Catalog of solar heliostats - fik - fika.org!

T E C H N I C A L R E P O R T
No. III - 1/00
Catalog of Solar Heliostats
June, 2000
IEA-Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems
Task III: Solar Technology and Applications

SolarPACES, Operating Agent TASK III
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.
Solare Energietechnik (DLR, EN-SE)
D-51170 Köln
Telephone: (0)2203-601-2479
Telefax: (0)2203-66 900
E-mail: solare-energietechnik@dlr.de

Catalog of Solar Heliostats
Editor : Thomas R. Mancini
Sandia National Labotatories
Solar Thermal Technology
Albuquerque, N.M 87185, USA

i
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ii
FOREWORD
This document was prepared as part of the International Energy Agency’s Solar Power
and Chemical Energy Systems (IEA SolarPACES) Task III: Solar Technology
Applications. The principal participants in assembling this material were: Peter Heller,
Scott Jones, Manuel Romero, and Tom Mancini.
There were only two requirements for having a heliostat included in the catalog:
1) it must be available for purchase today; and
2) the detailed information must be provided by the manufacturer of the heliostat.
The information presented in this catalog was prepared by the manufacturers of the
heliostats and has not been edited or changed in any way. Many of these heliostats
have been tested at Solar PACES’ member test facilities and test reports on their
performance may be available on request.
This document is for informational purposes only. The presence of a heliostat design in
this catalog is not to be construed as an endorsement of the design or a validation of
the reported performance by SolarPACES or any of the member countries.
Editor
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December 23, 1999

iii
Table of Contents
Section of the Report Page No.
Foreword --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
Table of Contents --------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
List of Figures --------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv
Instructions for Completing the Form ------------------------------------------- v
What are heliostats? ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
What are the component parts of a heliostat? ------------------------------- 2
What is the cost of a heliostat? --------------------------------------------------- 3
Guidance to readers of this catalog.--------------------------------------------- 3
Colon 70 Heliostat --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
SAIC Multi-Facet Stretched Membrane Heliostat -------------------------- 6
PSI 120 Heliostat ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Sanlucar 90 Heliostat ---------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Hellas 01 Heliostat -------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
ATS H100 Heliostat ------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
ATS H150 Heliostat ------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
ATM 150 Heliostat ---------------------------------------------------------------- 17
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iv
List of Figures
Fig. 1 Solar Power Tower --------------------------------------------------- 1
Fig. 2 Parts of a heliostat --------------------------------------------------- 2
Fig. 3 Front View of the Colon 70 Heliostat --------------------------- 5
Fig. 4 Back View of the Colon 70 Heliostat --------------------------- 5
Fig. 5 SAIC Faceted Stretched-Membrane Heliostat -------------- 7
Fig. 6 Front View of the PSI 120 Heliostat ---------------------------- 9
Fig. 7 Back View of the PSI 120 Heliostat ---------------------------- 9
Fig. 8 Finite Element Model of the Sanlucar Heliostat ------------ 11
Fig. 9 Front View of the Hellas 01 Heliostat -------------------------- 13
Fig. 10 Back View of the Hellas 01 Heliostat -------------------------- 13
Fig. 11 The ATS H150 Heliostat ------------------------------------------- 16
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v
The following instructions were prepared by the Task III Working Group and distributed
to the heliostat manufacturers.
Instructions for completing the form
Line 1. Provide the name and model number of the heliostat. If you have more than one model, please
complete a separate form for each model.
Lines 2 -- 7. List the heliostat manufacturer and contact information for the responsible person. Please provide
name, address, telephone and FAX numbers, email addresses and any other information that you
feel is appropriate.
Line 8. This section is for the physical data describing the heliostat.
Line 9. How many heliostats of this model have been built? How many are operating in the field today?
Line 10. What is the date of this design?
Line 11. What is the area of the heliostat? What are its critical dimensions – i.e., length, width, height, etc.
Line 12. How many facets are on the heliostat and what are their sizes?
Line 13. Please describe the construction of the facets. How are they made? What are the materials
Line 14. What is the size of glass lights used on the heliostat? What is its thickness and who is the glass
manufacturer? If glass is not the reflective surface, please describe the reflective surface.
Line 15. What is the measured reflectivity of the glass (or other reflective surface)? What instrument was
used to measure the reflectivity?
Lines 16 - 17. Please describe the azimuth and elevation drives. What kind of drives are they? i.e., worm, etc.
Who makes the gear drives?
Line 18. What are the respective gear reduction ratios on the azimuth drive? On the elevation drive?
Line 19. Please describe your heliostat controller and control system. What hardware is used in these
systems? What functional control does the software provide? What information is passed back and
forth between the master controller and the local controller? Who owns the software?
Line 20. What type of support is provided for your heliostat and drives? Please describe the type of support
and its dimensions.
Line 21. What is the total weight of the heliostat excluding the foundation?
Line 22. Other Information – please provide any additional information that you feel is necessary to describe
your heliostat.
Line 23. In this section, we are asking you to document any test results for the heliostat. If test reports are
available, please provide a complete reference in this section.
Line 24. Where were tests performed and by whom?
Lines 25 - 29. Please provide detailed descriptions of the tests and the test results.
Line 30. What is the total heliostat error as characterized by the 1 σ value of the slope error distribution?
Line 31. This section addresses the cost of the heliostat. This does not include shipping cost but should
include consideration for installation.
Line 32. What fraction of the total heliostat cost can be attributed to the facets? To the facet supports? To
the elevation drive? To the azimuth drive? To the pedestal? To the controller? To installation?
Line 33 - 38. This question addresses the cost of the heliostat based on the annual production. Please use
production levels for which you have mad detailed calculations.
39. Please provide an electronic photograph of your heliostat, if possible in color.
40. Can you identify and briefly describe the top 3 design or technical issues that need addressed in
order to reduce the cost of your heliostat below the values shown above? We all recognize that a
large order will result in reduced costs, but please focus your answers to this question on processes,
materials, or component costs.
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vi
‘
WHAT ARE HELIOSTATS?
Heliostats
Heliostats provide the fuel for a power tower (sometimes referred to as a central
receiver) power plant. Heliostats are named helio for sun and stat for the fact that the
reflected solar image is maintained at a fixed position over the course of the day. They
are nearly flat mirrors (some curvature is required to focus the sun’s image) that collect
and concentrate the solar energy on a tower-mounted receiver located 100 to 1000
meters distant. Figure 1 is a photograph of the power tower at Solar Two in Barstow,
CA.
Figure 1. The Solar Power Tower at Barstow, CA
To maintain the sun’s image on the solar receiver, heliostats must at all times track a
point in the sky that is midway between the sun and the receiver. The solar energy is
collected at the receiver and delivered to a storage system or used directly to generate
steam and power a conventional turbine generator. In Figure 1, the receiver is the
small cylinder at the top of the tower. On top of the receiver is a crane used for its
installation and maintenance. The bright white areas immediately above and below the
receiver are the insulated headers, and the large trapezoidal areas below the receiver
are targets that are used to align the glass facets of the heliostats. The light areas in
the sky on either side of the receiver are the stand-by positions where heliostats are
focused before tracking onto the receiver. The structures on the ground around the
tower are the heliostats.
Studies have shown that a 100 MW power tower would require nearly one million
square meters of glass heliostats, corresponding to approximately 10,000, 100-m 2
heliostats. The heliostats represent 40% to 50% of the cost of a power tower, so they
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2
must be relatively low cost in order for cost of power from the plant to compete with that
of fossil fuels.
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENT PARTS OF A HELIOSTAT?
The major components of a heliostat are shown in Figure 2 and described briefly below.
These components are the mirror assemblies (typically glass and metal), the support
structure, the pedestal and foundation, the tracking control system, and the drives.
The mirror surfaces of state-of-the-art
heliostats are made with thin silvered
glass, which may or may not have a low
iron content for enhanced reflection.
Aluminum and silver polymer films have
been under development for solar
applications for some time, but these
materials have not yet demonstrated the
ability to survive the 20 to 25 years
required for power plant applications. In
order to provide the proper contour for the
optical surface and for attachment to the
support structure, the glass may be
bonded or otherwise attached to a metal,
honeycomb or slumped-glass substrate
that has been “shaped” to the proper
curvature.
The optical element support structure
positions the mirrors accurately and
carries the weight of the structure and
wind loads through the drives to ground.
For a heliostat, it is important that the mirror facets be located relative to one another so
that each of their images is focused on the receiver at the top of the tower. The major
issues that the heliostat designer must confront are the two requirements, e.g.
maintaining mirror alignment and providing structural strength to carry wind loads
through the structure to ground.
By far the most common type of ground support for solar concentrators is the pouredin-place
tubular pedestal. This is not the only type of tracking structure that has been
used for heliostats, however. Alidade-type structures with pintel bearings and polar
tracking structures have also been used (refer to the ASM 150 m 2 heliostat design.
Tracking controls are the electronics and control algorithms that are used to provide the
signals to the drive motors for maintaining the position of the concentrator relative to the
sun. Heliostats must always track a point in the sky that is located midway between the
receiver and the sun in order to reflect their images onto the receiver.
The concentrator drive causes the heliostat to track across the sky in two axes, azimuth
and elevation, to maintain the sun’s image at a predetermined location on the tower.
The drive not only provide the tracking but it also must carry the weight of the
concentrator and any wind loads to ground through the pedestal and foundation.
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Back
Support
Structure
Torque
Tube
Drive
Pedestal

3
What is the cost of a heliostat?
Power towers must have low capital and operations and maintenance costs in order to
compete with the relatively low cost electrical power produced from the combustion of
fossil fuels. The heliostats currently represent 40 – 50% of the capital cost of a
central receiver power plant.. The relative fraction of the total cost of a heliostat of its
major components is shown in Table 1. below.
Table 1. Concentrator Costs
In mass production, the cost of a 100 m 2 heliostat or dish is projected to be from
$12,000 to $15,000.
Guidance to readers of this catalog.
Component % of Cost
Az and El Drives 30 - 35 %
Mirror Assemblies 25 - 30%
Structural Support 15 - 20%
Assembly and Install 10 - 15%
Pedestal and Foundation 10 - 15%
Controls 5 - 10%
The heliostat designs presented in this document are at various stages of development.
Most of them are prototypes and, as such, have been tested but have not been
deployed and operated for long periods of time. Also, designs and costs change
quickly, so if you are interested in the most up to date information, we strongly
recommend that you contact the manufacturers.
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4
Colon 70 Heliostat
1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat Colon 70
2. Manufacturer Inabensa, Instalaciones Abengoa, S.A.
3. Contact Rafael Osuna Gonzalez-Aguilar
4. Address C/ Manuel Velasco Pando 7
5. 41007 Sevilla
6. SPAIN
7. Telephone 34 954 93 60 00 FAX 34 954 93 60 15 Email rosuna@inabensa.abengoa.com
8. Physical Data
9. Number heliostats built 1
10. Date of current design 1997
11. Area (h, w) in meters H7.82m x W9.04m
12. Facet (size, number) Facets = H1.1m x W3m = 3.3 m2 Nº Facets = H7 x W3 =21
Reflective Surface = 21 x 3.3 m2= 69.3 m2
13. Facet Construction Mirror fixed to steel frame with steel nails on a facets jig table
14. Glass (size of lights) H1.1m x W3m x 4mm Pilkington / Cristaleria Española
15. Reflectivity 0.93 / 0.92 measured with a bidirectional reflectometer
16. Azimuth drive Winsmith, worm-gear
17. Elevation drive Winsmith, worm-gear
18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) Az 1:18000 & El 1:18000
19. Controller Type CIEMAT hardware/software & master/local controllers
20. Pedestal Type Steel tube 0.5 m ∅
21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 4000 kg without foundations
22. Other Information
23. Performance
24. Where were tests done? Wind Tunnel. Test Facility Installation at Plataforma Solar de Almeria
25. Types of tests? Mechanical & Optical
26. Descriptions Simulations in Wind Tunnel. Real performance at Test Facility during two years
27. Wind perform Ok
28. Elev/Az perform Ok
29. Other test results Ok
30. Heliost slope error (mr) 2.8 mrad (beam) 1.4 mrad (normal)
31. Heliostat costs
32. Cost by component
(facets, facets suppts.,
elev. Drive, azimuth
drive, pedestal, control,
etc.) in %
33. Heliostat costs (build)
34. i.e 1/yr 380 $/m2
35. 100/yr 220 $/m2
36. 1000/yr 130 $/m2
37. /yr
38. /yr
Mirror 5%
Frame 10%
Structure 25%
Drives 50%
Pedestal 5%
Control system 5%
39. Photograph of heliostat Please provide an electronic photograph of your heliostat.
40. Critical Cost Issues
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Figure 3. Front View of the Colon 70 Heliostat on test at the PSA in Almeria, Spain
Figure 4. Back structure of the Colon 70 heliostat with image shown on tower.
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6
SAIC Multi-Facet Stretched Membrane Heliostat
1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat Multi-Facet Stretched Membrane Heliostat
2. Manufacturer SAIC Energy Products Division
3. Contact Barry Butler
4. Address SAIC
5. 9455 Towne Centre Dr.
6. San Diego, CA 92121
7. Telephone (858)826-6004 FAX (858)826-6335 Email Barry.L.Butler@cpmx.saic.com
8. Physical Data
9. Number heliostats built 4
10. Date of current design September 1998
11. Area (h, w) in meters 19.3m wide x 13.0m high; Reflective area: 170.72 sq.m
12. Facet (size, number) 22 round mirror facets, each 3.2 m in diameter
13. Facet Construction Stretched membrane: stainless steel rings with welded s.s. membranes;
mirrors adhesively applied to membranes
14. Glass (size of lights) Standard is 3/32” float glass, back-silvered; largest tile ~1.2mx1.5m;
Optionally, (about $4000 additional cost) 1 mm low-iron glass with 95.3%
reflectance
15. Reflectivity 89.6% new
16. Azimuth drive Flenders (worm drive with spur gear reduction)
17. Elevation drive Flenders (worm drive with spur gear reduction)
18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) 18615:1 in drive, 5.5:1 input motor speed reducer; overall: 102382.5:1
19. Controller Type Microprocessor controller, RS-485 network, on/off AC motor control
20. Pedestal Type Flanged 30” diameter steel pipe attached at foundation with bolts; heliostat
structure consists of a horizontal torque tube with vertical trusses to which
facets are attached at 3 points each.
21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 10,000 kg (22,000 lb)
22. Other Information Mirrors may be focused for short focal-length applications; Structure
can be partially populated with facets to create a smaller system
(e.g., 14 facets or 18 facets, instead of 22).
23. Performance
24. Where were tests done? NREL and Sandia National Labs
25. Types of tests? Tracking, Optics, Wind Effects, Reliability
26. Descriptions Beam Characterization System tests over multiple days; Evaluation of
tracking errors vs. time; Evaluation of tracking errors due to wind
27. Wind perform Operate up to 15 mph; survive 90 mph in stow, 50 mph gust while tracking
28. Elev/Az perform 0.03-0.04 degree std. Deviation from desired tracking point over time
29. Other test results Achieved over 2100 hours of automated operation on two systems with
overall availability >90%; Demonstrated operation of two networked
systems with ~1000 m communication distance to central computer; test
results in NREL/SR-550-25837 and
30. Heliost slope error (mr) 1.5
31. Heliostat costs
32. Cost by component
(facets, facets suppts.,
elev. Drive, azimuth
drive, pedestal, control,
etc.) in %
33. Heliostat costs (build)
One unit: Facets 41%, Supports 40%, Drive System 11%, Pedestal 5.7%,
Controls 2.3%
2000 Units/year: Facets 26%, Supports 46%, Drive System 20%,
Pedestal 6.6%, Controls 1.4%
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34. i.e 1/yr $137,000 total -- $100,000 Materials + $27,000 Installation + $10,000
engineering (1998 US$)
35. 100/yr
36. 2000/yr $28,500 total -- $21,500 Materials + $4,950 Installation + $915
OH/indirect/capital cost amortization (1998 US$)
37. /yr
38. /yr
39. Photograph of heliostat
40. Critical Cost Issues Drive systems are expensive and not easily available
Figure 5. SAIC Heliostat on test at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, CO, USA.
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1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat PSI 120
PSI 120 Heliostat
2. Manufacturer Inabensa, Instalaciones Abengoa, S.A.
3. Contact Rafael Osuna Gonzalez-Aguilar
4. Address C/ Manuel Velasco Pando 7
5. 41007 Sevilla
6. SPAIN
7. Telephone +34 954 93 60 00 FAX +34 954 93 60 15 Email rosuna@inabensa.abengoa.com
8. Physical Data
9. Number heliostats built 1
10. Date of current design 1996
11. Area (h, w) in meters H10.06m x W12.08m
12. Facet (size, number) Facets = H1.1m x W3m = 3.3 m2 Nº Facets = (H9 x W4) +1 =37
Reflective Surface = 37 x 3.3 m2= 122.1 m2
13. Facet Construction Mirror fixed to steel frame with steel nails on a facets jig table
14. Glass (size of lights) H1.1m x W3m x 4mm Pilkington / Cristalería Española
15. Reflectivity 0.93 / 0.92 measured with a reflectometer
16. Azimuth drive Pujol Muntalá, worm-gear
17. Elevation drive Pujol Muntalá, worm-gear
18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) Az 1:36000 & El 1:36000
19. Controller Type Paul Scherrer Institut hardware/software & master/local controllers
20. Pedestal Type Steel tube 0.6 m ∅
21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 6500 kg without foundation
22. Other Information
23. Performance
24. Where were tests done? Wind Tunnel & Test Facility installation
25. Types of tests? Mechanical & Optical
26. Descriptions Simulations in Wind Tunnel. Real performance at PSITest Facility during two years
27. Wind perform Ok
28. Elev/Az perform Ok
29. Other test results Ok
30. Heliost slope error (mr) 3.0 mrad beam (flat facets)
31. Heliostat costs
32. Cost by component
(facets, facets suppts.,
elev. Drive, azimuth
drive, pedestal, control,
etc.) in %
33. Heliostat costs (build)
34. i.e 1/yr 475 $/m2
35. 100/yr 230 $/m2
36. 1000/yr 150 $/m2
37. /yr
38. /yr
Mirror 5%
Frame 10%
Structure 25%
Drives 50%
Pedestal 5%
Control system 5%
39. Photograph of heliostat Please provide an electronic photograph of your heliostat.
40. Critical Cost Issues
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Figure 6. Front view of the PSI 120 heliostat.
Figure 7. Back view of the PSI 120 heliostat.
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10
Sanlucar 90 Heliostat
1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat Sanlucar 90
2. Manufacturer Inabensa, Instalaciones Abengoa, S.A.
3. Contact Rafael Osuna Gonzalez-Aguilar
4. Address C/ Manuel Velasco Pando 7
5. 41007 Sevilla
6. SPAIN
7. Telephone +34 954 93 60 00 FAX +34 954 93 60 15 Email rosuna@inabensa.abengoa.com
8. Physical Data
9. Number heliostats built Prototype in Construction (Expected by October 1999)
10. Date of current design 1999
11. Area (h, w) in meters H9.57m x W9.67m
12. Facet (size, number) Facets = H1.35m x W3.21m = 4.33 m2 Nº Facets = H7 x W3 =21
Reflective Surface = 21 x 4.33 m2= 91.0 m2
13. Facet Construction Mirror fixed to steel frame with steel nails on a facets jig table
14. Glass (size of lights) H1.35m x W3.21m x 3mm Cristaleria Española
15. Reflectivity 0.92 measured with a reflectometer
16. Azimuth drive Winsmith, worm-gear / hydraulic
17. Elevation drive Winsmith, worm-gear / hydraulic
18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) Az 1:18000 & El 1:18000
19. Controller Type CIEMAT hardware/software & master/local controllers
20. Pedestal Type Concrete 0.5 m ∅
21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 3500 kg without foundations
22. Other Information
23. Performance
24. Where were tests done? Planned in Wind Tunnel & in Test Facility Installation
25. Types of tests? Mechanical & Optical
26. Descriptions Simulations in Wind Tunnel. Real performance at Test Facility
27. Wind perform
28. Elev/Az perform
29. Other test results
30. Heliost slope error (mr) Expected lower than 2.8 mrad
31. Heliostat costs
32. Cost by component
(facets, facets suppts.,
elev. Drive, azimuth
drive, pedestal, control,
etc.) in %
33. Heliostat costs (build)
34. i.e 1/yr 360 $/m2
35. 100/yr 210 $/m2
36. 1000/yr 130 $/m2
37. /yr
38. /yr
Mirror 5%
Frame 10%
Structure 25%
Drives 50%
Pedestal 5%
Control system 5%
39. Photograph of heliostat Please provide an electronic photograph of your heliostat.
40. Critical Cost Issues
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Figure 8. Support structure for the Sanlucar heliostat.
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HELLAS 01 Heliostat
1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat HELLAS ø1
2. Manufacturer GHER S. A
3. Contact MR. PEDRO GRIMALDI
4. Address AV. DEL PUERTO 1-6-E
5. 1006 CADIZ
6. SPAIN
7. Telephone +34-956-289311 FAX +34-956-282202 Email
8. Physical Data
9. Number heliostats built TWO
10. Date of current design 1999
11. Area (h, w) in meters 3,2 X 6 m (19,2 m²)
12. Facet (size, number) 3,2 X 2 (9,4 m²) ; 3
13. Facet Construction GLAS MIRROR OVER FRAME
14. Glass (size of lights) 3,2 X 2 m
15. Reflectivity 94 %
16. Azimuth drive LINEAR ACTUATOR
17. Elevation drive LINEAR ACTUATOR
18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) N/A / N/A
19. Controller Type MICROPROCESSOR, SELF-SUFFICIENT
20. Pedestal Type CONCRETE PILLAR, INTEGRATED WITH FOUNDATION.
21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 790 Kg.
22. Other Information
23. Performance
24. Where were tests done? PLATAFORMA SOLAR ALMERIA
25. Types of tests? OPTICAL, MECHANICAL, ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
26. Descriptions BEAM QUALITY AND TRACKING CHARACTERISATION.
27. Wind perform O.K
28. Elev/Az perform O.K
29. Other test results
30. Heliost slope error (mr) 1.2 (normal)
31. Heliostat costs
32. Cost by component
(facets, facets suppts.,
elev. Drive, azimuth
drive, pedestal, control,
etc.) in %
33. Heliostat costs (build) We are presently working on the reduction & determination of final costs.
34. i.e 1/yr
35. 100/yr
36. /yr
37. /yr
38. /yr
39. Photograph of heliostat Please provide an electronic photograph of your heliostat.
40. Critical Cost Issues STRUCTURE.
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Figure 9. Front view of the HELLAS 01 heliostat.
Figure 10. Back view of the Hellas 01 heliostat.
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14
1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat H100
ATS H100
2. Manufacturer Advanced Thermal Systems, Inc.
3. Contact David Gorman
4. Address 5031 W. Red Rock Drive
5. Larkspur, CO 80118
6.
7. Telephone (303) 681-9480 FAX (303) 681-2668 Email DNGORMAN@COMPUSERVE.COM
8. Physical Data
9. Number heliostats built 2 Heliostats 756 Mirror Enhanced PV Trackers
10. Date of current design 1983
11. Area (h, w) in meters 95
12. Facet (size, number) 4ft x 16ft, 16
13. Facet Construction Silvered glass second surface mirrors bonded to formed sheet metal back
14. Glass (size of lights) 4ft x 4ft
15. Reflectivity 0.94
16. Azimuth drive Two-stage worm Optional: Eccentric planetary
17. Elevation drive Two-stage worm Optional: Combination worm/ballscrew
18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) 18,400/18,400 Optional: 16,560/
19. Controller Type Open-loop, by central computer with individual microprocessor packages
20. Pedestal Type 24 inch diameter flanged pipe
21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 3500
22. Other Information
23. Performance
24. Where were tests done? Taft, CA USA by Arco Solar Inc.
25. Types of tests? Structural loading (by Arco)
26. Descriptions Structural: Using hydraulic cylinders to obtain az, el and cross-el loadings
27. Wind perform Tracking capability up to 27 mph, survivable up to 90 mph
28. Elev/Az perform Should be similar to H150
29. Other test results
30. Heliost slope error (mr) Should be similar to H150
31. Heliostat costs
32. Cost by component
(facets, facets suppts.,
elev. Drive, azimuth
drive, pedestal, control,
etc.) in %
33. Heliostat costs (build)
Mirror modules: 25%
Gear-drive assy: 30%
Support Structure: 15%
Controls: 5%
Other: 5%
G&A & profit: 20%
34. 1,000/yr $18,300 each
35. /yr
36. /yr
37. /yr
38. /yr
39. Photograph of heliostat Please provide an electronic photograph of your heliostat.
40. Critical Cost Issues Gear drive assembly, glass
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15
1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat H150
ATS H150
2. Manufacturer Advanced Thermal Systems, Inc.
3. Contact David Gorman
4. Address 5031 W. Red Rock Drive
5. Larkspur, CO 80118
6.
7. Telephone (303) 681-9480 FAX (303) 681-2668 Email DNGORMAN@COMPUSERVE.COM
8. Physical Data
9. Number heliostats built 2 Heliostats 44 PV Trackers (No mirrors)
10. Date of current design 1984
11. Area (h, w) in meters 148
12. Facet (size, number) 4ft x 20ft, 20
13. Facet Construction Silvered glass second surface mirrors bonded to formed sheet metal back
14. Glass (size of lights) 4ft x 4ft
15. Reflectivity 0.94
16. Azimuth drive Two-stage worm Optional: Eccentric planetary
17. Elevation drive Two-stage worm Optional: Combination worm/ballscrew
18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) 18,400/18,400 Optional: 16,560/
19. Controller Type Open-loop, by central computer with individual microprocessor packages
20. Pedestal Type 24 inch diameter flanged pipe
21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg 5000
22. Other Information
23. Performance
24. Where were tests done? Taft, CA USA by Arco Solar Inc., and Albuqureque, NM USA by
Sandia Labs
25. Types of tests? Structural loading (by Arco), Tracking & beam quality (by Sandia)
26. Descriptions Structural: Using hydraulic cylinders to obtain az, el and cross-el loadings
Tracking Performance: Using video BCS to obtain tracking error
data
Beam Quality: Using BCS to obtain beam flux distribution data
27. Wind perform Tracking capability up to 27 mph, survivable up to 90 mph
28. Elev/Az perform See Sandia Report SAND92-1381
29. Other test results See Sandia Report SAND92-1381
30. Heliost slope error (mr) See Sandia Report SAND92-1381
31. Heliostat costs
32. Cost by component
(facets, facets suppts.,
elev. Drive, azimuth
drive, pedestal, control,
etc.) in %
33. Heliostat costs (build)
34. i.e 1/yr
35. /yr
36. 1,000 /yr $22,900 each
37. /yr
38. /yr
Mirror modules: 25%
Gear-drive assy: 30%
Support structure: 15%
Controls: 5%
Other: 5%
G&A & profit.: 20%
39. Photograph of heliostat Please provide an electronic photograph of your heliostat.
40. Critical Cost Issues Gear drive assembly, glass
-- 15 --

16
Figure 11. Advanced Thermal Systems H150 heliostat on test at Sandia’s NSTTF.
A photograph of the H100 was not available but it identical in construction to the H150, except smaller.
-- 16 --

17
AMS H150
1. Name/Model Number of the Heliostat ASM-150
2. Manufacturer Babcock Borsig Power Environment
3. Contact Mr. Manfred Schmitz-Goeb
4. Address D 51641 Gummersbach
5.
6. Germany
7. Telephone +49.(0)2261.85.2067 FAX 49.(0)2261.85.2067 Email maschmit@steinmueller.
de
8. Physical Data
9. Number heliostats built 1 built, 1 operated
10. Date of current design 1995
11. Area (h, w) in meters Circular heliostat ( r≅7m, A=150m² )
12. Facet (size, number) Single element
13. Facet Construction Metal stretched membrane
14. Glass (size of lights) Thin glass mirror 0.9mm
15. Reflectivity 0.94
16. Azimuth drive Electric driven turn table with absolute position encoder
17. Elevation drive Electric driven spoke wheel with absolute position encoder
18. Drive ratios (AZ/EL) (AZ) 270° / (EL) 180°
19. Controller Type Pulse-width modulated 4-quadrant servo controller using measured sun
vector as input; resolution of 40000 increments/360° per axis
20. Pedestal Type Platform or concrete ring and central core
21. Weight (w/o fndat) kg

18
39. Photograph of heliostat
40. Critical Cost Issues
-- 18 --

SSPS TECHNICAL REPORTS/
SOLARPACES TECHNICAL REPORTS
SSPS TR-1/79 - Martin Marietta Corp.; Heliostat Field and Data Acquisition
Subsystem for CRS, December 1979
SSPS TR-2/79 - McDonnell Douglas Corp.; CRS-Heliostat Field, Interface Control and
Data Acquisition System, December 1979
SSPS TR-1/80 - Sandia and DFVLR; Collector Qualification Tests for the IEA
500 kWe Distributed Collector System, July 1980
SSPS TR-2/80 - Belgonucleaire; Analysis of Special Hydraulical Effects in the SHTS
Piping System, November 1980
SSPS TR-3/80 - Interatom; Redesign of the CRS - Almeria Receiver Aperture and
Comparison of Interatom and MMC Reference Heliostat Field Performance
Calculations, November 1980
SSPS TR-1/81 - Belgonucleaire; Tabernas Meteo Data Analysis Based on Evaluated
Data Prepared by the SSPS-O.A., June 1981
SSPS TR-2/81 - Belgonucleaire; DCS Instrumentation Review, June 1981
SSPS TR-3/81 - Belgonucleaire; CRS Instrumentation Review, June 1981
SSPS TR-4/81 - A. F. Baker, Sandia; IEA Small Solar Power Systems (SSPS),
Project Review (January 1981), July 1981
SSPS TR-5/81 - DFVLR; Device for the Measurement of Heat Flux Distributions
(HFD) near the Receiver Aperture Plane of the Almeria CRS Solar Power Stations,
November 1981
SSPS TR-6/81 - DFVLR; Determination of the Spectral Reflectivity and the
Bidirectional Reflectance Characteristics of Some White Surfaces, December 1981
SSPS TR-1/82 - SSPS Workshop on Functional and Performance Characteristics of
Solar Thermal Pilot Plants, April 1982
Part 1: A. Kalt - Results of the DCS-Plant Session
Part 2: M. Becker - Results of the Tower Facilities Session
SSPS TR-2/82 - G. von Tobel, Ch. Schelders and M. Real, E.I.R.; Concentrated Solar
Flux Measurements at the IEA-SSPS Solar Central Receiver Power Plant, Tabernas-
Almeria, April 1982
SSPS TR-3/82 - G. Lemperle, DFVLR; Effect of Sunshape on Flux Distribution and
Intercept Factor of the Solar Tower Power Plant at Almeria, September 1982

SSPS TR-1/83 - A. Kalt and J. G. Martin (editors);
DCS-Midterm Workshop Proceedings (December 9+10, 1982), February 1983
SSPS TR-2/83 - G. Lensch, K. Brudi and P. Lippert, Fachhochschule Wedel; FH-PTL
Wedel Reflectometer, Type 02-1 No. 3, Final Report and Report on the Test Program,
March 1983
SSPS TR-3/83 - AGIP Nucleare and FRANCO TOSI; The Advanced Sodium Receiver
(ASR) - Topic Reports, May 1983
SSPS TR-4/83 - M. Becker, DFVLR (editor);
SSPS-CRS Midterm Workshop, Tabernas, April 19+20, 1983, June 1983
SSPS TR-5/83 - W. Bucher, DFVLR (editor); Investigations and Findings Concerning
the Sodium Tank Leakages, July 1983
SSPS TR-6/83 - Th. van Steenberghe, ITET; First Year Average Performance of the
SSPS-DCS Plant, July 1983
SSPS TR-7/83 - H. Jacobs, ITET; Thermal Losses of the Sodium Storage Vessels of
the Central Receiver System, November 1983
SSPS TR-1/84 - C. S. Selvage (ITET); Executive Summary - IEA SSPS-CRS
Workshop (April 1983), March 1984
SSPS TR-2/84 - C. S. Selvage and J. G. Martin, (ITET); SSPS-DCS Proceedings of
the International Workshop "The First Term", Tabernas, December 6-8, 1983, May 1984
SSPS TR-3/84 - J. P. Fabry, H. Richel, H. Lamotte, M. Vereb and P. Brusselaers;
SESAM-DCS, A Computer Code for Solar System Modelling, March 1984
Part 1: Analysis Report
Part 2: How to use
SSPS TR-4/84 - R. Carmona and J. G. Martin; The Control of Large Collector Arrays:
The SSPS Experience, June 1984
SSPS TR-5/84 - P. Wattiez, J. G. Martin and M. Andersson; SSPS-DCS Plant
Performance "The Stair Step", June 1984
SSPS TR-6/84 - B. Wong Swanson, Univ. of Arizona; Availability and Operation
Frequency of Solar Thermal Systems, December 1984
SSPS TR-7/84 - A. Brinner, DFVLR; IEA SSPS-CRS Calibration Report, Calibration
of Relevant Measuring Sensors, December 1984

SSPS TR-1/85 - M. Becker, DFVLR (editor); Proceedings of the IEA-SSPS Experts
Meeting on High Temperature Technology and Application, Atlanta, USA (June 18-21,
1985), June 1985
SSPS TR-2/85 - G. Lemperle, DFVLR; ASR-Thermodynamics, Results of a Numerical
Simulation and Surface Temperature Measurements, October 1985
SSPS TR-1/86 - M. Sanchez, R. Carmona and E. Zarza; Behavior of DCS Fields in a
Wide Temperature Range. Present Status of Test Campaigns and Preliminary Results,
May 1986
SSPS TR-2/86 - M. Geyer, DFVLR (editor); Proceedings of the First IEA-SSPS Task
IV Status Meeting on High Temperature Thermal Storage, Tabernas, July 3-4, 1986,
Sept. 1986
SSPS TR-3/86 - R. Carmona, F. Rosa, H. Jacobs and M. Sanchez; Evaluation of
Advanced Sodium Receiver Losses During Operation, December 1986
SSPS TR-1/87 - M. Sanchez, R. Carmona, E. Zarza; Behavior of DCS Fields in a
Wide Temperature Range, March 1987
SSPS TR-2/87 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer, DFVLR (editors); Proceedings of the Third
Meeting of SSPS - TASK III - Working Group on "High Temperature Receiver -
Technology", Albuquerque, N.M., USA, March 3+4, 1987, June 1987
SSPS TR-3/87 - Motor Columbus Consulting Engineers Inc., Baden, Switzerland;
Lessons from the SSPS-CRS Sodium Fire Incident; June 1987
SSPS TR-4/87 - Proceedings of the 2nd IEA-SSPS TASK IV Status Meeting on "High
Temperature Thermal Storage", at SERI, August 24/25, 1987 (edited by M. Geyer), Nov.
1987
SSPS TR-5/87 - M. Geyer, K. Werner, F. Dinter; Evaluation of the Dual Medium
Storage Tank (DMST) at the IEA-SSPS Project in Almeria (Spain), November 1987
SSPS TR-1/88 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer, DLR (editors) Proceedings of the Fourth
Meeting of SSPS - TASK III - Working Group on "High Temperature Receiver -
Technology", Denver, Co., USA, June 20, 1988, September 1988
SSPS TR-1/89 - F. Rosa, A. Valverde, J.M. Aranda, J. Aranda; Solar Furnace at the
CESA-1 Tower: Construction and Applications to the HERMES Tests, March 1989
SSPS TR-2/89 - Report of the Wire Pack Volumetric Receiver Tests Performed at the
Plataforma Solar de Almeria, Spain in 1987 and 1988 (SSPS TASK VII - First
Experiment), July 1989

SSPS TR-3/89 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer (DLR) (editors); W. Meinecke, E. v. Unger
(Interatom) (authors); Volumetric Receiver Evaluation, Preparatory Material and
Evaluation Report of Experts Meeting, in Cologne, January 1989, December 1989
SSPS TR-1/90 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer (DLR) (editors); Volumetric Metal Foil
Receiver CATREC, Development and Tests, December 1990
SSPS TR-2/90 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer, W. Meinecke (editors); Proceedings of the
Fifth Meeting of SSPS TASK III Working Group on "High Temperature Receiver
Technology", Davos/CH, September 3rd-4th, 1990, December 1990
SSPS TR-3/90 - M. Böhmer, W. Meinecke (editors); Proceedings of the First Meeting
of SSPS TASK VIII Working Group on "Concentrator/Generator Systems for Small Solar
Thermal Power Units", Davos/CH, September 3rd, 1990, December 1990
SSPS TR-1/91 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer, S. Cordes (editors); DLR/CeramTec
Volumetric Ceramic Foil Receiver, June 1991
SSPS TR-2/91 - M. Böhmer, W. Meinecke (editors); Proceedings of the Volumetric
Receiver Workshop, February 13 -15, 1991, Köln, March 1991
SSPS TR-3/91 - M. Böhmer, U. Langnickel (editors); Proceedings of the Workshop on
Methane Reforming, June 11 -13, 1991, Köln, September 1991
SSPS TR-4/91 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer (editors); Proceedings of the Sixth Meeting of
SSPS Task III Working Group on "High Temperature Receiver Technology" and the
Third Meeting of SSPS Task IV Working Group on "High Temperature Thermal
Storage", August 16th, 1991, Denver, CO/USA, November 1991
SSPS TR-5/91 - M. Böhmer, M. Becker (editors); Proceedings of the Second Meeting
of SSPS TASK VIII Working Group on "Concentrator/Generator Systems for Small Solar
Thermal Power Units", August 16th, 1991, Denver, CO/USA, November 1991
SSPS TR-6/91 - R. Tamme, M. Geyer (editors); IEA - SSPS Task IV Report on High
Temperature Thermal Storage, Activities 1988 - 1990, October 1991
SSPS TR-1/92 - W. Meinecke, M. Becker, M. Böhmer (editors); Proceedings of the
First Meeting of SolarPACES - Task 3 - Working Group on "Solar Technology and
Applications", Almería (E), September 23th, 1992

SolarPACES TR-III-1/94 - M. Sánchez (editor); Proceedings of the Task III, Sector 2
(Supporting Tools and Test Facilities) "Heliostat Field Operation Workshop",
September 7 - 9, 1993, Almería/Spain
SolarPACES TR-III-2/94 - A. Neumann; Flux Densities in the Focal Region of the PSA
Solar Furnace (Report of a Measurement Campaign Performed from March 7 - 25,
1994)
SolarPACES TR-III-3/94 - M. Becker, M. Böhmer, R. Pitz-Paal (editors), Minutes of the
Third Task-III-Meeting within IEA-SolarPACES on "Solar Technology and Applications",
June 22 and 23 1994, Köln
SolarPACES TR-III-4/94 - S. Cordes, M. Böhmer, R. Monterreal Espinosa, Test and
Evaluation of the Schlaich, Bergermann und Partner Heliostat Prototype Concentrator,
Final Report
SolarPACES TR-III-5/94 - M. Becker, M, Böhmer, A. Neumann (editors), Proceedings
of the Fourth Task-III-Meeting within IEA-SolarPACES on "Solar Technology and
Applications", Moscow, September 24th, 1994-
SolarPACES TR-III-1/95 - W. Meinecke, M. Becker, M. Böhmer (editors), Proceedings
of the Fifth Meeting within SolarPACES - Task III - Working Group on "Solar Technology
and Applications", PSI, Villigen, March 8th, 1995
SolarPACES TR-III-2/95 - A. Neumann (editor), Proceedings of the High Flux and
Temperature Measurement Workshop, DLR, Cologne, March 2 - 3, 1995
SolarPACES TR-III-3/95 - M. Sánchez, E. Zarza, A Guide to Computer Programs
Developed for Solar Thermal Technologies, Plataforma Solar de Almería, June 1995
SolarPACES TR-III-4/95 - G. García Navajas, Technical Development of a New Stand-
Alone Heliostat Field Control, Plataforma Solar de Almería, June 1995
SolarPACES TR-III-5/95 - M. Sánchez (editor), The Solar Thermal Test Facilities Report
(in preparation)
SolarPACES TR-III-6/95 - W. Meinecke, M. Böhmer, M. Becker (editors), Proceedings
of the Sixth Meeting within SolarPACES Task III - Working Group Meeting on "Solar
Technology and Applications", Golden (USA), September 28th, 1995 and Stuttgart (D),
October 10th, 1995
SolarPACES TR-III-7/95 - J. Hansen (editor) The ANUTECH 400-m² Dish and Its Initial
Applications (in preparation)

SolarPACES TR-III-1/96 - W. Meinecke, M. Böhmer, M. Becker (editors), Proceedings
of the Seventh Meeting within SolarPACES Task III - Working Group Meeting on "Solar
Technology and Applications", PSA, Almería (E), April 15th, 1996
SolarPACES TR-III-2/96 - R. Pitz-Paal, Evaluation of the Catrec II Receiver Test, May,
1996
SolarPACES TR-III-3/96 - V. Scheglov et al, Investigation of the Action of Concentrated
Solar Radiation on Material Surface Properties Using Polarization Measurements,
October 1996
SolarPACES TR-III-4/96 - R. Pitz-Paal, B. Hoffschmidt, M. Böhmer, M. Becker (editors)
Proceedings of the Eighth Task III-Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on "Solar
Technology and Applications", Köln, October 15th, 1996
SolarPACES TR-III-5/96 - A. Neumann (editor), Proceedings of the 3rd High Flux and
Temperature Measurement Workshop, DLR, Cologne, October 16th, 1996
SolarPACES TR-III-1/97 - W. Meinecke, M. Becker, M. Böhmer (editors), Proceedings
of the Ninth Task III-Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on "Solar Technology and
Applications", CNRS-IMP, Odeillo, April 8th and 9th, 1997
SolarPACES TR-III-2/97 - A. Neumann, U. Groer (editors), Proceedings of the 4th High
Flux and Temperature Measurement Workshop, Odeillo, April 11, 1997
SolarPACES TR-III-3/97 - A. Roy (chief editor), W. Meinecke and M. Blanco Muriel (coeditors),
Introductory Guidelines for Preparing Reports on Solar Thermal Power
Systems, DLR, Cologne, July 1997
SolarPACES TR-III-4/97 - M. Böhmer (editor) SolarPACES Task III, Solar Technology
and Applications, Project Plans, September 1997
SolarPACES TR-III-5/97 - Klaus Hennecke (editor), Advanced Hybrid Plant Concepts,
DLR, Cologne, 1997
SolarPACES TR-III-6/97 - M. Becker, K. Hennecke (editors) - Proceedings of the 10 th
Task III Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on "Solar Technology and Applications",
Sandia, Albuquerque, September 15, 1997
SolarPACES TR-III-1/98 - M. Becker, R. Pitz-Paal (editors) - Proceedings of the 11 th
Task III Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on "Solar Technology and Applications",
Aguadulce, March 4 th , 1998
SolarPACES TR-III-2/98 - M. Böhmer (editor) SolarPACES Task III, Solar Technology
and Applications, Project Plans, October,1998

SolarPACES TR-III-3/98 - R. Pitz-Paal (editor), E. E. Shpilrain, O. S. Popel S. E. Frid,
Advanced Solarized Cycles - A Hybrid Solar/Fossil Thermal Power Plant Simulation
Using the TRNSYS Software', IVTAN, October, 1998
SolarPACES TR-III-4/98 - R. Pitz-Paal, S. Jones, A TRNSYS Model Library for Solar
Thermal Electric Components (STEC) - A Reference Manual, Release 1.0, 10/15/1998,
DLR, October, 1998.
SolarPACES TR-III-1/99 – M. Becker, R. Pitz-Paal, Proceedings of the 12 th Task III
Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on “Solar Technology and Applications”, Cuernavaca,
Mexico, October 29 th , 1998
SolarPACES TR-III-2/99 – M. Becker, J. Kaluza, Proceedings of the 13 th Task III
Meeting within IEA SolarPACES on “Solar Technology and Applications”, Kibbutz
Shefayim, Israel, July 3rd, 1999
SolarPACES TR-III-1/00 – T. Mancini, Catalog of Solar Heliostats, June 2000
SolarPACES TR-III-2/00 – K. Hennecke, Proceedings of the 14 th Task III Meeting within
IEA SolarPACES on “Solar Technology and Applications”, Sydney University, Australia,
March, 1999

Distribution List
AUS St. Kaneff, ANU, Canberra
K. Lovegrove, ANU, Canberra
W. Meike, NTU, Darwin
W. Stein, Pacific Power Service, Sydney
BRA R. Brito, National Dept. of Energy Development, Brasilia
E.S. Camêlo Cavalcanti, CEPEL, Rio de Janeiro
CH H. W. Fricker, Rickenbach
P. Haueter, PSI, Villigen
P. Kesselring, Urdorf
A. Steinfeld, PSI, Villigen
D M. Abele, DLR, Stuttgart
H. Bastek, KFA-BEO, Jülich
M. Becker, DLR, Köln
R. Buck, DLR, Stuttgart
F.-D. Doenitz, Schott-Rohrglas, Mitterteich
G. Eisenbeiß, DLR, Köln
Th. Fend, DLR, Köln
K.-H. Funken, DLR, Köln
M. Geyer, DLR, Almería
W. Grasse, SolarPACES, Gifhorn
K. Hennecke, DLR, Köln
P. Heller, DLR, Almería
B. Hoffschmidt, DLR, Köln
J. Kaluza, DLR, Köln
R. Kistner, DLR, Almería
H. Müller-Steinhagen, DLR, Stuttgart
P. Nava, Flabeg Solar, Köln
A. Neumann, DLR, Köln
R. Pitz-Paal, DLR, Köln
J. Rheinländer, ZSW, Stuttgart
M. Schmitz-Goeb, Steinmüller, Gummersbach
R. Tamme, DLR, Stuttgart
E M. Blanco Muriel, PSA, Almería
M.-L. Delgado, CIEMAT-IER, Madrid
R. Monterreal Espinosa, PSA, Almeria
R. Osuna, Inabensa, Sevilla
M. Romero Álvarez, CIEMAT-IER, Madrid
M. Sánchez González, CIEMAT-IER, Madrid
A. Valverde Cantón, PSA, Almería
E. Zarza Moya, PSA, Almería
(PSA Reference Room (3 x) PSA, Almería (A. Sarre)
ET M. Abdel Rahman, NREA, Cairo
A. El-Zalabany, NREA, Cairo
A M. Fayek, NREA, Cairo
S. Zannoun, NREA, Cairo
EU M. Sánchez Jiménez, EU, Brussels
Ph. Schild, EU, Brussels
L. Stathakis, EU, Brussels

- 2 -
F A. Ferrière, IMP-CNRS, Odeillo
G. Flamant, IMP-CNRS, Odeillo
G. Olalde, IMP-CNRS, Odeillo
O. Suzanne, IMP-CNRS, Odeillo
IEA H.-J. Neef, IEA, Paris
J. Tilley, IEA, Paris
IL M. Epstein, WIS, Rehovot
D. Faiman, Ben-Gurion Univ., Beer-Sheva
J. Karni, WIS, Rehovot
A. Kribus, WIS, Rehovot
D. Liebermann, WIS, Rehovot
A. Roy, Ben-Gurion Univ., Beer-Sheva
D. Sagie, ROTEM, Beer-Sheva
A. Yogev WIS, Rehovot
MEX R. Almanza, UNAM, Mexico
C. Estrada, Centro de Investigacion en Energia,
Temixco, Morelos
M. Huacuz Villamar, Instituto de Investicaciones Electricas,
Cuernavaca, Moreles
C. Ramos, Instituto de Investicaciones Electricas,
Cuernavaca, Moreles
RUS V.I. Iampolski, SPA Astrophysica, Moscow
Y. Loktionov, INPW, Obninsk
S. Malyshenko, IVTAN, Moscow
O. Popel, IVTAN, Moscow
E. Shpilrain, IVTAN, Moscow
E. Tverianovich, VIESH, Moscow
UK A. Gaye, Solargen, Cambridge
R. Judd, British Gas Technology, Leicestershire
N. Ranzetta, British Gas Technology, Leicestershire
USA G. Burch, DOE, Washington
R. Davenport, SAIC, San Diego
S.D. Frier, KJC, Boron
S. Jones, Sandia, Albuquerque
G. Jorgensen, NREL, Denver
D. Kearney, Kearney and Associates, Del Mar
G. Kolb, Sandia, Albuquerque
A. Lewandowski, NREL, Denver
T. Mancini, Sandia, Albuquerque
H. Price, NREL, Denver
C. Tyner, Sandia, Albuquerque
T.A. Williams, NREL, Denver
ZA L. van Heerden, ESKOM, South Africa