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O / • MEADOWCROFT ROCK SHELTER LITTLE CANYON CREEK CAVE SELBY SMITH I CREEK CAVE • • -uTTOM LAMB SPRING "UTTON CHANNEL ISLANDS CALICO HILLS • 'SHRIVER 'SANDIA CAVE FRIESENHAHN CAVE •! LEWISVILLE TEXAS STREET A (\ LEVI DOCK SHELTER ^ a ICE TLAPACOYA ^ VALSEQUILLO PLEISTOCENE SHORE LINE PACK ICE FIGURE 34.—Locations of New World archeological sites that are discussed in the text. LOS TOLDOS CAVE
NUMBER 30 207 of butchering. Among the unquestionable artifacts are antler wedges, a caribou antler flaking tool, which is nearly identical to specimens from Upper Paleolithic sites of Eurasia (Shovkoplyas, 1965; Mochanov, 1977), a broken antler projectile point, and evidence of a bone-flaking technology including bone cores and utilized bone flakes. A human mandible and possibly domestic dog remains also were found (Irving et al., 1977; Beebe, 1978). Unfortunately, no in situ reliably dated sites have been found, but there is little question that most of the specimens are of Pleistocene age. Based on stratigraphic correlation with glacial sequences and lake basin sediments, Irving and Morlan estimate that some of these localities would have had human occupations by at least 40,000 years ago, if not earlier (Morlan, 1978, 1980). Morlan (1980:22) reports butchered bone from a stratigraphic unit bracketed between 80,000 years old (date on underlying ash) and 50,000 years old (^'^C date on overlying peat). Bluefish Cave I (Cing-Mars, 1979) was occupied several times between 10,000 and 13,000 years ago. While the upper level (containing microblades and burins) is related to the American Paleo-Arctic tradition, the earlier occupation contained chert flakes in association with horses, proboscideans, bison, and other faunal remains, some of which may have been butchered and burned. One important but controversial site in North America is Meadowcroft, in southwestern Pennsylvania (Adovasio et al., 1975, 1977; Adovasio, Gunn, et al., 1980). In a deeply stratified rock shelter, the lowest suggested occupation level contained a number of small flakes and flake tools and a bifacially flaked projectile point reputedly more that 16,000 years old. The charcoal used in dating, however, appears to have been contaminated by "dead" carbon carried in the ground water (Haynes, 1980). Puzzling, too, is the fact that faunal species are all recent forms, although they extend back to the Pleistocene in that area (Adovasio, Gunn, et al., 1980). The Shriver site, in northwestern Missouri, could be significant (Reagan et al., 1978). A fluted point associated with end scrapers was found at 30-40 cm below the ground surface. Attribute analysis suggested that the point is closer to Folsom than Clovis in form, although, in my opinion, it could be related to some of the eastern fluted points, which may be later in age than Folsom. The lowest (Peorian) level contained burins, end scrapers, tortoise and tabular cores, and unifacial flake tools. Reagan et al. (1978) suggest that because of a thermoluminescence determination for the fluted point level of 12,855± 1,500 B.C., this lower layer must be over 15,000 years old. Unfortunately, this dating technique is highly tenuous and needs to be verified by other sources. The Selby and Dutton sites in northwestern Colorado (Stanford, 1979) were found in 1975 during the construction of irrigation ponds in topographic depressions. Both have extremely similar stratigraphy, although the Selby site is located on a Pleistocene playa and the Dutton site is on a ponded stream channel. In both, the sequence from the lowest level to the upper is as follows: (1) Peorian loess (estimated age
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JM*^>T^ Plains Indian Studies A COL
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHRO
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Contents Page EDITORS' INTRODUCTION
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Plains Indian Studies Editors' Intr
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NUMBER 30 12:00 p.m. LUNCH 1:30 p.m
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NUMBER 30 comprised some of the ear
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John C. Ewers and William N. Fenton
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^9 ^^^^H/"^V^^^^H P^^B Lf// to n|[/
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John Canfield Ewers and the Great T
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NUMBER 30 13 heavy doses of materia
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NUMBER 30 15 sages from books and a
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NUMBER 30 sault by the medicine pip
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NUMBER 30 19 cused on archeology. T
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NUMBER 30 21 he has viewed statisti
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NUMBER 30 23 Basin Surveys, establi
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Bibliography of John C. Ewers 1932
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NUMBER 30 27 36. The Indian Trade o
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NUMBER 30 29 1966 82. Chiefs from t
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NUMBER 30 31 125. Chippewa, Cree an
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Bibhography of Waldo R. Wedel 1933
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NUMBER 30 35 43. The Missouri River
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NUMBER 30 37 1959 79. An Introducti
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NUMBER 30 39 116. House Floors and
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NUMBER 30 41 phase of the game of m
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NUMBER 30 43 FIGURE 3.—Waldo and
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NUMBER 30 45 came Jack's extensive
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An Historical Character Mythologize
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NUMBER 30 49 ruined"), since the ac
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NUMBER 30 51 a war party that happe
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NUMBER 30 The Legendary Figure An i
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NUMBER 30 their identity to anyone,
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NUMBER 30 57 as the actors approach
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Political Assimilation on the Black
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NUMBER 30 61 and daring on horse-st
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NUMBER 30 63 the incident led to hi
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NUMBER 30 65 after years of litigat
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NUMBER 30 67 vation and before the
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NUMBER 30 69 to the financially dis
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NUMBER 30 Federal Records Center, D
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"Look at My Hair, It is Gray": Age
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NUMBER 30 75 suited potential selec
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NUMBER 30 77 THE GROS VENTRE BUSINE
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NUMBER 30 79 worked to generate sup
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NUMBER 30 81 Mountain Crows, and th
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NUMBER 30 83 validated and reinforc
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NUMBER 30 85 general. The Sun Dance
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NUMBER 30 87 spect for ritual leade
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NUMBER 30 89 and I don't know what
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NUMBER 30 91 ington, D.C: Catholic
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NUMBER 30 93 volume 12, book 1. Hou
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NUMBER 30 95 ing and travel. Yet ea
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NUMBER 30 97 place." The leadership
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NUMBER 30 99 (Imuks-ay'k-ni), from
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NUMBER 30 101 ical condition were t
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NUMBER 30 103 chiefs of the tribe.
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Laced Coats and Leather Jackets: Th
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NUMBER 30 107 fashion. Far more col
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NUMBER 30 109 On the other side of
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NUMBER 30 111 FIGURE 10.—White ma
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NUMBER 30 113 sashes and beadwork.
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NUMBER 30 115 FIGURE 13.—Oglala S
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NUMBER 30 117 Cabinet of Curiositie
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NUMBER 30 119 the period has often
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NUMBER 30 121 as physically large;
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NUMBER 30 123 New Spain and in many
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NUMBER 30 125 ita) trader (M. Wedel
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NUMBER 30 127 riors and have served
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NUMBER 30 129 hunters and traders d
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NUMBER 30 131 I have seen no record
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NUMBER 30 133 effective enticements
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Shelling Corn in the Prairie-Plains
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NUMBER 30 137 FIGURE 15.—Oneota s
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NUMBER 30 It is possible that still
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NUMBER 30 141 canvas on which they
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NUMBER 30 143 of September when the
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NUMBER 30 gested the use of these i
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NUMBER 30 147 Shell and side A, rig
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NUMBER 30 ences, demonstrated below
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NUMBER 30 151 FIGURE 22.—Vertical
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NUMBER 30 153 fig. 12r). Objects of
Page 161 and 162: NUMBER 30 155 editor. Aspects of Up
Page 163 and 164: Bias in the Zooarcheological Record
Page 165 and 166: NUMBER 30 159 population in cultura
Page 167 and 168: NUMBER 30 between sites. Since so m
Page 169 and 170: NUMBER 30 163 pling scheme used. Th
Page 171 and 172: NUMBER 30 165 MNI MNI FIGURE 25.—
Page 173 and 174: NUMBER 30 167 taken to contribute t
Page 175 and 176: NUMBER 30 169 Among the historic Co
Page 177 and 178: NUMBER 30 171 etery. Keos, 1:129-13
Page 179 and 180: Some Observations on the Central Pl
Page 181 and 182: NUMBER 30 175 similarity in the cho
Page 183 and 184: NUMBER 30 177 N SELECTED ARCHAEOLOG
Page 185 and 186: NUMBER 30 179 FIGURE 30.—Forest c
Page 187 and 188: NUMBER 30 181 a long line along the
Page 189 and 190: NUMBER 30 183 sloping ridge spurs.
Page 191 and 192: NUMBER 30 hunting and fishing camps
Page 193 and 194: NUMBER 30 187 should reduce the num
Page 195 and 196: NUMBER 30 189 has drawn upon models
Page 197 and 198: NUMBER 30 191 Dean, Seth 1883. Anti
Page 199 and 200: Paleo-Indian Winter Subsistence Str
Page 201 and 202: NUMBER 30 195 and late Archaic peri
Page 203 and 204: NUMBER 30 197 nent is located in th
Page 205 and 206: NUMBER 30 199 1977-78 caused the ar
Page 207 and 208: NUMBER 30 201 meat caches, would un
Page 209 and 210: NUMBER 30 203 published advocating
Page 211: NUMBER 30 205 Radiometric determina
Page 215 and 216: NUMBER 30 209 as hearths, along wit
Page 217 and 218: NUMBER 30 211 found. At Locality II
Page 219 and 220: NUMBER 30 213 and unifacial flake t
Page 221 and 222: NUMBER 30 extended across Beringia
Page 223 and 224: NUMBER 30 217 Irving, William N. 19
Page 227: REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES
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