane iqve aRniSnavs,<br />
rom aseTi sasjelis <strong>da</strong>wesebisTvis mefis Tanxmoba<br />
iyoo saWiro. swored am uflebiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong> Turme Tamari<br />
<strong>da</strong> sasjels ar amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
beqa-aRbuRas samarTali icnobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis pativisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Rirsebis SembRalavi sasjelis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxes. isini <strong>da</strong>mamcirebeli<br />
xasiaTisa iyo. ase mag: `CaTreva~ _ qve<strong>da</strong> sacvlis<br />
amara sanexveze CaTreva. colSviliani kacis qmarSvilian<br />
qalTan mruSobisas _ `gaSiSvleba <strong>da</strong> gaaupativeba~.<br />
gviani saSualo saukuneebis imereTis samefoSi xSirad iyenebdnen<br />
sasjelis umaRles zomas _ sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjas. solomon<br />
II dros `vinc gulSi ganzraxviT mohklav<strong>da</strong> kacsa, mas <strong>da</strong>swvavdnen<br />
grova SeSaze, an quabSi Cakiramden, an cocxals <strong>da</strong>marxavdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> amis gar<strong>da</strong> mkv<strong>da</strong>ris patronis sasargeblod<br />
19<br />
azRvevinebdnen fulsa~ .<br />
18<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 472, Tbilisi 1963<br />
19<br />
givi lobJaniZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> samarTlis istoria, gv. 406,<br />
Tbilisi, 2001<br />
54
sasjelis gansakuTrebul saxes warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> `xelTa micema~,<br />
anu borotmoqmedis <strong>da</strong>zaralebuli pirisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />
adgil-mamuliT (beqa-aRbuRas samarTali, vaxtang VI samarTlis<br />
wigni).<br />
erekle mefis droindel kanonmdeblobaSi xSirad ixsenieba<br />
`joxis <strong>da</strong>kvra~, rogorc sasjelis saxe. termini `sasjelic~<br />
erekle meoris droindel ZeglebSi mkvidrdeba sabolood.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad zogierTi zemoT moyvanili sasjelis sisastikisa,<br />
mainc un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> sisxlis samarTali evropisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ruseTis imdroindel sisxlis samarTalTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
gacilebiT lmobieri iyo. misTvis ucxoa braldebulis<br />
wamebiT gamotexis is saSineli xerxebi <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, sikvdiliT<br />
<strong>da</strong>sjis Semzaravi saxeebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kanonebuli iyo sxva<br />
qveynebis samarTlis ZeglebSi (aq gavufrTxildebiT<br />
mkiTxvelis nervul sistemas, ar SevudgebiT sasjelis saxeebis<br />
aRweras <strong>da</strong> mxolod zogierTi maTganis saxelwodebebis<br />
CamoTvlas vikmarebT _ `espanuri Ceqma~, `iudeebis savarZeli~,<br />
`katis TaTi anu espanuri Ritini~, `msxali~, `eretikosis<br />
Cangali~, wyliT, cecxliT, gaWimviT wameba, koconze <strong>da</strong>wva,<br />
Sebolva, kldi<strong>da</strong>n gadmogdeba <strong>da</strong> a.S.).<br />
qalTa uflebebi<br />
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, `samarTali kaTalikozTa~<br />
saero sakiTxebsac Seexebo<strong>da</strong>. maT Soris aucileblad un<strong>da</strong><br />
movixsenioT am Zeglis 23-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac vinc<br />
umizezod gaeyrebo<strong>da</strong> Tavis kanonier cols, igi sikvdiliT<br />
una <strong>da</strong>sjiliyo, Tumca isic un<strong>da</strong> vTqvaT, rom am normis gamoyenebis<br />
arc erTi SemTxveva <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebula saqarTveloSi.<br />
`romelman ubralod coli <strong>da</strong>agdos, SeCvenebulimca aris<br />
wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta mociqulTagan <strong>da</strong> sikudiliTa ganipatiJos~ 20.<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvaviwydes, rom es XVI saukuneSia <strong>da</strong>werili,<br />
isic un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes, rom am epoqaSi evropasa <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi<br />
Znelad mosapovebeli iqneba imgvari samarTlis Zegli,<br />
romelic, marTalia, ar aris zogadi, qalis cxovrebis erT<br />
20 <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, t. 1, gv. 397, Tbilisi 1963<br />
55
konkretul periodSi mis uflebriv mdgomareobas exeba<br />
(gaTxovebis Semdgoms), magram, amasTan erTad, meti rom ar<br />
vTqvaT, Zalzed mtkiced <strong>da</strong> erTmniSvnelovnad icavs mas.<br />
kanonmdebeli mamakacs sikvdilsac ar akmarebs <strong>da</strong> SeCvenebas<br />
uTvlis mas, riTac morwmuneebs imqveyna<strong>da</strong>c ki ar utovebs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis Sanss.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna<br />
zemoT moyvanili masala mkafiod gvaCvenebs, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebi ar iyo ucxo <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturisaTvis <strong>da</strong> rom<br />
qarTul erovnul Rirebulebebsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebs<br />
Soris konfliqti ar arsebobs. zogierTi am<br />
RirebulebaTagani saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n iTvlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
waruval Rirebulebad. Cven ar vapirebT imis mtkicebas,<br />
rom qarTul samarTlis ZeglebSi Camoyalibebuli calkeuli<br />
normebi idealuria, an kidev gacilebiT sjobs sxva<br />
qveynebisas. droisa <strong>da</strong> epoqis mixedviT <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis<br />
zogierTi norma a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis kuTxiT bevrad<br />
CamorCeba Sesabamisi drois <strong>da</strong>savleT evropuli samarTlis<br />
normebs, zogierTi ki mniSvnelovnad win uswrebs maT. Cven<br />
Zlier gansxvavdebodiT <strong>da</strong> ganvsxvavdebiT, maT Soris<br />
samarTlis sakiTxebSi <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi. amave dros, Cven Zlier vgavarT<br />
erTmaneTs.<br />
vfiqrob, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>skvna SeiZleba<br />
swored es iyos.<br />
56
literatura<br />
ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, tomi 6, Tbilisi, 1982<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis Zeglebi, i. doliZis gamocema, tomi 1-8, Tbilisi<br />
1963<br />
givi lobJaniZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> samarTlis istoria,<br />
Tbilisi, 2001<br />
giorgi <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili, sasamarTlo organizacia <strong>da</strong> procesi Zvel<br />
qarTul samarTalSi, Tbilisi 2002<br />
CubiniSvili, qrestomatia, pirveli gamocema, Tbilisi, 1955<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebi, ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
TanamSromlobis centri, Tbilisi, 2000<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sferoSi ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi aqtebis<br />
krebuli, saxalxo <strong>da</strong>mcvelis biblioTeka, Tbilisi, 2001<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa monitoringi _ marek novicki, zuzana fialova<br />
poloneTis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa helsinkis fondi<br />
Tbilisi, ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis centri, 2002<br />
SeniSvnebi a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa monitoringis<br />
Sesaxeb _ marek novicki, poloneTis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa helsinkis<br />
fondi, Tbilisi, <strong>da</strong>si, 1998<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa leqsikoni _ fridon sayvareliZe, Tbilisi, <strong>da</strong>si,<br />
1998 saqarTvelos konstitucia (safuZvlebisa <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsis mimoxilva),<br />
Tbilisi, saqarTvelos konstituciis <strong>da</strong>cvis liga, 1997w.<br />
http://www:hri.ca/<br />
Human Rights Internet<br />
http://www.amnesty.org/aisect/links.htm<br />
Human Rights on the Internet<br />
http://www.amnesty.org/<br />
Amnesty International on-line<br />
http://www.dhdirhr.coe.fr/<br />
Council of Europe, Human Rights Web<br />
http://www.un.org/rights/<br />
United Nations Documentation Research Guide: Special Section on Human Rights<br />
http://www.dhcour.coe.fr/<br />
European Committee for the prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading<br />
Treatment or Punishment<br />
Vocabulary on Human Rights_ Albert Jey Jongman , Alex Pi Shmid<br />
Department of Social Sciences,<br />
57
Leiden University, Netherlands, 1994<br />
aw Dictionary - Steven H. Gifis<br />
The State University of New Jersey, School of Law<br />
New York, 1991<br />
The Rights to Religious Liberty - Barry Lynn, Marc D. Stern, Oliver S. Thomas. Southern<br />
Illinois University Press, 1997<br />
The Rights of Prisoners - David Rudovsky, Alvin J. Bronstein, Edward I. Koren, Julia Cade<br />
Southern Illinois University Press, 1996<br />
Human Rights and The Judiciary _ A Collection of International Documents _ Edited by<br />
Frederick Quinn and Andrzei Rzeplinswki, OSCE, 1997<br />
The Challenge of Democracy _ Jan<strong>da</strong>, Berry, Goldman. 1992, USA<br />
Basic Reading in U.S. Democracy _ edited by Melvin I.Urofsky, published by the United<br />
States Information Agency, Washington, D.C. 1994<br />
Õåëñèíêñêèé Ôîíä ïî Ïðàâàì ×åëîâåêà Ñáîðíèê Äîêóìåíòîâ, Âàðøàâà, 1997<br />
Õåëñèíêñêèé Ôîíä ïî Ïðàâàì ×åëîâåêà Ñáîðíèê Äîêóìåíòîâ, Âàðøàâà, 1998<br />
58
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi qarTul literaturaSi<br />
levan berZeniSvili<br />
literaturis ganviTarebis procesisTvis bunebrivia, rom<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebi qarTul literaturaSi,<br />
iseve rogorc nebismieri xalxis literaturaSi, specialuri<br />
Seswavlis sagani ar yofila. raime sagangebo literaturuli<br />
nawarmoebi, romelSic ufleba<strong>da</strong>cviTi saqmianoba<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> asaxuli, qarTul literaturaSi ar <strong>da</strong>werila.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebma <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebma<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva intensiobiT asaxva mainc hpova<br />
mravalsaukunovan qarTul literaturaSi.<br />
Cven gamovyaviT ramdenime aseTi cneba, ufleba an<br />
Rirebuleba, rogorc umaRlesi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri fenomeni.<br />
kerZod, qvemoT saubari iqneba Zmobis, Tanasworobis,<br />
sicocxlis, monobis, patimrobis, Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisufali sityvis fenomenebis Sesaxeb. Cven SevecadeT<br />
gveCvenebina, Tu rogor aisaxa es fenomenebi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
literaturis iseTi fun<strong>da</strong>mentaluri mniSvnelobis<br />
ZeglebSi, rogorebicaa SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~,<br />
sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~, <strong>da</strong>viT guramiSvilis<br />
`<strong>da</strong>viTiani~, vaJa-fSavelas poemebi `alu<strong>da</strong> qeTelauri~<br />
<strong>da</strong> `stumar-maspinZeli~, ilias poeturi <strong>da</strong> prozauli<br />
Semoqmedeba <strong>da</strong> akakis poezia.<br />
1. Zmoba<br />
„yvela a<strong>da</strong>miani ibadeba Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> Tavisi RirsebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
uflebebiT Tanaswori. a<strong>da</strong>mianebs momadlebuli aqvT goneba<br />
<strong>da</strong> sindisi <strong>da</strong> isini erTmaneTs Zmobis suliskveTebiT un<strong>da</strong><br />
epyrobodnen“.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 1<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis yvelaze ufro ze<strong>da</strong>piruli gacnobac, am<br />
kulturis ZeglebisTvis Tvalis ga<strong>da</strong>vlebac ki sakmarisia, rom<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris Zmuri suliskveTebiT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
idealebze warmodgena Segeqmnas. amgvari <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
59
mTavari Temaa „vefxistyaosnisaTvis~, romelSic a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
megobroba warmodgenilia rogorc RvTaebrivi bunebis fenomeni.<br />
megobrobis xati aris avTandili. a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisuflebebis es poeturi xati faqtobrivad iqca umaRlesi<br />
zogadsakacobrio idealebis matarebel erovnul simbolod.<br />
am personaJSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> mTavari a<strong>da</strong>mianuri ideali<br />
_ „moyvrisagan moyvrobisa gamoCena~ („ndoma siaxlisa, si-<br />
Sorisa ver-moTmena, micema <strong>da</strong> aras Suri, Cuqebisa armowyena,<br />
gavlena <strong>da</strong> moxmareba, misad rgebad velTa rbena~).<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis, siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> megobrobis<br />
mTavari sibrZne gadmocemulia <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />
erT-erT umaRles mwvervalSi, „vefxistyaosanSi~ <strong>da</strong><br />
kerZod, am poemis centralur teqstSi, avTandilis ander-<br />
ZSi. aq naTqvamia, rom yovelgvari Teoriuli codna (maT Soris,<br />
uflebaTa codna) umaqnisia am codnis praqtikuli gamoyenebis<br />
gareSe. a<strong>da</strong>miani Teoriul codnas iRebs ara esTetikuri<br />
ganaTlebis mizniT, aramed semantikuri mniSvnelobiT,<br />
anu konkretul sasicocxlo situaciebSi codnis elementebis<br />
sworad SerCevisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis mizniT. a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelic<br />
SeZlebs filosofosTa codna (uzenaesi Rirebulebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> kanonebi) cxovrebis situaciebs miusa<strong>da</strong>gos, samyaros<br />
harmoniulad uerTdeba:<br />
raTgan Tavia sicrue yovlisa ubedobisa, me rad gavwiro<br />
moyvare, Zma umtkicesi Zmobisa?! ara viqm, codna ras margebs<br />
filosofosTa brZnobisa! miT viswavlebiT, mogveces SerTva<br />
zesT mwyobrTa wyobisa.<br />
qarTul literaturaSi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, qrestomaTiuli<br />
magaliTebia motanili imisa, Tu ras niSnavs erTmaneTisadmi<br />
Zmobis suliskveTebiT mopyroba. sakmarisia avTandilisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> tarielis megobroba <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT, razec agebulia<br />
„vefxistyaosnis~ qarga. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, qarTvelebi bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ecnobian amgvari <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis magaliTs sulxan-sabas<br />
„sibrZne sicruisas~ erT-erT arakSi:<br />
„orni Zmani iyvnen. uxucess col-Svili hyva <strong>da</strong> mrwemi<br />
ucolo iyo. gaiyarnen Zmobisagan <strong>da</strong> erTad veRar <strong>da</strong>dgnen.<br />
yovelive ganiyves, rac hqon<strong>da</strong>T. ra puri gaiyves, erTis ormo<br />
kalos aqeT iyo <strong>da</strong> meorisa iqiT.<br />
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uxucesi moiparevdis Tavis ormo<strong>da</strong>ma pursa <strong>da</strong> ZmisaSi Cayridis<br />
<strong>da</strong> ityodis: „me RmerTman coli <strong>da</strong> Svili miboZa, momgebelni<br />
myvanan. mas Zmas arara hyavs. es misi iyos <strong>da</strong> man Wamos~.<br />
<strong>da</strong> igi umrwemesi Zma moiparevdis Tavisis ormo<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> uxucesisaSi<br />
Cahyridis: „me marto var <strong>da</strong> Cemi sarCo, sa<strong>da</strong>c mival,<br />
advil ars; igi Zma wvrilSvil ars <strong>da</strong> mas ufrosi undeba <strong>da</strong><br />
misi iyos~.<br />
egre <strong>da</strong>hyves yovelni dReni <strong>da</strong> RmerTman orTave ganumravla<br />
yoveli <strong>da</strong> ara moakl<strong>da</strong> sazrdo maT~.<br />
Zmebis gayra bunebrivia <strong>da</strong> cal-calke meurneobis warmar-<br />
Tva normaluria, radgan „yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs ufleba flobdes<br />
qonebas rogorc erTpirovnulad, ise sxvebTan erTad~<br />
(a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 17, punqti<br />
1). sakuTari qonebis ganawileba <strong>da</strong> sxvisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cema,<br />
qvelmoqmedeba savaldebulo ar aris, magram a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris<br />
Zmuri suliskveTebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba savaldebuloa <strong>da</strong> es<br />
valdebuleba am arakSi swored faruli qvelmoqmedebiT aisaxa.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, am araks jumberi hyveba <strong>da</strong> moralsac<br />
<strong>da</strong>urTavs: „madlisa <strong>da</strong> keTilis saqme RvTisagan ganmravldebiso~.<br />
aq sulxan-saba, rogorc didostati xelovani egreT<br />
wodebuli „simultanuri gaocebis~ xerxs mimarTavs, mkiTxvelis<br />
fizikur dros <strong>da</strong>amTxvevs ambis dros, rodesac imave<br />
kiTxvas <strong>da</strong>asmevinebs mefes, ra kiTxvac mkiTxvels aReZvreba:<br />
„malviT ar moeparaT <strong>da</strong> ormoSi ar CaeyaraT, cxa<strong>da</strong>d miecaT,<br />
vin <strong>da</strong>uSli<strong>da</strong>o?~<br />
jumberis ganmarteba metad Rrmaa. misi azriT,<br />
qvelmoqmedeba faruli un<strong>da</strong> iyos, raTa qvelmoqmedma ar<br />
SezRudos imis Tavisufleba, visac sikeTes ukeTebs:<br />
„kacman Senze samsaxuri qmnas, ikvexdes <strong>da</strong> zvaobdes _<br />
gewyineba!~ bunebrivia, es azri sayovelTaod gaziarebuli<br />
ar aris. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT qvelmoqmedebisadmi<br />
Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, maT Soris fondebis Riaobas,<br />
qvelmoqmedebis procesis gam-Wvirvalobas, monitoringis<br />
aucileblobas, angariSgebisa <strong>da</strong> auditis amocanebs,<br />
gasagebi gaxdeba, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis personaJis<br />
es sakmaod romantikuli warmodgena uangaro <strong>da</strong><br />
„uavtoro~ qvelmoqmedebaze bunebrivad Segvecvleba.<br />
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Zmur suliskveTebas qarTul literaturaSi kidev ufro<br />
genialuri gamoxmaurebac hqon<strong>da</strong>. didi poetis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis<br />
SedevrSi „merani~ es uZlieresi suliskveTeba<br />
miemarTeba ara Zmas, ara megobars, ara axlobels, <strong>da</strong> saerTod<br />
ara romelime konkretul arsebas, aramed jer kidev ucnob<br />
kacs, „moZmes~:<br />
cu<strong>da</strong>d xom mainc ar Caivlis es ganwirulis sulis kveTeba,<br />
<strong>da</strong> gza uvali, Sengan Telili, merano Cemo, mainc <strong>da</strong>rCeba; <strong>da</strong><br />
Cems Semdgomad moZmesa Cemsa siZnele gzisa gauadvildes, <strong>da</strong><br />
Seupovrad mas hune Tvisi Savis bedis win gamouqroldes!<br />
2. Tanasworoba<br />
„am deklaraciiT gamocxadebuli yvela ufleba <strong>da</strong> yvela<br />
Tavisufleba miniWebuli un<strong>da</strong> hqondes yvela a<strong>da</strong>mians ganurCevlad<br />
raime gansxvavebisa, saxeldobr, rasis, kanis feris,<br />
sqesis, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu sxva mrwamsis,<br />
erovnuli Tu socialuri warmomavlobis, qonebrivi, wodebrivi<br />
Tu sxva mdgomareobisa. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia raime<br />
gansxvaveba im qveynis Tu teritoriis politikuri,<br />
samarTlebrivi an saerTaSoriso statusis safuZvelze,<br />
romelsac a<strong>da</strong>miani ekuTvnis, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, Tu rogoria<br />
es teritoria _ <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli, sameurveo, araTviTmmarTveli<br />
Tu sxvagvarad SezRuduli Tavis suverenitetSi“.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 2<br />
Tanasworoba, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
maRali Rirebulebaa „vefxistyaosanSi~. gansakuTrebiT<br />
TvalSisacemia Tanasworoba umaRles socialur doneze _<br />
mefobis doneze. „vefxistyaosnis~ pirvelive strofi gvamcnobs<br />
mefeTa warmomavlobas:<br />
romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa mis ZlieriTa...<br />
misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa (1).<br />
anu: RmerTma Seqmna Tavisi Zlieri ZaliT samyaro, mTeli<br />
msoflio <strong>da</strong> RmrTisagan aris yoveli xelmwife, misi saxis, xa-<br />
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tis msgavsi. RvTiuri warmoSoba <strong>da</strong> RmerTTan Tanasworoba,<br />
RmrTisa wyalobiT („dei gracia~) mefoba aramc Tu „vefxistyaosanSi~,<br />
aramed Tanamedrove, dRevandel samefoebs Soris<br />
swavlaSic arsebobs. swored aRniSnul Sexedulebas iziareben<br />
vazirebic, rodesac isini rostevan mefes urCeven:<br />
Tavisi asuli TinaTini xelmwifed <strong>da</strong>svas <strong>da</strong> am rCevas Semdegnairad<br />
asabuTeben:<br />
Tuca qalia, xelmwifed marT RvTisa <strong>da</strong>nabadia<br />
ar gaTnevT, icis mefoba, uTqvenod gviTqvams kvla dia;<br />
SuqTa misTaebr saqmeca misi mzebr ganacxadia.<br />
lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tun<strong>da</strong> xvadia (39).<br />
sruliad aSkaraa, rom vazirTa SexedulebiT TinaTini<br />
aris xelmwifed RvTisgan <strong>da</strong>nabadi <strong>da</strong> misganve, misive nebiT<br />
aris gamx<strong>da</strong>ri mefed, rogorc amas avTandilic amowmebs _<br />
Cemi mze taxtsa ze<strong>da</strong> zis morWmuli RmrTisa nebiT (1474).<br />
ukve Sumerul-aqaduri uZvelesi xani<strong>da</strong>n cnobilia Sexeduleba,<br />
rom CrdiloeTis polusze mdebare msoflio taxtze _<br />
uzurgo skamze RmerTi zis <strong>da</strong> samyaros ganagebs. swored<br />
RvTisSviloba aTanabrebs mefeebs, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad sqesisa.<br />
qali zis taxtze qajeTSic:<br />
dularduxt aris diaci, magra klde, viTa lodia,<br />
visca ar <strong>da</strong>hkods, yma misi veravis <strong>da</strong>ukodia,<br />
aw igi qajeTs xelmwifed qve zis morWmuli wodia (1221).<br />
3. sicocxle<br />
„yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> piradi<br />
xelSeuxeblobis ufleba“.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 3<br />
samoqalaqo ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT im saamayo ambebs<br />
Soris, romlebiTac qarTvelebi Tavs viwonebT xolme, erTerT<br />
umniSvnelovanes ambad miiCneva isic, rom ruseTis saxelmwifo<br />
sabWoSi am organos wevrobisas ilia WavWavaZem<br />
63
sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis gauqmeba moiTxova. es ar iyo axali droebisTvis<br />
xarkis mox<strong>da</strong>. am tragikul sakiTxze didi qarTveli<br />
moazrovne jer kidev 1879 wels gamoqveynebul <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
prozis erT patara SedevrSi msjelob<strong>da</strong>; esaa ilias cnobili<br />
moTxroba „sarCobelazed~.<br />
iliam ise aago ambis kolizia, rom sofleli kaci, saxelad<br />
petre qalaqSi sikvdilis <strong>da</strong>sjas <strong>da</strong>aswro. petre ki eswreba<br />
axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kacis CamoxrCobas, magram momx<strong>da</strong>ris namdviloba<br />
ar sjera, hgonia, rom yvelam piri SeiTqva <strong>da</strong> mas, rogorc<br />
soflels, atyueben:<br />
„ai usaqmur xalxs rom ityvian, es qalaqelebi arian: <strong>da</strong>swyevlos<br />
RmerTma, yvelam Cemzed ar moicala!<br />
ambob<strong>da</strong> amas Tavis gulSi petre <strong>da</strong> egona, rom marTla <strong>da</strong><br />
es xalxi amisTvis aris moclili, soflelia <strong>da</strong> gavabriyvo-<br />
To. amaTac gaeqca <strong>da</strong> xelaxlad gadinacvla adgili. Zneli<br />
ram aris, roca guneba TavSi gamwev cxensaviT <strong>da</strong>Rojavs Wkuis<br />
lagams <strong>da</strong> calmxriv gaiwevs.~<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani ise CamoaxrCves, rom soflelma petrem ar <strong>da</strong>ijera<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tumca eWvi ki awuxeb<strong>da</strong>, magram Teatraloba <strong>da</strong> „jambazoba~<br />
ambisa ufro sjero<strong>da</strong>, vidre namdviloba. samagierod<br />
CamomxrCvalis Zmam ar <strong>da</strong>ijera, rom petrem ar <strong>da</strong>ijera. ambavs,<br />
rogorc WeSmarit mxatvrul nawarmoebs, winaistoria<br />
aRmoaCndeba: oTxi wlis win orma Zmam Tavi Seaco<strong>da</strong> meurme<br />
petres <strong>da</strong> miamiti kaci RamiT mZinare gaqurdes. swored erTerTi<br />
Zma CamoaxrCves petres Tvalwin, meore ki werils wers,<br />
moparul fuls erTiaTad ubrunebs <strong>da</strong> Tavis ubedurebaSi<br />
mTel msoflios, maT Soris petresac a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebs.<br />
ilias am nawarmoebSi naCvenebia, rogor mihyavs a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong>naSaulamde <strong>da</strong> ra sastikia igive sazogadoeba<br />
Tavisi gzasacdenili Svilebis mimarT. mwerlis paTosi aSkarad<br />
mimarTulia sikvdilis <strong>da</strong>sjis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> icavs yoveli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> piradi xelSeuxeblobis<br />
uflebas. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos is socialuri siiole,<br />
romliTac <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoeba Sexv<strong>da</strong> sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis<br />
gauqmebas ukve meoce saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruls.<br />
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4. monoba<br />
„aravin un<strong>da</strong> imyofebodes monobaSi an ZalmomreobiTi<br />
morCilebis mdgomareobaSi, yvela saxis monoba <strong>da</strong> monaTvaWroba<br />
akrZalulia“.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 4<br />
4.1. monobis ambavi<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sityva „mona~ momdinareobs arabuli<strong>da</strong>n „mu’anna~<br />
_ „tyve, <strong>da</strong>morCilebuli~. mona <strong>da</strong> monoba kacobriobis istoriis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>nve modis: gamarjvebulebi <strong>da</strong>marcxebulebs<br />
xocavdnen <strong>da</strong> Jletdnen, SemdgomSi ki gamarjvebuls<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebuli tyved mihyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavis sakuTrebad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Sromis mZime uReli <strong>da</strong>awva monebs <strong>da</strong> sameurneo cxovrebaSi<br />
monobam ekonomikuri fenomenis mniSvneloba SeiZina.<br />
aman axali impulsi misca omebis warmoebas _ omebs ukve eweodnen<br />
tyveTa <strong>da</strong> monaTa, rogorc ukiduresad iafi muSaxelis<br />
mosapoveblad. Semdgom xanebSi, roca gaWir<strong>da</strong> monaTa<br />
samxedro gziT mopoveba, gavrcel<strong>da</strong> monebiT vaWroba, romelmac<br />
mecxramete saukunis meore naxevramde miaRwia. qristianoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> mahmadianoba monobas ebrZo<strong>da</strong>, magram iZulebuli<br />
iyo TamaSis wesebs Seguebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan sameurneo <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovreba monobaze iyo <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli. amis gamo religia<br />
monobis Serbilebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. samwuxarod, sanam monoba<br />
ekonomikurad usargeblo ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, igi ar ga<strong>da</strong>vardnila.<br />
rusTavelis xanaSi monobas ekonomikur cxovrebaSi<br />
didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>, monebi gawvrTnili iyvnen<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xelobaSi, amis Sesaxeb cnobebi moipoveba ali<br />
mazaheris narkvevSi musulmanTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis<br />
Sesaxeb. omis dros tyved Cavardnili <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmaTa dros<br />
motacebulebi mihyav<strong>da</strong>T gasayi<strong>da</strong>d; vaWrebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ebraelebi iyvnen. monaTvaWrobis ZiriTadi centrebi<br />
ganlagebuli iyo centralur evropaSi (praRa, aaxeni,<br />
Jeneva, venecia, genua). aqe<strong>da</strong>n monebi mihyav<strong>da</strong>T espaneTSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n aRmosavleTSi.<br />
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4.2. monoba aRmosavleTSi<br />
musulmanebs akrZaluli hqon<strong>da</strong>T Tavisi Svilis gayidva an<br />
musulmanis yidva, magram yarmatebi amas yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen,<br />
magaliTad, rodesac meqas mimaval qaravans <strong>da</strong>esxnen<br />
Tavs, 2000 musulmani mamakaci <strong>da</strong> 500 de<strong>da</strong>kaci Caigdes tyved.<br />
kerZo pirebi monebs yidulobdnen Sina mosamsaxureebad,<br />
mcvelad, mekared, saWurisad <strong>da</strong> xelosnad. zogi yidulob<strong>da</strong><br />
monas, raTa Semdeg igi gaeqiravebina. magaliTad, gaqiravebul<br />
mkerav monas patronisTvis dReSi ori dinari un<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCeni mas rCebo<strong>da</strong>. zanzibareli monebi<br />
soflis meurneobisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqis Sav muSebad iyvnen cnobili.<br />
bizantieli <strong>da</strong> indoeli monebi TiTqmis yovelTvis xelosnebi<br />
iyvnen. qalebs moaxleebad, ZiZebad <strong>da</strong> mzareulebad asaqmebdnen.<br />
saxelmwifoebi yidulobdnen monebs <strong>da</strong> molaSqreebad<br />
wvrTnidnen.<br />
aRmosavleTis yvela qalaqSi iyo monaTa bazari. yovel bazarSi<br />
imyofebo<strong>da</strong> meTvalyure, ze<strong>da</strong>mxedveli monaTa fasisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelSekrulebisa. yvelaze Zviri monebi iyvnen centraluri<br />
azii<strong>da</strong>n Camoyvanili Turquli warmomavlobis monebi <strong>da</strong><br />
slavebi, romlebic Cveulebriv, laSqrisTvis gamoiyenebodnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT cnobili iyvnen rogorc kargi kavaleristebi.<br />
924 wels abisineli (abaSeli) mona Rir<strong>da</strong> 18 dinari, magram<br />
amave dros, omanSi lamazi Savi nubieli monaqali Rir<strong>da</strong> 300<br />
dinari, xolo TeTri mona de<strong>da</strong>kaci, romelmac aranairi xeloba<br />
ar ico<strong>da</strong>, aTasi dinari <strong>da</strong> xan<strong>da</strong>xan metic. monis fasis<br />
momateba xdebo<strong>da</strong> specialuri programiT, roomelic moicav<strong>da</strong><br />
sicilis, Rimilis, galobis, instrumentebze <strong>da</strong>kvrisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> cekvis swavlebas. am xelovnebaSi ganswavlas monaqalis<br />
fasi SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> Zalian gaezar<strong>da</strong>. magaliTad, 912 wels erTi<br />
momRerali monaqali 13000 dinarad gaiyi<strong>da</strong>, xolo meoreSi<br />
14000 dinari gaimetes (am fuliT monaTa mTeli aTasoraskaciani<br />
armiis SeZena SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>). amgvar monaqalebs maSindel<br />
sazogadoebaSi didi adgili ekavaT <strong>da</strong> Tavis mesakuTreTa<br />
colobamdec ki miuRweviaT.<br />
monaTa Sefaseba xdebo<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri niSnis mixedviTac: indoeli<br />
mona qalebi saukeTeso ZiZebi iyvnen, xolo mamakacebi _<br />
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kargi xelosnebi. medineli monaqalebi iTvlebodnen<br />
saukeTeso momRerlebad. u<strong>da</strong>rdeli Savkaniani monebi cekviT<br />
fasdebodnen, abisiniel monaqalebs fuls ar andobdnen,<br />
radgan xelmrudobaSi iyvnen SemCneulni; Turqi monaqalebi<br />
iTvlebodnen lamazebad <strong>da</strong> Tavazianebad, magram momWirneni<br />
ar yofilan; bizantieli monaqalebi arian gamWriaxi <strong>da</strong><br />
morCilni, magram uyuradReboni, bizantieli mamakacebi ki<br />
kargi mouravebi; yvelaze cud TeTr monebad miiCneodnen<br />
somxebi, xolo SavTagan _ zanzibarelebi. monebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba sakmaod Tbili iyo. bevri patroni anderZiT<br />
aTavisufleb<strong>da</strong> monebs. zogierTi mdi<strong>da</strong>ri monebs<br />
specialurad yidulob<strong>da</strong>, rom Semdeg gaeTavisuflebina,<br />
radgan siqvele religiis mixedviT did keTil saqmed<br />
iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, xolo sazogadoeba amas rogorc qvelmoqmedebas,<br />
di<strong>da</strong>d afaseb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
monoba iyo qristianul bizantiur samyaroSic, magram<br />
romTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT igi gacilebiT Serbilebuli iyo. monaTa<br />
ganTavisufleba qristianobaSic keTil saqmed iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> mama grigol nazianzelma yvela Tavisi mona gaaTavisufla.<br />
avTandili anderZSi rostevans swers, Tu <strong>da</strong>viRupoo _<br />
maqvs saqoneli uricxvi, vervisgan anawonebi,<br />
miec glaxakTa saWurWle, aTavisufle monebi (803).<br />
monaTa ganTavisufleba rogorc qristianuli, ise mahmadianuri<br />
rwmenis mixedviT keTil saqmed iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Cveulebriv<br />
mas orive religia aqezeb<strong>da</strong>. monaTa ganTavisufleba<br />
ara marto keTili saqme iyo TavisTavad, aramed mas Tavisi<br />
uSualo Sedegic un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>: monani ganmaTavisuflebels<br />
locviTa <strong>da</strong> kurTxeviT moixseneben, rogorc TviTon avTandili<br />
aRniSnavs: miRwvian, momigoneben, <strong>da</strong>mlocven,<br />
movegonebi (803).<br />
67
5. patimroba<br />
„aravis <strong>da</strong>patimreba, <strong>da</strong>Wera an gaZeveba ar SeiZleba TviTneburad“.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 9<br />
„yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs ufleba eZios devnisgan TavSesafari<br />
sxva qveynebSi <strong>da</strong> isargeblos am TavSesafriT“.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 14, punqti 1<br />
kacobriobis sindiss dRemde aRaSfoTebs iseTi saSineli<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSauli, rogoricaa a<strong>da</strong>mianis gataceba gamosasyidis mi-<br />
Rebis mizniT, an misi motaceba <strong>da</strong>monebisa <strong>da</strong> iZulebiTi Sromis<br />
mizniT. Tavisufleba a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis RvTisgan boZebuli<br />
erT-erTi udidesi sikeTea, romlis ukanonod aRkveTis ufleba<br />
arvis ar gaaCnia. ukanono patimrobis yvela saSineleba,<br />
devnisa <strong>da</strong> TavSesafris Ziebis koSmari maRalmxatvrulad<br />
aris aRwerili qarTul literaturaSi, kerZod <strong>da</strong>viT guramiSvilis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi.<br />
rogorc WeSmariti qriastiani, <strong>da</strong>viT guramiSvili yvela<br />
Tavisi ubedurebis mizezsa <strong>da</strong> safuZvels sakuTar TavSi<br />
eZebs. guramiSvili Tavisi droisaTvis Cveulebrivi lekianobis<br />
msxverpli Seiqna, magram am <strong>da</strong>tyvevebasac <strong>da</strong> TviT lekianobasac<br />
man sxva, moraluri axsna mouZebna. misi azriT,<br />
qarTvelebis zneobrivma <strong>da</strong>cemam <strong>da</strong> RvTis sityvis <strong>da</strong>viwyebam,<br />
anu, Tanamedrove terminebiT rom vTqvaT, maRali Rirebulebebis<br />
uaryofam gamoiwvia yvela maSindeli ubedureba:<br />
osmalo Tiflis Sevi<strong>da</strong>, karebi <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong> Ria ra,<br />
iese mefe maT SerCa, maTs moZRvars man aRiara;<br />
vaxtang ruseTsa wabrZan<strong>da</strong>, raWazed gar<strong>da</strong>iara.<br />
sxvas imis ambavs kvlav getyvi, jer ara gamigia ra.<br />
guramiSvilis TqmiT, qarTvelTa ubedureba maTive codvilianobis<br />
Sedegia, Sedegia imisi, rom „qarTvelT madls<br />
codvam <strong>da</strong>sZliao~. Tavisi <strong>da</strong>tyveveba guramiSvilma uaRresad<br />
dinamikuri suraTiT warmoadgina:<br />
68
Semipyres, wamomiyvanes, xel-fexs momidves genia,<br />
gardmomatares asi mTa, mindori cxra imdenia;<br />
mu<strong>da</strong>mad TvalTa nakadi mduRare cremlTa mdenia,<br />
maWames duma <strong>da</strong> xali, maxvripes xinklis wvenia.<br />
faqtobrivad <strong>da</strong>monebul a<strong>da</strong>mians ahyares pativi <strong>da</strong> Camoayalibes<br />
tyvisadmi sastiki mopyrobis samagaliTo suraTi:<br />
mamiyvanes, ara RirsTa Rirseulad mimsaxures,<br />
arc masves <strong>da</strong> arc maWames, arc Camacves, arc <strong>da</strong>mxures.<br />
usasyidlod miRebuli gasasyidlad <strong>da</strong>maSures.<br />
gavepare, <strong>da</strong>miWires, rad waxvelo, <strong>da</strong>mpanRures.<br />
meored gaqceuli <strong>da</strong> uamrav safrTxes ga<strong>da</strong>rCenili guramiSvili<br />
xangrZlivi wvalebisa <strong>da</strong> xetialis Semdeg samSvidobos<br />
gavi<strong>da</strong>, ucnob a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan mivi<strong>da</strong>, romlebic Tavisianebad<br />
cno yelze Camokidebuli jvrebiT:<br />
miucxoes <strong>da</strong> Semokrben mun Cemi gamSinjvarebi,<br />
Semomexvivnen garSamo kacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa jarebi;<br />
marto perangiT mosilTa yelzed eki<strong>da</strong>T jvarebi;<br />
mivel <strong>da</strong> jvarsa vemTxvive, viwere zed pirjvarebi.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aq jvari aris ara mxolod qristianobis<br />
simbolo, aramed simbolo Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> uzenaesi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
Rirebulebebisa, romelTa <strong>da</strong>cva ubralo a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />
mier ase amaRelvebla<strong>da</strong>a aRwerili „<strong>da</strong>viTianSi~:<br />
erTman miuTxra meores: „<strong>da</strong>i xlebao, lazari!~<br />
„xleba~ ra mesma, <strong>da</strong>meca me sixaruliT Tavzari;<br />
muxlebma ryeva <strong>da</strong>miwyes, ze tanma Seqna zanzari,<br />
veRar <strong>da</strong>ignes svetebma <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>iqca tazari.<br />
„<strong>da</strong>viTianis~ pirvel leqsSi („am wignis gamleqsavis gvarisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelis gamocxadeba~) Cans poetis pirovnuli „me~. amas<br />
69
Seesabameba „<strong>da</strong>viTianis~ sul bolo leqsi („am wignis gamleqsavis<br />
sulis moxseneba~). meore leqsSi („qarTvelT ufalTa<br />
megvartomobis igavi~) d. guramiSvilis erovnuli „me~ Cans,<br />
momdevno leqsebSi ki _ zoga<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>mianuri „me~. sainteresoa,<br />
rom guramiSvilma erTmaneTs amgvarad <strong>da</strong>ukavSira pirovnuli,<br />
erovnuli <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>mianuri1. 6. Tavisufleba<br />
„yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> piradi<br />
xelSeuxeblobis ufleba“.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 3<br />
„yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs azris, sindisisa <strong>da</strong> religiis Tavisufleba,<br />
es ufleba moicavs Tavisuflebas sakuTari religiis<br />
Tu rwmenis Secvlisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebas sakuTari religiis<br />
Tu rwmenis aRmsareblobisa, rogorc erTpirovnulad,<br />
aseve sxvebTan erTad, moZRvrebaSi, RvTismsaxurebaSi <strong>da</strong> religiur<br />
<strong>da</strong> ritualur wes-CveulebaTa SesrulebaSi, sajaro<br />
Tu kerZo wesiT“.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 18<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> am uflebebze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma<br />
gansakuTrebuli simZafriT igrZnobo<strong>da</strong> qarTul literaturaSi<br />
mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
„roca ilia WavWavaZe ocnebob<strong>da</strong> _ „xalxi azvirT<strong>da</strong>, xalxi<br />
aRsdga, xalxi moqmedobs, kaspiis zRvi<strong>da</strong>m Sav zRvamdina<br />
erTs fiqrsa fiqrobs, _ <strong>da</strong> eg fiqria mTel kavkasis<br />
Tavisufleba!~ _ giorgi muxranbatoni stambav<strong>da</strong> wigns _<br />
„erovnul individualobaTa arsisa <strong>da</strong> did saxalxo<br />
erTeulTa saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb~, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
qa<strong>da</strong>geb<strong>da</strong>, rom mcirericxovani erebis enebs<br />
1<br />
Sdr. revaz siraZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis sami didi Zegli, wignSi: SoTa<br />
rusaveli, sulxan-saba orbeliani, <strong>da</strong>viT guramiSvili, Tbilisi, „nakaduli~,<br />
1990, gv. 25.<br />
70
saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba ara aqvs, maT maradiuli CamorCeniloba<br />
eliT, Tu ar <strong>da</strong>iviwyeben mSobliur enas <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
ametyveldebiano mravalricxovani xalxebis enebze 2”.<br />
roca vaJa-fSavela gvarwmuneb<strong>da</strong> _ „eRirsebao luxumsa<br />
laSaris gorze Sadgoma!~, ivane jaba<strong>da</strong>ri aqveyneb<strong>da</strong> „werilebs<br />
saqarTveloze~, romelSic qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>s ganixilav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rogorc sparsuli kulturis Crdilsa <strong>da</strong> anarekls.<br />
araferi originaluri <strong>da</strong> TavisTavadi qarTvel xalxs ar Seuqmniao,<br />
_ akeTeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>skvnas iv. jaba<strong>da</strong>ri.<br />
rogorc Cans, <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebis gvarianma nawilma<br />
uari Tqva Tavisuflebaze, rogorc umaRles Rirebulebaze;<br />
magram rogorc es mkafiod ganmarta generalma ivane afxazma<br />
grigol orbelianTan saubarSi, „... nu ggonia romel ese iyos<br />
bunebiTi Tviseba qarTvelTa. ara! ese ars mxolod nayofi<br />
oc<strong>da</strong>aTis wlis morCilebisa~. morCilebas ki upirispirdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>umorCilebloba <strong>da</strong> brZola TavisuflebisTvis. swored es<br />
paTosi JRers nikoloz baraTaSvilis poemis, „bedi qarTlisas~<br />
personaJis, solomon lioniZis piriT qarTveli xalxis<br />
mier Tavisi sayvareli mefis, erekle meoris mimarT <strong>da</strong>smul<br />
dramatul SekiTxvaSi:<br />
magram Sen, mefev, vin mogca neba _<br />
sxvas ganuboZo Sen ymaT cxovreba,<br />
misdevde Sensa guliskveTebas<br />
3<br />
<strong>da</strong> uTrgunvide Tavisuflebas?<br />
xangrZliv kamaTSi mefe ereklesa <strong>da</strong> mis msajuls, solomon<br />
lioniZes Soris, ZiriTadi Rirebuleba, romliTac xelmZRvanelobs<br />
erekle, aris mSvidoba:<br />
2 akaki baqraZe, mecxramete saukune, wignSi: <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba, t. 9, Tbilisi<br />
1992, gv. 6.<br />
3 akaki baqraZis sityvebiT, „amitom ikiTxa, nikoloz baraTaSvilis piriT,<br />
gagulisebulma me-19 saukunem... kiTxva <strong>da</strong>gvianebuli iyo. igi, Tu ufro<br />
adre ara, me-18 saukuneSi mainc un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>smuliyo. _ akaki baqraZe, mecxramete<br />
saukune, wignSi: <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba, t. 9, Tbilisi 1992, gv. 7.<br />
71
axla ki droa, solomon, roma<br />
mSvidoba naxos saqarTveloma.<br />
man safars qveSe mxolod ruseTis<br />
amoiyaros javri sparseTis,<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxolod maSin ueWvod gvrwamdes<br />
rom qristeanT xma marad ismodes<br />
saflavT zed CvenTa mama-papaTa,<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganisvenon aCrdilTa maTTa!<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriis ukuRmarTobis gamo, samwuxarod,<br />
TiToeulma qarTvelma kargad icis mSvidobis fasi.<br />
SesaZloa, es erT-erTi unikaluri qveyana iyos de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
zurgze, sa<strong>da</strong>c saukuneTa manZilze arc erT Taobas ar<br />
ucxovria mSvidobaSi, <strong>da</strong>mangreveli <strong>da</strong> maoxrebeli omis<br />
gareSe. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad zemoTqmulisa, RirebulebaTa WidilSi<br />
mSvidobasa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebas Soris solomon lioniZe<br />
<strong>da</strong>ufiqreblad ir-Cevs Tavisuflebas:<br />
veRar gauZlo msajulsa gulman<br />
<strong>da</strong> hkadra mefes aRSfoTebulman:<br />
„ganzraxva Seni, mefev, makvirvebs!<br />
iraklim icis, rome qarTvelebs<br />
arad miaCniT ubedureba,<br />
Tu aqvT TvisT WerT qveS Tavisufleba!~<br />
Tavisuflebaze msjeloba <strong>da</strong> misi mxatvrul sityvaSi xorcSesxma<br />
mravalsaukunovani <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis erT-er-<br />
Ti umaRlesi miRwevaa, am miRwevis avtori vaJa-fSavela ki _<br />
msoflio humanizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi figura. va-<br />
Jas poemebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problemaa ucxos sulSi<br />
Cawvdoma, ucxos gageba, misi uflebebis aRiareba. es ltolva<br />
Zalian reliefurad gamoixata <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis umaRlesi<br />
raindis, alu<strong>da</strong> qeTelauris sityvebiT:<br />
Cven vityviT, kacni Cvena varT,<br />
martoT Cven gvzrdian de<strong>da</strong>ni;<br />
72
Cvena vscxondebiT, urjuloT<br />
kuprSi moeliT qSenani.<br />
amis TqmiT vwaramaraobT,<br />
RvTisSvilT ukeTes ician;<br />
yvelani marTals amboben,<br />
gana vinaca hfician?!<br />
rogorc cnobilia, alu<strong>da</strong> qeTelauri ara mxolod Cawv<strong>da</strong><br />
mucalis samyaros arsebobis uflebas, anu ara mxolod gamoavlina<br />
maRali civilizaciisaTvis bunebrivi tolerantoba,<br />
aramed gacilebiT ufro Sors wavi<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>uZinebel mters<br />
msxverpli Seswira <strong>da</strong> sakuTar socialur wesrigs, Sinaur<br />
samyaros <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rodesac sauflo Jami movi<strong>da</strong>, xalxi xatobas Sesawiravi<br />
cxvriTa <strong>da</strong> xariT miadga. maT Sorisaa alu<strong>da</strong>c, romelsac Savi<br />
kurati hyavs Sesawiravad. wesis mixedviT, xevisberi kiTxulobs<br />
im a<strong>da</strong>mianis saxels, visac un<strong>da</strong> Seewiros mozveri.<br />
alu<strong>da</strong>s pasuxi aseTia:<br />
eg samxvewroa, berdiav,<br />
ZoRan moklulis qistisa,<br />
mucals etyodnen saxelad,<br />
mounaTlavis Svilisa.<br />
karga<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>mimwyalobne,<br />
gamimetebav misTvina,<br />
rogorc undomlad moklulis<br />
Tavis lamazis ZmisTvina.<br />
alu<strong>da</strong>s pozicia miuRebelia xevisberisTvisac <strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />
TemisTvisac. maTTvis esaa religiuri oqsimoroni, „gaurjulebulis<br />
garjuleba~, anu ucxo religiis aRmsareblis mSobliur<br />
religiur wesrigSi moqceva, rac, maTi azriT, avtomaturad<br />
iwvevs TviT alu<strong>da</strong>s gaurjuloebas, qristianobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gasvlas. xevisberi erTdroulad warmoadgens rogorc politikur,<br />
ise religiur avtoritets <strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />
niSnavs ara mxolod TemTan, anu sazogadoebasTan, aramed<br />
73
saxelmwifosTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebasac. amgvari <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
Sedegi winaswar aris cnobili: calkeuli a<strong>da</strong>miani uZluria<br />
sazogadoebasTan <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi, igi<br />
aucileblad <strong>da</strong>marcxdeba. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi alu<strong>da</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxeba misi Temi<strong>da</strong>n mokveTiT aRiniSneba: Temi mas<br />
icilebs, rogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebisTvis mavne Tavisuflebis<br />
bacilas, rogorc pirovnebas, romelic<br />
TemisTvis ucxo zogadsakacobrio moralis simaRli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebul wesrigs<br />
upirispirdeba.<br />
alu<strong>da</strong>sTvis mucalis mounaTlaoba, ucxooba Semaferxebeli<br />
ar aris. igi xevisberi berdias funqciebSi SeiWreba <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTon Seswiravs samsxverplos.<br />
gajavr<strong>da</strong> qeTelauri,<br />
feri <strong>da</strong>idva mglisao,<br />
xeli <strong>da</strong>ikra frangulsa,<br />
Suqi amox<strong>da</strong> mzisao.<br />
uqniva mozvers qedze<strong>da</strong>,<br />
Tavi migoravs Zirsao.<br />
Tan Saexvewa batonsa:<br />
„ _ nu Samicodeb Svilsao.<br />
alla<strong>da</strong> hqondes mucalsa,<br />
mag mounaTlav gmirsao!~<br />
alu<strong>da</strong>m gumaniT „icis~ a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao<br />
deklaraciis meoTxe muxlis debuleba. amitom igi Tamamad<br />
arRvevs lokalur wesebs globaluri wesrigis saxeliT. SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom saxezea konfliqti zneobriobis lokalur<br />
<strong>da</strong> globalur gaazrebebs Soris, rac SeiZleba Seva<strong>da</strong>roT<br />
konfliqts erovnul <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobebs<br />
Soris, rodesac saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobas eniWeba<br />
upiratesoba.<br />
icis Tu ara alu<strong>da</strong> qeTelaurma, rom mis mier individualurad<br />
napovni uzarmazari simarTle ramdenime xnis Semdeg<br />
kacobriobis erT-erT fun<strong>da</strong>mentur dokumentSi hpovebs<br />
74
asaxvas <strong>da</strong> civilizebuli samyaros kanonad iqceva? Tuki poemis<br />
im adgils gavixsenebT, sa<strong>da</strong>c is de<strong>da</strong>kacebs Temis wyevlas<br />
ukrZalavs, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom icis. alu<strong>da</strong>m icis,<br />
rom gauswro im dros, romelSic misi Temi cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ewia<br />
im dros, romelSic kacobrioba un<strong>da</strong> cxovrobdes. „alu<strong>da</strong><br />
qeTelaurSi~ erTaderT a<strong>da</strong>mians, mindias aqvs Sansi, alu<strong>da</strong>s<br />
gaugos, magram am SansiT igi ver isargeblebs, radgan Temisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi kanonebis winaaRdeg amboxebuli alu<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>cva misi<br />
moralisTvisac SeuZlebeli xdeba. mindias sjera alu<strong>da</strong>si,<br />
sjera misi vaJkacobisa, magram mindias ar esmis alu<strong>da</strong>si,<br />
misTvis gaugebaria qeTelauris moqmedebis motivacia,<br />
gaugebaria alu<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>umorCilebloba xevisberisadmi, mamapapaTa<br />
a<strong>da</strong>Tebisadmi.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom sindisis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli,<br />
msoflio literaturis erT-erTi pirveli disidentis, alu<strong>da</strong><br />
qeTelauris sakuTar saxelSic ki konnotirebulia misi<br />
ufleba<strong>da</strong>mcvelobiTi arsi. rogorc zurab WumburiZis gamokvleviTac<br />
<strong>da</strong>sturdeba, vaJas personaJis saxeli momdinareobs<br />
aRmosavlur samyaroSi kargad cnobili pirovnebis saxeli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
aladini, romelic warmoSobiT arabulia <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
pirveladi formaa alauddin, rac „simaRles, rwmenis zeobas~<br />
niSnavs 4.<br />
swored sakuTar Tavze amaRlebi<strong>da</strong>n, axali zneobrivi<br />
simaRli<strong>da</strong>n mosCans ase kargad sxvisi samyaro.<br />
sxvisi religiuri Tu ideologiuri samyaros arsebobis<br />
uflebis aRiareba, SeiZleba iTqvas, saerTo adgilia vaJafSavelas<br />
SemoqmedebaSi. SeiZleba gavixsenoT epizodi „stumar-maspinZli<strong>da</strong>n~,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c xevsuri zvia<strong>da</strong>uri sikvdils ar Seudrka<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTielTa warmodgeniT msxverplad „ar Seewira~ anu<br />
ver gaukeTes Tavis mkv<strong>da</strong>rs<br />
mis Sesaferi sadili.<br />
<strong>da</strong>klulma <strong>da</strong>kla maT guli<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaucrua qadili.<br />
4<br />
zurab WumburiZe, alu<strong>da</strong>s etimologiisTvis, gelaTis mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis Jurnali, 8, gamomcemloba „inteleqti~, 2003.<br />
75
Seuracxyofil qistebs sur<strong>da</strong>T xanjlebi <strong>da</strong>eZroT <strong>da</strong><br />
„mkvdris gvamze sisxliT naRebi fanjrebi~ gaeRoT, magram<br />
ver hbedven, scxvenianT:<br />
„codvaa!~ _ yvela hfiqrob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
xalxis guli <strong>da</strong> goneba<br />
sasinanulod mihqro<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kargi vaJkaci yofila,<br />
yvela allaxsa hficav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom qistebSi aSkarad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> azri,<br />
rom zvia<strong>da</strong>uri <strong>da</strong> misi vaJkacoba pativiscemas imsaxurebs,<br />
isini ver maRldebian sakuTar Tavze, sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>ze <strong>da</strong><br />
ver xe<strong>da</strong>ven sxvis <strong>kultura</strong>s, ufro sworad, sxvis uflebas<br />
sakuTar <strong>kultura</strong>ze. samagierod, amas cal-calke axerxeben<br />
joyola <strong>da</strong> aRaza, rac orivesTvis tragikulad sruldeba.<br />
specialur literaturaSi araerTgzis aRniSnula, rom<br />
„stumar-maspinZlis~ finali uaRresad „Zneli gasagebia~. gacilebiT<br />
ufro samarTliani iqnebo<strong>da</strong> aRgveniSna, rom es finali,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturisa <strong>da</strong> konfesiis a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />
Soris RvTaebrivi konsensusi <strong>da</strong> harmoniaa gadmocemuli,<br />
Zneli misaRebia Tun<strong>da</strong>c Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis,<br />
romelic mxolod uaxlovdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa<br />
gaTavisebis axal etaps. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad am sirTulisa,<br />
sruliad aSkaraa, rom geniosi poetis SemoqmedebaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebaTa fun<strong>da</strong>mentaluri debuleba sindisisa <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb aris <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturisaTvis<br />
organuli <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi debuleba.<br />
Cven sruliad veTanxmebiT vaJa-fSavelas saukeTeso<br />
mkvlevars, grigol kiknaZes, rodesac is aRniSnavs, rom vaJas „...<br />
personaJebi romelime a<strong>da</strong>Tis <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaken ar miiswrafvian,<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, ar SeiZleba gaviziaroT gavrcelebuli mosazreba,<br />
rom vaJas gmirebi Temis aTaswlovani tradiciebis winaaRmdeg<br />
ibrZvian. amaSi sulac ar mdgomareobs maTi tragedia~ 5.<br />
5 grigol kiknaZe, vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba, wignSi: vaJas krebuli,<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi 1991, gv. 49.<br />
76
saqme is aris, rom TviT Temi Seicavs erTmaneTisadmi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul,<br />
SeuTanxmebel tradicia-a<strong>da</strong>Tebs. TviT sazogadoebaSia<br />
Sinagani winaaRmdegoba. vaJa-fSavela mkiTxvelis<br />
winaSe mTeli simZafriT ayenebs ori simarTlis, mravali WeSmaritebis<br />
problemas <strong>da</strong>, rogorc avtori, gulSematkivrobs<br />
WeSmaritebis im mxares, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebs sazogadoebis<br />
uflebebze maRla ayenebs. amitom sargebloben avtoris<br />
aseTi Rrma simpaTiiT iseTi gmirebi, rogorebic arian<br />
alu<strong>da</strong>, joyola, aRaza, gogoTuri.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, vaJa-fSavelas mixedviT, calkeul movlenaze<br />
arsebobs ori urTierTgamomricxavi met-naklebad<br />
TanabarZalovani a<strong>da</strong>Ti an tradicia (erTis mxriv, mtris<br />
mtrobisa <strong>da</strong>, meores mxriv, vaJkacobis <strong>da</strong>fasebis tradicia;<br />
erTis mxriv, mterze SurisZiebisa <strong>da</strong>, meores mxriv, stumarmaspinZlobis<br />
tradicia <strong>da</strong> a.S.). problema is aris, Tu romeli<br />
tradiciiT operirebs sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> romliT _ pirovneba.<br />
faqtobrivad, brZola mimdinareobs pirovnuli arCevanis<br />
uflebisTvis, anu TavisuflebisTvis.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, vaJa-fSavela qarTul<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>sTan erTad erT-erTi Tanaavtoria a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
sayovelTao deklaraciisa, romelmac am rTuli sakiTxisadmi<br />
swored pirovnebis primatis aseTi midgoma <strong>da</strong>akanona.<br />
7. Tavisufali sityva<br />
„yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs ufleba hqondes mrwamsi <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflad<br />
gamoxatos igi; es debuleba moicavs a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>ubrkoleblad misdevdes Tavis mrwamss <strong>da</strong> moiZios, miiRos<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaavrcelos informacia <strong>da</strong> ideebi nebismieri saSualebebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad“.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 19<br />
marTali sityva <strong>da</strong> kritikuli azrovneba <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis<br />
bunebrivi Semadgeneli nawilia. aq SeiZleba ramdenime<br />
didi saxeli gaixseno, magram yvelas <strong>da</strong>Crdilavs yvelaze didi<br />
qarTveli, vinc ki odesme <strong>da</strong>badebula _ eris sulieri li-<br />
77
deri, qarTveli xalxis gmiri, ilia WavWavaZe. siTamame, romliTac<br />
ilia WavWavaZe qarTvelobaze <strong>da</strong> qarTul sinamdvileze<br />
mxatvrulad laparakob<strong>da</strong>, dRemde samoqalaqo gmirobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> vaJkacobis magaliTebad rCeba.<br />
CvenisTana bednieri<br />
gana aris sadme eri?<br />
mZime yalniT,<br />
lamaz falniT<br />
morTuli <strong>da</strong> mSvenieri;<br />
uwyinari,<br />
uCivari,<br />
qeddrekili, madlieri;<br />
uSfoTveli,<br />
qvemZromeli,<br />
rigiani, wesieri;<br />
yovlad mTmeni,<br />
viT jor-cxeni,<br />
naxedni <strong>da</strong> Ronieri.<br />
bunebrivia, msgavsi siTamame yvelas ar aRafrTovaneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erovnuli Rirebulebebisadmi <strong>da</strong> cxovrebiseuli amocanebisadmi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarma <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebam warmoSva mTeli<br />
epoqa qarTul literaturaSi, azrovnebasa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebaSi mamaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> SvilTa brZolis saxiT. erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>upirispirdnen<br />
ara mxolod ufrosi <strong>da</strong> umcrosi Taobebis warmomadgenlebi,<br />
ara mxolod Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali qarTvelebi, aramed a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebis gaazrebisa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis demokratiuli mowyobis<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong> diametralurad <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva koncefciebi. pirvandeli literaturuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispireba sagazeTo <strong>da</strong> saJurnalo polemikis sferos<br />
gac<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aSkara personaluri mtrobis saxe miiRo.<br />
xSiri iyo urTierTbraldebebi yvelaze ufro mZime<br />
codvebSi. magali-Tad, ilias brali edebo<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos<strong>da</strong> mis<br />
mier mware simar-Tlis Tqmas ara WeSmariti patriotis<br />
gulistikivili, aramed mSobeli xalxis <strong>da</strong>uZinebeli<br />
siZulvili edo safuZvlad. am absurdul braldebas iliam<br />
78
gulistkiviliT mouZebna metad gonebamaxviluri, maRalpoeturi<br />
pasuxi:<br />
Cemzed amboben: „is siaves qarTlisas ambobs,<br />
Cvens cuds ar malavs, eg xom cxadi siZulvilia!~<br />
briyvni amboben, kargi guli ki maSinve scnobs,<br />
am siZulvilSi raodenic siyvarulia!<br />
sityvis Tavisuflebis gansakuTrebuli gamovlinebaa<br />
ilias „gamocanebi~, romlebmac ar <strong>da</strong>indo yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
<strong>da</strong> Rirseuli moqalaqeebic ki, rodesac maT saqveyno<br />
saqmes uRalates6; sul rva gamocana iyo, romlebSic mkiTxvelebs<br />
un<strong>da</strong> amoecnoT revaz andronikaSvili, giorgi muxran-batoni,<br />
ivane muxran-batoni, platon ioseliani, dimitri<br />
jorjaZe, iase WavWavaZe, besarion RoRoberiZe <strong>da</strong> grigol<br />
orbeliani, xolo<br />
mecxre gamocanad iTqmis:<br />
es vis <strong>da</strong>uweriao?<br />
nu gawuxebT <strong>da</strong> nurc ityviT:<br />
igi Cveni mteriao.<br />
Tu gawyrebiT, ra menaRvlis?!<br />
me ar maqvs Tqveni ridia,<br />
viT Tqven qveyana, mec wyroma<br />
Tqveni fexebze mkidia.<br />
6<br />
uSualo mizezi gamocanebis <strong>da</strong>werisa _ es yofila Tava<strong>da</strong>znaurobis<br />
kamariliis moqmedeba imperatoris aleqsandre II-is Camosvlis dros<br />
saqarTveloSi 1871 wels. Tava<strong>da</strong>znauroba amzadeb<strong>da</strong> adress<br />
imperatorisaTvis misarTmevad. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad ganzraxuli iyo moeTxovaT<br />
universitetis gaxsna TbilisSi, magram Tava<strong>da</strong>znaurobis marSalma revaz<br />
andronikaSvilma mefisnacvlisa <strong>da</strong> Tavadebis survilis Tanaxmad gverdi<br />
auara Tava<strong>da</strong>znaurTa yrilobis am <strong>da</strong>dgenilebas <strong>da</strong> waradgina sxva adresi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c nacvlad universitetisa moTxovnili iyo kadetTa korpusis gaxsna<br />
TbilisSi. ix. ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, I, pavle<br />
ingoroyvas sare<strong>da</strong>qcio SeniSvnebi, gv. 388.<br />
79
<strong>da</strong> mainc sityvisa <strong>da</strong> mrwamsis Tavisuflebis simbolod<br />
qarTul literaturaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos ilias genialuri<br />
moTxroba `kacia a<strong>da</strong>miani?!~ <strong>qarTuli</strong> erovnuli Tvisebebis<br />
es metismetad <strong>da</strong>undobeli kritika, rogorc cnobilia,<br />
avtobiografiis elementebsac ki Seicavs7 . erovnuli, pirovnuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> wodebrivi TviTironiis <strong>da</strong>xvewiloba am nawarmoebSi<br />
gansakuTrebul mxatvrul simaRles aRwevs 8.<br />
aseve samagaliTod rCeba akaki wereTlis mware simarTle.<br />
albaT, me-19 saukunis arc erT qarTvel mwerals ar uTqvams<br />
imdeni mware sityva saqarTveloze, ramdenic akaki were-<br />
Tels. upirveles yovlisa, mas ekuTvnis saxelganTqmuli<br />
„furTxis Rirsi xar Sen, saqarTvelo!~ misive sityvebia:<br />
„Tu gSia, patriotob,<br />
Sen moZmesac uwyrebi;<br />
magram maSin ki sxva xar,<br />
rodesac gamoZRebi;<br />
Tavi qoniT gaqvs savse<br />
<strong>da</strong> tviniT ki _ fexebi~.<br />
masve ekuTvnis cnobili sayveduri:<br />
gamtania Cemi eri,<br />
gareganad mSvenieri...<br />
ise uyvars qvriv-oxeri,<br />
rom hsurs CvenSi iyos bevri...<br />
7<br />
igulisxmeba luarsab TaTqariZis garegnuli portreti, luarsabisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>rejanis uSviloba <strong>da</strong> sxva detalebi.<br />
8<br />
cnobilia, rom Wola lomTaTiZe miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom luarsab TaTqariZe zis<br />
TiToeul qarTvel a<strong>da</strong>mianSi. qarTul literaturaSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba<br />
sxva iseTi zogaderovnuli tipaJi, rogoric luarsab TaTqariZea. SesaZloa,<br />
swored amitom sargeblobs es, avtoris CanafiqriT, sruliad odiozuri<br />
personaJi aseTi aSkara simpaTiiT Zvel <strong>da</strong> axal qarTvel mkiTxvelebSi.<br />
80
axali drois saqarTvelom ki Caibara akaki wereTlis anderZi:<br />
monas rad un<strong>da</strong> kruli sicocxle?<br />
visTvis aanTos wmin<strong>da</strong> lampari?<br />
sjobs monobaSi gadidkacebuls<br />
Tavisuflebis ZebnaSi mkv<strong>da</strong>ri!<br />
81
`kavkasiuri kosmopolitizmi~ _<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kinoavangardis arCevani<br />
giorgi gvaxaria<br />
`Tqven poetebo!.../gagacliT RmerTebs/rusTavelis Tan<strong>da</strong>matebiT/<br />
an<strong>da</strong>mativiT saflavebSi rom geqaCebaT/vefxvis<br />
tyavi<strong>da</strong>n/sakuTaric aRar <strong>da</strong>grCebaT.../Sarvlebi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>Svebul/sqeli<br />
muclebiT/ poeziaSi gaqanebas rom<br />
gve<strong>da</strong>vebiT/samzareulos raindebi/Tqven xarT<br />
uZlevi/gastronomiis vitrinebSi RorisTaviviT~.<br />
nikoloz Sengelaia `saTauri~ 1<br />
`moqalaqeno!/gamoicvala paradi/wvrilSviliani<br />
poezia/karrSi/ ALLE/(orkestrs)/samgloviaro<br />
marSi/arbitri;/nikoloz Sengelaia~.<br />
nikoloz Sengelaia `iubilarebo!~<br />
esaa nikoloz Sengelaias leqsebi, romelic momavalma kinoreJisorma<br />
1924 wels <strong>da</strong>beW<strong>da</strong> futuristebis Jurnal<br />
„H SO “-Si. misTvis nebismieri axirebis uaryofa, barierebis<br />
2 4<br />
msxvreva, stabiluri faseulobebisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis garRveva _<br />
Tavisuflebis piroba iyo. `stabiluri sivrcis~ garRvevis<br />
mizniT qarTveli avangardisti-kinoreJisori mxolod leqsebis<br />
gamoqveynebas ar <strong>da</strong>sjer<strong>da</strong>; rusTavelis prospeqtze,<br />
dRisiT-mzisiT xeze aZvra <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo `wvrilSvilian<br />
poeziaze~ qiliki. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, namdvili modernistiviT<br />
iqceo<strong>da</strong>, cdilob<strong>da</strong> warmoedgina Tavi `atraqcionis~<br />
saxiT.<br />
iTvleba, rom `atraqcionis~, anu eizenSteinis Teorias Tu<br />
<strong>da</strong>vesesxebiT, sazogadoebis `Sokiseburi~ provocirebis, es<br />
vneba nikoloz Sengelaias rus-sabWoTa avangardistebTan<br />
1 `kinoxelovnebis problemebi~. Tbilisis unიversitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
Tbilisi. 1992. gv.144<br />
2<br />
iqve, gv. 145<br />
82<br />
2
megobrobam gauRviZa. Tumca nu <strong>da</strong>gvaviwydeba, rom kinoxelovneba<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve `tramvis efeqtze~ aRmocen<strong>da</strong>; Zmebi liumierebis<br />
`matareblis Semosvlam~ ise <strong>da</strong>afrTxo pirveli kinomayurebeli,<br />
rom sanaxaobis moyvarulebma panta-puntiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>toves kino<strong>da</strong>rbazi. 20-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, roca gaCndnen<br />
pirveli kinoTeoretikosebi, TiTqmis yvela SeTanxm<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom sinematografis agresiuli `atraqcioni~ miZinebuli<br />
sazogadoebis gamofxizlebas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>, rom es iyo<br />
`axali religia~, romelsac xelovnebis yvela <strong>da</strong>rgze metad<br />
SeeZlo masebze uSualo zemoqmedeba, rom liumirebis seansze<br />
`skamis <strong>da</strong>toveba~, anu erTi mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla,<br />
aris `eqs-stazi~ _ stabiluri sivrcis garRveva. kinematografisti<br />
ki, romelic am misias asrulebs, upirispirdeba<br />
`samzareulos raindebs~, `wvrilSvilian poezias~, atyobinebs<br />
samyaros, rom `paradi gamoicvala~.<br />
amboben, rom deklamaciis im formam, romelic nikoloz<br />
Sengelaiam airCia, Zalian gaaRiziana rusTavelze moseirne<br />
sazogadoeba. igi maSinve `giJad~ Seracxes, anu uwodes nebismieri<br />
avangardistisTvis sasurveli saxeli. Tumca 20-ian<br />
wlebSi Tu frangs, magaliTad, SeeZlo ekekluca am saxeliT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>ewera siurealistTa manifestebi <strong>da</strong> elaparaka avangardul<br />
eqscentrizmze, rogorc momavali samyaros winaswarmetyvelebaze,<br />
`zerealobaze~, qarTvelisTvis `giJ-poetoba~<br />
mainc mZime xvedri un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. 20-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis<br />
qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>s jer kidev marTvadnen `wvrilSviliani<br />
poeziis~ mexotbeni <strong>da</strong> marTalia `paradi gamoicvala~,<br />
rusTavelze gamvleli obivateli nikoloz Sengelaias `atraqcions~<br />
Znelad Tu Seurigdebo<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa nikoloz<br />
Sengelaiam mainc moipova viRac-viRaceebis simpatia _<br />
poets yuradReba miaqcia kote marjaniSvilma, romelic imxanad<br />
kinoSi muSaobas apireb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> asistentad aiyvana Tavis<br />
filmze `qariSxlis win~.<br />
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xelovnebis `memarcxene<br />
frontis~ erT-erTma liderma, nikoloz Sengelaiam<br />
marjaniSvilis `salonur kinosTan~ urTierToba didxans ver<br />
SeZlo _ miatova maestro <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblad <strong>da</strong>iwyo ga<strong>da</strong>Reba.<br />
83
1927 wels ekranebze gamovi<strong>da</strong> nikoloz Sengelaias pirveli<br />
filmi `giuli~ (scenaris Tanaavtori <strong>da</strong> operatori mixeil<br />
kalatoziSvili), romelsac Sio aragvispirelis moTxroba<br />
<strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad. ambavi azerbaijaneli qalis, giulis <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTveli ymawvilis, mituas tragikul siyvarulze, aragvispirelTan<br />
sruliad moklebulia kinematografiulobas _<br />
moqmedebis naklebobiT <strong>da</strong> dialogebis siWarbiT xasiaTdeba,<br />
magram religiuri <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri Seuwynareblobis Tema poetavangardists<br />
etyoba imdenad awuxeb<strong>da</strong>, rom Tavad ver gaizra,<br />
rogor gatexa avangardistebis fici _ ga<strong>da</strong>iRo salonuri<br />
melodrama vnebaze, fizikur ltolvaze, romelmac ukan miatova<br />
SiSi, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba (koleqtivis mimarT) <strong>da</strong><br />
religiuri fanatizmi. pirvelad qarTul kinoSi gmiri <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong><br />
`koleqtiur fsiqologias~ (erovnuls, religiurs),<br />
pirvelad qarTul kinoSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis ufleba, `siyvarulis<br />
ufleba~ ufro mniSvnelovnad gamocxad<strong>da</strong>, vidre tradicia;<br />
magram qarTvelma avangardistebma am filmSi mxolod<br />
kalatoziSvilis namuSevari moiwones... rac bunebrivia _ individualizmis<br />
yvelanairi gamovlena `memarcxeneobisTvis~<br />
reaqciulad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aleqsandre yazbegis moTxrobaSi `eliso~, romlis ekranizaciaze<br />
muSaoba Sengelaiam `giulis~ <strong>da</strong>srulebisTanave <strong>da</strong>iwyo,<br />
faqtobrivad igive Tema meordeba. aqac upirispirdeba<br />
erTmaneTs siyvaruli (amjerad gmirebi qarTveli vaJi <strong>da</strong> Ce-<br />
Ceni qali arian) <strong>da</strong> Tanamemamuleebis mimarT gamoxatuli soli<strong>da</strong>roba,<br />
piradi bedniereba <strong>da</strong> xalxis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis<br />
grZnoba. Tumca `giulisgan~ gansxvavebiT, `elisoSi~<br />
gaCn<strong>da</strong> xalxis bedis Tema, xalxisa, romelsac sakuTari miwawyli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
asaxleben, riTac kidev ufro gamZafr<strong>da</strong> elisosa <strong>da</strong><br />
vaJias siyvarulis dramatizmi.<br />
SesaZlebelia, sergei tretiakovi rom ara, romelmac<br />
`elisosTvis~ scenari <strong>da</strong>wera <strong>da</strong> is cvlilebebi, romelic<br />
filmSi yazbegis moTxrobam ganica<strong>da</strong>, oficialur xelisuflebas<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>eSva im moTxrobis ekranizacia, romelSic ruse-<br />
Tis mier mcire xalxebis devna iyo asaxuli; magram tretiakovma<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sengelaiam ara marto Secvales yazbegis moTxrobis<br />
finali, aramed garkveul polemikasac mimarTes yazbegTan<br />
84
20-iani wlebis sabWoTa avangardis ideebis <strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad.<br />
reJisori, romelmac erTi wlis win <strong>da</strong>asrula filmi `giuli~<br />
_ siyvarulze, rogorc umaRles zneobriv kategoriaze,<br />
iRebs `elisos~, sa<strong>da</strong>c siyvaruli gagebulia, rogorc `kerZo<br />
grZnoba~, romelmac `koleqtiur fsiqologias~ un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>uTmos adgili.<br />
moTxrobis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi yazbegi wers: `es mamulis mosiyvarule,<br />
imisTvis Tavganwiruli CeCnebi, esalmebodnen Tavis<br />
samSoblos, romlis SesarCenad <strong>da</strong> asaRorZineblad mamas Svili<br />
ar Seuwyalebia, cols _qmari...~ 3 sul ramdenime abzacis<br />
Semdeg ki <strong>da</strong>sZens: `am ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebulT saerTo godebas<br />
moSorebo<strong>da</strong> erTi ymawvili qali... imas TiTqos sakmaod ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>enaxa saerTo godeba <strong>da</strong> mwuxareba~ 4.<br />
gamodis, rom yazbegis moTxrobaSi eliso Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve gamocalkevebulia<br />
`saerTo godebisgan~, SeiZleba iTqvas pirovnebaa,<br />
romelsac axireba, cduneba tanjavs _ sxva rjulis kaci<br />
uyvars <strong>da</strong> Tavisi xalxis beds ar iziarebs. Sesabamisad<br />
cocxldebian totemisa <strong>da</strong> tabus simboloebi _ mama, anzori,<br />
gamoxatavs Zalauflebas <strong>da</strong> tradiciebs, romelsac aumxedrdeba<br />
eliso.<br />
nikoloz Sengelaia qarTveli `60-ianelebis~ warmomadgeneli<br />
rom yofiliyo, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Secvli<strong>da</strong> yazbegis<br />
moTxrobis siuJets. gavixsenoT, rom am Taobis erT-er-<br />
Tma liderma, Tengiz abulaZem swored `koleqtiurisa~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`individualuris~ konfliqtze aago Tavisi filmis, `vedrebis~<br />
dramaturgia. `natvris xisa~ <strong>da</strong> `monaniebis~ avtorma<br />
vaJa fSavelas nawarmoebebis ekranizaciaSi `koleqtiuri<br />
fsiqologia~ faqtobrivad totalitarizmis winapirobad<br />
warmoaCina; magram nikoloz Sengelaia sxva Taobis qarTveli<br />
re-Jisori iyo <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, `elisos~ gansxvavebul<br />
`istoriul situaciaSi~ iReb<strong>da</strong>. warumatebloba filmisa<br />
`giuli~, romelSic pirovneba koleqtivze maRla dgas,<br />
avangardistebisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli melodramatizmis<br />
3 <strong>qarTuli</strong> proza. X1 wigni, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ Tbilisi.1986, gv.128<br />
4 iqve, gv.429<br />
85
SiSi, literaturuli pirvelwyaros transformaciis erTerTi<br />
mizezia, magram ara mTavari. im erTi wlis manZilze, rac<br />
`elisos~ <strong>da</strong> `giulis~ erTamaneTisgan hyofT, saqarTveloSi,<br />
iseve rogorc mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, situacia Seicvala.<br />
swored im dros qarTulma sabWoTa cenzuram akrZala mixeil<br />
kalatoziSvilis `usinaTlo~, mogvianebiT ki socialisturi<br />
biurokratizmis parodia -kote miqaberiZis `Cemi bebia~.<br />
socialisturi saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>iqca unitarul organizmad,<br />
romelSic a<strong>da</strong>miani ukve aRaraferia koleqtivTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
Seicvala `nacionaluri politikac~. 1926 wels rsfsr<br />
ierTebs ruse-Tis yofili imperiis mniSvnelovan<br />
teritoriebs <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba `socialisturi<br />
respublikebis kavSirad~. nikoloz Sengelaias filmi ki<br />
swore<strong>da</strong>c rom ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli,<br />
ruseTis `nacionaluri politikis~ winaaRmdeg. rogorc Cans,<br />
tretiakovisa <strong>da</strong> SengelaiasTvis es Tema ufro aqtualuri<br />
iyo, vidre `kerZo~ sasiyvarulo istoria.<br />
gavixsenoT, ras wers yazbegi «elisoSi»: `uwindel droSi<br />
rom momx<strong>da</strong>riyo aseTi SemTxveva <strong>da</strong> mahmadians `mTieli qristiani~<br />
Sehyvarebo<strong>da</strong>, maSindelis iqauris CveulebiT, sarwmunoeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>mabrkolebel mizezad ver Seiqmnebo<strong>da</strong> imaT SeerTebisTvis;<br />
magram exla, rodesac qarTvelebi, e.i. qristianebi<br />
`giaurebs~ anu rusebs win miuZRvodnen <strong>da</strong> gzebs uCvenebdnen,<br />
rodesac isini giaurebTan erTad ebrZodnen <strong>da</strong>moyvarebuls<br />
mezoblebs, - exla sul sxva iyo~ 5.<br />
CeCnebi aq TiTqos ori mxri<strong>da</strong>n iCagrebian. maT marTlmadidebeli<br />
xalxi Cagravs (marTlmadidebeli qveynebi)... sainteresoa,<br />
rogor meordeba istoria. 90-ian wlebSi, eduard SevardnaZe<br />
dsT-s qveynebis erTaderTi lideri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, romelmac<br />
Riad <strong>da</strong>uWira mxari ruseTis intervencias CeCneTSi.<br />
gamodis, rom nikoloz Sengelaias filmSi, situaciaSi,<br />
roca qarTvelebma Riad <strong>da</strong>uWires mxari TavianT `erTmorwmune<br />
mezobels~ CeCeni xalxis ganadgurebaSi, Tavisi xalxisgan<br />
(eTnosisgan) gandgomilis rolSi gvevlineba ara CeCeni<br />
eliso (rogorc yazbegTan), ramdena<strong>da</strong>c qarTveli vaJia. swo-<br />
5 <strong>qarTuli</strong> proza. XI wigni, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ Tbilisi.1986, gv. 431<br />
86
ed vaJiaa gaucxoebuli `jvarosnuli omisgan~ barbarosebis<br />
winaaRmdeg. poeti, futuristi, romelmac Tavis leqseb-Si<br />
karga magrad iqilika yvelanair avtoritarizmze, mixeil<br />
kalatoziSvilis msgavsad, romelic imxanad `jim SvanTes~<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>RebisTvis emzadeba, miemarTeba maRla, mTebSi, sakuTari<br />
identurobis saZebnelad. igi TiTqos grZnobs, rom kavkasiis<br />
`aramarTlmadidebel xalxebs~ ramdenime weliwadSi kidev<br />
erTxel Seracxaven `ucxoebad~ <strong>da</strong> `barbarosebad~ (,,mtris<br />
agentebad~).<br />
20-iani wlebis qarTveli avangardistebis xelovneba `er-<br />
Tian kacobriobasTan~ ziarebis saSualebaa. kinos kosmopolitur<br />
enaze wer<strong>da</strong> jer kidev devid uork grifiti: `fineli<br />
iseve iolad amoicnobs cxenis gamosaxulebas, rogorc Turqi.<br />
gamosaxuleba universaluri simboloa, xolo moZravi gamosaxuleba<br />
universaluri ena. viRacam Tqva, `SesaZlebelia<br />
kinom babilonis godolis mier <strong>da</strong>yenebuli problema ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitoso~<br />
6.<br />
eizenSteinma swored grifits mibaZa, roca kinomontaJi<br />
`universalur enad~ gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. nikoloz Sengelaias ki,<br />
`elisos~ ekranebze gamosvlis Semdeg, `qarTveli eizenSteini~<br />
uwodes (eizenSteinia avtori `atraqcionebis~ <strong>da</strong> `inteleqtualuri~<br />
montaJis ideisa, romliTac STagonebulia<br />
Sengelaia `elisoSi~).<br />
kavkasia iqca Tavisebur `multinacionalur wiaRad~, eqscentrikuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> infantiluri kinoavangardis Tavis ga<strong>da</strong>r-<br />
Cenis saSualebad... ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisa pirvel rigSi mama-patriarqisgan<br />
(erovnebiT qarTvelisgan), romelic cota xanSi Tavs<br />
`msoflio proletariatis mamad~ gamoacxadebs. qarTveli<br />
kinematografistebi, rogorc Cans, `egzotikad~ aRiqvamdnen<br />
mTis xalxebisTvis Cveul warmarTul ritualebs <strong>da</strong> imasac<br />
amCnevdnen, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad gansxvavebuli enisa, kavkasieli<br />
xalxebis `jgufuri cnobiereba~ di<strong>da</strong>d ar gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
erTmaneTisgan <strong>da</strong> Tuki mainc iyo gansxvaveba, is arasdros<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>zrdila mezoblis mimarT mtrul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi;<br />
magram erovnuli Cagvra xom gamoixateba ara marto imperiis<br />
6 D.W.Griffith. „Cinema, miracle de la photographie moderne“, Cahiers du cine<br />
87
mier `mcire xalxebis~ <strong>da</strong>pyrobaSi. erovnuli Cagvra iTvaliswinebs<br />
Zaladobis `SeWras~ Tavad xalxebs Soris urTier-<br />
TobaSi. ara<strong>da</strong> urTierToba, kontaqti, Sexvedra, urTier-<br />
Tgavlena, gamTlianeba, erToba _ msoflio kinoavangardis<br />
mTavari Temaa. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xelovnebisTvis ki, romelic ganuwyvetliv<br />
`exebo<strong>da</strong>~ erTis mxriv, qristianul samyaros, meores<br />
mxriv ki, aRmosavleTis qveynebs, kontrapunqti, gansxvavebuli<br />
`xmebis~ erToblioba iyo `generaluri xazi~ (eizen-<br />
Steinis filmis saTaurs Tu gavixsenebT), romelsac gansakuTrebiT<br />
Seutevs stalinuri klasicizmi.<br />
`eliso~ _ qarTveli kinoavangardistebis erT-erTi<br />
ukanaskneli c<strong>da</strong>a, rogorme ga<strong>da</strong>arCinon avangardistebis<br />
sayvareli saxe _ `mSvidobiani qaosis~, Tu `mSvidobiani<br />
mravalferovnebis~ utopia, ga<strong>da</strong>arCinon `patriarqalurstalinuri~<br />
(Tu `orTodoqsul-stalinuri~) esTetikisgan,<br />
ikonografiuli socializmisgan <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad,<br />
personalizaciisgan... swored amitom Seicvala filmSi<br />
yazbegis nawarmoebis siuJeti, amitom ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> meore planze<br />
piradi drama <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo soli<strong>da</strong>robis idea wamyvani<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>. yazbegis moTxrobisgan gansxvavebiT, filmSi eliso<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa Tavis xalxTan, koleqtiur gmirTan, romelic zeimobs,<br />
aSenebs, <strong>da</strong>stiris micvalebuls <strong>da</strong> amarcxebs sikvdils.<br />
Sengelaiam, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ico<strong>da</strong>, rom mcire eTnikur<br />
jgufebs, gansakuTrebiT diskriminaciis pirobebSi, did<br />
naciebze ufro advilad SeuZliaT gaerTianeba. Tumca<br />
moTxrobis transformaciis mizezi ara imdenad CeCeni<br />
xalxis fsiqologia, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c kinoavangardis mxatvruli<br />
meTodi un<strong>da</strong> iyos. sergei tretiakovi eizenSteinis pirveli<br />
filmis, `brZenis~ scenaris avtori iyo. sicocxlis `estafeturobis~,<br />
memkvidreobis idea ki erT-erTi wamyvania<br />
rogorc eizenSteinTan, aseve nikoloz SengelaiasTan (CeCen<br />
obol bavSvs mozdokSi waiyvans swored vaJia, romelsac aqamde<br />
CeCnebi TavianT mtrad moiazrebdnen)... wamyvania<br />
eizenSteinisTvis Cveuli `dramaturgiuli samkuTxedi~<br />
(,,elisoSi~ _ `qarTveli~, `rusi~ <strong>da</strong> `CeCeni~), eizenSteinis<br />
esTetikisTvis tipuri `gaxsnili wris~ saxe, romelsac<br />
mTlianad eyrdnoba nikoloz Sengelaias filmis saxviTi<br />
88
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta. <strong>da</strong> bolos, sabWoTa <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebelia, msoflio<br />
kinoavangardis lideris pir<strong>da</strong>piri gavlena, kerZod,<br />
`xatovani montaJis~ eizenSteiniseburi idea igrZnoba<br />
`doluris~ saxelganTqmul epizodSi.<br />
amboben, rom am scenis montaJis procesSi reJisori TviT<br />
asruleb<strong>da</strong> dolurs Cveulebriv skamze <strong>da</strong> memontaJe vasil<br />
dolenko cekvis taqtis mixedviT zomav<strong>da</strong> kinofirs. <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
cekvebis, `ferxulis~, `<strong>qarTuli</strong>sa~ <strong>da</strong> `farikaobis~ ritmiTaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>montaJebuli mSeneblobis, vaJiasa <strong>da</strong> rusi generlis<br />
Setakebis, finaluri cekvis epizodebi. yvelaferi agebulia<br />
ritmul kontrapunqtze, amitom ritms aq TiTqos aqvs xma,<br />
ufro swored, gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba xmad. realurad uxmo saxeebis<br />
ritmuli vizualizacia, tipuri 20-iani wlebis evropuli kinoavangardisTvis,<br />
kulminacias aRwevs <strong>da</strong>tirebisa <strong>da</strong> cekvis<br />
epizodebSi _ arqaul cekvaSi, romelic <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
kavkasiis yvela xalxisaTvis _ qristianebisTvisac, warmar-<br />
TebisTvisac, musulmanebisTvisac... es epizodi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n bolomde<br />
eyrdnoba e. w. `eqstazis formulas~. eqstatikuri<br />
efeqti miRweulia erTi mdgomareobis ga<strong>da</strong>svliT meore, mis<br />
sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaSi... roca mxatvruli saxe iqmneba<br />
ara ritmiT, aramed tempiT, roca kontrastuli e.w. `kadri<br />
ganwyobilebebis~ SejaxebiT mayureblis cnobierebaSi ibadeba<br />
axali azri _ glova <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tireba icvleba cekviTa <strong>da</strong><br />
imediT. sikvdili <strong>da</strong> sicocxle ganuyofel antinomiebad<br />
cxaddeba. oRond ara ekranze, aramed mayureblis cnobierebaSi.<br />
esaa `inteleqtualuri montaJis~ Teoria, romlis avtori,<br />
sergei eizenSteini montaJs adreistoriul, arqaul faqtorebs<br />
ukavSireb<strong>da</strong>. eizenSteinis mkvlevari, frangi mwerali<br />
dominik fernandesi amtkicebs, rom `montaJi _ sublimaciis<br />
kinematografiuli variantia, anu <strong>da</strong>srulebuli sinTezi<br />
eqspresiisa (yvelafris Tqma) <strong>da</strong> represiisa (yvelafris<br />
<strong>da</strong>malva)~ 7.<br />
fernandesi gvaxsenebs, rom eizenSteini xelovnebis<br />
nawarmoebs `organizms~ uwodeb<strong>da</strong>. `ra aris es erTi<br />
mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>svla meoreSi, `sakuTari Tavi<strong>da</strong>n ga-<br />
7 „ma“, n.187, 1967, p.18 Dominique Fernandez „Eizenstein“. ed. „Grasset“ Paris, 1975, p.168<br />
89
mosvla~, naxtomi sapirispiro sivrceSi, Tu ara raRac erotikuli~?<br />
8 _ kiTxulobs fernandesi. <strong>da</strong> marTlac, montaJuri<br />
epizodebis ageba `afeTqebis~, `gafurCqvnis~ motivebze, neli<br />
<strong>da</strong> swrafi moZraobebis Serwyma, <strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong> zeasvla, sawinaaRmdego<br />
mimarTulebebiT moZraoba, <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, romelic<br />
SerwymiT mTavrdeba _ `avangardistuli eqstazi~ garkveuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT seqsualuri sublimaciacaa, Tu gnebavT<br />
ara `organizmi~, aramed `orgazmi~.<br />
montaJuri atraqcionebis mimarT ltolva nikoloz Sengelaiam<br />
Tavis leqsebSic gamoavlina. sityvis (Semdeg ki kadris)<br />
`amoRebiT~ Tavisi konteqsti<strong>da</strong>n, igi cdilob<strong>da</strong> moewyvita<br />
sagani Tavisi `istoriisgan~, gaeTavisuflebina<br />
yvelanairi mijaWvulobisgan... <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, a<strong>da</strong>mianic<br />
gaeTavisuflebina, raTa misTvis `kuTvnili~ sivrce ufro<br />
advilad gaerRvia. imave fernandess 20-iani wlebis<br />
avangardistTa vneba _ `Seiswavlon buneba~, an `gaiqcnen<br />
bunebaSi~ zigmund froidis mier aRweril leonardo <strong>da</strong><br />
vinCis cxovrebas agonebs. froidTan es procesi mamis<br />
prestiJis <strong>da</strong>cemiT, `mama-RmerTis~ uaryofiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
bunebasTan (dedis alersTan) <strong>da</strong>axlovebiT mTavrdeba.<br />
sabWoTa, maT Soris qarTvel kinoavangardistebTan ki<br />
bolSevikuri revoluciis mimarT soli<strong>da</strong>robiT (,,mamis~<br />
sikvdili) <strong>da</strong> axal samoTxeSi `livlivis~ utopiiT.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT `sikvdilisa~ <strong>da</strong> `sicocxlis~ saxeebis<br />
ganuwyveteli Sejaxeba qarTul `mTis filmebSi~, romelsac<br />
stalinuri socrealizmis <strong>da</strong>badebamde gatacebiT iRebdnen<br />
Cveni kinematografistebi, gansakuTrebiT `elisosa~ <strong>da</strong> `jim<br />
SvanTeSi~, prologikur formebTan avtorebis <strong>da</strong>axloebis<br />
survils gamoxatavs. esaa `bunebis mibaZva~ <strong>da</strong> stiqiasTan<br />
Serwyma, rasac akeTebs mixeil kalatoziSvili... kalatoziSvili,<br />
magaliTad, asaxavs mdgomareobas a<strong>da</strong>mianisa, romelsac<br />
Tavbru esxmis, subieqturi <strong>da</strong> moZravi kameris im epoqis-Tvis<br />
warmoudgenlad Tamami gamoyenebiT. `jim SvanTeSi~ kadris<br />
CarCos ngreviT, igi ara marto gamoxatavs personaJis gamosvlas<br />
`sakuTari sivrci<strong>da</strong>n~, aramed cdilobs `adgili<strong>da</strong>n<br />
8 „ma“, n.187, 1967, p.18 Dominique Fernandez „Eizenstein“. ed. „Grasset“ Paris, 1975, p .79<br />
90
<strong>da</strong>Zras~, Searyios svaneTis mTebi, raTa sabolood gauqmdes<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTrgunveli Zliereba, gauqmdes yvela sazRvari. axali<br />
gza, romelic aq civilizaciisgan gamijnul svaneTSi gahyavT,<br />
aerTianebs Zvel <strong>da</strong> axal samyaros. ar angrevs Zvels.<br />
mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod erwymis mas.<br />
Serwymis es utopia, sabWoTa, maT Soris qarTveli kinoavangardistebis<br />
`generaluri xazia~. am epoqaSi maT gulwrfelad<br />
swamT, rom komunizmi gaauqmebs `yvelafris safuZvels~<br />
_ kerZo sakuTrebas. es idea, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom qar-<br />
Tvel kinematografistTa es Taoba Tavis Tavs `aTeistad~ miiCnev<strong>da</strong>,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom mTebisken <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,<br />
warmarTuli ritualebisken miuwev<strong>da</strong> guli, raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> marTlmadidebluri kulturi<strong>da</strong>n iSva. marTlmadidebloba<br />
yovelTvis ampartavnobad, siamayed miiCnev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
qristianobis erT-erT ZiriTad princips _ a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
TviTon qmnis Tavis cxovrebas, Tava<strong>da</strong>a pasuxismgebeli im<br />
cxovrebis wesze, romelsac irCevs, TviTonaa Tavisi cxovrebis<br />
patroni. 20-ian wlebSi ingreo<strong>da</strong> tradiciuli faseulobebi,<br />
magram `taZrulobis~, e. i. erTianobis ideaze uari aravis<br />
uTqvams. ufro metic, avangardistebTan igi iqca `sufTa<br />
idead~, Tavisebur absolutad. yvelaferi, rac xels uSlis<br />
ideas, iyos `mxolod idea~, e. i. mas garkveul sazRvrebSi Aaqcevs,<br />
avangardistebisTvis miuReblad cxaddebo<strong>da</strong>. 1931<br />
wels `mTis Temas~ mimarTa siko doliZem filmSi `zvavTa mxareSi~,<br />
romlis gmiri, fSavi kulaki Zarcvavs glexebs, Tumca<br />
arwmunebs maT, rom fuls religiuri ritualis Sesasruleblad<br />
agrovebs. komkavSirlebi fSavi glexebis ganTavisuflebas<br />
barSi maTi ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebiT cdiloben, iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxdeba maTi gaerTianeba komunebSi _ iq maT traqtorebi,<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis ukanaskneli miRwevebi, kulturis<br />
saxli elodebaT. mas Semdeg rac kvdeba soflis Tavkaci<br />
<strong>da</strong> fSavebs patriarqi aRara hyavT, barSi gasvlis survili<br />
ukve yvelas uCndeba. Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali, mTa <strong>da</strong> bari mTliandeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> faqtobrivad myardeba is, rasac 20-iani wlebis kinoavangardistebi<br />
`komunizms~ uwodebdnen.<br />
siko doliZis Semdeg filmSi `ukanaskneli jvarosnebi~<br />
(1934) es Tema odnav gansxvavebulad viTardeba. aq axalgaz-<br />
91
<strong>da</strong> TorRvai, gaunaTlebeli, `bneli~ glexi kolmeurneobis<br />
organizatori xdeba <strong>da</strong>, rac gansakurebiT mniSvnelovania,<br />
yofili mtrebis, CeCnebisa <strong>da</strong> xevsurebis socialuri cxovrebis<br />
erTianoba mSeneblobis, Semoqmedebis piroba xdeba. winaaRmdegoba<br />
individsa <strong>da</strong> Tems Soris, a<strong>da</strong>mianis arsebobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis arss Soris, is winaaRmdegoba, romelic araerTxel gamovlenila<br />
vaJa fSavelas nawarmoebebSi, `ukanasknel jvarosnebSi~<br />
TiTqos saboloo<strong>da</strong>a ga<strong>da</strong>laxuli.<br />
`ukanasknel jvarosnebs~, premieri<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime dRis<br />
Semdeg gamoexmaura didi ungreli kinomcodne bela balaSi,<br />
romelic wer<strong>da</strong> _ doliZesTan xalxuri stili mxatvrul<br />
stilSi ga<strong>da</strong>izrdebao... rac imas niSnavs, rom `ukanasknel<br />
jvarosnebSi~ <strong>kultura</strong>c <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli xalxebis gaerTianebis<br />
saSualebad cxaddeba. <strong>kultura</strong> `biologiur a<strong>da</strong>mians~<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>aqcevs `istoriul a<strong>da</strong>mianad~... civilizacia a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
Semrigeblis rolSi gvevlineba.<br />
magram mTaSi ga<strong>da</strong>xvewiT qarTveli avangardistebi mainc<br />
ver SeZleben `mama-patriarqisgan~ Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rwevas. rac ufro<br />
gamalebiT, swrafad ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebodnen sivrceSi qarTveli<br />
`kinoeqscentrikosebi~, rac ufro Cqarobdnen centri<strong>da</strong>n _<br />
`napirisken~ gaqcevas, kidiT kidemde moZraobas - patriarqi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
_ komunisken, rac ufro kargavdnen sayrdens, miT ufro<br />
enatrebo<strong>da</strong>T `wesrigi~. kidiT kidemde moZraoba sabolood<br />
<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> uZRebi Svilis <strong>da</strong>brunebiT `axal centrTan~, `yvela<br />
mSromelis mamasTan~. `elisos~ avtori iRebs stalinis<br />
sayvarel films `narinjis veli~ (1937), sa<strong>da</strong>c koleqtivi _<br />
ukve yvelaferia, pirovneba ki _ araferi.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mixeil<br />
Wiaurelis SemoqmedebiTi evolucia. kinoSi mosvlamde<br />
mixeil Wiaureli SesaniSnavi moqan<strong>da</strong>ke iyo, monumentalisti.<br />
Tumca misi monumenturi qan<strong>da</strong>keba Tayvaniscemis obieqtad<br />
arasdros qceula. 20-ian wlebSi qvis kerpebis Seqmna<br />
arakoreqtul saqcielad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. aba risTvis mox<strong>da</strong><br />
bolSevikuri revolucia, risTvis Camoagdes mefe, risTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xvrites misi memkvidreebi, Tu xalxi isev kerpebis Seqmnas<br />
moindomeb<strong>da</strong>? swored maSin, roca Wiaurelma qan<strong>da</strong>kebas Tavi<br />
<strong>da</strong>aneba <strong>da</strong> kinoSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo muSaoba, misma sayvarelma<br />
92
eJisorma, sergei eizenSteinma, Tavis saxelganTqmul<br />
filmSi `oqtomberi~ uCveulo kinematografiul triuks<br />
mimarTa: revolucionerebi aq aleqsandre mesamis<br />
mooqrovili qan<strong>da</strong>kebis Camogdebas cdiloben _ jer Tavs<br />
aWrian `oqros kerps~, mere fexebs, bolos cxenis jeric<br />
dgeba; magram Zlevamosili kerpi revolucionerebs arafriT<br />
emorCileba _ qan<strong>da</strong>kebis nawilebi ganuwyvetliv `cdiloben~<br />
<strong>da</strong>ubrundnen sawyis mdgomareobas _ mefis Tavi pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
fexebze `jdeba~, xelebi cxenis sasqeso organoze. qan<strong>da</strong>kebis<br />
Camogdebisa <strong>da</strong> misi xelaxla `awyobis~ procesi karga xans<br />
grZeldeba <strong>da</strong> istoriuli faqti farsad gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba<br />
yvelaferi, rac eizenSteinma Tavis erT filmSi asaxa, mixeil<br />
Wiaurelis Semoqmedebis mcire monakveTSi warmoCin<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1929 wels ga<strong>da</strong>Rebul mis erT-erT pirvel filmSi `saba~<br />
ojaxis wevrebi agreTve <strong>da</strong>upirispirdebian mama-marCenals,<br />
ufro sworad, mamas, romelic marCenlis funqcias veRar<br />
asrulebs, radgan dResa <strong>da</strong> Rames Tbilisis duqnebSi, aryis<br />
smaSi atarebs. `alkoholizmi~, miT umetes, arayTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>megobreba, saqarTveloSi aqtualuri problema arasdros<br />
yofila _ Wiaurelma am mxrivac aSkarad mibaZa rusebs _ man<br />
20-iani wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi popularuli saagitacio<br />
suraTi ga<strong>da</strong>iRo; magram `sabam~ qarTul <strong>kultura</strong>Si<br />
tabu<strong>da</strong>debuli, Tumca yovelTvis aqtualuri problemac<br />
warmoaCiana _ es iyo warsulTan urTierToba, qalis <strong>da</strong><br />
Svilebis survili ganTavisufldnen mama-warsulis, Tu<br />
qmari-warsulis mier <strong>da</strong>debuli borkilebisgan.<br />
`sabas~ premieri<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime Tvis Semdeg mixeil<br />
Wiaurelma saswrafod <strong>da</strong>iwyo axal suraTze, `xabar<strong>da</strong>ze~<br />
muSaoba. Zalian Cqarob<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos grZnob<strong>da</strong>, rom qveyanaSi<br />
situacia Zireulad SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> Secvliliyo... ara imitom,<br />
rom aTeisturi propagandis mizniT, eklesiebis <strong>da</strong>ngreva<br />
saqarTveloSi sul male Sewydebo<strong>da</strong> (,,xabar<strong>da</strong>s~ siuJeti ki<br />
swored taZrebis afeTqeba-ngrevis process asaxavs),<br />
Wiaurels guli ugrZnob<strong>da</strong> albaT, rom <strong>da</strong>ngreul taZrebs<br />
sul male Sromis sasaxleebi <strong>da</strong> muSebisa <strong>da</strong> glexebis-Tvis<br />
gankuTvnili sacurao auzebi Secvli<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>ngreul qvis kerps<br />
mama-beladis axali qan<strong>da</strong>keba Caenacvlebo<strong>da</strong>, warsulis<br />
93
adikaluri uaryofis Semdeg sicarieleSi <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />
sazogadoeba axali sayrdenis Ziebas <strong>da</strong>iwyeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
`xabar<strong>da</strong>s~ premiera 1931 wels gaimarTa _ erTi wliT adre,<br />
sanam socialisturi realizmi oficialurad <strong>da</strong>kanondebo<strong>da</strong><br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi, anu sanam xelisufleba mosTxov<strong>da</strong><br />
mxatvars <strong>da</strong>debiT gmirs, romlisTvisac publikas un<strong>da</strong> miebaZa.<br />
aseTi, egreT wodebuli `<strong>da</strong>debiTi gmirebi~, anu socializmis<br />
mSeneblebi, `xabar<strong>da</strong>Sic~ gamoCndebian _ teqnikosi,<br />
muSa <strong>da</strong> a.S; magram Sinaarsobrivad <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis<br />
doniT, am personaJebis mayurebelze zemoqmedeba minimaluria.<br />
mTavari personaJebi aq _ antigmirebi arian _ im Zveli<br />
eklesiis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi, romelic nangreveba<strong>da</strong>a qceuli <strong>da</strong> sa-<br />
SiSroebas uqmnis a<strong>da</strong>mianebis sicocxles. sxvaTa Soris gairkveva,<br />
rom <strong>da</strong>ngreul taZars aranairi mxatvruli Rirebuleba<br />
ara aqvs _ <strong>da</strong> arc ise Zvelia, mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod aleqsandre<br />
mesamis drosaa aSenebuli. satirul personaJebs diomide<br />
<strong>da</strong> luarsabi hqviaT. isini `patriotebs~ <strong>da</strong> qveynis warsulis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcvelebs TamaSoben. diomide erT epizodSi taZris Camongreul<br />
qvas Caixutebs. Wiaurelma aqac eizenSteins, amjerad<br />
`javSnosan potiomkins~ gaugzavna `mokiTxva~ _ iq, qvis<br />
lomebma gaiRviZes, `RaRadi <strong>da</strong>iwyes~ <strong>da</strong> warsulis Zalauflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcvelebs gaaxsenes, rom am samyaroSi yvelaferi<br />
moZravia <strong>da</strong> cvalebadi, maT Soris qvis kerpebi. aq, `xabar<strong>da</strong>-<br />
Si~, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xelovnebis mondomebuli <strong>da</strong>mcveli, luarsabi,<br />
moqan<strong>da</strong>keebs Tavisi Tavis ukv<strong>da</strong>vsayofad <strong>da</strong>iqiravebs. igi<br />
tanmorCilia, magram sizmarSi Tavis Tavs xe<strong>da</strong>vs, rogorc<br />
didsa <strong>da</strong> monumenturs, romelsac yvela Tayvans scems. mas<br />
esizmreba sakuTari sikvdili, magram es sasiamovno sizmaria,<br />
radgan xalxi mas, rogorc patriots, qveynis warsulisa <strong>da</strong><br />
tradiciebis erTguls, mTawmindis panTeonisken miasvenebs.<br />
luarsabs Tayvans scems aramarto qarTveli xalxi, sizmarSi<br />
igi xe<strong>da</strong>vs, rogor <strong>da</strong>stirian saerTaSoriso ligis warmomadgenlebic<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>stiris mTeli samyaro, <strong>da</strong>stiris siZveles,<br />
qvebs, kerps mijaWvul belads, romelsac WiriviT sZul<strong>da</strong><br />
progresi.<br />
`xabar<strong>da</strong>Si~ kerpis <strong>da</strong>krZalvis procesi mxatvruli karikaturis<br />
JanrSi ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>. 1953 wels mixeil Wiaureli, rome-<br />
94
lic imxanad sabWoTa kavSiris nomer pirvel, anu stalinis<br />
sayvarel kinoreJisorad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, ga<strong>da</strong>iRebs dokumentur<br />
films, romelic aseve asaxavs <strong>da</strong>krZalvas. oRond ara<br />
luarsabis, aramed realuri, istoriuli gmiris _ ioseb stalinis<br />
<strong>da</strong>krZalva-<strong>da</strong>tirebas. mxatvruli karikatura aq paTetikuri<br />
tragediiT Seicvleba, romelic Caikovskis meeqvse<br />
simfoniiT iqneba gaformebuli, magram kinos moyvarulebs<br />
`xabar<strong>da</strong>~ mainc gaaxsendebaT _ luarsabisa ar iyos, stalins<br />
aq <strong>da</strong>stirian ara marto sabWoTa patrioti-mSromelebi, aramed<br />
ucxoeli proletarebic, <strong>da</strong>stiris mTeli msoflio.<br />
Tumca qarTveli reJisorebi stalinis epoqaSic ki axerxebdnen<br />
`mavne ideologiis~ <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas kinoSi. Zalze sainteresoa<br />
am mxriv konstantine pipinaSvilis filmi `qajana~,<br />
romelic ekranebze 1940 wels gamovi<strong>da</strong>, e. i. maSin, roca<br />
SiSisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bezRebis atmosfero sabWoTa cxovrebis wess<br />
gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>. pipinaSvilma SiSisgan marTlac rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>munjebul sazogadoebas fsiqoTerapiis kinematografiuli<br />
seansi Cautara _ xmis amoRebis, Tun<strong>da</strong>c yvirilis<br />
survili ara marto qajanas, aramed mayurebelsac un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaCeno<strong>da</strong>. globusi, romelic filmis finalSi gamoCndeba,<br />
Semecnebisa <strong>da</strong> Riaobis es Taviseburi simbolo, wyvdiadi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rwevis mxatvruli saxe gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
`qajanas~ scenaris avtori karlo gogoZe iyo, a<strong>da</strong>miani,<br />
romelmac pipinaSvilis filmis premieri<strong>da</strong>n 15 wlis Semdeg,<br />
rezo CxeiZesa <strong>da</strong> Tengiz abulaZes `mag<strong>da</strong>nas lurjas~<br />
scenari <strong>da</strong>uwera <strong>da</strong> mTel msoflios axali <strong>qarTuli</strong> kinos,<br />
`Tavisufali kinos~ <strong>da</strong>badeba amcno. bavSvebi _ `qajanaSic~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`mag<strong>da</strong>nas lurjaSic~ mozrdilTa samyaros ganuyofel nawilad<br />
aRiqmebian. `qajanaSi~ maTi erTianoba ufrosebis samyarosTan<br />
imdenad xazgasmulia, rom Tavad mozrdilebi emsgavsebian<br />
bavSvebs. miT umetes, rom karCaketil sivrceSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
globusic ki raRac jadod aRiqmeba, mozrdilebs ganviTarebis,<br />
zrdis saSualeba ara aqvT.<br />
karCaketil sivrceSi crurwmena gamefebula _ Wiakokona,<br />
romelsac sibnele <strong>da</strong> umecreba ganagebs; magram bavSvebSi<br />
sicocxlis wyurvili metia, vidre SeSinebul ufrosebSi.<br />
95
avSvebi TamaSoben <strong>da</strong> TamaSiT acocxleben erTmaneTs.<br />
`SeSinebiT _ SiSis <strong>da</strong>mTrgunveli~ leila abaSiZis kato<br />
pipinaSvilis filmSi sazogadoebis gamococxlebis ime<strong>da</strong>d<br />
gvexateba. imxanad leila abaSiZe mxolod aTi wlis iyo. cota<br />
xanSi, roca sazogadoeba marTlac gamococxldeba, roca<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im a<strong>da</strong>mianebis reabilitacia, romlebic<br />
SiSis epoqam <strong>da</strong>amunja an sicocxle waarTva, leila abaSiZe<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kinos varskvlavi gaxdeba. istoriis dRevandeli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxedi<strong>da</strong>n es faqtic simboluria.<br />
magram <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT 30-iani wlebis qarTul kinos, romelSic<br />
avangardistebis sayvareli ,,,mTis Tema~ <strong>da</strong>viwyebas<br />
mieca; TiTqos `mTis Svilebi~, yvela erTad, `narinjis velze~<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxldnen. nacionalursa <strong>da</strong> internacionalurs Soris<br />
fardobiToba (Tu proporcia) <strong>da</strong>irRva Tun<strong>da</strong>c imitom, rom<br />
internacionalizmis `<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebad~ CaiTvala mxolod<br />
rusi (an ukraineli) <strong>da</strong> qarTveli xalxis megobroba.<br />
Tbilisis kinostudiaSi TiTqmis yovelwliurad iRebdnen<br />
istoriul filmebs rusebisa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis<br />
`marTlmadideblur Zmobaze~. erT-erTi aseTi filmia<br />
pira<strong>da</strong>d stalinis <strong>da</strong>kveTiT ga<strong>da</strong>Rebuli `modernis stilis~<br />
antimusulmanuri freska _ `giorgi saakaZe~. simboluria,<br />
rom filmis ekranebze gamosvla CeCnebis deportaciasa <strong>da</strong><br />
musulmani mesxebis saqar-Tvelo<strong>da</strong>n gandevnas <strong>da</strong>emTxva. am<br />
qarTul filmebSi rusi ga<strong>da</strong>iqca mesiad, romelmac qarTveli<br />
xalxi `urjuloebisgan~ un<strong>da</strong> ixsnas. rac Seexeba rusi<br />
reJisorebis filmebs, stalinis epoqis `folklorizebul<br />
maskaradSi~ qarTvelebs, rogorc wesi, epizoduri rolebi<br />
ergebaT. qarTveli mxolod `ZmaTa ojaxis~ erT-erTi wevria,<br />
romelic mSobliur enaze mReris `iavnanas~ <strong>da</strong> stalinis<br />
sadRegrZelos svams kremlSi. qarTveli im drois rusul<br />
filmebSi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, ulvaSiani maCos rols TamaSobs, aqvs<br />
Zlieri aqcenti <strong>da</strong> cotaTi Camogavs stalins.<br />
`sabWoTa ZmaTa kavSirSi~ mayurebels yovelTvis axsov<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom ekranze, Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTi wamiT `gaelvebuli~ seqsualuri<br />
qarTveli mamakaci _ beladis Tanamemamulea, e.i. mesiisa,<br />
romlis mimarT vnebas ganicdis am epoqis yvela kinogmiriqalbatoni.<br />
magaliTad, maswavlebeli qali mixeil Wiaurelis<br />
96
filmSi `berlinis <strong>da</strong>cema~. es qalbatoni moxsenebas kiTxulobs<br />
kulturis saxlSi, moxsenebas Tavisi satrfos, cnobili<br />
mefoladis SromiT gmirobebze. mefolade <strong>da</strong>rbazSi zis.<br />
maswavlebeli faqtobrivad siyvaruls uxsnis mas tribuni<strong>da</strong>n;<br />
magram sxvagan iyureba _ umzers kedelze <strong>da</strong>kidebul<br />
stalinis portrets. umzers rogorc xats.<br />
poststalinuri epoqis sabWoTa kinoSi `seqsualuri kavkasielis~<br />
kliSe sul ufro aqtiurad mkvidrdeba. iseve rogorc<br />
stalinis mmarTvelobis wlebSi, qarTveli qalebi TiTqmis<br />
arasdros Cndebian rusul filmebSi. qarTul filmebSi<br />
ki popularuli xdeba `seqsualuri rusi qalis~ saxe. 80-ian,<br />
90-iani wlebis qarTul kinoSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu filmis<br />
gmiri qarTveli qalbatonia <strong>da</strong> saWiro xdeba `pikantur scenaSi~<br />
misi ga<strong>da</strong>Reba, qarTvel msaxiobs dublioriT cvlian<br />
griboedovis saxelobis rusuli Teatri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
80-iani wlebis miwuruls, sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>ngrevasTan<br />
erTad, roca e.w. `Cernuxa~ qarTul kinoSic aqtiurad<br />
mkvidrdeba, <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, qalis SiSveli sxeuli sul ufro<br />
xSirad Cndeba qar-Tul filmebSi, rogorc wesi, esaa _ rusi<br />
qalis sxeuli. yvelaferi sinqronulad xdeba; rusul kinoSi _<br />
„ëèöà êàâêàçñêîé íàöèîíàëüíîñòè“, romlebic Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
yvavilebs yidian bazarSi, Semdeg mafiozuri jgufebis<br />
wevrebi arian <strong>da</strong> bolos, teroristebi; qarTul kinoSi _<br />
`msubuqi yofaqcevis~ rusis qalebi <strong>da</strong> spirtianis moyvaruli<br />
mamakacebi, romel-Tac qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong>scinian (es kliSe<br />
yvelaze niWierad oTar ioselianis `giorgobisTveSi~<br />
TamaSdeba). Tanac, ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Soris<br />
urTierTobis gauaresebis dros es stereotipebi mZafrdeba<br />
xolme. agresiuloba mxolod aZlierebs erotikul vnebas<br />
`erTmorwmune xalxs~ Soris. saqarTvelosTvis es gansakuTrebuli<br />
problemaa <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes iracionalur<br />
qalTmoZuleobas, roca seqsualuri vnebis obieqti<br />
xdeba ara Tanamemamule qalbatoni (igi yovelTvis `dedis~<br />
simbolod aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>), aramed ucxo qali, romelic, mtris<br />
banakis wevria. sabWoTa epoqaSi qarTveli mamakacebis<br />
umravlesoba aTasobiT `sasiamovno kilometrs~ gadis<br />
97
useTis mimarTulebiT, zogjer mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad, maSin,<br />
rodesac qarTveli qalbatonebi Sin rCebian <strong>da</strong> msoflio<br />
Cempionebi xdebian WadrakSi.<br />
am anegdotur situacias dRes xSirad ixseneben qarTveli<br />
fsiqologebi. kinomcodneebs ki agondebaT el<strong>da</strong>r Sengelaias<br />
filmi `araCveulebrivi gamofena~ (1968), romlis gmiri<br />
uiRblo moqan<strong>da</strong>ke, rusis qals irTavs colad. misi es nabiji<br />
aRiqmeba, rogorc `Serekili gmiris~ morigi marcxi <strong>da</strong><br />
warumatebloba. meores mxriv, qarTveli mamakaci, romelic<br />
patriarqalur ojaxSi aRizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samSobloSi seqsualuri<br />
realizeba ver SeZlo, ruseTSi seqsualur simbolod<br />
aRiqmeba (saukeTeso magaliTia mimino-kikabiZe). es<br />
seqsualuroba yovelTvis gaJRenTilia SerekilobiT,<br />
WkuasustobiT. 70-ian wlebSi ruseTSi gansakuTrebiT<br />
popularuli iyo <strong>qarTuli</strong> moklemetraJiani filmebi,<br />
romlis gmiri mamakacebi xan peplebze nadiroben <strong>da</strong> xan bav-<br />
SvebiviT kinklaoben.<br />
bolo dros, ruseTSi goderZi Coxelis primitiuli<br />
filmebis popularoba (sxvaTa Soris, kinointeleqtualTa<br />
wreebSic) cxadyofs, rom aseTi <strong>qarTuli</strong> kinos siyvaruli<br />
mxolod niRabia, romlis miRma agresia boboqrobs.<br />
SesaZlebelia es swored im kavkasieli mamakacis tipia,<br />
romelic misaRebia ruseTisaTvis _ `morcxvi kavkasielisa~,<br />
romelsac eSinia realobis <strong>da</strong> problemebs gaurbis; infantiluri,<br />
gulkeTili kavkasielisa, romlis motyueba advilia<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelic arasdros gaxdeba teroristi. Tumca es mxolod<br />
survilia; „ëèöà êàâêàçñêîé íàöèîíàëüíîñòè“ kvlavac gulisxmobs<br />
seqsualuri temperamentis mozRvavebiT gamorCeul xalxs,<br />
romlebic saSiSroebas uqmnian ruseTs.<br />
faqtia, rom kulturuli kliSeebi <strong>da</strong> stereotipebi xels<br />
uSlis sazogadoebas, ufro swored, sazogadoebis wevrebs<br />
igrZnon Tavi Tavisuflad <strong>da</strong> icxovron Rirseulad. sabWoTa<br />
sistemam gazar<strong>da</strong> am stereotipebis maStabebi <strong>da</strong> Rrmad <strong>da</strong>amkvidra<br />
qarTvelTa yofa-cxovrebaSi. avangardizmi ki yovel-<br />
Tvis kulturuli stereotipebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli,<br />
98
ac qarTul kinoSi yvelaze TvalsaCinod vlindeba arcTu<br />
ise `tipuri kavkasielis~ _ sergo farajanovis Semoqmedeba-<br />
Si, romelic, amave dros, kavkasiuri kulturis ganuyofeli<br />
nawilia.<br />
farajanovi, SesaZloa, Tanamedrove <strong>qarTuli</strong> kinos<br />
erTaderTi warmomadgenelia, romelmac moaxerxa nacionalursa<br />
<strong>da</strong> zenacionalurs Soris Tanafardobis <strong>da</strong>cva, gaemijna,<br />
rogorc `taZrulobis~, aseve sabWoTa internacionalizmis<br />
tradiciebs. farajanovi _ kavkasiuri kulturebis<br />
Semrigebelia. igi uars ambobs kavkasiis multinacionaluri<br />
sivrcis sinTezze _ gansxvavebuli kulturebi mis filmebSi<br />
erTmaneTis gverdiT arseboben, mxolod exebian erTmaneTs,<br />
ise, rogorc xaliCaze. Sesabamisad, ekleqtika mis filmebSi<br />
mxatvrul saxed iqceva.<br />
am xaliCiseburi kadrebis `detalizacia~ mxolod<br />
sivrceSi (ufro swored, sibrtyeSi) xdeba, magram arasdros<br />
moZraobaSi. am samyaroSi yvelafrisTvis <strong>da</strong> yvelasTvis aris<br />
adgili. farajanovis filmebSi moZraobis uaryofa, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas istoriis, rogorc qaosisa <strong>da</strong> sisatikis SiSi _ 20-iani<br />
wlebis qarTveli kinoavangardistebisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel<br />
`pirveladi mdgomareobis~ nostalgias gvaxsenebs.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n iqmneba kinos pioneris, Jorj meliesis filmebis<br />
asociaciac, gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi ga<strong>da</strong>Rebul<br />
farajanovis ukanasknel filmSi `aSuR yaribi~, romelSic<br />
ornamentuli primitivizmi kulminacias aRwevs.<br />
meliesis filmebis msgavsad, farajanovis frontalurekleqtikuri<br />
kompoziciebi TiTqos gamoxatavs samyaros<br />
sawyis mdgomareobas, im samyarosi, romelic aq<br />
gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba, vidre dRes, roca de<strong>da</strong>miwa<br />
<strong>da</strong>Slilia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qucmacebuli.<br />
farajanovis samyaros <strong>da</strong>Sla <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ngreva SeuZlebelia,<br />
radgan es samyaro saerTod ar aris awyobili. farajanovi<br />
uars ambobs iyos `axali RmerTi~, uars ambobs axleburad<br />
moawyos qaosi, radganac yvela stils, yvela <strong>kultura</strong>s<br />
erTnairad scems pativs. misi `kavkasiuri filmebi~ <strong>da</strong>yofilia<br />
Tavebad, romelTa Soris saerTod ar aris kavSiri. kavSiri<br />
ar aris _ mere ra? ratom un<strong>da</strong> iyos? cxovreba xom karna-<br />
99
valia, TamaSia. yovel SemTxvevaSi farajanovisTvis, romelic<br />
mTeli cxovreba kintos rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong>. kintos arc<br />
samSoblo aqvs, arc saxli, misTvis arc dro arsebobs. misi<br />
samSoblo _ adreistoriul epoqaSia, roca jer kidev qaosi<br />
sufev<strong>da</strong>, roca suli <strong>da</strong> sxeuli erTmaneTisgan ar gamoyofila,<br />
arc feri, arc sinaTle, arc Crdili.<br />
yvelaferi es farajanovis kazusia _ plastikuri simdidre,<br />
uSreti fantazia, xazgasmuli narcisizmi, rasac ganuwyvetliv<br />
miuTiTeben xolme farajanovis Tayvansmcemlebi,<br />
misi xelovnebis mxolod ze<strong>da</strong>piruli mxarea, romlis miRma<br />
saocari Tavm<strong>da</strong>bloba SeimCneva. es aris `Seuxeblobis erotika~,<br />
gansxvavebul sqesTa Tanaarsebobis erotika, e. i. stilisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sqesis ekleqtika, androgenuli samyaro, romelic<br />
Zalian uyvarT postmodernistebs.<br />
`saiaTnovaSi~ es ori sqesi sofiko Wiaurelis saxeSi<br />
ixateba _ ori saxe, saxe axalgazr<strong>da</strong> poetisa <strong>da</strong> saxe misi<br />
Seyvarebulisa Tanaarseboben, exebian erTmaneTs, maqmanad<br />
iqcevian. manamde aq qurTi qalebi xaliCebs recxaven, maT<br />
fonze ki somxuri eklesiis mkacri geometriuli formebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> musulmanuri abanoebis gumbaTebi erT kadrSi<br />
gamoCndeba, Semdeg ki _ sparsuli xaliCebi <strong>da</strong> qristianuli<br />
miniaturebi _ erTmaneTs ejaxeba xorcieli samyaro <strong>da</strong><br />
sulierebis simboloebi. farajanovi arc erTs aniWebs<br />
upiratesobas, arc meores _ mas yvela <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi uyvars.<br />
rac Seexeba `60-ianelTa~ kvazidokumenturi esTetikis<br />
demonstratiul uaryofas, rac pirvelad farajanovma SeZlo...<br />
es, raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, farajanovis `antimontaJur kinoSi~<br />
20-iani wlebis avangardis `atraqcionebis~ aRdgenis mcdelobaa.<br />
aseTi `atraqcionebi~ mayureblisgan moiTxovs yuradRebiT<br />
Caacqerdes kulturis TiToeul am `natexs~ (Tu<br />
`narCens~?), TiToeul ieroglifs, romelic Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan mravldeba<br />
mis filmebSi. eizenSteinma kulturisa <strong>da</strong> niSnebis am<br />
samyaroSi Sesvlas `ÏÐÎÐÛÂ~ <strong>da</strong>arqva.<br />
Tavisi ganuxorcielebeli proeqtis, `intermecos~ scenarSi<br />
farajanovi mixail kociubinskis citirebas mimarTavs<br />
(kociubinskis mixedviTaa ga<strong>da</strong>Rebuli farajanovis ukrainuli<br />
filmi `miviwyebul winaparTa aCrdilebi~ _ ukrainuli<br />
100
`romeo <strong>da</strong> julieta~, an, Tu gnebavT, ukrainuli `giuli~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`eliso~): `bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos me xom ar vici sad mTavrdeba Cemi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sad iwyeba sxvisi cxovreba? vgrZnob, rogor Semodis<br />
sxvisi yofa Cems yofaSi, rogorc haeri kar-fanjri<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc<br />
wyalis Senakadebi mdinareSi. ver gavemijnebi a<strong>da</strong>mians,<br />
marto ver <strong>da</strong>vrCebi~.<br />
aq farajanovi principulad scildeba `60-ianelebis~ ZiriTad<br />
principebs `simarTle <strong>da</strong> mxolod simarTle~ <strong>da</strong> `pirovneba<br />
upirveles yovlisa~. am TvalsazrisiT «kavkasieli<br />
postmodernisti» Tavisi `erTmorwmune Zmis~, andre tarkovskis<br />
antipo<strong>da</strong>d gvevlineba.<br />
`miviwyebul winaparTa aCrdilebis~ finalur novelas farajanovma<br />
`pieta~ <strong>da</strong>arqva. is qalebi, romlebmac cota xnis<br />
win ivanisa <strong>da</strong> palangas qorwilze moilxines, axla mkv<strong>da</strong>r<br />
ivans abanaveben. qorwilis rituali TiTqos bunebrivad, logikurad<br />
icvleba <strong>da</strong>saflavebis ritualiT. iseve rogorc<br />
qorwilze, aqac cviva vaSlebi, aqac cekvaven qalebi <strong>da</strong> cekvacekvaSi<br />
iryeva ivanis mkv<strong>da</strong>ri sxeuli. `elisos~ msgavsad, sikvdili<br />
ixateba rogorc `ferxuli-misteria~, <strong>da</strong>tireba ki<br />
odnav mankieri, cxovelmyofeli dResaswauli, romelSic Tan<br />
<strong>da</strong>stirian micvalebuls <strong>da</strong> Tanac, sjeraT, rom sikvdili ar<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>sasruli.<br />
sicocxlis miwuruls farajanovi qmnis Tojinas, romelic<br />
tarkovskis xsovnas uZRvnis, ufro sworad kompozicias,<br />
romelic ori Tojinisgan Sedgeba <strong>da</strong> Tavis erT-erT ukanasknel<br />
namuSevars isev `pietas~ arqmevs. RvTisSoblis rol-<br />
Si farajanovs gamohyavs jambaziviT Cacmuli arlekini,<br />
mtrediT Tavze, Savi saTvaliT. jambazi <strong>da</strong>stiris patarZaliviT,<br />
TeTr, gamWvirvale mosasxamiT Semosil husars, romelsac<br />
Tvali Ria aqvs, mzera- mankieri, <strong>da</strong>, rac gansakuTrebiT<br />
sainteresoa, episkoposis maqmanebiT morTuli feloni<br />
acvia. sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis epoqaSi Seqmnili es Tojina<br />
imxanad yvelam aRiqva rogorc `husari-ruseTis~ <strong>da</strong>tireba,<br />
gamomSvidobeba `erTmorwmune jariskacTan~, romelic Tavis<br />
Tavs umanko qalwulad asaRebs, TiTqos<strong>da</strong> mkv<strong>da</strong>ria, uZluri<br />
(ramdenime wliT adre farajanovma tarkovskis kidev erTi<br />
Tojina Seqmna _ rusi reJisori umanko biWunas saxiT warmog-<br />
101
vidgina). ar aris, albaT, SemTxveviTi, rom ruseTis simbolod<br />
farajanovma swored tarkovski moiazra _ reJisorixatmweri,<br />
romelic amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom kinom ,,aRbeWdili dro~,<br />
`aRbeWdili sivrce~ un<strong>da</strong> gamoxatos.<br />
jambazi, kintosi ar iyos, iseve rogorc saiaTnova, aSuR<br />
yaribi, dros ar miekuTvneba. mas ara aqvs saxe <strong>da</strong> farajanovis<br />
TojinaSi <strong>da</strong>stiris (<strong>da</strong> ar mistiris) swored SeCerebul,<br />
aRbeWdil dros, personalizaciis mankierebas, Caketilobas,<br />
SezRudulobas, mesianurobas (kidev erTi paraleli qarTul<br />
kinoSi _ el<strong>da</strong>r Sengelaias `Serekilebi~), nacionalur stereotipebs<br />
_ yvelafers, rac avangardis epoqis <strong>da</strong>srulebis<br />
Semdeg, mniSvnelovnad abrkoleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> kinos ganviTarebas,<br />
saerTod, <strong>qarTuli</strong> cnobierebis ganviTarebas. es stereotipebi<br />
ganuwyvetliv Tavs iCens dRevandel kavkasiaSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c konfliqtis mudmiv safrTxes ganapirobebs gansxvavebuli<br />
interesebi, `istoriuli ganawyeneba~, klanuri <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />
<strong>da</strong> teritoriuli pretenziebi. imisaTvis, rom aq<br />
mSvidoba aRdges, kavkasia un<strong>da</strong> gaemijnos <strong>kultura</strong>s, romelic<br />
ganuwyvetliv muSaob<strong>da</strong> am stereotipebze... isev nikoloz<br />
Sengelaias Tu <strong>da</strong>vesesxebiT, `samgloviaro marSiT~ un<strong>da</strong><br />
moicilos mesianizmis idea, romelic dRemde xels uSlis<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnas.<br />
102
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> periodikis saTaveebTan<br />
levan TaqTaqiSvili<br />
rogorc viciT, termini `a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi~ aerTianebs im<br />
uflebebs, romelTa gareSe a<strong>da</strong>mians ar SeuZlia sruli<br />
ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> Tavisi individualuri Tvisebebis, inteleqtis,<br />
talantis gamovlena. am uflebebis gareSe igi ver <strong>da</strong>ikmayofilebs<br />
Tavis religiur <strong>da</strong> sxva moTxovnilebebs.<br />
saqarTveloSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli<br />
adgili uWiravs publicistikas, xolo <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
publicistikis Sesaxeb suraTis Seqmna SeuZlebelia presis<br />
masalebis ganxilvis gareSe. aRniSnul statiaSi vixilavT<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> periodikis rols <strong>qarTuli</strong> demokratiuli masmediis<br />
Camoyalibebis procesSi, vaCvenebT, ramdenad <strong>da</strong>culi<br />
iyo a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> gazeTebis _`droebis~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`iveriis~ furclebze .<br />
rogorc viciT, publicistika (publicus _ sazogadoebrivi)<br />
aris nawarmoebi, romelic ganixilavs sazogadoebis<br />
mimdinare cxovrebis aqtualur sakiTxebs <strong>da</strong> movlenebs, Seicavs<br />
didZal faqtobriv masalas <strong>da</strong> Sefasebebs avtoris socialuri<br />
poziciis Sesabamisad.<br />
beWdvis gamogonebam publicistika gaxa<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
mrisxane iaraRad mmarTveli fenebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.<br />
pirveli qarTveli publicisti, romlis <strong>da</strong>beWdili nawarmoebic<br />
cenzuris brWyalebSi moeqca, iyo aleqsandre amilaxvari.<br />
es wigni _ `Èñòîðèÿ Ãåîðãèàíñêàÿ î þíîøå Êíÿçüå Àìèëàõîðîâå~ _<br />
gamocemuli 1779 wels peterburgSi _ saSi-Si aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
erekle II-Tvis <strong>da</strong> is erekle mefis TxovniT ruseTis<br />
imperatorma ekaterine II akrZala.<br />
platon ioseliani mogviTxrobs: `moaxsenes mefis Zesa (giorgi<br />
meTormetes) wignisaTvis amilaxvarisa, <strong>da</strong>beWdilisa<br />
ruseTsa. ineba mefis Zeman Targmnilisa qarTulad warkiTxva.<br />
sTxova mTargmnelsa missa, warukiTxos mas igi. mTargmnelman<br />
petre yizlarelman kotievman moaxsena, ara qonva<br />
- 103 -
misi qarTulad. Targmnili mivarTvi mefesao (erekle meores).<br />
mefis Zeman ver gabe<strong>da</strong> Txovna misi <strong>da</strong> ubrZana petresa,<br />
xelaxlad sTargmnos qarTulad. maSin gardmoiRo qarTulad<br />
ara mTeli wigni, aramed 14 adgili sagiobeli mefis iraklisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxvani qebiTni sityvani mefis Zisa giorgisaTvis. ubrZana<br />
madloba mas, garna irakli mcnobman, romel <strong>da</strong>ar-Rvia<br />
brZaneba misi, raTa ara visTvisme eCvenebina igi, gauwyra mas<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganaZia TfilisiT. esreTi iyo kavSiri Soris mamisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Svilisa. mterTa ganixares <strong>da</strong> ganZlierden winaaRmdegni <strong>da</strong><br />
metoqni giorgisa! _ eseni ravdennime wignisa amis furcelni<br />
cu<strong>da</strong>T naTargmni <strong>da</strong> somexTa enisad miqceuli meca minaxvian<br />
(sCans iyo mTargmneli somexi), vnaxe <strong>da</strong> warvikiTxe nikolooz<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTis Zes Cubinovisa wignTa sacavsa. vgoneb gamosTxova<br />
Semdeg igi amas mTavarman megreliisa <strong>da</strong>viT leonis Zeman <strong>da</strong>dianman,<br />
- di<strong>da</strong>d moyvareman qarTvelTa mwignobrobisa.~<br />
aleqsandre amilaxvari sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis winaaRmdeg<br />
ilaSqrebs: `vinai<strong>da</strong>n cocxlisa sikvdili yovlisa kacisa SesaZlebeli<br />
ars, <strong>da</strong> aRdginebai aravisagan~.<br />
amilaxvari iyo avtori Semdegi sityvebisa: `Tanasworad<br />
vSobilvarT <strong>da</strong> aravin ars umjobes erTisa, arca vin uares<br />
meorisa, garna yovelive erTisa gvamisa saerTosa asod~ an<br />
Semdegi:<br />
`sanatrel mefe, romelmac icis ufleba Tvisi ara<br />
usamZRvrod, <strong>da</strong> romeli miiCnevs maTca Tanasworad Tavis<br />
kacTa, romelTa mihsces mas ufleba Tavsa ze<strong>da</strong> Tvissa, <strong>da</strong><br />
iqcevis maTTana umetes mhsgavsad uxucesisa Zmisa, vidre<br />
Tavmoyvarisa mefisa~<br />
samwuxarod, erekle meore araTu Tavis moxeles, aramed<br />
sakuTar Svils, taxtis memkvidres ar akiTxeb<strong>da</strong> misTvis<br />
miu-Rebel informacias. aqe<strong>da</strong>n Cans, Tu rogor uyureb<strong>da</strong><br />
sityvis Tavisuflebas saqarTvelos erT-erTi ukanaskneli<br />
mefe. aseve Cans, Tu ratom ar <strong>da</strong>beWdila erekles<br />
gamarTul stambaSi arc mxatvruli <strong>da</strong> arc politikuri<br />
literatura.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi stambis gamarTvamde<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis Semdegac nawarmoebTa tiraJireba (xelnaweris Seqmna,<br />
<strong>da</strong>beWdva) mmarTveli fenis kontrolis qveS mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
- 104 -
literatura umetesad religiuri xasiaTis iyo <strong>da</strong> igi sazogadoebis<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmes ar emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
arareligiuri Sinaarsis pirveli wigni, romelic vaxtang<br />
VI-is mier <strong>da</strong>arsebul qarTul stambaSi <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>, iyo `vefxistyaosani~,<br />
romelic maSinve sasuliero pirTa devnis sagani<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom wigni TviT mefis mier iyo <strong>da</strong>beWdili,<br />
sazogadoebis erTi fena _ kerZod samRvdeloeba _<br />
win aRudga mis gavrcelebas xalxSi.<br />
`anton kaTalikosma… mravali <strong>da</strong>beWdilni mefis<br />
vaxtangis droisa vefxistyaosani <strong>da</strong>swuna <strong>da</strong> STaayrevina<br />
mtkuarSi <strong>da</strong> aRukrZala kiTxua wignisa amis qarTuelTa~.<br />
anton kaTalikosis saqmes agrZelebdnen sxva sasuliero<br />
moRvaweni, magaliTad: qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi timoTe<br />
maSindel sasuliero mwerlobaSi gabatonebul azrs<br />
gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong>: `SoTa iyo mTqmeli leqsTa borotTa, romelman<br />
aswavla qarTvelTa siwmidisa wil boroti bilweba <strong>da</strong><br />
ganhryuna qristianoba~.<br />
metic, igive timoTe mefe vaxtan meeqvses umecars uwodebs:<br />
`uwinares CuenTa umecarTa, saRuTod Targmnes boroti<br />
leqsi misio..~<br />
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ beWdvam maSindeli<br />
saqarTvelos mmarTveli ori fenis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba gamoiwvia<br />
<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad samRvdeloebis mkacri poziciisa, wignma<br />
mfarveli naxa qarTveli xalxis saxiT. erma <strong>da</strong>gmo anton<br />
kaTalikosis saqcieli, metic _ legendis saxiT gaazvia<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom TiTqos antonma tiraJis nawili gaanadgura. un<strong>da</strong> vivaraudoT,<br />
rom sinamdvileSi samRvdeloebam, albaT, ramdenime<br />
aTeuli cali <strong>da</strong>wva sajarod. am varauds amtkicebs isic, rom<br />
`vefxistyaosani~ vaxtangis stambis wignebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
yvelaze bevri egzemplaria (20 cali) SemorCenili.<br />
mecxramete saukunemde <strong>qarTuli</strong> wigni saqarTveloSi umetes<br />
wilad ibeWdebo<strong>da</strong> `brZanebaTa mefisa <strong>da</strong> kurTxeviTa<br />
patriarqisa~, ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg patriarqi `uwmindesma<br />
sinodma~ Secvala <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> wigni moeqca carizmis<br />
cenzuris marwuxebSi.<br />
marTalia, saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> saerTod kavkasiaSi gamocemuli<br />
pirveli perioduli organo TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong><br />
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(saqarTvelos gazeTi; <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> 1819 wels), magram am gazeTs<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> publicistikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi araviTari<br />
wvlili ar miuZRvis.<br />
am gazeTis gamocemamde saqarTveloSi perioduli gamocemis<br />
Seqmnis arc tradicia <strong>da</strong> arc moTxovnileba ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
marTalia, paata guguSvilis azriT, `saqarTveloSi msgavsad<br />
sxva qveynebisa, Jurnal-gazeTebis warmoSobas win uswreb<strong>da</strong><br />
e. w. `zepiri gazeTi~, romelic zepirsityvierebis saxiT<br />
avrceleb<strong>da</strong> xalxSi axal ambebs, magram `zepiri gazeTi~,<br />
vfiqrobT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> publicistikis istoriis nawilia <strong>da</strong> mas<br />
araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs <strong>qarTuli</strong> periodikis istoriasTan.<br />
modiT realurad SevxedoT istorias:<br />
arc 1828-32 wlebSi gamomaval yovelkvireul gazeT `tfilisis<br />
uwyebans~, iseve rogorc `saqarTvelos gazeTs~,<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> publicistikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi araferi<br />
gaukeTebia. am gamocemebma qarTvel xalxs mxolod gaacno<br />
evropaSi <strong>da</strong>nergili gamocemis iseTi saxeebi, romelsac<br />
Jurnali <strong>da</strong> gazeTi ewodebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
metic, cnobili mkvlevaris <strong>da</strong> sazogado moRvawis zaqaria<br />
WiWinaZis zepiri cnoba, rom Turme saqarTveloSi mefe erekles<br />
dros ibeWdebo<strong>da</strong> perioduli organo _ `leporti~, imis<br />
<strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebelia, rom XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi sazogadoeba<br />
ver arCev<strong>da</strong> ruseTis mTavrobis mier periodulad beWduri<br />
saxiT gamocemul `Ðàïîðò~-ebs, romelsac moednebze acnobdnen<br />
qarTvel mosaxleobas. aseTi movlenis momswris mier<br />
verbalurad naTqvamma cnobam zaqaria WiWinaZe <strong>da</strong> zogierTi<br />
`vai mecnieri~ miiyvana im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom erekle mefis<br />
dros gazeTi gamoicemo<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi!!!<br />
Cvenis azriT, aseTi ram ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. aris mxolod erTi<br />
cnoba, rom erekle II-is Svils, cnobil ganmanaTlebel ioane<br />
batoniSvils warudgenia mefisaTvis proeqti, sa<strong>da</strong>c ewera:<br />
`ibeWdebodes gazeTi TveSi orjer, aqe<strong>da</strong>mac iqneba Semosavali<br />
<strong>da</strong> xalxnic Seeqcevian~ _ es aris <strong>da</strong> es.<br />
ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos Sesvlis Semdeg<br />
batoniSvilebi ruseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>asaxles <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
perioduli gamocemis <strong>da</strong>beWdvis saqmec <strong>da</strong>viwyebas mieca<br />
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(romc ar ga<strong>da</strong>esaxlebiaT, Cemi azriT, mainc ar <strong>da</strong>ibeWdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
_ l. T.).<br />
XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis <strong>qarTuli</strong> publicistikis meTaurad<br />
warmogvidgeba solomon do<strong>da</strong>Svili, romlis re<strong>da</strong>qtorobiTac<br />
1832 wels gamoica pirveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jurnali `saliteraturo<br />
nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTani~, romelic gazeT<br />
`tfilisis uwyebanis~ <strong>da</strong>mateba iyo.<br />
JurnalSi solomon do<strong>da</strong>Svili wer<strong>da</strong>: `<strong>da</strong>iwyo qarTuls<br />
enasa ze<strong>da</strong> gamocemama tfilisis uwyebaTaman awindelsa<br />
amas welsa, umetes amisTvis, raTamca ese guarsa<br />
sasargeblosa saqmesa miscemo<strong>da</strong> mtkice safuZveli<br />
Seawevnelad ganaTlebisa ganvrcelebisaTvis bunebiTisa<br />
enisa Cvenisa, miaxloebisaTvis gamobrZnobilTa mcxovebTa<br />
evropiisaTa, TumcaRa… jereT ara ixilvebis miRebuli ese<br />
sagani~...… Jurnali 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis win <strong>da</strong>ixura.<br />
solomon do<strong>da</strong>Svili, rogorc SeTqmulebis monawile,<br />
gasamarTlebul iqna <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>asaxles viatkaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
WleqiT gar<strong>da</strong>icvala.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> Jurnalistikis istoriis II tomSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`ruseTis mTavrobisaTvis Jurnal _ `saliteraturo nawilni<br />
tfilisis uwyebaTanis~ <strong>da</strong>beWdviT qarTvelTa erovnuli<br />
TviTSegnebis amaRleba magaliTad iqca, ris gamoc 40 wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi qarTul enaze kavkasiaSi arc erTi perioduli<br />
organo ar gamocemula (Tu ar CavTvliT `kavkasiis mxareTa<br />
uwyebans~ _ rusulenovani `zakavkazni vestnikis <strong>da</strong>matebas<br />
qarTul enaze, romlis mxolod erTi nomeria moRweuli Cvenamde)~.<br />
vfiqrobT, es azri gazviadebulia. mizezi ki is iyo,<br />
rom qarTveli xalxisTvis perioduli gamocemebis moTxovnileba<br />
mcire iyo, xolo maTi <strong>da</strong>beWdva _ ararentabeluri.<br />
solomon do<strong>da</strong>Svilma im droisaTvis arnaxuli ram SeZlo:<br />
man Tavis organoSi wamoiwyo polemika im statiaze, romelic<br />
`tfilisis uwyebanSi~ <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>, im JurnalSi, romlis <strong>da</strong>matebasac<br />
TviTon re<strong>da</strong>qtorob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
`ufali gordeevi (statiis avtori) _ wers do<strong>da</strong>Svili, armcodne<br />
qarTlisa erisa <strong>da</strong> arc zneobaTa <strong>da</strong> yofaqcevaTa saqarTvelos<br />
erTa, hswers mravalsa tyuilsa <strong>da</strong> gamoCenilsa<br />
sicruesa~...<br />
- 107 -
mecnierTa erT wreSi aris mosazreba, rom `tfilisis uwyebani~<br />
ruseTis mTavrobis mier iqna <strong>da</strong>xuruli. am azrs aZlierebs<br />
is faqtic, rom es gazeTi swored 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis<br />
dros <strong>da</strong>ixura. sinamdvileSi gazeTi ar iyidebo<strong>da</strong>, maSindeli<br />
qarTveli inteligencia inertuli iyo periodikis gavrcelebis<br />
saqmeSi. aseve gagrZel<strong>da</strong> momavalSi.<br />
1852 wels cnobilma sazogado moRvawem _ giorgi eris-<br />
Tavma SeZlo mieRo nebarTva ruseTis mTavrobisagan <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoeca nanatri <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jurnali, romelsac `ciskari~<br />
<strong>da</strong>arqves, magram erT weliwadSi Jurnali <strong>da</strong>ixura. cnobili<br />
mwerali lavrenti ar<strong>da</strong>ziani wers: `...(giorgi erisTavma)<br />
<strong>da</strong>afuZna Jurnali `ciskari~, aRadgina <strong>da</strong>cemuli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
ena, mravali keTili SesZina saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong> ufro mets<br />
SesZineb<strong>da</strong>, ukeTu Cven gar<strong>da</strong>gvexa<strong>da</strong> madloba<br />
<strong>da</strong>mfuZneblisaTvis. magram ara magodeni sindisi aris<br />
CvenSi. nacvlad madlobisa xSirad <strong>da</strong>mRereba ismo<strong>da</strong> aseT<br />
kaczed... g. erisTavi, rom ver gaawyo Tavisi grZnoba<br />
Cvenzed, amoxvriT <strong>da</strong>aneba Tavi Jurnals...~<br />
giorgi erisTavi, solomon do<strong>da</strong>Svilis msgavsad, marto<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa periodikis gamocemis saqmeSi!!!<br />
`ciskari~ sami weli ar gamodio<strong>da</strong>. ivane kereseliZem _<br />
axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kacma miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxa Jurnal `ciskris~ aRdgena.<br />
kanonis mixedviT, Tu perioduli organo erT welze meti ar<br />
gamodio<strong>da</strong>, maSin igi gauqmebuli iyo, magram i. kereseliZem<br />
SeZlo, mieRo nebarTva `ciskris~ gamocemisa.<br />
1857 wels kavkasiis mTavarmarTebelma bariatinskim samxedro<br />
sagangebo gankarguleba miiRo adgilobrivi cenzuris<br />
gaZlierebis Sesaxeb. am gankargulebis miRebamde ramdenime<br />
TviT adre, 1857 wlis ianvarSi, aRdga Jurnali `ciskari~.<br />
1863 wlis 31 agvistos bolo gankargulebis safuZvelze<br />
baron nikalaim kavkasiaSi gamocemul periodikaSi sastikad<br />
akrZala politikuri Txzulebebis gamoqveyneba, ucxoeTis<br />
raime upiratesobaze wera, evropis qveynebSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
samoqalaqo moZraobebis, maT Soris poloneTis moZraobis<br />
xseneba, administraciis gakritikeba, raime mxileba <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
ikrZalebo<strong>da</strong> statiebi, romlebic mkveTri toniT<br />
gamoirCeodnen.<br />
- 108 -
cenzura akontoleb<strong>da</strong> ara marto beWdur produqcias,<br />
aramed mowafeTa xelnawer Jurnalebsac ; aikrZala<br />
gimnazielTa xelnaweri Jurnali `Taiguli~.<br />
Seqmnilma situaciam kvali <strong>da</strong>atyo `ciskarsac~. ivane kereseliZes<br />
cenzuris problemasTan erTad ekonomikuri problemebic<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, igi cdilob<strong>da</strong> demokratiuli<br />
ideebs rac SeiZleba meti adgili <strong>da</strong>Tmobo<strong>da</strong> Jurnalis<br />
furclebze. man gabe<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>beW<strong>da</strong> nikoloz baraTaSvilis<br />
`bedi qarTlisa~. cenzormac ar <strong>da</strong>axana <strong>da</strong> amoiRo solomon<br />
leoniZis kamaTi mefesTan saqarTvelos orientaciaze.<br />
aseve <strong>da</strong>asaxiCra cenzorma grigol orbelianis <strong>da</strong> akaki<br />
wereTlis araerTi leqsi. leqsSi `vedreba~ poetma <strong>da</strong><br />
re<strong>da</strong>qtorma erTgvar xerxs mimarTes _ winaswar<br />
gaiTvaliswines, rom cenzori <strong>da</strong>asaxiCreb<strong>da</strong> leqss <strong>da</strong> am<br />
leqsSi poetma CaurTo:<br />
`Semdegi azri sTqvas aq wertilma,<br />
(amoWrili teqstis magivrad wertilebs beW<strong>da</strong>vdnen)<br />
Torem Cems kalams ara aqvs neba.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> monebiT Caviwyvito xma,<br />
Torem batons Cems es ewyineba~.<br />
ai, brwyinvale magaliTi TviTcenzurisa (TviTcenzura<br />
aris cenzuris saxe, romelic simarTlis bolomde arTqmiT<br />
gamoixateba <strong>da</strong> romelsac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mosazrebiT, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi cenzuris SiSiT, axorcielebs ara saxelmwifo,<br />
aramed Tavad cenzuris obieqtis avtori). Jurnal `ciskarSi~<br />
TviTcenzuris araerTi magaliTia.<br />
`ciskari~ 18 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoicemo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sul 180mde<br />
nomeri gamovi<strong>da</strong>. mis gamocemas Seewira ivane kereseliZis<br />
mTeli qoneba, magram Jurnalma <strong>qarTuli</strong> publicistikis<br />
istoriaSi udidesi kvali <strong>da</strong>tova.<br />
1862 wlis seqtemberSi `ciskris~ re<strong>da</strong>qciam axara mkiTxvels,<br />
rom momavali 1863 wlis ianvramde gamoicemo<strong>da</strong> axali<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> Jurnali saxelwodebiT `saqarTvelos moambe~. ra<br />
mizani <strong>da</strong>isaxa axalma Jurnalma? es Cans misi epigrafi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelic markozis saxarebi<strong>da</strong>n aris aRebuli:<br />
- 109 -
`xolo leRvisagan iswavleT igavi ese: raJams igi rtoni<br />
<strong>da</strong>CCvian <strong>da</strong> gamovaln furcelni, uwyodeT, rameTu axlo ars<br />
zafxuli~.<br />
`saqarTvelos moambem~ axali sicocxle Seitana imdroindel<br />
qarTul publicistikaSi. Jurnali <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> Jurnal<br />
`ciskris~ re<strong>da</strong>qcias mas Semdeg, rac am re<strong>da</strong>qciam jer kidev<br />
`saqarTvelos moambis~ pirveli nomris gamosvlamde <strong>da</strong><br />
Semdgom sastiki kritikis qarcecxlSi Caagdo axlad <strong>da</strong>arsebuli<br />
Jurnali. Jurnalis re<strong>da</strong>qtori ilia WavWavaZe pirvelive<br />
nomerSi aviTarebs azrs, rom `azris ukv<strong>da</strong>vebaSi aris<br />
mTeli imedi kacobriobis ukv<strong>da</strong>vebisa, imitom, rom grexili<br />
azrisa gauwyvetelia... moambem Tavis miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxa qarTveli<br />
xalxis socialuri uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva. Cveni saqme saqar-<br />
Tvelos xalxis cxovrebaa, misi gamjobineba Cveni pirveli <strong>da</strong><br />
ukanaskneli survilia~.<br />
JurnalSi pirvelad <strong>da</strong>isva sakiTxi a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb. iyo mcdeloba iseTi aqtualuri sakiTxebis<br />
ganxilvisa, rogoricaa batonymoba <strong>da</strong> saglexo reformis sakiTxi,<br />
magram cenzura mas gasaqans ar aZlev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mag.: `saqarTvelos moambis~ #5-Si vkiTxulobT: `am cota<br />
xanSi bevri iseTi ambavi mox<strong>da</strong> qveyanaze, rogorc sxvagan, ise<br />
Cvens mxareSiac _ romelic Cven sazogadoebasac un<strong>da</strong> Sexebodes<br />
<strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, mTeli qarTvelobisaTvisac saintereso<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos, imaTi mboba visurve SenTvisa, mkiTxvelo, magram<br />
am survilis aRsrulebis SeuZlebloba maSinve warmomidga<br />
fiqrSi <strong>da</strong> Zalian Sevwuxdi... magram sad aris SeZleba<br />
Cveni survilis aRsrulebisa? amisa mousvenrobad miiReben<br />
<strong>da</strong> Segvimusraven xolme yovels amgvar survilsa~.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Jurnals ilia WavWavaZe arc dros<br />
<strong>da</strong> arc energias ar akleb<strong>da</strong>, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad misi pirveli nomrebSi<br />
warmodgenili mdi<strong>da</strong>ri masalisa, 1864 wlis ianvarSi<br />
Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~ <strong>da</strong>ixura. igi arc cenzuras<br />
<strong>da</strong>uxuravs <strong>da</strong> arc raime <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis gamo SeCerebula. misi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xurvis mizezad zogi imas asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>, rom mkiTxvelTa<br />
raodenoba Zalze mcire iyo, zogierTi masalebiTac <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
sazogadoebrioba Jurnals ar amarTleb<strong>da</strong>. ilia WavWava-Zis<br />
biografis gr. yifSiZis azriT, mizezi is iyo, rom ilias<br />
- 110 -
Seuyvar<strong>da</strong> guramianT qali olRa <strong>da</strong> Tavis sakuTar saqmeebi-<br />
Ta <strong>da</strong> samsaxurSi Sesvlis fiqriT garTulma, Seswyvita misi<br />
beWdva (ix.: i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani, 1914 w. t. I. gv. 18).<br />
rac Seexeba mkvlevarTa azrs, rom `saqarTvelos moambe~<br />
sacenzuro komitetis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT <strong>da</strong>ixura _es absurdia.<br />
`saqarTvelos moambis~ ukanaskneli sare<strong>da</strong>qtoro gancxadebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Cans, rom `zogierTis mizezisa gamo `saqarTvelos<br />
moambe~ dromde ver gamova~. rogorc Cans, Jurnalis gamocema<br />
TviT re<strong>da</strong>qciam SeaCera <strong>da</strong> ara sacenzuro komitetma.<br />
vfiqrobT, zemoT CamoTvlil mizezebSi ar aris is ZiriTadi<br />
mizezi, romlis gamoc `saqarTvelos moambe~ <strong>da</strong>ixura.<br />
ra iyo es mizezi?<br />
gavixsenoT `saqarTvelos moambis~ I nomris epigrafis bolo<br />
sami sityva, `axlo ars zafxuli~. am zafxulSi, vfiqrobT,<br />
ilia WavWavaZe `<strong>qarTuli</strong> sapolemiko <strong>da</strong> saliteraturo gazeTis~<br />
gamocemas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ilias azriT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> publicistikis ganviTarebis saqmes<br />
swored gazeTi esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong>. aseTi gazeTis I nomeri ki<br />
ramdenime weliwadSi 1866 wlis 4 marts <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>. es iyo gaze-<br />
Ti `droeba~.<br />
fr. engelsi wer<strong>da</strong> e. bernSteins, `Tu gin<strong>da</strong>T, gqondeT masebze<br />
gavlena, saWiroa yoveldRiuri gazeTi~. saqarTveloSi<br />
aseTi gazeTis roli ki `droebas~ un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eWira. Ggax<strong>da</strong> ki gazeTi<br />
`droeba~ sazogadoebis Wir-varamis gamziarebeli?<br />
dReisaTvis CvenTvis kargad cnobili a<strong>da</strong>mianis romeli uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cva airCia gazeTma?<br />
mag.: a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Rirseba (erT-erTi fuZemdebluri koncefciaa,<br />
romelsac a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cva eyrdnoba). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom gazeTma `droebam~ miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxa qar-<br />
Tveli eris Rirsebis <strong>da</strong>cva, es koncefcia calkeul SemTxvevebSi<br />
gaz. `droebis~ <strong>da</strong> gazeT `iveriis~ furclebze, araer-<br />
Txel sastikad irRveva. mag: 1893 wlis `iveriaSi~ statiis avtorma<br />
fsevdonimiT `amier-imereli~ Seuracxyofa miayena<br />
iseT sasuliero moRvawes, rogoric iyo mixeil sabinini. statiaSi<br />
vkiTxulobT: `[martvilis taZarSi] RvTismSoblis xati<br />
yofila Zalian Zvirfasis Tval-margalitiT <strong>da</strong> minanqriT<br />
Semkuli. es xati rogorc miambo mRvdel-monazonma martvi-<br />
- 111 -
lis u<strong>da</strong>bnosaman, mama sofronman, wauRia ruseTs baton sabinins,<br />
viTom<strong>da</strong> gasakeTeblad. xats cota ram hqonia gasakeTebeli,<br />
wauRia, SemouZarcvavs mTeli samkauli... Causvams ubralo<br />
vercxlSi <strong>da</strong> ise <strong>da</strong>ubrunebia.~ am <strong>da</strong> aseT ciliswamebebze<br />
wer<strong>da</strong> Tedo Jor<strong>da</strong>nia: `mTelma gundma im viTom<strong>da</strong><br />
patriotTa meWoreTa, romelTac cisliswamebis iaraRiT bolo<br />
mouRes sabininis moRvaweobas, ver Segviqmnes aCrdilica<br />
esreTis Sromisa.~ sayuradReboa, zaqaria WiWinaZis cnoba,<br />
rom cnobili sazogado moRvawe ivane maCabelis Tavis <strong>da</strong>xrCoba<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> im dRis meore dRes, roca `iveriaSi~ gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong><br />
Semdegi gancxadeba: `rom Tu iv. maCabeli skolis komitetSi<br />
dReis Semdeg fexs Semoadgams kidevao, maSin me iq aRar<br />
Sevalo~. zaqaria WiWinaZis cnobiT, qarTul gimnaziasTan arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
Rarib moswavleTa <strong>da</strong>mxmare komiteti. ivane maCabeli<br />
imave komitetSi iyo Tavmjdomaris xelqveiTad, ese igi meore<br />
pirad. am komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxl<strong>da</strong>T erTi war-<br />
Cinebuli qarTveli moRvawe mandilosani, <strong>qarTuli</strong>s maRalis<br />
aristokratiulis ojaxis wevri <strong>da</strong>, amasTanave, di<strong>da</strong>d saxelovani<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>msaxurebuli piri, romelmac erT dRes qarTul<br />
gazeTebSi gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> eseTi ambavi: `pativcemuls qarTuls<br />
sazogadoebas un<strong>da</strong> vacnobo, rom dReis Semdeg ivane maCabeli<br />
Cveni <strong>qarTuli</strong> gimnaziis komitetSi Tu kidev fexs Semoadgams,<br />
maSin me am xsenebul komitetSi veRar Semoval... amitom<br />
saWiroebad miviRe, rom es <strong>qarTuli</strong> gazeTebis saSualebad<br />
gamomecxadebina~. am ambis gamocxadebis dRes vnaxe ivane<br />
maCabeli. igi sololaki<strong>da</strong>n modio<strong>da</strong>... Zriel <strong>da</strong>Ronebuli<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong> ferwasuli... amis Semdeg ra mox<strong>da</strong> mis Tavze <strong>da</strong> cxovrebaSi,<br />
me es ar vici, mxolod am ambis gamocxadebis Semdeg<br />
ivane maCabeli sadRac miikarga~. (ix. <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />
muzemis xelnawerTa fondi. xelnaweri #13654). vfiqrobT, es<br />
ori magaliTi sakmarisia, rom warmovidginoT rogori <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> re<strong>da</strong>qcias pirovnebis Rirsebis Selaxvis<br />
sakiTxTan, aseve <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT <strong>da</strong>zaralebulis uZlureba Rirsebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis saqmeSi.<br />
aris eTnikuri niSniT a<strong>da</strong>mianis Rirsebis Semlaxveli magaliTebic.<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c es erTi magaliTi:<br />
`droebis~ 1875 wlis #80 nomerSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
- 112 -
`uriebs CveulebrivaT aqvsT kanoni, rom vinc mzis amosvlamde<br />
mokvdeba, mzis Casvlamdin un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>marxon <strong>da</strong> vinc<br />
mzis Casvlisas, uTuod mzis amosvlamdin, ase rom zogjer<br />
gaucielebel mkv<strong>da</strong>rsac CauZaxeben xolme samareSi...~ Semdeg<br />
moTxrobilia, rom Turme erTi ebraeli <strong>da</strong>umarxavT <strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />
amouTxriaT. `saflavi<strong>da</strong>n amoRebul~ kacs mouxsnia su<strong>da</strong>ra,<br />
Tvalebi amoufSvtenia <strong>da</strong> gancvifrebuli, ra min<strong>da</strong> sasaflaozeo,<br />
wasula Tavis saxlSi, aqac bevri <strong>da</strong>ufurTxia,<br />
magram mere ucvniaT <strong>da</strong> SeuyvaniaT saxlSi~. am statiis avtori<br />
Teof. kandelaki sxva araerT nomerSi aTavseb<strong>da</strong><br />
araqarTvelebze gasakilav cnobebs.<br />
swored Rirsebis Selaxvis zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebulma faqtebma<br />
moiyvanes gaz. `droebis~ re<strong>da</strong>qtori iqamde, rom man meTauri<br />
werilis saxiT gamoaqveyna: `aTi weliwadi arsebobs gaze-<br />
Ti <strong>da</strong> jer kidev kargaT ver SeutyviaT, rom gazeTi mxolod<br />
iseT saqmeebs exeba, romelsac raime sazogado mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs, ver gaugiaT, rom mezoblebis uTanxmoebaSi, ojaxis wevrebis<br />
ukmayofilebaSi, rZal-de<strong>da</strong>mTilis CxubSi is araviTar<br />
sazogado interess ara xe<strong>da</strong>vs <strong>da</strong> arc ereva. gansakuTrebiT<br />
imerlebi arian gamoCenilni amgvar saqmeebSi <strong>da</strong> imerlebSi<br />
kidev yvelaze kidev yvelaze ufro iqauri mRvdlebi <strong>da</strong> sasuliero<br />
moRvaweni~. gazeTis re<strong>da</strong>qtoris am werilSic Cans,<br />
rom TviTon s. mesxic ramdenime a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevas mTels kuTxeze<br />
(imereTze) ganazogadebs, gazeTSic araerTi Wori <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>u<strong>da</strong>stu-rebeli<br />
faqtia mocemuli.<br />
ai, kidev erTi magaliTi:<br />
`droebis~ 1882 wlis #11 nomerSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`axalcixeSi 8 ianvars, naTlisRebis Rames ramdenime kaci<br />
avazakebi <strong>da</strong>ecnen erTs ebrael-zarafs, nakuw-nakuwad<br />
<strong>da</strong>Wres, waarTves oras Tumnamdin oqros fuli <strong>da</strong> gaiqcnen.<br />
yuradRebis Rirsi am SemTxvevaSi TviT es avazakoba rodia,<br />
radgan es yvelgan SeiZleba momx<strong>da</strong>riyo, aramed Semdegi<br />
garemoeba: axalcixeSi cxovrobs erTi cimbiri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebuli somexi, saxelad farseRa, romelsac rogorc am<br />
SemTxvevas, agreTve, yvela amgvar avazakobas abralebs<br />
mTeli qveyana, mTelma axalcixem icis, rom mas hyavs Tavis<br />
Saika, magram ramdenjerme <strong>da</strong>iWires <strong>da</strong> isev gamouSves,<br />
- 113 -
adgan gasamtyunebel sabuTebs ver mohkides xeli~. aseTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>u<strong>da</strong>sturebel informaciebi araerTia `droebis~<br />
furclebze.<br />
cenzorebisaTvis ar aris mniSvnelovani sazogadoebis<br />
erTi nawilis (araCinovnikTa) Rirsebis Selaxvis faqti,<br />
magram gaze-Tis re<strong>da</strong>qciisTvis tabu<strong>da</strong>debulia iseTi<br />
uflebebis moTxovna, rogoricaa moqalaqeobis, Sromis,<br />
ganaTlebis, azris, sindisis, gansakuTrebiT cenzuris<br />
akrZalvis moTxovnebi.<br />
`droebis~ furclebze yvelas SeeZlo gaekritikebina eklesia,<br />
soflis mamasaxlisi, nebismieri sazogado moRvawe <strong>da</strong><br />
ara sinodi, saxelmwifo moxele, cenzori, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
gazeTebis `droebis~ <strong>da</strong> `iveriis~ furclebze asaxuli informaciis<br />
gacnobiT am gazeTebis re<strong>da</strong>qciebi dReisaTvis<br />
`xelSeuxebel uflebebad~ cnobili uflebebi<strong>da</strong>n yuradRebas<br />
Semdeg uflebebze amaxvilebdnen: 1. `sicocxlis ufleba~,<br />
2. monobis, monobiT vaWrobis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>monebis sxva formebis<br />
akrZalva, 3. religiis Tavisufleba.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis politikur uflebebze wera imdroindel presa-<br />
Si tabu<strong>da</strong>debuli Tema iyo. gamonakliss warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> qalTa<br />
uflebebi, razec gazeTis TiTqmis yovel nomerSi SegeZloT<br />
wagekiTxaT.<br />
gazeT `droebis~ <strong>da</strong>arsebisTanave re<strong>da</strong>qtori giorgi wereTeli<br />
miznad isaxavs qalTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebisaTvis informaciis miwodebas. ukve<br />
me-5 nomerSi aqveynebs `amerikis qalebis peticias maTTvis<br />
politikuri uflebebis miniWebis Sesaxeb~. masala momzadebulia<br />
aSS-s indroindeli presis masalebis mixedviT. iqvea<br />
statia `qalebis samoqalaqo uflebebi SveciaSi~.<br />
#7 nomerSi, pirvel gverdze `droeba~ aqveynebs<br />
informacias aSS-Si monobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. swored qalTa<br />
uflebebi <strong>da</strong> monobis gauqmeba aSS-Si gax<strong>da</strong> araerTi statiis<br />
Tema `droebis~ Semdgom nomrebSi. imave nomerSi <strong>da</strong>beWdilia<br />
statia `xalxis ganaTleba amerikaSi~, sa<strong>da</strong>c mocemulia<br />
informacia amerikelTa ganaTlebis uflebis Sesaxeb.<br />
statiis avtori aRtacebiT wers, rom msoflioSi mxolod 4<br />
- 114 -
saxelmwifoa, sa<strong>da</strong>c TiToeulma icis kiTxva. es saxelmwifoebia:<br />
germania, norvegia, Sveicaria <strong>da</strong> aSS~. iqve<br />
vkiTxulobT, rom<br />
`TviT bunebas miucia qalisaTvis aRzrdis niWi. amerikaSi<br />
yvelani <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni arian, rom Tu qalsa <strong>da</strong> kacs Tanaswori<br />
codna aqvT, de<strong>da</strong>kacs mamakaczed ukeT SeuZliaT swavleba...<br />
amerikaSi sityva aris Zala <strong>da</strong> amisTvisac yvelas un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos<br />
karga gamosTqvas Tavisi azri <strong>da</strong> kidevac <strong>da</strong>amtkicos<br />
is... sarwmunoeba imaT eCvenebaT samZimod <strong>da</strong> Tavis mosawyenad...<br />
yvela amerikis skola ufasoa...~.<br />
am werili<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, araerTi statia <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong><br />
qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvaze. mag:<br />
anglia. aRmorCeviTi simarTlis miniWeba qalTaTvis<br />
(`droeba~, 1868 w., 24 maisi, #21, gv. 1).<br />
anglia. qalebisaTvis saarCevno uflebis miniWebis moTxovna<br />
(`droeba~. 1866, 16 dekemberi, #42, gv. 1).<br />
inglisi. qalTa uflebebze msjeloba parlamentSi (`droeba~,<br />
1870, 21 maisi, #20, gv. 2).<br />
am statiebs mohyva qarTveli qalebis gamoxmaureba statiaSi<br />
saTauriT `Rirs qalebze laparaki~ ( gaz. „droeba“, # 21,<br />
gv. 1-3, ) sa<strong>da</strong>c vkiTxulobT: `qals dRes sazizRari<br />
mdgomareoba aqvs ojaxSi. aq qals pataraobiTve exuWeba<br />
Tvalebi, ekvreba xelebi, uClundgeba goneba, sustdeba<br />
janiTa <strong>da</strong> sabolood xdeba sazogadoebis gamousadegar<br />
arsebaTa... rom hqondes (qals) Zala, mainc Znelia susti<br />
qalisaTvis brZola. vai im qals, romelic ar aRasrulebs<br />
raime mizeziT mSoblebis yvela <strong>da</strong>rigebas~. statias xels<br />
awers vinme `maRaroeli qali~.<br />
qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb sazRvargareTuli presis<br />
masalebis beWdvam Sedegi gamoiRo: gazeT `droebis~ re<strong>da</strong>qciam<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo korespondenciebis miReba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
ai, erT-erTi maTgani yvelaze amazrzeni faqtis Sesaxeb:<br />
sofel dvalTa<strong>da</strong>n (dRes TeTriwyaros raioni) miRebul<br />
korespondenciaSi vkiTxulobT: (ix. `droeba~ #12, 1877<br />
w. gv. 4).<br />
- 115 -
`ufalo re<strong>da</strong>qtoro... Cvens sofelSi ganxlaven saco<strong>da</strong>vi<br />
qvrivebi, am sofelSi gamoCn<strong>da</strong> erTi zne<strong>da</strong>cemuli kaci, romelmac<br />
Seiyvara erTi qvrivi <strong>da</strong> wlis Tavzed <strong>da</strong>gviorsula es<br />
qvrivi... Seityves Tu ara es soflis mamasaxlisma <strong>da</strong> sudiebma,<br />
Seyares xalxi <strong>da</strong>... Seadgines Semdegi ganCineba: kacs waarTves<br />
oTxi Tumani fuli <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>kacs ki 25 maneTi eklesiis<br />
sasargebloT. amas gar<strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>kacs Seugzavnes ramdenime<br />
soflis biWi, gamoayvanines <strong>da</strong> 3 dRis <strong>da</strong>loginebuli qali<br />
Sesves virzed, fexebi gaukres ze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> erTi Tabaxi lafi <strong>da</strong>asxes<br />
Tavzed.<br />
es cocxal-mkv<strong>da</strong>ri de<strong>da</strong>kaci ise <strong>da</strong>icala sisxlisagan,<br />
rom soflis quCebi morwyuli iyo...~<br />
zemoT moyvanili magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu ra fonze ibeWdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
gazeT `droebaSi~ qalTa politikuri uflebebis<br />
moTxovnis werilebi, romlebic umetesad ucxouri presis<br />
masalebze iyo <strong>da</strong>yrdnobili.<br />
1877-84 wlebSi qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb araerTi werili<br />
<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> `droebaSi~, magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, qalTa uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis saqme saqarTveloSi kvlav ara<strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli<br />
iyo, mag.: 1884 wlis `droebaSi~ (#160. gv. 2) vkiTxulobT:<br />
`gansacvifrebelia is Tavawyvetili saqcieli zogierTi pirebisa,<br />
romlebsac TiTqmis yovel nabijzed SexvdebiT: ai,<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c aiReT am Tvis 20-Si momx<strong>da</strong>ri saqme, saRamos 5 saaTze<br />
Sua qalaqSi, sazogado baRis win, rodesac mTeli qveyana gareT<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong> mowmed <strong>da</strong>eswro.<br />
saqme is aris, rom saqalaqo baRis pir<strong>da</strong>pir gamarTuli<br />
rZis gasayidi duqani uWiravs erTs sindisian imerels.<br />
saRamos, 5 saaTs coli am duqnis patronisa gamovi<strong>da</strong> quCa-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong> fanjris <strong>da</strong>xurva <strong>da</strong>iwyo. gamoCndnen quCaSi sami kaci,<br />
sakmaod Seqeifianebulebi. erT-erTi gamoqan<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kocna <strong>da</strong>uwyo.<br />
Seuracxyofils SeeSin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yvirili <strong>da</strong>iwyo. iqve myofi<br />
policieli uZravad idga <strong>da</strong> am sazizRar suraTs RimiliT<br />
uyureb<strong>da</strong>. yvirilma miaRwia iqve mezoblad stambis mqone xelaZamde,<br />
romelmac ixsna ubeduri qali gamxecebulis kacis<br />
xelidgan~.<br />
yvelaze aRmaSfoTebeli ki ramdenime dRis Semdeg imave<br />
droebaSi gamoqveynebuli werilia, sa<strong>da</strong>c weria, rom xsene-<br />
- 116 -
ul Cinovniks qalisaTvis ki ar ukocnia, mxolod xeli wauvliao!<br />
ai, ase!<br />
1875 wlis #40 `droebis~ meTaur statiaSi sergi mesxi<br />
ilaSqrebs qalTa uuflebobis <strong>da</strong> Cagvris winaaRmdeg.<br />
`miixed-moixedeT Tqvens garSemo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rwmundebiT, rom<br />
asSi erTi ar epyroba Tavis cols rigianaT. aba miCveneT ise-<br />
Ti qmari, romelmac sTqvas, rom coli Cemi toliao! romelic<br />
ar ambobdes, rom de<strong>da</strong>kacs TmaSi aqvs Wkuao...<br />
TviT kanonma <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebam imisTana xarisxze un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ayenos<br />
qali, rom is Tavis araraobas, Tavis sisustes ar<br />
grZnobdes, mieciT qals ganaTleba, rom namdvili a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
Rirseba esmodes, mieciT imis saSualeba, rom lukma-puris<br />
mopoveba TviTonve SeeZlos <strong>da</strong> mu<strong>da</strong>m sxvisagan ar iyos <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
_ <strong>da</strong> maSin naxavT, <strong>da</strong>rCeba is yurmoWril-<strong>da</strong>Cagrul<br />
monad Tu ara~.<br />
ra miviReT am werilis gamoqveynebi<strong>da</strong>n 22 wlis Semdeg?<br />
gaz. `droeba~ ukve istorias Cabar<strong>da</strong>. misi adgili <strong>da</strong>ikava saqarTveloSi<br />
yvelaze cnobilma gazeTma `iveriam~, sa<strong>da</strong>c 22<br />
wlis Semdeg, samwuxarod, kvlav saqarTveloSi, araerTi werili<br />
iwereba qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb. vinme e. vaSakiZe Jurnal<br />
`moambeSi (#11) aqveynebs statias (romelsac<br />
`samecniero werils~ uwodebs) saTauriT `de<strong>da</strong>Ta kiTxva~.<br />
avtori amtkicebs, rom `fizikuri sisuste qalisa,<br />
warmomdgari sqesobrivi gansxvavebisagan, uSlis qals,<br />
miaRwios im gonebis ganviTarebamdis, romlamdisac aRwevs<br />
mamakacis goneba. Tu qali Tavis pir<strong>da</strong>pir movaleobas zurgs<br />
uqcevs, maSin SeiZleba goneba amaRldes, magram mesame sqesad<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba (!!!) `moambis~ am werils upasuxa gazeT<br />
`iveriaSi~ Seuracxyofilma qar-Tvelma qalma, romelmac<br />
fsevdonimiT _ `vinc un<strong>da</strong> viyo~ warmoadgina Tavi. `iveriaSi~<br />
<strong>da</strong>beWdil werilSi vkiTxulobT: `e. vaSakiZis azriT<br />
qarTveli Tanamedrove qalebi, uzomo mflangvelni arian,<br />
usaqmod moxetialeni, enis Semlaxvelni <strong>da</strong> ekonomiurad<br />
ojaxis <strong>da</strong>mcemni.<br />
romel qalebis gamoa aq laparaki? romelic axalma cxovrebam<br />
<strong>da</strong>hba<strong>da</strong>, Tu Zvel, <strong>da</strong>xavsebul nia<strong>da</strong>gzed aRmocenebuli<br />
kneinebi?<br />
- 117 -
...Tanamedrove cxovrebam Sehqmna iseTi qalebi, romelTac<br />
usaqmoba ara sCveviaT <strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, arc flangva. hflangavs<br />
is, vinc ar icis ra aris Sroma, visac sxvisgan mopovebuli<br />
qoneba aqvs, vinc ar Careula ferxulSi...! gana Cveni axali<br />
qalebi ara hSromoben?<br />
...rodesac araraobas amtkicebs avtori, Semdeg idealurad<br />
gvisaxavs Zvel qarTvel qalebs. es axali ar aris Cven-<br />
Tvis. ar aris arc erTi qarTveli mwerali, romelic Tvalcremliani<br />
ara hgodebdes Cvens araraobasa <strong>da</strong> idealad Zvel<br />
qalebas ar gvisaxavdes.<br />
nuTu erTi brwyinvale ram ar ipoveba Cvens awmyoSi momavlis<br />
saimedod, rom aRniSnon igi?! gvargia ki idealad Cven<br />
Zveli qalebi? cxovreba icvala maSin, rodesac yvela win,<br />
mermisisaken icqireba <strong>da</strong> miiswrafeba, Cven gveubnebian: `nangrevebs<br />
CaaSterdiTo, warsuls CaukvirdiT, iq ipoviT qalis<br />
idealso~. drois moTxovnileba ki gamoicvala. Zveli qar-<br />
Tveli de<strong>da</strong> xmals aZlev<strong>da</strong> Svils xelSi, dro amas Txoulob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
kargad ico<strong>da</strong> xmlis miwodeba. Cven ki Tanamedrove iara-<br />
Ri un<strong>da</strong> mivceT Cvens Svilebs xelSi... amitom nangrevebSi ki<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> viqeqoT Cveni ideali, Cadri ki ar un<strong>da</strong> wamovisxaT,<br />
idealad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>visaxoT evropel qalTa saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi...<br />
<strong>da</strong> Cvenc imaTsaviT un<strong>da</strong> aRvmaRldeT gonebiT~.<br />
ai Sedegi 30-wliani qalTa uflebebis moTxovnisa.<br />
ra pasuxi gasca gazeTma `iveriam~ am werils? iqve<br />
SeniSvnis saxiT miawera: `qalbaton `vinc un<strong>da</strong> viyos~ ZvelTa<br />
de<strong>da</strong>Ta sikeTe <strong>da</strong> Rirseba marto xmlis miwodebaSi <strong>da</strong>unaxavs<br />
<strong>da</strong> axalis Taobis qalebi ki yovlad unaklod miaCnia.<br />
vbeW<strong>da</strong>vT am axalTaobis momxre qalis werils <strong>da</strong> aRviarebT,<br />
rom di<strong>da</strong>d samwuxaroa, Tu yvela misis xnis qalni am azrisa<br />
arian~. _ red.<br />
rogorc Cans, `iveriis~ re<strong>da</strong>qcia, romelic did adgils<br />
uTmob<strong>da</strong> qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmes, am SemTxvevaSi ganawyen<strong>da</strong><br />
qalTa sqesis warmomadgenlis kategoriuli<br />
toniT, ver <strong>da</strong>imorCila subieqturi, saukuneebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi sisxlSi gamj<strong>da</strong>ri mentaliteti <strong>da</strong> aseTi<br />
minaweri gaakeTa.<br />
- 118 -
un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom gazeTma `iveriam~ qalTa uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis fonze <strong>da</strong>ayena ukanonod SobilTa uflebebic.<br />
1898 wels ruseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong> mieRoT kanoni ukanonod SobilTa<br />
uflebebis Sesaxeb. am kanonis mixedviT mSoblebis ufleba<br />
eZleo<strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>s _ mTlad <strong>da</strong> ganuyoflad, <strong>da</strong> ara mamas.<br />
ukanono Svils eZleo<strong>da</strong> ufleba samarTliT <strong>da</strong>emtkicebina<br />
Tavisi STamomavloba. mas dedis qonebasa <strong>da</strong> mamulSi iseTive<br />
monawileoba eZleo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc kanonier Svils.<br />
mama ukanono Svilisa movale xdebo<strong>da</strong>, etvirTa xarji ukanono<br />
Svilis gazrdisa <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe am kanonproeqtTan <strong>da</strong>avSirebiT gaz. `iveriis~<br />
1898 wlis #248 nomerSi wer<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`...[ukanonod SobilTaTvis] arc saxelia, arc gvaria, arc<br />
de<strong>da</strong>, arc mama, arc mameuli, arc dedeuli qoneba, arc mama-<br />
Sviluri <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>Sviluri ganwyobileba... ase uwyalod yofna<br />
ubedurad <strong>da</strong>rCenilisa swored ulmoblobaa, gulqveobaa,<br />
cocxal-mkvdrad <strong>da</strong>marxva u<strong>da</strong>naSaulo <strong>da</strong> ucodvelis a<strong>da</strong>mianisa.<br />
`droebis~ <strong>da</strong> `iveriis~ re<strong>da</strong>qciebisaTvis ucxo aris rasobrivi<br />
diskriminacia. marTalia, ramdenime SemTxvevaSi<br />
araqarTvelTa cxovrebis aRwera moyvanilia xumrobis toniT,<br />
magram samagierod aris meTauri statiebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c gakicxulia<br />
germanelebis, ingliselebis mier sxva erebis Cagvra<br />
(<strong>da</strong> ara rusebis).<br />
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia gaz. `droebaSi~ 1883<br />
wlis 21 seqtembris (#186) nomerSi gamoqveynebuli meTauri<br />
werili: `ebraelebis saqme CvenSi~.<br />
avtori ixilavs ebraelTa istorias, maT Camosaxlebas saqarTveloSi,<br />
maT mZime beds <strong>da</strong> wers: `yvelam icis, Tu... ras ar<br />
swamebdnen, ra gvarad ar stanjavdnen am ebraelis ubedur<br />
Svilebs, viTomc mama-papis raRac codvisaTvis! ... ebraeli<br />
iCagreba <strong>da</strong> kanoni mas ar esarCleba, rac un<strong>da</strong> didis niWisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mSvenieris xasiaTis patroni iyos, mxolod imitom, rom<br />
ebraelad <strong>da</strong>badebula qveyanaze.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom `droebis~ <strong>da</strong> `iveriis~ furclebze ar<br />
ganxilula a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebTan uSualod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
iseTi Temebi, rogoricaa samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, av-<br />
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toritarizmi, diqtatura, cenzura, Sekrebis Tavisufleba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis politika.<br />
maTgan zogi, im droisaTvis saerTod ucnobi iyo sazogadoebisaTvis,<br />
zogi ki (cenzura, Sekrebis <strong>da</strong> informaciis Tavisufleba,<br />
diqtatura, <strong>da</strong>kavebul an <strong>da</strong>patimrebul pirTa<br />
uflebebi) tabu<strong>da</strong>debuli Tema iyo.<br />
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo ltolvilTa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />
pirTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxi.<br />
mogexsenebaT, ruseT-TurqeTis omis Sedegebis mixedviT<br />
saqarTvelos SemouerT<strong>da</strong> aWara, xolo afxazebis mohajiroba<br />
imave periodSi did tkivilad aisaxa qarTveli xalxis<br />
gulSi.<br />
ebraelTa yofas ganicdis gazeTis re<strong>da</strong>qcia maSin, roca<br />
Tavisi qveynis _ saqarTvelos Svilebi aranakleb dReSi<br />
arian.<br />
1. aWarlebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxleba <strong>da</strong> misi mizezebi _ (`droeba~,<br />
1879, 7 ivnisi, #118, gv. 1-2).<br />
2. or miwas Sua ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebulad ayril afxazTa gaWirveba<br />
(`droeba~, 1880, IX, 20. #199. gv. 1-2).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom gazeTi `droeba~ <strong>da</strong> gazeTi `iveria~<br />
qarTveli xalxis erovnul uflebebs <strong>da</strong> interesebs icavdnen,<br />
aucilebeli iyo sazogadoebrivi organizaciis Seqmna,<br />
romelsac miznad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esaxa qarTveli xalxis ganaTlebis<br />
uflebis <strong>da</strong>cva. aseT sazogadoebad 1879 wels Camoyalibebuli<br />
`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavarcelebeli sazogadoeba~<br />
(qSwkg) mogvevlina.<br />
dRes ganaTlebis ufleba Semdeg principebs gulisxmobs:<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebiTi ganaTleba savaldebulo <strong>da</strong> ufaso un<strong>da</strong> iyos, teqnikuri,<br />
profesiuli <strong>da</strong> umaRlesi ganaTleba xelmisawvdomi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos yvelasaTvis, mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, SeurCion Svilebs<br />
ganaTlebis nebismieri forma, Tu is Seesabameba minimalur<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs. yoveli a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaa, <strong>da</strong>afuZnos saganmanaTleblo<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebuleba <strong>da</strong> uxelmZRvanelos mas.<br />
ra iyo qSwkg sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>arsebis mizani? sazogadoebis<br />
wesdebis erT-erT paragrafSi aRniSnulia: `sazogadoeba Tavis<br />
mizans miaRwevs imiT, rom saxalxo skolebSi swavlebas<br />
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SemoiRebs samSoblo, bavSvebisaTvis gasageb enaze~. es punqti<br />
iakob gogebaSvilis ideiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Jinebuli TxovniT SeutaniaT.<br />
TviT wesdebis Semdgenlebs imedi ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T rom es punqti<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, magram iakob gogebaSvilma gamoiyena<br />
ruseTis mefe aleqsandre II-is 1864 wlis agvistos reskripti,<br />
romliTac is akanoneb<strong>da</strong> ararusTa saxalxo skolebSi<br />
de<strong>da</strong>enaze swavlebas. wesdebaSi qSwkg sazogadoebis mizani<br />
sakmaod farTod iyo moxazuli. mas evalebo<strong>da</strong> werakiTxva <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebiTi skola gaevrcelebina kavkasiis samefisnacvloSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c qarTvelebi mosaxleobdnen. ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong> gaexsna<br />
skolebi, biblioTekebi, samkiTxveloebi, gamoeca wignebi.<br />
imdroindeli mdgomareoba ganaTlebis miRebis saqmeSi<br />
aseTi iyo: 1879 wels, roca Seiqmna qSwkg sazogadoeba, TbilisSi<br />
ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> arc erTi saxalxo <strong>qarTuli</strong> skola. iyo e.<br />
w. `<strong>da</strong>bali~ skolebi, magram isini an rusuli iyo, an somxuri.<br />
qSwkg sazogadoebam moaxerxa skolebis gaxsna sofel winarexSi,<br />
ToneTsa <strong>da</strong> xelTubanSi 1882-84 wlebSi. am periodSi<br />
gamwvav<strong>da</strong> brZola saswavlo uwyebebsa <strong>da</strong> wk sazogadoebas<br />
Soris skolebis gaxsnis garSemo. 1881 wels amierkavkasiis<br />
saswavlo olqis mzrunvelma ianovskim mefis nacvals kavkasiaSi<br />
mixeil romanovs <strong>da</strong>amtkicebina axali saswavlo gegma,<br />
romlis mixedviTac rusuli ena <strong>da</strong>wyebiT skolaSi swavlebis<br />
pirveli wli<strong>da</strong>nve un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wyebuliyo. 1882 wlis 1 ianvars wk<br />
sazogadoebam skola gaxsna sof. winarexSi, Tanaxmad winarexis<br />
mosaxleobis Txovnisa skolis gaxsnaze, saswavlo olqis<br />
mzrunveli winaaRmdegi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, magram qSwkg sazogadoebam<br />
skola mainc gaxsna.<br />
1883 wlis Semodgomaze mTavrobis gankargulebiT skola<br />
<strong>da</strong>ixura.<br />
brZola winarexis skolis garSemo gamwvav<strong>da</strong>. saxalxo skolaTa<br />
direqtori (rusi moxele) 1882 wlis seqtemberSi iwerebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom sazogadoebas ar aqvs ufleba Tavisi programa SemoiRos<br />
sazogadoebis mier gaxsnil skolaSi. vidre mzrunvelis<br />
ianovskis Sedgenil programas ar miiRebT, winarexis<br />
skolis gaxsnis nebarTvas ar mogcemTo.<br />
rodesac skolaTa direqtorma morigi gafrTxileba gaugzavna<br />
wk gamgeobas _ Tu skolas ar <strong>da</strong>ketavT, gubernators<br />
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movaxseneb <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gaketinebTo, gamgeobam <strong>da</strong>adgina: `mieweros,<br />
rom Cven sakuTar wesdebasac vasrulebT <strong>da</strong> sazogado kanonsac<br />
<strong>da</strong> amitom Cven ver gavauqmebT winarexis skolaso~. (ix.<br />
cent. saist. arqivi. f. 481, saq. #42, f. 101).<br />
sazogadoebis gamgeobis wevrebs Soris uTanxmoeba mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />
iakob gogebaSvili <strong>da</strong>Tmobis politikis momxre iyo, ilia<br />
WavWavaZis azriT ki `paWiWas rom Tavi moarRvioT, bolomdis<br />
rRveviT wava, Tu erTxel <strong>da</strong>uTmeT, meoreTac mogixdebaT<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tmoba. Cven, imedia, gavmarTldebiT umaRlesi mTavrobis<br />
winaSe… Tu kanonierad iTxov, rasac iTxov, magas veravin <strong>da</strong>gaTmobinebs~.<br />
1884 wlis 11 dekembers rusuli Cinovnikuri saswavlo<br />
olqis mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong>Tmobaze ar wavi<strong>da</strong> _ sazogadoebas<br />
mosTxova, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis swavlasTan erTad rusuli enis<br />
swavlac <strong>da</strong>awyebineT bavSvebs <strong>da</strong> skolis gaxsnis nebas <strong>da</strong>grTavTo.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis xelmoweriT sazogadoebam miswera:<br />
`swavla rusulisa <strong>da</strong>awyebinos maSin, roca ymawvilebs<br />
SeeZlebaT rigianad Seswavla <strong>da</strong> ara marto gazepireba<br />
oriode sityvisa~.<br />
ilia WavWavaZem sxva saSualebasac mimarTa, rom qSwkg<br />
sazogadoebis skolebSi <strong>da</strong>culiyo qarTvelTaTvis<br />
umniSvnelovanesi ufleba _ mSobliur qarTul enaze<br />
swavlis ufleba. ilia WavWavaZem sTxova sofel vejinis<br />
maswavlebels n. naTiZes, rom Sekrebiliyvnen sasoflo<br />
skolis maswavleblebi <strong>da</strong> molaparakebuliyvnen rusuli<br />
enis programaze, <strong>da</strong>esabuTebinaT rusuli enis programis<br />
usargebloba <strong>da</strong> mieweraT Txovna qSwkg sazogadoebisaTvis,<br />
eSuamdgomla mTavrobasTan rusuli enis Semcirebaze,<br />
magram naTiZem ver moaxerxa mazris<br />
maswavleblebis erTad Sekreba.<br />
marTalia, sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> rusul saswavlo uwyebasTan<br />
brZolis sakiTxSi, magram sabolood TviT rusuli<br />
saswavlo uwyebac ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> kmayofili misive miRebuli<br />
gegmiT <strong>da</strong> man is oficialurad gaauqma.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom mecxramete saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> mowinave<br />
sazogadoeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmeSi upira-<br />
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tesobas enis <strong>da</strong>cvis problemas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. mag: cenzuris mier<br />
gaz. `droebis~ <strong>da</strong>xurvis dReebSi gazeTis re<strong>da</strong>qciis<br />
upirvelesi problema sityvis Tavisufleba ki ar iyo,<br />
aramed is, rom qarTulenovani yoveldRiuri gazeTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ixurebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganviTarebas problema<br />
Seeqmnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli<br />
sazogadoeba iyo pirveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> arasamTavrobo<br />
organizacia, romelic viwro erovnuli interesebis gar<strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela erovnebis a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
ganaTlebazec zrunav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong>arsebis pirvelive yrilobaze, roca kamaTi iyo sazogadoebis<br />
saxelwodebis Sesaxeb, dimitri yifiani _ pirveli<br />
Tavmjdomare sazogadoebisa winaaRmdegi iyo sazogadoebis<br />
saxelwodebaSi sityva `qarTvelTas~ xsenebisa.<br />
krebis momswre vaxtang TulaSvili gadmogvcems:<br />
`wesdebis proeqtis ganxilvis Semdeg didxans iyo baasi imis<br />
gamo, Tu ra saxeli gvewodebina sazogadoebisaTvis. Tavadi<br />
grigol orbeliani im azrisa iyo, rom is saxeli gvewodebina,<br />
romelsac amJamad vuwodebT. amaze dimitri yifianma<br />
upasuxa, rom eg saxeli ver gamova rigianio, radganac<br />
somexT, am CvenTa moZmeTa <strong>da</strong> mezobelTa, wili aRar <strong>da</strong>edebaT<br />
imaTSi, romelTa Sorisac un<strong>da</strong> vrceldebodes wera-kiTxva<br />
<strong>da</strong> es, Cemis azriT, ar aris sasurvelio. grigol orbelianma<br />
sTqva, rom eg <strong>da</strong>samalavi ar aris, yvelam gavigeT, SevityeT<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vrwmundiT, rom somexni, Tumca Cveni mezobelni arian,<br />
mainc imaTgan mtrobis mets aras un<strong>da</strong> movelodeTo,<br />
radganac am bolo dros aSkarad gamoiCines <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amtkices<br />
aseTi Tvisi ganzraxvao. Tavadma giorgi erisTavma dimitri<br />
yifianis mxare <strong>da</strong>iWira <strong>da</strong> grigol orbelians upasuxa, rom<br />
Cven magas ar un<strong>da</strong> gamovudgeTo; Cven rogorc aqamde<br />
vyofilvarT, somexTaTvis erTgulni mezobelni <strong>da</strong> amxanagni,<br />
lxinsa <strong>da</strong> WirSi, isev ise un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vrCeT, xolo somxebs,<br />
rogorca surdeT ise moiqcneno.<br />
Semdeg amisa, krebam isurva, rom somxebsac SeeZloT monawileobis<br />
miReba sazogadoebaSio. amis gamo sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mfuZnebel wevrTa Soris iricxebian: grafi m. t. loris-me-<br />
- 123 -
liqovi, Tavadni: is. SioSis Ze TumaniSvili, iason TumaniSvili,<br />
al. st. ananovi, s. Sah-parnianci <strong>da</strong> sxv.~. sazogadoebas ki<br />
mainc `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavarcelebeli sazogadoeba~<br />
uwodes.<br />
ramdenad samarcxvinoa, rom oc<strong>da</strong>meerTe saukunis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSic qarTveli eri, romelsac aRdgenili aqvs<br />
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRar aqvs SiSi garusebisa, aris WeSmaritad<br />
Tavis `ufali~, kvlav moiTxovs saxelmwifo pasportSi<br />
erovnul grafas, maSin, roca dimitri yifiani qarTvel-<br />
Ta Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli saqmis ganmaxorcielebeli<br />
organizaciis saxelwodebaSi `qarTvelis~ aRniSvnis<br />
winaaRmdegi iyo.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili yvela magaliTi<strong>da</strong>n erTi <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba<br />
SeiZleba: `a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis~ terminiT gaerTianebuli<br />
uflebebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> ganuyofeli<br />
nawilia, magram saukuneebis manZilze qarTveli eris Tavze<br />
<strong>da</strong>trialebulma ubedurebam, qarTveli eris uflebis<br />
araerTma <strong>da</strong>rRvevam, uimedobam <strong>da</strong> sxva faqtorebma, maT Soris<br />
<strong>da</strong>mpyrobelTa mentalitetma uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina<br />
eris moTxovnilebebze. ruseTis imperiaSi <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
tradiciebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebam am tradiciaTa gancdis ufleba<br />
qarTvel ersac arguna (amis magaliTia periodul gamocema-<br />
Ta beWdva saqarTveloSi). <strong>qarTuli</strong> gazeTis Seqmnam (`droeba~,<br />
`iveria~) dRis wesrigSi <strong>da</strong>ayena a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa gacnobis<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi.<br />
gazeTma `droebam~ pirvelma gaacno qarTvel ers<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa mcire nawili, gaz. `iveriam~ ganavrco es<br />
uflebebi. <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebis erTi nawili (maT Soris<br />
Tava<strong>da</strong>znaurobac) ahyva <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis im sios,<br />
romelic presis beWdvam Semoitana. qalTa uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
upirveles movaleobad <strong>da</strong>isaxa, Tumca Zveli mentalitetis<br />
rRveva mZime <strong>da</strong> Zneli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. presis moTxovnilebam<br />
<strong>da</strong>ba<strong>da</strong> axali ufleba saqarTveloSi _ ganaTlebis ufleba <strong>da</strong><br />
masTan erTad kulturis ufleba, am fonze qarTvelma xalxma<br />
miiRo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnis uflebac _ Seiqmna<br />
pirveli arasamTavrobo WeSmaritad erovnuli samoqalaqo<br />
- 124 -
sazogadoeba _ „qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli<br />
sazogadoeba“, romelmac <strong>da</strong>udo saTave qarTveli<br />
erisaTvis upirvelesi uflebis _ TviTgamorkvevis uflebis<br />
mopovebas.<br />
- 125 -
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi qarTul ritorikaSi<br />
zaza <strong>da</strong>raselia<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis ganviTarebam msoflios yvela did<br />
movlenaSi Rrma istoriuli kvali <strong>da</strong>tova <strong>da</strong> yvelgan mxari<br />
<strong>da</strong>uWira Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> TanasworobisaTvis brZolas.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi, rogorebicaa<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxle, pativi <strong>da</strong> Rirseba, gvxvdeba msoflios<br />
umravles religiasa <strong>da</strong> filosofiaSi.<br />
termini `a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi~ axali aRmocenebulia. mas<br />
win uswreb<strong>da</strong> XVII s-is filosofosTa <strong>da</strong> politikur moRvawe-<br />
Ta Soris farTod gavrcelebuli `bunebiTi uflebebis~ cneba,<br />
romelic antikuri xanis moazrovneTa mier SemuSavebul<br />
`bunebiTi samarTlis~ Teorias ukavSirdeba. bunebiTi uflebebis<br />
sinonimad `ganuyofeli~, anu `xelSeuvali uflebebi~<br />
ixmarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi, rogorc politikur-samarTlebrivi<br />
movlena, warmoadgens axali <strong>da</strong> uaxlesi istoriis nayofs. mis<br />
aTvlis saTaved SeiZleba 1776 w. miviCnioT, rodesac miRebul<br />
iqna virjiniis bili. Tumca <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 550 wliT adre,<br />
1215 w. inglisSi miRebul iqna `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ _<br />
agna Charta, romelic msoflio istoriaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi<br />
safuZveli. a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebma Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova<br />
`a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeTa uflebaTa deklaraciis~ (1789 w.)<br />
meSveobiT. magram a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis ganviTarebam Tavis<br />
piks 1948 wlis 10 dekembers miaRwia, rodesac gaero-s generalurma<br />
asambleam `a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia~<br />
miiRo, ramac safuZveli Cauyara a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis<br />
momwesrigebeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcavi sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebis<br />
SemuSavebasa <strong>da</strong> miRebas.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi warmoadgens zogadsakacobrio<br />
faseulobas. maT formirebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili<br />
miuZRviT kulturul-istoriul epoqebs, civilizaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur Zalebs. swored amitom aravis aqvs a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebis uaryofis <strong>da</strong> maTi ganmartebisas <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebisas<br />
raime upiratesobiT sargeblobis ufleba.<br />
- 126 -
Zv. w. I saukunis mwerali dionisos halikarnaseli aRniSnavs<br />
qarTvelTa tomebis, barbarosebis, maRal <strong>kultura</strong>s,<br />
romelic Zlier gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> berZnebze <strong>da</strong> miuTiTebs,<br />
rom aqaiebi <strong>da</strong> agreTve `bevrni sxvani, romlebic barbarosTa<br />
Soris cxovroben, cota xnis gavlis Semdeg yvelafers elinurs<br />
iviwyeben, ise, rom aRarc elinur enaze laparakoben,<br />
aRarc elinTa Cvevebs misdeven, aRarc imave RmerTebs miiCneven<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRarc samarTlian kanonebs, riTac gansakuTrebiT<br />
gansxvavdeba elinuri buneba barbarosulisagan, aRarc sxvas<br />
rasme (scnoben), rac (sayofacxovrebo) urTierTobebs exeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> arc sxvas msgavss. am azrisaTvis sakmarisi sabuTia (moxsenieba)<br />
aqaiebisa, romlebic pontosTan cxovroben, xolo eleelebi<br />
ki, romlebic warmoSobiT namdvili elinebi arian, yvela<br />
im barbarosebze, romlebic axla arseboben, ufro metad<br />
velurebi arian~.<br />
qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul saxelmwifoebSi am<br />
kulturis bazaze ax. w. IV saukuneSi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT fexs<br />
ikidebs feo<strong>da</strong>lizmi. qarTveli xalxis istoriaSi es epoqa<br />
cnobilia adrindeli feo<strong>da</strong>luri monarqiis<br />
saxelwodebiT, igi moicavs IV-X saukuneebs. adrindeli<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>luri monarqiis <strong>da</strong>sasruls qveyanaSi sabolood<br />
imarjvebs feo<strong>da</strong>luri urTierTobani, viTardeba <strong>da</strong><br />
icvleba ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri wyobileba.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze, marTalia, arsebobs<br />
gancalkevebuli saxelmwifoebi, kerZod, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
qarTlis (iberiis) <strong>da</strong> egrisis (kolxeTis) saxelmwifoebi,<br />
mogvianebiT ki iqmneba axali feo<strong>da</strong>luri samTavroebic<br />
(kaxeTi, hereTi, egris-afxazeTi, Tbilisis saamiro),<br />
magram adrindeli feo<strong>da</strong>luri monarqiis <strong>da</strong>sasruls<br />
qveyanaSi ukve Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebis<br />
gaerTianebis safuZvlebi.<br />
adreuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri monarqiis epoqis saqarTvelos teritoria<br />
warmoadgens iranisa <strong>da</strong> bizantiis urTierTbrZolis<br />
asparezs, mogvianebiT ki arab <strong>da</strong>mpyrobelTa samflobelos.<br />
am periodSi qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi didi socialur-politikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri cvlilebebi xdeba, ker-<br />
- 127 -
Zod, qarTvelTa cxovrebaSi didi movlena iyo `qristianobis<br />
saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadeba, mefobis gauqmeba,<br />
erismTavris xelisuflebis warmoqmna, adrefeo<strong>da</strong>luri <strong>da</strong>qucmacebuloba,<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>luri samefo-samTavroebis warmoSoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> brZola am axal feo<strong>da</strong>lur erTeulTa gafarToeba-ganmtkicebisaTvis~.<br />
adrefeo<strong>da</strong>luri monarqiis epoqaSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
ucxoel <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa urTierTbrZola <strong>da</strong> am brZolaSi<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebis monawileoba ganapirobebs saxelmwifosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> samarTlis Sesaxeb SinaarsiT mravalferovani<br />
moZRvrebebis Camoyalibebas. gansakuTrebiT maRal dones<br />
aRwevs saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> samarTlis moZRvrebebi kolxeTis<br />
saxelmwifoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c am periodSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> imdroindel<br />
msoflioSi kargad cnobili kolxeTis akademia, romlis Sesaxeb<br />
IV saukunis berZeni filosofosi <strong>da</strong> ritori (iuristi)<br />
Temisteosi wers:<br />
`mec, Cemo kargo axalgazr<strong>da</strong>v, ritorikis nayofni<br />
movwyvite gacilebiT ufro uCinar adgilas, vidre es Cveni<br />
adgilia, ara wynarsa <strong>da</strong> elinur adgilas, aramed pontos<br />
boloSi, fazisis maxloblad, sa<strong>da</strong>c argom Tesalii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
wamosulma, <strong>da</strong>isadgura, – rasac poetebi gakvirvebiT mogvi-<br />
Txroben, – <strong>da</strong> cam igi aRitaca, iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c cnobilia Termodonti,<br />
amaZonT saomari saqmeebi <strong>da</strong> Temiskviri, <strong>da</strong> ai, ase-<br />
Ti barbarosuli <strong>da</strong> pirquSi adgili erTi kacis sibrZnem <strong>da</strong><br />
saTnoebam gaxades elinuri <strong>da</strong> aqcies muzebis taZrad, im er-<br />
Ti kacis, romelic <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> kolxebis <strong>da</strong> armenelebis qveyanaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> aswavli<strong>da</strong> ara isarT tyorcnas <strong>da</strong> orolTa srolas<br />
an jiriTs, mezobel barbarosTa wesebis <strong>da</strong> mixedviT, aramed<br />
imas, Tu rogor gaiwvrTna ritorikul xelovnebaSi <strong>da</strong> rogor<br />
brwyinavTa elinTa dReobebze. marTalia Tu ara is, rasac<br />
vambob, cxadi gaxdeba exlave, Tu <strong>da</strong>vZen Semdegsac: iq Cavedi<br />
me ara sakuTari miswrafebebiTa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT,<br />
aramed me gamgzavna iq iseTma keTilmosurne kacma, rogoric<br />
SeiZleba iyos mama, <strong>da</strong> iseTma marTebulad moazrovnem, rogoric<br />
SeiZleba iyos filosofosi. iqneb Sen is sruliad <strong>da</strong>hgmo<br />
imisaTvis, rom man TviTonac Tavisi ganTqmuli filoso-<br />
- 128 -
fia swored iq SeiZina, an ufro metad <strong>da</strong>mgmo me, romelic filosofiis<br />
saidumloebas bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>nve var naziarebi~.<br />
Cvenamde moRweuli ucxouri wyaroebiT viciT, rom kolxeTis<br />
akademiaSi iswavlebo<strong>da</strong> mecnierebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebi,<br />
romelTagan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceo<strong>da</strong> ritorikas,<br />
anu iuridiul mecnierebas, romelsac, albaT, swavlobdnen<br />
aristoteles wignebis - `ritorikisa~ <strong>da</strong> `politikis~<br />
mixedviT. un<strong>da</strong> vivaraudoT, rom kolxeTis akademiaSi, aq<br />
arsebul mecnierul tradiciebze, aRizardnen iseTi cnobili<br />
politikosebi, iuristebi, oratorebi, rogorebic iyvnen<br />
aieti, fartaZi <strong>da</strong> gubaz mefis mkvlelobis gamo mowyobil<br />
sasamarTlo procesze erovnuli interesebis <strong>da</strong>mcvelad gamosuli<br />
anonimi qarTveli swavluli iuristebi.<br />
am periodSi saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> samarTlis problemebiT<br />
qarTveli xalxis <strong>da</strong>intereseba imiT un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas, rom saqar-<br />
Tvelos teritoria, kerZod kolxeTi, gax<strong>da</strong> bizantiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sparseTis politikuri <strong>da</strong> saomari moqmedebebis asparezi.<br />
kolxeTis samefo xelisuflebas uxdebo<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva safexurze bizantia-sparseTis<br />
omebSi qarTveli xalxis interesebis Sesabamisad politikuri<br />
kursis SemuSaveba.<br />
aietis, fartaZis <strong>da</strong> kolxeTis mefis _ gubazis mkvlelobis<br />
Taobaze gamarTul sasamarTlo procesze gamosuli ucnobi<br />
kolxi swavluli-iuristebis Sesaxeb cnobebi, samwuxarod,<br />
qarTul wyaroebs ar Semounaxavs. yvela zemoT aRniSnul<br />
qarTvel moazrovneze farTod msjelobs berZeni istorikosi<br />
agaTia sqolastikosi, romelic bizantiis imperator<br />
iustinianes sasaxlis didi moxele iyo. angariSgasawevia Semdegi<br />
garemoeba: ramdena<strong>da</strong>c cnobilia, berZnebSic ganTqmuli un<strong>da</strong><br />
yofiliyo qarTveli moazrovneebis _ aietis, fartaZis, mefe<br />
gubazis mkvlelobis sasamarTlo procesSi monawile anonimi<br />
qarTveli swavluli politikosebisa <strong>da</strong> iuristebis saxelebi,<br />
rom ucxoel istorikoss, berZen agaTia sqolastikoss<br />
sagul<strong>da</strong>gulod gadmoeca maTi naazrevi <strong>da</strong> xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
maTi ganswavlulobis gamo aRfrTovanebac ki gamoeTqva.<br />
berZeni istorikosi agaTia sqolastikosi (536-582 ww) Tavis<br />
naSromSi aRwers bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes (527-<br />
- 129 -
565 ww) <strong>da</strong> kolxeTis mefis gubazis (VI s-is Sua periodi)<br />
droindeli epoqis istoriul movlenebs.<br />
agaTia sqolastikosis naSromSi moTxrobilia bizantiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sparseTis urTierTbrZolebi, romlebSic kolxeTi <strong>da</strong><br />
iberiac gulxel<strong>da</strong>krefili ar yofilan, fxizlad icavdnen<br />
sakuTar erovnul TviTmyofobas <strong>da</strong> am agresiul saxelmwifoebTan<br />
urTierTobaSi samSoblos interesebs yvelaze maRla<br />
ayenebdnen. amitom qarTul saxelmwifoebs xan bizantiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xan sparseTis mxareze uxdebo<strong>da</strong>T gamosvla. VI saukunis<br />
Sua wlebSi warmoebul bizantia-sparseTis omSi kolxeTis<br />
saxelmwifo bizantiis mokavSired gamodis. 551 wels telefisis<br />
cixesTan bizantiel <strong>da</strong> sparsel <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa brZola<br />
sparselTa gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>marcxebis mTavar mizezad<br />
kolxeTis mefes _ gubazs bizantiel mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavar-<br />
Ta uniWoba miaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amas arc malav<strong>da</strong>. gubaz mefisadmi piradi<br />
SuriTa <strong>da</strong> mtrobiT gamsWvalulma bizantielma sardlebma<br />
554 wels moawyves gubaz mefis mkvleloba.<br />
mokavSire bizantielebis am veragulma moqmedebam kolxe-<br />
Tis samefoSi didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, kolxeTis mkvidrni<br />
aRSfoTebas ar malavdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT moiTxovdnen<br />
qveynis sagareo politikis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvas. berZen istorikoss<br />
agaTia sqolastikoss moTxrobili aqvs gubaz mefis mkvlelobiT<br />
gamowveuli ambebi, romelTa momswre, rogorc Cans,<br />
TviTon yofila <strong>da</strong> xelT hqonia sarwmuno cnobebic, romlebic<br />
iustinianes sasaxleSi iyri<strong>da</strong> Tavs. am ambebi<strong>da</strong>n agaTia<br />
sqolastikosi sagangebod gamoyofs gubaz mefis mkvlelobiT<br />
Seqmnil viTarebas <strong>da</strong> bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes<br />
mier miRebul RonisZiebebs. yvela am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />
agaTia sqolastikosis cnobebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs,<br />
isini warmodgenas gvaZlevs kolxeTis saxelmwifos sulier<br />
<strong>da</strong> materialur cxovrebaze, bizantiis saxelmwifos sagareopolitikuri<br />
saqmianobis Taviseburebebze, <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis<br />
manamde ucnob kolx politikosebze <strong>da</strong> swavlul iuristebze.<br />
agaTia sqolastikosi wers, rom bizantieli mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavrebis<br />
mier kolxeTis mefis gubazis veragulma mkvlelobam<br />
Selaxa amayi kolxebis erovnuli interesebi, amitom `qveynis<br />
- 130 -
mmarTvelebi yvelani <strong>da</strong>mafiqrebel mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, ar<br />
icodnen ra eqnaT, risTvis miemarTaT. <strong>da</strong> ai, kavkasiis erT<br />
xeobaSi Seyares didZali xalxi CumaT, rom romaelebs ar SeetyoT,<br />
rasac aq moagvarebdnen, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sves sakiTxi _ sparselebis<br />
mxareze ga<strong>da</strong>videT, Tu isev romaelebTan <strong>da</strong>vrCeTo~.<br />
cnobilia, rom kolxeTis saxelmwifo monarqiuli iyo, mis<br />
saTaveSi idga mefe, romelic saxelmwifos marTav<strong>da</strong> aq moxseniebuli<br />
`qveynis mmarTvelebiT~, magram agaTia sqolastikosis<br />
cnobi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom samefo xelisuflebis gar<strong>da</strong> kolxeTis<br />
samefoSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> saxalxo kreba <strong>da</strong> saxalxo sabWo,<br />
romelTac iwvevdnen qveyanaSi Seqmnili sagangebo mdgomareobis<br />
dros. saxalxo krebas <strong>da</strong> saxalxo sabWos iwvevdnen qveynis<br />
didebulebi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mefe adgilze ar<br />
iyo, an<strong>da</strong> samefo taxti saerTod Tavisufali iyo. aseT Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi umaRles suverenul xelisuflebas saxalxo kreba<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxalxo sabWo axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> (mux. 20).<br />
qveynis mmarTvelebi adgendnen krebis dRis wesrigs <strong>da</strong><br />
amave dros xelmZRvanelobdnen mis msvlelobas. saxalxo<br />
krebaze monawileob<strong>da</strong> yvela _ didebulebic <strong>da</strong> m<strong>da</strong>bionic.<br />
sakiTxis ganxilvaSi monawileobis ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong> krebis<br />
yvela monawiles (mux. 21.1 naw.).<br />
agaTia sqolastikosi wers, rom gubazis mkvlelobis<br />
ganxilvas krebaze didi aurzauri gamouwvevia _ `kaci<br />
naTlad ver gaarkvev<strong>da</strong> verc imas, Tu vin laparakob<strong>da</strong>, verc<br />
imas, Tu ras ambob<strong>da</strong>: maSin didebulebma mouwodes xalxs<br />
siwynare <strong>da</strong>ecvaT. yoveli msurveli, vinc ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo,<br />
wynarad gamosuliyo <strong>da</strong> eTqva Tavisi wina<strong>da</strong>deba, rogorc<br />
SeeZlo~. sityviT gamosuli valdebuli iyo SuaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mdgariyo <strong>da</strong> yvelasTvis gasagebad xmamaRla <strong>da</strong>ewyo<br />
laparaki. magaliTad, rogorc agaTia sqolastikosi wers,<br />
warCinebulTa warmomadgeneli aieti `SuaSi gavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ilaparaka<br />
ise, rogorc saxalxo sabWoSi laparakoben~.<br />
Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebi<strong>da</strong>n naTlad Cans, rom saxalxo<br />
krebis funqcionirebam mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra kolxeTis<br />
saxelmwifos politikuri cxovrebis maRali done, mosaxleobis<br />
aqtiuri monawileoba sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. sa-<br />
- 131 -
xalxo krebaze qarTvel politikos-iuristTa _ aietisa <strong>da</strong><br />
fartaZis mier maRali oratoruli xelovnebiT warmoTqmuli<br />
sityvebis Sinaarsobrivi siRrme, urTules politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
samarTlebriv institutebze maTi msjelobis sabuTianoba,<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebul SexedulebaTa brZolaSi marTebuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebisaken miswrafeba cxadyofs kolxeTis saxelmwifoSi<br />
iuridiuli azris maRal dones.<br />
sagangebod un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos isic, rom kolxeTis saxelmwifoSi<br />
azris Tavisufleba batonobs. saxalxo krebebze, romelTac<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis saqmeebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad<br />
iwveven xalxis farTo masebis monawileobiT, adgili<br />
aqvs urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebul SexedulebaTa Soris brZolas,<br />
kerZod, politikur <strong>da</strong>vaSi kreba iRebs yvelaze gonivrul<br />
<strong>da</strong> qveynisaTvis sasargeblo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs<br />
(mux.19,18). amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens kolxeTSi mowveuli<br />
saxalxo kreba gubaz mefis mkvlelobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
am krebi<strong>da</strong>n isic naTlad Cans, rom kolxeTis saxelmwifos<br />
suvereniteti mniSvnelovnad Selaxulia bizantiis mier,<br />
amitom kolxeTis xelisuflebma `kavkasiis erT xeobaSi Seyares<br />
didZali xalxi Cumad, rom romaelebs ar SeetyoT, rasac<br />
iq moagvarebdnen~ (mux. 2).<br />
Cans, krebaze sityvis warmoTqma yvelas SeeZlo<br />
gansxvavebul SexedulebaTa gamosaTqmelad. agaTia<br />
sqolastikosi wers, rom krebaze `mravalma warmoTqva<br />
sityva; zogi erT wina<strong>da</strong>debas iZleo<strong>da</strong>, zogi kidev sxvas~<br />
(mux.18), magram aSkarad Cans, rom sazogadoebis aristokratiuli<br />
nawili xelmZRvanelobs krebas, icavs wesrigs <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
agaTia sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad krebaze<br />
`iyo uTavbolo <strong>da</strong> areuli yvirili. kaci naTlad ver gaarkvev<strong>da</strong><br />
verc imas, Tu vin laparakob<strong>da</strong>, verc imas, Tu ras ambob<strong>da</strong>~.<br />
aseT viTarebaSi didebulebma mouwodes xalxs, siwynare<br />
<strong>da</strong>ecvaT.<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia, rom warCinebulebTan erTad Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
m<strong>da</strong>bioebsac aqvT sityvis warmoTqmis ufleba, magram saxalxo<br />
kreba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri warmoSobis oratorebis<br />
mier wamoyenebuli wina<strong>da</strong>debi<strong>da</strong>n iRebs mxolod imas, romelic<br />
mas ufro gonivrulad <strong>da</strong> sasargeblod miaCnia.<br />
- 132 -
kolxeTSi mowveul zemoaRniSnul krebaze pirvelad sityviT<br />
gamosula `warCinebulTa Soris erTi, saxelad aieti~. mis<br />
mier warmoTqmulma sityvam didi zegavlena moaxdina xalxze,<br />
ara imitom, rom aieti warCinebuli iyo, aramed imis gamo, rom<br />
kolxebi aietis sityvam `dids gancvifrebaSi moiyvana~.<br />
warCinebul aiets saxalxo krebaze <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> `metad<br />
m<strong>da</strong>biuri qcevisa <strong>da</strong> warmoSobis~, magram `kolxTa Soris gavleniani<br />
<strong>da</strong> gonieri~ fartaZi, romelmac SeZlo aietis mier<br />
krebisaTvis SeTavazebuli wina<strong>da</strong>debis uaryofa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />
mosazrebis <strong>da</strong>majereblad <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba. cxadia, kolxeTSi,<br />
azris Tavisuflebis arsebobis pirobebSi, SesaZlebeli iyo<br />
saxalxo krebas mieRo WeSmariti <strong>da</strong> xalxisaTvis sasargeblo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, Tu visgan iyo igi SemoTavazebuli.<br />
saxalxo krebaze yvela sakiTxi ar ixilebo<strong>da</strong>, Cans,<br />
aseT krebebs xSirad arc iwvevdnen. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan<br />
qveynis sagareo <strong>da</strong> saSinao sakiTxebs mxolod xalxi<br />
wyvet<strong>da</strong>. mefe gubazis mkvlelobiT Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobis<br />
gasarkvevad saxalxo kreba moiwvies qveynis mmarTvelebma<br />
<strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>sves sakiTxi _ sparselebis mxareze ga<strong>da</strong>videT,<br />
Tu isev romaelebTan <strong>da</strong>vrCeTo~. qveynisaTvis am metad mniSvnelovani<br />
sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>Wrisas saxalxo krebaze naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom kolxeTis mosaxleobas saerTo azri ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>, er-<br />
Tsulovneba ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> TviT gabatonebuli klasis warmomadgenelTa<br />
Soris.<br />
saxalxo krebaze naTlad gamoCn<strong>da</strong> aSkara winaaRmdegoba,<br />
erTi mxriv, warCinebulTa <strong>da</strong>, meore mxriv, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bal,<br />
m<strong>da</strong>bio warmoSobis mosaxleobas Soris. saxalxo krebis<br />
demokratiul xelisuflebaze warmodgenas gvaZlevs isic,<br />
rom saxalxo krebaze qveynis mmarTvelTa mier <strong>da</strong>smul<br />
zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilvisas gaimarjva ara<br />
warCinebulTa, aramed Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bali, m<strong>da</strong>biuri warmoSobis<br />
mosaxleobis azrma. saxalxo krebaze pirvelad war-<br />
CinebulTa politikuri programa xalxs moaxsena romaelTa<br />
moZule <strong>da</strong> sparselTa momxre aietma. Semdeg gansxvavebuli<br />
programiT gamovi<strong>da</strong> `erTi vinme, saxelad fartaZi. kaci<br />
kolxTa Soris gavleniani, gonieri <strong>da</strong> Tavisi qceviT metad<br />
m<strong>da</strong>biuri~.<br />
- 133 -
kolxeTis saxelmwifos saxalxo krebaze aRZruli sakiTxi _<br />
gubaz mefis mkvlelTa saqmis gamoZieba, <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveTa gasamarTleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sja imperatorma iustinianem Tavisi didmoxelis<br />
aTanasis TavmjdomareobiT sasamarTlos <strong>da</strong>avala. <strong>da</strong>naSauli<br />
berZenma sardlebma Caidines kolxeTis saxelmwifos<br />
teritoriaze, sasamarTloc kolxeTSi moewyo, magram igi<br />
Catar<strong>da</strong> romauli samarTlis mixedviT. agaTia sqolastikosis<br />
cnobiT, barbarosTa qveynebis <strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, kolxe-<br />
Tis samarTali _ <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveTa saqmeebis sasamarTlo wesiT<br />
ganxilva <strong>da</strong> sasjelis aRsruleba ara sajarod, aramed saidumlod<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong>. iustinianes brZaneba gubazis mkvlelTa<br />
sasamarTlo procesis romauli samarTlis mixedviT Catarebis<br />
Sesaxeb miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> ara marto imas, rom `sasamarTlo<br />
sxdomaze myof barbarosebisaTvis kvexniT eCvenebina romauli<br />
wesebi <strong>da</strong> gaekvirvebina isini amiT, raTa isini ufro metad<br />
SeCveodnen romaelTa mmarTvelobas, aramed imitomac, rom<br />
Tu <strong>da</strong>mtkicdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom gubazi samarTlianad iqna mokluli,<br />
rogorc sparselebis momxre, kolxebs Tavi <strong>da</strong>enebebinaT<br />
mwuxarebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> aRar yofiliyvnen aRelvebulni... xolo<br />
Tu aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>, rom mkvlelebma... usamarTlod Caidines<br />
mkvleloba <strong>da</strong>, amrigad, isini gamtyunebulni iqnebodnen, maT<br />
Sua jarSi Caatarebdnen mauwyeblis TanmxlebiT, Semdeg yvelas<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>swrebiT Tavebs mohkveTdnen sasikvdilo maxviliT<br />
<strong>da</strong> maSin barbarosebs saqmis <strong>da</strong>sasrulic ufro mniSvnelovnad<br />
moeCvenebo<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> sasjelic gaorkecdebo<strong>da</strong>~.<br />
agaTia sqolastikoss <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ara aqvs <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebuli<br />
Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> sasamarTlo procesi, magram bizantiis<br />
saxelmwifoSi arsebuli samarTlis mixedviT mowyobil sasamarTlo<br />
process igi aSkarad upirispirebs barbarosuls <strong>da</strong><br />
miuTiTebs, rom bizantiaSi sasamarTlo saqmeebis ganxilva xdeba<br />
sajarod, procesi SejibrebiTia, mimdinareobs kamaTi mxareebs<br />
Soris, sasamarTlo moxeleebi wesrigs icaven <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo<br />
procesis monawileTa mWermetyveluri sityvebis mosmenis<br />
SesaZlebloba aqvs yvelas, vinc eswreba saqmis ganxilvas.<br />
kolxeTSi gabatonebuli wesis Tanaxmad ki, sasamar-Tlo sxdoma<br />
tardebo<strong>da</strong> saidumlod <strong>da</strong> barbarosebi bizantiaSi moqmedi<br />
sasamarTlo procesis Catarebis wesebs `Cveuli ar iyvnen~.<br />
- 134 -
agaTia sqolastikosis mier bizantiuri samarTliT <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />
wesebis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebisas aSkarad Cans qedmaRloba, bizantiuri<br />
kulturis gandidebis <strong>da</strong> araberZnulis <strong>da</strong>mcirebis<br />
c<strong>da</strong>. agaTia sqolastikosi, marTalia, Zvel qarTul <strong>da</strong> bizantiur<br />
samarTals <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo process asxvavebs er-<br />
TmaneTisagan, magram am gansxvavebis srulad warmodgenisaTvis<br />
sagangebod un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> sasamar-<br />
Tlo procesi humanistur sawyisebs emyarebo<strong>da</strong>, berZnuli<br />
samarTlis Tanaxmad ki saqmis gamoZiebisa <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo<br />
ganxilvisas mimarTavdnen wamebas, e.i. sasamarTlo procesSi<br />
inkviziciuri elementebic iyo. berZnul <strong>da</strong> Zvel qarTul sasamarTlo<br />
process Soris am gansxvavebaze agaTia arafers<br />
ambobs, magram miuTiTebs, rom imperator iustines mier gubazis<br />
mkvlelTa saqmis gamosaZieblad <strong>da</strong> gasasamarTleblad<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnuli mosamarTle `aTanasi Tavisi Rirsebis SegnebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>j<strong>da</strong> erT maRal savarZelze, qlamidSi gamowyobili, rogorc<br />
es sCveviaT brwyinvale mTavrebs. masTanve iyvnen kacni,<br />
romelTac icodnen swrafi wera <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>werilis wakiTxva sxapasxupiT,<br />
iyvnen agreTve sxva mosamsaxureebic, mkacrni <strong>da</strong><br />
amayni, <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlos xlarTebis saukeTeso mcodneni, boxxmiani<br />
mauwyebelni <strong>da</strong> gammaTraxebelni. eseni yvelani bizantii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iyvnen mTavrobis mier gamogzavnilni. imaT, visac es<br />
<strong>da</strong>valebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T, moitanes rkinis jaWvebi, kiserze <strong>da</strong>sadebi,<br />
agreTve badesakravebi <strong>da</strong> borkilebi <strong>da</strong> sxva iaraRebi<br />
sawameblad~.<br />
kolxebi aRzrdilni iyvnen humanisturi samarTalSegnebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTTvis marTlac ucxo iyo berZnuli<br />
inkviziciuri sasamarTlo procesi. berZnebisa <strong>da</strong> kolxebis<br />
marTlSegnebas Soris am principulma gansxvavebam aSkarad<br />
iCina Tavi am sasamarTlo procesze <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveTa mimarT<br />
mosamarTlis mier gamotanili sasjelis, kerZod,<br />
sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis aRsrulebisas (mux.5). agaTia<br />
sqolastikosi wers, rom <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveTa sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis<br />
aRsruleba `udides <strong>da</strong> amave dros SiSis momgvrel<br />
sanaxaobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> kolxebisaTvis. gancvifrebaSi<br />
moiyvana isini gzirmac, romelic Semzaravi xmiT gahkio<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> rCevas iZleo<strong>da</strong>: geSinodeT kanonebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavi SeikaveT<br />
- 135 -
usamarTlo mkvlelobaTa gamo. rodesac maT yelebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sWres, maSin yvelani sibraluliT aRivsnen <strong>da</strong> brazobas<br />
Tavi <strong>da</strong>anebes~.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gubaz mefis mkvlelTa saqme imperator<br />
iustines brZanebiT <strong>da</strong> kolxTa TanxmobiT Catar<strong>da</strong><br />
kolxeTSi romauli kanonebis mixedviT. mxareebs warmoadgendnen,<br />
erTi mxriv, braldebulebi (berZeni samxedro pirebi)<br />
<strong>da</strong>, meore mxriv, bralmdeblebi (kolxi swavluli iuristebi):<br />
`rustike <strong>da</strong> ioane moiyvanes satusaRo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ayenes<br />
marcxniv, rogorc braldebulni. meore mxareze <strong>da</strong>dgnen<br />
bralmdeblebi, <strong>da</strong>rbaiseli kolxebi, romelTac ukve karga<br />
xania SeeswavlaT elinTa ena~.<br />
sasmarTlo sxdomaze kolxi bralmdeblebis Suamdgomloba<br />
saqmis ganxilvis Tanmimdevrobis Taobaze bizantielTa<br />
mosamarTle aTanasim <strong>da</strong>akmayofila. amas ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs ara marto sasamarTlo sxdomis obieqturobis,<br />
Cadenili <strong>da</strong>naSaulis Sinaarsisa <strong>da</strong> braldebulTa bralis<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenisaTvis, aramed bralmdeblebis, e.i. kolxi swavluli<br />
iuristebis samarTlebrivi codnis SefasebisaTvis. naTlad<br />
Cans, rom kolxi iuristebi SesaniSnavad floben samarTlebriv<br />
mecnierebasa <strong>da</strong> praqtikas, kargad xe<strong>da</strong>ven sasamarTlo<br />
procesis arsebiT <strong>da</strong> araarsebiT mxareebs <strong>da</strong> procesis <strong>da</strong>wyebisTanave<br />
mosamarTlis yuradRebas miapyroben im faqtorebs,<br />
romelTa Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve warmouCenlad saqmis sasamarTlo<br />
ganxilva SeiZleba ascdeno<strong>da</strong> swor gzas. kolxi bralmdeblebis<br />
mtkicebiT gubazis mkvlelobis iuridiuli kvalifikaciisaTvis<br />
arsebiT, saxelmZRvanelo dokuments warmoadgens<br />
imperator iustinianes werili, romelic am ukanasknelma gamougzavna<br />
ioanes xeliT berZen sardlebs. es werili Seicavs<br />
miTiTebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moeqcnen imperatorTan<br />
moRalateobis braldebiT <strong>da</strong>bezRebul gubaz mefes.<br />
Tavisi sardlebis bezRi imis Sesaxeb, rom gubazi Ralatobs<br />
`mamapapis a<strong>da</strong>Ts~, erTmorwmune romaelebs <strong>da</strong> ganzraxuli<br />
aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>vides ucxo <strong>da</strong> sruliad sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevar<br />
sparselTa mxareze, imperator iustinianes saeWvod <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ujereblad miaCnia, radgan gubazs berZnebisagan usiamovno<br />
araferi Sexvedria; magram yovelgvari moulodnelo-<br />
- 136 -
is Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis mizniT, wers iustiniane, `gavalebT gamogzavnoT<br />
is rac SeiZleba male, nebiT an ZaliT, magram Tu<br />
ki is ganzraxvas migixvdebaT, winaaRmdegobas gagiwevT <strong>da</strong> wamosvlaze<br />
uars ganacxadebs, SeipyariT <strong>da</strong> wamoaTrieT (amis<br />
nebasac gaZlevT me Tqven am SemTxvevaSi), xolo Tu is gagisxltebaT<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tqvenze ieriSs moitans <strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, ama Tu im<br />
saxiT xelebs aRmarTavs Tqven winaaRmdeg, maSin Cven aSkara<br />
sabuTebi gveqneba mis ganzraxvaTa Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> amieri<strong>da</strong>n SegviZlia<br />
CavTvaloT mtrad, ise rom, Tu mas, ase gaTavxedebuls,<br />
vinme kidevac mohklavs, amas ukanono saqcielad ar<br />
CavTvliT. am saqmisaTvis ara Tu <strong>da</strong>sjili ar iqneba is, rogorc<br />
mkvlelobis Camdeni, aramed qebis Rirsic iqneba, rogorc<br />
tiranis momspobi~.<br />
kolxi swavluli iuristebis moTxovniT, sasamarTlo<br />
sxdomaze iustinianes werilis sajarod wakiTxvam didi STabeWdileba<br />
moaxdina. berZeni sardlebis mier Cadenili <strong>da</strong>na-<br />
Sauli naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, amitom sagangebo bralmdeblebad <strong>da</strong>niSnul<br />
kolx swavlul iuristebs mosamarTlem sTxova pasuxisgebaSi<br />
micemuli berZeni sardlebis mimarT, Tuki amis<br />
survili hqon<strong>da</strong>T, CamoeyalibebinaT TavianTi braldebebi.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom kolx bralmdeblebs mTavari saqme ukve<br />
gakeTebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T, kerZod, maTi moTxovniT yvelam,<br />
vinc sasamarTlo process eswrebo<strong>da</strong>, moismina imperator<br />
iustinianes werili, romelmac naTeli mohfina berZen sar<strong>da</strong>lTa<br />
Cadenil <strong>da</strong>naSauls, TavianTi poziciis gasamtkiceblad<br />
maT es SesaZleblobac ar gauSviaT xeli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
sasamarTlos ganucxades, rom mkvlelebi, romlebmac es<br />
saSineli borotmoqmedeba Caidines, mkacrad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>isajon.<br />
kolxi swavluli iuristebi amJRavneben farTo iuridiul<br />
ganaTlebas, isini Rrmad arian <strong>da</strong>uflebulni ara marto<br />
erovnul, kolxeTis saxelmwifos samarTlis mecnierebas,<br />
aramed sxva qveynebis <strong>da</strong> pirvel rigSi bizantiaSi moqmed<br />
berZnul (romaul) samarTals. isini miuTiTeben, rom<br />
radganac sasamarTlo <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveTa saqmes ixilavs ara<br />
kolxeTis, aramed bizantiuri kanonebis mixedviT, Tavs<br />
movaled Tvlian pativi scen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emorCilon am kanonebis<br />
moTxovnebs. kolxi bralmdeblebi mimarTaven mosamarTles:<br />
- 137 -
`Tqveni kanonebis mixedviT, TviT aSkara <strong>da</strong> udides ukanono<br />
moqmedebaTa Sesaxebac ki miRebulia, rom ganaCeni ar iqnes<br />
gamotanili, sanam saqme ar iqneba garCeuli sityvieri<br />
paeqrobis saSualebiT, <strong>da</strong> amitom Cven SevudgebiT saqmis<br />
viTarebis ganmartebas. amrigad, Cven mier Sesrulebuli<br />
iqneba kanoniT <strong>da</strong>wesebuli~.<br />
kolxi swavluli iuristebi pasuxisgebaSi micemuli ber-<br />
Zeni sardlebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos moaxseneben Semdeg<br />
braldebebs: berZenma strategosebma mokles bizantiis megobari<br />
<strong>da</strong> mokeTe, mokavSire omianobisa <strong>da</strong> zavis dros, uzenaesis<br />
Sesaxebac Tqvennairad moazrovne <strong>da</strong> Tqveni wesebis<br />
mimdevari; gubazis mkvlelebma Cadenili <strong>da</strong>naSauliT bizantiis<br />
mimarT mtroba gamoamJRavnes <strong>da</strong> mis mtrebs samsaxuri<br />
gauwies. mkvlelebma veragulad gamoasalmes sicocxles mefe<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara <strong>da</strong>bali gvariSvilobis warmomadgeneli, romelic<br />
romaelTa interesebis erTguli iyo braldebulebze ufro<br />
metad. am saSineli <strong>da</strong>naSaulis gamo `ukuRma <strong>da</strong>trial<strong>da</strong><br />
kolxTa saqmeebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ingra, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo saqmeebi,<br />
Tumca Cven qveSevrdomi saxelmwifos erT, ara umniSvnelo<br />
nawils SevadgenT. Tqvenc aRara gaqvT Tavisufali <strong>da</strong><br />
uryevi mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> sagrZnoblad <strong>da</strong>gisust<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari<br />
ZalRone~.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli braldebebi kolx swavlul iuristebs ganmtkicebuli<br />
aqvT Teoriuli debulebebiT. isini miuTiTeben,<br />
rom bizantiasTan <strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekrulebiT kolxeTi Tumca<br />
misi mokavSirea, magram mainc bizantiis saxelmwifos angariSgasawevi<br />
qveSevrdomia, romlis <strong>da</strong>susteba zians ayenebs<br />
ara marto kolxebs, aramed aryevs TviT bizantiis Tavisufal<br />
<strong>da</strong> mtkice mdgomareobas, asustebs mis Zlierebas. radgan<br />
kolxeTi samokavSireo xelSekrulebiT qveSevrdomi qveyanaa,<br />
igi qmnis bizantiis saxelmwifo mTlianobas, romlis<br />
ganmtkicebaze un<strong>da</strong> zrunavdnen ara marto kolxebi, aramed,<br />
pirvel yovlisa, berZnebi. saxelmwifos umTavres niSans, romelic<br />
gansazRvravs mis saxelwodebas, warmoadgens misi Tavisufali<br />
mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> mTlianoba. kolxi swavluli iuristebi<br />
aRniSnaven: `Tu saxelmwifo yovelmxriv ar aris gamagrebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> erTs romelsame nawilSi modunebulia, veRar<br />
- 138 -
iarsebebs wesierad; piriqiT, is Tavis saxelwodebasac tyuila<br />
atarebs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n is moklebulia Tavisufali arsebobis<br />
saSualebas~.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, kolxi swavluli iuristebis mosazrebiT, saxelmwifoTa<br />
Soris urTierTobaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs erTsulovnebasa <strong>da</strong> azrTa erTianobas, romelic<br />
mu<strong>da</strong>m un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes maT Soris rogorc omis, aseve mSvidobis<br />
dros. mokavSireTa Soris SexedulebaTa erTianobis<br />
umTavresi safuZvelia, maTi sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareoba.<br />
qristianuli rwmenis saxelmwifoebs, iseve rogorc sxva<br />
rwmenis mimdevar qveynebs, erTnairi warmodgena aqvT Rmer-<br />
Tis, uzenaesis Sesaxeb, amitom erTmorwmune saxelmwifoebs<br />
Soris mtkice megobruli urTierToba SeiZleba yovelTvis<br />
arsebobdes, ukeTu qveynis calkeuli moRvaweni saxelmwifoze<br />
maRla ar <strong>da</strong>ayeneben pirad interesebs <strong>da</strong> amiT ar xelyofen<br />
mis mTlianobas. sxvaTa Soris, sarwmunoebriv mdgomareobaze<br />
msjelobisas anonimi kolxi swavluli iuristebi, roca<br />
iyeneben termins `uzenaesi~, yovelTvis gulisxmoben<br />
RmerTs qristianuli warmodgeniT. kolxeTis saxelmwifos<br />
sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebisas, isini sagangebod<br />
miapyroben berZeni mosamarTlis yuradRebas imas, rom<br />
kolxebi `uzenaesis Sesaxebac Tqvennairad moazrovne <strong>da</strong><br />
Tqveni wesebis mimdevari~ ariano.<br />
mZimea berZeni sardlebis mier Cadenili <strong>da</strong>naSauli, radgan<br />
igi ara marto bizantiis mokavSire kolxeTis saxelmwifos<br />
mefis, gubazis mkvlelobaSi gamoixateba, aramed man<br />
ariv-<strong>da</strong>ria <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>angria saxelmwifoTa saqmeebi. anonimi kolxi<br />
bralmdeblebi mxareTa paeqrobaze sagangebod aRniSnaven,<br />
rom gubazis mkvlelebi sasamarTlo sxdomis <strong>da</strong>niSvnamde<br />
yalbi iuridiuli konstruqciiT cdilobdnen sazogadoebis<br />
winaSe Tavis marTlebas, ara sworad warmogvidgendnen ganzraxvis<br />
cnebas, erTmaneTTan aigivebdnen ganzraxvasa <strong>da</strong> motivs.<br />
gubazis mkvlelebi amtkiceben: `am _ Tumca saSinels _<br />
saqmes ki nu uyurebT, aramed mxolod is ganzraxva un<strong>da</strong> gamoikvlioT<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxedvelobaSi miiRoT, romliTac vxelmZRvanelobdiTo;<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufro amjobineben zogierTi bundovani _<br />
TiTqos sinamdvilis Sesaferisi _ sabuTebis saSualebiT <strong>da</strong>-<br />
- 139 -
gisaxon Tavisi moqmedeba, rogorc Tqven sakeTildReod Cadenili,<br />
vidre aRiaron aSkara zarali, saqmisaTvis miyenebuli,<br />
aseT tyuilebs ybedoben isini xSirad sasamarTlos <strong>da</strong>niSvnamde<br />
<strong>da</strong> fiqroben, Tuki isini saqmis garCevis drosac<br />
aseTsave mosazrebas wamoayeneben, de icodnen maT, msajulo,<br />
rom arc romaels <strong>da</strong> arc samarTlianobas sCvevia aseTi cxadi<br />
<strong>da</strong> aSkarad Cadenili usamarTloba uyuradRebod <strong>da</strong>stovos<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavi moatyuebinos bundovan mizezebs, romlebic usafuZvlo<strong>da</strong>a<br />
mkvlelebis mier SeTxzuli~.<br />
anonimi kolxi bralmdeblebi miuTiTeben, rom swored `is<br />
ganzraxva un<strong>da</strong> gamovikvlioT~, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen<br />
berZeni sardlebi gubazis mkvlelobisas, faqtebi ki<br />
mowmoben, rom <strong>da</strong>mnaSave mkvlelTa ganzraxva <strong>da</strong> motivi iyo<br />
mxolod piradi Surisa <strong>da</strong> mtrobis gamo gubazis mospoba <strong>da</strong><br />
ara bizantiis saxelmwifos interesebis <strong>da</strong>cva. berZenma sardlebma<br />
mokles bizantiis saxelmwifos mokavSire, misi megobari<br />
<strong>da</strong> erTguli mokavSire sparselebis winaaRmdeg brZola-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong> amave dros amtkiceben, rom ganzraxva hqon<strong>da</strong>T sargebloba<br />
moetanaT bizantiisaTvis.<br />
kolxi bralmdeblebi aaSkaraveben <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveTa mtkicebis<br />
usafuZvlobas <strong>da</strong> Seurigebel winaaRmdegobas maT msjelobebSi.<br />
isini miuTiTeben, rom sargebloba moaqvs kanonier<br />
moqmedebas, radgan saxelmwifo adgens mxolod iseT kanonebs,<br />
romelTa mizania a<strong>da</strong>mianebisaTvis sargeblobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
bednierebis motana, amitomac `imTaviTve xom sargebloba <strong>da</strong><br />
ukanonoba erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego cnebebs warmoadgenen,<br />
simxece <strong>da</strong> samarTlianoba erTimeores <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli iyvnen <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi erTad arseboba arasodes ar yofila SesaZlebeli...<br />
rogor Tavsdeba maT TavSi es winaaRmdegoba, an rogor SegviZlia<br />
Cven, romlebic am saqciels sazizRars vuwodebT, SevaqoT<br />
misi Camdeni <strong>da</strong> vTqvaT, rom misi mizani iyo saxelmwifosaTvis<br />
sargebloba moetana~.<br />
kolxi swavluli iuristebi mosamarTles moaxseneben, rom<br />
ganzraxva, romelzec laparakoben pasuxisgebaSi micemuli<br />
berZeni sardlebi <strong>da</strong> romlis mixedviTac xelmZRvaneloben<br />
gubaz mefis mkvlelobisas, Tu mas gavaanalizebT <strong>da</strong> gamovikvlevT,<br />
arsebiTad aris ganzraxva, romelic emsaxureba ara<br />
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izantiisa <strong>da</strong> kolxeTis saxelmwifoebis interesebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
urTierTmegobrobis ganmtkicebas, aramed igi maTi saerTo<br />
mtris, sparseTis sasargeblo ganzraxvaa. braldebulebs ki<br />
hyofniT gambe<strong>da</strong>oba amtkicon, rom `mokles ara megobari, ara<br />
mefe, aramed mteri, tirani, sparselebis momxre~. gubazis<br />
interesebis <strong>da</strong>mcveli bralmdeblebi mosamarTlis<br />
yuradRebas miapyroben imas, rom `mowinaaRmdegesa <strong>da</strong> mters<br />
xom saqmis mixedviT gamoicnob a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> ara siSoris mixedviT.<br />
cxadia, mtrad un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos is, vinc imas akeTebs<br />
xalisiT, rac mowinaaRmdegeebs esiamovnebaT, Tun<strong>da</strong>c is Sen-<br />
Tan iyos <strong>da</strong> SenTan erTad laSqrobdes <strong>da</strong> axlo naTesaur kav-<br />
SirSi iyos SenTan~.<br />
amrigad, gubazi ki ar yofila berZnebis mteri, aramed<br />
berZnebTan `naTesaur kavSirSi~ myofi rustike <strong>da</strong> ioane Canan<br />
WeSmarit mtrad. kolxi swavluli iuristebis mtkicebiT,<br />
sruliad <strong>da</strong>usabuTebulia mkvlelTa mier gubazis mimarT<br />
wayenebuli braldeba, rom is TiTqos moRalate iyo. sasamar-<br />
Tlo pasuxisgebaSi micemulma <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveebma veragulad mokles<br />
kolxeTis mefe <strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg mas brali <strong>da</strong>sdes moRalateobaSi.<br />
verc erTi qveynis iuridiuli mecniereba ver gaamarTlebs<br />
am uazrobas: `romeli kanoni _ Tqveni an barbarosebisa<br />
_ moiwonebs aseT mdgomareobas, rom jer ganaCeni gamoutanos<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong> mere wauyenos braldeba? isini TviTon<br />
arian msajulebic, mtrebic <strong>da</strong> bralmdeblebic. yvelaferi<br />
erTad Seasrules <strong>da</strong> saqmis gaurCevlad sruliad u<strong>da</strong>naSaulo<br />
kacs iseTi sasjeli argunes, rogoric Seeferebo<strong>da</strong> tiranobaSi<br />
gamtyunebuls. axla ki, rodesac Tavis marTleba<br />
sWirdebaT, modian <strong>da</strong> bralsa sdeben usamarTlod <strong>da</strong>sjil<br />
kacs. sanam mas mohklavdnen, saWiro iyo, Tuki isini <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli<br />
iyvnen braldebaTa sisworeSi saqveynod miecaT is samarTalSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> TviT pirvelni gamosuliyvnen bralmdeblad~(mux.11).<br />
kolxi bralmdeblebi miuTiTeben, rom sayovelTaod aRiarebuli<br />
iuridiuli wesebis <strong>da</strong>rRveva akrZalulia, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom Cven <strong>da</strong>zaralebul mxares warmovadgenT <strong>da</strong><br />
usamarTlod mokluli gubazis interesebs vicavT. mkvlelebisaTvis<br />
rom migvebaZa, SegveZlo gubazis sicocxlis xel-<br />
- 141 -
myofi berZeni sardlebisaTvis samagiero migvezRo, sasamar-<br />
Tlos mier saqmis ganxilvamde <strong>da</strong>gvexoca isini <strong>da</strong> maT winaaRmdeg<br />
sasamarTlo Semdeg mogvewyo. kolxi swavluli iuristebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>WriT gmoben TviTgasworebis gziT samagieros miz-<br />
Rvas. isini miuTiTeben, rom mas Semdeg, rac samarTl<strong>da</strong>rRvevebis<br />
ganxilva sasamarTlo kompetencias <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebara,<br />
TviTgasworeba <strong>da</strong> samagieros mizRva <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia, mas ubedureba<br />
moaqvs a<strong>da</strong>mianebisaTvis: `arc Cven <strong>da</strong> arc sxvebma amgvari<br />
ram ar un<strong>da</strong> gavbedoT, Tu saxelmwifo kanonebis safuZvelze<br />
vapirebT cxovrebas. warmoidgineT Tu yovel<br />
msurvels ase erTbaSad SeeZleba sakuTari mtrebis mokvla,<br />
amgvari saqcielis xSirad Cadena migviyvan<strong>da</strong> usazRvro<br />
TviTnebobamde, <strong>da</strong> rogorRa SegrCebo<strong>da</strong>T Tqven SesaZlebloba<br />
Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ubrkolebeli gansjisa? yvela rom<br />
Jletas <strong>da</strong>iwyebs <strong>da</strong> gaJletili iqneba <strong>da</strong> Tamamad mimarTavs<br />
erTamneTis winaaRmdeg maxis <strong>da</strong>gebas, Tqven veRar SesZlebT<br />
sasjelis <strong>da</strong>debas <strong>da</strong> gamoZiebis saSualebas winaswar mospobs<br />
imaTi ukanono saqcieli, romlebic yovelTvis samagieros<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s mimarTaven~(mux. 9).<br />
samagieros ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> ewinaaRmdegeba marTlmsajulebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
samarTlianobas. yoveli <strong>da</strong>naSauli gamoZiebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnes. mkvlelobis braldebiT araa ubedureba<br />
erTi, isic moRalated miCneuli kacis mokvla, radgan SeiZleba<br />
amis Semdeg yvela mokavSire gafrTxildes <strong>da</strong> SemdegSi<br />
gonivrulad moiqces. mefes bralad sdeben moRalateobas,<br />
megobruli kavSiris <strong>da</strong>rRvevas, moRalateoba ki <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli<br />
araa <strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mas mainc klaven. aseT Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi gaugebaria, `ranairad Seuwyobs es xels imas, rom<br />
mokavSireebi Tqven ufro gonierad mogeqcnen? iqneb maT ufro<br />
xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>rRveva <strong>da</strong>iwyon, raxan ifiqreben, rom<br />
Tqven am borotmoqmedebis monawileni xarT~?. sinamdvileSi<br />
ki gubazi mokles uRirsebma <strong>da</strong> mis mkvlelobaSi monawileoba<br />
ar miuRia `mTel romael xalxs <strong>da</strong> calkeul uRirsTa~. `veraguli<br />
saqcieli verc Tqvens Sesaxeb winaT arsebul azrs<br />
mospobs saxeldobr, rom Tqven erTguli xarT Tqveni qceviT<br />
<strong>da</strong> uryevni <strong>da</strong> samarTliani kanonebiTac. msajulo, rodesac<br />
Seni msjavris mixedviT isini male mokluli iqnebian, ufro<br />
- 142 -
gasagebi Seiqneba, rom Tqven (romaelebi) Tavisianebis moRalateni<br />
ki ara xarT, aramed usamarTlod moqmedTa momTvinierebelni~.<br />
pasuxisgebaSi micemuli berZeni sardlebi _ miu-<br />
TiTeben kolxi bralmdeblebi _ sityviT icaven Tavs, magram<br />
saqmeebi cxadyofen maT sicrues. imperator iustinianes werili<br />
ubrZanebs sardlebs, mihgvaron mas bizantiaSi gubazi,<br />
ra saSualebiTac un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo es. gubazis mokvlis Tanxmobas<br />
iustiniane mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iZleo<strong>da</strong>, Tu gubazi<br />
sabolood ga<strong>da</strong>udgebo<strong>da</strong> romaelebs <strong>da</strong> maT mimarT aSkarad<br />
mtrul moqmedebas <strong>da</strong>iwyeb<strong>da</strong>. sardlebma ki mZime <strong>da</strong>naSauli<br />
Caidines, mokles gubazi ise, rom `arc ki aCvenes mefis<br />
werili, rom is gacnobo<strong>da</strong> mis Sinaarss <strong>da</strong> moqceuliyo saWiroebisamebr...<br />
rac yvelaze ufro ukanonod un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos~.<br />
gubazi erTgulad asruleb<strong>da</strong> berZnebTan <strong>da</strong>debul samokavSireo<br />
xelSekrulebas, icav<strong>da</strong> bizantiis saxelmwifos interesebs,<br />
Tavis Tavsa <strong>da</strong> ojaxsac amis gamo xSirad ayeneb<strong>da</strong><br />
safrTxeSi. kategoriulad uars ambob<strong>da</strong> sparselTa mier SemoTavazebul<br />
macdur saCuqrebze <strong>da</strong> amjobineb<strong>da</strong> berZneb-<br />
Tan keTil ganwyobilebas <strong>da</strong> a.S. didi STabeWdileba moaxdina<br />
<strong>da</strong>mswreebze kolxi iuristebis mier berZnebis misamarTiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>smulma kiTxvebma, romlebzec pasuxis mTeli sisruliT<br />
gacema SeuZlebeli iyo gubazis <strong>da</strong>msaxurebis gaxsenebis gareSe:<br />
`vin iyo, rom sparselTagan <strong>da</strong>napireb simdidresa <strong>da</strong><br />
yovelnair sikeTes amjobina Tqven<strong>da</strong>mi keTili ganwyobileba?<br />
vin iyo, rom xosros megobroba ukuagdo <strong>da</strong>, im dros rodesac<br />
is megobroba udides simdidres umzadeb<strong>da</strong> mas Tqvengan<br />
mciredsac <strong>da</strong>sjer<strong>da</strong>? vin iyo winaT, rodesac es qveyana<br />
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi midielebTa saTareSod iyo gamx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tqveni <strong>da</strong>mxmare jarebi igvianebdnen, maSinve gamoicvala<br />
sacxovrebeli adgili <strong>da</strong> TviT kavkasionis mwvervalebze ga<strong>da</strong>saxl<strong>da</strong>,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c TiTqmis velur cxovrebas eweo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> man es<br />
ufro amjobina, vidre mtris megobroba gamoeyenebina, Sin<br />
misuliyo <strong>da</strong> gancxromiT ecxovra? vin iyo es? es iyo gubazi,<br />
romelic ar uSindebo<strong>da</strong> araviTar gaWirvebas, Tuki Tqveni<br />
gulisaTvis iyo es aucilebeli~. kolxi bralmdebeli iuristebi<br />
sasamarTlos yuradRebas amaxvileben kiTxvaze, ra mii-<br />
Ro gubazma samagierod? aqac pasuxs TviTon iZlevian, ker-<br />
- 143 -
Zod rustikem <strong>da</strong> ioanem TviTneburad, kanonieri sabuTis gareSe<br />
gamoacxades igi moRalated <strong>da</strong> veragulad mokles. am<br />
aRmaSfoTebeli usamarTlobis iuridiul kvalifikacias<br />
kolxi swavluli iuristebi romaul samarTalSi sayovelTaod<br />
gavrcelebuli samarTlebrivi sentenciiT gamoxataven:<br />
`sad xarT, kanonebo, sad aris samarTali~.<br />
berZenma sardlebma, winaswarganzraxviT <strong>da</strong> piradi Suris-<br />
ZiebiT Sepyrobilebma, didi ziani miayenes TavianT qveyanas _<br />
bizantias, mokles gubazi, kolxTa mefe, ise, rom `arc drois<br />
viTarebas miaqcies yuradReba, arc kargad moifiqres, radgan<br />
iseT mZime omSi viyaviT gaxveuli, gonier kacs moeTxovebo<strong>da</strong><br />
ezruna imaze, rom kargi mopyrobis saSualebiT Tavisken<br />
miezi<strong>da</strong> ucxo <strong>da</strong> jer kidev ucnobi erebi. amaT ki isinic<br />
romaelebis mtrebad ga<strong>da</strong>aqcies, romlebic winaT maTi maxlobeli<br />
megobrebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong> maTi bralia, rom Cven mtris mxareze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vediT, Zvel megobrebs mzakvrulad vepyrobiT, rom<br />
es qveyana sparselebis xelSia <strong>da</strong> mSobliuri wesebi miviwyebulia.<br />
erTi sityviT, yvelaferi uwesrigod mimdinareobs,<br />
ramdeni zar<strong>da</strong>mcemi niSania ajanyebisa <strong>da</strong> Sinauri areulobisa~.<br />
kolxma bralmdeblebma, romlebic braldebuli rustikesa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ioanes pirispir idgnen, TavianTi sityva moTxovniT<br />
<strong>da</strong>amTavres. bizantia-kolxeTis megobruli urTierTobis<br />
aRsadgenad <strong>da</strong> gansamtkiceblad nuravin isargeblebs Cveni<br />
gulmaviwyobiT <strong>da</strong> gubazis mkvlelebs imaze nakleb sasjels<br />
nu Seufardebs, `vidre maT mier Cadenil saqciels<br />
Seefereba~.<br />
qarTveli bralmdeblebis mier gonivrulad <strong>da</strong> didi ostatobiT<br />
warmarTulma sasamarTlo procesma, gubazis mkvlelobis<br />
yvela detalis <strong>da</strong>majerebelma iuridiulma kvalifikaciam,<br />
romaul _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> samarTlis normebis unaklo axsna-ganmartebam,<br />
mowinave samarTlebrivi cnebebisa <strong>da</strong> institutebis<br />
moxerxebulma misa<strong>da</strong>gebam konkretuli samarTlebrivi<br />
movlenebisadmi, samarTlis filosofiisa <strong>da</strong> sociologiis<br />
Rrma codnam didi zegavlena moaxdina sasamarTloze <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mswreebze. qarTveli swavluli iuristebis sityva imdenad<br />
naTeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>majerebeli iyo, rom kolxebis laSqarma <strong>da</strong><br />
- 144 -
xalxmac, rodesac bralmdeblebma `laparaki <strong>da</strong>amTavres <strong>da</strong><br />
msajuli cota xniT SeCer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>fiqrebuli, Cumad <strong>da</strong>iwyes<br />
buzRuni <strong>da</strong> ukmayofilebis gamocxadeba, ratom exlave ar<br />
mihyavT mtrebi <strong>da</strong>sasjelado, xolo, rodesac msajulma mouwo<strong>da</strong><br />
braldebulebs eTqvaT, risi Tqmac sur<strong>da</strong>T, maSin xalxma<br />
aSkarad iwyo yvirili <strong>da</strong> buzRuni <strong>da</strong> es xmebi kidev ufro<br />
naTlad ismo<strong>da</strong>~.<br />
sasamarTlo procesis erTi mxaris, bralmdeblebis sityvis<br />
Semdeg paeqrobaSi Caeba mopir<strong>da</strong>pire mxare, braldebulebi,<br />
Zmebi rustike <strong>da</strong> ioane.<br />
magram bralmdebelTa mier wamoyenebuli braldebis Seryeva<br />
<strong>da</strong> misgan Tavis <strong>da</strong>cvis is iuridiuli pozicia, romelic<br />
maT airCies, mc<strong>da</strong>ri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, radgan igi ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />
bizantiis imperatoris sagareo politikur kurss, bizantiakolxeTis<br />
urTierTobis oficialurad aRiarebul iuridiul<br />
safuZvlebs, am or saxelmwifos Soris <strong>da</strong>debuli megobruli<br />
samokavSireo xelSekrulebis mTavar pirobebs, ker-Zod,<br />
megobruli TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis safuZvelze<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>xmarebas saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.<br />
rustikes sapasuxo sityvaSi Can<strong>da</strong> mxolod berZenTa didmpyrobeluri<br />
politika <strong>da</strong> qedmaRloba kolxi xalxis mimarT,<br />
ramac di<strong>da</strong>d Seuracxyo <strong>da</strong> gaaRiziana sasamarTloze<br />
<strong>da</strong>mswre kolxebi <strong>da</strong> misi laSqari. rustikem Tavisi sityva ase<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo: - `un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vmtkbariyaviT udidesi saCuqrebiT <strong>da</strong> amis<br />
nacvlad sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja mogvelis. Tumca CvenTvis Zalian<br />
sasiamovnoa es samsjavro <strong>da</strong> udidesi siamayis momgvreli:<br />
amiT yvela gaigebs, rom mxolod Cveni wyalobiT moxerx<strong>da</strong><br />
moRalatisa <strong>da</strong> tiranis mospoba... ase, rom kidevac rom sikvdili<br />
Segvxvdes, siamovnebiT mivegebebiT mas... vinai<strong>da</strong>n gzaze<br />
wagvyveba imis Segneba, rom kolxebis batonebad romaelebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>vtoveT~. rustikes es didmpyrobeluri sityva politikurad<br />
sruliad Seuferebeli iyo kolxeTis mefis gubazis<br />
mkvlelobiT garTulebuli bizantia-kolxeTis urTierTobisaTvis.<br />
is am situaciaSi miuRebeli iyo rogorc bizantiis,<br />
aseve kolxeTisaTvis.<br />
iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT wamgebiani iyo rustikes sityvis<br />
sxva nawilic, romelic faqtobrivad wayenebuli bral-<br />
- 145 -
debisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>cvas ki ar isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad, aramed warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
kolxebis <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, romaelebisagan gansxvavebuli<br />
yvela xalxis <strong>da</strong>cinvas. rustike eTanxmeba kolx bralmdeblebs<br />
mtris cnebis gansazRvraSi, igi miuTiTebs: `bralmdeblebi<br />
samarTlianad amboben, rom mtris saxelwodeba Seefereba<br />
ara imas, vinc moSorebiT ucxoeTSi cxovrobs, aramed<br />
imas vinc Tumca Tvistomia, magram mtrisaTvis sasiamovno<br />
saqmes akeTebs... gubazi Cveni mteri iyo, xolo Tu es <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli<br />
iqneba am gziT, naTelyofili iqneba isic, rom is<br />
mokluli iqna sruliad marTebulad~.<br />
magaram rustikes es mosazreba iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT<br />
uazrobas warmoadgens. imis <strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad, rom gubazi<br />
mteri iyo, rustike exeba ara TviT gubazs, rogorc am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi samarTlis konkretul subieqts, romlis mier Cadenili<br />
moqmedebis mixedviT igi SeiZleba mtrad iqnes miCneuli,<br />
aramed mTel kolx xalxs, rogorc barbaross, romelic,<br />
rustikes azriT, yovelTvis `iswrafvis ga<strong>da</strong>trialebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ajanyebisaken…. gubazi yvela am TvisebiT iyo aRWurvili; is<br />
xom warmoSobiT barbarosi iyo <strong>da</strong> am modgmisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
mzakvrobiT iyo <strong>da</strong>sneulebuli~.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, gubazi rom mtrad warmoaCinos, rustike bralad<br />
sdebs moklul mefes, rom mas romaelTa mimarT mtruli<br />
ganzraxvebi hqon<strong>da</strong>, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom rodesac Cven<br />
mtrebs vebrZodiT, gubazi amjobineb<strong>da</strong> Sin mj<strong>da</strong>riyo TvistomebTan,<br />
Tvalyurs adevneb<strong>da</strong> Cvens brZolas mtrebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
aintereseb<strong>da</strong>, rogor <strong>da</strong>mTavrdebo<strong>da</strong> igi. Cvens gamarjvebas<br />
xSirad bedisweras miawer<strong>da</strong>, barbarosebSi avrceleb<strong>da</strong> xmas,<br />
rom `romaelebi cudi meomrebi arian, barbarosebi maT amarcxeben~<br />
<strong>da</strong> a. S. gubazi Cvens gankargulebas ar emorCilebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
metic, `man warmoidgina Tavi TiTqos marTlac mefe yofiliyo<br />
<strong>da</strong> TiTqos mis xelT yofiliyos Tavisi nebisaebr emarTa~.<br />
rustikes es mtkiceba aSkarad laxav<strong>da</strong> kolxTa erovnul<br />
Rirsebas. man sasamarTlos sxdomaze romaelebi, romlebsac<br />
xelSekruleba hqon<strong>da</strong>T kolxebTan, rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
saxelmwifosTan, warmoaCina <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebad, rac ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />
bizantiis samefo xelisuflebis oficialur ideologias.<br />
- 146 -
ufro didi uaryofiTi emociebi mohyva sasamarTloze<br />
rustikes mtkicebas, TiTqos saqmis ganxilvisa <strong>da</strong> braldebis<br />
iuridiuli Sefasebis dros mniSvneloba ara aqvs <strong>da</strong>mamtkicebel<br />
sabuTebs <strong>da</strong> amitom un<strong>da</strong> `Tavi <strong>da</strong>vaneboT sabuTebs,<br />
miTiTebebs <strong>da</strong> saeWvo mtkicebebs; yuradReba mivaqcioT mxolod<br />
saqmeTa viTarebas~.<br />
qarTveli bralmdeblebis mier gubazis mkvlelobisadmi<br />
wayenebuli mTavari braldeba rustikem Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve pasuxgaucemeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>tova, TiTqos ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> Seeca<strong>da</strong> `braldebis<br />
wonis~ (onus probandi), razec sagangebod laparakobs<br />
agaTia sqolastikosi, Semsubuqebas. am mTavar braldebas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> berZeni sardlebis mier bizantiis imperatoris<br />
iustinianes werilobiTi gankargulebis uxeSi <strong>da</strong>rRveva.<br />
brZanebis Tanaxmad, sardlebs wina<strong>da</strong>deba un<strong>da</strong> miecaT gubazisaTvis,<br />
rom pira<strong>da</strong>d xlebo<strong>da</strong> bizantiis imperators. im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu gubazi xeli<strong>da</strong>n gausxltebo<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> ieriSs<br />
miitan<strong>da</strong> berZeni strategosebis winaaRmdeg, es iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mamtkicebeli<br />
sabuTi misi mtruli ganzraxvisa. amis Semdeg<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gubazi CaTvliliyo mtrad <strong>da</strong> misi mokvla, rogorc<br />
mtrisa, ukanono aqtad ar CaiTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. rustikem ki<br />
zedmetad CaTvala imperatoris werilis Cveneba gubazisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>, rogorc TviTon ambobs, <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong> ra gubazis veragul<br />
ganzraxvaSi, mokla kolxeTis mefe, riTac bolo mouRo<br />
`mTel rig aseT ubedurebas, arsebulsa <strong>da</strong> mosalodnels~.<br />
imperator iustinianes werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom gubazi<br />
moeklaT ara im SemTxvevaSi, roca sardlebi <strong>da</strong>rwmundebodnen<br />
mis moRalatur ganzraxvaSi, aramed mxolod maSin, rodesac<br />
gubazis mtruli, moRalaturi ganzraxva Sesabamisi moqmedebiT<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gamoxatuli, magram gubazs ar <strong>da</strong>uwyia amgvari<br />
moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> cxadia, marto ganzraxviT <strong>da</strong> isic <strong>da</strong>usabuTebeli<br />
ganzraxvis arsebobisas iustinianes gankarguleba<br />
gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> gubazis mokvlis nebarTvas berZeni sardlebis<br />
mier. rustikem kargad ico<strong>da</strong>, rom gubazis ukanono mkvelelobis<br />
iuridiuli kvalifikaciis dros arc gamocdil ber-<br />
Zen mosamarTles aTanasis <strong>da</strong> arc maRali iuridiuli ganaTlebis<br />
mqone kolx swavlul iuristebs mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n ar gamoeparebo<strong>da</strong>T<br />
werilSi gadmocemuli iustinianes sagangebo<br />
- 147 -
gankarguleba, romelic gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> imas, Tu ra viTareba-<br />
Si SeeZlo berZen sardlebs gubazis mokvla. rogorc zemoT<br />
aRvniSneT, iustiniane nebas iZleo<strong>da</strong>, gubazi moeklaT berZen<br />
sardlebs mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi, kerZod Tuki gubazi<br />
uars ganacxadeb<strong>da</strong> xlebo<strong>da</strong> bizantiaSi iustinianes, sardlebs<br />
xeli<strong>da</strong>n gausxltebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> metic, winaaRmdegobas gauwev<strong>da</strong>,<br />
Seutev<strong>da</strong> berZen sardlebs. gubazis amgvari moqmedebis<br />
iuridiuli kvalifikacia am SemTxvevaSi safuZvels Seqmni<strong>da</strong><br />
mtkicebisaTvis, rom mas aqvs <strong>da</strong>naSaulebrivi ganzraxva<br />
<strong>da</strong> igi bizantiis aSkara mteria.<br />
iustinianes am gankargulebis Seusruleblobis gamo,<br />
rustikem mosamarTles ganucxa<strong>da</strong>, rom nu <strong>da</strong>gvZraxav Tuki<br />
ver SevasruleT werilSi moxseniebuli <strong>da</strong>valeba. imTaviTve<br />
CvenTvis cnobili gax<strong>da</strong>, rom werili iustinianes gamogzavnili<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> gubazis gamosacdelad, kerZod, Seasruleb<strong>da</strong><br />
Tu ara igi `Tavisi nebiT brZanebas <strong>da</strong> kanonierad<br />
moiqceo<strong>da</strong>~.<br />
gamocdilebiT vicodiT, ganagrZobs rustike, rom gubazi<br />
Cvens araviTar moTxovnas ar asruleb<strong>da</strong>. `qarTveli bralmdeblebi<br />
gvisayvedureben, rom aucilebeli iyo samarTalSi<br />
migveca gubazi, magram amis saSualebas ar iZleo<strong>da</strong> Seqmnili<br />
kritikuli mdgomareoba. saqme isaa, rom sparselebi aqve iyvnen<br />
<strong>da</strong>razmulni <strong>da</strong> gamzadebulni imisaTvis, rom mTeli<br />
kolxeTi egdoT xelT imis ( gubazis) <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT~.<br />
rustike kvlav imeorebs, rom gubazi iyo bizantiis mteri<br />
<strong>da</strong> radgan igi moRalate iyo, sul erTi ar aris `kolxebisaTvis,<br />
Cven movklavdiT mas, Tu sxvebi? gonieri mosazreba marto<br />
xelisuflebis mqoneT ki ar ebadebaT <strong>da</strong> moudiT xolme,<br />
aramed yovel msurvels, Cemis azriT, ufleba aqvs <strong>da</strong> SeuZlia<br />
gamoeqomagos saxelmwifos, romelSiac is moRvaweobs <strong>da</strong><br />
SeZlebisamebr izrunos sazogado keTildReobisaTvis~. rogorc<br />
Cans, rustikem imperatoris werili formalur dokumentad<br />
aqcia <strong>da</strong> gubazis moRalateobis <strong>da</strong>sasabuTeblad Semdeg<br />
garemoebaze miapyro mosamarTlis yuradReba: `sparselebs<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong>pyrobili onogurisis cixe, romelic maT<br />
CamoeglijaT arqeopolisis mi<strong>da</strong>moebi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong> CvenTvis autanel<br />
sircxvils warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> is, rom mtris jari mtkiced<br />
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Camj<strong>da</strong>riyo zRudis SigniT Cvens miwa-wyalze~. sardlebma<br />
moviTaTbireT, ganagrZobs rustike, rom mTeli Cveni armiiT<br />
gagvedevna sparselebi, amis misaRwevad ki saWiro iyo gubazis<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT kolxebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba. magram aseT kritikul<br />
momentSi man ukmexi uari SemogviTvala <strong>da</strong> saWiro<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ar CaTvala misi <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba. rustike askvnis: `yvelaferi<br />
amis Semdeg gana saWiro iyo metis <strong>da</strong>yovneba Cveni mxriT? gana<br />
gveca<strong>da</strong> ufro meti sabuTebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> gveCvenebina mefis<br />
werili, raTa bizantionSi wasuliyo im dros, rodesac saku-<br />
Tari miwa-wylis farglebSi raRac mokle manZilis gamovlasac<br />
ki ar kadrulob<strong>da</strong>? mere <strong>da</strong>, gana SesaZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
mogvexerxebina agrerigad Cvens winaaRmdeg ganwyobili gubazis<br />
gagzavna bizantionSi ise, rom amas ar gamoewvia aTasnairi<br />
Sinauri ajanyeba, mravali xocva-Jleta, aSkara ga<strong>da</strong>dgoma,<br />
sparselTa moulodneli SemoWra?~.<br />
kolxis swavluli iuristebis mier berZeni sardlebis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
wamoyenebul braldebaTa <strong>da</strong>majereblobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebulobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rustikes sityvam Caafiqra<br />
mosamarTle <strong>da</strong> `aTanasi... kargad Sexv<strong>da</strong> rustikes sityvebs~.<br />
WeSmaritebis <strong>da</strong>sadgenad saWiro gax<strong>da</strong> orive mxaris monawileobiT<br />
ganmeorebiTi sasamarTlo sja _ paeqroba, mosamarTlis<br />
mier sxva garemoebebis gamokvleva <strong>da</strong> maTi iuridiuli<br />
Sefaseba. samwuxarod, arc kolxi bralmdeblebis, arc berZen<br />
strategosTa sityvebi <strong>da</strong> arc TviT agaTia sqolastikosis<br />
cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ris safuZvelze `gamoikvlia yvelaferi<br />
<strong>da</strong> aswon-<strong>da</strong>swona~ mosamarTlem, CvenTvis cnobili ar aris. arc<br />
is viciT, rogor warimarTa mxareTa ganmeorebiTi sasamarTlo<br />
paeqroba <strong>da</strong> a. S. magram <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT viciT, rom CvenTvis kargad<br />
cnobilma masalebma <strong>da</strong>, pirvel rigSi, kolx swavlul iuristTa<br />
braldebebma naTeli gaxa<strong>da</strong>, rom `mkvleloba Cadenili iyo<br />
usamarTlod <strong>da</strong> kanonis winaaRmdeg~. rac Seexeba rustikes<br />
braldebebs gubazis moRalateobisa <strong>da</strong> tiranobis Sesaxeb, is ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong>. sasamarTlo sja _ paeqrobis Sedegad gairkva, rom<br />
`onogurisze laSqrobaSi monawileobis miRebaze medizmis gamo<br />
ki ar ambob<strong>da</strong> uars gubazi, aramed imitom, rom gajavrebuli iyo<br />
strategosebze imis gamo, rom maT <strong>da</strong>karges onogurisi Tavisi<br />
ugunurobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>udevrobis wyalobiT~.<br />
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sasamarTlom sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>saja mkvlelebi <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>mna-<br />
Saveni ise, rogorc amis Sesaxeb imperator iustinianes werilSi<br />
iyo miTiTebuli.<br />
anonimma qarTvelma swavlulma iuristebma warmatebiT Seasrules<br />
bralmdeblis movaleoba. maT imperator iustinianes<br />
mier <strong>da</strong>niSnuli didmoxelis aTanases xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
Catarebul sasamarTloze, romelic gubazis mkvlelTa saqmes<br />
ixilav<strong>da</strong>, ara erovnuli, aramed romauli samarTlis mixedviT,<br />
Tavi gaarTves urTules saqmes, kerZod, iuridiuli<br />
mecnierebis ganviTarebis imdroindeli donis mixedviT na-<br />
Telyves kolxeTis saxelmwifoSi imperatur iustinianes mier<br />
strategosebad <strong>da</strong>niSnuli berZnebis _ rustikesa <strong>da</strong> ioanes<br />
mier Cadenili mZime <strong>da</strong>naSauli <strong>da</strong> misi Znelad gamosakvlevi<br />
mxareebi, samarTlis mecnierebis urTulesi institutebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> kategoriebi miusa<strong>da</strong>ges <strong>da</strong> gamoiyenes <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveTa<br />
bralis <strong>da</strong>sadgenad. imperatorma iustinianem berZeni sardlebis<br />
gasamarTleba kolxeTSi romauli samarTlis `wesiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> garegnuli morTulobiT brZana... imitom, rom aq myof<br />
barbarosebisaTvis kvexniT eCvenebina romauli wesebi <strong>da</strong> gaekvirvebina<br />
isini amiT~. sasamarTlos sxdoma marTlac garegnulad<br />
SiSismomgvrel sanaxaobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. sasamar-<br />
Tlos moxeleebma (boxxmiani mauwyebelni, gammaTraxebelni)<br />
moitanes <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveTa sawamebeli iaraRebi (rkinis jaWvebi,<br />
borkilebi, badesakravebi <strong>da</strong> a. S.). SeiZleba sasamarTlos amgvari<br />
garegnuli forma STabeWdilebas axden<strong>da</strong> sxdomis zogierT<br />
monawileze, magram kolxi swavluli iuristebi <strong>da</strong><br />
kolxebi ar gaukvirvebia romis samarTals <strong>da</strong> misi wesebiT<br />
mowyobil sasamarTlo process, piriqiT, inkviziciuri sasamarTlo<br />
procesis wesebis Sesabamisad, rodesac sikvdilmisjilebs<br />
`yelebi ga<strong>da</strong>uWres, maSin yvelani sibraluliT aRivsen<br />
<strong>da</strong> brazobas Tavi <strong>da</strong>anebes~. rac Seexeba kolx swavlul<br />
iuristebs, maT sasamarTlo procesze gamoamJRavnes romis<br />
samarTlis romael strategosebze ufro Rrma codna <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
SemoqmedebiTi gamoyenebis unari.<br />
kolxi swavluli iuristebi ufro jansaRad afaseben sasamarTlos<br />
Catarebas ara kolxeTis samarTlis, aramed romis<br />
samarTlis mixedviT. kolxi swavluli iuristebi, berZnebi-<br />
- 150 -
sagan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlos miuTiTeben: `Cven vfiqrobT,<br />
rom axlandeli samsjavroc xalxis saerTo didebisaTvis<br />
moawyveT, raTa yvelas gaego, rom Tqven arasdros ar<br />
gdomebiaT, kolxebs aseTi saSineli Zaladoba ganeca<strong>da</strong>T~.<br />
kolxi swavluli iuristebi safuZvlianad icnoben imdroindeli<br />
msoflios samarTlis sistemebs, erTmaneTisagan asxvaveben<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis samarTals <strong>da</strong> mis Taviseburebebs,<br />
gvaZleven samarTlis normebis mecnierul klasifikacias <strong>da</strong><br />
mis kriteriumebs. samarTlis sistemaSi arsebuli<br />
gansxvavebis warmosaCenad, isini miuTiTeben normebis klasifikaciis<br />
Semdeg or kriteriumze: pirveli, samarTlis normebi<br />
maTi erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT; meore, samar-<br />
Tlis normebi maTi bunebis, Sinaarsisa <strong>da</strong> gadmocemis formebis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT samarTlis normebi iyofa<br />
or kategoriad: pirveli _ romis samarTali <strong>da</strong> meore _<br />
barbarosTa samarTali, anu mamapapuri samarTlis normebi.<br />
samarTlis am klasifikaciaze laparakoben ara marto kolxi<br />
swavluli iuristebi, aramed berZnebic. kolxi swavluli iuristebi<br />
berZeni mosamarTlis yuradRebas amaxvileben romaul<br />
samarTalsa <strong>da</strong> barbarosTa samarTals Soris gansxvavebaze,<br />
kerZod, isini amboben: `kanoni Tqveni an barbarosebisa~.<br />
agaTia sqolastikosi wers, rom imperatori iustiniane<br />
swored am gansxvavebas emyarebo<strong>da</strong>, roca gasca brZaneba ber-Zeni<br />
sardlebis saqme garCeuliyo romauli samarTlis mixedviT; am<br />
gansxvavebaze warmodgenas gvaZlevs pirvel rigSi TviT agaTia<br />
sqolastikosis, <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, kolxi swavluli iuristebis<br />
miTiTebebi, sai<strong>da</strong>nac Cans, rom romauli (berZnuli) sasamarTlo<br />
procesi aris inkviziciuri (gamoiyeneba wameba) <strong>da</strong> amasTan<br />
SejibrebiTi, sajaro. kerZod, `orive mxriT kamaTi<br />
gaimarTebo<strong>da</strong>, romlis drosac sasamarTlos mosamsaxureebi<br />
aqeT-iqiT ivlidnen, moawesrigebdnen, raTa TiToeul<br />
momTxovnTagans wesrigi <strong>da</strong>ecva~. kolxeTSi sasamarTlo procesi<br />
ki imarTebo<strong>da</strong> `saidumlod, barbarosTa wesiT~. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
romis samarTali, romlis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> mwyobri sistemiT. `romaelTa kanonebis<br />
simwyobre~ ganasxvavebs mas barbarosTa a<strong>da</strong>Twesebisagan.<br />
- 151 -
izantiis saxelmwifo cdilobs samarTlebrivi zemoqmedeba<br />
moaxdinos kolxeTze, miaRwios imas, rom sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobebi wesrigdebodes ara kolxuri, aramed romauli<br />
samarTlis mixedviT. am nia<strong>da</strong>gze mimdinareobs brZola<br />
erovnul, qarTul <strong>da</strong> bizantiur samarTals Soris. bizantia<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong> zemoqmedeba moexdina kolxTa sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaze <strong>da</strong> yvela zomas iReb<strong>da</strong> imisaTvis, rom `isini ufro<br />
metad SeCveodnen romaelTa mmarTvelobas~. Tavisuflebismoyvare<br />
kolxebisaTvis Zneli Sesaguebelia ucxo samar-<br />
Tlis mixedviT cxovreba, amitom isini cdiloben Tavi <strong>da</strong>aRwion<br />
ucxoelTa batonobas, awyoben ajanyebebs <strong>da</strong> a. S. agaTia<br />
sqolastikosi, gadmoscems ra kolxTa am ganwyobilebas,<br />
wers: `mTeli es barbarosuli modgma, Tumca is romaelTa<br />
qveSevrdomia, magram Tavisi SexedulebiT Zalian <strong>da</strong>Sorebulia<br />
maT... is iswrafvis ga<strong>da</strong>trialebisa <strong>da</strong> ajanyebisaken. sanam<br />
sxvis xelqveiT aris, mas ar SeuZlia mSvi<strong>da</strong>d cxovreba~.<br />
kolxi swavluli iuristebi kargad erkvevian romis samarTlis<br />
niuansebSi, moxerxebulad iyeneben romis samar-<br />
Tlis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebebs <strong>da</strong> wesebs rustikesa <strong>da</strong> ioanes braldebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasabuTeblad. kolxi swavluli iuristebi sasamar-<br />
Tlo procesze acxadeben, rom `Cven mier Sesrulebuli iqneba<br />
kanoniT <strong>da</strong>wesebuli... magram Tqveni kanonebis mixedviT<br />
TviT aSkara <strong>da</strong> udides ukanono moqmedebaTa Sesaxebac ki miuRebelia,<br />
rom ganaCeni ar iqnes gamotanili, sanam saqme ar<br />
iqneba garCeuli sityvieri paeqrobis mixedviT~.<br />
amrigad, kolxi swavluli iuristebis SexedulebiT, samarTlis<br />
klasifikaciis pirveli kriteriumis, e. i. erovnuli<br />
kuTvnilebis mixedviT samarTali <strong>da</strong>yofili un<strong>da</strong> iyos Semdegnairad:<br />
pirveli, romauli samarTali, romelic moqmedebs<br />
kolxeTis saxelmwifosTan politikurad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />
bizantiaSi <strong>da</strong>, meore, sxva qveynebis samarTali, anu, bizantiis<br />
didmpyrobeluri ideologiis mixedviT, <strong>da</strong>narCeni barbarosuli<br />
qveynebis <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, kolxeTis samarTali, anu mamapapuri<br />
a<strong>da</strong>T _ wesebi. samarTlis am or saxes, romis samar-<br />
Talsa <strong>da</strong> erovnuls, am SemTxvevaSi kolxeTis samarTals Soris<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gansazRvrisas, TiToeuli<br />
xalxisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs erovnul, mamapa-<br />
- 152 -
pur samarTals, radgan igi Camoyalibebulia mocemuli qveynis<br />
sazogadoebriv-politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri mdgomareobis<br />
safuZvelze, asaxavs am qveynis xalxis Sexedulebebs <strong>da</strong><br />
warmodgenebs <strong>da</strong> a. S. kolxis swavluli iuristebi miuTiTeben,<br />
rom iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c `mSobliuri wesebi miviwyebulia,... yvelaferi<br />
uwesrigod mimdinareobs~.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli samarTlis orive sistema mu<strong>da</strong>m viTardeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> srulyofili xdeba. mis ganviTarebaze zegavlenas ax-dens<br />
ara marto mocemuli qveynis saSinao faqtorebi, aramed<br />
mezobeli qveynis samarTali <strong>da</strong> misi progresuli institutebi.<br />
amitom, yvela qveynis samarTals, kerZod, romaul <strong>da</strong><br />
kolxur samarTals Soris yovelTvis SeimCneva saerTo niSnebi,<br />
kerZod, erTnairi institutebis arseboba. yvela saxis samarTalSi<br />
gvxvdeba iuridiuli aqsiomebi, romelTa moTxovnebs<br />
aRiareben <strong>da</strong> icaven xalxebi. am iuridiul aqsiomebze miuTiTeben<br />
anonimi kolxi iuristebi: `romeli kanoni _ Tqveni<br />
an barbarosebisa moiwonebs aseT mdgomareobas, rom jer ganaCeni<br />
gamoutano a<strong>da</strong>mians, <strong>da</strong> mere wauyeno braldeba?~<br />
aseTive iuridiul aqsiomas warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>naSaulisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sasjelis Tanabarzomiereba, romelzec sagangebod miuTi-<br />
Teben kolxi iuristebi. ar SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>naSauli <strong>da</strong>usjeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCes, magram <strong>da</strong>mnaSaves un<strong>da</strong> Seefardos mxolod is sasjeli,<br />
romelic kanonSia miTiTebuli, <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, sasjelis<br />
gansazRvrisas un<strong>da</strong> gamovideT Cadenili <strong>da</strong>naSaulis sazogadoebrivi<br />
saSiSroebi<strong>da</strong>n. sasamarTlo procesze isini mosamarTlis<br />
yuradRebas miapyroben imas, rom gubazis mkvlelebs<br />
sasamarTlom un<strong>da</strong> Seufardos `Rirseuli sasjeli~,<br />
usamarTloba iqneba <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveebma `Cveni Cvili xasiaTiT<br />
isargeblon <strong>da</strong> ufro naklebi sasjeli miiRon, vidre maT mier<br />
Cadenil saqciels Seefereba~ (mux. 11).<br />
kolxi swavluli iuristebi sasamarTlo procesze iyeneben<br />
ara marto sayovelTaod gavrcelebul iuridiul aqsiomebs,<br />
aramed sasamarTlo sja _ paeqrobaSi konkretuli Sem-<br />
Txvevis samarTlebrivi kvalifikaciisas aviTareben cnobili<br />
institutebis Sinaarss <strong>da</strong> am institutTa Taobaze mowinaaRmdegeTa<br />
mier Camoyalibebul Sexedulebebs kritikulad<br />
- 153 -
afaseben. zemoT Tqmulis naTelsayofad sakmarisia SevCerdeT<br />
iseT samarTlebriv institutze, rogoricaa ganzraxva.<br />
bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes werilSi laparakia <strong>da</strong>na-<br />
Saulebriv ganzraxvaze, romelic vlindeba Sesabamis kanonsawinaaRmdego<br />
moqmedebaSi, kerZod, ganzraxvis kanonsawinaaRmdego<br />
Sinaarsis kriteriums warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>naSaulebrivi<br />
moqmedeba. mxolod ganzraxva ar iZleva piris <strong>da</strong>sjis safuZvels,<br />
igi un<strong>da</strong> gamoixatos mis moqmedebaSi, romelic moqmedi<br />
kanonmdeblobiT <strong>da</strong>naSaula<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>dgenili.<br />
braldebulebi rustike <strong>da</strong> ioane amtkiceben, rom Cvens mier<br />
gubazis mokvlis faqts ki nu aZlevT mniSvnelobas, mTavaria<br />
is ganzraxva, romliTac vxelmZRvanelobdiT, kerZod,<br />
bizantiis saxelmwifos ganmtkicebis surviliTo.<br />
kolxi swavluli iuristebis mtkicebiT, maSin, rodesac<br />
SeuZlebelia WeSmariti ganzraxvis Sinaarsis <strong>da</strong>dgena piris<br />
mier Cadenili <strong>da</strong>naSaulebrivi qmedebiT, berZeni sardlebis<br />
mier gubazis mokvlis WeSmariti ganzraxvis <strong>da</strong>dgena un<strong>da</strong><br />
moxdes sxva kategoriebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, kerZod imis<br />
garkveviT, Tu visTvis moaqvs sargebloba gubazis mokvlas _<br />
bizantiisa Tu bizantiis mtrebisaTvis. aseTi kategoria aris<br />
sargeblianoba _ un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgindes, gubazis mokvla visTvis<br />
aris sasargeblo.<br />
sparseTis winaaRmdeg mZime omSi `gonier kacs moeTxovebo<strong>da</strong><br />
ezruna imaze, rom kargi mopyrobis saSualebiT Tavisken<br />
miezi<strong>da</strong> ucxo <strong>da</strong> jer kidev ucnobi erebi. amaT ki isinic<br />
romaelebis mtrebad ga<strong>da</strong>aqcies, romlebic winaT maTi maxlobeli<br />
megobrebi iyvnen~. kolxi bralmdeblebi miuTiTeben,<br />
rom swored rustikes <strong>da</strong> ioanes bralia, rom gubazis veragulad<br />
mokvliT kolxebi uars amboben bizantiis mokavSireobaze.<br />
amdenad, askvnian kolxi swavluli iuristebi, Tu<br />
rustikes <strong>da</strong> ioanes ganzraxvas `gavaSiSvlebT <strong>da</strong> gamovikvlevT,<br />
isini gamoCndebian uborotes mtrebad, sparselTa sasargeblo<br />
ganzraxvebis mqoneebad~.<br />
berZeni sardlebis _ rustikesa <strong>da</strong> ioanes mier Cadenili<br />
kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebis kvalifikaciis dros kolx<br />
iuristebs arc is iuridiuli aqsioma gamorCeniaT mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
rom ar SeiZleba jer sikvdilis ganaCeni gamoutano<br />
- 154 -
a<strong>da</strong>mians, sisruleSi moiyvano igi <strong>da</strong> braldeba wauyeno mas<br />
Semdeg, rodesac igi ukve aRar aris cocxalTa Soris. kolxma<br />
swavlulma iuristebma sasamarTlos yuradReba miaqcies<br />
imas, rom berZeni sardlebi swored ase moiqcnen. isini iyvnen<br />
gubazis mtrebi <strong>da</strong> amave dros bralmdeblebi <strong>da</strong> mosamar-<br />
Tlenic. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli aRniSnuli iuridiuli<br />
aqsiomis Tanaxmad, berZeni sardlebi `sanam gubazs mohklavdnen,<br />
saWiro iyo, Tuki isini <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni iyvnen braldebaTa<br />
sisworeSi, saqveynod miecaT is sasamarTloSi~. rogorc<br />
zemoT aRvniSneT, samarTlis klasifikaciis meore kriteriums<br />
warmoadgens normebis <strong>da</strong>yofa misi <strong>da</strong>dgenisa <strong>da</strong> gadmocemis<br />
formisa <strong>da</strong> iuridiuli Zalis mixedviT. kolxi swavluli<br />
iuristebis mtkicebiT, am safuZvlis mixedviT samarTali<br />
iyofa Semdeg ZiriTad saxeebad: bunebiT samarTlad <strong>da</strong> pozitiur<br />
samarTlad.<br />
bunebiTi samarTali, romelic agaTia sqolastikosis naSromis<br />
qarTul TargmanSi yvelgan moixsenieba, rogorc bunebis<br />
kanoni, emyareba a<strong>da</strong>mianTa bunebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel<br />
Tvisebebs. bunebiTi samarTlis moZRvrebis erT-erTi variantis<br />
mixedviT, romelmac axal droSi sruli ganviTareba<br />
hpova T. hofsis naSromebSi, a<strong>da</strong>mians bunebiT aqvs Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili<br />
SiSis grZnoba <strong>da</strong> igi eWvis TvaliT uyurebs mis garSemo<br />
myofT. a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli am Tvisebis gamo<br />
`mtkiced veravis <strong>da</strong>eyrdnobi <strong>da</strong> mu<strong>da</strong>m eWviTa <strong>da</strong> SiSiT un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyo aRvsili TviT Zalian kargi maxlobelebis mimarTac ki~.<br />
kolxi swavluli iuristebi sasamarTlo procesze iurudiul<br />
Sefasebas aZleven ra berZeni sardlebis mier Cadenil <strong>da</strong>naSaulebriv<br />
moqmedebas, mosamarTlis yuradRebas miapyroben<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel im Tvisebas, romelsac<br />
emyareba bunebiTi samarTali <strong>da</strong> miuTiTeben, rom gubazis<br />
mkvlelebi rustike <strong>da</strong> ioane `un<strong>da</strong> CavTvaloT ukidures<br />
mtrebad, romlebic Cvengan gamoTiSa bunebis kanonma,<br />
Tumca es kanoni Tqvengan xelmowerili araa~. qarTveli swavluli<br />
iuristebi mtris cnebas gansazRvraven bunebiTi kanonis<br />
Sesaxeb im dros arsebuli moZRvrebiT <strong>da</strong> sayuradReboa,<br />
rom isini miuTiTeben bunebiTi samarTlis axal mxareebze.<br />
kerZod, maTi mtkicebiT, bunebiTi samarTliT <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />
- 155 -
qcevis wesebi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa mier araa <strong>da</strong>dgenili; isini moqmedeben<br />
imisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad, aRiarebuli, <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
`xelmowerilia~ Tu ara igi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa mier. bunebiTi samar-<br />
Tali a<strong>da</strong>mianTa nebisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad arsebobs, iurudiuli<br />
Zalis mixedviT igi umaRlesia, amitomac a<strong>da</strong>mianebi asruleben<br />
<strong>da</strong> mihyvebian mis wesebs, romlebic a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mier<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenili araa, magram `Cven mainc mivyvebiT bunebis kanons<br />
<strong>da</strong> es aris, rom yvelaferSi imarjvebs~.<br />
bunebiTi samarTlis umaRlesi iuridiuli Zalis gamo a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
xelmZRvaneloben mis mier <strong>da</strong>dgenili qcevis wesebiT,<br />
rac gamoixateba misi moTxovnebis mixedviT saxelmwifos mier<br />
pozitiuri samarTlis normebis <strong>da</strong>dgenaSi.<br />
samarTlis meore saxe, kolxi swavluli iuristebis miTi-<br />
TebiT, saxelmwifos mier <strong>da</strong>dgenili samarTalia. misi brZanebebis<br />
Sesruleba aucilebelia sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis,<br />
aravis aqvs ufleba, sakuTari Sexedulebis mixedviT moagvaros<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>vo sakiTxebi: `arc Cven, arc sxvebma amgvari ram<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> gavbedoT, Tu saxelmwifo kanonebis safuZvelze vapirebT<br />
cxovrebas~. saxelmwifo kanonebi, anu pozitiuri samarTali,<br />
miuTiTebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesobaze,<br />
kerZod, mxolod saxelmwifo xelisufleba aris uflebamosili<br />
samarTlebrivi gziT moagvaros sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobebi. igi ukanonod acxadebs imaT moqmedebas, romlebic<br />
cdiloben samagieros ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s sakuTari ZalebiT.<br />
yvela saxelmwifos, romelic adgens samarTals, igi miaCnia<br />
samarTlian samarTlad. kolxi iuristebi mimarTaven mosamarTles,<br />
rom Tqven saxelmwifos `erTgulni xarT Tqveni<br />
qceviT <strong>da</strong> uryevni, <strong>da</strong> samarTliani kanonebiTac xelmZRvanelobT~.<br />
samarTali, romliTac bizantielebi xelmZRvaneloben,<br />
aris romis samarTali. igi, rogorc berZnebi miuTiTeben aga-<br />
Tia sqolastikosis naSromSi, gamoirCeva mwyobri sistemiT.<br />
yvela <strong>da</strong>narCeni samarTali barbarosTa samarTalia. kolxe-<br />
Tis saxelmwifoSi arsebuli samarTalic barbarosulia, magram<br />
mas zogjer mamapapuri a<strong>da</strong>Tis, zogjer ki mSobliuri wesebis<br />
saxeliT moixsenieben. iustiniane Tavis werilSi kolxeTis<br />
samarTals mama-papis a<strong>da</strong>Ts uwodebs: `<strong>da</strong>ujerebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
- 156 -
ucnauria is, rac Tqvn macnobeT, saxeldobr, TiTqos gubazs<br />
surdes ga<strong>da</strong>udges mama-papis a<strong>da</strong>Ts <strong>da</strong> Tavis Zvel, yvelafer-<br />
Si erTazrovne winamZRolebs, e.i. romaelebs, <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>vides<br />
mis<strong>da</strong>mi mtrulad ganwyobil, sruliad ucxo <strong>da</strong> sxva sarwmunoebis<br />
mimdevar sparselTa mxareze~. rustike <strong>da</strong> ioane qedmaRlurad<br />
upirispireben romis samarTals kolxurs <strong>da</strong> mas<br />
barbarosuls uwodeben. kolxi swavluli iuristebi ki saTanadod<br />
afaseben romis samarTals, miuTiTeben mis maRal Teoriul<br />
doneze, srulebiTac ar miaCniaT misi normebis Sesruleba<br />
erovnuli Rirsebis <strong>da</strong>mcirebad, magram amasTan, sa-<br />
Tanado pativs scemen <strong>da</strong> TiToeuli qveynis xalxTa cxovrebaSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet mniSvelobas aniWeben mSobliur, mamapapur<br />
wesebs. humanisti kolxi swavluli iuristebi gamodian xalxTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoTa samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis poziciebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialuri urTierTobis sferoSi wamoWrili sakiTxebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wrisas umTavres mniSvnelobas aniWeben a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
bunebas <strong>da</strong> misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel rogorc Tan<strong>da</strong>yolil,<br />
aseve sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TaviseburebaTa Sesabamisad<br />
SeZenil Tvisebebs.<br />
Sua saukuneebSi gabatonebuli religiuri warmodgenebi,<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Seadgens maTi msoflmxedvelobis ganmsaz-<br />
Rvrel mniSvnelovan nawils, magram sazogadoebrivi movlenebis<br />
axsnisas isini aranakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
gonebas. humanizmi kolxi swavlulebis msoflmxedvelobis<br />
ganmsazRvrelia.<br />
- 157 -
literatura<br />
T. yauxCiSvili, berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb,<br />
1977.<br />
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, 1973.<br />
s. yauxCiSvili, georgika, 1. misive ritorikuli ganaTlebis centrebi<br />
Zvel kolxeTSi. georgika.<br />
bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. 3, berZnuli<br />
teqsti <strong>qarTuli</strong> TargmaniTurT gamosca <strong>da</strong> ganmartebebi <strong>da</strong>urTo<br />
simon yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1936.<br />
- 158 -
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi qarTul yofiT <strong>kultura</strong>Si<br />
levan berZeniSvili<br />
ukanasknel xanebSi praqtikulad aRaravin <strong>da</strong>obs dRevandeli<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifos<br />
principulad <strong>da</strong>savluri arCevanis Taobaze1 .<br />
amave dros, ukve aranair eWvs ar iwvevs is garemoebac, rom<br />
demokratiis gzaze, ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli mokrZalebuli nabijebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
samoqalaqo ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo mSeneblobis<br />
sferoSi saqarTvelo mowinave qveynad ver CaiTvleba2 .<br />
Sesabamisad, Cvens winaSe dRes iseTive aqtualobiT dgas<br />
saxelmwifo mSeneblobisa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo ganviTarebis<br />
saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi amocana, rogorc es idga meoce<br />
saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruls saqarTvelos mier <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
meoce saukuneSi kidev erTxel deklarirebis dros. rac<br />
mTavaria, sabolood mox<strong>da</strong> im faqtis aRiareba, rom amgvari<br />
mSenebloba Cvens sazogadoebaSi sruliad SesaZlebelia, e.i.<br />
Teoriulad aRiarebulia, rom amgvari mSeneblobisaTvis<br />
saqarTveloSi arsebobs myari istoriuli, kulturuli <strong>da</strong><br />
yofiTi safuZveli3. amave dros, jerjerobiT ar<br />
mimdinareobs am fenomenis specialuri Seswavla.<br />
1<br />
gansxvavebebi Tavs iCenen mxolod terminologiis doneze, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moixmareba terminebi „<strong>da</strong>savleTi~, „<strong>da</strong>savluri mimarTuleba~, „evropuli<br />
integracia~, „evro-atlantikuri sivrce~, „aSS, rogorc strategiuli<br />
partniori~ <strong>da</strong> a. S. es gansxvavebebi mxolod <strong>da</strong>savleTis lokalizebas exeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara principul arCevans, romelic erTxel <strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mod ukve<br />
gakeTebulia <strong>da</strong> revizias axlo momavalSi ar eqvemdebareba.<br />
2<br />
es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, evfemizmia, radgan saqarTvelo araTu mowinave qveynad<br />
ver CaiTvleba, aramed sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rogorc „nawilobriv<br />
Tavisufali qveyana~ <strong>da</strong> aSkarad CamorCeba aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs<br />
Tavisi sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> samoaqalo ganviTarebis donis mixedviT.<br />
3<br />
amgvari <strong>da</strong>skvna sul cota xnis winac ki ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebulad optimisturad<br />
miiCneo<strong>da</strong>, magram evropuli tipis xaverdovani, vardebis revoluciis<br />
Semdeg igi aRiqmeba rogorc truizmi.
dRes ukve bevri Cveni TanamemamulisaTvis <strong>da</strong> zogierTi<br />
ucxoeli keTilis msurvelisaTvis eWvs aRar iwvevs is garemoeba,<br />
rom momavali <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebis Senoba <strong>da</strong>efuZneba<br />
istoriulad Camoyalibebul, ukve arsebul realur<br />
kulturul-socialur <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo-politikur fun<strong>da</strong>ments.<br />
amave dros, isic cxa<strong>da</strong>d aris cnobili, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
mSenebloba SeuZlebelia cariel adgilze, Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
im ubralo mizeziT, rom dRevandel samyaroSi socialur<br />
sferoSi carieli adgilebi principulad aRar arsebobs.<br />
Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobas saqarTveloSic<br />
SeiZleba Sexvdes obieqturi winaaRmdegoba,<br />
rogorc es momx<strong>da</strong>ra sxva qveynebSi, magaliTad, Soreuli aRmosavleTisa<br />
<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT, axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi.<br />
gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom es winaaRmdegoba gansakuTrebiT<br />
mZafria, Tu mas kulturuli <strong>da</strong> istoriuli miu-<br />
Reblobis xasiaTi axlavs. un<strong>da</strong> vaRiaroT, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
mravali Teoretikosis optimisturi koncefciisa, yvela<br />
<strong>kultura</strong> erTnair pirobebs ver uqmnis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
mSeneblobis process4. 4<br />
aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT futurologiuri konteqsti. meoce saukunis<br />
ukanaskneli wlebi aRiniSna momavali samyaros ori diametrulad<br />
gansxvavebuli koncefciis CamoyalibebiT. pirveli Tavis programul<br />
SromaSi „istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli~ warmoadgina frensis fukuiamam (arsebobs am<br />
wignis mSvenieri <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmani), meore ki Tavis statiaSi<br />
„civilizaciaTa Setakeba~ Camoayaliba semuel hantingtonma. orive es<br />
naSromi imdenjer iyo komentirebuli, gaazrebuli <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>azrebuli, rom<br />
maT Tavis<strong>da</strong>uneburad bipolaruli opoziciis xasiaTi SeiZines. fukuiamas<br />
azri imdenad na-Teli <strong>da</strong> gamWvirvale iyo, rom imTaviTve etyobo<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
absoluturad swori ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong>; am koncefciis mixedviT, liberalur<br />
RirebulebaTa <strong>da</strong>savluri sistema aris universaluri <strong>da</strong> saboloo, radgan<br />
socialuri mowyobis yvela sxva alternativam, faSizmma, komunizmma <strong>da</strong><br />
Teokratiulma saxelmwifom ideur plastSi amowures Tavisi Tavi.<br />
Tanamedrove istoria <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> franguli <strong>da</strong> amerikuli revoluciebiT,<br />
rodesac <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> liberaluri demokratiis idea. amis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
„postistoria~, romelSic qveynebis nawili rCebo<strong>da</strong> „Zvel~ istoriaSi, xolo<br />
ganviTarebuli nawili ukve „postistoriaSi~. rac Seexeba hantingtons, man<br />
160
socialuri kapitali<br />
demokratiuli procesis warmatebuli mimdinareobisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia arsebobdes sazogadoeba, romelSic istoriuli<br />
ganviTarebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>grovilia e.w. „socialuri kapitali~.<br />
socialuri kapitali gulisxmobs socialuri organizaciis<br />
(principebis, normebis, struqturebis) im Taviseburebebs,<br />
romelTac SeuZliaT ganamtkicon sazogadoebis<br />
mier ganxorcielebul koordinirebul moqmedebaTa efeqtianoba.<br />
kapitalis sxva formebis msgavsad socialuri kapitalic<br />
sawarmoo kapitalia, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvaxorcieloT<br />
garkveuli miznebi, romlebic miuRwevelia misi<br />
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi; magaliTad, jgufs, romlis wevrebic<br />
erTmaneTs endobian, gacilebiT ufro metis gakeTeba<br />
SeuZlia, vidre jgufs, romelSic aseTi ndoba ar arsebobs.<br />
Cveni statiis mizania swored amgvari socialuri kapitalis<br />
„aRmoCena~ qarTul yofiT <strong>kultura</strong>Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi istoriulad<br />
<strong>da</strong> stiqiurad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
socialuri kapitali badebs TanamSromlobisken<br />
ltolvas. misi formebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens e. w. „moraluri<br />
resursebi~, romelTa moculoba moxmarebis pro-<br />
Tavisi naSromi gamoaqveyna 1993 wels. misi koncefciis mixedviT<br />
saxelmwifo-naciebi, rogorebic arian germania, didi britaneTi,<br />
safrangeTi, aSS, CineTi, ruse-Ti ga<strong>da</strong>va meore planze <strong>da</strong> Sin wamoiweven<br />
civilizaciebi anu saxelmwifoTa blokebi, gaerTianebuli religiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli memkvidreobis principebiT. <strong>da</strong> iqneba mudmivi omi<br />
civilizaciebs Soris. hantingtonis azriT, saxezea konfucianuri,<br />
islamuri, induisturi, <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>da</strong> marTlmadidebluri blokebi. kamaTi<br />
am or did mecniersa <strong>da</strong> maT mimdevrebs Soris erTbaSad <strong>da</strong> moulodnelad<br />
Sewy<strong>da</strong> 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers <strong>da</strong> hantingtonis, rogorc istoriis winaswar<br />
marTlad mWvretelis, reputacia Seuryeveli gax<strong>da</strong>. magram istoriam,<br />
romelic cnobilia Tavisi ironiulobiT, koreqtivebi Seitana hantingtonis<br />
mwyobr TeoriaSi: swored amis Semdeg mox<strong>da</strong> „vardebis revolucia~<br />
saqarTveloSi, romelmac sinamdvileSi saxelmwifo-naciebis Camoyalibebis<br />
procesisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis blokebs Soris moZraobis (marTlmadidebulur<strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
„ga<strong>da</strong>svlis~) ideis sicocxlisunarianoba <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>s-tura.<br />
161
cesSi ki ar mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba; es resursebi amoiwureba<br />
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini ar gamoiyeneba. rac<br />
ufro eyrdnobian a<strong>da</strong>mianebi erTmaneTs, miT ufro maRalia<br />
urTierTndobis xarisxi.<br />
socialuri kapitalis sxva formebic, rogoricaa socialuri<br />
normebi <strong>da</strong> urTierTkavSirebi, aseve Zlierdebian maTi<br />
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong> dnebian gamouyeneblobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
socialuri kapitalis erT-erTi specifikuri niSani isaa,<br />
rom igi Cveulebriv warmoadgens saerTo qonebas, maSin roca<br />
kapitali fuladi saxiT, rogorc wesi, kerZo pirebs ekuTvniT.<br />
rogorc atributi socialuri struqturisa,<br />
romelSic <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebulia a<strong>da</strong>miani, socialuri kapitali ar<br />
warmoadgens mis mosargeble pirTa kerZo sakuTrebas. sxva<br />
sajaro sikeTis msgavsad, socialuri kapitali xSirad ar<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>culi <strong>da</strong> Senaxuli a<strong>da</strong>mianTa mier.<br />
ndoba, romelic aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi integraciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobisaTvis, sulac ar aris brma. igi Tavis<br />
TavSi moicavs moqmedi pirebis saqcielis prognozs.<br />
mcirericxovan sazogadoebebSi, romelTa magaliTsac<br />
warmoadgens saqarTvelos sazogadoebac, aseTi prognozi<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d pirad nacnobobas <strong>da</strong> „uSualo ndobas~ emyareba;<br />
did <strong>da</strong> ufro garTulebul sazogadoebriv sistemebSi<br />
(rogoric SeiZleba aRmoCndes Cveni sazogadoebac) saWiro<br />
xdeba ndobis iseTi „arapersonaluri~ anu „iribi~ formebis<br />
amoqmedebac, romlebic ar eyrdnoba pirad nacnobobas.<br />
sazogadoebrivi integraciisaTvis principuli mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs im process, romelSic piradi ndoba socialur ndobad<br />
iqceva.<br />
rTul socialur sistemebSi ndoba aRiZvreba ori urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
wyaro<strong>da</strong>n _ urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
normebi-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo CarTulobis struqturebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
balansirebuli urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba gulisxmobs TanabarZalovani<br />
momsaxurebebis erTdroul gacvlas. megobroba,<br />
magaliTad, eyrdnoba saerTo urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas _ jer<br />
kidev ciceroni aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom „ar arsebobs ufro<br />
mniSvnelovani vali, vidre sikeTis <strong>da</strong>brunebaa~.<br />
162
sazogadoebris integraciaSi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs<br />
sanaTesao kavSirebi. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, sisxlis<br />
naTesaoba SeiZleba Se<strong>da</strong>rdes samoqalaqo monawileobis<br />
horizontalur kavSirebs, magram ojaxi, rogorc socialuri<br />
movlena, gacilebiT ufro universaluria. amave dros,<br />
samoqalaqo monawileobis struqturebi Tavis TavSi moicavs<br />
sazogadoebis ufro vrcel segmentebs <strong>da</strong> amiT ganamtkiceben<br />
TanamSromlobas Temis doneze. ironia imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom koleqtiur moqmedebaTa pirobebis uzrunvelsayofad<br />
„Zlieri~ pirovnebaTaSorisi kavSirebi (naTesaoba, moyvroba,<br />
axlo megobroba) naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre „susti~<br />
kavSirebi (nacnoboba <strong>da</strong> organizaciaTa erToblivi wevroba).<br />
susti kavSirebi ufro meti xarisxiT aaxloeben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
mcire jgufebis wevrebs, maSin roca Zlieri jgufebi<br />
aerTianeben a<strong>da</strong>mianebs erTi konkretuli jgufis CarCoebSi5. <strong>qarTuli</strong> mentalitetis problemebi<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, rogorc aseTi, ar aris ucxo saqarTvelosTvis,<br />
raki misi <strong>kultura</strong> <strong>da</strong> gabatonebuli cxovrebis<br />
wesi efuZneba im civilizacias <strong>da</strong> tradicias, romlis<br />
wiaRSic Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea. amave<br />
dros, aravisTvis saidumlo ar aris, rom Cvens<br />
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs warmodgenaTa <strong>da</strong> iluziaTa mTeli<br />
sistema, romlis mixedviTac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
Rirebulebebi, SesaZloa, ucxo ar iyos elitaruli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
kulturisaTvis, magram is, TiTqos<strong>da</strong>, miuRebelia qarTvelebisaTvis,<br />
Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, yofiT doneze.<br />
winamdebare statia am mizansac isaxavs, am Tezisis<br />
ganmartebasac gulisxobs: swored qarTvelobis yofiT<br />
doneze Cans, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis sxva struqturuli elementebi warmoadgenen<br />
Cveni cxovrebis ara atributul, aramed substanciur <strong>da</strong><br />
arsebiTad bunebriv Semadgenel nawils.<br />
5 samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, krebuli, re<strong>da</strong>qtorebi levan berZeniSvili <strong>da</strong><br />
giga bokeria, Tbilisi 1998, gv. 56.<br />
163
upirveles yovlisa, ganvixiloT is winaaRmdegoba, rac arsebobs<br />
Cvens sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong>weril <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uwerel normebs,<br />
kanonsa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebas Soris. Zalian sainteresoa, rom qveyanaSi,<br />
romelsac, sul cota, ax. w. V saukuni<strong>da</strong>n ukve moepoveba<br />
maRalxarisxovani rogorc Targmnili, ise originaluri literaturuli<br />
werilobiTi Zeglebi, <strong>da</strong>weril teqstsa an kanonTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT principuli upiratesoba, zepir metyvelebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uwerel normas eniWeba.<br />
es Tavisebureba kulturisa imdenad TvalSi sacemia, rom<br />
Cveni sazogadoebisTvis sapatio bevri a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelsac<br />
Tamamad SeiZleba Tanamedrove termini „opinionmeikeri~<br />
(sazogadoebrivi azris Camomyalibebeli) mivusa<strong>da</strong>goT,<br />
mxolod laparakobs <strong>da</strong> ar wers _ saxezea Cveni kulturis<br />
Tavisebureba, misi artistuli, ironiuli <strong>da</strong> sokratuli<br />
xasiaTi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>werilis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uwerelis cnebebis gamosakveTad Cveni<br />
kulturis erT Taviseburebas un<strong>da</strong> gavusvaT xazi. es<br />
Tavisebureba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, dRevandel sinqronul<br />
WrilSi mdgomareobs Cveni kulturis mier Tavis utyuar<br />
liderad mxatvruli literaturis (sakuTari, „Si<strong>da</strong>~<br />
terminiT _ „mwerlobis~), xolo eris sulier moZRvrebad<br />
mwerlebis aRiarebaSi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, Cveni<br />
kulturis literaturacentrizmSi.<br />
Semoqmedeba, ufro zustad ki, mxatvrulliteraturuli<br />
artefaqtebi, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT<br />
saqarTveloSi imdenad aSkarad aRemateba <strong>da</strong>weril<br />
samoqalaqo kanonebs, rom amaze msjelobac ki cota xnis<br />
win arapatriotulad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
zemoTqmuls ramdenime Sedegi aqvs <strong>da</strong> xuTaskaciani mweralTa<br />
kavSiri <strong>da</strong> mweralTa mravalricxovani<br />
alternatiuli gaerTianebebi mxolod erT-erTi Sedegia.<br />
ufro mniSvnelovani Sedegi ki is aris, rom saqarTveloSi<br />
yvela srulwlovan a<strong>da</strong>mians moeTxoveba „ninos<br />
cxovrebis~, „SuSanikis wamebis~ <strong>da</strong> „vefxistyaosnis~<br />
sakmaod safuZvliani, me vityodi, viwro filologiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
164
profesiuli codna6, magram mTel qveyanaSi arc aravis<br />
moeTxoveba <strong>da</strong> specialistebis gar<strong>da</strong> arc aravin icis<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kanonmdeblobis arc erTi met-naklebad<br />
mniSvnelovani Zegli. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, qveyana savsea<br />
avtomoyvarulebiT, romlebmac saerTod ar ician sagzao<br />
moZraobis wesebi <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
ganvixiloT ukanaskneli SemTxveva avtomoyvarulebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sagzao moZraobis wesebis Sesaxeb. am, erTi SexedviT, martiv<br />
faqtSi kondensirebulia uzarmazari <strong>da</strong> mravalferovani informacia<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> yofiTi kulturisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo mowyobis<br />
Sesaxeb. am faqti<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, upirveles yovlisa, Cans, rom<br />
kanonisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba normaluri ar aris; gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
Cans, rom qveyanaSi korufciam miaRwia ukontrolo masStabebs,<br />
raki SesaZlebelia sagzao moZraobis wesebis elementarul<br />
doneze arcodnis SemTxvevaSic ki masobrivad gaices marTvis<br />
mowmobebi; gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, Cans, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebs arafrad uRirT<br />
sakuTari usafrTxoeba (amis erT-erTi niSania usafrTxoebis<br />
qamrebisadmi agdebuli „erovnuli~ <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebac,<br />
gaumarTavi manqanebiT moZraobis siyvarulic <strong>da</strong> a. S.); Cans, rom<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs arafrad miaCniaT sxvisi usafrTxoeba; Cans, rom<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi mzad arian ukanono gziT ga<strong>da</strong>ixadon fuli imaSi, rom<br />
sakuTar <strong>da</strong> sxvis sicocxles safrTxe Seuqmnan, anu Tavi<br />
safrTxeSi Caigdon <strong>da</strong> korufciis gamoyenebiT maqsimalurad<br />
moiswrafon sicocxle <strong>da</strong> „SeiZinon sikvdili~.<br />
anu, Tuki Semoqmedebis sferoSi mxatvruli nawarmoebis<br />
teqsti aRzrdisa <strong>da</strong> socializaciis procesSi aqtiurad monawileobs,<br />
samoqalaqo kanonebs socializaciis procesSi<br />
7<br />
aranairi an TiTqmis aranairi mniSvneloba ar eniWeba . Tuki<br />
6<br />
magaliTad, moswavlem un<strong>da</strong> icodes, Tu ratom ver <strong>da</strong>iwerebo<strong>da</strong> „SuSanikis<br />
wameba~ ama Tu im wlamde an ama Tu im wlis Semdeg, anu termini ante non et<br />
post non. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom didi mecnieruli aplombiT axalgazrdebs<br />
Caagoneben, rom es Zegli ver iqneba pirveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> nawarmoebi, radgan igi<br />
maRali xarisxisaa _ am ideebis avtorebs „ilia<strong>da</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> „odisea~ aSkarad<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali xarisxis nawarmoebebi hgoniaT.<br />
7<br />
emzar jgerenaia, Tavisufleba wesrigis winaaRmdeg qarTul<br />
sazogadoebaSi, Tbilisi 2004 (xelnaweri).<br />
165
gaviziarebT maqs veberis mosazrebas, rom „nacionaluri xasiaTis<br />
formirebaSi religia erT-erT ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols asrulebs~<br />
8 , maSin Cveni sazogadoebis dRevandeli yofisTvisac<br />
marTlmadideblobis erTgvar „uformobas~ <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
filosofiaSi mis „ganufenlobas~ arsebiTi mniSvneloba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> hqondes9. Cveni samoqalaqo cxovrebis Tavisebureba, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cveni xelisufleba Tavis<br />
mierve miRebul kanonebs principulad ar asrulebs <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
apirebs Seasrulos; metic, rodesac igi amzadebs, wers <strong>da</strong><br />
bolos procedurebis <strong>da</strong>cviT an amgvarTa <strong>da</strong>ucvelad iRebs<br />
ama Tu im kanons, man ukve kargad icis, rom am kanonebs ar Seasrulebs.<br />
saxezea Cveni sazogadoebis mTavari Tavisebureba,<br />
misi farisevloba, romelic istoriulad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />
sruliad gasagebi Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi meqanizmi.<br />
me <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli var, rom am movlenas mxolod sabWoTa<br />
axsna ar gaaCnia. arc mxolod rusuli imperializmia sakmarisi<br />
argumenti <strong>qarTuli</strong> farisevlobis gasagebad. swored ise,<br />
rogorc winaresabWoTa <strong>da</strong> winarerusul epoqaSi, magaliTad,<br />
Cveni ganaTlebuli mefis, vaxtang meeqvsis epoqaSi, dResac<br />
qveynis biurokratiuli marTva efuZneba ara formalur wesebs,<br />
aramed am wesebis uwesobaSi transformirebas, maTi Sinaarsi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
wesrigis ideis gamodevnas, maT gapoeturebas, gamiTebas,<br />
verbalizacias, „gasityvebas~, „gamowesebas~, „ga<strong>da</strong>azrebas~,<br />
maT miTopoetur ga<strong>da</strong>tanas iseT formatSi, romel-<br />
8<br />
Cemi azriT, es debuleba aris istoriuli, anu TavisTavad swori, magram ara<br />
universaluri. evropeli xalxebis nacionaluri xasiaTis formirebaSi<br />
religiam marTlac Seasrula erT-erTi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli, rodesac es<br />
xasiaTi droulad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>; magram igive debuleba aSkarad usafuZvlo<br />
SiSs unergavs e.w. „<strong>da</strong>gvianebul~ sazogadoebebs, romlebic, rogorc<br />
meaTerTmete Jamis muSakni, mainc ewevian demokratiis sasufevelsa cisasa.<br />
9<br />
iqve. e. jgerenaias es moxseneba Cafiqrebulia rogorc proeqtis nawili,<br />
romlis mizans Seadgens Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> wesrigis Sesaxeb Cvens<br />
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli narativebis <strong>da</strong> diskursuli praqtikebis kvleva.<br />
Tavad is faqti, rom am sakiTxs aseTi seriozuli sociologiuri kvleva<br />
eZRvneba mis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs.<br />
166
Sic formalur wesebs ukve ara aqvT ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vebi wydeba „vieTTame moyvrobiT, vieTTame megobrobiT,<br />
vieTTame moridebiT, vieTTame RvTis uridvelobiT, vieTTame<br />
miRebiTa qrTamiTa~.<br />
axla ufro gasagebi xdeba, poeturi, samwerlobo, Teatraluri,<br />
metaforuli, anu ufro ganzogadebulad rom vTqvaT,<br />
iracionaluri diskursi ratom iyo dRemde erTaderTi SesaZlebeli<br />
diskursi saqarTveloSi.<br />
swored zemoTqmulis gamo mTavari <strong>qarTuli</strong> saazrovno<br />
formati aris literaturuli Tema, romelsac xangrZlivi<br />
mecadineobiT rogorc mTavar nacionalur yalibs unergaven<br />
aRsazrdelebs formalurad <strong>qarTuli</strong> enisa <strong>da</strong> literaturis,<br />
sinamdvileSi ki Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> ideologiis (kanonebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>umorCileblobisa <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri gamorCeulobis)<br />
maswavleblebi. Cven araerTgzis gvinaxavs, Tu rogor asrulebdnen<br />
am <strong>da</strong>usrulebel „Tematur~ variaciebs Cveni <strong>da</strong>rgobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo ministrebi Cvenive aw ukve yofili<br />
prezidentis meTaurobiT e. w. mTavrobis oTxSabaTis sxdomebze.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> yofiTi kulturis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
rom saskolo <strong>da</strong> sauniversiteto ganaTlebis kerebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
aTvisebuli saliteraturo Tema, rogorc azrovnebis<br />
wesi, seriozul rols asrulebs saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> zogier-<br />
Ti kerZo mediis diskursSi, romelSic esTetikuri <strong>da</strong> subieqturi<br />
informacia mniSvnelovnad aRemateba semantikursa<br />
<strong>da</strong> obieqturs10. am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia<br />
diskursebis aRreva; magaliTad, saxelmwifo televizii-<br />
10<br />
igulisxeba esTetikuri <strong>da</strong> semantikuri informaciis <strong>da</strong>yofa, romelic<br />
SemogvTavaza frangma mecnierma a. molma. molis mixedviT, semantikuria is<br />
informacia, romelic informaciis mimRebSi moqmedebas aRZravs, xolo<br />
esTetikuri _ is, romelic mxolod emociebs aRZravs; magaliTad, amindis<br />
prognozi safrangeTSi frangisTvis semantikuri informaciaa (wvimiani<br />
amindis prognozirebisas parizeli sawvimars Caicvams <strong>da</strong> qolgiT<br />
SeiaraRdeba), xolo qarTvelisTvis _ esTetikuri (SeuZlia warmoidginos<br />
kapucinebis bulvari wvimaSi).<br />
167
saTvis Cveulebrivi movlenaa axali ambebisa (niusis diskursi)<br />
<strong>da</strong> maradiuli Temebis (religiuri diskursi) aRreva.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulma Tanamedrove saqarTvelos istoriis<br />
matarebelze erTgvari „<strong>da</strong>gvianeba~ gamoiwvia. Tuki gaviziarebT<br />
o. kontis Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c yvela<br />
sazogadoeba evropuli tipis sazogadoebisken miiswrafvis,<br />
Cvenma sazogadoebam am mimarTulebiT swrafi nabijebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dgas <strong>da</strong> „<strong>da</strong>Cqareba~ <strong>da</strong> „<strong>da</strong>weva~ Cveni qveynis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis<br />
erTaderTi saSualebaa.<br />
ganaTlebuli kaci<br />
mravalgzis aRniSnula, rom saqarTveloSi ganaTleba rCeba<br />
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes erovnul Rirebulebad. „ganaTlebuli<br />
kaci~ Cvens sazogadoebaSi moqalaqisaTvis SesaZlebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saSvebi statusia. garkveuli gagebiT, „ganaTlebuli<br />
kaci~ konkurenciasac ki uwevs erovnul RirebulebaTa<br />
skalaze erT-erT yvelaze maRal statuss, „kacur kacs~ (xSirad<br />
aRniSnavs swored imas, rom a<strong>da</strong>miani megobrobas, naTesaobas,<br />
nacnobobas <strong>da</strong>, ubralod, iracionalur „kacobas~ <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>uwerel „gagebas~ <strong>da</strong>weril kanonebze <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoze<br />
maRla ayenebs).<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoeba a<strong>da</strong>sturebs ganaTlebuli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianisadmi Tavis pativiscemas, igi mza<strong>da</strong>a, ganaTlebaSi<br />
Tavisi finansebic <strong>da</strong>abandos. cnobilia, rom Cvens<br />
sazogadoebas fulis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> saerTod ar uyvars, Tuki moqmedeba<br />
restoranSi ar xdeba, magram ganaTleba is sferoa, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
aseTi ram principulad SesaZlebelia: utyuari faqtia,<br />
rom qarTveli mSoblebi solidur Tanxebs ixdian Svilebis<br />
ganaTlebaSi. es xdeba zogad-saganmanaTleblo skolaSi, <strong>da</strong>qiravebul<br />
repetitorebTan, umaRles saswavleblebSi.<br />
sazogadoebis mdgomareobis safuZvlianad gasaanalizeblad<br />
gansakuTrebiT tevadia is informacia, rom mSoblebis<br />
didi nawili mza<strong>da</strong>a ara mxolod <strong>da</strong>afinansos swavla, anu ga<strong>da</strong>ixados<br />
swavlis qira, aramed fuli ga<strong>da</strong>ixados Svilebis<br />
umaRles saswavlebelSi „mowyobaSic~. metic, umaRles saswavlebelSi<br />
swavlis gagrZeleba saqarTveloSi ara imdenad<br />
abiturientis, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c abiturientis mSoblis Rirsebisa<br />
168
<strong>da</strong> kacobis (sazogadoebrivi reitingis) saqmea. Svilisadmi<br />
siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> mamaSviluri an de<strong>da</strong>Sviluri movaleobis<br />
Sesrulebis motiviT mSobeli <strong>da</strong>naSauls Cadis <strong>da</strong> fuls uxdis<br />
ganaTlebis korumpirebul muSaks im mizniT, rom am ukanasknelma<br />
codnis xarisxi ki ar Seamowmos, aramed fuli <strong>da</strong>iTvalos<br />
<strong>da</strong> „bavSvi~ universitetSi (kolejSi, institutSi,<br />
prestiJul skolaSi, sabavSvo baRSi) Caricxos. Sesabamisad,<br />
paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom mSobeli uxvad afinansebs sakuTari<br />
Svilis gaunaTleblobas <strong>da</strong> farulad ebrZvis erovnul<br />
sibrZnes, romelic RaRadebs, rom „is urCevnia mamulsa,<br />
rom Svili sjobdes mamasa~.<br />
ukanaskneli ormoci wlis manZilze korufciam umaRles<br />
saswavleblebSi arnaxul gaqanebas miaRwia11 . am saganmanaTleblo<br />
diskursSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> sruliad axali terminologia,<br />
romelmac sazogadoebis „arainicirebuli~ wevri SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>abnios kidec: „reqtoris sia~ (profanebisTvis: es<br />
aris abiturientebis sia, romelic garkveuli angarebiTi an<br />
uangaro „kacuri~ motiviT Seadgina umaRlesi saswavleblis<br />
reqtorma; es abiturientebi raRac manqanebiT, magari an rbili<br />
korufciuli meqanizmebis amoqmedebiT aucileblad gaxdebian<br />
studentebi); „paroli~ (profanebisTvis: es aris teqsti12<br />
, an teqnikuri miniSneba 13 , romlis mixedviTac mosyidulma<br />
gamsworebelma mravalTagan14 un<strong>da</strong> amoicnos sasur-<br />
11<br />
sagamocdo korufciis maRali done mxatvrul literatura-Si<br />
samoc<strong>da</strong>aTiani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura no<strong>da</strong>r dumbaZem romanSi „nu<br />
geSinia, de<strong>da</strong>~. kerZod aq popularuli eniTaa axsnili, ras niSnavs didi<br />
fuli (Svi<strong>da</strong>si maneTi) samedicino institutis abiturientisTvis (mag<br />
fuliTo, erTi personaJi uxsnis abiturientis sofli<strong>da</strong>n Camosul babuas,<br />
stadionTan mzesumzira iyideo. ese igio, Svi<strong>da</strong>si maneTi sasacilod cotaao<br />
ganaTlebis sistemis korumpirebuli muSakebisTviso). sainteresoa, rom am<br />
„antisabWoTa~ gamoxtomisTvis mwerals Tavs <strong>da</strong>eca momavali parlamentari<br />
<strong>da</strong> ukve maSin mwerali revaz miSvelaZe <strong>da</strong> Tavis „kritikul~ opusSi no<strong>da</strong>r<br />
dumbaZe SesaniSnavi sabWoTa sinamdvilis borot <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba-Si „amxila~.<br />
12<br />
magaliTad, „ar arsebobs mwerali, romelic...~<br />
13 magaliTad, meore striqonis mesame sityvaSi ga<strong>da</strong>xazuli aso „a~.<br />
14 teqnikur enaze maT ewodebaT „upatrono~ Temebi.<br />
169
veli abiturientis naSromi); „kidev vis ecodineba<br />
komisiaSi?~ (am kiTxvas mSoblis mier mosyidvis procesSi<br />
aucileblad svams komisiis wevri, rom Tanabrad <strong>da</strong><br />
„samarTlianad~ gaanawilos korufciuli Sroma sagnobriv<br />
komisiaSi); „<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>da</strong> istoria ki, magram<br />
samarTalmcodneoba?~ (teqstis mixedviT, es sagani ufro<br />
Zneli Casawyobia, magram mainc ewyoba); „Cemamde moitanon~<br />
(mosyiduli komisiis wevri ver uzrunvelyofs parolis<br />
meSveobiT teqstis amocnobas, magram Tuki am Sromas vinme<br />
sxva wevri gaswevs, is mza<strong>da</strong>a, teqstze „imuSaos~) „igive<br />
pasta~ (abiturientma Tavisi pasta un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>utovos<br />
gamsworebels, romlis arsenalSi am saweri kalmis gar<strong>da</strong><br />
aucileblad Sedis Txeli samarTebeli, e. w. „britva~ <strong>da</strong><br />
teqstTan muSaobis xangrZlivi gamocdileba).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad zemoTqmulisa, bolo xanebSi aSkarad gamoikveTa<br />
principuli cvlilebebic am sferoSi. im socialuri<br />
fenebis warmomadgenlebSi, romelTac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva, maT Soris<br />
aSkarad korufciuli saSualebiT, gauCn<strong>da</strong>T fuli, sul ufro<br />
popularuli xdeba SvilebisTvis namdvili ganaTlebis<br />
micemis idea: bevri aseTi moqalaqis Svili sakmaod maRali xarisxis<br />
ganaTlebas ucxoeTis umaRles saswavleblebSi iRebs<br />
yovelgvari „Cawyobisa~ <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri korufciis gareSe.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, icvleba ganaTlebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
axalgazrdebSic. sabWoTa droSi ganaTlebulad, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, miiCneo<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelsac zogadi ganaTleba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>, anu cot-cota ico<strong>da</strong> yvelaferze, Tumca am „yvelaferSi~<br />
aSkarad Warbob<strong>da</strong> msoflio codnis humanitaruli nawili.<br />
amave dros, bevri, sabWouri gagebiT ganaTlebuli a<strong>da</strong>miani,<br />
rogorc wesi, sakuTar <strong>da</strong>rgSi saSualo Tanrigis profesiul<br />
codnasac ar flob<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad, Tqven SeiZleba<br />
mogmsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>T taqsis mZRoli, romelmac ico<strong>da</strong> vefxistyaosani,<br />
magram kargad ver erkveo<strong>da</strong> qalaqis geografiaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ver agneb<strong>da</strong> TqvenTvis sasurvel quCas. me pira<strong>da</strong>d kargad<br />
vicnobdi filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtors <strong>da</strong> profesors,<br />
romelic brwyinvaled erkveo<strong>da</strong> msoflio sportSi,<br />
magram realuri warmodgena ar hqon<strong>da</strong> im saganze, romelsac<br />
wlebis manZilze aswavli<strong>da</strong>. amJamad amgvari <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
170
gacilebiT ufro pragmatulad ganwyobil axalgazrdebSi<br />
icvleba profesiuli codnis sasargeblod, rasac TavisTavad<br />
axlavs zogadi gaunaTleblobis axali paradoqsebic,<br />
magram mTlianobaSi un<strong>da</strong> vaRiaroT, rom sazogadoeba am<br />
TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebis swor gzaze dgas. aseve umniSvnelo<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom im Rirebulebebs Soris, romelic politikosebs<br />
un<strong>da</strong> axasiaTebdes mravali gamokiTxvis mixedviT<br />
sazogadoebam ganaTlebac <strong>da</strong>asaxela.<br />
ukanasknel xanebSi icvlebo<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis miRebis miznebic<br />
<strong>da</strong> saSualebebic. gansakuTrebiT TvalSi mosaxvedria<br />
rusuli enis rolis <strong>da</strong>knineba <strong>da</strong> inglisuri enis rolis „ganuxreli~<br />
(komunistebis sayvareli termini iyo) zr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ganviTarebis erT etapze, romelic saqarTvelom,<br />
sabednierod, ukve gaiara, inglisurisa <strong>da</strong> kompiuteris<br />
codna (ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, orive SemTxvevaSi igulisxmebo<strong>da</strong><br />
minimaluri codna) ganaTlebulobis erTaderT<br />
kriteriuma<strong>da</strong>c iqca. sabolood Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> azri, rom<br />
inglisuri enac <strong>da</strong> kompiuteruli, qseluri <strong>da</strong><br />
sakomunikacio <strong>da</strong> teqnologiebic mxolod saSualebaa<br />
namdvili ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>saufleblad.<br />
Zalian saintereso cvlilebebi xdeba ganaTlebis sferoSi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis SeWris TvalsazrisiT. rogorc cnobilia,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa deklaraciis 26-e muxlis sami punqti<br />
asea Camoyalibebuli: 1) yovel a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs ganaTlebis<br />
ufleba. ganaTleba ufaso un<strong>da</strong> iyos sul mcire, <strong>da</strong>wyebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
zogad doneze. <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi ganaTleba un<strong>da</strong> iyos savaldebulo.<br />
teqnikuri <strong>da</strong> profesiuli ganaTleba un<strong>da</strong> iyos sayovelTaod<br />
xelmisawvdomi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ki _ erTnairad<br />
xelmisawvdomi yvelasaTvis maTi unaris Sesabamisad. 2)<br />
ganaTleba mimarTuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos a<strong>da</strong>mianis pirovnebis sruli<br />
ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa<br />
pativiscemis gaZlierebisaken. ganaTlebam xeli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Seuwyos yvela xalxis, yvela rasobrivi Tu religiuri<br />
jgufis urTierTgagebas, Semwynareblobasa <strong>da</strong> megobrobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis moRvaweobas mSvidobis<br />
SesanarCuneblad. 3) mSoblebs aqvT TavianTi mcirewlovani<br />
SvilebisaTvis ganaTlebis arCevis prioriteti.<br />
171
Cvenma sazogadoebam rogorc politikosebis, ise sazogado<br />
moRvaweebis aqtiobis Sedegad miaRwia imas, rom ganaTleba<br />
formalurad ufasoa <strong>da</strong>wyebiT <strong>da</strong> zogad doneze15. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, dRevandel saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTleba<br />
erTnairad xelmisawvdomi ar aris yvelasaTvis maTi<br />
unaris Sesabamisad, magram sazogadoebrivi azri Cvens qveyanaSi<br />
swored amgvar stan<strong>da</strong>rts moiTxovs, anu yofiTi kulturis<br />
doneze <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia swored is stan<strong>da</strong>rti, romelic<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT aris<br />
moTxovnili.<br />
ukanasknel xanebSi qarTul yofiT <strong>kultura</strong>Si mkvidrdeba<br />
azri, rom mSoblebma meti monawileoba un<strong>da</strong> miiRon Svilebis<br />
ganaTlebis saqmeSi. yalibdeba mSobelTa <strong>da</strong> maswavlebelTa<br />
asociaciebi, mSoblebi cdiloben meti gavlena moaxdinon<br />
skolis marTvaze <strong>da</strong> a. S. zemoTqmuli ormag mogebas pirdeba<br />
sazogadoebas: upirveles yovlisa, umjobesdeba ganaTlebis<br />
sitema masSi realurad <strong>da</strong>interesebuli mSoblebis fenis<br />
CarTviT <strong>da</strong>, meorec, mSoblebi Tavisi aqtiobiT samoqalaqo<br />
ganaTlebis ufro maRal statuss aRweven.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sufris fenomeni<br />
yofiTi kulturis Tavisebureba kargad vlindeba im fenomenebSi,<br />
romlebic met-naklebi regularobiT vlindeba <strong>da</strong>,<br />
faqtobrivad, aSenebs am <strong>kultura</strong>s. qarTveli a<strong>da</strong>mianis yofaSi<br />
seriozulad mniSvnelovani dro <strong>da</strong> adgili uWiravs<br />
sufras, rogorc erovnuli yofierebis aucilebel Semadgenel<br />
nawils.<br />
ara mgonia, romelime xalxis yofiT <strong>kultura</strong>Si iseTi<br />
mniSvneloba hqondes sufras, rogorc es qarTul yofiT<br />
15<br />
formalurobaSi igulisxmeba is, rom sinamdvileSi Svilebis swavla<br />
saSualo zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi mSoblebis biujets mZime<br />
tvirTad awveba. aq erTdroulad moqmedebs rogorc sa-Sualo ganaTlebis<br />
sistemis realuri finansuri kraxi, ise korufciuli garemo, romelic am<br />
sferoSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mZime kvals am-Cnevs rogorc aRmzrdelebis, ise<br />
aRsazrdelebis zneobas.<br />
172
<strong>kultura</strong>Sia. qarTul sufras, kacma rom Tqvas, TiTqmis araferi<br />
aqvs saerTo sakvebis miRebis procesTan, romelic mTavari<br />
komponentia nebismieri xalxis sufris sistemaSi.<br />
qarTul sufras aqvs pretenzia aRematebodes ara mxolod<br />
Wamas, rogorc m<strong>da</strong>bal fiziologiur process, aseve smas,<br />
Tuki mas saTanado, „mravalsaukunovani~ wesrigi ar axlavs.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> yofiTi kulturis zepirmetyvelebiTi, oraluri<br />
orientacia imaSic vlindeba, rom `sufra~, `magi<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
jdoma~, `drois mokvla~ dResac did siqveled miiCneva.<br />
`sufra~ Cvens SemTxvevaSi garkveuli tipis `mnemoteqnikaa~,<br />
gaxsenebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxsovrebis adgilia. `sufraze~ un<strong>da</strong> gamovlindes<br />
<strong>da</strong>mswreebis sruli `ganswavluloba~ <strong>da</strong> `ganaTlebuloba~.<br />
moaruli fraza, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> sufra aris akademia,<br />
swored amaze mianiSnebs.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sufrisadmi sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
dRes, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ambivalenturia. rogorc calkeulma<br />
mecnierebma <strong>da</strong> sazogado moRvaweebma, aseve samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebma urTierTgamomricxavi<br />
mosazrebebi gamoTqves am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rac,<br />
TavisTavad, am fenomenis maRal sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong> erovnul<br />
mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs. mSvidobis, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
kavkasiuri institutis TaosnobiT Catar<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> arasamTavrobo organizaciebis sakmaod<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi Sekrebac, romelic specialurad<br />
mieZRvna am sakiTxs. Zalian rom gavamartivoT mecnierTa <strong>da</strong><br />
analitikosTa sakmaod rTuli <strong>da</strong> safuZvliani <strong>da</strong>skvnebi,<br />
sul cota, ori Tvalsazrisi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>: 1) <strong>qarTuli</strong> sufra<br />
xels uSlis samoqalaqo Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebas; 2)<br />
qarTulma sufram istoriuli roli Seasrula<br />
saxelmwifoebriobisa <strong>da</strong> liberaluri Rirebulebebis<br />
Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.<br />
bevri mkvlevrisTvis sruliad aSkaraa, rom qarTul sufraze<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> gauqmebuli saxelmwifoebrivi instituciebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikuri cxovrebis uawmyoo nostalgiur-imediani<br />
simulireba. mniSvnelovani mgonia, rom sufra Zalian xSirad<br />
korelirebs drosTan. sufra aris dro, romelic un<strong>da</strong> mokvdes.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sufris dro sinamdvileSi aris „uJamo Jami~,<br />
173
anu dro, romelic ar aris awmyo. swored amitom <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
sufris iseTi substanciuri xasiaTis struqturuli Semadgeneli<br />
elementi, rogoricaa sadRegrZelo, arasodes ar miemarTeba<br />
awmyos, samagierod zRapruli simsubuqiT apelirebs<br />
warsuliT an momavliT.<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas qarTul sufraze iZens<br />
mTlianad <strong>da</strong> mkacrad determinebuli diskursi, romelSic<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenil mosawyen raobas (sadRegrZeloTa mimdevrobaSi,<br />
rogorc wesi, informatiuloba nulovania; magaliTad, kargad<br />
aris cnobili, rom mSvidobis sadRegrZelos mohyveba<br />
mSoblebisa <strong>da</strong> dedmamisSvilebis sadRegrZeloebi, xolo wasulebis<br />
sadRegrZelos swrafad mohyveba metaforuli sicocxlis,<br />
magaliTad, bavSvebis sadRegrZelo <strong>da</strong> a.S.) feradovnebas<br />
aniWebs Tamadis mWevrmetyveluri rogoroba.<br />
Tama<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> sufris umniSvnelovanesi struqturuli<br />
elementia. Tamadoba a<strong>da</strong>mians un<strong>da</strong> „sTxovon~. mkacrad aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenili kontingenti, romelmac es Txovna un<strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielos.<br />
aseve kargad aris cnobili im a<strong>da</strong>mianTa wre, romel-<br />
Ta Soris SeiZleba moiZebnos Tama<strong>da</strong>. seriozul sufrebze,<br />
rogorc wesi, Tamadis arCeva-<strong>da</strong>niSvna winaswar SeTanxmebulia<br />
asarCev-<strong>da</strong>saniSnav pirovnebasTan, romelic saTamado<br />
dRisTvis specialur momzadebas gadis16 . momzadeba gulisxmobs<br />
rogorc fizikur momzadebas organizmisTvis misayenebeli<br />
rTuli fiziologiuri stresis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iolad ga<strong>da</strong>satanad,<br />
ise sainformacio trenings17 (gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobas iZenen sadRegrZelebeli pirovnebebis saxelebi,<br />
biografiis reliefuri detalebi), musikalur <strong>da</strong> deklamatorul<br />
gavarjiSebas, <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, mWevrmetyvelur<br />
momzadebas, romelSic Tamadis arsenalSi ukve arsebul mravalricxovan<br />
lirikul Sedevrebs, istoriul aluziebs, ena-<br />
16<br />
aq aseve igulisxmeba bevri Rvinis <strong>da</strong>levisa <strong>da</strong> ar<strong>da</strong>TrobisaTvis saWiro<br />
fiziologiuri teqnikuri arsenalis amoqmedeba.<br />
17<br />
bunebrivia, bevri Tama<strong>da</strong> muSaobs mnemoteqnikis saocrebis, e. w.<br />
Spargalkis gamoyenebiT, magram Tamadisadmi apriori kritikulad<br />
ganwyobil potenciur Tama<strong>da</strong>Ta sazogadoebaSi es gansakuTrebuli<br />
mowonebiT ar aRiqmeba.<br />
174
moswrebul xumrobebs, TiTqos<strong>da</strong> uneblie wamocdenebs <strong>da</strong><br />
poetur formulebs emateba axali, swored am sufrisTvis<br />
momzadebuli specifikuri metaforistika.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, es uaRresad erovnuli fenomeni Tavis<br />
TavSi aSkarad atarebs „saSinao <strong>da</strong>valebis~ („houmvorkis~)<br />
niSnebs, romelic TiTqos<strong>da</strong> spontanur <strong>da</strong> eqspromtul garemos<br />
gaazrebul <strong>da</strong> racionalizebul Sinaarss aniWebs.<br />
iseve rogorc qcevis normebi, kerZebis raoba <strong>da</strong> rogoroba,<br />
iseve rogorc maTi sufraze gamoCenis drouloba<br />
winaswar umkacresad aris gansazRvruli. materialuri<br />
mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sufras SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>akldes<br />
romelime komponenti (principulad rom vTqvaT, nebismieri<br />
komponenti puris, Rvinisa <strong>da</strong> marilis gar<strong>da</strong>), magram<br />
moiZebnebian kritikosebi, romlebic am garemoebas ara<br />
mxolod simultanurad, aramed mravali wlis Semdegac<br />
aRniSnaven, rogorc struqturulad mniSvnelovans<br />
(magaliTad, ama Tu im disertantis „desertaciaze~ ar iyo<br />
warmodgenili Semwvari goWis xorci, an, rac kidev ufro<br />
dramatuli <strong>da</strong> Tavzar<strong>da</strong>mcemia, xaWapuri).<br />
iseve rogorc Cinur sufraze moxarSuli „carieli~ brinjis<br />
jami aris sufrisa <strong>da</strong> stumrobis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis niSani, qar-<br />
Tuli sufris <strong>da</strong>sasrulis konotireba xdeba tkbileulisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xilis intensiuri SemosvliT. am process, bunebrivia, Tama<strong>da</strong><br />
aregulirebs18. yvelaferTan erTad <strong>qarTuli</strong> sufra aris sanaxaoba, Taviseburi<br />
koncerti, romelsac xSirad axlavs momReralTa mier<br />
xmebis Sewyobis, mocekvaveTa mier idealuri partniorebis<br />
gamovlenis, Tavis gamoCenisa <strong>da</strong> saerTo harmoniis Ziebis<br />
procesi.<br />
imis gamo, rom Rvino <strong>da</strong> simTvrale a<strong>da</strong>mians SiSisgan aTavisuflebs,<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sufra xSirad qceula sajarod gamoTqmuli<br />
gmiruli <strong>da</strong> Tavisufali sityvis asparezad. am TvalsazrisiT<br />
erovnuli cxovrebis es aucilebeli <strong>da</strong>, xSir<br />
18<br />
sufris <strong>da</strong>sasrulis niSnad tortis gamoCenisas SeiZleba moxdes warsulis<br />
gamoCenili Tamadebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri an iribi citireba: „sufram tortmani<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo~.<br />
175
SemTxvevaSi, TiTqmis sakmarisi komponenti istoriulad<br />
di<strong>da</strong>d uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels liberaluri Rirebulebebis<br />
Camoyalibebas. amave dros, kargi Tama<strong>da</strong> aucileblad ar<br />
ikaveb<strong>da</strong> „saTanado~ adgils socialur ierarqiaSi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
ufrosoba, sufris gaZRola <strong>da</strong> Tamadoba xSirad axden<strong>da</strong> misi<br />
socialuri kompleqsebis neitralizacias, anu <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
sufra garkveul rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> faruli Tu Ria<br />
konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis saqmeSi, Tumca, amave dros,<br />
Tavad warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> uamravi konfliqtisa <strong>da</strong> gaugebrobis<br />
saTavesac19. ukanasknel xanebSi SeimCneva <strong>qarTuli</strong> sufris desakralizaciis<br />
tendencia. mxedvelobaSi maqvs ara mxolod TviT<br />
sufris <strong>da</strong>Cixuloba, kulturis `alafurSetizacia~, aramed<br />
sufris miaxloeba saWmlis miRebis fiziologiur<br />
procesTan: nebismier maRalxarisxian restoranSi moiZebneba<br />
gulmokluli oficianti, romelic aRniSnavs, rom<br />
alkoholuri sasmeli saTanado raodenobiT ar ismeba, an<br />
saerTo<strong>da</strong>c ar ismeba. qarTul kulinarul <strong>da</strong> gastronomiul<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>Si adgils imkvidrebs swrafi kvebis<br />
fiziologiurad Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mavne, magram socialurad<br />
demokratiuli institutebi. Zalian sainteresoa, rom<br />
swrafi kvebis („fast fudis~) idea ar <strong>da</strong>rCa makdonaldsis an<br />
romelime misi magvari ucxouri institutis doneze <strong>da</strong> man<br />
SeiZina erovnuli xasiaTi. big makisa <strong>da</strong> analogiuri kerZebis<br />
gverdiT gastronomiul cxovrebaSi adgili <strong>da</strong>imkvidres<br />
xaWapurma <strong>da</strong> sxva erovnulma kerZebma.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sufris desakralizaciaSi Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs<br />
sasmelis Tavisufal arCevans. sruliad SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong><br />
sufrebi, romlebic mxolod aryis, mxolod ludis, an ludisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> aryis kombinaciiT aRiniSneba <strong>da</strong> romelzec Rvino<br />
saerTod ar aris warmodgenili. arsebobs alkoholuri<br />
pluralizmis gamovlinebac, sa<strong>da</strong>c sufraze mravali<br />
saxeobis alkoholuri <strong>da</strong> ualkoholo sasmelia<br />
19<br />
cnobilia, rom bevr Cvens Tanamemamules sufraze gamovlenili es<br />
Tavisufleba Zvirad <strong>da</strong>sjdomia. magaliTisTvis tician tabiZis bedis<br />
gaxsenebac ikmareb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
176
warmodgenili. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, restornebSi meinaxeTa sul<br />
ufro meti nawili iRebs monawileobas momavali trapezis<br />
profilis gansazRvraSi. Cndeba meniusTan urTierTobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kelnerTan gabaasebis axali sasiamovno <strong>kultura</strong>. aSkarad<br />
icvleba <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba kelnerebisa Tu oficiantebis<br />
mimarT. zogierT restoranSi <strong>da</strong> swrafi kvebis punqtSi<br />
izrdeba kerZebis xarisxic <strong>da</strong> klientis momsaxurebis<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>c.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sufrisa <strong>da</strong> mTeli nacionaluri azrovnebis desakralizaciaSi<br />
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seaqvs ama Tu im<br />
TariRiT markirebuli kerZebis desakralizacias. aq<br />
SeiZleba ganvixiloT e.w. saSobao guruli Rvezelis<br />
SemTxveva. rogorc cnobilia, naxevarmTvaris formis es<br />
kerZi, romelic imeruli xaWapuris nairsaxeobas<br />
warmoadgens _ mis SigTavsSi yvelTan erTad figurirebs<br />
moxarSuli kvercxic, adre mxolod saSobaod mzaddebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos tradiciul qarTul ojaxebSi. misi,<br />
Tu SuiZleba ase iTqvas, unikaluri <strong>da</strong> sakulto xasiaTi<br />
gansazRvruli iyo sxva periodSi misi <strong>da</strong>mzadebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mirTmevis akrZalvis <strong>da</strong>uwereli kanoniT. amJamad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
xarisxisa <strong>da</strong> zomis es Rvezeli uamrav saxaWapureSi<br />
SegiZliaT SeiZinoT lari<strong>da</strong>n larnaxevris farglebSi. igive<br />
bedi ewia Semwvar goWs, romelic ukve naWrebad <strong>da</strong>Wrili <strong>da</strong><br />
vakuumian celofanSi gaxveuli SegiZliaT SeiZinoT<br />
nebismier met-naklebad mniSvnelovan supermarketSi.<br />
zemoTqmulis gar<strong>da</strong>, am <strong>da</strong>rgis desakralizacia <strong>da</strong> aSkara<br />
demokratizacia SeimCneva gamarTlebul <strong>da</strong> gaumarTlebel<br />
kulinarul eqsperimentebSi. magaliTad, farTo bazarze arsebobs<br />
aWaruli xaWapuri20 winaswar moxarSuli <strong>da</strong> ara CaxarSuli<br />
kvercxiT, aseve arsebobs aWaruli xaWapuri ara imeruli<br />
yveliT, aramed sulguniT <strong>da</strong> metic, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Sebolili sulguniTac ki. Cveulebrivi movlenaa sufris<br />
saxel<strong>da</strong>xelo gawyoba supermarketi<strong>da</strong>n motanili kerZe-<br />
20<br />
maRalmTiani aWara saerTod ar icnobs e.w. „aWarul~ xaWapurs; iq misi<br />
adgili ra xania uWiravs fenovan xaWapurs „aCma-makarinas~.<br />
177
iT (faqtobrivad, karg supermarketSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sufrisTvis aucilebeli yvela kerZi xaWapuriT,<br />
mWadiTa <strong>da</strong> RomiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, saciviT <strong>da</strong> mxaliT gagrZelebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> swrafi <strong>da</strong>mzadebis gayinuli xinkliTa <strong>da</strong> didi nairferovnebis<br />
tkbileuliT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli).<br />
Zneli ar aris imis <strong>da</strong>naxva, rom yofiT <strong>kultura</strong>Si liberaluri<br />
Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba SeuZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, amgvar<br />
cvlilebebs rom arsebul <strong>kultura</strong>Si marTlac seriozuli<br />
safuZveli ar hqono<strong>da</strong>. msoflio liberalur <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTul erovnul Rirebulebebs Soris met-naklebad<br />
mniSvnelovani konfliqti saqarTveloSi ukanasknel xanebSi<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebula, radgan sinamdvileSi amJamad Cvens<br />
qveyanaSi mimdinareobs ukve arsebuli istoriuli procesis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> ara sruliad axali procesis<br />
inicireba21. SemiZlia moviyvano sakmaod safuZvliani<br />
argumenti isev erovnuli kulinariis sfero<strong>da</strong>n: cnobilia,<br />
ra konservatiulia kulinariuli sfero saqarTveloSi.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mxolod meoce saukuneSi baTumSi<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> e. w. „aWaruli~ Ria xaWapuri, rogorc inovacia<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTo-qar-Tveluri xaWapuris ganviTareba.<br />
Sesabamisad, is struqturuli cvlilebebi, romlebic sinqronul<br />
WrilSi xdeba <strong>qarTuli</strong> sufris sferoSi, miuTiTebs<br />
liberaluri Rirebulebebis gaZlierebasa <strong>da</strong> am RirebulebebTan<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> nacionaluri Rirebulebebis harmonizaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> erovnuli <strong>da</strong> zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa ioli,<br />
ukonfliqto Tavsebadobis procesze.<br />
Tbili demokratia<br />
demokratia imdenad rTuli sistemaa, rom misi zoga<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong><br />
ama Tu im qveynis yofierebisgan mowyvetilad <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia. amave dros, yofiT doneze<br />
21<br />
aq ar vgulisxmobT calkeul TviTinicirebul <strong>da</strong> umniSvnelo<br />
mikrokonfliqtebs, magaliTad, parlamentar guram SaraZis usaxelo<br />
„galaSqrebas~ makdonaldsis Senobis rusTavelis Zeglis maxloblad<br />
aSenebis winaaRmdeg.<br />
178
demokratia ufro xSirad vlindeba, vidre es erTi SexedviT<br />
SeiZleba warmoidginos a<strong>da</strong>mianma. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs <strong>da</strong>savleT-evropuli demokratiuli sistemebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
analizs Tun<strong>da</strong>c yofiTi kulturis doneze.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, politikuri mosazrebebisa <strong>da</strong> saer-<br />
Toevropuli struqturebis masSi ganlagebis gamo xSirad<br />
evropis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqad monaTluli safrangeTis ulamazesi<br />
qalaqi strasburgi safrangeT-germaniis sazRvarze mdebareobs.<br />
regularulad moZravi saqalaqo transportiT, ker-<br />
Zod ki erT-erTi saavtobuso marSrutiT SegiZliaT umtkivneulod,<br />
yovelgvari sabaJo <strong>da</strong> sasazRvro kontrolis gare-<br />
Se ga<strong>da</strong>xvideT mdinare rainze gadebul xidze, romelsac „evropis<br />
xidi~ ewodeba <strong>da</strong> aRmoCndeT patara germanul qalaq<br />
kelSi.<br />
amgvari mogzaurobisas SegiZliaT aRmoaCinoT, rom,<br />
marTalia, evropa erTiania, formaluri sazRvrebi saxelmwifoebs<br />
Soris ar aris, magram demokratiis yofiTi<br />
portreti ukiduresad gansxvavebulia. asiode metri<br />
aSorebs erTmaneTisgan puris or maRazias, romliTac<br />
vsargeblobdi strasburgsa <strong>da</strong> kelSi. puri erTmaneTs<br />
hgav<strong>da</strong>, magram puris yidvis procesi ukiduresad<br />
gansxvavebuli iyo. germanul nawilSi Sevdiodi maRaziaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
vambobdi, Tu SeiZleba, puri momyideT-meTqi. wina<strong>da</strong>deba<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli ar mqon<strong>da</strong>, rodesac saTanadod SefuTuli<br />
puri xelSi meWira <strong>da</strong> maRazii<strong>da</strong>n gamovdiodi. anu germanul<br />
yofiT <strong>kultura</strong>Si puris yidva es aris procesi, rodesac<br />
gin<strong>da</strong> puri <strong>da</strong> yidulob mas. swrafad <strong>da</strong> mowesrigebulad.<br />
problemebis gareSe. amave dros, puris gamyidveli Cqarobs,<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulia <strong>da</strong> odnav nerviulobs. bunebrivia, purs rom<br />
SeiZen, Senc grZnob, rom raRac sasargeblo saqme gaakeTe <strong>da</strong><br />
movaleobis moxdis grZnoba ar gtovebs Tan. puris yidva<br />
xdeba erT-erTi saqme dRes gasakeTebel saqmeTa sistemaSi,<br />
romelsac aqvs sazrisi <strong>da</strong> es sazrisi aris wesrigis saTave.<br />
frangul puris maRaziaSi sul sxvagvari wesebi moqmedebs.<br />
aq principulad SeuZlebelia Sexvide, moiTxovo puri, miiRo<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamoxvide. aq puris yidva iwyeba a<strong>da</strong>mianuri urTierTobebis<br />
CamoyalibebiT, urTierTndobis faqtoris Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />
179
gaZlierebiT <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi savaWro nia<strong>da</strong>gis safuZvliani<br />
gamzadebiT. SedixarT <strong>da</strong> ambobT, „dila mSvidobisa, ma<strong>da</strong>m~.<br />
pasuxad iRebT: „o! dila mSvidobisa, mesie. rogor<br />
brZandebiT?~ sasiamovno dialogi usasrulod grZeldeba <strong>da</strong><br />
grZeldeba <strong>da</strong> puris SeZenac, sxvaTa Soris, am dialogSi aRmoCndeba,<br />
rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris Camoyalibebuli urTierTobis<br />
erT-erTi, magram ara erTaderTi obieqti. roca ukve<br />
puri SeZenilia, SefuTulia TqvenTan Tavazianad SeTanxmebul<br />
SesafuTav qaRaldSi, iwyeba gamomSvidobebis xangrZlivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> aseve sasiamovno rituali, romelsac maRaziaSi<br />
sxva klientis Semosvlac ki ver sZens nervul elfers.<br />
franguli demokratia SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>xasiaTdes, rogorc Tavaziani<br />
demokratia, xolo germanuli, rogorc wesieri demokratia.<br />
didi frangi poeti pol valeri ambob<strong>da</strong>, Tavazianoba<br />
SeniRbuli gulgrilobaao, magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, Tu<br />
ramdenad gulwrfelia igi, franguli (Tun<strong>da</strong>c marTla organizebuli)<br />
Tavazianoba rom <strong>da</strong>debiTad moqmedebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
fsiqologiaze, esec didi xania gamokvleulia <strong>da</strong> obieqturad<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli.<br />
bunebrivia, yvela xvdeba, zemoT aRweril idiliur sura-<br />
TebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ra saSineli suraTi elodeba Tbilisis ma-<br />
RaziebSi a<strong>da</strong>mians. cnobilia, rom yofili sabWoTa vaWrobis<br />
sferoSi xSirad Tavs iyris uaRresad maRali agresiuli muxti;<br />
magram am SemTxvevaSi me yuradRebis miRma <strong>da</strong>vtovebdi<br />
yvelasaTvis kargad cnobil Tavazianobis deficits, romelic,<br />
eqspertebis azriT, nel-nela Seivseba mzardi konkurenciis<br />
gamo <strong>da</strong> yuradRebas mivaqcevdi im garemoebas, rom<br />
myidvelsa <strong>da</strong> gamyidvels Soris, saqarTveloSi, rogorc wesi,<br />
Zalian xSirad aRiZvreba arc Tu seriozuli <strong>da</strong> xan<strong>da</strong>xan<br />
saxumaro dialogi, romelic Sors cdeba vaWrobis „m<strong>da</strong>bal~<br />
sferos <strong>da</strong> qveynis saWirboroto sakiTxebs exmianeba. magali-<br />
Tad, metnaklebad cnobil sajaro pirebs araerTgzis <strong>da</strong>ufiqsirebiaT<br />
puris yidvis procesSi guliTadi SekiTxva _<br />
„gveSveleba rame?~<br />
Zalian sainteresoa, rom <strong>da</strong>bal <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRal<br />
socialur fenebs Soris saqarTveloSi mudmivad<br />
mimdinareobs erTi SexedviT SemTxveviTi, magram Tbili<br />
180
dialogebi. Zneli saTqmelia, asrulebs Tu ara amgvari<br />
kontaqtebi socialuri amortizaciis funqciebs, Tu<br />
warmoadgens „qveyanaze zrunvis~ diskursis simulacias.<br />
amgvari urTierTobebis saukeTeso magaliTad gamodgeba<br />
urTierToba avtomanqanebis mflobelebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
avtosadgomebis momsaxureebs, e. w. „mejoxeebs~ Soris. es<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, Tavs iolad „uyadreben~<br />
erTmaneTs. „maRal~ socialur fenebSi ar iTvleba karg<br />
tonad Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bali socialuri fenebisadmi<br />
aristokratuli gaucxoeba. ubraloeba rCeba erT-erT<br />
yvelaze maRal Rirebulebad qarTul yofiT <strong>kultura</strong>Si.<br />
dialogi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri fenebis warmomadgenlebs<br />
Soris aucileblad amaRlebul politikur <strong>da</strong> zneobriv<br />
sakiTxebs exeba, riTic xazgasmulia Cveni mSenebare<br />
demokratiis Tbili xasiaTi.<br />
ukanasknel xanebSi qarTul yofiT <strong>kultura</strong>Si mniSvnelovani<br />
roli SeiZina swored am siTbom <strong>da</strong> ubraloebam. cnobilia,<br />
rom politikuri <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi moRvaweeebis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebisas<br />
xalxi bolo xanebSi swored am Tvisebebs gansakuTrebul<br />
yuradRebas aqcevs. ama Tu im politikosis reitingsac<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs<br />
swored es, erTi SexedviT, „arapolitikuri~ kriteriumebi.<br />
arsebuli viTarebiT stiqiurad sargeblobs Camoyalibebadi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebadi Sou biznesi, romlisTvisac Cveulebrivi<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> politikosebis warmodgena ara mxolod saojaxo garemoSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>intereseba maTi meuRleebiT <strong>da</strong> Sinauri cxovelebiT,<br />
aramed maTi `amRereba~, `acekveba~, `Ramis SouSi~ gamoyvana<br />
<strong>da</strong> a. S. mZimewoniani sazogado <strong>da</strong> politikuri figurebi<br />
teleekranebze sul ufro xSirad Cndebian `msubuq~ Janreb-<br />
Si, magaliTad, exmarebian sazogadoebas saintereso egzotikuri<br />
an originaluri kerZebis <strong>da</strong>mzadebaSi, monawileoben<br />
popularuli musikosebis klipebSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. mimdinareobs politikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi elitis `moSinaureba~, rac Tanamedrove<br />
saqarTvelos yofiTi kulturis demokratizaciis<br />
utyuari niSania.<br />
181
<strong>qarTuli</strong> paradoqsi<br />
amave dros, paradoqsuli faqtia, rom Cveni sazogadoebis<br />
realuri Zala swored iq mdebareobs, sa<strong>da</strong>c obieqturi <strong>da</strong> miukerZoebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi mxolod sisustes xe<strong>da</strong>ven. saukuneebis<br />
manZilze <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebisa <strong>da</strong> metropoliebis kanonebisadmi<br />
xazgasmulma <strong>da</strong>umorCileblobam, maT<strong>da</strong>mi agdebulma<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebam marTlac Camoayaliba kanonmorCilebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali <strong>kultura</strong>, magram imave garemoebebma gaaZlieres<br />
rogorc Tavisuflebis xarisxi, ise <strong>qarTuli</strong> individualizmis<br />
waruSleli Rirebuleba. am TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoeba aSkarad ar aris evropuli sazogadoeba<br />
(kanonmorCilebis <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi, intensiuri Sromis<br />
kulturis <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi, <strong>da</strong>bali samoqalaqo ganaTleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.), magram es ar aris arc aziuri sazogadoeba (uSiSari<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba xelisuflebisadmi, gamokveTili individualizmi,<br />
sakmaod myari desakralizacia <strong>da</strong> a. S.). Sesabamisad,<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebis lokalizeba sivrceSi (orientirebi<br />
aRmosavleTi/<strong>da</strong>savleTi) SeuZlebelia, igi mxolod droSi<br />
lokalizdeba, rogorc, pesimistebis azriT, <strong>da</strong>gvianebuli<br />
an, optimistebis azriT, kinaRam <strong>da</strong>gvianebuli sazogadoeba22. 22<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jer kidev guSin Tanamedrove, dRes ki ukve<br />
revoluciamdeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebis simbolod gamodgebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
kinos erT-erTi Sedevris, „iyo SaSvi mgalobelis~ mTavari personaJi,<br />
romelic yvelgan TiTqos agvianebs, magram mainc „aswrebs~ (Tumca swored<br />
amgvari moswrebis surviliT cu<strong>da</strong>d amTavrebs <strong>qarTuli</strong> kinosTvis<br />
miTologiur adgilas, wignis maRazia „saunjis~ win, operis pir<strong>da</strong>pir).<br />
182
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