BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 2012 International - Ness Engineering, Inc.
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 2012 International - Ness Engineering, Inc.
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 2012 International - Ness Engineering, Inc.
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
<strong>BOOK</strong> <strong>OF</strong> <strong>ABSTRACTS</strong><br />
<strong>2012</strong> <strong>International</strong> Power Modulator and<br />
High Voltage Conference<br />
June 3 - 7, <strong>2012</strong><br />
San Diego, CA<br />
Sponsored by:<br />
Technically Co-Sponsored by:
5S Components, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
630 Fifth Ave<br />
East McKeesport, PA 15035 USA<br />
Phone: 412-967-5858<br />
Fax: 412-967-5868<br />
http://www.5scomponents.com/<br />
Behlke Power Electronics, LLC<br />
5 Alexander Road, Suite 2<br />
Billerica, MA 01821-5032 USA<br />
Phone: 978-362-3118<br />
Fax: 978-362-3122<br />
http://www.behlke.com<br />
General Atomics Electronics Systems, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
4949 Greencraig Lane<br />
San Diego, CA 92123 USA<br />
Phone: 858-522-8300<br />
Fax: 858-522-8301<br />
http://www.ga-esi.com<br />
HVCA, CKE<br />
(Products by Dean Technology, <strong>Inc</strong>.)<br />
P.O. Box 700968<br />
Dallas, TX 75370 USA<br />
Phone: 972-248-7691<br />
Fax: 972-381-9998<br />
http://www.hvca.com<br />
Magnetic Metals Corp<br />
1900 Hayes Avenue<br />
Camden, NJ 08105 USA<br />
Phone: 856-964-7842<br />
Fax: 856-963-8569<br />
http://www.magmet.com<br />
Powerex <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
173 Pavilion Lane<br />
Yongwood, PA 15697 USA<br />
Phone: 724-925-7272<br />
Fax: 724-925-4393<br />
http://www.pwrx.com<br />
Pulsed Technologies, LTD.<br />
Yablochkova 5<br />
Ryazan 390023 RUSSIA<br />
Phone: +7(4912)24 92 17<br />
Fax: +7(4912)24 05 19<br />
http://www.pulsetech.ru<br />
ScandiNova Systems AB<br />
Ultunaallén 2A<br />
75651 UPPSALA SWEDEN<br />
Phone: +46 (0)18 480 59 00<br />
Fax: +46 (0)18 480 59 99<br />
http://www.sc-nova.com<br />
EXHIBITORS<br />
Barth Electronics <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
1589 Foothill Drive<br />
Boulder City, NV 89005 USA<br />
Phone: 702-293-1576<br />
Fax: 702-293-7024<br />
http://www.barthelectronics.com<br />
Diversified Technologies, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
35 Wiggins Avenue<br />
Bedford, MA 01730 USA<br />
Phone: 781-275-9444<br />
Fax: 781-275-6081<br />
http://www.divtecs.com<br />
Genvolt<br />
New Road, Highley,<br />
Bridgnorth, Shropshire, WV16 6NN, UK<br />
Phone: +44 (0) 1746 862555<br />
Fax: +44 (0) 1746 862666<br />
http://www.genvolt.co.uk<br />
HVR Advanced Power Components<br />
1307 Military Rd.<br />
Tonawanda, NY 14217 USA<br />
Phone: 716-693-4700<br />
Fax: 716-693-4774<br />
http://www.hvrapc.com<br />
Pearson Electronics, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
4009 Transport Street<br />
Palo Alto, CA 94043 USA<br />
Phone: 650-494-6444<br />
Fax: 650-494-6716<br />
http://www.pearsonelectronics.com<br />
Pulse Power & Measurement Ltd.<br />
65 Shrivenham Hundred Business Park<br />
Watchfield<br />
Swindon, Wiltshire SN6 8TY, UK<br />
Phone: +44 (0)1793 784389<br />
Fax: +44 (0) 1793 784391<br />
http://www.ppm.co.uk/<br />
RFI Corporation<br />
100 Pine Aire Drive<br />
Bay Shore, New York 11706 USA<br />
Phone: 631-231-6400<br />
Fax: 631-231-6465<br />
http://www.rficorp.com/<br />
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory<br />
2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 49<br />
Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA<br />
Phone: 650-926-2602<br />
Fax: 650-926-3588<br />
http://www.slac.stanford.edu/<br />
iii
Stangenes Industries, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
1052 East Meadow Circle<br />
Palo Alto, CA 94303-4230 USA<br />
Phone: 650-493-0814<br />
Fax: 650-855-9926<br />
http://www.stangenes.com<br />
Tera Analysis Ltd. - Producers of QuickField<br />
Canadian Representative Office<br />
Phone: +1 905 597 4133 or +1 877 215 8688<br />
Cell: +1 416 838 6434<br />
e-mail: vladimir.podnos@quickfield.com<br />
http://www.quickfield.com<br />
TREK, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
11601 Maple Ridge Road<br />
Medina, NY 14103 USA<br />
Phone: 585-7983140<br />
Fax: 585-798-3106<br />
http://www.trekinc.com<br />
EXHIBITORS (cont.)<br />
TDK-Lambda Americas High Power Division<br />
405 Essex Rd<br />
Neptune, NJ 07753 USA<br />
Phone: 732-922-9300<br />
Fax: 732-922-1441<br />
http://www.us.tdk-lambda.com/hp<br />
TMD Technologies LTD<br />
Swallowfield Way<br />
Hayes, Middlesex UB3 1DQ, UK<br />
Phone: +44 (0)20 8573 5555<br />
Fax: +44 (0)20 8569 1839<br />
http://www.tmd.co.uk<br />
Ultravolt, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
1800 Ocean Avenue, FRNT<br />
Ronkonkoma, NY 11779 USA<br />
Phone: 631-471-4444<br />
Fax: 631-471-4696<br />
http://www.ultravolt.com<br />
iv
WELCOME,<br />
On behalf of the <strong>International</strong> Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference<br />
(IPMHVC) Executive Committee and the Conference and Technical Program<br />
Committees, we welcome you to the <strong>2012</strong> IEEE IPMHVC. This year we have received a<br />
record number of >300 abstract submissions from 865 authors and co-authors. Almost<br />
60% of these were sent in from our international colleagues in 26 different countries,<br />
which emphasize the international character of this conference. Significant participation<br />
came from China, India, Japan, United Kingdom, Korea, Germany, Russia, France, and<br />
Brazil. The most popular technical topics were Solid State Modulators, Components, and<br />
Switches and Dielectrics and Breakdown followed by Biological, Medical, and<br />
Environmental Applications; High Voltage Testing and Diagnostics; High Power<br />
Microwaves, Radiating Structures, and Electromagnetic Propagation; and Compact<br />
Pulsed Power Systems. Abstracts were also collected in several other areas including<br />
Power Electronics and Power Supplies; Analytical Methods, Modeling, and Simulation;<br />
Plasma Opening and Closing Switches; High Voltage Design and Analysis; High Current<br />
Systems and EM Launchers; Accelerators, Radar, and RF Applications; Power<br />
Conditioning and Pulse Shaping; etc.<br />
The technical program of the <strong>2012</strong> IEEE IPMHVC is being held at the conference hotel,<br />
the Hilton San Diego Bayfront. The Hilton Bayfront is the newest waterfront hotel on<br />
San Diego Bay and is located within minutes of several attractions including the San<br />
Diego harbor, San Diego Padre’s PETCO Park stadium, Coronado island, and the vibrant<br />
Gaslamp Quarter of the downtown area which boasts more than 16 square blocks and<br />
more than 150 restaurants, shops, and nightclubs. The social program opens with the<br />
welcome reception on Sunday evening in the Exhibitors area, followed by a “night out”<br />
dinner at the USS Midway Museum on Monday evening, and a reception and conference<br />
awards banquet on Tuesday evening (Hilton Bayfront).<br />
The conference is fully sponsored by the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation<br />
Society and technically co-sponsored by the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society<br />
and the IEEE Electron Devices Society. We gratefully acknowledge the sponsorship from<br />
government, university, and industry, and the support from exhibitors. We encourage you<br />
to visit the booths and talk to the exhibitors.<br />
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the entire Conference Organizing<br />
Committee for all their efforts and we extend our sincere thanks to all the members of the<br />
Technical Program Committee for their hard work in reviewing the abstract submissions<br />
and defining an outstanding technical program. Finally, we thank all of the presenters and<br />
attendees for contributing to the ongoing success of this conference and we look forward<br />
to seeing you in Denver Colorado in 2014.<br />
Richard M. <strong>Ness</strong><br />
<strong>2012</strong> IPMHVC General Conference Chair<br />
Juergen Kolb<br />
<strong>2012</strong> IPMHVC Technical Program Chair<br />
v
<strong>2012</strong> IPMHVC COMMITTEE CHAIRS AND STAFF<br />
General Conference Chair<br />
Richard <strong>Ness</strong><br />
<strong>Ness</strong> <strong>Engineering</strong>, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Technical Program Chair<br />
Juergen Kolb<br />
INP Greifswald<br />
Conference Treasurer<br />
Mark Kemp<br />
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory<br />
Publications Chair<br />
Frank Hegeler<br />
Naval Research Laboratory/CTI<br />
Publicity Chair<br />
Robert Saethre<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory<br />
Exhibits Chair<br />
Mike Mazzola<br />
Mississippi State University<br />
Exhibits Coordinator<br />
Debi Brewington<br />
Mississippi State University<br />
Sponsors Chair<br />
Greg Dale<br />
Los Alamos National Laboratory<br />
Industrial Advisory Committee Chair<br />
Larry Cagle<br />
Dean Technology, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Professional Awards Chair<br />
Steve Calico<br />
Lockheed Martin<br />
Student Awards/ Travel Grant Chair<br />
Jon Mayes<br />
Applied Physical Electronics LC<br />
Visa Assistance<br />
Enis Tuncer<br />
GE Global Research<br />
vi
Overseas Conf. Attendance Chair<br />
Bucur Novac<br />
Loughborough University<br />
Employment Assistance Chair<br />
Raymond Allen<br />
Naval Research Laboratory<br />
Short Course Chair<br />
Chunqi Jiang<br />
University of Southern California<br />
Conference Webmaster<br />
Robert Saethre<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory<br />
IEEE DEIS Meetings Chair<br />
Resi Lloyd<br />
Qualitrol Corp<br />
Executive Committee Chair<br />
Hulya Kirkici<br />
Auburn University<br />
TECHNICAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE MEMBERS<br />
Hidenori Akiyama Kumamoto University<br />
Raymond Allen Naval Research Laboratory<br />
Matthew Aubuchon General Atomics<br />
Stephen Bayne Texas Tech University<br />
Ronny Brandenburg INP Greifswald<br />
Larry Cagle Dean Technology<br />
Steve Calico Lockheed Martin<br />
Hao Chen Cymer, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Yeong-Jer Chen Old Dominion University<br />
Randy Cooper Cooper Consulting Services, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Joerg Ehlbeck INP Greifswald<br />
Wolfgang Frey Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology<br />
Allen Garner General Electric<br />
Marcel Gaudreau Diversified Technologies, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Mike Giesselmann Texas Tech University<br />
Greg Dale Los Alamos National Laboratory<br />
Werner Hartmann Siemens AG<br />
Frank Hegeler Naval Research Laboratory/CTI<br />
Brett Huhman Naval Research Laboratory<br />
Marcus Iberler University of Frankfurt<br />
Naz Islam University of Missouri<br />
Joachim Jacoby University of Frankfurt<br />
vii
Chunqi Jiang University of Southern California<br />
Weihua Jiang Nagaoka University of Technology<br />
Richard Johnson JPA, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Ravindra Joshi Old Dominion University<br />
Hulya Kirkici Auburn University<br />
Susumu Kono Ariake National College of Technology<br />
Scott Kovaleski University of Missouri<br />
Andras Kuthi University of Southern California<br />
Markus Loeffler Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen<br />
Mark Kemp SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory<br />
Juergen Kolb INP Greifswald<br />
Jon Mayes Applied Physical Electronics, L.C.<br />
Mike Mazarakis Sandia National Laboratories<br />
Georg Michel Max-Planck-Inst. for Plasma Physics<br />
Harry Moore CIV USA AMC<br />
Sang Hoon Nam Pohang Accelerator Laboratory<br />
Andreas Neuber Texas Tech University<br />
Bucur Novac Loughborough University<br />
Steve Pronko General Atomics<br />
Vladislav Rostov Inst. of High Current Electronics Tomsk<br />
Dan Schweickart US Air Force Wright Patterson<br />
Mark Sinclair AWE Aldermaston<br />
Ivor Smith Loughborough University<br />
Emil Spahn French-German Research Inst.<br />
Robert Stark Diehl BGT Defense<br />
Claus Strowitzki MLase AG<br />
Yaohong Sun Chinese Academy of Science<br />
Enis Tuncer GE Global Research<br />
Rene Vezinet CEA<br />
Adriaan Welleman Astrol Electronics AG<br />
David Wetz University of Texas, Arlington<br />
Shu Xiao Old Dominion University<br />
Michael Yalandin Inst. of Electrophysics Ekaterinburg<br />
Chen-Guo Yao Chonqing University<br />
Luigi Zeni Second University of Naples<br />
Kai Zhou G&W Electric Co.<br />
SESSION ORGANIZERS AND CHAIRS<br />
Plenary Session Chairs<br />
Craig Burkhart SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory<br />
Hulya Kirkici Auburn University<br />
Juergen Kolb INP Greifswald<br />
viii
Oral Session Chairs<br />
Raymond Allen Naval Research Laboratory<br />
Matthew Aubuchon General Atomics<br />
Steve Calico Lockheed Martin<br />
Allen Garner General Electric<br />
Marcel Gaudreau Diversified Technologies, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Werner Hartmann Siemens AG<br />
Brett Huhman Naval Research Laboratory<br />
Chunqi Jiang University of Southern California<br />
Mike Mazarakis Sandia National Laboratories<br />
Andreas Neuber Texas Tech University<br />
Dan Schweickart US Air Force Wright Patterson<br />
Shu Xiao Old Dominion University<br />
Poster Session Chairs<br />
Hao Chen Cymer <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Randy Cooper Cooper Consulting Services <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
David Wetz University of Texas, Arlington<br />
IPMHVC EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE<br />
Larry Cagle Dean Technology<br />
Greg Dale Los Alamos National Laboratory<br />
Mike Giesselmann Texas Tech University<br />
Frank Hegeler Naval Research Laboratory/CTI<br />
Richard Johnson JPA, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Hulya Kirkici Auburn University<br />
Juergen Kolb INP Greifswald<br />
Mike Mazarakis Sandia National Laboratories<br />
Marshall Molen Mississippi State University<br />
Harry Moore CIV USA AMC<br />
Richard <strong>Ness</strong> <strong>Ness</strong> <strong>Engineering</strong>, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Bucur Novac Loughborough University<br />
Sol Schneider Consultant<br />
Daniel Schweickart US Air Force Wright Patterson<br />
Jim Thompson University of Missouri<br />
Enis Tuncer GE Global Research<br />
Ryan Umstattd US Air Force Los Angeles<br />
ix
CONFERENCE SPONSORS AND SUPPORTERS<br />
Exhibitors<br />
Gigawatt Sponsors:<br />
General Atomics Electronic Systems<br />
HVR Advanced Power Components<br />
TDK-Lambda Americas High Power Division<br />
Megawatt Sponsors:<br />
Barth Electronics, <strong>Inc</strong>. / Pulse Power & Measurement Ltd.<br />
Behlke Power Electronics LLC<br />
Dean Technology<br />
Stangenes Industries, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
TMD Technologies Limited<br />
Kilowatt Sponsors:<br />
ABB Semiconductors / 5S Components <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Diversified Technologies, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Genvolt<br />
Magnetic Metals Corp.<br />
Pearson Electronics<br />
Powerex<br />
Pulsed Technologies Ltd.<br />
RFI Corporation<br />
ScandiNova Systems AB<br />
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory<br />
Tera Analysis Ltd.<br />
TREK, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
UltraVolt, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Government and University Sponsors<br />
Air Force Office of Scientific Research<br />
INP Greifswald<br />
Naval Research Laboratory<br />
Office of Naval Research<br />
Sandia National Laboratories<br />
Corporate Sponsors<br />
Dean Technology<br />
General Atomics Electronic Systems<br />
GE Global Research Center<br />
HVR Advanced Power Components<br />
L-3 – Applied Technologies, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Lockheed Martin<br />
<strong>Ness</strong> <strong>Engineering</strong>, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
x
GENERAL INFORMATION<br />
Onsite Conference Registration Desk<br />
Sapphire West Foyer, Hilton San Diego Bayfront<br />
Sunday, June 3, <strong>2012</strong> 2:00 PM - 8:00 PM<br />
Monday, June 4, <strong>2012</strong> 7:30 AM - 5:30 PM<br />
Tuesday, June 5, <strong>2012</strong> 7:30 AM - 5:30 PM<br />
Wednesday, June 6, <strong>2012</strong> 7:30 AM - 3:30 PM<br />
Exhibit Times<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area, Hilton San Diego Bayfront<br />
Sunday, June 3, <strong>2012</strong> 6:00 PM - 8:00 PM<br />
Monday, June 4, <strong>2012</strong> 7:30 AM - 12 PM and 1:30 PM - 5:30 PM<br />
Tuesday, June 5, <strong>2012</strong> 7:30 AM - 12 PM and 1:30 PM - 5:30 PM<br />
Wednesday, June 6, <strong>2012</strong> 7:30 AM - 12 PM and 1:30 PM - 3:30 PM<br />
Companion Program<br />
TBD, please see the registration desk and the conference website for more information<br />
Short Courses<br />
Aqua 306/308, Hilton San Diego Bayfront<br />
Thursday, June 6, <strong>2012</strong> 8:00 AM - 2:45 PM<br />
Breakfast for short course attendees starts at 7:15 AM<br />
Technical Tour<br />
Tour of the General Atomics DIII-D National Fusion Facility<br />
Thursday, June 6, <strong>2012</strong> 1:30 PM - 4:00 PM<br />
Social Events<br />
Welcome Reception<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area, Hilton San Diego Bayfront<br />
Sunday, June 3, <strong>2012</strong> 6:00 PM - 8:00 PM<br />
Off-site dinner at the USS Midway<br />
Monday, June 4, <strong>2012</strong> 6:30 PM - 10:00 PM<br />
Buses will depart from the Conference Hotel, Level 1, starting at 6:15 PM.<br />
Conference Awards Dinner<br />
Tuesday, June 5, <strong>2012</strong>, Hilton San Diego Bayfront<br />
Reception (Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area) 6:30 PM - 7:30 PM<br />
Dinner (Sapphire KLOP) 7:30 PM - 10:00 PM<br />
For conference registrants only<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area, Hilton San Diego Bayfront<br />
Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday<br />
Continental Breakfast 7:15 AM - 8:15 AM<br />
Coffee Break 9:30 AM - 10:00 AM<br />
Afternoon Break 3:00 PM - 3:30 PM<br />
xi
Sunday, June 3, <strong>2012</strong><br />
<strong>2012</strong> IEEE IPMHVC SCHEDULE-AT-A-GLANCE<br />
Location: Hilton San Diego Bayfront, San Diego, CA (unless otherwise noted)<br />
2:00 – 8:00 PM Registration<br />
Sapphire West Foyer<br />
6:00 – 8:00 PM Welcome reception<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area<br />
Monday, June 4, <strong>2012</strong><br />
7:15 – 8:15 AM Breakfast (registrants only)<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area<br />
8:15 – 8:30 AM Welcome<br />
Sapphire KLOP<br />
8:30 – 9:30 AM Plenary 1<br />
Sapphire KLOP<br />
9:30 – 10:00 AM Break<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area<br />
10:00 – 12:00 PM Oral Session 1<br />
Solid State Modulators, Components and Switches 1<br />
Sapphire OP<br />
10:00 – 12:00 PM Oral Session 2<br />
Dielectrics and Breakdown<br />
Sapphire KL<br />
12:00 – 1:30 PM Lunch (on your own)<br />
1:30 – 3:00 PM Poster Session 1<br />
Solid State Modulators, Components Switches,<br />
Dielectrics, Breakdown, and Power Electronics and<br />
Power Supplies<br />
Aqua 306/308<br />
3:00 – 3:30 PM Break<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area<br />
3:30 – 5:30 PM Oral Session 3<br />
Solid State Modulators, Components and Switches 2,<br />
Power Electronics and Power Supplies<br />
Sapphire OP<br />
3:30 – 5:30 PM Oral Session 4<br />
Biological, Medical, and Environmental Applications<br />
Sapphire KL<br />
6:15 PM Bus shuttle to the Midway. Departs on Level 1 of the<br />
conference hotel.<br />
6:30 – 10:00 PM Night Out dinner at the USS Midway<br />
xii
Tuesday, June 5, <strong>2012</strong><br />
7:15 – 8:15 AM Breakfast (registrants only)<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area<br />
8:15 – 8:30 AM Conference Updates<br />
Sapphire KLOP<br />
8:30 – 9:30 AM Plenary 2<br />
Sapphire KLOP<br />
9:30 – 10:00 AM Break<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area<br />
10:00 – 12:00 PM Oral Session 5<br />
Plasma Opening and Closing Switches, Lasers and other<br />
Radiation Sources<br />
Sapphire KL<br />
10:00 – 12:00 PM Oral Session 6<br />
High Voltage Testing and Diagnostics<br />
Sapphire OP<br />
12:00 – 1:30 PM Lunch (on your own)<br />
1:30 – 3:00 PM Poster Session 2<br />
Biological, Medical, and Environmental Applications,<br />
Plasma Opening and Closing Switches, Lasers and Other<br />
Radiation Sources, High Voltage Testing and Design,<br />
Compact Pulsed Power, and Power Conditioning and<br />
Pulse Shaping<br />
Aqua 306/308<br />
3:00 – 3:30 PM Break<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area<br />
3:30 – 5:30 PM Oral Session 7<br />
Compact Pulsed Power Systems<br />
Sapphire OP<br />
3:30 – 5:30 PM Oral Session 8<br />
High Voltage Design and Analysis, Accelerators, Radar,<br />
and RF Applications, Reliability and Transient<br />
Suppression<br />
Sapphire KL<br />
6:30 – 7:30 PM Reception<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area<br />
7:30 – 10:00 PM Conference Awards Banquet<br />
Sapphire KLOP<br />
xiii
Wednesday, June 6, <strong>2012</strong><br />
7:15 – 8:15 AM Breakfast (registrants only)<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area<br />
8:15 – 8:30 AM Conference Updates<br />
Sapphire KLOP<br />
8:30 – 9:30 AM Plenary 3<br />
Sapphire KLOP<br />
9:30 – 10:00 AM Break<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area<br />
10:00 – 12:00 PM Oral Session 9<br />
High Current Systems and EM Launchers Sapphire KL<br />
10:00 – 12:00 PM Oral Session 10<br />
High Power Microwaves, Radiating Structures, and<br />
Electromagnetic Propagation<br />
Sapphire OP<br />
12:00 – 1:30 PM Lunch (on your own)<br />
1:30 – 3:00 PM Poster Session 3<br />
High Voltage Design and Analysis, Accelerators, Radars,<br />
and RF Applications, Reliability and Transient<br />
Suppression, High Current Systems and EM Launchers,<br />
High Power Microwaves, Radiating Structures, and<br />
Electromagnetic Propagation, Analytical Methods,<br />
Modeling, and Simulation, Prime Power and Power<br />
Systems, Energy Storage Devices and Components, High<br />
Energy Systems<br />
Aqua 306/308<br />
3:00 – 3:30 PM Break<br />
Sapphire CDGH - Exhibits Area<br />
3:30 – 5:30 PM Oral Session 11<br />
Analytical Methods, Modeling, and Simulations<br />
Sapphire KL<br />
3:30 – 5:30 PM Oral Session 12<br />
Power Conditioning and Pulse Shaping, Energy Storage<br />
Devices and Components Sapphire OP<br />
xiv
Thursday, June 7, <strong>2012</strong><br />
7:15 – 8:00 AM Breakfast for Short Course Attendees<br />
Aqua 306/308<br />
8:00 – 12:00 PM Short Course 1: An Overview of Electric Power Systems<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong><br />
Dr. Charles A. Gross<br />
Auburn University<br />
Aqua 306A<br />
8:00 – 12:15 PM Short Course 2: Power Electronics<br />
Dr. Craig Burkhart<br />
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory<br />
Aqua 308<br />
8:00 – 2:45 PM Short Course 3: RF and HPM Sources<br />
Dr. Bruce Carlsten<br />
Los Alamos National Laboratory<br />
Aqua 306B<br />
11:45 – 1:15 PM Lunch Break for Short Course 3 attendees (on your own)<br />
1:30 – 4:00 PM Technical Tour of the General Atomics DIII-D National<br />
Fusion Facility<br />
Please see the registration desk and the conference website<br />
for more information<br />
xv
Plenary 1<br />
Session Chair: Hulya Kirkici, Auburn University<br />
<strong>2012</strong> IEEE IPMHVC ABSTRACT LISTING<br />
PL1 HIGH VOLTAGE, BI<strong>OF</strong>UELS, AND CO-PRODUCTS<br />
TAKING HIGH VOLTAGE TO THE (FARM) FIELD<br />
Robert Hebner<br />
University of Texas, Austin<br />
Oral Session 1: Solid State Modulators, Components and Switches 1<br />
Session Chair: Marcel Gaudreau, Diversified Technologies, <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
1O1,2<br />
(Invited)<br />
COMPACT SILICON SGTO MODULE FOR PULSE SWITCHING BEYOND 6 KV,<br />
100 KA<br />
Heather O'Brien 1 , Aderinto Ogunniyi 1 , William Shaheen 2 , Victor Temple 3 , Charles Scozzie 1<br />
1 U.S. Army Research Laboratory Adelphi, MD, USA, 2 Berkeley Research Associates<br />
Beltsville, MD, USA, 3 Silicon Power Corp. Clifton Park, NY, USA<br />
1O3 SPICE ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> AN INNOVATIVE SOLID-STATE MARX TOPOLOGY<br />
UTILIZING A BOOST REGULATOR CIRCUIT TO GENERATE MILLISECOND<br />
PULSES WITH LOW DROOP<br />
Christopher Yeckel , Richard Cassel<br />
Stangenes Industries <strong>Inc</strong>. Palo Alto, CA, USA<br />
1O4 A HIGH POWER CASCODE SWITCH FOR RAPID, EFFICIENT ENERGY<br />
TRANSFER AT HIGH REPETITION RATES<br />
Jason M. Sanders, Andras Kuthi, Martin A. Gundersen<br />
University of Southern California, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> - Electrophysics, Los Angeles, CA,<br />
USA<br />
1O5 NEW CONCEPTS FOR PULSED POWER MODULATORS: IMPLEMENTING A<br />
HIGH VOLTAGE SOLID-STATE MARX MODULATOR<br />
Floyd Arntz 1 , Kevin Ostlund 1 , Michael Kempkes 1 , Jeffrey Casey 2<br />
1 2<br />
Diversified Technologies, <strong>Inc</strong>. Bedford, MA, USA, Rockfield Research, <strong>Inc</strong>. Las Vegas, NV,<br />
USA<br />
1O6 HIGH AVERAGE POWER HIGH VOLTAGE MODULATOR USING A DUAL<br />
PULSE TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT<br />
Werner Hartmann 1 , Norbert Grass 2 , Klaus-Dieter Rohde 1 , Martin Schwendner 2<br />
1 2<br />
Siemens AG, CT T DE HW4, Erlangen, Germany, Georg-Simon-Ohm University<br />
Nuremberg, Germany<br />
1O7 THE SLAC P2 MARX<br />
Mark Kemp, Andrew Benwell, Craig Burkhart, David MacNair, Minh Nguyen<br />
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park, CA, USA<br />
1O8 DESIGN <strong>OF</strong> A 20 KHZ MAGNETIC PULSE COMPRESSOR<br />
Dongdong Zhang 1 , Yuan Zhou 4 , Wenfeng Li 3 , Jiayu xu 3 , Jue Wang 1 , Yaohong Sun 1<br />
1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China, 2 Chinese<br />
Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive, Beijing,<br />
China, 3 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China, 4 Tianjin University<br />
of Technology and <strong>Engineering</strong> Tianjin, China<br />
xvi<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8
Oral Session 2: Dielectrics and Breakdown<br />
Session Chair: Raymond Allen, Naval Research Laboratory<br />
2O1 SURFACE FLASHOVER MECHANISM ON THE LIQUID IMMERSED<br />
DIELECTRICS<br />
Jouya Jadidian 1 , Markus Zahn 1 , Nils Lavesson 2 , Ola Widlund 2 , Karl Borg 2<br />
1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA, 2 ABB Corporate Research<br />
Västerås, Sweden<br />
2O2 THE STATISTICAL AND FORMATIVE TIMES FOR BREAKDOWN AT A<br />
POLYMER-OIL INTERFACE<br />
Mark Wilson 1 , Martin Given 1 , Igor Timoshkin 1 , Scott MacGregor 1 , Tao Wang 1 , Mark<br />
Sinclair 2 , Ken Thomas 2 , Jane Lehr 3<br />
1 University of Strathclyde, Electronic & Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow, United Kingdom,<br />
2 AWE Aldermaston, Hydrodynamics Division, Reading, United Kingdom, 3 Sandia National<br />
Laboratories, Exploratory Pulsed Power, Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
2O3 INITIATION MECHANISM <strong>OF</strong> NEGATIVE PULSED DISCHARGE IN<br />
SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE<br />
Tomohiro Furusato, Takeshi Ihara, Tsuyoshi Kiyan, Sunao Katsuki, Masanori Hara,<br />
Hidenori Akiyama<br />
Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
2O4 SPATIALLY-RESOLVED SPECTRAL OBSERVATIONS <strong>OF</strong> PULSED SURFACE<br />
FLASHOVER PLASMA IN A NITROGEN ENVIRONMENT<br />
Andrew Fierro, George Laity, Andreas Neuber, Lynn Hatfield, James Dickens<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
2O5 INVESTIGATION <strong>OF</strong> VACUUM UV ABSORPTION DURING LOW-<br />
TEMPERATURE PLASMA FORMATION IN N2/H2 MIXTURES AT<br />
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE<br />
George Laity 1 , Andrew Fierro 1 , Lynn Hatfield 1 , Andreas Neuber 1 , James Dickens 1 , Klaus<br />
Frank 1,2<br />
1 Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA,<br />
2 Friedrich – Alexander University at Erlangen - Nuernberg, Erlangen Centre for<br />
Astroparticle Physics, Erlangen, Germany<br />
2O6 SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> HIGH-VOLTAGE DC BREAKDOWN FOR ANGLED<br />
DIELECTRIC INSULATORS INCLUDING SPACE-CHARGE AND GAS-<br />
COLLISION EFFECTS<br />
Manuel P. Aldan 1 , John P. Verboncoeur 2<br />
1 University of California at Berkeley, Nuclear <strong>Engineering</strong>, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2 Michigan<br />
State University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, East Lansing, MI, USA<br />
2O7 REINFORCED INSULATION PROPERTIES <strong>OF</strong> EPOXY RESIN/ SIO2<br />
NANOCOMPOSITES BY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA MODIFICATION<br />
Wei Yan 1 , Toan Phung 1 , Zhaojun Han 2 , Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov 2<br />
1 University of New South Wales, School of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> and Telecommunications,<br />
Sydney, Australia, 2 CSIRO Material Science and <strong>Engineering</strong>, Plasma Nanoscience Centre<br />
Australia, Lindfield, Australia<br />
2O8 FLASHOVER PHENOMENA ACROSS SOLID DIELECTRICS IN VACUUM:<br />
MECHANISM AND SUPPRESSION<br />
Guan-Jun Zhang, Jiang-Yang Zhan, Xue-Zeng Huang, Hai-Bao Mu<br />
Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'an, China<br />
xvii<br />
9<br />
10<br />
11<br />
12<br />
13<br />
14<br />
15<br />
16
Poster Session 1: Solid State Modulators, Components Switches, Dielectrics,<br />
Breakdown, and Power Electronics and Power Supplies<br />
Session Chair: Randy Cooper, Cooper Consulting Services <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
1P1 FAST OPENING SWITCH APPROACH FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE VACUUM TUBE<br />
PROTECTION APPLICATION<br />
Wolfhard Merz 1 , Monty Grimes 2<br />
1 2<br />
DESY, MKK7, Hamburg, Germany, Behlke Power Electronics LLC Billerica, MA, USA<br />
1P2 HYBRID OPTIONS FOR UPGRADE <strong>OF</strong> THE LHC ENERGY EXTRACTION<br />
SWITCHGEAR<br />
Knud Dahlerup-Petersen, Gert-Jan Coelingh, Bozhidar Panev<br />
CERN, TE, Geneva, Switzerland<br />
1P3 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR THE CLIC DAMPING RING INDUCTIVE ADDER<br />
Janne Holma, Michael Barnes<br />
CERN, TE/ABT/FPS, Geneva, Switzerland<br />
1P4 DESIGN AND TEST <strong>OF</strong> A MODULAR TRIGGER GENERATOR FOR OVER-<br />
VOLTAGE TRIGGERING <strong>OF</strong> MARX GENERATORS<br />
Martin Sack, Georg Mueller<br />
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IHM, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany<br />
1P5 PARAMETRIC MEASUREMENTS <strong>OF</strong> SWITCHINGS LOSSES <strong>OF</strong> IGBT´S IN<br />
PULSED POWER APPLICATIONS<br />
Claus Strowitzki, Matthias Dahlke<br />
MLase AG, Development, Germering, Germany<br />
1P6 A 5KV, 3MHz SOLID-STATE MODULATOR BASED ON THE DSRD SWITCH<br />
FOR AN ULTRA-FAST BEAM KICKER<br />
Andrew Benwell 1 , Craig Burkhart 1 , Anatoly Krasnykh 1 , Tao Tang 1 , Alexei Kardo-Sysoev 2<br />
1 2<br />
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Electrodynamics, Menlo Park, CA, USA, Ioffe<br />
Physical Technical Institute St. Petersburg, Russia<br />
1P7 SOLID STATE FAST TRANSITION KICKER MODULATOR FOR<br />
ACCELERATOR APPLICATIONS<br />
Steven Glidden, Howard Sanders, Daniel Warnow<br />
Applied Pulsed Power, <strong>Inc</strong>. Freeville, NY, USA<br />
1P8 NEXT GENERATION, FAST CURRENT RISE-TIME, LASER PUMPED 5kV<br />
SILICON THYRISTOR SWITCH<br />
Steven Glidden, Howard Sanders, Daniel Warnow<br />
Applied Pulsed Power, <strong>Inc</strong>. Freeville, NY, USA<br />
1P9 GROUND BASED RADAR MODULATOR SOLID-STATE UPGRADE<br />
Sherry Hitchcock 1 , Paul Holen 1 , Magne Stangenes 1 , Mike Garbi 1 , Chris Rivers 1 , Harry<br />
Anamkath 1 , Randy Ross 1 , Lill Runge 1 , Alan Gardner 2 , Jurgen Terry 2<br />
1 2<br />
Stangenes Industries, <strong>Inc</strong> Palo Alto, CA, USA, Raytheon Technical Services El Segundo,<br />
CA, USA<br />
1P10 AN OVERVIEW <strong>OF</strong> CONTEMPORARY SOLID-STATE MODULATOR<br />
TOPOLOGIES AND THEIR PRACTICAL PARAMETER SPACE<br />
Sherry Hitchcock, Richard Cassel, Magne Stangenes<br />
Stangenes Industries, <strong>Inc</strong> Palo Alto, CA, USA<br />
xviii<br />
17<br />
18<br />
19<br />
20<br />
21<br />
22<br />
23<br />
24<br />
25<br />
26
1P11<br />
1P12<br />
1P13<br />
1P14<br />
1P15<br />
1P16<br />
1P17<br />
1P18<br />
1P19<br />
1P20<br />
OPTIMUM TERA HERTZ PULSE AMPLITUDE IN LOW TEMPERATURE<br />
GROWN GALLIUM ARSENIDE PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SWITCHES FOR POWER<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
Omar Ibrahim 1 , Haitham Al Saif 1 , Ashwani Sharma 2 , Clay Mayberry 2 , P. Kirawanich 3 , N. E.<br />
Islam 1<br />
1<br />
University of Missouri - Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Columbia, MO, USA, 2 AFRL/RSVE Albuquerque, NM, USA, 3 Mahidol University,<br />
Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand<br />
DESIGN AND TESTING <strong>OF</strong> WIDE BANDGAP CURRENT LIMITING DEVICES<br />
Nathaniel Kinsey 1 , Randy Curry 1 , Robert Druce 1 , Heikki Helava 2<br />
1<br />
University of Missouri, Center for Physical and Power Electronics, Columbia, MO, USA,<br />
2<br />
Helava Systems <strong>Inc</strong>. Deer Park, NY, USA<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> AN AUTOMATED TEST SETUP FOR LONG TERM<br />
SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION <strong>OF</strong> EXPERIMENTAL GATE-TURN-<strong>OF</strong>F<br />
THYRISTORS IN HIGH ENERGY PULSE APPLICATIONS<br />
Shelby Lacouture 1 , Kevin Lawson 1 , Stephen Bayne 1 , Michael Giesselmann 1 , Heather<br />
O'Brien 2 , Aderinto Ogunniyi 2 , Charles Scozzie 2<br />
1<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA,<br />
2<br />
U.S. Army Research Laboratory Adelphi, MD, USA<br />
FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM FOR 50 MHZ BURST OPERATION <strong>OF</strong> A SILICON<br />
CARBIDE PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCH<br />
Daniel Mauch, Cameron Hettler, William Sullivan III, James Dickens<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
DV/DT IMMUNITY AND RECOVERY TIME CAPABILITY <strong>OF</strong> 1.0 CM 2 SILICON<br />
CARBIDE SGTO<br />
Aderinto Ogunniyi 1 , Heather O'Brien 1 , Charles Scozzie 1 , William Shaheen 2 , Anant Agarwal 3 ,<br />
Lin Cheng 3 , Victor Temple 4<br />
1 2<br />
U.S. Army Research Laboratory Adelphi, MD, USA, Berkeley Research Associate<br />
Beltsville, MD, USA, 3 Cree, <strong>Inc</strong> Durham, NC, USA, 4 Silicon Power Corporation Clifton<br />
Park, NY, USA<br />
IGBT GATE DRIVER UPGRADES TO THE HVCM AT THE SNS<br />
Dennis Solley, David Anderson, Gunjan Patel, Mark Wezensky<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Research Accelerator Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA<br />
HVCM TOPOLOGY ENHANCEMENTS TO SUPPORT A POWER UPGRADE<br />
REQUIRED BY A SECOND TARGET STATION AT SNS.<br />
Dennis Solley, David Anderson, Gunjan Patel, Mark Wezensky<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Research Accelerator Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA<br />
ULTRA-COMPACT 100 KV SOLID-STATE SWITCH DEVELOPMENT FOR SUB-<br />
MICROSECOND DISCHARGES<br />
R.J. Richter-Sand 1 , G. Parker 1 , M. Kostora 1 , S. Heidger 2 , M. Domonkos 2 , E. Loree 3<br />
1 2 3<br />
SAIC Albuquerque, NM, USA, AFRL Albuquerque, NM, USA, Loree <strong>Engineering</strong><br />
Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
AN ULTRA FAST HYBRID TOTEM POLE MOSFET/DRIVER MODULE FOR<br />
HIGH REPETITION RATE OPERATION<br />
Tao Tang, Craig Burkhart<br />
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park, CA, USA<br />
A COMPACT SOLID STATE MODULATOR FOR ACCELERATOR<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
Kongyin Gan, Hepin Hu, Tao Li, Zhiyuan Tan<br />
Institute of the Applied Electronics, China Academy of <strong>Engineering</strong> Physics Miangyang,<br />
China<br />
xix<br />
27<br />
28<br />
29<br />
30<br />
31<br />
32<br />
33<br />
34<br />
35<br />
36
1P21<br />
1P22<br />
1P23<br />
1P24<br />
1P25<br />
1P26<br />
1P27<br />
1P28<br />
1P29<br />
1P30<br />
1P31<br />
LONGEVITY <strong>OF</strong> HIGH POWER GAAS PCSS AT DC BIAS VOLTAGE<br />
Liu Hongwei, Liu Jinfeng, Yuan Jianqiang, Zhao Yue, Li Hongtao, Xie Weiping<br />
China Academy of <strong>Engineering</strong> Physics, The institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China<br />
DESIGN <strong>OF</strong> REPETITIVE HIGH VOLTAGE RECTANGULAR WAVEFORM<br />
PULSE ADDER<br />
Liuxia Li, Kefu Liu, Jian Qiu<br />
Fudan University, Institute of Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China<br />
ON-STATE RESISTANCE COMPARISON <strong>OF</strong> SEMI-INSULATING 6H-SIC<br />
PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCHES<br />
Jianqiang Yuan, Hongwei Liu, Jinfeng Liu, Hongtao Li, Weiping Xie<br />
China Academy of <strong>Engineering</strong> Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China<br />
PRELIMINARY RESEARCHES ON A PLANE-BOARD EXPLOSIVE OPENING<br />
SWITCH<br />
Shirong Hao, Yingmin Dai, Minhua Wang, Nanchuan Zhang, Wenhui Han, Youcheng Wu<br />
Hydro-physics Research Institute, Academy of <strong>Engineering</strong> Physics, Si Chuan Province,<br />
Mianyang, China<br />
INFLUENCE <strong>OF</strong> HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ON THE<br />
WATER DIELECTRIC STRENGH AND ON THE DYNAMIC PRESSURE WAVE<br />
Justin Martin 1 , Thierry Reess 1 , Antoine De Ferron 1 , Robert Ruscassie 1 , Franck Rey-<br />
Bethbeder 2<br />
1 2<br />
University of Pau, SIAME, PAU, France, TOTAL PAU, France<br />
MODELING <strong>OF</strong> THE DIELECTRIC RECOVERY <strong>OF</strong><br />
HOT AIR IN INSULATING NOZZLES<br />
Andreas Kurz, Paul Gregor Nikolic, Daniel Eichhoff, Armin Schnettler<br />
RWTH Aachen University, Institute for High Voltage Technology, Aachen, Germany<br />
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE DIELECTRIC STRENGTH <strong>OF</strong> CARBON DIOXIDE<br />
AND CARBON DIOXIDE MIXTURES FOR THE APPLICATION IN GAS<br />
INSULATED SWITCHGEAR<br />
Paul Gregor Nikolic, Andreas Kurz, Matthias Hoffacker, Armin Schnettler<br />
RWTH Aachen University, Institute for High Voltage Technology, Aachen, Germany<br />
THE INFLUENCE <strong>OF</strong> CONCENTRATED HEAT FLUX ON THE DIELECTRIC<br />
PROPERTIES <strong>OF</strong> SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL ESTERS.<br />
Pawel Rozga<br />
Technical University of Lodz, Institute of Electrical Power <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lodz, Poland<br />
INVESTIGATION <strong>OF</strong> AC DISCHARGES WITH WATER DROPLETS ON SOLID<br />
DIELECTRIC LAYERS<br />
Alper Kara, Ozcan Kalenderli, Kevork Mardikyan<br />
Istanbul Technical University, Electrical-Electronics Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey<br />
ON THE MEASUREMENTS <strong>OF</strong> THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND<br />
DISSIPATION FACTOR <strong>OF</strong> VARIOUS ELASTOMERS<br />
L. Nastrat 1 , R.M. Sharkawy 2<br />
1<br />
South Valley University, Electrical Power and Machines <strong>Engineering</strong>, Aswan, Egypt,<br />
2<br />
AASTMT, Electrical and Control <strong>Engineering</strong>, Cairo, Egypt<br />
CONDUCTION AND BREAKDOWN IN SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL ESTER<br />
FLUIDS<br />
Igor Timoshkin 1 , Yi Jing 1 , Martin Given 1 , Mark Wilson 1 , Tao Wang 1 , Scott MacGregor 1 ,<br />
Jane Lehr 2<br />
1 2<br />
University of Strathclyde, EEE, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Sandia NL Albuquerque, NM,<br />
USA<br />
xx<br />
37<br />
38<br />
39<br />
40<br />
41<br />
42<br />
43<br />
44<br />
45<br />
46<br />
47
1P32<br />
1P33<br />
1P34<br />
1P35<br />
1P36<br />
1P37<br />
1P38<br />
1P39<br />
1P40<br />
1P41<br />
1P42<br />
PULSED HIGH-VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN <strong>OF</strong> THIN FILM PARYLENE-C<br />
Juan Elizondo-Decanini, Evan Dudley<br />
Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
HIGH FIELD CONDUCTION IN HEAT RESISTANT POLYMERS AT ELEVATED<br />
TEMPERATURE<br />
Janet Ho, T. Richard Jow<br />
US Army Research Laboratory Adelphi, MD, USA<br />
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS <strong>OF</strong> MICROPLASMA DEVICES WITH<br />
CARBON-NANOTUBES (CNT) AS THE CATHODE<br />
Huirong Li, Chung-Nan Tsai, Hulya Kirkici<br />
Auburn University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Auburn, AL, USA<br />
SURFACE FLASHOVER <strong>OF</strong> NANODIELECTRICS WITH VARYING<br />
ELECTRODE ARCHITECTURES IN PARTIAL VACUUM<br />
Zhenhong Li, Huirong Li, Hulya Kirkici<br />
Auburn University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Auburn, AL, USA<br />
TO ELECTRICALLY LOCATE GATE-OXIDE DEFECTS IN DUAL-GATE<br />
TECHNOLOGIES FOR VARIOUS HIGH-VOLTAGE DOMAINS<br />
Lieyi Sheng, John Leith, Eddie Glines<br />
ON Semiconductor, Quality, Pocatello, ID, USA<br />
MECHANISM FOR STIMULATED ACOUSTIC EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH<br />
PARTIAL DISCHARGE<br />
Aleta T. Wilder<br />
The University of Texas, Cockrell School of <strong>Engineering</strong>, Austin, TX, USA<br />
HIGH TEMPERATURE CAPACITORS WITH HIGH ENERGY DENSITY<br />
Chen Zou, Nanyan Zhang, Douglas Kushner, Raymond Orchard, Charles Mi, Shihai Zhang<br />
Strategic Polymer Sciences, <strong>Inc</strong>., Capacitor Division, State College, PA, USA<br />
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SURFACE FLASHOVER CHARACTERISTICS <strong>OF</strong><br />
INSULATING METERIAL IN VACUUM<br />
Ling Dai, Fuchang Lin, Xiangyu Shi, Zhiwei Li, Cheng Su<br />
Huazhong University of Science and Technology , State Key Laboratory of Advanced<br />
Electromagnetic <strong>Engineering</strong> and Technology, Wuhan, China<br />
SPACER FLASHOVER CHARACTERISTICS IN SF6 UNDER REPETITIVE<br />
NANOSECOND-PULSES<br />
Huijuan Ran 1 , Tao Wang 1 , Jue Wang 1 , Chengyan Ren 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Dongdong Zhang 1<br />
1 2<br />
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China, Graduate<br />
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China, 3 Chinese Academy of Sciences,<br />
Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive, Beijing, China<br />
STUDY ON SURFACE FLASHOVER AND GAS DESORPTION <strong>OF</strong> SOLID<br />
INSULATION MATERIALS IN VACUUM<br />
Chengyan Ren 1 , Li Xiao 1 , Jue Wang 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Yaohong Sun 1 , Tao<br />
Shao 1 , Tao Wang 1<br />
1 2<br />
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China, Chinese<br />
Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive, Beijing,<br />
China<br />
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY <strong>OF</strong> NANOSECOND-PULSE DIELECTRIC BARRIER<br />
DISCHARGE IN OPEN AIR<br />
Tao Shao 12 , Cheng Zhang 1 , Yang Yu 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Edl Schamiloglu 2<br />
1<br />
Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing, China,<br />
2<br />
Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, University of New Mexico Albuquerque,<br />
NM, USA<br />
xxi<br />
48<br />
49<br />
50<br />
51<br />
52<br />
53<br />
54<br />
55<br />
56<br />
57<br />
58
1P43<br />
1P44<br />
1P45<br />
1P46<br />
1P47<br />
1P48<br />
1P49<br />
1P50<br />
STUDY ON THE DC SPACE CHARGE CHARACTERISTICS <strong>OF</strong> THE MULTI-<br />
LAYER OIL-PAPER INSULATION MATERIAL USED IN POWER<br />
TRANSFORMER<br />
Chao Tang<br />
College of <strong>Engineering</strong> and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China<br />
POLLUTION FLASHOVER PERFORMANCE <strong>OF</strong> INSULATORS WITH<br />
SEMICONDUCTIVE SIR<br />
Xiaoxing Wei, Zhidong Jia, Zhenting Sun, Zhicheng Guan<br />
Tsinghua University, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China<br />
FLASHOVER PERFORMANCE ALONE POLLUTED SURFACE <strong>OF</strong> 220KV GLASS<br />
INSULATOR STRINGS COVERED WITH NON UNIFORM PRTV COATINGS<br />
Chuyan Zhang 1 , Shuwei Wan 1 , Bao Feng 2 , Zhiyong Wang 2 , Liming Wang 1 , Zhicheng Guan 1<br />
1 2<br />
Tsinghua University, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China, Guangdong Power<br />
Grid Company, China Southern Power Grid, Zhongshan Power Grid Corporation,<br />
Zhongshan, China<br />
NANOSECOND-PULSE DIFFUSE DISCHARGE AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE<br />
Cheng Zhang 1 , Tao Shao 12 , Victor F. Tarasenko 3 , Hao Ma 1 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Ping Yan 1 ,<br />
Edl Schamiloglu 2<br />
1<br />
Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing, China,<br />
2<br />
Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, University of New Mexico Albuquerque,<br />
NM, USA, 3 Institute of High Current Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences Tomsk,<br />
Russia<br />
RESEARCH ON SURFACE FLASHOVER PROPERTIES <strong>OF</strong> POLYMER<br />
MODIFIED BY ION IMPLANTATION<br />
Rong Xu 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Jue Wang 1 , Chengyan Ren 1 , Tao Shao 1 , Yaohong Sun 1 , Dongdong<br />
Zhang 1<br />
1 2<br />
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China, Chinese<br />
Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drives, Beijing,<br />
China<br />
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> TREEING PROCESS IN MICRO AND NANO<br />
COMPOSITE INSULATORS<br />
Kavitha Dhinesh 1 , Sindhu T Krishnan 2 , T N Padmanabhan Nambiar 1<br />
1<br />
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Coimbatore, India,<br />
2<br />
National Institute of Technology Calicut, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Kozhikode, India<br />
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT <strong>OF</strong> GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS BY<br />
REDUCING THE CONTAMINATED METALLIC PARTICLE MOVEMENT<br />
Parthasarathy P. 1 , Amarnath Jinka 2 , Singh B.P. 3<br />
1<br />
Guru Nanak <strong>Engineering</strong> College, Department of Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Hyderabad, India, 2 JNTUH College of <strong>Engineering</strong>, Department of Electrical and<br />
Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India, 3 St.Martin's <strong>Engineering</strong> College , Department<br />
of Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India<br />
IMAGE CHARGE EFFECT ON METALLIC PARTICLE MOVEMENT IN A<br />
SINGLE PHASE GAS INSULATED BUSDUCT (GIB) WITH DIELECTRIC<br />
COATED ENCLOSURE USING CHARGE SIMULATION METHOD<br />
Narapareddy Ramarao 1 , Jinka Amarnath 2<br />
1<br />
Nigama <strong>Engineering</strong> College, Department of Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
KARIMNAGAR, India, 2 JNTUH College of <strong>Engineering</strong>, Department of Electrical and<br />
Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, HYDERABAD, India<br />
xxii<br />
59<br />
60<br />
61<br />
62<br />
63<br />
64<br />
65<br />
66
1P51<br />
1P52<br />
1P53<br />
1P54<br />
1P55<br />
1P56<br />
1P57<br />
1P58<br />
1P59<br />
1P60<br />
ESTIMATION <strong>OF</strong> LIFT <strong>OF</strong>F FIELD <strong>OF</strong>F AND MAXIMUM MOVEMENT<br />
PATTERN <strong>OF</strong> METALLIC CONTAMINANTS IN A 600 KV THREE PHASE<br />
COMMMON ENCLOSURE GAS INSULATED BUSDUCT USING MONTE-CARLO<br />
TECHNIQUE<br />
Padmavathi Devasetty 1 , Kamakshaiah Saprams 2 , Amarnath Jinka 3 , Mani Kuchibhatla 4<br />
1 2<br />
Vignana Bharathi Institute , EEE, Hydeabad, India, JNTUH, EEE, Hyderabad, India,<br />
3 4<br />
JNTUH, EEE, Hyderabad, India, Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, EEE,<br />
Hyderabad, India<br />
HIGH VOLTAGE POWER AMPLIFIER UTILIZING SERIES-CONNECTED<br />
TRANSISTORS TO CONTROL THE OUTPUT<br />
J.F. Tooker, P. Huynh<br />
P.O. Box 85608, General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA<br />
A CAPACITIVE LEVEL-SHIFTER FOR HIGH VOLTAGE (2.5KV)<br />
Thomas Andersen, Michael A. E. Andersen, Ole C. Thomsen<br />
Technical University of Denmark, Elektro, Lyngby, Denmark<br />
BATTERY POWERED HIGH OUTPUT VOLTAGE BI-DIRECTIONAL FLYBACK<br />
CONVERTER FOR LINEAR DEAP ACTUATOR<br />
Lina Huang, Prasanth Thummala, Zhe Zhang, Michael Andersen<br />
Technical University of Denmark, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark<br />
ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> DIELECTRIC ELECTRO ACTIVE POLYMER ACTUATOR AND<br />
ITS HIGH VOLTAGE DRIVING CIRCUITS<br />
Prasanth Thummala, Lina Huang, Zhe Zhang, Michael Andersen<br />
Technical University of Denmark, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark<br />
COMPACT HIGH-VOLTAGE CAPACITOR CHARGER<br />
SungRoc Jang 1 , HongJe Ryoo 1 , Gennadi Goussev 1 , SukHo Ahn 2 , SeungBok Ok 2<br />
1<br />
Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute , Electric Propulsion Research Center,<br />
Changwon, Korea, 2 University of Science & Technology , Dept. of Energy Conversion<br />
Technology, Daejeon, Korea<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> THE INVERTER HVPS FOR MODULATOR SYSTEM AT<br />
PAL-XFEL<br />
Soung-soo Park, Sang-hee Kim, Sei-jin Kwan, Byeong-jun Lee, Yong-jo Moon, Heung-su<br />
Lee, Heung-sik Kang, Jung-yun Hwang<br />
Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Accelerator, Pohang, Korea<br />
NEW 13-SPACE VECTOR DIAGRAM FOR THE THREE-PHASE SIX-SWITCHES<br />
VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER<br />
Mohamed Saied<br />
Abu Qir Fertilizers & Chemical Industries Company (AFC) Alexandria, Egypt<br />
AN ADJUSTABLE HVDC POWER SUPPLY USING INTEGRATED HIGH<br />
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER WITH SOME PROTECTIVE & CONTROLLING<br />
FEATURES.<br />
Muhammad Muktadir Rahman<br />
American Intl. University- Bangladesh, Electrical and Electronic <strong>Engineering</strong>, DHAKA,<br />
Bangladesh<br />
A REPETITIVE MICROSECOND-PULSE GENERATOR FOR PLASMA JET<br />
APPLICATION<br />
Wenfeng Li 1 , Tao Shao 12 , Weiming Huang 1 , Cheng Zhang 1 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Edl<br />
Schamiloglu 2<br />
1<br />
Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing, China,<br />
2<br />
Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, University of New Mexico Albuquerque,<br />
NM, USA<br />
xxiii<br />
67<br />
68<br />
69<br />
70<br />
71<br />
72<br />
73<br />
74<br />
75<br />
76
1P61<br />
1P62<br />
1P63<br />
1P64<br />
1P65<br />
1P66<br />
1P67<br />
1P68<br />
1P69<br />
HIGH-FREQUENCY HIGH-VOLTAGE DC POWER SUPPLY BASED ON<br />
PARALLEL RESONANT TECHNOLOGY AND PHASE SHIFTED CONTROL<br />
Kun Liu 1 , Yinghui Gao 1 , Ping Yan 2 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Yaohong Sun 1<br />
1 2<br />
Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Key<br />
Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,<br />
China<br />
AN EFFICIENT ALL SOLID-STATE NANOSECOND PULSED GENERATOR FOR<br />
PULSED DISCHARGES<br />
Junfeng Rao, Kefu Liu, Jian Qiu<br />
Fudan University, Institute of Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China<br />
RESEARCH ON THE RELIABLE THERMAL DESIGN <strong>OF</strong> HIGH FREQUENCY<br />
HIGH VOLTAGE CHARGING POWER SUPPLY<br />
Xiaoxia Shi 1 , Yinghui Gao 1 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Yaohong Sun 1 , Ping Yan 1<br />
1 2<br />
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China, Chinese<br />
Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive, Beijing,<br />
China<br />
DC POWER SOURCE <strong>OF</strong> ONLINE MONITORING EQUIPMENTS FOR<br />
OVERHEAD CONDUCTORS<br />
Ji Yang<br />
Chongqing Electrical Power Company, Dianjiang Branch, Chongqing, China<br />
R&D <strong>OF</strong> 14KV/25A DC HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY FOR TETRODE<br />
AMPLIFIER<br />
Wei Wang<br />
Nanjing Institute of Electronic Technology, Nanjing, China<br />
OUTPUT FAULT PROTECTION AND INTERMEDIATE OVERLOAD DIAGNOSIS<br />
IN A "REGULATED HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY" (80 KV, 130A)<br />
Paresh Patel 1 , Sumod C. B. 1 , D. P. Thakkar 1 , L. N. Gupta 1 , V. B. Patel 1 , L. K. Bansal 1 , K.<br />
Qureshi 1 , V. Vadher 1 , N. P. Singh 2 , U .K. Barua 1<br />
1<br />
Institute for Plasma Research, Neutral Beam Injector Group, SST-1, Gandhinagar, India,<br />
2<br />
ITER-India, Power Supply Group, ITER, India, Gandhinagar, India<br />
REDUCED COMMON MODE VOLTAGE IN DIRECT TORQUE CONTROLLED<br />
INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES USING NEAR STATE PWM TECHNIQUE<br />
Vuyyuru Anantha Lakshmi 1 , T. Bramhananda Reddy 1 , Munagala Surya Kalavathi 2 , VC<br />
Veera Reddy 3<br />
1 2<br />
G.Pulla Reddy <strong>Engineering</strong> College, E.E.E , Kurnool, India, J.N.T.U College of<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, E.E.E , Hyderabad, India, 3 S.V.U College of <strong>Engineering</strong>, E.E.E , Tirupathi,<br />
India<br />
A NOVEL HYBRID PWM ALGORITHM FOR REDUCED COMMON MODE<br />
VOLTAGE IN DIRECT TORQUE CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES<br />
Vuyyuru Anantha Lakshmi 1 , T. Bramhananda Reddy 1 , Munagala Surya Kalavathi 2 , VC<br />
Veera Reddy 3<br />
1 2<br />
G.Pulla Reddy <strong>Engineering</strong> College, E.E.E, Kurnool, India, J.N.T.U College Of<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, E.E.E, Kurnool, India, 3 S.V.U College Of <strong>Engineering</strong>, E.E.E, Kurnool, India<br />
IMPLEMENTATION <strong>OF</strong> DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTION MOTOR<br />
WITH SPACE VECTOR MODULATION<br />
Sushama Malaji<br />
JNTU Hyderabad, Electrical & Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India<br />
xxiv<br />
77<br />
78<br />
79<br />
80<br />
81<br />
82<br />
83<br />
84<br />
85
1P70<br />
1P71<br />
REDUCTION <strong>OF</strong> COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY IN "EKF" FOR<br />
SENSORLESS INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE<br />
Kamal Basha 1 , B.Ravindhra Nath Reddy 2 , Suryakalavathi Muganal 3<br />
1 2 3<br />
MITS, EEE, Madanapalle, India, JNTUH, EE, Hyderabad, India, JNTUH, Electrical,<br />
Hyderabad, India<br />
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION <strong>OF</strong> CLASSICAL AND FUZZY LOGIC<br />
CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR DRIVE<br />
M. Surya Kalavathi 1 , C. Subba Rami Reddy 2<br />
1 2<br />
JNTU Hyderabad, Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India, K.S.R.M<br />
College of <strong>Engineering</strong>, Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Kadapa, India<br />
1P72 FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTION MACHINE USING<br />
BACK PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK<br />
Rajeswaran Nagalingam 1 , Madhu Tenneti 2 , Suryakalavathi Munagala 3<br />
1 SNS College of Technology, ECE, Coimbatore, India, 2 Swarnandhra Institute of<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong> and Technology, PRINCIPAL, Narasapur, India, 3 Jawaharlal Nehru<br />
Technological University, EEE, Hyderabad, India<br />
Oral Session 3: Solid State Modulators, Components and Switches 2, Power<br />
Electronics and Power Supplies<br />
Session Chair: Werner Hartmann, Siemens AG<br />
3O1 PERFORMANCE AND OPTIMIZATION <strong>OF</strong> A 30 KV SILICON CARBIDE<br />
PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCH FOR PULSED POWER<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
Cameron Hettler, William Sullivan III, James Dickens, Andreas Neuber<br />
Texas Tech University, Department of Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA<br />
3O2 REDUCING TURN-ON DISSIPATION <strong>OF</strong> RSD FROM APPLICATION<br />
Lin Liang, Quan Wei, Wu Hong, Xueqing Liu, Yuehui Yu<br />
Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Department of Electronic Science &<br />
Technology, Wuhan, China<br />
3O3 ENHANCED VOLTAGE RECOVERY <strong>OF</strong> HIGH VOLTAGE SEMICONDUCTOR<br />
SWITCHES<br />
J. R. Cooper 1 , E. Loree 2 , T. Konopelski 3 , M. Hope 3 , R. D. Curry 4<br />
1 Cooper Consulting Services, <strong>Inc</strong>. San Diego, CA, USA, 2 Loree <strong>Engineering</strong> Albuquerque,<br />
NM, USA, 3 M7 Electro-optics St. Louis, MO, USA, 4 The University of Missouri Columbia,<br />
MO, USA<br />
3O4 THE EFFECTS <strong>OF</strong> SUB-CONTACT NITROGEN DOPING ON SILICON CARBIDE<br />
PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCHES<br />
W. W. Sullivan III, C. Hettler, J. Dickens<br />
Texas Tech University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Center for Pulsed Power and<br />
Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
3O5 PULSE-TO-PULSE VOLTAGE REPRODUCIBILITY EFFICIENT PREDICTION<br />
METHOD FOR HIGH PRECISION KLYSTRON MODULATOR DESIGN<br />
Rudi Soares, Davide Aguglia<br />
CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research, Technology Dept., Geneva,<br />
Switzerland<br />
xxv<br />
86<br />
87<br />
88<br />
89<br />
90<br />
91<br />
92<br />
93
3O6 DESIGN <strong>OF</strong> AN 80KV, 40A RESONANT SWITCHMODE POWER CONVERTER<br />
FOR PULSED POWER APPLICATIONS<br />
Paul Nonn, Andrew Seltzman, Jay Anderson<br />
University of Wisconsin, Physics, Madison, WI, USA<br />
3O7 DESIGN <strong>OF</strong> A COMPACT, BATTERY-POWERED REP-RATE CHARGER FOR A<br />
88-KJ CAPACITOR BANK FOR EML APPLICATIONS<br />
Brett Huhman, Jesse Neri<br />
US Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, Washington, DC, USA<br />
3O8 REGULATED HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SOURCES UTILISED FOR FAST<br />
DYNAMIC LOADS LIKE NEUTRAL BEAMS, RF HEATING SYSTEMS AND FAST<br />
ACCELERATORS<br />
Paresh Patel 1 , Sumod C.B. 1 , D.P. Thakkar 1 , L.N. Gupta 1 , V.B. Patel 1 , L.K. Bansal 1 , K.<br />
Qureshi 1 , V. Vadher 1 , N.P. Singh 2 , U.K. Barua 1<br />
1 Institute for Plasma Research, Power Supplies and DAC division, Neutral Beam Injector<br />
Group, Gandhinagar, India, 2 ITER, India, Power Supply Group, Gandhinagar, India<br />
Oral Session 4: Biological, Medical, and Environmental Applications<br />
Session Chair: Allen Garner, General Electric<br />
4O1,2<br />
(invited)<br />
COMPARISON BETWEEN MONOPOLAR AND BIPOLAR µs RANGE PULSED<br />
ELECTRIC FIELDS IN ENHANCEMENT <strong>OF</strong> APPLE JUICE EXTRACTION<br />
Paula S. Brito 1 , Hiren Canacsinh 1 , João Mendes 1 , Luís M. Redondo 1 , Marcos T. Pereira 2<br />
1 Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, ADESPA, Lisbon, Portugal, 2 Lusoforma,<br />
Industria e comercio d embalagens Mem Martins, Portugal<br />
4O3 HIGH VOLTAGE PULSE GENERATOR BASED ON TPI-THYRATRONS FOR<br />
PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD MILK PROCESSING<br />
Victor Bochkov 1 , Dmitry Bochkov 1 , Igor Gnedin 1 , Yaroslav Makeev 1 , Gleb Vasiliev 2 , Sergey<br />
Zhdanok 2<br />
1 Pulsed Technologies Ltd. Ryazan, Russia, 2 A.V. Luikov Heat & Mass Transfer Institute<br />
National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Minsk, Belarus<br />
4O4 CHARACTERISTICS <strong>OF</strong> CAVITATION BUBBLES AND SHOCK WAVES<br />
GENERATED BY PULSED ELECTRIC DISCHARGES WITH DIFFERENT<br />
VOLTAGE AMPLITUDES<br />
Daiki Oshita 1 , S.H.R Hosseini 2 , Yuta Okuda 1 , Yuta Miyamoto 1 , Hidenori Akiyama 1,2<br />
1 Kumamoto Univercity, Graduate school of science and technology, Kumamoto, Japan,<br />
2 Kumamoto Univercuty, Bioelectrics research center, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
4O5 PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD INDUCED DIELECTRIC EVOLUTION <strong>OF</strong><br />
MAMMALIAN CELLS<br />
Jie Zhuang 1,2 , Yu Jing 1 , Juergen F. Kolb 2<br />
1 Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA, USA,<br />
2 Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology Greifswald, Germany<br />
4O6 INVESTIGATING THE ROLE <strong>OF</strong> PULSE REPETITION RATE IN MODULATING<br />
CELLULAR RESPONSE TO HIGH VOLTAGE, NANOSECOND ELECTRIC<br />
PULSES<br />
Stefania Romeo 1 , Luigi Zeni 1 , Anna Sannino 2 , Maria Rosaria Scarfì 2 , P. Thomas Vernier 3 ,<br />
Olga Zeni 2<br />
1 Second University of Naples, Department of Information <strong>Engineering</strong>, Aversa, Italy,<br />
2 National Research Council, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment - IREA,<br />
Napoli, Italy, 3 University of Southern Californiano, Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Los Angeles, CA, USA<br />
xxvi<br />
94<br />
95<br />
96<br />
97<br />
98<br />
99<br />
100<br />
101
4O7 NON-THERMAL AND TRANSIENT THERL EFFECT <strong>OF</strong> PULSED ELECTRIC<br />
FIELDS ON HELA CELLS<br />
Kazunori Mitsutake 1 , Shinya Moriyama 1 , Yumi Kishita 1 , Sunao Katsuki 2 , Hidenori Akiyama 1 ,<br />
Tsuyoshi Shuto 3 , Hirofumi Kai 3<br />
1 Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan,<br />
2 Kumamoto University, Bioelectrics Research Center, Kumamoto, Japan, 3 Kumamoto<br />
University, Faculty of Life Science,, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
4O8 ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> CORONA DISCHARGES IN CYLINDRICAL TOPOLOGY AND<br />
PARTICLE CHARGING MECHANISMS FOR OPTIMISATION <strong>OF</strong><br />
PRECIPITATION EFFICIENCY<br />
Igor Timoshkin, Athanasios Mermigkas, Martin Given, Tao Wang, Mark Wilson, Scott<br />
MacGregor<br />
University of Strathclyde, EEE, Glasgow, United Kingdom<br />
Plenary 2<br />
Session Chair: Craig Burkhart, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory<br />
PL2 THE EVOLUTION <strong>OF</strong> PULSED MODULATORS FROM THE MARX<br />
GENERATOR TO THE SOLID STATE MARX MODULATOR AND BEYOND<br />
Richard Cassel<br />
Stangenes Industries <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Oral Session 5: Plasma Opening and Closing Switches, Lasers and other<br />
Radiation Sources<br />
Session Chair: Chunqi Jiang, University of Southern California<br />
5O1,2<br />
(Invited)<br />
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE <strong>OF</strong> A HIGH-PRESSURE, FLOWING LIQUID<br />
DIELECTRIC PEAKING SWITCH<br />
Rainer Bischoff<br />
French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis (ISL) Saint-Louis, France<br />
5O3 TRIGGERED OPERATION <strong>OF</strong> A CORONA CONTROLLED CASCADE SWITCH<br />
AT ELEVATED PRESSURES<br />
Martin J Given 1 , Long Li 1 , Mark P Wilson 1 , Igor V Timoshkin 1 , Tao Wang 1 , Scott J<br />
Macgregor 1 , Jane M Lehr 2<br />
1 Strathclyde University, Electronic and Electrical Eng, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 2 Sandia<br />
National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
5O4 LOW JITTER, HIGH VOLTAGE, REPETITIVE LASER TRIGGERED GAS<br />
SWITCHES<br />
Frank Hegeler 2 , Matthew C. Myers 1 , Matthew F. Wolford 1 , John D. Sethian 1 , Andrew M.<br />
Fielding 2 , John L. Giuliani 1<br />
1 Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, Washington, DC, USA,<br />
2 Commonwealth Technology, <strong>Inc</strong>. Alexandria, VA, USA<br />
5O5 DISCUSSION <strong>OF</strong> BREAKDOWN MECHANISM IN TRIGATRON SPARK GAP<br />
Li Cai, Fuchang Lin, Lee Li, Xiangdong Qi, Chaobing Bao<br />
HuaZhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), State Key Laboratory of Advanced<br />
Electromagnetic <strong>Engineering</strong> and Technology, Wuhan, China<br />
5O6 PERFORMANCE <strong>OF</strong> A CORONA-STABILISED SWITCH ACTIVATED BY FAST-<br />
RISING TRIGGER PULSES<br />
Mark Wilson 1 , Igor Timoshkin 1 , Martin Given 1 , Scott MacGregor 1 , Tao Wang 1 , Jane Lehr 2<br />
1 University of Strathclyde, Electronic & Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow, United Kingdom,<br />
2 Sandia National Laboratories, Exploratory Pulsed Power, Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
xxvii<br />
102<br />
103<br />
105<br />
106<br />
107<br />
108<br />
109<br />
110
5O7 EFFECT <strong>OF</strong> CURRENT PULSE WIDTH ON THE XENON Z-PINCH DISCHARGE<br />
PLASMA FOR EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SOURCE<br />
Peng Lu, Tetsuya Watanabe, Sunao Katsuki, Takashi Sakugawa, Hidenori Akiyama<br />
Kumamoto university, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
5O8 X-RAY EMISSION FROM A TABLE-TOP X-PINCH DEVICE<br />
Ran Zhang, Xinlei Zhu, Shen Zhao, Haiyun Luo, Xiaobing Zou, Xinxin Wang<br />
Tsinghua University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China<br />
Oral Session 6: High Voltage Testing and Diagnostics<br />
Session Chair: Dan Schweickart, US Air Force Wright Patterson<br />
6O1 EXPERIMENTAL IMPULSE RESPONSE <strong>OF</strong> GROUNDING SYSTEMS<br />
Malone Castro, Euler Macedo, Edson Costa, Raimundo Freire, Maria Rodrigues, Luana<br />
Gomes<br />
Campina Grande Federal University , Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Campina Grande, Brazil<br />
6O2 THE EFFECTS <strong>OF</strong> TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, TESTING VOLTAGE AND<br />
TIME DURATION ON DIELECTRIC RESPONSE <strong>OF</strong> TRANSFORMER<br />
INSULATION OIL<br />
Maziar Shareghi, Toan Phung, Mohammad Salay Naderi, Trevor Blackburn<br />
The University of New South Wales, School of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> and<br />
Telecommunications, Sydney, Australia<br />
6O3 A LASER DIAGNOSTIC FOR DETECTING INTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD AND<br />
MECHANICAL STRAIN IN A RESONANT PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSFORMER<br />
Peter Norgard 1 , Scott Kovaleski 1 , Greg Dale 2<br />
1 University of Missouri, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO, USA, 2 Los<br />
Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM, USA<br />
6O4 THE EVOLUTION <strong>OF</strong> IEC 60034-18-41 FROM TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION TO<br />
STANDARD: PERSPECTIVES FOR MANUFACTURERS AND END USERS<br />
Gian Carlo Montanari 1 , Andrea Cavallini 1 , Luca Fornasari 2<br />
1 University of Bologna, DEI, Bologna, Italy, 2 Techimp HQ Spa, R&D, Zola Predosa, Italy<br />
6O5 RADIOMETRIC LOCATION <strong>OF</strong> ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE ACTIVITY<br />
Martin Judd 1 , Rachel Harris 1 , Alistair Reid 2<br />
1 University of Strathclyde, Department of Electronic and Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow,<br />
United Kingdom, 2 Glasgow Caledonian University, School of <strong>Engineering</strong> and Built<br />
Environment, Glasgow, United Kingdom<br />
6O6 A FILTER BANK APPROACH FOR EXTRACTING FEATURES FOR THE<br />
CLASSIFICATION <strong>OF</strong> PARTIAL DISCHARGE SIGNALS IN HIGH VOLTAGE<br />
XLPE CABLES<br />
R. Ambikairajah, B. T. Phung, J. Ravishankar, T. R. Blackburn<br />
University of New South Wales, School of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> & Telecommunications,<br />
Sydney, Australia<br />
6O7 GENERATION, MEASUREMENT AND APPARENT CHARGE ESTIMATION <strong>OF</strong><br />
PARTIAL DISCHARGE SIGNALS<br />
Diego Araújo 1 , Euler Macêdo 1 , Edson Costa 1 , Raimundo Freire 1 , José Maurício Neto 1 ,<br />
Waslon Lopes 1 , Warner Barros 1 , Ian Glover 2<br />
1 Federal University of Campina Grande, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> and Informatic Center,<br />
Campina Grande, Brazil, 2 University of Strathclyde, Department of Electronic and Electrical<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow, Scotland<br />
xxviii<br />
111<br />
112<br />
113<br />
114<br />
115<br />
116<br />
117<br />
118<br />
119
6O8 APPLICATION HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM ON PARTIAL DISCHARGE<br />
PATTERN RECOGNITION <strong>OF</strong> GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR<br />
Hong-Chan Chang 1 , Feng-Chang Gu 1 , Cheng-Chien Kuo 2<br />
1 National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Taipei,<br />
Taiwan, 2 Saint John's University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Taipei, Taiwan<br />
Poster Session 2: Biological, Medical, and Environmental Applications, Plasma<br />
Opening and Closing Switches, Lasers and Other Radiation<br />
Sources, High Voltage Testing and Design, Compact Pulsed<br />
Power, and Power Conditioning and Pulse Shaping<br />
Session Chair: Hao Chen, Cymer <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
2P1 OZONE PRODUCTION BY BARRIER DISCHARGE TYPE CONCENTRIC<br />
CYLINDER ELECTRODE USING PULSED DISCHARGE<br />
Fumiaki Fukawa, Yuuya Satoh, Kotaro Rokkaku, Susumu Suzuki, Haruo Itoh<br />
Chiba Institute of Technology, Electrical, Electronics and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Narashino, Japan<br />
2P2 INVESTIGATION <strong>OF</strong> NON-HEATING STERILIZATION METHOD <strong>OF</strong> PACKED<br />
FRESH FOODS BY PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD<br />
Takato Higuchi, Yasushi Minamitani<br />
Graduate School of Science and <strong>Engineering</strong>, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan<br />
Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan<br />
2P3 INVESTIGATION <strong>OF</strong> QUANTITY <strong>OF</strong> ACTIVE SPECIES GENERATED BY<br />
PULSED STREAMER DISCHARGES IN THE AREA WITH DROPLETS FOR<br />
WATER TREATMENT<br />
Takashi Saito, Yasushi Minamitani<br />
Graduate School of Science and <strong>Engineering</strong>, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan,<br />
Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan<br />
2P4 SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATION <strong>OF</strong> MICRO PLASMA JETS GENERATED BY<br />
PULSED POWER<br />
Makoto Inokuchi, Takashi Sakugawa, Hidenori Akiyama<br />
Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
2P5 BURST ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE FOCUSING SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL<br />
APPLICATION<br />
Hidetoshi Ishizawa, Masanori Hashimoto, Takashi Tanabe, Hammid Hosseini, Sunao<br />
Katsuki, Hidenori Akiyama<br />
Kumamoto University, Guraduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
2P6 INVESTIGATION <strong>OF</strong> OZONE PRODUCTION USING NANOSECOND PULSED<br />
POWER FOR DENSE OZONE<br />
Ryo Mabuchi, Tatsuya Kageyama, Kenji Teranishi, Naoyuki Shimomura<br />
The University of Tokushima, Department of Electrical and Electronic <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Tokushima, Japan<br />
2P7 DECOMPOSITION <strong>OF</strong> HUMATE USING PULSED DISCHARGE IN BUBBLES<br />
Yuuya Satoh, Fumiaki Fukawa, Kotaro Rokkaku, Susumu Suzuki, Haruo Itoh<br />
Chiba Institute of Technology, Electrical, Electronics and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Narashino, Japan<br />
2P8 DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> TECHNIQUES APPLYING NANOSECOND PULSE<br />
ELECTRIC FIELDS ON SOLID TUMOR<br />
Naoyuki Shimomura, Yoshihiro Magori, Masataka Nagahama, Kenji Teranishi, Yoshihiro<br />
Uto, Hitoshi Hori<br />
The University of Tokushima, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima, Japan<br />
xxix<br />
120<br />
121<br />
122<br />
123<br />
124<br />
125<br />
126<br />
127<br />
128
2P9<br />
2P10<br />
2P11<br />
2P12<br />
2P13<br />
2P14<br />
2P15<br />
2P16<br />
APPLICATION TO WATER TREATMENT <strong>OF</strong> PULSED HIGH-VOLTAGE<br />
GENERATOR USING SEMICONDUCTOR OPENING SWITCH<br />
Taichi Sugai 1 , Akira Tokuchi 1 , Weihua Jiang 1 , Yasushi Minamitani 2<br />
1<br />
Nagaoka University of Technology, Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute, Nagaoka,<br />
Japan, 2 Yamagata University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Yonezawa, Japan<br />
PORE DYNAMICS INDUCED BY nsPEF: A COMPARISON BEETWEEN<br />
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL RESULTS<br />
Patrizia Lamberti 1 , Stefania Romeo 3 , Maria Rosaria Scarfì 2 , Vincenzo Tucci 1 , Olga Zeni 2<br />
1<br />
University of Salerno, Dept. of Electronic and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Fisciano (SA), Italy,<br />
2 3<br />
CNR, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment (IREA), Napoli, Italy, Second<br />
University of Naples, Dept. of Information <strong>Engineering</strong>, Aversa (CE), Italy<br />
NON-INVASIVE PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD FOOD PROCESSING: PRO<strong>OF</strong>-<br />
<strong>OF</strong>0PRONCIPLE EXPERIMENTS<br />
Bucur Novac 1 , Fahd Banakhr 1 , Ivor Smith 1 , Laurent Pecastaing 2 , Robert Ruscassie 2 , Antoine<br />
de Feron 2 , Pascal Pignolet 2<br />
1<br />
Loughborough University, School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Loughborough, United Kingdom, 2 University de Pau, SIAME, Equipe Genie Electrique,<br />
Heliopare Pau, France<br />
HIGH BLOOD SUGAR CONCENTRATION RESPONSE TO 850 MHz<br />
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION USING GTEM CELLS<br />
Nattaphong Boriraksantikul 1 , Naz Islam 1 , Kiran Bhattacharyya 2 , John Viator 2 , Phumin<br />
Kirawanich 3<br />
1<br />
University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Columbia, MO, USA, 2 University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Biological<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO, USA, 3 Mahidol University, Department of Electrical<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand<br />
COMPACT PULSER POWER FOR PLATELET AGGREGATION AND GROWTH<br />
FACTOR RELEASE<br />
Yeong-Jer Chen, Barbara Hargrave, Shu Xiao, Karl Schoenbach<br />
Old Dominion University, Bioelectrics, Norfolk, VA, USA<br />
MODELING <strong>OF</strong> DELIVERY <strong>OF</strong> SUBNANOSECOND ELECTRIC PULSES INTO<br />
BIOLOGICAL TISSUES<br />
Shu Xiao 12 , Fei Guo 1 , Fei Li 2 , Jiang Li 2 , Gene Hou 3<br />
1<br />
Old Dominion University, Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Norfolk, VA, USA,<br />
2<br />
Old Dominion University, Department of Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Norfolk,<br />
VA, USA, 3 Old Dominion University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Norfolk, VA, USA<br />
CONCRETE SURFACE SCRAPING WITH HIGH VOLTAGE PULSED POWER<br />
GENERATOR<br />
Alexander Nashilevskiy 1 , Gennady Kanaev 2 , Vladimir Kukhta 3 , Vladimir Lopatin 1 , Gennady<br />
Remnev 1 , Kensuke Uemura 3 , Ivan Egorov 1<br />
1<br />
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Institute of High-Technology Physics,<br />
Tomsk, Russia, 2 National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Institute of Physics and<br />
Technology, Tomsk, Russia, 3 Nagata Seiki Co., Ltd. Niigata,Tsubame , Japan<br />
STUDY <strong>OF</strong> THE EFFICIENCY <strong>OF</strong> A PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD SYSTEM FOR<br />
LIQUID STERILIZATION: A STATISTICAL APPROACH<br />
Eduardo Araujo, Ivan Lopes<br />
Federal University of Minas Gerais , Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> , Belo Horizonte, Brazil<br />
xxx<br />
129<br />
130<br />
131<br />
132<br />
133<br />
134<br />
135<br />
136
2P17<br />
2P18<br />
2P19<br />
2P20<br />
2P21<br />
2P22<br />
2P23<br />
2P24<br />
2P25<br />
2P26<br />
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CHARGES TRANSPORTATION IN<br />
NANOSECOND-PULSED SURFACE DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE<br />
Hui Jiang 1 , Tao Shao 12 , Cheng Zhang 1 , Wenfeng Li 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Edl Schamiloglu 2<br />
1<br />
Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing, China,<br />
2<br />
Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, University of New Mexico Albuquerque,<br />
NM, USA<br />
HYDROPHOBIC IMPROVEMENT <strong>OF</strong> PMMA SURFACE TREATED BY A<br />
NANOSECOND-PULSE PLASMA JET<br />
Zheng Niu 1 , Cheng Zhang 1 , Tao Shao 12 , Jiayu Xu 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Edl Schamiloglu 2<br />
1<br />
Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing, China,<br />
2<br />
Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, University of New Mexico Albuquerque,<br />
NM, USA<br />
A NOVEL METHOD TO CALCULATE THE SHOCK WAVE PROPAGATION AND<br />
OPTIMIZATION <strong>OF</strong> PRESSURE RELIEF IN SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS<br />
Mahdi Khanali 1 , Kaveh Niayesh 2<br />
1 2<br />
University of Waterloo, ECE, Waterloo, ON, Canada, University of Tehran, ECE, Tehran,<br />
Iran<br />
A HIGH CURRENT LOW INDUCTANCE MULTI-GAP MULTI-CHANNEL<br />
SWITCH FOR MICROSECOND LINEAR TRANSFORMER DRIVER, WORKING<br />
UNDER ATMOSPHERIC DRY AIR INSULATION AT 80KV, 250KA LEVEL<br />
Francis Lassalle, Bernard Roques, Arnaud Loyen, Alain Morell<br />
CEA DAM GRAMAT, F-46500, Gramat, France<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> A HIGH CURRENT GAS-SWITCH FOR THE MAGNETIC<br />
HORN <strong>OF</strong> THE FAIR P-BAR-EXPERIMENT<br />
Christian Hock, Marcus Iberler, Joachim Jacoby, Gregor Loisch, Andreas Schönlein, Jörg<br />
Wiechula<br />
Goethe University , Institute of Applied Science, Frankfurt, Germany<br />
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> DRIVERS FOR PSEUDOSPARK<br />
SWITCHES<br />
Victor Bochkov 1 , Dmitry Bochkov 1 , Yaroslav Makeev 1 , Piotr Bak 2 , Alexey Panov 2 , Chris Pihl<br />
3 3<br />
, Sam Andreason<br />
1 2<br />
Pulsed Technologies Ltd. Ryazan, Russia, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Novosibirsk,<br />
Russia, 3 Pulse Power Solutions LLP Mill Creek, WA, USA<br />
POWER TRIGGERED VACUUM SWITCH FOR 50 HZ NETWORKS<br />
Vladimir Sidorov, Dmitriy Alferov, Roman Bunin, Dmitriy Evsin, Valeriy Ivanov<br />
Russian Electrotechnical Institute Moscow, Russia<br />
PARALLEL OPERATION <strong>OF</strong> FOUR SPARK GAPS IN A PULSER SYSTEM<br />
Hasibur Rahaman 1 , Byung-Joon Lee 1 , Jong Woo Nam 1 , Sang Hoon Nam 1 , Jae Woon Ahn 2 ,<br />
Seung Whan Jo 2 , Hae Ok Kwon 2<br />
1 2<br />
POSTECH, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, South Korea, Hanwha Corporation,<br />
R & D Department, Gumi, South Korea<br />
CRITICAL CIRCUIT PARAMETERS IN PRODUCING A TOROIDAL AIR<br />
PLASMA<br />
Adam Lodes 1 , Randy Curry 1 , W. Brown 2 , M. Schmidt 2<br />
1<br />
University of Missouri, Center for Physical and Power Electronics, Columbia, MO, USA,<br />
2<br />
Applied Research Associates Arlington, VA, USA<br />
SELECTIVELY GROWN CARBON NANOTUBES(CNTs): CHARACTERIZATION<br />
AND FIELD EMISSION PROPERTIES<br />
Chung-Nan Tsai, Hulya Kirkici<br />
Auburn University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Auburn, AL, USA<br />
xxxi<br />
137<br />
138<br />
139<br />
140<br />
141<br />
142<br />
143<br />
144<br />
145<br />
146
2P27<br />
2P28<br />
2P29<br />
2P30<br />
2P31<br />
2P32<br />
2P33<br />
2P34<br />
2P35<br />
2P36<br />
NONLINEAR FOWLER-NORDHEIM PLOTS <strong>OF</strong> CARBON NANOTUBES UNDER<br />
VACUUM AND PARTIAL PRESSURES<br />
Rujun Bai, Hulya Kirkici<br />
Auburn University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Auburn, AL, USA<br />
AN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE GAS SWITCH TRIGGERED BY ARRAY<br />
MICROHOLLOW CATHODE DISCHARGE<br />
Yaqing Teng, Kefu Liu, Jian Qiu<br />
Fudan University, Institute of Electric Light Sources,, Shanghai, China<br />
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH <strong>OF</strong> HIGH STABILITY GAS DISCHARGING<br />
SWITCH<br />
Xueling Yao, Jingliang Chen, Yingbiao Shao<br />
Xi'an Jiaotong University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'an, China<br />
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH <strong>OF</strong> ROD-SHAPED GAS DISCHARGING SWITCH<br />
Xueling Yao, Jingliang Chen, Yuxi Wang<br />
Xi'an Jiaotong University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'an, China<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> A COLLIDING PLASMA EXPERIMENT AS AN UV/VUV<br />
RADIATION SOURCE<br />
Andreas Schönlein, Christian Hock, Marcus Iberler, Joachim Jacoby, Johanna Otto, Tim<br />
Rienecker, Christian Teske, Sero Zaehter<br />
Goethe University, Institute of Applied Physics, Frankfurt, Germany<br />
X-RAY BACKLIGHTING <strong>OF</strong> SINGLE-WIRE AND MULTI-WIRE Z-PINCH<br />
Xinlei Zhu, Ran Zhang, Haiyun Luo, Shen ,Zhao, Xiaobing Zou, Xinxin Wang<br />
Tsinghua University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China<br />
TIMING <strong>OF</strong> THE X-RAY BURST FROM PARALLELED X-PINCHES<br />
Shen Zhao, Haiyun Luo, Xinlei Zhu, Ran Zhang, Xiaobing Zou, Xinxin Wang<br />
Tsinghua University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China<br />
EVALUATION <strong>OF</strong> TAPE-BASED STRESS GRADING COATINGS BY INFRARED<br />
THERMOGRAPHY<br />
Fermin P. Espino-Cortes, Tomas I. Asiain Olivares, Pablo Gomez<br />
Instituto Politecnico Nacional, SEPI ESIME Electrical Department , Mexico City, Mexico<br />
DETECTION AND LOCATION <strong>OF</strong> ARCING FAULTS IN DISTRIBUTION<br />
NETWORKS USING A NON-CONTACT APPROACH<br />
Rachel Harris 1 , Philip Moore 2 , Martin Judd 1<br />
1<br />
University of Strathclyde, High Voltage Technologies Research Group, Glasgow, United<br />
Kingdom, 2 Elimpus Ltd Bellshill, United Kingdom<br />
ASSESSMENT <strong>OF</strong> DIELECTRIC DEGRADATION BY MEASUREMENT,<br />
PROCESSING AND CLASSIFICATION <strong>OF</strong> PARTIAL DISCHARGES<br />
Euler C. T. Macedo 1 , Juan M. Villanueva 2 , Diego B. Araujo 2 , Edson G. da Costa 2 , Raimundo<br />
C. S. Freire 2 , José M. R. de Souza Neto 2 , Ian A. Glover 3<br />
1<br />
Para´ıba Federal University, Alternative and Renewable Energy Center, João Pessoa,<br />
Brazil, 2 Campina Grande Federal University , Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> and Informatics<br />
Center, Campina Grande, Brazil, 3 University of Strathclyde, Department of Electronic and<br />
Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow, Scotland<br />
xxxii<br />
147<br />
148<br />
149<br />
150<br />
151<br />
152<br />
153<br />
154<br />
155<br />
156
2P37<br />
2P38<br />
2P39<br />
2P40<br />
2P41<br />
2P42<br />
2P43<br />
2P44<br />
2P45<br />
ITAIPU´S EXPERIENCE IN THE ACCEPTANCE TESTS FACTORY CARRIED<br />
OUT ON HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS (EMPHASIS ON<br />
TRANSFORMERS AND BUSHINGS): RELEVANT FACTS OCCURRED DURING<br />
VFT - VERY FAST TRANSIENT TEST, PARTIAL DISCHARGES<br />
MEASUREMENT, DISPLACEMENT/DEFORMATION CORE <strong>OF</strong> POWER<br />
TRANSFORMER AND GENERAL CONDITIONS <strong>OF</strong> HIGH VOLTAGE<br />
LABORATORIES<br />
Cláudio Morais 1 , Domingues Gonzalez 2 , Juliano Silva 3 , Luiz Pisa 3<br />
1 2<br />
Itaipu Binacional, Inspection, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, Itaipu Binacional, <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, 3 Itaipu Binacional, <strong>Engineering</strong>, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil<br />
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION <strong>OF</strong> A NEW SYSTEM GROUNDING<br />
Maria Alice Rodrigues, Edson Costa, Malone Castro<br />
Federal University of Campina Grande (PB-Brazil), Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> Department,<br />
Campina Grande, Brazil<br />
A STUDY ON RELIABILITY BASED ASSESSMENT ALGORITHM FOR HIGH<br />
VOLTAGE INDUCTION MOTOR STATOR WINDINGS<br />
Chang Jeong-Ho 1 , Lee Heung-Ho 2<br />
1<br />
Korea Water Resources Coraporation, Green Technology Research Center, Daejeon,<br />
Korea, 2 Chungnam National University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Daejeon, Korea<br />
DETERMINING ECONOMIC LIFE CYCLE FOR POWER TRANSFORMER<br />
BASED ON LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS<br />
Sun Hun Lee 1 , An Kyu Lee 1 , Jin O Kim 2<br />
1 2<br />
Korea Water Resources Corporation, K-Water Institute, Deajeon, Korea, Hanyang<br />
University, Dept. of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Seoul, Korea<br />
REAL-TIME INSULATION STATUS ASSESSMENT <strong>OF</strong> UNDERGROUND CABLE<br />
JOINTS BASED ON STANDARD DEVIATION<br />
RuayNan Wu, ChienKuo Chang<br />
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Taipei,<br />
Taiwan<br />
DETERIORATION TREND ON ELECTRICAL TREEING <strong>OF</strong> UNDERGROUND<br />
CABLE INSULATION<br />
RuayNan Wu, ChienKuo Chang<br />
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Taipei,<br />
Taiwan<br />
RESEARCH <strong>OF</strong> NANOSECOND PULSE RESISTIVE DIVIDER<br />
Jingliang Chen, Xueling Yao, Shaolin He, Tianyu Lin<br />
1<br />
Xi'an Jiaotong University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'an, China<br />
RESEARCH ON ROGOWSKI COIL FOR MEASURING 10/350ΜS PULSE<br />
CURRENT<br />
Jingliang Chen 1 , Xueling Yao 1 , Antong Chen 2 , Xiaoqing Xu 1<br />
1<br />
State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong<br />
University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'an, China, 2 Vanderbilt University, Electrical<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong> and Computer Science, Nashville, TN, USA<br />
RESEARCH <strong>OF</strong> TRANSFORMER CONDITION ASSESSMENT SYSTEM BASED<br />
ON RISK EVALUATION<br />
Lu Guo-jun, Li Gang, Qin Yu, Huang Yan-guang<br />
Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, Tests and Research Institute, Guangzhou, China<br />
xxxiii<br />
157<br />
158<br />
159<br />
160<br />
161<br />
162<br />
163<br />
164<br />
165
2P46<br />
2P47<br />
MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> INSULATION RESISTANCE <strong>OF</strong><br />
METALIZED POLYPROPYLENE FILM CAPACITOR UNDER HIGH ELECTRIC<br />
FIELD<br />
Hua Li, Zhiwei Li, Fuchang Lin, Yaohong Chen, De Liu<br />
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced<br />
Electromagnetic <strong>Engineering</strong> and Technology, Wuhan, China<br />
A STUDY <strong>OF</strong> OVER-VOLTAGE MONITORING DEVICE BASED ON COUPLING<br />
CAPACITANCE SENSORS<br />
Qi Wang 1 , Chen-guo Yao 1 , Yan Mi 1 , Jian Wang 2<br />
1<br />
Chongqing University, State Key Laboratory of Transmission & Distribution Equipment<br />
and Power System Safety and New Technology, Chongqing, China, 2 State Gird Corporation<br />
of China, EHV Transmission &Substation Company, Chengdu, China<br />
2P48 THE LIGHTNING PROTECTION TESTS FOR THE RADOME IN Z11<br />
HELICOPTER <strong>OF</strong> CHINA<br />
Duan Zemin<br />
Hefei Hangtai Electrophysics Co.,Lt Hefei, China<br />
2P49 PROTECTION <strong>OF</strong> 132 KV TRANSFORMER AGAINST LIGHTNING BY<br />
EFFECTIVE PLACEMENT <strong>OF</strong> SURGE ARRESTER<br />
Radhika Goru 1 , Suryakalavathi Mungala 2<br />
1 2<br />
Vnr Vjiet, Eee, Hyderabad, IN, India, Jntuh, Eee, Hyderabad, IN, India<br />
2P50<br />
2P51<br />
2P52<br />
2P53<br />
2P54<br />
A COMPACT LOW INDUCTANCE PULSE ENERGY DRIVER SYSTEM FOR<br />
PULSE POWER APPLICATIONS<br />
Kum Sang Low 1 , Albert Ng 1 , Chee Hoong Low 1 , Chin Yang Chia 1 , Kum Wan Low 1 , David<br />
Mahadevan 1<br />
1 2<br />
Specscan Sdn. Bhd. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, University of Malaya, Department of Physics,<br />
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia<br />
GENERATORS <strong>OF</strong> HIGH-POWER HIGH-FREQUENCY PULSES BASED ON<br />
SEALED-<strong>OF</strong>F DISCHARGE CHAMBERS WITH HOLLOW CATHODE<br />
Victor Bochkov 1 , Vladmir Ushich 1 , Alexander Dubinov 2 , Inna Kornilova 2 , Igor L'vov 2 ,<br />
Sergey Sadovoy 2 , Victor Selemir 2 , Dmitry Vyalykh 2 , Victor Zhdanov 2<br />
1 2<br />
Pulsed Technologies Ltd. Ryazan, Russia, Russian Federal Nuclear Center – All-Russian<br />
Research Institute for Experimental Physics Sarov, Russia<br />
SOLID-STATE PULSED POWER SYSTEM FOR GAS TREATMENT<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
Seung-Bok Ok 1 , Hong-Je Ryoo 2 , Sung-Roc Jang 2 , Gennadi Goussev 2<br />
1<br />
University of Science and Technology, Energy Conversion Technology, Daejeon, South<br />
Korea, 2 Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Electric Propulsion Research Center,<br />
Changwon, South Korea<br />
COMPACT HV HIGH POWER CAPACITOR CHARGER<br />
Willy Debache, Michael Teboul<br />
TECHNIX, Development, CRETEIL, France<br />
COMPACT 600 KV MULTI-PRIMARY WINDINGS RESONANT TRANSFORMER<br />
TO DRIVE AN ELECTROMAGNETIC SOURCE<br />
Romain Pecquois 1 , Laurent Pécastaing 1 , Marc Rivaletto 1 , Antoine de Ferron 1 , Jean-Marc<br />
Duband 2 , Laurent Caramelle 2 , René Vézinet 3<br />
1 2 3<br />
Université de Pau, SIAME EGE, Pau, France, HI PULSE Pont de Pany, France, DAM,<br />
CEA GRAMAT, Gramat, France<br />
xxxiv<br />
166<br />
167<br />
168<br />
169<br />
170<br />
171<br />
172<br />
173<br />
174
2P55<br />
2P56<br />
2P57<br />
2P58<br />
2P59<br />
2P60<br />
2P61<br />
2P62<br />
2P63<br />
2P64<br />
HIGH REPETITION RATE PICOSECOND FID PULSE GENERATORS FOR UWB<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
Vladimir Efanov, Mikhail Efanov, Alexander Komashko, Pavel Yarin<br />
FID GmbH Burbach, Germany<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> A RF BURST PULSE GENERATOR USING A NON-LINEAR<br />
TRANSMISSION LINE FOR CANCER TREATMENT<br />
Yuichi Abe, Yasushi Minamitani<br />
Graduate School of Science and <strong>Engineering</strong>, Yamagata University, Department of<br />
Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-0026, Japan<br />
A 600V, 1KA COMPACT LTD MODULE USING POWER MOSFETS<br />
Pravin Iyengar 1 , Tee Chong Lim 1 , Stephen Finney 1 , Mark Sinclair 2<br />
1<br />
University of Strathclyde, Electronic and Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow, United<br />
Kingdom, 2 Atomic Weapons Establishment, Pulsed Power Group, Aldermaston, United<br />
Kingdom<br />
STATUS <strong>OF</strong> PROTOGEN THE FIRST INTEGRATION <strong>OF</strong> GENESIS<br />
TECHNOLOGIES<br />
Steven Glover 1 , Forest White 2 , Gary Pena 1 , Peter Foster 3 , Larry Schneider 1<br />
1 2<br />
Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA, SAIC Albuquerque, NM, USA,<br />
3<br />
Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board Washington, DC, USA<br />
STATUS AND EXPERIMENTS WITH THE 1-MA WATER-INSULATED<br />
MYKONOS LTD VOLTAGE ADDER<br />
Michael Mazarakis 1 , Mark Savage 1 , William Fowler 1 , William Stygar 1 , Scott Roznowski 1 ,<br />
Alexander Kim 2<br />
1 2<br />
Sandia National Laboratories, 1671, Albuquerque, NM, USA, High Current Electronic<br />
Institute, Pulsed Power, Tomsk, Russia<br />
LINEAR TRANSFORMER DRIVER (LTD) WITH SQUARE PULSE OUTPUT<br />
Michael Mazarakis 2 , Alexander Kim 1 , Alexander Sinebbryukhov 1 , S. Volkov 1 , S. Kondratief 1 ,<br />
Frederic Bayol 3 , Gauthier Demol 3 , V. Alexcenco 1 , William Stygar 2<br />
1<br />
Institute of High Current Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences ,Pulsed Power, Russian<br />
Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634055, Russia, 2 Sandia National Laboratory, 1671,<br />
Albuquerque, NM, USA, 3 3<strong>International</strong> Technologies for High Pulsed Power, Pulsed<br />
Power, Thegra 46500, France<br />
MODIFICATIONS TO A COMPACT MARX GENERATOR<br />
Kim Morales<br />
NSWC Dahlgren, Q, Dahlgren, VA, USA<br />
RAPID CAPACITOR CHARGING POWER SUPPLY FOR AN 1800J PFN<br />
Travis Vollmer, Michael Giesselmann<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power & Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
A SHORT-RISE-TIME PULSE GENERATOR USING LASER TRIGGERED SPARK<br />
GAP SWITCH<br />
Yuan Li, Jin Li, Xin Li, Debiao Chen, Hui He, Zhi Zhou, Mao Chen, Fuxin Zhou<br />
Institute of Fluid Physics, Department of Accelerator Physics and Applications, Mianyang,<br />
China<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> BRAUNBECK COILS FOR PULSED MAGNETIC FIELD<br />
GENERATOR FOR BIOMEDICAL EXPOSURE<br />
Yan Mi, Chun Jiang, Longxiang Zhou, Chenguo Yao, Chengxiang Li<br />
Chongqing University, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System<br />
Security and New Technology, Chongqing, China<br />
xxxv<br />
175<br />
176<br />
177<br />
178<br />
179<br />
180<br />
181<br />
182<br />
183<br />
184
2P65<br />
2P66<br />
2P67<br />
2P68<br />
2P69<br />
2P70<br />
2P71<br />
THE PERFORMANCE <strong>OF</strong> A PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCH<br />
TRIGGERED BY A LASER DIODE<br />
Baojie Wang, Kefu Liu, Liuxia Li, Jian Qiu<br />
Fudan University, Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China<br />
AN NS RISETIME GAS SWITCH WITH A MOVABLE ELECTRODE AND A<br />
FIXED ELECTRODE<br />
Xiaobing Zou, Kun Huang, Xinxin Wang, Ran Zhang, Xinlei Zhu, Shen Zhao<br />
Tsinghua University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, State Key Laboratory of Control<br />
and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment, Beijing, China<br />
EXPERIMENTS ON COMPACT PULSE FORMING LINE USING WATER<br />
DIELECTRIC HELICAL TRANSMISSION LINE<br />
Pankaj Deb, Surender Sharma, Biswajit Adhikhari, Rohit Shukla, T. Prabaharan, Partha<br />
Banerjee, Rishi Verma, Anurag Shyam<br />
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Department of Atomic Energy, Vishkapatnam, India<br />
OPERATIONAL RESULTS <strong>OF</strong> PULSE SHAPING TECHNIQUES FOR THE HIGH<br />
VOLTAGE CONVERTER MODULATOR<br />
Gunjan Patel, David Anderson, Dennis Solley, Mark Wezensky<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN, USA<br />
DESIGN AND TEST <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTION VOLTAGE ADDER DERIVED BY 3<br />
BLUMLEIN PFLS<br />
Hoon Heo 1 , Oh Ryoung Choi 1 , Sang Hoon Nam 1 , Jong Won Yang 2 , Jong Hyo Won 3<br />
1 2 3<br />
Pohang Accelerqator Laboratory Pohang, Korea, ADD Daejeon, Korea, LIG Nex1<br />
Seongnam, Korea<br />
HIGH-VOLTAGE VACUUM ELECTRONIC SWITCHES FOR POWER<br />
ELECTRONICS<br />
Vladimir Perevodchikov, Pavel Stalkov, Ivan Trukhachev, Valentina Shapenko, Alexander<br />
Scherbakov<br />
Federal State Unitary Enterprise "All-Russian Electrotechnical Institute named after<br />
V.I.Lenin" (FGUP VEI) Mosow, Russia<br />
ELECTRIC EXPLOSIVE OPENING SWITCH TECHNOLOGY<br />
Wu Youcheng, Hao Shirong, Yang Yu, Geng Lidong, Wang Minhua, Zhang Nanchuan<br />
Institute of Fluid Physics, High Pulsed Power Technology and Application, Mianyang, China<br />
Oral Session 7: Compact Pulsed Power Systems<br />
Session Chair: Mike Mazarakis, Sandia National Laboratories<br />
7O1,2<br />
(invited)<br />
COMMISSIONING AND POWER FLOW STUDIES <strong>OF</strong> THE 2.5-MEV URSA<br />
MINOR LTD<br />
Josh Leckbee 1 , Tim Pointon 1 , Steve Cordova 1 , Bryan Oliver 1 , Martial Toury 2 , Michel Caron 2<br />
1 Sandia National Laboratories, Advanced Radiographic Technologies, Albuquerque, NM,<br />
USA, 2 Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique Pontfaverger, Moronvilliers, France<br />
7O3 SOLID-STATE LTD TECHNOLOGY FOR COMPACT PULSED-POWER<br />
DEVELOPMENT<br />
Weihua Jiang, Akira Tokuchi<br />
Nagaoka University of Technology, Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute, Nagaoka,<br />
Japan<br />
7O4 DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> THE 1 MV/100 kA FAST LTD GENERATOR<br />
Lin Chen, Wenkang Zou, Liangji Zhou, Meng Wang, Weiping Xie<br />
Institute of Fluid Physics, Pulsed Power Laboratory, Mianyang, China<br />
xxxvi<br />
185<br />
186<br />
187<br />
188<br />
189<br />
190<br />
191<br />
192<br />
193<br />
194
7O5 REPETITIVE TESLA-CHARGED PFL AND BLUMLEIN PULSED POWER<br />
GENERATORS<br />
Bucur Novac, Ivor Smith, Peter Senior<br />
Loughborough University, School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Loughborough, United Kingdom<br />
7O6 SOLID DIELECTRIC TRANSMISSION LINES FOR PULSED POWER<br />
Matt Domonkos 1 , Susan Heidger 1 , Darwin Brown 2 , Tommy Cavazos 2 , Alan Devoe 3 , Fatih<br />
Dogan 4 , Don Gale 2 , Jim O'Loughlin 1 , Jerald Parker 2 , Dan Sandoval 2 , Kirk Slenes 5 , Wayne<br />
Sommars 2 , Jack Watrous 6<br />
1 AFRL Kirtland AFB, NM, USA, 2 SAIC Albuquerque, NM, USA, 3 Presidio Components San<br />
Diego, CA, USA, 4 Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla, MO, USA, 5 TPL,<br />
<strong>Inc</strong>. Albuquerque, NM, USA, 6 NumerEx, LLC Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
7O7 A COMPACT, PHASEABLE MW-CLASS HIGH POWER MICROWAVE SYSTEM<br />
USING AN INTEGRATED PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SWITCH AND NONLINEAR<br />
TRANSMISSION LINE<br />
Cameron Hettler, James-William Bragg, William Sullivan III, Daniel Mauch, James<br />
Dickens, Andreas Neuber<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
7O8 COMPACT PICOSECOND PULSE GENERATORS WITH GIGAWATT PEAK<br />
POWER<br />
Vladimir Efanov, Mikhail Efanov<br />
FID GmbH Burbach, Germany<br />
Oral Session 8: High Voltage Design and Analysis, Accelerators, Radar, and RF<br />
Applications, Reliability and Transient Suppression<br />
Session Chair: Andreas Neuber, Texas Tech University<br />
8O1 PRELIMINARY NUMERICAL STUDY ON DIELECTRIC MIXTURES UNDER<br />
LIGHTNING IMPULSE CONDITIONS<br />
Enis Tuncer, Chris Calebrese, Weijun Yin<br />
GE Global Research, Dielectrics & Electrophysics Lab, Niskayuna, NY, USA<br />
8O2 EVOLUTION <strong>OF</strong> PLASMA DENSITY GENERATED BY HIGH POWER<br />
MICROWAVES<br />
Sterling Beeson, James Dickens, Andreas Neuber<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
8O3 BEHAVIOR <strong>OF</strong> HV CABLE AT SHORT CIRCUIT AND RELATED PHENOMENA<br />
Alex Pokryvailo, Cliff Scapellati<br />
Spellman High Voltage Electronics Corp. Hauppauge, NY, USA<br />
8O4 FLEXIBLE 50-OHM HIGH-VOLTAGE NANOSECOND PULSE GENERATOR<br />
Sophie Kohler, Saad El Amari, Vincent Couderc, Delia Arnaus-Cormos, Philippe Leveque<br />
University of Limoges, XLIM UMR 6172 CNRS, Limoges, France<br />
8O5 COMPACT 110-MW MODULATOR FOR C-BAND HIGH GRADIENT<br />
ACCELERATOR<br />
Takahiro Inagaki 1 , Chikara Kondo 1 , Katsutoshi Shirasawa 1 , Tatsuyuki Sakurai 1 , Yuji Otake 1 ,<br />
Tsumoru Shintake 2<br />
1 RIKEN, SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan, 2 OIST Okinawa, Japan<br />
8O6 SOME CONSIDERATIONS TO THE ITER SNUBBERS<br />
Ge Li<br />
Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei, China<br />
xxxvii<br />
195<br />
196<br />
197<br />
198<br />
199<br />
200<br />
201<br />
202<br />
203<br />
204
8O7 A NEW TRIGGERING TECHNOLOGY BASED ON INDUCTIVE TRANSFORMER<br />
FOR LTD SWITCHES<br />
Yu Lei, Kefu Liu, Jian Qiu, Zhuolin Tu<br />
Fudan University, Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China<br />
8O8 SUSCEPTIBILITY <strong>OF</strong> ELECTRO-EXPLOSIVE DEVICES TO HIGH PULSED<br />
ELECTRIC FIELDS<br />
David Reale, John Mankowski, James Dickens<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power & Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
Plenary 3<br />
Session Chair: Juergen Kolb, INP Greifswald<br />
PL3 PLS-II AS THE LEADING KOREAN ACCELERATOR PROJECT AND ITS ROLE<br />
FOR MEGA-SCIENCE ACCELERATOR PROJECTS IN KOREA<br />
Sang Hoon Nam<br />
Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Korea<br />
7Oral Session 9: High Current Systems and EM Launchers<br />
Session Chair: Brett Huhman, Naval Research Laboratory<br />
9O1 THE COLLIDING TORI FUSION REACTOR: PRO<strong>OF</strong> <strong>OF</strong> PRINCIPLE<br />
EXPERIMENT<br />
Michael Anderson 1 , Vitaly Bystritskii 1 , Ivan Isakov 1 , Vasily Matvienko 1 , Francesco<br />
Giammanco 2 , Tommaso Del Rosso 2 , Michl Binderbauer 1 , Lucia Bonelli 3 , Hiroshi Gota 1 ,<br />
Frank Jauregui 1 , Cheryl Johnson 1 , Enrico Paganini 3 , Mark Rouillard 1 , George Strashnoy 1 ,<br />
William Waggoner 1 , Kurt Walters 1<br />
1 Tri Alpha Energy, <strong>Inc</strong>., Pulsed Power Physics, Foothill Ranch, CA, USA, 2 University of<br />
Pisa, Physics, Pisa, Italy, 3 ENEL Pisa, Italy<br />
9O2 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTROMAGNETIC PLASMADYNAMIC SYSTEM FOR<br />
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS<br />
Yuri Chivel 1 , Victor Bochkov 2 , Dmitry Bochkov 2 , Yury Gryshin 3 , Valery Suslov 3 , Vladimir<br />
Vermel 4<br />
1 MerPhotonics Saint Etienne, France, 2 Pulsed Technologies Ltd. Ryazan, Russia, 3 Pulsed<br />
Technologies Ltd. Ryazan, Russia, 4 Bauman University Moscow, Russia, 5 Bauman University<br />
Moscow, Russia, 6 TsAGI Moscow, Russia<br />
9O3 PROGRESS TOWARD A SELF-CONTAINED RAPID CAPACITOR CHARGER<br />
FOR A SMALL RAILGUN IN BURST MODE OPERATION AT 3 RPS<br />
Raymond Allen 1 , Craig Boyer 2 , Jesse Neri 1 , Michael Veracka 3 , Brett Huhman 1<br />
1 Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, Washington, DC, USA, 2 L3<br />
Communications/Titan Group Reston, VA, USA, 3 Naval Research Laboratory, Tactical<br />
Electronic Warfare Division, Washington, DC, USA<br />
9O4 ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> ELECTROMAGNETIC COIL LAUNCH<br />
SYSTEM<br />
Jiange Zhang 1 , Zan Lu 1 , James E. Thompson 2 , Naz E. Islam 1<br />
1 University of Missouri-Columbia, Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO,<br />
USA, 2 University of Missouri-Columbia, College of engineering, Columbia, MO, USA<br />
9O5 MEASUREMENT <strong>OF</strong> SOLID ARMATURE'S IN-BORE VELOCITY USING B-DOT<br />
PROBES IN AUGMENTED RAILGUN<br />
Song Shengyi, Cheng Cheng, Guan Yongchao, He Yong<br />
Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Laboratory for Pulsed Power Technology, Mianyang,<br />
China<br />
xxxviii<br />
205<br />
206<br />
207<br />
208<br />
209<br />
210<br />
211<br />
212
9O6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM THE DESTRUCTIVE TESTING <strong>OF</strong> MULTI-<br />
LAYER PZT FERROELECTRIC GENERATORS<br />
Allen Stults<br />
US Army, AMRDEC, Redstone Arsenal, AL, USA<br />
9O7 EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES <strong>OF</strong> A FLYER-PLATE<br />
ELECTROMAGNETIC ACCELERATOR<br />
Kaashif Omar 1 , Neal Graneau 1 , Mark Sinclair 1 , Bucur Novac 2 , Ivor Smith 2 , Peter Senior 2<br />
1 AWE, Hydrodynamics Department, Aldermaston, United Kingdom, 2 Loughborough<br />
University, School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems <strong>Engineering</strong>, Loughborough, United<br />
Kingdom<br />
9O8 OPTIMIZATION <strong>OF</strong> NONUNIFORM TRANSMISSION LINE WITH A GAUSSIAN<br />
IMPEDANCE PR<strong>OF</strong>ILE BY CIRCUIT SIMULATION<br />
Rui Zhang, Chongyang Mao, Kun Hunag, Xiaobing Zou, Xinxin Wang<br />
Tsinghua University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing , China<br />
Oral Session 10: High Power Microwaves, Radiating Structures, and<br />
Electromagnetic Propagation<br />
Session Chair: Steve Calico, Lockheed Martin<br />
10O1 VIRTUAL PROTOTYPING A MEGAWATT CLASS CONVENTIONAL<br />
MAGNETRON<br />
Michael Lambrecht, Timothy Fleming, Peter Mardahl<br />
Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM, USA<br />
10O2 RECIRCULATING PLANAR MAGNETRON EXPERIMENTS AND SIMULATIONS<br />
Ronald Gilgenbach 1 , Matthew Franzi 1 , Yue-Ying Lau 1 , David Chalenski 1 , David Simon 1 ,<br />
Brad Hoff 2 , David French 2 , Geoff Greening 2 , John Luginsland 3<br />
1 University of Michigan, Nuclear Eng. & Radiological Sciences , Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2 Air<br />
Force Research Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM, USA, 3 Air Force<br />
Office of Scientific Research, Plasma & Electroenergetic Physics, Arlington, VA, USA<br />
10O3 SERIAL ARRANGEMENT <strong>OF</strong> FERRIMAGNETIC NONLINEAR TRANSMISSION<br />
LINES<br />
James-William Bragg, Christopher Simmons, James Dickens, Andreas Neuber<br />
Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Texas Tech University, Department of<br />
Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
10O4 GENERATING OSCILLATING PULSES USING NONLINEAR CAPACITIVE<br />
TRANSMISSION LINES<br />
Ngee Siang Kuek 1 , Ah Choy Liew 1 , Edl Schamiloglu 2 , Jose Osvaldo Rossi 3<br />
1 National University of Singapore, Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Singapore, Singapore, 2 University of New Mexico, Department of Electrical & Computer<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 3 National Institute for Space Research, Associated<br />
Plasma Laboratory, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil<br />
10O5 3D FDTD SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> A NLTL USING FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS IN<br />
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE<br />
Byron Caudle, Michael Baginski, Hulya Kirkici<br />
Auburn University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Auburn, AL, USA<br />
10O6 GAS EVOLUTION <strong>OF</strong> NICKEL, STAINLESS STEEL 316, AND TITANIUM<br />
ANODES IN VACUUM SEALED TUBES<br />
Jonathan Parson, James Dickens, Andreas Neuber, John Walter, Magne Kristiansen<br />
Texas Tech University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
xxxix<br />
213<br />
214<br />
215<br />
216<br />
217<br />
218<br />
219<br />
220<br />
221
10O7 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE-IN-CELL SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> SUB-<br />
TERAHERTZ HIGH-POWER GYROTRON<br />
Koyu Ito, Weihua Jiang<br />
Nagaoka University of Technology, Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute, Nagaoka,<br />
Japan<br />
10O8 A DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA BASED ON HIGH DIELECTRIC<br />
CONSTANT COMPOSITES FOR HIGH POWER, UHF ANTENNA<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
Kevin O'Connor, Randy Curry<br />
University of Missouri-Columbia, Center for Physical and Power Electronics, Columbia,<br />
MO, USA<br />
Poster Session 3: High Voltage Design and Analysis, Accelerators, Radars, and<br />
RF Applications, Reliability and Transient Suppression, High<br />
Current Systems and EM Launchers, High Power Microwaves,<br />
Radiating Structures, and Electromagnetic Propagation,<br />
Analytical Methods, Modeling, and Simulation, Prime Power<br />
and Power Systems, Energy Storage Devices and Components,<br />
High Energy Systems<br />
Session Chair: David Wetz, University of Texas, Arlington<br />
3P1 PULSED VOLTAGE DRIVEN ELECTROSPRAY<br />
Daichi Obata 1 , Asuki Nakamura 1 , Sunao Katsuki 2 , Hidenori Akiyama 1<br />
1<br />
Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan,<br />
2<br />
Kumamoto University, Bioelectrics Research Center, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
3P2 OPTIMIZATION <strong>OF</strong> CORONA RING DESIGN FOR COMPOSITE INSULATOR<br />
STRINGS USING KRIGING METAMODELING AND DIRECT ALGORITHMS<br />
Hanyu Ye, Markus Clemens<br />
Universität Wuppertal, Chair of Electromagnetic Theory, Wuppertal, Germany<br />
3P3 DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> SMALL DIMENSION HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRONIC<br />
VACUUM DEVICES<br />
Victor Bochkov 1 , Dmitry Bochkov 1 , Vladimir Nicolaev 1 , Vasiliy Teryoshin 1 , Piotr Panov 1 ,<br />
Alexandr Batrakov 2 , Konstantin Karlik 2 , Grigory Ozur 2 , Dmitry Proskurovsky 2<br />
1 2<br />
Pulsed Technologies Ltd Ryazan, Russia, Institute of High Current Electronics RAS Tomsk,<br />
Russia<br />
3P4 OPTIMIZATION <strong>OF</strong> A CATHODE CONFIGURATION IN GAS INSULATED<br />
SWITCHGEAR WITH A PERMITTIVITY GRADED INSULATOR<br />
Chi-Wuk Gu, Jae-Ho Rhee, Heung-Jin Ju, Kwang-Cheol Ko<br />
Hanyang University, Dept. of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Seoul, South Korea<br />
3P5 INTERRUPTING CAPABILITY <strong>OF</strong> VACUUM INTERRUPTER BY VARIOUS<br />
PARAMETERS<br />
Chi-Wuk Gu 1 , Kun-A Lee 1 , Heung-Jin Ju 1 , Kwang-Cheol Ko 1 , Cheol-Kyou Lee 2<br />
1 2<br />
Hanyang University, Dept. of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Seoul, South Korea, Vitzrotech Co.,<br />
Ltd. Ansan, South Korea<br />
xl<br />
222<br />
223<br />
224<br />
225<br />
226<br />
227<br />
228
3P6<br />
3P7<br />
3P8<br />
3P9<br />
3P10<br />
3P11<br />
3P12<br />
3P13<br />
3P14<br />
EFFECTS <strong>OF</strong> CAPACITIVE VERSUS RESISTIVE LOADING ON HIGH<br />
TRANSFORMATION RATIO PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSFORMERS FOR<br />
MODULAR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS<br />
James VanGordon 1 , Brady Gall 1 , Peter Norgard 1 , Scott Kovaleski 1 , Emily Baxter 1 , Baek<br />
Kim 1 , Jae Kwon 1 , Gregory Dale 2<br />
1 2<br />
University of Missouri, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO, USA, Los<br />
Alamos National Laboratory, Accelerator Operations and Technology - High Power<br />
Electrodynamics, Los Alamos, NM, USA<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> 100kV BIPOLAR CAPACITOR CHARGING SYSTEM<br />
Yinghui Gao 1 , Kun Liu 1 , Yaohong Sun 1 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Ping Yan 1<br />
1 2<br />
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China, Chinese<br />
Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive, Beijing,<br />
China<br />
DESIGN AND TEST <strong>OF</strong> 2250KV SEMI-FLEXIBLE SF6 INSULATED HIGH<br />
VOLTAGE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION LINE<br />
Kun Wang 1 , Xupeng Song 2 , Jingbo Zhang 2 , Gensheng Lu 2 , Kefu Liu 1<br />
1 2<br />
Fudan University, Institute of Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China, China Electronic<br />
Technology Group Corporation , No.23 Research Institute, Shanghai, China<br />
FDTD ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> LIGHTNING TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD<br />
ON THE TRANSMISSION LINE<br />
Hao Wu, Chen-guo Yao, Qian-bo Xiao, Yan Mi, Chen-xiang Li, Jian Li<br />
State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New<br />
technology, College of Electric <strong>Engineering</strong> Chongqing University, Chongqing, China<br />
NUMERICAL MODELING <strong>OF</strong> UHV LABORATORY TO EVALUATE THE<br />
RATING <strong>OF</strong> HV EQUIPMENT<br />
Adusumilli Pradeep 1 , Shreeharsh Mallick 2 , H S Jain 1<br />
1<br />
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, High Voltage <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India,<br />
2<br />
University of Florida, Lightning Research Group, Gainesvile, FL, USA<br />
STUDY <strong>OF</strong> LIGHTNING INDUCED OUTAGE IMPROVEMENT FOR A 220KV<br />
TRANSMISSION LINE.<br />
Goru Radhika 1 , Mungala Suryakalavathi 2<br />
1 2<br />
VNR VJIET, EEE, Hyderabad, India, JNTU, EEE, Hyderabad, India<br />
ELECTRIC FIELD STRESS ANALYSIS ON THE SURFACE <strong>OF</strong> A COMPOSITE<br />
CONE TYPE SPACER IN GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION FOR A FIXED<br />
SPHERICAL AND A WIRE LIKE PARTICLE<br />
Duvvada Deepak Chowdary 1 , Jinka Amarnath 2<br />
1<br />
Dr.L.B.College of <strong>Engineering</strong> For Women, Electrical & Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Visakhapatnam, India, 2 Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Electrical &<br />
Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India<br />
ANALYSIS TO CORE SNUBBER BASED ON DELTAMAX<br />
Fei Xie 12 , Hongwen Yuan 1 , Ge Li 1 , Desheng Cheng 1 , Jinling Chen 1 , Qiangjian Chen 1<br />
1 2<br />
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Anhui, China, Shunde<br />
Polytechnic, Department of Electronic and Information <strong>Engineering</strong>, Shunde, China<br />
MHz-LEVEL REPETITIVE MODULATORS FOR ACCELERATOR<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
Weihua Jiang, Akira Tokuchi<br />
Nagaoka University of Technology, Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute, Nagaoka,<br />
Japan<br />
xli<br />
229<br />
230<br />
231<br />
232<br />
233<br />
234<br />
235<br />
236<br />
237
3P15<br />
3P16<br />
3P17<br />
3P18<br />
3P19<br />
3P20<br />
3P21<br />
3P22<br />
3P23<br />
3P24<br />
3P25<br />
3P26<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> HIGH PERFORMANCE ELECTRON BEAM SWITCHING<br />
SYSTEM FOR SWISS FREE ELECTRON LASER AT PAUL SCHERRER<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
Martin Paraliev, Christopher Gough<br />
Paul Scherrer Institute, Large research facilities , Villigen PSI, Switzerland<br />
A STABILITY <strong>OF</strong> LCLS LINAC MODULATORS<br />
Anatoly Krasnykh, Franz-Josef Decker, Ben Morris, Minh Nguyen<br />
SLAC National Accelerator Lab Menlo Park, CA, USA<br />
SNS LEBT CHOPPER PULSE WIDTH LIMITATION<br />
Vladimir Peplov, Robert Saethre<br />
ORNL Oak Ridge, TN, USA<br />
KLYSTRON MODULATOR DESIGN FOR THE LOS ALAMOS NEUTRON<br />
SCIENCE CENTER ACCELERATOR<br />
William Reass, David Baca, Daniel Rees, Edward Partridge<br />
Los Alamos National Laboratory, AOT-RFE, Los Alamos, NM, USA<br />
INJECTOR SYSTEM FOR THE POLISH SYNCHROTRON RADIATION<br />
FACILITY 'SOLARIS'<br />
Piotr Tracz 1 , C.J. Bocchetta 1 , P. Goryl 1 , L. Walczak 1 , A. Wawrzyniak 1 , M. Eriksson 2 , D.<br />
Kumbaro 2 , L. Malmgren 2 , J. Mooder 2 , S. Thorin 2<br />
1 2<br />
The Jagiellonian University, SOLARIS, Krakow, Poland, The Lund University, MAX-lab,<br />
Lund, Sweden<br />
A HIGH-REPETITION RATE PULSED ELECTRON ACCELERATOR<br />
Gennady Remnev, Ivan Egorov, Marat Kaikanov, Evgeny Lukonin, Victor Esipov, Artem<br />
Poloskov<br />
Tomsk Polytechnic University, High Technology Physics Institute, Tomsk, Russia<br />
30 KV COAXIAL PULSED PLASMA ACCELERATOR FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND<br />
APPLICATIONS <strong>OF</strong> MATERIAL PROCESSING<br />
Anuar Zhukeshov, Assem Amrenova, Asylgul Gabdullina<br />
Kazakh National University, Physics Faculty, Almaty, Kazakhstan<br />
SNS LEBT CHOPPER FAILURE MODES AND IMPROVEMENTS<br />
Robert Saethre, Vladimir Peplov<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Research Accelerators Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA<br />
EMI NOISE REDUCTION IN INTEGRATED 6 KHZ SOLID STATE PULSED<br />
POWER SYSTEM<br />
Hao Chen, Byron Yakimow, Paul Melcher<br />
Cymer <strong>Inc</strong> San Diego, CA, USA<br />
METHOD <strong>OF</strong> CURRENT TRANSFORMER METROLOGICAL PROPERTIES<br />
ESTIMATION FOR TRANSFORMATION <strong>OF</strong> DISTORTED SIGNALS<br />
Michal Kaczmarek<br />
Technical Univeristy of Lodz, Instytute of Electrical Power <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lodz, Poland<br />
ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> THE INFLUENCE <strong>OF</strong> THE LEVEL <strong>OF</strong> SIGNAL DISTORTION ON<br />
CURRENT ERROR AND PHASE DISPLACEMENT <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTIVE CURRENT<br />
TRANSFORMERS<br />
Kaczmarek Michal<br />
Technical Univeristy of Lodz, Instytute of Electrical Power <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lodz, Poland<br />
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON EVALUATION METHOD FOR AGING MEDIUM<br />
LARGE POWER TRANSFORMER<br />
Chang Jeong-Ho 1 , Lee Sung-Hun 1 , Oh Seung-Chan 2 , Lee Hyo-Sung 3 , Lee Heung-Ho 3<br />
1 2<br />
Korea Water Resources Corporation, Daejeon, Korea, Corporation Korea Atomic Energy<br />
Research Institute, , Daejeon, Korea, 3 Chungnam National University Daejeon, Korea<br />
xlii<br />
238<br />
239<br />
240<br />
241<br />
242<br />
243<br />
244<br />
245<br />
246<br />
247<br />
248<br />
249
3P27<br />
3P28<br />
3P29<br />
3P30<br />
3P31<br />
3P32<br />
3P33<br />
3P34<br />
3P35<br />
3P36<br />
3P37<br />
INVESTIGATIONS INTO NON-DESTRUCTIVE MODIFICATION <strong>OF</strong><br />
CAPACITOR BANK OUTPUT INDUCTANCE AT THE NRL MATERIALS<br />
TESTING FACILITY<br />
Brett Huhman 1 , Richard Cairns 2 , Scott Douglass 2 , Jess Neri 1<br />
1 2<br />
US Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, Washington, DC, USA, Soterra<br />
Defense, <strong>Inc</strong>, Crofton, MD, USA<br />
SHOCK COMPRESSION <strong>OF</strong> GAS-IMPREGNATED SOLIDS<br />
David Rice, Scott Kovaleski, John Gahl<br />
University of Missouri, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO, USA<br />
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS <strong>OF</strong> EXTREMELY COMPACT FERROELECTRIC<br />
GENERATOR BASED PULSED SYSTEMS<br />
Allen Stults 1 , Sergey Shkuratov 2 , Jason Baird 2<br />
1 2<br />
US Army, AMRDEC, Redstone Arsenal, AL, USA, Loki Rolla, MO, USA<br />
ANALYSIS TO THE EAST NBI TRANSMISSION LINES<br />
Cheng Desheng, Li Ge, Cao Lei, Xie Fei<br />
1<br />
Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China<br />
AN ACTIVE JITTER DAMPER <strong>OF</strong> SWITCHES <strong>OF</strong> LTD BASED ON<br />
TRANSFORMER COUPLING EFFECT<br />
Yue Zhao, Liangji Zhou, Lin Chen, Meng Wang<br />
China Academy of <strong>Engineering</strong> Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China<br />
COMPACT ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM FOR TOKAMAK<br />
Ge Li<br />
Institute of Plasma physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei, China<br />
SOME PROBLEMS <strong>OF</strong> SLIDING CONTACT IN RAILGUN ("VELOCITY SKIN-<br />
EFFECT" AND HALL-EFFECT IN MICRO-PLASMA)<br />
Volodymyr Chemerys<br />
National Aviation University of Ukraine, Theoretical Physics, Kyiv, Ukrenia<br />
THE PRINCIPLE <strong>OF</strong> MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION IN THE PULSED<br />
ELECTROMECHANICAL GENERATORS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN<br />
DESIGN<br />
Volodymyr Chemerys<br />
National Aviation University of Ukraine, Theoretical Physics, Kyiv, Ukrenia<br />
EFFECTS <strong>OF</strong> ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSES ON A SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE<br />
LAYERS <strong>OF</strong> DIFFERENT MATERIALS<br />
Antonio Upia 1 , Daniel Muffoletto 1 , Mark Muffoletto 1 , Brett Bowman 1 , Kevin Burke 1 , Jennifer<br />
Zirnheld 1 , Harry Moore 2 , Hardev Singh 2 , Thomas DeAngelis 3<br />
1 2<br />
The University at Buffalo, Energy Systems Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA, US Army Military,<br />
ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA, 3 SciTech Services, <strong>Inc</strong>. Havre de Grace, MD, USA<br />
FREQUENCY AGILITY <strong>OF</strong> A FERRITE-LOADED, NONLINEAR TRANSMISSION<br />
LINE<br />
Christopher Simmons, James-William Bragg, James Dickens<br />
Texas Tech University, Department of Electrical And Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA<br />
PROSPECTS <strong>OF</strong> BUILDING CAPACITIVE NONLINEAR LINES USING<br />
CERAMIC PZT FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY OPERATION<br />
Jose Osvaldo Rossi 1 , Fernanda Sayuri Yamasaki 1 , Lauro Paulo da Silva Neto 1 , Edl<br />
Schamiloglu 2<br />
1 2<br />
INPE, Associated Plasma Laboratory, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil, UNM, ECE Dept,<br />
Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
xliii<br />
250<br />
251<br />
252<br />
253<br />
254<br />
255<br />
256<br />
257<br />
258<br />
259<br />
260
3P38<br />
3P39<br />
3P40<br />
3P41<br />
3P42<br />
3P43<br />
3P44<br />
3P45<br />
3P46<br />
3P47<br />
X-BAND RELATIVISTIC BACKWARD WAVE OSCILLATOR WITH TWO-<br />
SPIRAL CORRUGATED BRAGG REFLECTOR<br />
A. Elfrgani, M. Fuks, S. Prasad, E. Schamiloglu<br />
University of New Mexico, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT MODELING METHODS <strong>OF</strong> ELECTROMAGNETIC SHOCK<br />
WAVE IN AIR FOR HIGH POWER MICROWAVE PROPAGATION<br />
Kun-A Lee, Jong-Yoon Park, Kwang-Cheol Ko<br />
Hanyang University, Dept. of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Seoul, South Korea<br />
OPEN TRANSVERSE ELECTROMAGNETIC (TEM) CELL AS APPLICATOR <strong>OF</strong><br />
HIGH-INTENSITY NS PEFs AND ELECTRO-OPTIC MEASUREMENTS<br />
Sophie Kohler 1 , Thao Vu 1 , Thomas Vernier 2 , Delia Arnaud-Cormos 1 , Philippe Leveque 1<br />
1 2<br />
University of Limoges, XLIM UMR 6172 CNRS, Limoges, France, Information Sciences<br />
Institute, MOSIS, California, CA, USA<br />
A PIEZOELECTRICALLY DRIVEN ION DIODE NEUTRON SOURCE FOR<br />
ACTIVE INTERROGATION<br />
Peter Norgard, Scott Kovaleski, James VanGordon, Emily Baxter, Brady Gall, Jae Kwon,<br />
Baek Kim<br />
University of Missouri, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO, USA<br />
CARRIER DYNAMICS AND ELECTRON ENERGY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION<br />
<strong>OF</strong> A TRANSBERSE VIRCATOR<br />
Shen Shou Max Chung 1 , Yien Chieh Huang 2 , Ci Ling Pan 1<br />
1 2<br />
National Tsing Hua University, Department of Physics, Hsinchu, Taiwan, National Tsing<br />
Hua University, Institue of Photonics Technologies, Hsinchu, Taiwan<br />
SHAPES <strong>OF</strong> GRATINGS AND BEAM ENERGY RELATIONSHIP IN A 100 MEV<br />
SMITH-PURCELL DEVICE<br />
Shen Shou Max Chung 1 , Yien Chieh Huang 2 , Ci Ling Pan 1<br />
1 2<br />
National Tsing Hua University, Department of Physics, Hsinchu, Taiwan, National Tsing<br />
Hua University, Institue of Photonics Technologies, Hsinchu, Taiwan<br />
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO HPM TESTING<br />
Russell Blundell<br />
White Sands Missile Range, Survivability Vulnerability & Assessment Directorate, White<br />
Sands, NM, USA<br />
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE POTENTIAL FOR SURFACE FLASHOVER ON<br />
METAMATERIAL STRUCTURES IN AN HPM ENVIRONMENT<br />
Patrick Kelly, John Mankowski, Stephen Bayne<br />
Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
COMPARISON <strong>OF</strong> CSI COATED CARBON VELVET AND ALUMINUM<br />
CATHODES OPERATED AT CURRENT DENSITY ON THE ORDER <strong>OF</strong> 300A/CM 2<br />
Curtis Lynn, John Walter, Andreas Neuber, James Dickens, Magne Kristiansen<br />
Texas Tech University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
AN ARBITRARY-GEOMETRY PULSED RF SOURCE ARRAY SYSTEM BASED<br />
ON GPS TIMING<br />
John Walter, Christopher Lutrick, Scott Clark, Shad Holt, David Reale, Patrick Kelly, James<br />
Dickens, John Mankowski<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
xliv<br />
261<br />
262<br />
263<br />
264<br />
265<br />
266<br />
267<br />
268<br />
269<br />
270
3P48<br />
3P49<br />
3P50<br />
3P51<br />
3P52<br />
3P53<br />
3P54<br />
3P55<br />
3P56<br />
3P57<br />
STOCHASTIC MODEL <strong>OF</strong> METAL OXIDE SURGE ARRESTERS BASED ON<br />
SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION<br />
Pablo Bezerra Vilar, George Rossany Soares Lira, Tarso Vilela Ferreira, Edson Guedes da<br />
Costa<br />
Federal University of Campina Grande, Department of Electric <strong>Engineering</strong> , Campina<br />
Grande, Brazil<br />
PSPICE MODELING <strong>OF</strong> SILICON CARBIDE MOSFETS AND DEVICE<br />
PARAMETER EXTRACTION<br />
Argenis Bilbao, Stephen Bayne<br />
Texas Tech University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
PULSED POWER SWITCH MODELING FOR BROAD OPERATION<br />
Steven Glover 1 , Peter Foster 2 , Dillon McDaniel 1 , Forest White 3 , Gary Pena 1 , Larry<br />
Schneider 1<br />
1 2<br />
Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA, Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety<br />
Board Washington, DC, USA, 3 SAIC Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
ANALYTIC SOURCES USING POLYNOMIAL SHAPED PARTICLES IN THE LTP<br />
METHOD<br />
Robert Jackson 1 , John Verboncoeur 2<br />
1 2<br />
Calabazas Creek Research, <strong>Inc</strong>. San Mateo, CA, USA, Michigan State University,<br />
Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, East Lansing, MI, USA<br />
ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> CURRENT-DIVIDING POST-HOLE CONVOLUTES FOR SIX<br />
LINES DRIVING THREE TRIODES ON SATURN<br />
E. A. Madrid 1 , D. V. Rose 1 , C. L. Miller 1 , V. Harper-Slaboszewicz 2<br />
1 2<br />
Voss Scientific Albuquerque, NM, USA, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM,<br />
USA<br />
REPETITIVE PULSE TESTING AND MODELING <strong>OF</strong> A HIGH POWER CERAMIC<br />
RESISTOR<br />
Daniel Muffoletto, Kevin Burke, Jennifer Zirnheld<br />
University at Buffalo, Energy Systems Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA<br />
DYNAMIC BIFURCATION ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> ADVANCED AIRCRAFT ELECTRIC<br />
POWER SYSTEM (AAEPS) WITH NONLINEAR LOADING<br />
Hadi Ebrahimi, Hassan El-Kishky<br />
The University of Texas at Tyler, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Tyler, TX, USA<br />
A NOVEL GENERALIZED AVERAGING TECHNIQUE FOR THE MODELING <strong>OF</strong><br />
CONTROLLERS IN AN AAEPS MULTI-CONVERTER SYSTEM<br />
Hadi Ebrahimi, Hassan El-Kishky<br />
The University of Texas at Tyler, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Tyler, TX, USA<br />
AN EMI MODEL <strong>OF</strong> HIGH FREQUENCY AND HIGH VOLTAGE CAPACITOR<br />
CHARGING POWER SUPPLY CONSIDERING TRANSIENT SWITCHING<br />
INTERFERENCE BASED ON SABER<br />
Xiao Han 3 , Yinghui Gao 1 , Dongdong Zhang 2 , Yaohong Sun 1 , Ping Yan 2<br />
1 2<br />
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China, Chinese<br />
Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive, Beijing,<br />
China, 3 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School, Beijing, China<br />
MODELING AND SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> MULTIPACTOR DISCHARGE ON<br />
DIELECTRIC WINDOW UNDER HPM IN VACUUM<br />
Guan-Jun Zhang, Bai-Peng Song, Xi-Wei Hao<br />
Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'ab, China<br />
xlv<br />
271<br />
272<br />
273<br />
274<br />
275<br />
276<br />
277<br />
278<br />
279<br />
280
3P58<br />
3P59<br />
3P60<br />
3P61<br />
3P62<br />
3P63<br />
3P64<br />
3P65<br />
3P66<br />
3P67<br />
SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> PULSED ELECTROMAGNETIC PROCESSES IN MULTI-<br />
LAYER PACKAGE <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTOR CORE <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTION ACCELERATORS <strong>OF</strong><br />
ELECTRONS<br />
Volodymyr Chemerys, Iren Borodiy<br />
National Aviation University of Ukraine, Theoretical Physics, Kyiv, Ukrenia<br />
HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION – A REVIEW, PART I<br />
Mohamed Saied<br />
Abu Qir Fertilizers & Chemical Industries Company (AFC) Alexandria, Egypt<br />
HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION – A REVIEW, PART II –<br />
CONVERTER TECHNOLOGIES<br />
Mohamed Saied<br />
Abu Qir Fertilizers & Chemical Industries Company (AFC) Alexandria, Egypt<br />
CPF, TDS BASED VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS USING SERIES, SHUNT<br />
AND SERIES–SHUNT FACTS CONTROLLERS FOR GENERATOR OUTAGE<br />
CONTINGENCY<br />
Surya Kalavathi 1 , Naveen Kumar 2<br />
1 2<br />
JNTUH, EEE, Hyderabad, India, VNRVJIET, EEE, Hyderabad, India<br />
OPTIMAL LOCATION AND PARAMETER SETTING <strong>OF</strong> UPFC FOR POWER<br />
SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY ENHANCEMENT USING DIFFERENTIAL<br />
EVOLUTION(DE) ALGORITHM<br />
Suryakalavathi Munagala 1 , Balachennaiah Pagidi 2<br />
1 2<br />
JNTUH, EEE Department, Hyderabad, India, A.I.T.S, EEE Department, Rajampet, India<br />
OPTIMAL POWER FLOW ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> ANDHRA PRADESH STATE GRID IN<br />
DEREGULATED ENVIRONMENT<br />
Sunilkumar Chava 1 , Amarnath Jinka 2 , Subramanyamps 3<br />
1 2<br />
CVR COLLEGE <strong>OF</strong> ENGINEERING, EEE, HYDERABAD, India, JNTUH, EEE,<br />
HYDERABAD, India, 3 VBIT, EEE, HYDERABAD, India<br />
ROLE <strong>OF</strong> FACTS DEVICES ON ZONAL CONGESTION MANAGEMENT<br />
ENSURING VOLTAGE STABILITY UNDER CONTINGENCY<br />
Jami Sridevi 1 , Jinka Amarnath 2 , Gade Govinda Rao 3<br />
1<br />
Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of <strong>Engineering</strong> And Technology, Electrical and Electronics<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India, 2 Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Electrical and<br />
Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India, 3 Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India<br />
INFLUENCE <strong>OF</strong> HEAT TREATMENT ON PROPERTIES <strong>OF</strong> HIGH-CURRENT<br />
METALLIZED FILM CAPACITORS<br />
Kong Zhonghua, Xu Bei, Tong Chunya, Lou Zaifei<br />
School of Electronic and Information <strong>Engineering</strong>, Ningbo University of Technology,<br />
Ningbo, China<br />
DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE <strong>OF</strong> HIGH TEMPERATURE POWER<br />
CONVERSION CAPACITORS<br />
J. R. MacDonald, J. B. Ennis, M. A. Schneider<br />
General Atomics Electronic Systems, <strong>Inc</strong>., Capacitor Research and Development, San Diego,<br />
CA, USA<br />
DROOP RELATED LIFETIME REDUCTION <strong>OF</strong> POLYPROPYLENE FILM<br />
CAPACITOR IN A PULSED POWER APPLICATION<br />
Tao Tang 1 , Mark Kemp 1 , Craig Burkhart 1<br />
1 2<br />
SLAC National Acclerator Laboratory Menlo Park, CA, USA, SLAC National Acclerator<br />
Laboratory, RF Accelerator Research and Enegineering, Menlo Park, CA, USA<br />
xlvi<br />
281<br />
282<br />
283<br />
284<br />
285<br />
286<br />
287<br />
288<br />
289<br />
290
3P68<br />
3P69<br />
3P70<br />
LIFETIME TESTING <strong>OF</strong> AIRIX ACCELERATING UNITS<br />
Alain Georges, Hervé Dzitko, Marc Mouillet, Rémi Nicolas, Denis Reynaud<br />
CEA, DIF, ARPAJON, France<br />
A MOBILE HIGH-POWER, HIGH-ENERGY PULSED-POWER SYSTEM<br />
Bucur Novac 1 , Michael Parker 1 , Ivor Smith 1 , Peter Senior 1 , Gerasimos Louverdis 2<br />
1<br />
Loughborough University, School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Loughborough, United Kingdom, 2 Dstl, Security Sciences Department, Sevenoaks, United<br />
Kingdom<br />
CAPACITOR DROOP COMPENSATION WITH S<strong>OF</strong>T SWITCHING FOR HIGH<br />
VOLTAGE CONVERTER MODULATOR<br />
Michael Bland 1 , William Reass 1 , Alex Scheinker 1 , Ji Chao 2 , Pericle Zanchetta 2 , Alan<br />
Watson 2 , Jon Clare 2<br />
1 2<br />
Los Alamos National Laboratory, AOT-RFE, Los Alamos, NM, USA, The University of<br />
Nottingham, Electrical & Electronic <strong>Engineering</strong>, Nottingham, United Kingdom<br />
3P71 COHERENCE EFFECTS<br />
Lutfi Oksuz, Ali Gulec, Erdogan Teke, Ferhat Bozduman<br />
Suleyman Demirel Universitesi, Fizik Bolumu, Isparta, Turkey<br />
Oral Session 11: Analytical Methods, Modeling, and Simulations<br />
Session Chair: Matthew Aubuchon, General Atomics<br />
11O1,2<br />
(Invited)<br />
LINEAR-INDUCTION-ACCELERATOR BEAM-ENERGY-SPREAD<br />
MINIMIZATION: CELL MODELS AND TIMING OPTIMIZATION<br />
C. R. Rose, C. Ekdahl, M. Schulze<br />
Los Alamos National Laboratory, WX-5, Los Alamos, NM, USA<br />
11O3 THERMAL MODELING <strong>OF</strong> HIGH TEMPERATURE POWER CONVERSION<br />
CAPACITORS<br />
J. R. MacDonald<br />
General Atomics Electronic Systems, <strong>Inc</strong>., Capacitor Research and Development, San Diego,<br />
CA, USA<br />
11O4 FDTD MODELING <strong>OF</strong> FAST TRANSIENT CURRENTS IN HIGH VOLTAGE<br />
CABLES<br />
Xiao Hu, Martin D. Judd, Wah H. Siew<br />
University of Strathclyde, Department of Electronic and Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow,<br />
United Kingdom<br />
11O5 ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELLING <strong>OF</strong> HIGH PRESSURE SPARK GAP<br />
PEAKING SWITCH<br />
Mrunal Parekh, Bindu Sreedevi, H.A. Mangalvedekar<br />
VJTI, VJTI-SEIMENS HIGH VOLTAGE LAB, Mumbai, India<br />
11O6 ESTIMATIONS <strong>OF</strong> THE ENERGY AVAILABLE TO A BREAKDOWN CHANNEL<br />
AS IT PROPAGATES THROUGH A DIELECTRIC MEDIUM<br />
Martin J Given 1 , Igor V Timoshkin 1 , Yiming Gao 1 , Mark P Wilson 1 , Tao Wang 1 , Scott J<br />
Macgregor 1 , Jane M Lehr 2<br />
1<br />
University of Strathclyde, Electronic and Electrical Eng, Glasgow, United Kingdom,<br />
2<br />
Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
11O7 PREVENTING BREAKDOWN BY DIRECT OPTIMIZATION APPROACH<br />
Zoran Andjelic 1 , Salih Sadovic 2 , Jean-Claude Mauroux 3<br />
1 2 3<br />
ABB Corporate Research Baden, Switzerland, Sadovic Consulting Paris, France, ABB<br />
Corporate Research Zuerich, Switzerland<br />
xlvii<br />
291<br />
292<br />
293<br />
294<br />
295<br />
296<br />
297<br />
298<br />
299<br />
300
11O8 A SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> BREAKDOWN PARAMETERS <strong>OF</strong> HIGH POWER<br />
MICROWAVE INDUCED PLASMA IN ATMOSPHERIC GASES<br />
Patrick Ford, John Krile, Hermann Krompholz, Andreas Neuber<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
Oral Session 12: Power Conditioning and Pulse Shaping, Energy Storage Devices<br />
and Components<br />
Session Chair: Shu Xiao, Old Dominion University<br />
12O1 HIGH TEMPERATURE CAPACITOR PERFORMANCE IN A HIGH POWER,<br />
HIGH FREQUENCY CONVERTER<br />
Kevin Bray 1 , Hiroyuki Kosai 1 , Daniel Schweickart 2 , Biswajit Ray 3<br />
1 UES, <strong>Inc</strong> Dayton, OH, USA, 2 Air Force Research Laboratory, RZPE, Dayton, OH, USA,<br />
3 Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania Bloomsburg, PA, USA<br />
12O2 GLASS DIELECTRICS FOR POWER CAPACITORS<br />
Mohan Manoharan 1 , Mike Lanagan 1 , Douglas Kushner 2 , Chen Zou 2 , Shihai Zhang 2 , Takashi<br />
Murata 3<br />
1<br />
The Pennsylvania State University, Materials Research Institute, University Park, PA, USA,<br />
2 3<br />
Strategic Polymer Sciences, <strong>Inc</strong>., Capacitor Division, State College, PA, USA, NEG, Glass<br />
Division, Shiga, Japan<br />
12O3 ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN IN CAPACITOR DIELECTRIC FILMS: SCALING<br />
LAWS AND THE ROLE <strong>OF</strong> SELF-HEALING<br />
M. A. Schneider, J. R. MacDonald, M. C. Schalnat, J. B. Ennis<br />
General Atomics-Electronic Systems, <strong>Inc</strong>. San Diego, CA, USA<br />
12O4 PULSED CURRENT LIMITATIONS <strong>OF</strong> HIGH POWER ELECTROCHEMICAL<br />
ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES<br />
David Wetz, Biju Shrestha, Peter Novak<br />
University of Texas at Arlington, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> Department, Arlington, TX, USA<br />
12O5 STATUS UPDATE <strong>OF</strong> THE POWER CONDITIONING SYSTEM IN THE<br />
NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY<br />
Bruno Le Galloudec 1 , Phil Arnold 1 , Glen James 1 , Dave Pendleton 1 , Dave Petersen 1 , Geoff<br />
Arellano-Womack 2 , Javier Cano 3 , Allen Harkey 2 , Norris Lao 2 , Manuel Magat 1 , Michael<br />
McIntosh 2 , Quang Ngo 2 , Seth Robison 2 , David Schwedler 2 , Mark Lopez 2<br />
1 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, <strong>Engineering</strong>/LSEO, Livermore, CA, USA,<br />
2 AKIMA Infrastructure Services LLC Livermore, CA, USA, 3 NSTEC Livermore, CA, USA<br />
12O6 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION <strong>OF</strong> A 250 KV, 100 HZ REPETITIVE VIRCATOR<br />
TEST STAND<br />
Kelton Clements, Randy Curry, Robert Druce<br />
University of Missouri, Center for Physical and Power Electronics, Columbia, MO, USA<br />
12O7 EXPERIMENTATION AND SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> HIGH CURRENT DENSITY<br />
SURFACE COATED ELECTRO-EXPLOSIVE FUSES<br />
Jacob Stephens, Andreas Neuber, James Dickens, Magne Kristiansen<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock , TX, USA<br />
12O8 ANALYSIS ON STRAY PARAMETERS IN A SOLID-STATE MARX PULSED<br />
POWER MODULATOR<br />
Jian Qiu, Kefu Liu, Liuxia Li<br />
Fudan University, Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China<br />
xlviii<br />
301<br />
302<br />
303<br />
304<br />
305<br />
306<br />
307<br />
308<br />
309
MONDAY
HIGH VOLTAGE, BI<strong>OF</strong>UELS, AND CO-PRODUCTS<br />
TAKING HIGH VOLTAGE TO THE (FARM) FIELD<br />
Robert Hebner<br />
University of Texas, Austin<br />
1<br />
Plenary Session 1<br />
A revolution is underway regarding how the world acquires what has traditionally been called<br />
“fossil fuel” or “petrochemicals”. Our present approach is to extract the results of nature<br />
converting plants to a hydrocarbon over millions of years. A daunting challenge is to compete<br />
with what nature has provided. To be competitive, one must grow the product and extract the<br />
relevant chemicals at a cost competitive with the cost of extracting from the earth the result of<br />
millions of years of natural processes using a century of extraction optimization. And it must be<br />
done in days or months, not centuries.<br />
But the rewards are great. On the financial side, bioprocessing has the potential to open more of<br />
the world to producing its own fossil fuel, thus helping to diversify supply and stabilize prices.<br />
On the environmental side, growing biofuels extracts CO2, while using them liberates CO2.<br />
Because these are done in such close temporal proximity, the net effect on the atmosphere is<br />
expected to be significantly less than that of fossil fuels.<br />
The technical challenge is to drive down cost, and electric fields are proving to be very cost<br />
effective in some aspects of processing compared to the more conventional chemical methods.<br />
Our research has made advances in four important areas of processing: electroporation,<br />
electromechanical cell disruption, electroflocculation, and electrophorisis.<br />
Electroporation is the process of creating pores in a cell membrane. In the processing application,<br />
these pores allow solvents to enter the intracellular region and material to diffuse out. The pores<br />
are created by applying a sufficiently high electric field across the cell membrane.<br />
Electromechanical cell disruption requires that the pulse be long enough to induce mechanical<br />
motion in the cell, but short enough that the field is applied in a time short compared to the<br />
difference between the effective time constants of the intracellular and the extracellular material.<br />
This process opens the cell so that oil can be removed.<br />
For algae growth in particular, a challenge is to separate the material from the growth medium<br />
since even very green algae ponds are typically only about 0.1% algae. One approach to<br />
concentration is to apply a metal that helps eliminate the normal electrostatic repulsion between<br />
algae cells, leading to flocculation. Electroflocculation is the use of an electric field to produce<br />
the flocculation sites from sacrificial electrodes.<br />
Electrophorisis is the use of an electric field to achieve separation by exploiting the natural charge<br />
state of the algae. This process has an effect, but it is confounded by the drag forces on the cells<br />
and the presence of simultaneous electroflocculation.<br />
All of these technologies have been evaluated and some have been used successfully in<br />
commercial products and in field demonstrations. Success in the integration of high voltage<br />
technology into the biofuels efforts is opening the door to additional potential applications.
2<br />
1O1,2 (Invited)<br />
COMPACT SILICON SGTO MODULE FOR PULSE SWITCHING BEYOND<br />
6 KV, 100 KA<br />
Heather O'Brien 1 , Aderinto Ogunniyi 1 , William Shaheen 2 , Victor Temple 3 , Charles<br />
Scozzie 1<br />
1 U.S. Army Research Laboratory Adelphi, MD, USA, 2 Berkeley Research Associates<br />
Beltsville, MD, USA, 3 Silicon Power Corp. Clifton Park, NY, USA<br />
In a continuing effort to reduce the weight and volume of high-power pulse switches, the U.S.<br />
Army Research Laboratory and Silicon Power have developed new Super-GTO-based switch<br />
modules that out-perform the previous designs while maintaining compact size. These switch<br />
modules have recently been demonstrated at a 50% increase in hold-off voltage and 40% increase<br />
in pulse current (compared to switches presented at PMC 2006) while utilizing the same area of<br />
silicon in the same volume packaging. Each switch module is composed of eight parallel 3.5 cm 2<br />
silicon Super-GTOs, for a total silicon area of 28 cm 2 and a package volume of 0.14 L. The pulse<br />
performance at the individual Super-GTO device level was improved by modifying the emitter<br />
layout and metallization to reduce on-state resistance and maximize current-spreading across the<br />
silicon area. Switch modules were evaluated under a 125-microsecond wide pulse condition, with<br />
a 10-90% rise time of 10 microseconds. They were switched at a single-shot rate up to peak<br />
current capability, as determined by linearity on the on-state voltage drop and repeatability of<br />
each pulse without any perceived degradation to the switch. Modules were pulsed up to 112 kA<br />
for over 400 pulses with slight (5%) change in on-state voltage and consistent pulse performance.<br />
Compared to separate single-chip evaluations, these eight-chip Super-GTO modules are derated<br />
by 13% on current based on experimental data. This paper will include further information on the<br />
evaluation strategy, test bed design, and measurement techniques.
SPICE ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> AN INNOVATIVE SOLID-STATE MARX TOPOLOGY<br />
UTILIZING A BOOST REGULATOR CIRCUIT TO GENERATE<br />
MILLISECOND PULSES WITH LOW DROOP<br />
Christopher Yeckel, Richard Cassel<br />
Stangenes Industries <strong>Inc</strong>. Palo Alto, CA, USA<br />
3<br />
1O3<br />
High-power solid-state modulators are emerging as reliable, tunable, and cost-effective<br />
alternatives to current spark gap and thyratron technologies. The persistent improvement of the<br />
power, speed, and availability of solid-state components is generating increased commercial<br />
interest in their development. Solid state pulsed systems are optimal for technologies demanding<br />
stringent and stable pulse shapes, high repetition rates, ultra-long lifetimes, and performance<br />
redundancy. Solid-state Marx modulators operate by charging capacitors in parallel and<br />
discharging them in series. The charge and discharge cycles are generated by IGBT switches<br />
altering the circuit in a precisely controlled pattern. During the discharge cycle the Marx erects<br />
and energy stored in the capacitors is pulsed into the load. The transient voltage drop across the<br />
pulse associated with the discharge of the capacitor, or voltage droop, limits the effective pulse<br />
width. By incorporating a boost regulator circuit in parallel with the discharge circuit, the<br />
effective pulse width can be increased from microseconds to milliseconds. SPICE simulations<br />
indicate that a 30-stage solid-state Marx modulator utilizing a novel boost circuit topology can<br />
generate a 3 ms long megawatt pulse at 20-Hz with a voltage droop of less than 1%. The boost<br />
regulator operates by boosting the discharging capacitor with matched boost capacitors. Both the<br />
discharge and boost capacitors are charged to the same voltage, so a simpler power supply<br />
topology is required. A feedback circuit controls the operation of the boost IGBTs, increasing the<br />
efficiency of the circuit by limiting the current through the boost inductor. Additional controls<br />
prevent overcharging of the discharge capacitor in the case of fluctuating load impedance. This<br />
paper describes SPICE simulations justifying the use of a boost regulator circuit in parallel with a<br />
discharge circuit to increase the effective pulse width of a Marx modulator. The effect of circuit<br />
impedances on system efficiency as well as trade-offs between parameters are investigated. Based<br />
on the positive results generated by the SPICE simulations, construction of a prototype system<br />
has begun at Stangenes Industries.
A HIGH POWER CASCODE SWITCH FOR RAPID, EFFICIENT ENERGY<br />
TRANSFER AT HIGH REPETITION RATES<br />
Jason M. Sanders, Andras Kuthi, Martin A. Gundersen<br />
University of Southern California, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> - Electrophysics, Los Angeles,<br />
CA, USA<br />
4<br />
1O4<br />
In recent years, the number of applications that are enabled or enhanced by high peak power,<br />
nanosecond pulses has expanded. There are numerous reasons for this, key among them the<br />
advancement in fabricating and designing devices and architectures capable of rapidly<br />
transferring and shaping electrical pulses [1]. Published and ongoing research has reported that<br />
gains are realized in a number of these applications when the pulses are applied in quick<br />
succession. Examples include plasma assisted combustion and cellular membrane<br />
electropermeabilization, each of which is enhanced in specific ways by high pulse repetition rates<br />
[2, 3]. Unfortunately, most of these experiments have been unable to explore fully the effects of<br />
high repetition rates because they are limited by the maximum rate of the pulsed power supply.<br />
Rapid pulsing from high voltage, high current supplies (10-70 kV, 50 – 350 A) is challenging for<br />
a number of reasons, chief among them the lack of solid state switches capable of switching<br />
sufficiently high voltage and current with fast turn on and turn off times. To address this issue, a<br />
switch composed of power MOSFETs arranged in a cascode configuration has been developed.<br />
Proper layout results in maximum ratings of 500 V at 1 kA and dI/dt approaching 1×109 A/s.<br />
Turn-on time is less than 10 ns, and with proper thermal management, the switch can achieve a<br />
burst mode repetition rate of 1 MHz. In spite of added complexity, this switching system is well<br />
suited for real world applications that require high power switching from a reliable, efficient unit<br />
that has a long lifetime. The initial prototype has been assembled on a 6.5" × 3.5" PCB, and,<br />
though larger than a commercially available semiconductor switch, its size and weight are<br />
minimal compared to switches with competing specs, all of which are gas discharge based and<br />
require additional high voltage or laser triggering systems and high current heating circuits.<br />
Development of the next iteration of this prototype is underway, and emphasis will be placed on<br />
enhancing usability. This fully shielded "black box" unit will be easily integrated into the front<br />
end switching system of existing pulsed power supplies, featuring only an input, an output, and a<br />
trigger channel.<br />
[1] D. Singleton, A. Kuthi, J. M. Sanders, A. Simone, S. Pendleton, M. A. Gundersen , "Low<br />
energy compact power modulators for transient plasma ignition," Dielectrics and Electrical<br />
Insulation, IEEE Transactions on , vol.18, no.4, pp.1084-1090, August 2011.<br />
[2] I. V. Adamovich, I. Choi, N. Jiang, J.-H. Kim, S. Keshav, W. R. Lempert, E. Mintusov, M.<br />
Nishihara, M. Samimy, and M. Uddi, "Plasma assisted ignition and high-speed flow control: nonthermal<br />
and thermal effects," Plasma Sources Science and Technology, vol. 18, p. 034018, 2009.<br />
[3] P. T. Vernier, Y. Sun, and M. A. Gundersen. 2006. Nanoelectropulse-driven membrane<br />
perturbation and small molecule permeabilization. BMC Cell Biol. 7:37.
5<br />
1O5<br />
NEW CONCEPTS FOR PULSED POWER MODULATORS: IMPLEMENTING A<br />
HIGH VOLTAGE SOLID-STATE MARX MODULATOR<br />
Floyd Arntz 1 , Kevin Ostlund 1 , Michael Kempkes 1 , Jeffrey Casey<br />
1 Diversified Technologies, <strong>Inc</strong>. Bedford, MA, USA, 2 Rockfield Research, <strong>Inc</strong>. Las Vegas,<br />
NV, USA<br />
Marx Modulator Design: The <strong>International</strong> Linear Collider (ILC) program is expected to require<br />
up to 650 pulse modulators, each of which will nominally provide at 120 kV, 120 A, 1.5<br />
milliseconds, 5 Hz cathode pulses for the multi-beam klystrons (MBKs). Diversified<br />
Technologies <strong>Inc</strong>. (DTI) recently developed a Solid-State Marx Modulator under an SBIR<br />
program funded by the DOE. The objective was to build a full-scale Marx modulator for the ILC,<br />
and deliver it to SLAC. The modulator demonstrates a new technology for compact and economic<br />
ILC class performance. The theory of the Marx modulator design is to charge an array of<br />
capacitors in parallel (at low to medium voltage), and then erect these capacitors in series to<br />
achieve a high-voltage output. The parallel charging of the capacitors can be accomplished in a<br />
number of ways. For a very low duty cycle, resistive isolation can suffice. Similarly, for short<br />
pulses, inductive isolation is ideal. For the long pulses required of the ILC, these are not suitable.<br />
Instead, each capacitor requires two separate switches – one for charging, and one for pulsing.<br />
DTI's Marx modulator consists of the buck regulating power supplies, a set of twenty core<br />
modules, which deliver the bulk of the energy to the load, and sixteen correcting modules which<br />
compensate for the drop in voltage as the core modules' capacitors droop over the pulsewidth. By<br />
using solid-state switches, the capacitors serve as energy storage units, rather than fully<br />
discharging during each pulse. The opening capability of DTI's switches provides arc protection<br />
of the load, exactly as would a hard-switch, eliminating the need for a crowbar. The architecture<br />
provides system flexibility; it has the capability to switch additional modules onto the modulator<br />
output, providing voltage regulation with reduced energy storage.<br />
System Performance: The Marx modulator has met all design goals, and is more compact and<br />
economical than other technologies. Two expensive components of a hard switch modulator are<br />
the regulated power supply, and the large capacitor bank. The Marx significantly reduces the<br />
stored energy requirement. The ability to directly regulate output voltage eliminates the need for<br />
an external, regulated DC power supply. This enables the modulator to be powered by directly<br />
rectifying medium voltage AC power. We estimate that this class of modulator can be built for ~<br />
$300k (in ILC quantity), with essentially no additional cost for a power supply. The combination<br />
of these factors makes the solid-state Marx bank the optimal approach to constructing ILC<br />
modulators and power supplies. Operation of this unit at SLAC will provide additional insight<br />
into potential operating refinements, as well as the inherent reliability and performance of the<br />
Marx design in combination with prototype ILC klystrons.
HIGH AVERAGE POWER HIGH VOLTAGE MODULATOR USING A DUAL<br />
PULSE TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT<br />
Werner Hartmann 1 , Norbert Grass 2 , Klaus-Dieter Rohde 1 , Martin Schwendner 2<br />
1 Siemens AG, CT T DE HW4, Erlangen, Germany, 2 Georg-Simon-Ohm University<br />
Nuremberg, Germany<br />
6<br />
1O6<br />
Pulsed power technology and, in particular, high average power high-voltage modulators, are an<br />
essential component of modern environmentally friendly processes for air and water treatment,<br />
odor removal, soil remediation and the like. Most state-of-the-art power modulators use all-solidstate<br />
technology, employing magnetic switching techniques for pulse compression in single-stage<br />
or two-stage pulse compression schemes. For the generation of short high voltage pulses at high<br />
pulse repetition rates, it is common to start at a moderate voltage level in the primary stage, and<br />
achieve a sufficiently high voltage level with a step-up transformer. Pulse compression is either<br />
performed before the transformer – easing the voltage isolation requirements - , or after the<br />
transformer, which reduces the size of the magnetic switch cores but leads to increasing<br />
insulation requirements for the magnetic switches. We report on a novel concept using two stepup<br />
transformers in series, with an intermediate pulse compression stage. This concept has<br />
advantages in terms of minimizing the insulation requirements and core sizes in every stage, as<br />
well as minimizing stray capacitances and inductances, respectively. Hence, although this scheme<br />
requires an additional component (the second pulse transformer), the overall setup can be<br />
optimized in terms of core sizes, insulation requirements, and energy efficiency as compared to<br />
standard circuits. Thus, it is possible to start from a comparatively low primary stage of only<br />
1 kV, using standard IGBT switches and off-the-shelf capacitors, in order to achieve pulse<br />
amplitudes of over 50 kV at pulse widths of the order of 150 ns and pulse repetition rates of the<br />
order of kHz. The modulator design is discussed in detail and experimental results of a prototype<br />
device are reported.
THE SLAC P2 MARX<br />
Mark Kemp, Andrew Benwell, Craig Burkhart, David MacNair, Minh Nguyen<br />
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park, CA, USA<br />
7<br />
1O7<br />
The SLAC P2 Marx has been under development at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory for<br />
application to the <strong>International</strong> Linear Collider klystron modulator. Nominal operating parameters<br />
are 120kV, 140 A, 1.6 ms pulse width, 5 Hz, and a flat top of +/-0.5%. The modulator utilizes<br />
solid state switching, an oil-free enclosure, and includes robust real-time diagnostic access. Fullmodulator<br />
developmental testing will have completed by early <strong>2012</strong>. This paper summarizes the<br />
development of this modulator including the power electronics design, the control system, and<br />
final performance characteristics. In detail, we will focus on the experimental results of the<br />
modulator in key performance areas such as the flat-top and the DC to pulse efficiency. Finally,<br />
we will discuss how the Marx can be straightforwardly modified to be utilized in proposed future<br />
accelerator applications.
DESIGN <strong>OF</strong> A 20 KHZ MAGNETIC PULSE COMPRESSOR<br />
8<br />
1O8<br />
Dongdong Zhang 1 , Yuan Zhou 4 , Wenfeng Li 3 , Jiayu xu 3 , Jue Wang 1 , Yaohong Sun 1<br />
1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China,<br />
2 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive,<br />
Beijing, China, 3 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China,<br />
4 Tianjin University of Technology and <strong>Engineering</strong> Tianjin, China<br />
Presented is a compact high repetition-rate pulse generator with adjustable output amplitude<br />
based on magnetic pulse compressor (MPC). The pulse compressor makes use of commercially<br />
available insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) switching a capacitor bank into a Mn-Zn<br />
transformer together with a voltage doubling circuit. The capacitor bank is charged to 800V<br />
maximum by a current resonant boost-chopper. The basic operation of the boost-chopper will be<br />
introduced and analyzed here. The output of the pulse generator is controlled by the boostchopper.<br />
Pulses with a width of 100ns can be generated with repetition rates up to 20 kHz. The<br />
amplitude can be controlled from 9 kV to 45 kV into a 500 Ω load. As repetition rate increases,<br />
losses become increasingly important. Magnetization losses in the MPC cores lead to core heating<br />
which degrades switching performance. An efficiency design strategy for MPC is introduced, in<br />
which the total losses are minimized with respect to the individual core gains, and the resulting<br />
compression design has a lower overall loss and a better distribution of losses through the system.<br />
By optimizing the distribution of the compression ratio at each stage, the maximum energy<br />
transfer efficiency of the one-stage MPC system was 83%.
SURFACE FLASHOVER MECHANISM ON THE LIQUID IMMERSED<br />
DIELECTRICS<br />
9<br />
2O1<br />
Jouya Jadidian 1 , Markus Zahn 1 , Nils Lavesson 2 , Ola Widlund 2 , Karl Borg 2<br />
1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA, 2 ABB Corporate Research<br />
Västerås, Sweden<br />
Surface flashover mechanism on the interface of the insulators immersed in the liquid dielectrics<br />
has been studied. Modeling results have been presented as streamer shape, velocity, distributions<br />
of electric field, volume charge density and surface charge density for different liquid-solid and<br />
liquid-gas interfaces. The relative permittivity (εr) of the liquid has been set to 2.2, which<br />
represents transformer oil, while immersed dielectrics are examined having permittivities 2.1, 4.4,<br />
1 and 1.1 which represent polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), pressboard, air and Sulfurhexafluoride<br />
(SF6 at 5 bars), respectively. A two-dimensional axisymmetric hydrodynamic<br />
model, which has been previously used for modeling streamers initiated from a sharp needle<br />
electrode in the oil only dielectric system is appropriately modified to satisfy the new physics and<br />
boundary conditions. Experimental evidence has shown that streamer propagation is dramatically<br />
altered when the streamer comes in contact with another dielectric surface. The surface can either<br />
assist or impede streamer propagation depending on the orientation of the interfacial surface with<br />
respect to the direction of the main electric field component. For the case where the surface<br />
orientation is parallel to the primary direction of the main electric field component, the interface<br />
accelerates streamer propagation and aids in breakdown for both solid and gaseous dielectric<br />
interfaces by increasing the streamer velocity by 48 to125 percent depending on the permittivity<br />
difference between dielectrics and the polarity of the applied voltage. However, the opposite is<br />
true when the interface is oriented perpendicularly to the direction of the main electric field<br />
component such that streamer growth is impeded as it travels with 45 to 74 percent slower<br />
velocity along the perpendicular interface. The underlying assumption for our two-phase model is<br />
that the immersed insulator has zero conductivity, since for the sub-microsecond time-constants<br />
of interest in this paper, the conduction through the interface cannot contribute to the charge<br />
transport between electrodes if no breakdown occurs in the immersed insulator (ε/σ>>1 μs).<br />
Consequently, the conduction current in the dielectric immersed in the liquid is ignored, and the<br />
total current density in the immersed dielectric is only displacement current. At the interfacial<br />
surface, a set of boundary conditions account for the surface charge density whose time derivative<br />
is equal to the difference in normal conduction currents on either side of the interface. At the<br />
same time, the local surface charge density is always equal to the local jump in the normal<br />
component of displacement field across the interface. The maximum electric field and streamer<br />
velocity on the surface increase with increasing applied voltage peak and immersed insulator<br />
permittivity, while the streamer thickness decreases significantly on the insulator surfaces with<br />
higher permittivity. Filamentary positive streamers propagate almost two times faster on the<br />
interfacial surface than the bushy negative streamers, which have been confirmed by the model as<br />
general properties of streamers also in the oil-only system.
THE STATISTICAL AND FORMATIVE TIMES FOR BREAKDOWN AT A<br />
POLYMER-OIL INTERFACE<br />
Mark Wilson 1 , Martin Given 1 , Igor Timoshkin 1 , Scott MacGregor 1 , Tao Wang 1 ,<br />
Mark Sinclair 2 , Ken Thomas 2 , Jane Lehr 3<br />
1 University of Strathclyde, Electronic & Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow, United<br />
Kingdom, 2 AWE Aldermaston, Hydrodynamics Division, Reading, United Kingdom,<br />
3 Sandia National Laboratories, Exploratory Pulsed Power, Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
10<br />
2O2<br />
At the present time there is a requirement to increase the energy density of pulsed-power<br />
machines, either through driving existing or upgraded machines at elevated voltages, or by<br />
designing new, more compact, pulsed-power systems. For this approach to be effective,<br />
information about the breakdown behavior of system components, in terms of the time to<br />
breakdown as a function of voltage and rate of voltage rise, is required by the designers and<br />
operators of these machines. The time to breakdown is frequently divided into two parts,<br />
modelling the different stages involved in electrical breakdown: the statistical time associated<br />
with initiation of breakdown; and the formative time associated with the propagation of the<br />
discharge across the gap. If the von Laue approach is used, it is assumed that: the distribution of<br />
the statistical time is exponential; the formative time follows a normal distribution; and the<br />
formative time is longer than the statistical time. The von Laue distribution can be regarded as a<br />
special case of the three-parameter Weibull distribution, where the shape parameter has been set<br />
to one. It has the advantage over the more general Weibull distribution that the assumption of a<br />
normal distribution in the formative time has been confirmed experimentally in gases. This paper<br />
reports on the results for the statistical time and the average value of the formative time, derived<br />
by applying the von Laue approach to a large data set obtained during an investigation of<br />
breakdowns along a polymer-oil interface, under impulse conditions. In this investigation, five<br />
polymers with different electrical properties relevant to pulsed-power systems were used:<br />
polypropylene; low-density polyethylene; ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene; Rexolite;<br />
and Torlon. The times to breakdown for the polymers were measured using three different<br />
geometries, designed to create discharges across the polymer-oil interface. The validity of<br />
applying the von Laue approach to the data sets and the possible errors in deriving the statistical<br />
and formative times are discussed. The dependence of the values for the statistical time and the<br />
average formative time on the experimental geometry and the properties of the solid polymer are<br />
examined, and values for the average streamer propagation velocity are derived and discussed.
INITIATION MECHANISM <strong>OF</strong> NEGATIVE PULSED DISCHARGE IN<br />
SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE<br />
Tomohiro Furusato, Takeshi Ihara, Tsuyoshi Kiyan, Sunao Katsuki, Masanori<br />
Hara, Hidenori Akiyama<br />
Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
11<br />
2O3<br />
The initiation mechanism of an electrical discharge in high density mediums is complex and has<br />
been the subject of extensive research for many years. Studies have shown that the initiation<br />
process is associated with the chemical composition and physical properties of the dielectric<br />
medium, the medium state, electric field distribution, and the waveform of the applied voltage,<br />
and that it involves very complex phenomena. Current theories of the discharge initiation<br />
mechanism in non-uniform field gaps in high density medium can be divided into two categories:<br />
(1) the so-called bubble triggered ionization mechanism; and (2) the direct ionization model. In<br />
our preceding study [1], results were presented of positive streamer initiation mechanism in a<br />
point-to-plane gap in compressed CO2 under ns pulsed voltage by using Schlieren and<br />
photomultiplier techniques. The results showed that direct ionization by free electrons is the<br />
dominant mechanism in positive streamer initiation. In the present study, the initiation process of<br />
an electrical discharge in a negative point-to-plane gap in supercritical phase was investigated<br />
experimentally with the same experimental setup, measurement, and observation techniques as<br />
the previous study. Experimental results show that the structure and process of a negative<br />
discharge at the initial stage are strikingly different from that of the positive one.<br />
[1] T. Ihara, T. Furusato, S. Kameda, T. Kiyan, S. Katsuki, M. Hara and H. Akiyama, "Initiation<br />
Mechanism of Positive Streamer in Pressurized Carbon Dioxide up to Liquid and Supercritical<br />
Phases with Nanosecond Pulsed Voltages", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. (in Press)
SPATIALLY-RESOLVED SPECTRAL OBSERVATIONS <strong>OF</strong> PULSED<br />
SURFACE FLASHOVER PLASMA IN A NITROGEN ENVIRONMENT<br />
Andrew Fierro, George Laity, Andreas Neuber, Lynn Hatfield, James Dickens<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA<br />
12<br />
2O4<br />
The mechanisms leading to the development of an atmospheric low temperature plasma along a<br />
surface under pulsed conditions, rise time ~ 50 ns, applied voltage ~ 40 kV, is of current interest.<br />
In the early plasma phase, high energy photons are a contributing factor to the process of<br />
generating electron avalanches resulting in surface flashover. Since only photons in the VUV<br />
regime are energetic enough to cause step-ionization or direct ionization of atmospheric gases, an<br />
experiment has been set up to allow observations of photons between the wavelengths of 115 nm<br />
and 800 nm. The self-produced radiation emitted by the developing plasma is transmitted from<br />
the atmospheric side through the MgF2 window into vacuum and focused by two off-axis<br />
parabolic mirrors onto the entrance slit of a spectrograph. VUV-sensitive optical diagnostics<br />
include a nanosecond rise-time photomultiplier tube and fast gated ICCD camera. A low voltage<br />
TTL pulse is used to synchronize the optical and electrical diagnostics providing an overall<br />
apparatus resolution of three nanoseconds. Spatially-resolved measurements of self-produced<br />
radiation with nanosecond temporal resolution in a high purity nitrogen environment were<br />
conducted. Detailed investigations of the anode triple-point (for gap distances between 3.75 mm<br />
and 8.75 mm) indicate that VUV production originates from this region as early as 60 ns before<br />
flashover for the larger gap cases. Prior to voltage collapse, the anode region exhibits a decrease<br />
in VUV intensity while VUV production at locations closer to the cathode begins to increase.<br />
This data suggests that peak VUV emission before breakdown occurs near the streamer heads due<br />
to the field enhancement created from positive-ion space charge. Further time-resolved emission<br />
spectroscopy measurements of the entire electrode region demonstrate the presence of atomic<br />
nitrogen emission lines in the VUV regime as well as the second positive system from molecular<br />
nitrogen in the UV. The dynamics of the second positive system when compared to the lifetime of<br />
VUV emission from excited atoms will add additional insight into the electro-physics of the<br />
transition from streamer to spark discharge.<br />
Work supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) with additional student<br />
fellowship support provided by the National Physical Science Consortium (NPSC) in partnership<br />
with Sandia National Laboratories.
INVESTIGATION <strong>OF</strong> VACUUM UV ABSORPTION DURING LOW-<br />
TEMPERATURE PLASMA FORMATION IN N2/H2 MIXTURES AT<br />
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE<br />
George Laity 1 , Andrew Fierro 1 , Lynn Hatfield 1 , Andreas Neuber 1 , James Dickens 1 ,<br />
Klaus Frank 1,2<br />
1 Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA, 2 Friedrich – Alexander University at Erlangen - Nuernberg, Erlangen Centre for<br />
Astroparticle Physics, Erlangen, Germany<br />
13<br />
2O5<br />
This paper describes recent advances in the study of self-generated emission of vacuum<br />
ultraviolet (VUV) radiation which is produced during the early time-period leading to high<br />
voltage breakdown at atmospheric pressure. Specific interest exists in understanding the role of<br />
this high energy (>10 eV) radiation in the photo-dissociation and photo-ionization processes of<br />
nano-second gas discharges. These studies are key in enabling new technologies which utilize fast<br />
(
SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> HIGH-VOLTAGE DC BREAKDOWN FOR ANGLED<br />
DIELECTRIC INSULATORS INCLUDING SPACE-CHARGE AND GAS-<br />
COLLISION EFFECTS<br />
Manuel P. Aldan 1 , John P. Verboncoeur 2<br />
1 University of California at Berkeley, Nuclear <strong>Engineering</strong>, Berkeley, CA, USA,<br />
2 Michigan State University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, East Lansing, MI,<br />
USA<br />
14<br />
2O6<br />
We report on 2D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations of a Bergeron geometry with steady-state<br />
fields in a semi-infinite, two-electrode system separated by an angled dielectric in either vacuum<br />
or background gas. We include a number of models neglected in recent theory, such as space<br />
charge effects, dielectric surface charging, spatial and temporal distributions of particles, and the<br />
shape of the secondary-emission curve [1]. This work employs and extends an improved PIC<br />
model by Taverniers, et al., which was developed to reduce numerical grid errors at the dielectric<br />
[2]; additional enhancements include improved modeling of secondary emission from metals and<br />
dielectrics [3], improved modeling of multiple finite-thickness electrodes, and the inclusion of a<br />
triple-point emitter modeled after Schächter's theoretical developments [4]. Simulation<br />
parameters are dielectric insulator material, dielectric angle, gap width, applied voltage, and gas<br />
type and pressure. Vacuum simulations focus on DC multipactor breakdown initiated by a triplepoint<br />
source. Single-surface multipactor breakdown in vacuum is defined as bulk population<br />
multiplication with an average secondary-emission coefficient (δavg) greater than unity at the<br />
onset of anodic current. Due to space charge saturation, a current can develop at the anode equal<br />
to the seed current without a bulk population multiplication; this condition is characterized as a<br />
dark-current with δavg less than unity at the onset of anodic current. The introduction of gaseous<br />
species into the system significantly alters space charge, and can lead to additional phenomena<br />
associated with gas ionization. It is observed that multipactor breakdown is dominant at very low<br />
pressures (~1 mTorr) and gaseous species do not significantly change breakdown characteristics,<br />
e.g. breakdown voltage and time to breakdown. <strong>Inc</strong>reased pressure (~1 Torr) exhibits additional<br />
avalanche effects. A study on the role of the seed-current initial conditions and type will be<br />
presented, along with a detailed analysis of the influence of background gas. Breakdown voltage<br />
as a function of dielectric angle will be presented from vacuum through atmospheric pressure,<br />
taking particular care to distinguish dominant effects within specific pressure regimes.<br />
Comparisons with theory and existing gas-breakdown experiments will be made when possible.<br />
Finally, a study on the influence of multiple finite-thickness electrodes will be presented.<br />
[1] Jordan, N.M., et al., "Electric field and electron orbits near a triple point," J. Appl. Phys., 102,<br />
2007.<br />
[2] Taverniers, S., et al., "2D Particle-In-Cell Modeling of Dielectric Insulator Breakdown,"<br />
ICOPS 2009 Proceedings, 2009.<br />
[3] Vaughan, J.R.M., "A New Formula for Secondary Emission Yield," IEEE Trans. Electron<br />
Dev., Vol. 36, No. 9, 1989, pp.1963-1967.<br />
[4] L. Schächter, "Analytic expression for triple-point electron emission from an ideal edge",<br />
Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 421 – 423, 1998.<br />
This work is supported by an AFOSR grant on the Basic Physics of Distributed Plasma<br />
Discharges.
REINFORCED INSULATION PROPERTIES <strong>OF</strong> EPOXY RESIN/ SIO2<br />
NANOCOMPOSITES BY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA<br />
MODIFICATION<br />
Wei Yan 1 , Toan Phung 1 , Zhaojun Han 2 , Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov 2<br />
1 University of New South Wales, School of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> and<br />
Telecommunications, Sydney, Australia, 2 CSIRO Material Science and <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Plasma Nanoscience Centre Australia, Lindfield, Australia<br />
15<br />
2O7<br />
Nanocomposite dielectrics hold a promising future for the next generation of insulation materials<br />
because of the optimized properties on their relative permittivity, space charge distribution,<br />
partial discharge characteristics and electrical breakdown strength. The reinforced ageing<br />
resistance against variety of stresses also allows such materials to perfectly fit the requirement of<br />
outdoor and high voltage insulation applications. However, poor interaction and compatibility<br />
between the nanoparticle fillers and the host materials lead to degradation of the overall<br />
performance of the synthesized material, because they significantly dominate the characteristics<br />
of the interfacial region between the organic and the inorganic phases, which usually take up to a<br />
few tens of percents of the totally volume. To solve this problem, we aim to improve the surface<br />
reactivity of the nanoparticles so that to create strong chemical bonds in the interface while<br />
remaining good dispersion uniformity by taking the advantage of the plasma technology. In the<br />
presented study, SiO2 nanoparticles are treated with atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium<br />
Helium plasma prior to being added into the epoxy resin host. Fourier transform infrared<br />
spectroscopy (FTIR) results reveal that the effects of the plasma process on the surface functional<br />
groups of the treated nanoparticles, as well as the reactions of the interfacial region between the<br />
nanoparticles and the polymer matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that the<br />
plasma-treatment improves the dispersion uniformity of nanoparticles in the host polymer. In the<br />
respect of the insulation performance, the partial discharge (PD) resistivity of the plasma-treated<br />
specimen is improved as a higher inception voltage and a lower PD magnitude is found compared<br />
with those shown by the untreated nanocomposite. Weibull plots suggest that the breakdown<br />
strength of the nanocomposite is improved by around 5%. Furthermore, approximately 20%<br />
increase of the lifetime for the plasma-treatment sample is indicated from the endurance test<br />
under an extreme electric field.
FLASHOVER PHENOMENA ACROSS SOLID DIELECTRICS IN VACUUM:<br />
MECHANISM AND SUPPRESSION<br />
Guan-Jun Zhang, Jiang-Yang Zhan, Xue-Zeng Huang, Hai-Bao Mu<br />
Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'an, China<br />
16<br />
2O8<br />
Surface flashover in vacuum is a great limitation of electrical and electronic system, since it<br />
typically takes place on the surface region of an insulating material at applied electric stress much<br />
lower than the bulk breakdown strength of the material, which is closely related to multiple<br />
factors such as the applied waveform, the included angle between electrode and the surface, the<br />
elements of desorbed gas, the kinds of material, the surface roughness, the temperature, the gas<br />
pressure, the electrical pre-stress and so on. Essentially we consider it is a kind of complicated<br />
surface and interface physical phenomenon. Based on the concurrent optical and electrical<br />
measurements and microscopic observations, the research works of our group concentrate on the<br />
relationship between flashover and surface/interface condition of insulating materials. The<br />
experimental results reveal that, under low electric field, prior to field electron emission from the<br />
cathode triple junction, electroluminescence phenomena occur due to the radiative recombination<br />
of electrons and holes injected into the surface states from the electrodes. There are some<br />
different optical phenomena detected from the surface of alumina and polymers, and we attribute<br />
the preflashover phenomena to the differences between the surfaces of different insulating<br />
materials. According to the results, the phenomena mentioned above are related to the trapping<br />
parameters in the surface layer of a material. This work is a contribution to the traditional<br />
secondary electron emission avalanche (SEEA) model. A novel machinable ceramic is developed<br />
for vacuum insulation system, which has excellent machinable performance and good surface<br />
electrical capability. Moreover, different preparation technologies with doping and hydrofluoric<br />
acid (HF) etching treatment were investigated. The experimental results show that, the glass<br />
phase on the surface of machinable ceramics is an important factor for the largely existing<br />
shallow traps, and the shallow traps bring disadvantage in the flashover characteristics. By<br />
eroding off the glass phase in the sample with hydrofluoric acid treatment, the shallow traps can<br />
be reduced, thus its flashover stability can be greatly improved and its scattering phenomenon is<br />
significantly reduced.
FAST OPENING SWITCH APPROACH FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE VACUUM<br />
TUBE PROTECTION APPLICATION<br />
Wolfhard Merz 1 , Monty Grimes 2<br />
1 DESY, MKK7, Hamburg, Germany, 2 Behlke Power Electronics LLC Billerica, MA, USA<br />
The operation of high-power, high-frequency vacuum tubes requires an appropriate protection<br />
method to avoid significant damages during arcing. Fast closing switches like spark gaps,<br />
thyratrons, ignitrons and semiconductors acting as charge-diverting bypass switches are the most<br />
commonly used protection method. These "crowbar" switches cause hard transient conditions for<br />
all subcomponents involved and usually result in a significant post-fault recovery period. The<br />
availability of fast high-voltage semiconductor devices, with flexible on/off control function,<br />
makes opening switch topologies possible and attractive to improve this situation. This paper<br />
describes a circuit topology to protect an Inductive Output Tube which is expected to operate<br />
within RF subsystems for accelerator applications. The topology is characterized by using a<br />
commercial available high voltage MOSFET switch with direct liquid cooling and completed<br />
with essential snubber extensions. The advantages of the opening switch approach are faster<br />
action, smaller fault energy, faster recovery, and more compact design. Initial test results of this<br />
topology are presented.<br />
17<br />
1P1
HYBRID OPTIONS FOR UPGRADE <strong>OF</strong> THE LHC ENERGY EXTRACTION<br />
SWITCHGEAR<br />
Knud Dahlerup-Petersen, Gert-Jan Coelingh, Bozhidar Panev<br />
CERN, TE, Geneva, Switzerland<br />
The high current switching in the more than 230 energy extraction facilities for rapid discharge of<br />
the superconducting circuits in CERN's LHC collider is presently based on specifically adapted,<br />
electro-mechanical DC switchgear. The experience from more than two years of operation<br />
confirms the high reliability of these systems with no observed opening failures and a calculated,<br />
single failure probability of 2.5% for a 20-year operations period. However, meticulous<br />
adjustments and sustained maintenance of the DC breakers, required because of degradations<br />
occurring during commutation (even in the presence of capacitor commutation assistance), is an<br />
essential activity of every shutdown of the machine. Consequently, CERN is now considering a<br />
replacement of at least a part of the existing systems by new hybrid facilities in which IGCTs are<br />
used as static switches in combination with the more classical gear. The paper describes the<br />
philosophy behind the choices for topology and component selection for both low- to medium<br />
current, bi-polar circuits (double IGCT's with blocking diodes and a series-connected, classical<br />
opening breaker as back-up, only activated in case of a double IGCT release failure) and for bipolar,<br />
high-current applications (13 kA) with traditional DC breakers paralleled by a double<br />
IGCT switch, which basically serve as an efficient snubber system. The driver circuits and the<br />
protection features are also described. The detailed design of a hybrid bi-polar, +/-600A<br />
extraction system is presented, including a compact, heat-transfer-liquid cooled 500 kJ extraction<br />
absorber with adjustable resistance.<br />
18<br />
1P2
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR THE CLIC DAMPING RING INDUCTIVE<br />
ADDER<br />
Janne Holma, Michael Barnes<br />
CERN, TE/ABT/FPS, Geneva, Switzerland<br />
The CLIC study is exploring the scheme for an electron-positron collider with high luminosity<br />
and a nominal centre-of-mass energy of 3 TeV. The CLIC pre-damping rings and damping rings<br />
will produce, through synchrotron radiation, ultra-low emittance beam with high bunch charge,<br />
necessary for the luminosity performance of the collider. To limit the beam emittance blow-up<br />
due to oscillations, the pulse generators for the damping ring kickers must provide extremely flat,<br />
high-voltage pulses. The specifications for the extraction kickers of the CLIC damping rings are<br />
particularly demanding: the flattop of the output pulse must be 160 ns duration, 12.5 kV and 250<br />
A, with a combined ripple and droop of not more than +/-0.02 %. An inductive adder allows the<br />
use of different modulation techniques and is therefore a very promising approach to meeting the<br />
specifications. PSpice has been utilised to carry out a sensitivity analysis of the predicted output<br />
pulse to the value of both individual and groups of circuit components: these results are used to<br />
define component performance requirements, nominal values and tolerances. This paper reports<br />
the simulation results as well as tests and measurements of the various candidate components,<br />
including semiconductor switches, pulse capacitors and transformer cores.<br />
19<br />
1P3
DESIGN AND TEST <strong>OF</strong> A MODULAR TRIGGER GENERATOR FOR OVER-<br />
VOLTAGE TRIGGERING <strong>OF</strong> MARX GENERATORS<br />
Martin Sack, Georg Mueller<br />
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IHM, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany<br />
Over-voltage triggering of a spark gap enables a synchronized operation of several Marx<br />
generators in repetitive operation without an increased wear of the electrodes. The trigger pulses<br />
are generated by means of a pulse generator consisting of several stacked stages, which are<br />
equipped with IGBTs as opening switches. A pulse transformer serves as intermediate energy<br />
storage. It replaces one charging coil between the first and second stage of the Marx generator<br />
and couples the trigger pulses into the Marx circuit causing an over-voltage across the 1 st stage's<br />
spark gap. The number of stages of the trigger generator can be varied in order to adapt the<br />
trigger generator to different Marx generator designs with varying stray capacitance and<br />
breakdown voltage of the spark gap. The paper describes the design of the trigger generator and<br />
presents the results of tests.<br />
20<br />
1P4
PARAMETRIC MEASUREMENTS <strong>OF</strong> SWITCHINGS LOSSES <strong>OF</strong> IGBT´S IN<br />
PULSED POWER APPLICATIONS<br />
Claus Strowitzki, Matthias Dahlke<br />
MLase AG, Development, Germering, Germany<br />
IGBT´s are the working horse in Power Electronics. Due to improvements of the IGBT´s they<br />
find also many applications in the field of Pulsed power. The switching losses of an IGBT are<br />
normally given from the supplier, but for typical converter applications. These Data are not valid<br />
for Pulsed Power applications. In this paper parametric measurements of switching losses are<br />
shown for IGBT`s in typical pulsed power application.<br />
21<br />
1P5
A 5KV, 3MHZ SOLID-STATE MODULATOR BASED ON THE DSRD SWITCH<br />
FOR AN ULTRA-FAST BEAM KICKER<br />
Andrew Benwell 1 , Craig Burkhart 1 , Anatoly Krasnykh 1 , Tao Tang 1 , Alexei Kardo-<br />
Sysoev 2<br />
1 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Electrodynamics, Menlo Park, CA, USA, 2 Ioffe<br />
Physical Technical Institute St. Petersburg, Russia<br />
A solid-state modulator has been developed at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory for<br />
ultra-fast broadband beam deflection. The modulator design is based on an opening switch<br />
topology that uses Drift Step Recovery Diodes (DSRDs) as the opening switches. The modulator<br />
provides nano-second length pulses into a 50 Ω load, i.e. a strip line kicker. The rise and fall time<br />
of the kicker is primarily determined by the switching characteristic of the DSRD and has been<br />
measured as approximately 1ns with a 5kV output voltage. A robust pumping circuit for the<br />
DSRD kicker has been developed and tested at a 3MHz repetition rate. The design and results of<br />
the modulator development are discussed.<br />
22<br />
1P6
SOLID STATE FAST TRANSITION KICKER MODULATOR FOR<br />
ACCELERATOR APPLICATIONS<br />
Steven Glidden, Howard Sanders, Daniel Warnow<br />
Applied Pulsed Power, <strong>Inc</strong>. Freeville, NY, USA<br />
Kicker requirements have become more complicated with each new accelerator design. This<br />
paper will describe a fast transition electrostatic kicker modulator. This electrostatic kicker<br />
modulator achieves a 20 kV transition on a 2 m strip-line within 250 ns from trigger at a<br />
maximum transition frequency of 40 kHz, using less than 8 kW at full power. The electrostatic<br />
kicker modulator operates using a fast resonant charge circuit combined with a slow maintenance<br />
circuit in a push-pull configuration operating at ±10 kV. The rise time of the voltage change is<br />
less than 100 ns, and either state can be maintained indefinitely. The system uses four 32 kV<br />
MOSFET switches that operate at peak currents of 100 amps, switching 1 MW of peak power.<br />
23<br />
1P7
NEXT GENERATION, FAST CURRENT RISE-TIME, LASER PUMPED 5KV<br />
SILICON THYRISTOR SWITCH<br />
Steven Glidden, Howard Sanders, Daniel Warnow<br />
Applied Pulsed Power, <strong>Inc</strong>. Freeville, NY, USA<br />
Lasers have been used to control semiconductor switching devices either by laser gating or laser<br />
triggering. Laser gating requires the optical source to generate all charge carriers, which would be<br />
prohibitively expensive in terms of optical power to use with high current devices. Laser<br />
triggering only generates charge carriers in the gate region of the device, still resulting in a slow<br />
turn-on time, as those charges create conducting channels between the anode and cathode. Laser<br />
pumping is an alternative that combines these two concepts, seeding all of the initial charge<br />
carriers using optical power while using thyristor action to maintain conduction. By selecting the<br />
appropriate wavelength, the charge carries can be generated throughout the bulk of the thyristor.<br />
This significantly reduces the costs of the optical power while still providing a very fast turn-on,<br />
as the limit of the turn-on time is not the rate at which the initial charge carriers can be generated<br />
but how quickly the device can be seeded with photo-generated charge carriers. Building on<br />
previous work, a new generation of silicon thyristors specifically designed for laser pumping<br />
were manufactured with an upgraded manufacturing process to improve metalization, passivation,<br />
and breakdown voltage. Also a new high power compact laser source was developed which was<br />
designed for lower cost. This paper will describe the significant switching speed performance-<br />
demonstrated by the laser pumped thyristor switches as compared to conventional switches.<br />
This work has been supported in part by DOE Grant DE-FG02-08ER85188<br />
24<br />
1P8
GROUND BASED RADAR MODULATOR SOLID-STATE UPGRADE<br />
Sherry Hitchcock 1 , Paul Holen 1 , Magne Stangenes 1 , Mike Garbi 1 , Chris Rivers 1 ,<br />
Harry Anamkath 1 , Randy Ross 1 , Lill Runge 1 , Alan Gardner 2 , Jurgen Terry 2<br />
1 Stangenes Industries, <strong>Inc</strong> Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2 Raytheon Technical Services El<br />
Segundo, CA, USA<br />
A ground based radar modulator driving a Klystron microwave amplifier has been designed, built<br />
and tested. It is a solid-state upgrade replacing a thyratron based line-type modulator including a<br />
shunt regulated resonant charge power supply and a pressurized SF6 insulated pulse transformer<br />
tank. The upgraded modulator is a high-current thyristor based line-type modulator with a<br />
command charge switching power supply and an oil-filled pulse transformer and socket assembly<br />
tank. The modulator produces an 117 kV, 80 A, 7.1 us flat top pulse with 25 kW average beam<br />
power and is driven by a 400 Hz 208 V generator. The modulator is compact and the design is<br />
modular and interlocked for ease of maintenance and improved safety. This paper will provide<br />
details of modulator performance including operating data, output waveforms and environmental<br />
test results.<br />
25<br />
1P9
AN OVERVIEW <strong>OF</strong> CONTEMPORARY SOLID-STATE MODULATOR<br />
TOPOLOGIES AND THEIR PRACTICAL PARAMETER SPACE<br />
Sherry Hitchcock, Richard Cassel, Magne Stangenes<br />
Stangenes Industries, <strong>Inc</strong> Palo Alto, CA, USA<br />
26<br />
1P10<br />
With the advent of improved switching devices like high-current thyristors and high voltage<br />
IGBT's , solid-state modulators have significantly evolved over the past 50 years. The improved<br />
performance of these devices have enabled development of solid-state modulators in the mid<br />
power range (10 kW to 150 kW) that are suitable for radar, research, inspection and medical<br />
applications. This paper will look at the key components that are needed for each of the<br />
topologies and the demonstrated operating parameters and identify the topologies that are<br />
optimum with respect to reliability, cost, size and weight within a variety of parameter spaces.
OPTIMUM TERA HERTZ PULSE AMPLITUDE IN LOW TEMPERATURE<br />
GROWN GALLIUM ARSENIDE PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SWITCHES FOR<br />
POWER APPLICATIONS<br />
Omar Ibrahim 1 , Haitham Al Saif 1 , Ashwani Sharma 2 , Clay Mayberry 2 , P.<br />
Kirawanich 3 , N. E. Islam 1<br />
1 University of Missouri - Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO, USA, 2 AFRL/RSVE Albuquerque, NM, USA, 3 Mahidol<br />
University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand<br />
27<br />
1P11<br />
Electromagnetic waves are radiated when the signal from a generator is propagated through a<br />
transmission line to reach the antenna, where radiations occur. In generating THz radiation from a<br />
photo conductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) using femto-second laser pulses, however, the<br />
substrate of the PCSS acts both as the signal generator as well as the transmission line while the<br />
metallic contacts act as the antenna. The shape of the radiated wave depends on the carriers<br />
generated in the substrate that accelerate towards the contacts 1 . Thus the substrate properties (as<br />
well as the contact shape) determine the antenna radiation characteristics for PCSS based THz<br />
radiators 2 . The PCSS material itself is grown through the compensation process, where a defect<br />
state which acts as a donor or an acceptor is compensated through a shallow donor or acceptor.<br />
The material therefore is a trap-filled region. As a result the pulse rise time and amplitude<br />
depends largely on the interactions (trapping/de-trapping) of the generated carriers with these trap<br />
sites during the collection process. Thus in applications where the pulse amplitude and rise-time<br />
play a central role, the material property needs careful evaluation. The objective of this research<br />
is to establish a link between the pulse amplitude and the substrate material characteristics and to<br />
determine how the substrate conditions can be optimized for high amplitude pulse generation.<br />
Specifically, the substrate material characteristics such as compensation mechanisms, traps<br />
properties, that determine E-fields, recombination rate, photo generation pulse shape and current<br />
conduction in a low temperature Gallium Arsenide (LT-GaAs) grown semi-insulating material is<br />
studied 3 . High amplitude signal is desirable in many applications. In communications, for<br />
example, an increase in the amplitude of the transmitted signal will result in a nonlinear increase<br />
in the received signal to noise ratio and also an improved communication link which would<br />
enable providers to use multi-level coding, thus increasing the data rate 4 .<br />
[1] P. Kirawanich, S. J. Yakura, and N. E. Islam, "Study of High Power Wideband Terahertzpulse<br />
Generation Using High –Speed Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches," IEEE<br />
Transactions on Plasma Sciences Vol 37, No. 1, pp219, 2009.<br />
[2] S. J. Yakura, C. E. Baum and N. E. Islam, "Analyzing enhanced terahertz-pulse power and<br />
frequency using a field-carrier transport approach," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation<br />
Letters, IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, VOL. 7, 2008 725.<br />
[3] Naz E. Islam, Edl Schamiloglu, Jon S. H. Schoenberg, and R. P. Joshi, "Compensation<br />
Mechanisms and the Response of High Resistivity GaAs Photoconductive Switches During High-<br />
Power Application," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO. 5,<br />
OCTOBER 2000.<br />
[4] M. A. Richards, "Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing," McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005.
28<br />
1P12<br />
DESIGN AND TESTING <strong>OF</strong> WIDE BANDGAP CURRENT LIMITING DEVICES<br />
Nathaniel Kinsey 1 , Randy Curry 1 , Robert Druce 1 , Heikki Helava 2<br />
1 University of Missouri, Center for Physical and Power Electronics, Columbia, MO,<br />
USA, 2 Helava Systems <strong>Inc</strong>. Deer Park, NY, USA<br />
email: CurryRD@missouri.edu<br />
The University of Missouri in collaboration with Helava Systems <strong>Inc</strong>. developed a concept and<br />
shown in experiments a solid state switch based on the photoconductive properties of a<br />
semiconductor to be used in pulsed power systems. A device geometry was subsequently<br />
designed which would allow for matched microwave off-state transmission but provide<br />
substantial attenuation of the signal in the on-state (illuminated) condition. Several possible<br />
device geometries were designed and optimized in a CST Microwave Studio®. Each design was<br />
simulated and the results compared allowing for the best possible geometry to be chosen. The<br />
chosen design allowed for greater than 99% off-state transmission and an on-state limiting of less<br />
than 7% of the incident signal. Initial experimental tests to determine the semiconductor's<br />
effectiveness to act as a photoconductive switch were investigated using highly conductive silver<br />
paint. Once initial data was taken and the responses better understood, the designed geometry was<br />
fabricated with the semiconductor. These devices were then subjected to testing and the results<br />
compared with simulated calculations in CST and MATLAB. The University of Missouri has<br />
demonstrated the ability of aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) to act as a photoconductive switch<br />
when illuminated with 355-nm light. Experiments show a greater than two orders of magnitude<br />
drop in semiconductor channel resistance upon illumination. While further investigation into the<br />
ability of the device to obtain sub-ohm resistance levels is needed, initial tests and calculations<br />
confirm the ability of AlGaN materials to act as a current limiting device with the geometry<br />
designed by the University of Missouri.
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> AN AUTOMATED TEST SETUP FOR LONG TERM<br />
SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION <strong>OF</strong> EXPERIMENTAL GATE-TURN-<strong>OF</strong>F<br />
THYRISTORS IN HIGH ENERGY PULSE APPLICATIONS<br />
29<br />
1P13<br />
Shelby Lacouture 1 , Kevin Lawson 1 , Stephen Bayne 1 , Michael Giesselmann 1 ,<br />
Heather O'Brien 2 , Aderinto Ogunniyi 2 , Charles Scozzie 2<br />
1 Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA, 2 U.S. Army Research Laboratory Adelphi, MD, USA<br />
One of the main issues with implementing a new technology into any system is understanding the<br />
lifetime and failure modes of that technology. The test setup developed at Texas Tech University<br />
is designed specifically to evaluate experimental high energy switches during continuous<br />
operation and monitor device characteristics to determine when the device is going to fail. The<br />
devices that are tested on this setup are both high energy silicon and silicon carbide gate-turn-off<br />
thyristors capable of switching pulsed currents up to 6 kA. The silicon devices were developed by<br />
silicon power and the silicon carbide devices were designed by Cree <strong>Inc</strong>. The test bed<br />
incorporates two different operating modes; pulsed operation and curve tracing mode. The pulsed<br />
operating mode utilizes a 1.8 kJ 10-stage pulse forming network (PFN) to provide a square<br />
current pulse through the device under test with a peak current of 6 kA and a pulse width of<br />
100 µs. The PFN is charged by a rapid capacitor charger (developed at Texas Tech University)<br />
capable of charging at 3.6 kJ/s in order to achieve a max repetition rate of one pulse per second.<br />
The system is matched to a 0.5 Ω load so that a peak current of 6 kA can be achieved with a<br />
charging voltage of 6 kV which is below the avalanche breakdown point of the device under test.<br />
The system will simultaneously monitor the gate voltage, gate current, on-state voltage, and<br />
cathode current. This information will be used to determine if the characteristics are changing<br />
during operation and stop testing if the device is degrading. Periodically throughout testing the<br />
setup will switch into the second operating mode; curve tracing mode. This mode will control<br />
multiple systems to measure four different I-V curves for the various junctions within the device.<br />
The forward conduction I-V curve trace will monitor the DC characteristics of the device up to<br />
100 A. This trace will provide valuable information for the turn-on voltage and on-state<br />
resistance. The forward blocking I-V curve will trace the blocking characteristics out to the onset<br />
of avalanche breakdown, around 8 kV determining the critical information on the leakage current<br />
of the device and breakdown voltage. The third trace will measure the forward gate I-V curve to<br />
determine the gate turn-on voltage and the gate on-state resistance. The final trace will evaluate<br />
the reverse gate I-V curve to determine the gate leakage current. All of these traces will be<br />
analyzed to determine if the DC characteristics of the device is degrading during the course of the<br />
test.
FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM FOR 50 MHZ BURST OPERATION <strong>OF</strong> A SILICON<br />
CARBIDE PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCH<br />
Daniel Mauch, Cameron Hettler, William Sullivan III, James Dickens<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
30<br />
1P14<br />
A fiber optic system was constructed to demonstrate high frequency operation of a silicon carbide<br />
photoconductive semiconductor switch. The goal was to transform a single high-power laser<br />
pulse into a train of pulses by adding static delays into a multimode fiber bundle. The individual<br />
optical fibers comprising the fiber bundle were divided equally into groups with differing length.<br />
These groups incrementally add an additional 20 ns of flight time to the light in their respective<br />
portion of the total fiber bundle. The end result is a train of pulses with 20 ns between each pulse.<br />
A frequency tripled Nd:YAG laser (10 ns FWHM) generating up to 300 mJ of light at 355 nm is<br />
coupled from free space into the fiber light guide. Experimental results examining the collection<br />
and transmission efficiency, and temporal and spatial output are presented.
DV/DT IMMUNITY AND RECOVERY TIME CAPABILITY <strong>OF</strong> 1.0 CM 2<br />
SILICON CARBIDE SGTO<br />
31<br />
1P15<br />
Aderinto Ogunniyi 1 , Heather O'Brien 1 , Charles Scozzie 1 , William Shaheen 2 , Anant<br />
Agarwal 3 , Lin Cheng 3 , Victor Temple 4<br />
1 U.S. Army Research Laboratory Adelphi, MD, USA, 2 Berkeley Research Associate<br />
Beltsville, MD, USA, 3 Cree, <strong>Inc</strong> Durham, NC, USA, 4 Silicon Power Corporation Clifton<br />
Park, NY, USA<br />
The silicon carbide SGTO is a future switching component technology of interest to the Army for<br />
various pulsed power applications. This research investigates the dV/dt immunity and recovery<br />
time (Tq) capability of 1.0 cm 2 silicon carbide (SiC) super gate turn-off thyristors (SGTOs). The<br />
1.0 cm 2 SiC SGTO is the first of its kind. . The SiC SGTO was designed by SPCO and Cree,<br />
while the fabrication was done by Cree. This device has a mesa area of 0.73 cm 2 and a drift<br />
region thickness of 90 um and capable of holding off voltage greater than 9 kV. The dV/dt<br />
evaluation implemented on the SiC SGTO is an analysis used to determine the device hold-off<br />
capability when subjected to very fast voltage transient in the off-state. This analysis is essential<br />
because the switches used in pulse power systems for the Army will be exposed to very noisy<br />
environments. The recovery time (Tq) evaluation determines the amount of delay time required<br />
for the switch to transition from the on-state to the off-state with confidence that the device will<br />
not abruptly switch on. Pulse evaluation results suggest that the SiC SGTO did not require<br />
assisted gate turn-off and obtained a recovery time less than 25 μs after a 1-ms pulse-width<br />
current of 1.7 kA, corresponding to an action level of 1.445 x 10 3 A 2 s. Furthermore, the SiC<br />
SGTO was evaluated for dV/dt immunity with an instantaneous rise time greater than 9 kV/μs.<br />
This paper will include detailed information on circuit topology used for both dv/dt and recovery<br />
time analysis, pulse evaluation approach used to acquire electrical characteristics of SiC SGTO,<br />
pulse evaluation results of the SiC SGTO. The performance of the 1.0 cm 2 SiC SGTO will also be<br />
compared with previous evaluations of Si SGTOs and smaller die area SiC SGTOs.
IGBT GATE DRIVER UPGRADES TO THE HVCM AT THE SNS<br />
Dennis Solley, David Anderson, Gunjan Patel, Mark Wezensky<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Research Accelerator Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA<br />
32<br />
1P16<br />
The SNS at ORNL has been fully operational since 2006 and in September 2009, the design goal<br />
of 1MW of sustained beam power on target was achieved. Historically, the high voltage converter<br />
modulators (HVCM)s have been a known problem area and, in order to reach another SNS<br />
milestone of ≥90% availability, a new gate driver was one of several areas, targeted to improve<br />
the overall reliability of the HVCM systems. Both the drive capability and fault protection of the<br />
large IGBT modules in the HVCM were specifically addressed to improve IGBT switching<br />
characteristics and provide enhanced troubleshooting and monitoring capabilities for the critical<br />
IGBT/driver pair. This paper outlines the work involved, and results obtained, while completing<br />
this driver upgrade and documents the driver's long-term performance. Enhanced features,<br />
designed to be used in conjunction with a new controller presently under development, will also<br />
be discussed.<br />
ORNL/SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract<br />
DE-AC05- 00OR22725
HVCM TOPOLOGY ENHANCEMENTS TO SUPPORT A POWER UPGRADE<br />
REQUIRED BY A SECOND TARGET STATION AT SNS.<br />
Dennis Solley, David Anderson, Gunjan Patel, Mark Wezensky<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Research Accelerator Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA<br />
33<br />
1P17<br />
This paper discusses the topology used in the HVCMs at SNS to process power for both the cold<br />
and warm linac sections of the klystron gallery in support of extended operations at the megawatt<br />
level. In anticipation of a second target station and higher anticipated power levels, an<br />
enhancement to the present topology is being investigated. SPICE circuit simulations and<br />
preliminary experimental data will be presented.
ULTRA-COMPACT 100 KV SOLID-STATE SWITCH DEVELOPMENT FOR<br />
SUB-MICROSECOND DISCHARGES<br />
34<br />
1P18<br />
R.J. Richter-Sand 1 , G. Parker 1 , M. Kostora 1 , S. Heidger 2 , M. Domonkos 2 , E. Loree 3<br />
1 SAIC Albuquerque, NM, USA, 2 AFRL Albuquerque, NM, USA, 3 Loree <strong>Engineering</strong><br />
Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
Compact pulse power applications require switching components that offer kA-level current<br />
conduction, high voltage operation of 100 kV, a low inherent inductance necessary to achieve<br />
>10 10 di/dt, and triggering mechanisms to produce repetition-rate discharges. Development of a<br />
prototype 10 kV, 6 kA, 200 nanosecond solid-state triggered switches with low repetitive rate<br />
capabilities and scalable attributes to a 100 kV module is presented. Project application engineers<br />
are using bare voltage-controlled (VC) wafers from Silicon Power Corporation in a<br />
volumetrically small stack (3 cm 3 ) with the performance attributes necessary to achieve the<br />
technical milestones for a 100 kV arrangement. Wafer testing, Simulation Program with<br />
Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE) circuit modeling, and the triggering system design are<br />
discussed. Assembly of the stacked wafer elements required the development of a custom<br />
assembly fixture and precise temperature control during switch element fabrication. The circuit<br />
designs employ the derivative of a negative bias for each of the stack VC solid-state wafers and a<br />
reliable fiber optic mechanism to trigger each 10 kV module in a 100 kV stack. Testing includes<br />
dissipation measurements and monitoring of failure mechanisms that affect and ultimately limit<br />
achieving a technical milestone of a 10 Hz (micro-burst or continuous with limited<br />
life). Performance characteristics are compared to a commercial solid-state thyratron replacement<br />
unit from Applied Pulsed Power <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
Work is sponsored by Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)/RDHP, Kirtland Air Force Base,<br />
under FA9451-08-D-0170.
35<br />
1P19<br />
AN ULTRA FAST HYBRID TOTEM POLE MOSFET/DRIVER MODULE FOR<br />
HIGH REPETITION RATE OPERATION<br />
Tao Tang, Craig Burkhart<br />
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park, CA, USA<br />
The proposed Project X MEBT (Medium Energy Beam Transport) line needs a chopper that has<br />
the capability to remove an arbitrary bunch pattern from the 162.5MHz H - beam bunch train. The<br />
chopper driver needs to provide ±500V pulses with ~1ns rise and fall time at an average<br />
repetition rate of 33MHz. A Hybrid MOSFET/driver Switch Module (HSM) has been<br />
demonstrated at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which with a 1 kV charging voltage<br />
is capable of delivering a 30A pulse with a 1 ns rise time into a 30 ohm load [1]. The design and<br />
performance of a new HSM with a totem pole output stage, as is needed for this high repetition<br />
rate application, is presented.<br />
[1] T. Tang, C. Burkhart, "Hybrid MOSFET/Driver for ultra-fast switching", IEEE Trans. on<br />
Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Aug. 2009.<br />
Work supported by the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.
A COMPACT SOLID STATE MODULATOR FOR ACCELERATOR<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
36<br />
1P20<br />
Kongyin Gan, Hepin Hu, Tao Li, Zhiyuan Tan<br />
Institute of the Applied Electronics, China Academy of <strong>Engineering</strong> Physics Miangyang,<br />
China<br />
In order to develop the compact microwave power source for the accelerator applications, a<br />
compact solid state modulator was developed basing the traditional 1:55 pulse transformer and<br />
IGBT switches in parallel in our laboratory. It can output the 45kV pulse to the magnetron when<br />
the input voltage is about 840V, the rise time of the output pulse is less than 1us when the load of<br />
the modulator is a 450 ohms pure resistor, its weight is less than 120 kilograms. This solid state<br />
modulator has been used to drive the 5193 magnetron now.
LONGEVITY <strong>OF</strong> HIGH POWER GAAS PCSS AT DC BIAS VOLTAGE<br />
37<br />
1P21<br />
Liu Hongwei, Liu Jinfeng, Yuan Jianqiang, Zhao Yue, Li Hongtao, Xie Weiping<br />
China Academy of <strong>Engineering</strong> Physics, The institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China<br />
Lifetime of high power GaAs PCSS at DC bias voltage has been studied. The joule heating<br />
process of PCSS shows a pivotal factor of the lifetime at primary test results. Theoretical analysis<br />
shows that joule heating comes from discharge process and leakage current may constrain the<br />
work electric of the switch and the value is much less than flashover electric field of it. Based on<br />
the joule heating process two improved aspects include changing of the work medium and erect<br />
direction of the laser has been tested. And then tested more than 5×10 5 times has achieved using a<br />
single PCSS with electrode gap of 15 mm under a DC bias of 19 kV, current of 0.9 kA,full-width<br />
at half-maximum of 10 ns and repetition of 20 Hz.
DESIGN <strong>OF</strong> REPETITIVE HIGH VOLTAGE RECTANGULAR WAVEFORM<br />
PULSE ADDER<br />
Liuxia Li, Kefu Liu, Jian Qiu<br />
Fudan University, Institute of Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China<br />
38<br />
1P22<br />
In this paper, a repetitive high voltage pulse adder is described, which can generate rectangular<br />
pulse even in the case of capacitive load. This pulse adder is based on solid state switches, and<br />
each stage contains two power MOSFETs, in which one outputs voltage and another cuts off<br />
wave. With this technique, we obtain nearly rectangular pulse. By test at different type of loads,<br />
this characteristic of the pulse adder is well maintained. At the same time, a FPGA is used to<br />
control all system, which provides a convenient operation interface, so we can easily adjust<br />
output pulse voltage, repetitive rate and pulse width. In our present work , a 40-stage modulator<br />
has been built and successfully operate at output voltage of 30 kV with repetitive rate of 20 kHz,<br />
both rise time and fall time less than 250ns, and minimum pulse width of 5μs. This facility has<br />
been applied for the experiment research of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and pulse plasma<br />
discharge.
ON-STATE RESISTANCE COMPARISON <strong>OF</strong> SEMI-INSULATING 6H-SIC<br />
PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCHES<br />
Jianqiang Yuan, Hongwei Liu, Jinfeng Liu, Hongtao Li, Weiping Xie<br />
China Academy of <strong>Engineering</strong> Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China<br />
39<br />
1P23<br />
In order to investigate on-state resistance of 6H-SiC photoconductive semiconductor switches<br />
(PCSSs), two kinds of 6H-SiC materials with different dark resistivity and process have been<br />
used to fabricate the PCSSs. The experimental results show that the SiC PCSS operates in linear<br />
mode. The switch made from 6H-SiC with a dark resistivity of 6×10 5 ohm•cm can only sustain an<br />
operating voltage of 4.2 kV, and its minimum on-state resistances can achieve tens of ohms,<br />
which are about two orders of magnitude higher than that of GaAs PCSS. Another switch made<br />
from 6H-SiC with a dark resistivity of 2×10 10 ohm•cm can sustain an operating voltage of 30 kV,<br />
but its minimum on-state resistances can be as high as several kilo ohms, which are totally<br />
unacceptable for pulsed power system. The numerical analyses are presented and compared with<br />
experimental results, and the influencing factors of the minimum on-state resistance are<br />
discussed, which shows that increasing the optical energy of incident laser, carrier mobility and<br />
carrier lifetime can reduce the minimum on-state resistance. From the comparison of different<br />
6H-SiC PCSSs, several methods to reduce on-state resistance are proposed.<br />
Work supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 50837004 and<br />
51007085.
40<br />
1P24<br />
PRELIMINARY RESEARCHES ON A PLANE-BOARD EXPLOSIVE OPENING<br />
SWITCH<br />
Shirong Hao, Yingmin Dai, Minhua Wang, Nanchuan Zhang, Wenhui Han,<br />
Youcheng Wu<br />
Hydro-Physics Research Institute, Academy of <strong>Engineering</strong> Physics, Si Chuan Province,<br />
Mianyang, China<br />
A plane-board explosive opening switch and its preliminary reasearch results are presented in this<br />
paper. The opening switch consists of an explosive network board,a folded metal foil and<br />
insulating slots. When used as opening switch in inductive energy storage system, it can transfer<br />
pulse current with tens of kilo-ampere and more than 20μs rise time from primary energy source<br />
to a 50nH load in less than 2μs.The conversion efficiency is more than 90%.
41<br />
1P25<br />
INFLUENCE <strong>OF</strong> HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ON THE<br />
WATER DIELECTRIC STRENGH AND ON THE DYNAMIC PRESSURE<br />
WAVE<br />
Justin Martin 1 , Thierry Reess 1 , Antoine De Ferron 1 , Robert Ruscassie 1 , Franck Rey-<br />
Bethbeder 2<br />
1 University of Pau, SIAME, PAU, France, 2 TOTAL PAU, France<br />
The paper presents experimental results for breakdown voltage in water gaps as a function of<br />
water hydrostatic pressure and temperature. Low applied electric field and high switching energy<br />
ensure the development of subsonic electrical discharges. For these discharges, the vapour<br />
bubbles involved during the pre-breakdown phase are initiated by joule heating effect. The<br />
dependencies of the U50 breakdown voltage on hydrostatic pressure up to 5MPa and on the<br />
temperature up to 90°C are investigated. The pre-breakdown phase of the discharge is<br />
characterised by the different power consumption behaviours and by the energy losses according<br />
to hydrostatic pressure and temperature. A minimum threshold value of the discharge energy<br />
losses can be highlighted. Experimental measurements concerning the shock wave generated by<br />
the subsonic discharges are presented. Results point out that the dynamic wave is not dependent<br />
from the hydrostatic pressure. On the other hand, for a constant energy at breakdown time, the<br />
dynamic pressure wave increases with the temperature. These results will allow the optimization<br />
of the electrical energy ratio converted into acoustic energy.
MODELING <strong>OF</strong> THE DIELECTRIC RECOVERY <strong>OF</strong><br />
HOT AIR IN INSULATING NOZZLES<br />
Andreas Kurz, Paul Gregor Nikolic, Daniel Eichhoff, Armin Schnettler<br />
RWTH Aachen University, Institute for High Voltage Technology, Aachen, Germany<br />
42<br />
1P26<br />
In standard gas circuit breakers -important safety elements in today's power grids-, a small<br />
surface layer of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vaporizes at the extreme high temperatures<br />
occurring in the arcing zone during the high current phase of the interruption process. This<br />
ablation continues even some hundred microseconds after the arc has been quenched and it<br />
actually changes the total gas composition as well as the temperature profile in the arcing zone.<br />
Therefore it hinders the fast cooling of the arcing zone, which is necessary to prevent dielectric<br />
failures. The experimental determination of the dielectric recovery of hot air in insulating nozzles<br />
is already subject of previous investigations which focus on the substitution of SF6 (sulfur<br />
hexafluoride) in circuit breakers for future power grids. Thus the intention of the investigations<br />
presented here is the determination of a physical model for the calculation of the previously<br />
measured recovery characteristics. Therefore CFD simulations (computational fluid dynamics)<br />
are performed in order to derive the relevant physical properties of the decaying quenching gas<br />
(density, temperature etc.). These properties serve as input parameters for the developed model.<br />
Based on the gas properties resulting from the CFD simulations it is possible to calculate the<br />
effective ionization coefficients and thus the breakdown voltage applying the streamer criterion.<br />
Afterwards the calculated breakdown voltages are compared to the measured recovery<br />
characteristics. The comparison shows a qualitatively good agreement between the measurements<br />
and the calculation.
43<br />
1P27<br />
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE DIELECTRIC STRENGTH <strong>OF</strong> CARBON<br />
DIOXIDE AND CARBON DIOXIDE MIXTURES FOR THE APPLICATION IN<br />
GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR<br />
Paul Gregor Nikolic, Andreas Kurz, Matthias Hoffacker, Armin Schnettler<br />
RWTH Aachen University, Institute for High Voltage Technology, Aachen, Germany<br />
Nowadays SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride) is used in circuit breakers and gas insulated switchgear due<br />
to its outstanding arc quenching and dielectric properties. Nevertheless SF6 is a strong greenhouse<br />
gas with a global warming potential of 22800 CO2 (carbon dioxide) mass equivalents.<br />
Furthermore toxic decomposition products resulting from the interruption process in circuit<br />
breakers require protective equipment for the personnel and special gas handling. Beside the<br />
emission restrictions for SF6 denoted in the Kyoto protocol recent investigations on SF6 emissions<br />
in the field of electrical power supply as well as other sectors of industry show that a future<br />
increase of the total SF6 emissions is due. Therefore it is still beneficial to search for alternative<br />
insulation and quenching gases. Previous studies showed that the dielectric strength CO2 is about<br />
one third of SF6. Additionally a decrease of its dielectric strength in case of contamination with<br />
metal particles is observed. Thus in this paper the dielectric strength of CO2 is investigated.<br />
Measurements are performed in a test arrangement which is dimensioned according to a real gas<br />
insulated switchgear geometry. A metal needle is installed in the test setup in order to simulate a<br />
particle disturbance. The investigations are performed using a lightning impulse with constant<br />
amplitude under atmospheric pressure. During the investigations the improvement possibilities of<br />
CO2 in case of particle contamination by admixture of non-toxic gases are investigated and<br />
compared to each other. Additionally high speed camera photographs of the breakdown path are<br />
taken. From the comparison of the experimental investigations results a statement on the<br />
dielectric strength of CO2 under non-uniform field conditions and on the enhancement of this<br />
dielectric strength by the admixture of additional gaseous components. These results can serve as<br />
a means for the dielectric design of a SF6-free gas insulated switchgear.
44<br />
1P28<br />
THE INFLUENCE <strong>OF</strong> CONCENTRATED HEAT FLUX ON THE DIELECTRIC<br />
PROPERTIES <strong>OF</strong> SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL ESTERS<br />
Pawel Rozga<br />
Technical University of Lodz, Institute of Electrical Power <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lodz, Poland<br />
In recent years, a growing numbers of researchers focused their interest on the insulating fluids,<br />
which, in the situations where the decisive meaning is the environment protection and fire<br />
prevention, could replace the mineral oil in the power transformers. Such fluids are the specially<br />
manufactured synthetic and natural esters. From the environment protection point of view, these<br />
esters, in relation to conventional mineral oils, are characterized by the high level of<br />
biodegradability reaching even 95%. Whereas, when it comes to the fire prevention, these esters<br />
have more then twice higher temperature of flash point. The assessment of dielectric properties<br />
and the mechanisms of initiation and propagation of discharges (prebrakdown phenomena) in<br />
insulating fluids based on esters, has been taken occasionally and such incomplete results have<br />
not been allowed on the fully comparison the esters with the typical mineral oils. Apart from the<br />
few works concerning the problem of breakdown in esters, mainly, the fundamental physicalchemical<br />
and electrical properties are described. In this paper, the problem connected with the<br />
using the synthetic and natural esters as an insulating fluids in the power transformers, will be<br />
raised. This problem was observed during the production phase in one of the Polish power<br />
transformer factory. It concerns the one of the fundamental dielectric parameter characterizing the<br />
insulating material – dielectric loss factor tgδ. It has been noticed that the both esters show the<br />
susceptibility to action of the concentrated heat flux generated by the heaters of the heating<br />
system of the insulating fluid. This flux causes the violent growth of tgδ when it acts with large<br />
intensity. It means that the using the same, as in the case of mineral oil, parameters of the heat<br />
treatment of the fluid (using the unit surface load on the level of 2 W/cm 2 ) is not possible,<br />
because such treatment causes the deterioration of dielectric properties of the esters to the level<br />
disqualifying these esters from the using as a insulating medium of power transformer. The<br />
above-described problem will be presented on the basis of investigations performed in the<br />
specially prepared experimental system. The research assumption, the experimental system giving<br />
the possibility to realization of the research programm, and the results of the analysis of the<br />
influenece of the concentrated heat flux on the dielectric parameters of two biodegradable<br />
insulating fluids (synthetic and natural ester), will be desribed in the article. The results will be<br />
presented as the diagrams showing mainly the changing of the dielectric loss factor versus the<br />
unit surface load.
INVESTIGATION <strong>OF</strong> AC DISCHARGES WITH WATER DROPLETS ON<br />
SOLID DIELECTRIC LAYERS<br />
Alper Kara, Ozcan Kalenderli, Kevork Mardikyan<br />
Istanbul Technical University, Electrical-Electronics Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey<br />
45<br />
1P29<br />
This paper describes the AC discharge characteristics of air when water droplets are on solid<br />
dielectric layers floating between the electrodes. Identical planar electrodes are used to examine<br />
the breakdown voltage during the tests. In the experiments, single water droplet positioned in the<br />
center of horizontal dielectric layers is assumed to be conductive. Dielectric layers are made up of<br />
silicone rubber and polyvinyl chloride that have the same diameter with the electrodes. Tests are<br />
both conducted with positive and negative high direct voltage. The dielectric behaviors of<br />
insulating layers are investigated in the presence of water droplets in various air gaps up to<br />
50 mm.
ON THE MEASUREMENTS <strong>OF</strong> THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND<br />
DISSIPATION FACTOR <strong>OF</strong> VARIOUS ELASTOMERS<br />
L. Nastrat 1 , R.M. Sharkawy 2<br />
1 South Valley University, Electrical Power and Machines <strong>Engineering</strong>, Aswan, Egypt,<br />
2 AASTMT, Electrical and Control <strong>Engineering</strong>, Cairo, Egypt<br />
46<br />
1P30<br />
Polymeric insulators can especially be susceptible since they are mostly organic. It has always<br />
been of practical interest to study the electrical properties of polymeric insulators [1]. Elastomers<br />
have emerged relatively recently as a novel group of the constructional polymers and their<br />
characteristics are a subject of intensive studies undertaken by several research teams world<br />
wide[2]. Elastomer materials are extensively used in many insulation applications, because they<br />
show an excellent electrical performance. At one time, when natural rubber and a few synthetic<br />
rubbers constituted the primary type of rubberlike materials in use, the term rubber was<br />
predominantly used to describe this group of materials. However, with developments in the field<br />
of polymer chemistry, numerous other rubberlike materials have been developed whose chemical<br />
composition bears no resemblance to the chemical composition of the natural or the early<br />
synthetic rubbers. Also, these newer materials often exhibit vast improvements over the early<br />
rubbers in many respects while still being basically rubberlike or elastic in character. Therefore,<br />
the term elastomer came to be used to encompass the broadened range of rubberlike materials.<br />
The ASTM definition of an elastomer is "a material which at room temperature can be stretched<br />
repeatedly to at least twice its original length and upon immediate release of the stress will return<br />
with force to its approximate original length". Currently, there are over a dozen recognized<br />
classes of elastomers, a number of which are useful in electronic assemblies [3,4]. In present<br />
work, four different types of elastomer such as; Puna N, Nitrile (NBR), Hypalon (CSM), Ethylene<br />
Propylene (EPR) and Hexafluor (FPM) were examined. There were main dielectric parameters<br />
tested for the types of elastomer, i.e. dielectric constant and dissipation factor. The results<br />
indicated that the highest dielectric constant was 13 at 1 KHz for NBR elastomer, and the lowest<br />
dissipation factor was 0.0066 at 1 KHz for EPR elastomer. Also, during this work, a<br />
mathematical model is depicted, thus devising a suitable function approximation for the<br />
frequency dependent tabulated data obtained for the adopted measurement of various elastomers.<br />
[1] Raji Sundararajan, Victor Godinez and Muhammad Amin, "Performance of Thermoplastic<br />
Elastomeric and Thermoset Insulators under Accelerated Acid Rain Multistress Conditions", 15 th<br />
National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), Bombay, Dec. 2008.<br />
[2] Pawer Andruszkiewicz, Marta Piatek, Ryszard Ukielski, "Electrical Properties of<br />
Thermoplastic Elastomers Copoly (Amide-Block-Amide)s, Physics and Chemistry of Solid State,<br />
V. 7, No. 1, 2006, p. 7-10.<br />
[3] H. Deng, R. Hackam, in: IEEE Annual Report-Conference on Electr. Insul. Diel. Phen., San<br />
Francisco, 1996, pp. 20-23.<br />
[4] Hans-Jorg Winter, Jens Lambrecht, and Roland Barsch, "On the Measurement of the<br />
Dielectric Strength of Silicon Elastomers", UPEC, 2010.
47<br />
1P31<br />
CONDUCTION AND BREAKDOWN IN SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL ESTER<br />
FLUIDS<br />
Igor Timoshkin 1 , Yi Jing 1 , Martin Given 1 , Mark Wilson 1 , Tao Wang 1 , Scott<br />
MacGregor 1 , Jane Lehr 2<br />
1 University of Strathclyde, EEE, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 2 Sandia NL Albuquerque,<br />
NM, USA<br />
Dielectric liquids used for insulation in power and pulsed power systems include conventional<br />
mineral oils, synthetic and natural esters. Insulating liquids in power systems are subjected to<br />
high electric transient fields which could cause catastrophic dielectric breakdown. Natural esters<br />
have the potential to be used as an environmentally-friendly alternative to traditional mineral oils,<br />
as they are made from renewable sources, they are readily biodegradable and non-toxic.<br />
Consequently, an understanding of dielectric behaviour of ester liquids stressed with electric<br />
fields will be important for the reliable usage of these liquids in power and pulsed power<br />
applications. The present paper is focused on investigation of pre-breakdown conduction currents<br />
and conduction mechanisms in synthetic and natural ester liquids. Pre-breakdown currents in<br />
highly non-uniform electric fields produced in a point-plane electrode system have been<br />
measured and the current-voltage characteristics have been analysed. Three regions of the I-V<br />
characteristics can be attributed to different conduction regimes: Ohmic conduction; space charge<br />
saturation conduction;, and conduction controlled by Fowler-Nordheim charge injection. Using<br />
experimental I-V curves, apparent negative-charge mobilities for the ester fluids have been<br />
obtained and compared with charge mobilities for mineral oils available from previous studies<br />
and data in the literature. Breakdown characteristics of ester liquids stressed with AC and<br />
impulsive regimes have been measured in point-plane and sphere-sphere electrode topologies in<br />
accordance with ASTM <strong>International</strong> standards. The present paper discusses breakdown<br />
characteristics and pre-breakdown behavior of ester fluids and compares the dielectric behavior of<br />
these liquids with traditional mineral oils. This information will help in the determining the<br />
suitability of these ester liquids for use in practical pulsed power and power systems.
PULSED HIGH-VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN <strong>OF</strong> THIN FILM PARYLENE-C<br />
Juan Elizondo-Decanini, Evan Dudley<br />
Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
48<br />
1P32<br />
Measurements of polymer dielectric high-voltage (HV) strength at thicknesses in the 1 to 10 µm<br />
range have always been difficult to validate and repeat. We report results of experiments done<br />
using Parylene-C films of 2-, 4-, and 6-µm thickness in a series of configurations intended to<br />
determine the high-voltage breakdown (HVB) of the material itself with a minimum of externally<br />
undefined parameters. The experiments used an alumina substrate coated with a conductive gold<br />
film with Parylene-C film deposited on top of the lower gold film. One edge of the lower gold<br />
film was exposed to provide electrical connection, and a triangular or circular gold electrode was<br />
deposited on the surface of the Parylene-C. The intent was to test the dielectric breakdown<br />
strength of bare Parylene-C as well as to evaluate the effects of field enhancements produced by<br />
the two electrode shapes.
HIGH FIELD CONDUCTION IN HEAT RESISTANT POLYMERS AT<br />
ELEVATED TEMPERATURE<br />
Janet Ho, T. Richard Jow<br />
US Army Research Laboratory Adelphi, MD, USA<br />
49<br />
1P33<br />
Improved high temperature polymeric dielectrics are in demand for applications such as hybrid<br />
vehicles, advance aircraft, wide-band gap semiconductor power electronics, and deep oil-well<br />
drilling. Metallized polymeric film capacitors have the advantage of graceful failure as a result of<br />
self-healing. As no dielectrics are perfect insulators, trace amount of electrical conduction is<br />
always present, especially at high electric field and/or elevated temperature. In this work, high<br />
field conductivity and conduction mechanisms of various heat resistant polymers were<br />
investigated. Such information is valuable not only for better understanding of transport<br />
mechanisms of the charge species at high field but also for gaining insight relevant to improved<br />
breakdown strength.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS <strong>OF</strong> MICROPLASMA DEVICES WITH<br />
CARBON-NANOTUBES (CNT) AS THE CATHODE<br />
Huirong Li, Chung-Nan Tsai, Hulya Kirkici<br />
Auburn University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Auburn, AL, USA<br />
50<br />
1P34<br />
The experimental results of glow discharge in the microplasma arrays are presented. The<br />
microplasma device is based on hollow cathode structure with carbon-nanotubes (CNT) grown<br />
inside the cathode cavity. The hollow structure is fabricated on silicon wafer by etching and<br />
CNTs are grown using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method inside the hollow structure,<br />
whose shape is either cylindrical or rectangular. The anode is a metal deposited on to the surface<br />
of the silicon. It is shown that the CNT has a lower ignition voltage at the first stage of<br />
breakdown, due to the enhanced field emission characteristics of CNTs [1]. It is also shown that<br />
the CNT performs relatively well in partial pressure [2]. The device is operated in 1 to 100 torr<br />
range under DC and high frequency unipolar fields at 20 kHz and the results are compared with<br />
the one without CNT in the hollow cathode structure. The device is fabricated in house using<br />
micro-fabrication technology. The comparison of the DC and pulsed operating characteristics of<br />
the device are presented. The optical diagnostics with a spectrometer are performed along with<br />
the help of V-I curve as a function of pressure.<br />
[1] S.J. Park, K. H. Park and J. G. Eden, "Integration of carbon nanotubes with microplasma<br />
device cathodes: reduction in operating and ignition voltages", Electronics letters 29 th April 2004<br />
Vol. 40 No.9.<br />
[2] R. Bokka and H. Kirkici, "Field emission degradation of carbon nanotubes", Power Modulator<br />
and High Voltage Conference (IPMHVC) 2010 IEEE <strong>International</strong>.
SURFACE FLASHOVER <strong>OF</strong> NANODIELECTRICS WITH VARYING<br />
ELECTRODE ARCHITECTURES IN PARTIAL VACUUM<br />
Zhenhong Li, Huirong Li, Hulya Kirkici<br />
Auburn University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Auburn, AL, USA<br />
51<br />
1P35<br />
Solid insulators have been widely employed in power systems and partial vacuum, especially in<br />
space power systems. However, the holdoff capability of an insulator in vacuum is limited by the<br />
surface flashover problem due to the cathode 'triple-junction' effect [1] [2]. In this work, the<br />
surface flashover characteristics of nanodielectrics cast epoxy resin with varying electrode<br />
architectures in partial vacuum are studied. All of the samples except the control samples are<br />
made by adding nanoscale Al2O3 or TiO2 powder into the epoxy resin with known properties. The<br />
samples are in cylindrical shape, and the weight ratios between the powder and epoxy are 1:50<br />
(2%) and 1:16.6 (6%). In a vacuum chamber, the surface flashover of the samples is investigated<br />
using DC and 20 kHz pulsed unipolar signals separately. 1 cm thick cylindrical samples are<br />
sandwiched between two parallel plate electrodes, and the voltage, current, and light emission<br />
waveforms during the flashover events are recorded and analyzed. Lateral pillar electrodes are<br />
also used in the studies and comparisons to the parallel plate case are made. Data on the voltage,<br />
current and optical emission will be presented in this paper.<br />
[1] Miller, H. C., "Flashover of insulators in vacuum: review of the phenomena and techniques to<br />
improved holdoff voltage," IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.28, no.4, pp.512-527,<br />
Aug 1993.<br />
[2] Fang Li, Hulya Kirkici, "Nanodielectric surface flashover studies under kHZ range pulsed<br />
fields in partial vacuum," Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference (IPMHVC), 2010<br />
IEEE <strong>International</strong>, vol., no., pp.453-456, May 2010.
TO ELECTRICALLY LOCATE GATE-OXIDE DEFECTS IN DUAL-GATE<br />
TECHNOLOGIES FOR VARIOUS HIGH-VOLTAGE DOMAINS<br />
Lieyi Sheng, John Leith, Eddie Glines<br />
ON Semiconductor, Quality, Pocatello, ID, USA<br />
52<br />
1P36<br />
High-quality gate oxides free from defects have been diligently pursued for ensuring reliable<br />
semiconductor products. However, clarifying the source of defects in degrading the gate-oxide<br />
integrity (GOI) often turns to be a daunting task in both development and manufacturing. A<br />
variety of defective sources, from starting material to process integration, were attributed to<br />
deteriorate gate oxides. Furthermore, the added process complexities of integrating dual/multiple<br />
gates, tunnel oxide for memory cells, and high-voltage (HV) devices cause more difficulties in<br />
identifying the root cause involved. For a thin layer of gate oxide, various types of defects can<br />
intricately occur along the bottom or the top interface, or be largely embedded inside. Typically,<br />
they are point defects, fairly small in size, or even invisible using conventional inspection tools.<br />
Moreover, the failure analysis efforts at nondestructively visualizing a gate-oxide defect often<br />
fail, because an electrical analysis, even delicately processed, can easily destroy the defect due to<br />
structural burst or meltdown. Consequently, a most common approach of searching a defective<br />
source has been to experimentally explore a wide range of suspected steps in the front-end-of-line<br />
(FEOL) and even further in the back-end-of-line (BEOL) processing. This paper will present for<br />
the first time a comprehensive methodology of electrically locating gate-oxide defects within the<br />
highly integrated schemes of several dual-gate processes. These technologies were developed for<br />
different voltage domains from 1.2V up to dozens of volts in realizing various applications from<br />
high-performance core circuit blocks with high-voltage I/O drivers to specific high-voltage and<br />
high-power environments (including automotive, and military/aerospace applications). During the<br />
early phase of development, conventional V-ramp and TDDB (time-dependent-dielectricbreakdown)<br />
tests revealed modestly higher defective levels on both low- and high-voltage gateoxides<br />
as well as on the tunnel oxide when integrated. Therefore, big efforts have been made for<br />
identifying the defective sources and implementing process improvements. It has been<br />
consistently proven that the gate-oxide defects in dual-gate processes, despite their increased<br />
complexity in integration, can be more readily located than in single-gate ones. The matrix of<br />
electrical responses of defects in thin- and thick-gate oxides (and tunnel oxide if applicable)<br />
provides a unique insight of quickly getting to know the physical location of the defects, thus<br />
significantly relieves the efforts of identifying a defective source in processing. In this paper, the<br />
defects incorporated with a wide range of gate oxides from 2 nm up to 45 nm in thickness will be<br />
extensively examined. By clarifying the various types of detrimental mechanisms and defective<br />
sources, the approach of synthesizing the electrical responses for locating gate oxide defects in<br />
dual-gate processes has been well verified.
53<br />
1P37<br />
MECHANISM FOR STIMULATED ACOUSTIC EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH<br />
PARTIAL DISCHARGE<br />
Aleta T. Wilder<br />
The University of Texas, Cockrell School of <strong>Engineering</strong>, Austin, TX, USA<br />
A mechanism is proposed for Stimulated Acoustic Events (SAE) observed as associated with<br />
Partial Discharge (PD) events. The mechanism is based on the formation of a transverse<br />
horizontal wave within a dielectric gap and propagating along the high voltage electrode –<br />
dielectric interface. The excitation of a longitudinal wave in the electrode and a large acoustic<br />
impedance mismatch at the electrode - dielectric interface are required (as first described at the<br />
2006 IPMHVC). The dilatational frequencies in the ultrasound of both the fundamental and<br />
harmonic components of the observed SAE are predicted. The spatial shear displacement due to<br />
the transverse horizontal wave has been estimated and will be described. The maximum<br />
displacement occurs in the dielectric, close to the high voltage electrode. The possibility that<br />
cyclic displacement resulting from SAE could enlarge voids that could then excite PD under<br />
voltage stress is explored.
HIGH TEMPERATURE CAPACITORS WITH HIGH ENERGY DENSITY<br />
Chen Zou, Nanyan Zhang, Douglas Kushner, Raymond Orchard, Charles Mi,<br />
Shihai Zhang<br />
Strategic Polymer Sciences, <strong>Inc</strong>., Capacitor Division, State College, PA, USA<br />
54<br />
1P38<br />
Power electronics are a key technology for hybrid and plug-in electric drive vehicles (EDV) and<br />
represent 20% of the material costs. DC bus capacitors are one of the critical components in EDV<br />
power inverters and they can occupy ~35% of the inverter volume, contribute to ~23% of the<br />
weight, and add ~25% of the cost. Current polypropylene (PP) film capacitors have dielectric<br />
constant K of 2.2 and temperature stability lower than 105 °C. We recently developed a modified<br />
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) which combines high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, low<br />
leakage current, high dielectric breakdown strength, and high temperature stability. The modified<br />
PTFE capacitor film also has graceful failure feature which is critical to applications demanding<br />
high reliability and long lifetime. The thermoplastic nature of the modified PTFE ensures that<br />
they can be processed into thin capacitor film using inexpensive melt extrusion and biaxial<br />
orientation process. In this report, extensive high voltage test results of the novel capacitor film<br />
will be presented.
55<br />
1P39<br />
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SURFACE FLASHOVER CHARACTERISTICS<br />
<strong>OF</strong> INSULATING METERIAL IN VACUUM<br />
Ling Dai, Fuchang Lin, Xiangyu Shi, Zhiwei Li, Cheng Su<br />
Huazhong University of Science and Technology , State Key Laboratory of Advanced<br />
Electromagnetic <strong>Engineering</strong> and Technology, Wuhan, China<br />
This paper devotes itself to the experimental study on surface flashover characteristics of<br />
insulating material, which is closely connected to the compact pulse power system operating in<br />
vacuum. The rated voltage of the pulse power source is several kV and the peak current is several<br />
kA. To simulate the actual operating condition and possible failure mode of pulsed power system,<br />
a series of experiments are performed to validate the adaptability of high pulsed power device in<br />
vacuum. This paper concentrates on the mechanism of surface flashover in vacuum and<br />
corresponding influence factors. Different metal electrode materials, different surface insulation<br />
materials are tested, and the interference effect of hot plasma has been studied specially. Research<br />
indicates that cleanliness and roughness of electrode surface and insulating materials have great<br />
influence on flashover voltage. Moreover, external hot plasma plays a key role in the formation of<br />
surface flashover. In medium vacuum (10 -3 -1 Pa), the surface flashover voltage of 3mm surface<br />
distance on organic glass is above 17kV;But if there is external hot plasma source, the flashover<br />
voltage would reduce significantly with the increase of plasma quantity; flashover voltage would<br />
rush to 1 kV or lower. Based on the experiment study, some measures are taken on the 8 kV /<br />
100 kA pulse power system produced in prior work. The device can operate stably in the vacuum<br />
of 10 -3 Pa.
SPACER FLASHOVER CHARACTERISTICS IN SF6 UNDER REPETITIVE<br />
NANOSECOND-PULSES<br />
56<br />
1P40<br />
Huijuan Ran 1 , Tao Wang 1 , Jue Wang 1 , Chengyan Ren 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Dongdong<br />
Zhang 1<br />
1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China,<br />
2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China, 3 Chinese Academy<br />
of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive, Beijing, China<br />
Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (VFTO) might result insulation failures inside or outside Gas<br />
Insulated Switchgears (GIS), and most of them are lead by the spacer flashovers on the basis of<br />
operational experiences. To get a better understanding of the discharge progress, an experimental<br />
study on spacer flashovers under nanosecond-pulse in compressed SF6 gases is presented. The<br />
source of nanosecond-pulse is a solid-state pulse generator SPG200N, which the pulse rise-time<br />
and pulse-width are 15 ns and 30~40 ns respectively, and the pulse repetition frequency varies<br />
from 1 Hz to 1 kHz. The material of spacer is epoxy resin, which is a common material of spacers<br />
in GIS. The test electrodes are plane-plane electrodes to simulate the near-uniformly field in GIS,<br />
which are 80mm in diameter. In this research, the parameters affecting flashover characteristics<br />
such as voltage-current waveforms, repetitive pulse stress time and applied pulse number are<br />
measured, and the affections about the flashover characteristics are analyzed. The experimental<br />
results show that the repetitive pulse stress time decreases with the increasing of the applied<br />
electric field and the pulse repetition frequency. At the last, the comparison about the<br />
characteristics between the spacer flashover and gap breakdown is presented.
STUDY ON SURFACE FLASHOVER AND GAS DESORPTION <strong>OF</strong> SOLID<br />
INSULATION MATERIALS IN VACUUM<br />
57<br />
1P41<br />
Chengyan Ren 1 , Li Xiao 1 , Jue Wang 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Yaohong Sun 1 ,<br />
Tao Shao 1 , Tao Wang 1<br />
1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China,<br />
2 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive,<br />
Beijing, China<br />
The relation of desorbed gases and surface discharge in vacuum is a complex problem without<br />
reliable theory. The vacuum experimental platform of direct current and nanosecond pulse source<br />
was built, and the quadrupole mass spectrometer connected to vacuum cavity was used to<br />
analysis the out-gassing characteristics of insulation materials. Then the vacuum surface<br />
discharge experiments were done and the out-gassing characteristics were measured in the<br />
process. By comparing the mass spectrograms before discharges with ones after discharges, we<br />
obtained the out-gassing composition of several insulation materials. Meanwhile we analyzed the<br />
probable sources of different gases. The results show that the high polymer surface may<br />
decompose and the dissolved gases may be extracted besides gas desorption in discharges. The<br />
flashover voltage of insulation materials has direct effect on their out-gassing characteristics.<br />
We'll thoroughly research their relation in subsequent work.
58<br />
1P42<br />
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY <strong>OF</strong> NANOSECOND-PULSE DIELECTRIC BARRIER<br />
DISCHARGE IN OPEN AIR<br />
Tao Shao 12 , Cheng Zhang 1 , Yang Yu 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Edl Schamiloglu 2<br />
1 Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing, China,<br />
2 Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, University of New Mexico<br />
Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is an important method to produce non-thermal plasma in<br />
atmospheric air, which is widely used in a variety of industrial fields. In this paper, the discharge<br />
is generated in atmospheric air using a magnetic compression solid-state pulsed power generator.<br />
The output pulse can be up to 30 kV with a rise time of about 40 ns and a full width at half<br />
maximum of 70 ns. The characteristics are studied by the measurement of voltage and current<br />
waveforms, discharge images, and optical emission spectroscopy. The experimental results show<br />
that when the air gap is less then 3 mm, no filaments are observed and the DBD is diffuse in the<br />
whole discharge regime. The rotational and vibrational temperatures of the DBD are calculated<br />
according to the emission band of the nitrogen second positive system near 380.5 nm. The<br />
relationship between the emission intensity and the rotational temperature with the applied<br />
voltage and driving frequency are investigated and discussed. The experimental results show that<br />
the emission intensity is sensitive to the applied voltage and driving frequency, and the rotational<br />
temperature indicates insensitivity to the applied voltage and driving frequency.
59<br />
1P43<br />
STUDY ON THE DC SPACE CHARGE CHARACTERISTICS <strong>OF</strong> THE MULTI-<br />
LAYER OIL-PAPER INSULATION MATERIAL USED IN POWER<br />
TRANSFORMER<br />
Chao Tang<br />
College of <strong>Engineering</strong> and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China<br />
The fast development in HVDC transmission projects has enlightened the significance of the<br />
research on space charge behaviors in oil-paper insulation, which is widely used in power<br />
transformers and cables as a low cost but reliable insulation system. However, the dynamics and<br />
behaviors of space charge in oil-paper insulation, especially after thermal ageing, are not well<br />
understood. In this paper, space charge behaviors in multi-layer oil-paper insulation system after<br />
accelerated thermal ageing have been investigated using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA)<br />
technique. A series of measurements were carried out when the insulation materials of different<br />
ageing degrees were subjected to different applied DC voltages at different temperatures. Charge<br />
behaviors in the insulation system have been analyzed and some key parameters such as threshold<br />
voltage, maximum charge density, residual electrical field, and charge accumulation/decay<br />
patterns were discussed. The test results showed that homocharge injection takes place under all<br />
the test conditions after thermal ageing, the injected charges move faster into oil-paper.<br />
Particularly the positive charge, the initial amount of charge injection, charge injection depth and<br />
accumulation increase evidently.
POLLUTION FLASHOVER PERFORMANCE <strong>OF</strong> INSULATORS WITH<br />
SEMICONDUCTIVE SIR<br />
Xiaoxing Wei, Zhidong Jia, Zhenting Sun, Zhicheng Guan<br />
Tsinghua University, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China<br />
60<br />
1P44<br />
Icing problems threaten the security of the power system heavily. Many methods were proposed<br />
to reduce the ice accretion on the transmission conductors, but effective ways for anti-icing or deicing<br />
for insulators are still yet to be determined. Some researchers came up with a method about<br />
insulator anti-icing basing on the semiconductive SIR, which using the heating effect of the<br />
leakage current. The coating was painted on the bottom side of the insulator, but left no coating<br />
on the upper surface. With the application of this active method, ice accretion can be relatively<br />
reduced. However, the pollution flashover performance was challenged owing to the conductive<br />
coating. In this paper, experiments on the pollution flashover characteristics about the new<br />
method were carried out. Three kinds of samples were tested, pure insulators, bottom coated ones<br />
with RTV coatings and bottom coated ones with semiconductive ones. Test results indicated that<br />
the pollution flashover voltage of the semiconductive ones is almost twice of the pure ones, but a<br />
little lower than the RTV ones. The primary causes of high pollution flashover voltage are the<br />
hydrophobicity and the drying effect generated by the leakage current.
FLASHOVER PERFORMANCE ALONE POLLUTED SURFACE <strong>OF</strong> 220KV<br />
GLASS INSULATOR STRINGS COVERED WITH NON UNIFORM PRTV<br />
COATINGS<br />
Chuyan Zhang 1 , Shuwei Wan 1 , Bao Feng 2 , Zhiyong Wang 2 , Liming Wang 1 ,<br />
Zhicheng Guan 1<br />
1 Tsinghua University, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China, 2 Guangdong<br />
Power Grid Company, China Southern Power Grid, Zhongshan Power Grid<br />
Corporation, Zhongshan, China<br />
61<br />
1P45<br />
The PRTV coating material has perfect performance of anti-pollution flashover for porcelain and<br />
glass insulators because of the surface hydrophobicity caused by the coating. Usually, the whole<br />
strings of insulators were coated with PRTV coatings in engineering application. However, this<br />
paper had investigated the pollution flashover performance for 220kV glass insulator strings<br />
covered with non uniform PRTV coatings. Conclusions were carried out by vast artificial<br />
contamination tests under AC voltage that, the flashover voltage can be enhanced greatly by<br />
covering non uniform PRTV coatings and the leakage current can be reduced. Compare with the<br />
whole string of insulators covered with PRTV coatings, the outdoor insulation performance<br />
shown little difference for 220kV glass insulator strings. The work can provide theoretical<br />
support for external insulation's maintenance and design of 220kV AC transmission lines.
NANOSECOND-PULSE DIFFUSE DISCHARGE AT ATMOSPHERIC<br />
PRESSURE<br />
62<br />
1P46<br />
Cheng Zhang 1 , Tao Shao 12 , Victor F. Tarasenko 3 , Hao Ma 1 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Ping<br />
Yan 1 , Edl Schamiloglu 2<br />
1 Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing, China,<br />
2 Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, University of New Mexico<br />
Albuquerque, NM, USA, 3 Institute of High Current Electronics, Russian Academy of<br />
Sciences Tomsk, Russia<br />
Nanosecond pulsed discharges have various discharge forms. The dense diffuse discharge, for<br />
example, is closely related to x-ray radiation and runaway electron beams. In this paper, a twostage<br />
magnetic compression solid-state pulse generator is used to produce repetitive nanosecond<br />
pulses for the excitation of nanosecond-pulse diffuse discharges. The output pulse of the<br />
generator has a rise time of about 25 ns and a full width at half maximum of 40 ns. A diffuse<br />
discharge is obtained in a point-to-plane gap in open air. Electrical characteristics and the<br />
transition of the discharge mode of a nanosecond-pulse discharge in atmospheric air are studied<br />
based on the current-voltage waveforms, discharge images, and emission spectrum. The<br />
experimental results show that a large-scale and stable diffuse discharge can be obtained at<br />
atmospheric pressure, and the corresponding optical spectrum reveals a low level of light<br />
emission. Air gap spacing, pulse repetition frequency, and pulse polarity affect the mode<br />
transition and emission intensity of the diffuse discharge. The diffuse discharge occurs for an<br />
appropriate air gap, high electric field with positive pulse, and fast rise time.
RESEARCH ON SURFACE FLASHOVER PROPERTIES <strong>OF</strong> POLYMER<br />
MODIFIED BY ION IMPLANTATION<br />
Rong Xu 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Jue Wang 1 , Chengyan Ren 1 , Tao Shao 1 , Yaohong Sun 1 ,<br />
Dongdong Zhang 1<br />
1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China,<br />
2 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric<br />
Drives, Beijing, China<br />
63<br />
1P47<br />
Surface characteristics of Insulator effect its surface flashover performance obviously,<br />
appropriate surface treatment can increase the surface flashover voltage. Ion implantation<br />
technology is an effective surface modification tool, it can change the roughness, resistivity<br />
and adsorbability on the insulator surface. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and nylon were<br />
modified by C ion and nitrogen ion with a dose ranging from 1 ×10 16 to 2×10 17 cm -2 using a ion<br />
source. The surface flashover voltage were measured on the experimental platforms of surface<br />
characteristics in vacuum before and after modification, Also the characteristies and<br />
microstructure of the implanted layer were studied by using the SEM and XPS and find the<br />
influencing factors on surface flashover properties of Polymer modified byion implantation.
64<br />
1P48<br />
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> TREEING PROCESS IN MICRO AND NANO<br />
COMPOSITE INSULATORS<br />
Kavitha Dhinesh 1 , Sindhu T Krishnan 2 , T N Padmanabhan Nambiar 1<br />
1 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Coimbatore,<br />
India, 2 National Institute of Technology Calicut, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Kozhikode,<br />
India<br />
One of the important reasons for the breakdown of a solid insulator is the 'treeing' process which<br />
is initiated by the partial discharges. The polymeric insulators which are very widely used in<br />
recent times as insulator have very high breakdown strength and low permittivity. It is widely<br />
reported in the literature that, the addition of nanoparticles to the polymer base increases the<br />
breakdown strength of the insulator. Many experiments show that nanoparticles with a few<br />
weight percentages have much advantage over micron size particles in increasing the breakdown<br />
strength. Here the attempt is made to analyze theoretically the effect of micron and nanosize<br />
particles in delaying the tree propagation. The analyses are done using ANSYS tool. The electric<br />
field patterns in epoxy resin insulator in the presence of micron and nanosized particles are<br />
plotted. The field non uniformity and the treeing process are done theoretically in the presence of<br />
void.
65<br />
1P49<br />
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT <strong>OF</strong> GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS BY<br />
REDUCING THE CONTAMINATED METALLIC PARTICLE MOVEMENT<br />
Parthasarathy P. 1 , Amarnath Jinka 2 , Singh B.P. 3<br />
1 Guru Nanak <strong>Engineering</strong> College, Department of Electrical and Electronics<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India, 2 JNTUH College of <strong>Engineering</strong>, Department of<br />
Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India, 3 St.Martin's <strong>Engineering</strong><br />
College , Department of Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India<br />
Demand for electrical power has become one of the major challenges faced by the developing<br />
countries. Considering the relatively low per capita power consumption, there is a constant need<br />
for power capacity addition and technological upgradation whereas non-conventional energy<br />
systems have proved to be good alternative sources for energy. In developing countries like India<br />
most of the additional power has been met by conventional electric sources. Hence, the emphasis<br />
has shifted towards improving the reliability of transmission and distribution systems and<br />
ensuring that the innovations are not harmful to the environment. SF6 is generally found to be<br />
very sensitive to field perturbations such as those caused by conductor surface imperfections and<br />
by conducting particle contaminants. A study of CIGRE group suggests that 20% of failure in<br />
GIS is due to the existence of various metallic contaminations in the form of loose particles. The<br />
presence of contamination can therefore be a problem with gas insulated substations operating at<br />
high fields. If the effects of these particles could be eliminated, then this would improve the<br />
reliability of compressed gas insulated substation. It would also offer the possibility of operating<br />
at higher fields to affect a potential reduction in the GIS size with subsequent savings in the cost<br />
of manufacture and installation. The purpose of this paper is to develop techniques, which will<br />
formulate the basic equations that will govern the movement of metallic particles like aluminum,<br />
copper in a coated as well as uncoated busduct.
IMAGE CHARGE EFFECT ON METALLIC PARTICLE MOVEMENT IN A<br />
SINGLE PHASE GAS INSULATED BUSDUCT (GIB) WITH DIELECTRIC<br />
COATED ENCLOSURE USING CHARGE SIMULATION METHOD<br />
66<br />
1P50<br />
Narapareddy Ramarao 1 , Jinka Amarnath 2<br />
1 Nigama <strong>Engineering</strong> College, Department of Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
KARIMNAGAR, India, 2 JNTUH College of <strong>Engineering</strong>, Department of Electrical and<br />
Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, HYDERABAD, India<br />
Present paper analyses the effect of image charge on the movement of free conducting particles<br />
inside a single phase Gas Insulated Busduct(GIB) with epoxy dielectric coating on inner side of<br />
outer enclosure. A mathematical model has been derived by considering all the forces like<br />
gravitational, drag and the electrostatic, acting on the metallic particle for ascertaining the<br />
movement pattern in a Gas Insulated Busduct. These forces are functions of particle geometric<br />
parameters, electrostatic charge acquired by the metallic particle and the electric field at the<br />
particle location, the drag coefficient and Reynold's number. The second order differential<br />
equation for the particle motion is solved iteratively and coefficient of restitution of particle was<br />
considered at every impact with the enclosure of Gas Insulated Busduct. Electric fields at the<br />
instantaneous particle locations due to live inner conductor and its image charge were computed<br />
using the Charge Simulation Method (CSM). The movements of metallic particle without image<br />
charge effect are compared with movements of metallic particle with image charge effect. It is<br />
observed from results, the movement with image charge effect is more than the movement<br />
without image charge effect. The simulation is carried out for various bus configurations with<br />
different aluminium and copper particles inside are 100kV, 145kV, 175kV and 220kV class. The<br />
results have been analyzed and presented in this paper.
ESTIMATION <strong>OF</strong> LIFT <strong>OF</strong>F FIELD <strong>OF</strong>F AND MAXIMUM MOVEMENT<br />
PATTERN <strong>OF</strong> METALLIC CONTAMINANTS IN A 600 KV THREE PHASE<br />
COMMMON ENCLOSURE GAS INSULATED BUSDUCT USING MONTE-<br />
CARLO TECHNIQUE<br />
67<br />
1P51<br />
Padmavathi Devasetty 1 , Kamakshaiah Saprams 2 , Amarnath Jinka 3 , Mani<br />
Kuchibhatla 4<br />
1 Vignana Bharathi Institute , EEE, Hydeabad, India, 2 JNTUH, EEE, Hyderabad, India,<br />
3 JNTUH, EEE, Hyderabad, India, 4 Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, EEE,<br />
Hyderabad, India<br />
The reliability of power transmission and the introduction of higher voltages to the center of big<br />
cities have been the two key features in the history of GIS. Coping with the requirement in power<br />
systems, three-phase enclosure type GIS had been developed as a practical means to realize a GIS<br />
with higher reliability in more compact size. The presence of metallic contaminant on enclosure<br />
may lead to the breakdown of Gas insulation medium. In this paper different types of metallic<br />
contaminants are considered and their movement pattern is obtained using Monte-Carlo<br />
technique. The critical voltage for different type of material leading to flash over is obtained.<br />
Presently SF6 Gas is used as the dielectric medium but, future usage of SF6 has been debated<br />
through out the world as it is a green house Gas. In this paper the performance of Gas insulated<br />
substation with mixture of SF6+N2 gases is obtained in the presence of metallic particles. The<br />
Simulation results are incorporated in this paper for validation.
HIGH VOLTAGE POWER AMPLIFIER UTILIZING SERIES-CONNECTED<br />
TRANSISTORS TO CONTROL THE OUTPUT<br />
J.F. Tooker, P. Huynh<br />
P.O. Box 85608, General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA<br />
68<br />
1P52<br />
The design of a high voltage power amplifier is being developed that uses series-connected<br />
transistors to control the output. Although having many potential applications, this high voltage<br />
power amplifier is being designed to meet at a minimum, the requirements of one of the power<br />
supplies required for depressed collector gyrotrons being used in electron cyclotron systems on<br />
machines performing experiments for fusion energy. The output voltage is required to vary up to<br />
35 kV with at least 200 mA of peak current. In addition, square-wave modulation at up to 5 kHz<br />
is required. Although the required continuous operating current for a gyrotron is on the order of a<br />
few tens of milliamps, the amplifier is capable of continuous currents up to 50 mA. Because of<br />
the reasonably low power dissipation, a linear control topology for the design was selected for the<br />
amplifier. Series-connected transistors are used to meet the output voltage requirement. The<br />
transistors are configured in modules and the design is easily scalable for different levels of<br />
output voltage. The design of transistor modules for the amplifier was developed, and prototype<br />
modules were successfully built and tested to verify the performance of the topology at an output<br />
of 2 kV. The design of the complete amplifier is now being developed. The description of the<br />
design of the modules, the test results of the prototype modules, and an overview of the final<br />
design of the amplifier will be presented.
A CAPACITIVE LEVEL-SHIFTER FOR HIGH VOLTAGE (2.5KV)<br />
Thomas Andersen, Michael A. E. Andersen, Ole C. Thomsen<br />
Technical University of Denmark, Elektro, Lyngby, Denmark<br />
69<br />
1P53<br />
A capacitive level-shifter as a part of a high voltage half-bridge gate driver is presented in this<br />
work. The level-shifter utilizes a differential capacitor pair to transfer the information from low<br />
side to high side. A thorough evaluation of the critical parts of the level-shifter is presented with<br />
focus on low power consumption as well as low capacitive load on the floating half-bridge node<br />
(output capacitance). The operation of the level-shifter is tested and verified by measurements on<br />
a prototype. Results conclude stabile operation at 2.44kV, 50kHz with a current consumption of<br />
0.5mA. Operation voltage was limited by test equipment. Total output capacitance is<br />
3.2pF@1.5kV.
BATTERY POWERED HIGH OUTPUT VOLTAGE BI-DIRECTIONAL<br />
FLYBACK CONVERTER FOR LINEAR DEAP ACTUATOR<br />
Lina Huang, Prasanth Thummala, Zhe Zhang, Michael Andersen<br />
Technical University of Denmark, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark<br />
70<br />
1P54<br />
DEAP (Dielectric Electro Active Polymer) consists of a soft silicone polymer, sandwiched<br />
between two compliant metallic electrodes. When a voltage is applied, the polymer will compress<br />
in thickness and expand in area due to the electric field; therefore, DEAP can be used as an<br />
actuator. The similar structure to a capacitor enables DEAP to be fundamentally considered as a<br />
capacitive load. Compared to traditional electro-magnetic, pneumatic or hydraulic actuators, the<br />
capacitive actuator possesses many advantages, such as high power density, fast and direct<br />
actuation, high actuating precision, extremely low steady-state power consumption, etc. However,<br />
one of the difficult issues in facing the capacitive actuators is the requirement of relatively very<br />
high driving voltage. For the current DEAP material, the stimulating voltage is of several<br />
thousand volts (~2.5 KV DC). Because of the simple design and immense applicable occasions,<br />
linear DEAP actuator, which only performs linear motion, will be an effective replacement for<br />
many conventional actuators. So it is essential to carry out the research for the linear DEAP<br />
actuator driving circuits. In some portable or autonomous applications, battery will be the only<br />
power source for the whole system; therefore, a DC-DC converter which can convert low input<br />
voltage to high output voltage will be necessary. Combined with the capacitive property of DEAP<br />
material and the requirement to extend the lifetime of the battery, a bi-directional flyback<br />
converter is a good choice, which not only can boost the input voltage to several thousand volts<br />
from a battery, but also can recover energy when the DEAP actuator is released. Because of its<br />
simple topology, the flyback based driver can be realized in small size, which is vital in the<br />
portable or autonomous systems. In the final paper, the capacitive property of DEAP material<br />
will be proved and analyzed. The structure of the linear DEAP actuator will be shown, and the<br />
working principle of the bi-directional flyback converter which can boost the output voltage to<br />
2.5 KV from a 3V battery will be analyzed in detail, including the analysis of the energy transfer<br />
and recovery processes. In addition, the control strategy for the capacitive load is also different<br />
from that of the resistive-inductive load, so the control for the bi-directional flyback converter<br />
will be addressed and analyzed. For validating the correctness of the proposed topology and its<br />
control, a simulation has been done and the critical waveforms will be illustrated for both energy<br />
transfer and recovery processes. In addition, the experimentation of a flyback converter for the<br />
linear DEAP actuator is under progress, so the experiment measurements may also be presented<br />
in the final paper.
ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> DIELECTRIC ELECTRO ACTIVE POLYMER ACTUATOR<br />
AND ITS HIGH VOLTAGE DRIVING CIRCUITS<br />
Prasanth Thummala, Lina Huang, Zhe Zhang, Michael Andersen<br />
Technical University of Denmark, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark<br />
71<br />
1P55<br />
The Dielectric Electro Active Polymer (DEAP) material is a very thin elastomer film with a<br />
compliant electrode layer on both sides. Using the capacitive behavior of the polymer, DEAP can<br />
be used as an actuator, mechano-electrical sensor, as well as energy harvester to generate<br />
electricity. For such kind of tasks, DEAP show unique properties, such as very low electrical<br />
power consumption, no noise, flexibility, high power density, large bandwidth, higher<br />
performance than competing technologies and light weight. The current DEAP technology has a<br />
wide potential in applications such as wind turbine flaps, heating valves, unmanned aerial<br />
vehicles (UAVs), wave energy harvesting and loudspeakers. This paper focuses on application of<br />
DEAP technology as an actuator. The varying loads on the wind turbine blades may cause them<br />
to oscillate and collide with the tower. So it is very important to control these blade loads, to<br />
protect the turbine from being damaged using aerodynamic control devices such as flaps. The<br />
flaps may also be used to increase the energy output of a wind turbine. The current heating valve<br />
actuators in the market are thermal actuators, being noiseless but consuming significant power,<br />
and electrical gear motors which are relatively energy efficient, but inherently prone to noise<br />
issues. The unique properties of the DEAP material makes it technically viable that the trailing<br />
edge flaps for the wind turbine blades will result in improved blade efficiency and, reduced loads<br />
and fatigues on the blades and turbine. Also the compact in-line heating valves based on DEAP<br />
will make better, cheaper and noiseless valves without mechanical parts. For the control of<br />
DEAP actuators a special high voltage power electronic (HVPE) converters are necessary,<br />
driving this kind of actuators at high voltages and typically low currents. The main focus of this<br />
paper to develop high voltage power supply for driving the DEAP actuator, which is of capacitive<br />
in nature fundamentally, and to provide different structures of the actuators (for both wind turbine<br />
flap and the heating valve application). For the wind flap application the specifications are: Input<br />
voltage Vin = 24 VDC (from the battery) or Vin = 400 VAC (from the wind turbine), Output<br />
voltage Vout = 2500 VDC. For the heating valve application the specifications are: Input voltage<br />
Vin = 3 VDC (from the battery), Output voltage Vout = 2500 VDC. The capacitance of DEAP<br />
actuator for both applications is C = 150 nF. The theoretical analysis and simulations have done.<br />
In the final paper we will present different high voltage (HV) switch mode power supply<br />
topologies, such as flyback or full bridge and their control techniques. We will also present the<br />
modeling (electrical and electro-mechanical) and different structures of the DEAP actuators for<br />
both wing flap and heating valve applications.
COMPACT HIGH-VOLTAGE CAPACITOR CHARGER<br />
72<br />
1P56<br />
SungRoc Jang 1 , HongJe Ryoo 1 , Gennadi Goussev 1 , SukHo Ahn 2 , SeungBok Ok 2<br />
1 Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute , Electric Propulsion Research Center,<br />
Changwon, Korea, 2 University of Science & Technology , Dept. of Energy Conversion<br />
Technology, Daejeon, Korea<br />
This paper describes the design, implementation and experiment of a 28 kJ/s high-voltage<br />
capacitor charging power supply (CCPS) based on series-parallel resonant converter that provides<br />
high-efficiency and high-power density. Soft-switching based single phase resonant converter<br />
which has advantages of reduced switching as well as conduction loss of semiconductor switches<br />
was designed for 48 kW (12 kV, 4 A) peak power operation. In addition, the compact design of<br />
input filter without bulky components such including DC reactor and electrolytic capacitor allows<br />
high-power density, high-power factor, and low-cost. And the voltage control loop was optimized<br />
with fast response time in order to compensate the low frequency ripple of input voltage due to<br />
the reduced filter component. Experiments of developed charger were carried out with both<br />
resistor and capacitor load for measuring not only efficiency and power factor with respect to the<br />
output power but also charging time to estimate average charging current. The experimental<br />
results with resistor load showed 95% and 0.96 of maximum efficiency and power factor at a fullload<br />
condition, respectively. From the measured charging time of a 206 uF capacitor, 360 ms for<br />
10 kV charging, the average charging current was estimated as 5.5 A. Finally, it was<br />
experimentally confirmed that the developed CCPS shows high-performance in view point of<br />
efficiency and power factor with high power density (700 W/Liter).
73<br />
1P57<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> THE INVERTER HVPS FOR MODULATOR SYSTEM AT<br />
PAL-XFEL<br />
Soung-soo Park, Sang-hee Kim, Sei-jin Kwan, Byeong-jun Lee, Yong-jo Moon,<br />
Heung-su Lee, Heung-sik Kang, Jung-yun Hwang<br />
Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Accelerator, Pohang, Korea<br />
The Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) has been starting the 10 GeV PAL-XFEL projects<br />
since 2011. The PAL-XFEL needs a stable electron beam. The stable charging energy in the<br />
modulator system is essential to provide the stable acceleration field for an electron beam. The<br />
stability of CCPS(Capacitor Charging Power Supply) is very important since short-term stability<br />
will be determined by a minimum resolution of a charging system. This paper shows detailed<br />
hardware R&D and test results to get the target stability.<br />
This work is supported by MEST (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology) and POSCO<br />
(Pohang Steel and Iron Company).
NEW 13-SPACE VECTOR DIAGRAM FOR THE THREE-PHASE SIX-<br />
SWITCHES VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER<br />
Mohamed Saied<br />
Abu Qir Fertilizers & Chemical Industries Company (AFC) Alexandria, Egypt<br />
74<br />
1P58<br />
This paper presents a new switching strategy control-ing the most-common, simple, and wellknown<br />
three-phase six-switch voltage source inverter (VSI). Via this strategy, each one of the six<br />
transistors conducts for 150 o , instead of the known 180 o or 120 o conduction-modes, resulting in a<br />
new space voltage-vector diagram (SVD). For a wye-load connected to the VSI, the known 6<br />
active and 2 zero voltage-vectors, coincided in the origin, construct the classical 7-SVD. Using<br />
the new controling strategy, new different 6 non-zero voltage-vectors are primarily introduced to<br />
the literature and added to the former ones conistituting an innovated 13 space vector diagram<br />
(13-SVD) for the inverter, instead of the conventional 7-SVD. The output phase-voltage becomes<br />
a 7-level, 12-step waveform, and a 50% reduction of the total harmonic distortion is obtained.<br />
Comprehensive study for the new switching strategy and the resulting voltage vectors is<br />
proposed, and comparisons with other VSI topologies; like neutral point clamped (NPC) and<br />
multilevel inverters (MLI) were also carried out. Simulation and experimen-tal results show the<br />
contribution of the proposed technique. Index Term- voltage source inverters, space voltagevectors,<br />
switching strategy, space vector modulation, 150 o conduction-mode, 12-Step waveform,<br />
two-level inverter, total harmonic distortion.
75<br />
1P59<br />
AN ADJUSTABLE HVDC POWER SUPPLY USING INTEGRATED HIGH<br />
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER WITH SOME PROTECTIVE & CONTROLLING<br />
FEATURES.<br />
Muhammad Muktadir Rahman<br />
American Intl. University- Bangladesh, Electrical and Electronic <strong>Engineering</strong>, DHAKA,<br />
Bangladesh<br />
We can produce variable/adjustable HVDC with a little arrangement using Fly back Transformer<br />
(IHVT), Tesla coil, car ignition coil & other type of step-up auto transformer found in microwave<br />
oven, X-ray units & in similar devices. This arrangement of circuitry is very reliable &<br />
lightweight. In our experiment we made a power supply using Integrated High Voltage<br />
Transformer & try to give it several protective & controlling features to its driver circuitry to<br />
increase the longevity of the power supply. As far as the general run of small-scale electronics is<br />
concerned, EHT(extra high tension)/HVDC power supplies are used mainly for cathode ray tube<br />
(CRT) anodes and for some specialized purposes such as Geiger-Muller counters and<br />
photomultipliers. None of these applications calls for a large current drain. As an example, X-ray<br />
equipment may require 100 kVDC at a current of less than 1 A. Some of these EHT supplies such<br />
as those used for radio transmitters or particle accelerators demand very substantial currents. As<br />
an example, large radio transmitters may call for a 20 kVDC supply at several amperes of current.
A REPETITIVE MICROSECOND-PULSE GENERATOR FOR PLASMA JET<br />
APPLICATION<br />
76<br />
1P60<br />
Wenfeng Li 1 , Tao Shao 12 , Weiming Huang 1 , Cheng Zhang 1 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Edl<br />
Schamiloglu 2<br />
1 Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing, China,<br />
2 Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, University of New Mexico<br />
Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
A plasma jet excited by pulsed power is a promising approach for producing non-thermal plasmas<br />
at atmospheric pressure. Pulsed power generators vary widely in performance and should be<br />
selected according to the requirements of each application. In this paper, a repetitive<br />
microsecond-pulse generator is constructed using cascading power modules where solid-state<br />
switches are the key units. The generator is capable of providing repetitive pulses with a voltage<br />
up to 10 kV, pulse duration of a few microseconds, and repetition frequency of up to 5 kHz. The<br />
output pulse voltage can be adjusted by varying the ac input voltage, and the pulse width and<br />
frequency can be changed by the driving signal of the IGBTs. This generator has been<br />
successfully used for plasma jet applications.
77<br />
1P61<br />
HIGH-FREQUENCY HIGH-VOLTAGE DC POWER SUPPLY BASED ON<br />
PARALLEL RESONANT TECHNOLOGY AND PHASE SHIFTED CONTROL<br />
Kun Liu 1 , Yinghui Gao 1 , Ping Yan 2 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Yaohong Sun 1<br />
1 Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 2 Key<br />
Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive, Chinese Academy of Sciences,<br />
Beijing, China<br />
High-voltage DC power supply is widely used in areas of engineering applications and<br />
experimental researches, such as voltage-withstand test for electrical equipment, electrostatic<br />
dust-elimination for environment manipulation, numeric imaging of X-ray for medical use, radar<br />
transmitter for military, etc. In this paper a high-voltage DC power supply, which use the parallel<br />
resonant technology of switching mode power supply and the phase shifted control technology of<br />
inverter, was designed. The output voltage of this supply could be controlled by regulating the<br />
drive signals' phases of the switch devices. By calculation and simulation of the main circuit, the<br />
work principle, the circuit parameter, and the advantages and disadvantages were presented. The<br />
working conditions and output waveforms of every moment in the phase shifting process were<br />
introduced in detail. The high-voltage was obtained by high-frequency high-voltage transformer<br />
and voltage quadrupled rectifier, which were packaged in one tank. The control strategy was<br />
realized by the digital signal processing technology. The output voltage was used as the feedback<br />
signal of closed-loop control, and the digital PI algorithm was adopted in order to make the<br />
output voltage more stable. To guarantee the experimenters' safety, the computer control software<br />
was developed as the remote controller, which could real-time monitoring and controlling the<br />
power supply. The experimental results show that the power supply can regulate the output<br />
voltage efficaciously, and it can be adaptive in the high-voltage and small-current applications.
AN EFFICIENT ALL SOLID-STATE NANOSECOND PULSED GENERATOR<br />
FOR PULSED DISCHARGES<br />
Junfeng Rao, Kefu Liu, Jian Qiu<br />
Fudan University, Institute of Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China<br />
78<br />
1P62<br />
In this paper, an efficient all solid-state nanosecond pulsed generator consisting of a MARX<br />
generator, Blumlein transmission lines and one magnetic switch (MS) for DBD is designed.<br />
Blumlein transmission lines are charged by MARX generator and discharged by MS. The<br />
operation principle of the generator is described in detail. For comparisons experiments were<br />
carried out using three loads including matched resistor, air gap and DBD load. Experimental<br />
results have been given. This generator is capable of providing pulses with voltage up to 20 kV<br />
and duration of 220 ns on the matched load of a 100 ohm resistor at the efficiency of 90.8%. With<br />
the air gap load, current presents bipolar square-wave attenuation oscillation with duration of<br />
220 ns. Special emphasis is given to the DBD load. It's found out that there are over ten<br />
discharges under a single-shot condition, which considerably improves the discharge efficiency<br />
and indicates great potential value for industrial applications.
79<br />
1P63<br />
RESEARCH ON THE RELIABLE THERMAL DESIGN <strong>OF</strong> HIGH FREQUENCY<br />
HIGH VOLTAGE CHARGING POWER SUPPLY<br />
Xiaoxia Shi 1 , Yinghui Gao 1 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Yaohong Sun 1 , Ping Yan 1<br />
1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China,<br />
2 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive,<br />
Beijing, China<br />
High frequency high voltage charging power supply has been widely used in the pulsed power<br />
technology. With the development of modern power electronics technology and advanced<br />
manufacturing techniques, the power density of the power supply is continuously improving,<br />
however, the high power density results in high heat flux, and the heat is difficult to be dissipated<br />
in a limited size, the thermal design is facing with austere challenge. Combined with the principle<br />
and the intermittent working condition of the power supply, the power losses of the main power<br />
devices is calculated, and the design of the heat structure and cooling method is introduced, as<br />
well as the CFDesign software simulation of the cooling model. The design results have been<br />
verified by the experimental results on a 30kW/50kHz charging power supply. Finally, the<br />
fundamental principles and thermal design method are presented.
DC POWER SOURCE <strong>OF</strong> ONLINE MONITORING EQUIPMENTS FOR<br />
OVERHEAD CONDUCTORS<br />
Ji Yang<br />
Chongqing Electrical Power Company, Dianjiang Branch, Chongqing, China<br />
80<br />
1P64<br />
This paper presents a DC power source of online monitoring equipment for overhead conductors.<br />
Analytical expression of output power of draw-out current transformer (DCT) which is related to<br />
overhead-line current, parameters of magnetic core and number of secondary winding turns is<br />
derivated and discussed first. Then, combinative powering scheme which integrate power supply<br />
based on DCT with Li-battery-powered power supply is proposed. In this scheme, according to<br />
the results of comparison between secondary current of DCT measured by current detection<br />
resistor and the upper and lower limit current set in sluggish comparator (Schmitt circuit), the<br />
relay automatically change number of secondary winding turns to adjust output power and<br />
increase suitability of DCT under wide range alteration of overhead-line current. Li-battery group<br />
in parallel with draw-out power supply functions as energy-storage power supply (when linecurrent<br />
is large enough) and hot standby power supply (when line-current is too small).<br />
Moreover, decrease of charge/discharge times and alternative discharge between two Li-batteries<br />
are achieved by another sluggish comparator. Experiments show that the layout of combinative<br />
power source is reasonable and it makes the output voltage and power stable.
R&D <strong>OF</strong> 14KV/25A DC HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY FOR TETRODE<br />
AMPLIFIER<br />
Wei Wang<br />
Nanjing Institute of Electronic Technology, Nanjing, China<br />
81<br />
1P65<br />
A deuteron RFQ has been designed for neutron generator. It adopted a Tales tetrode TH781 as<br />
CW amplifier which could deliver RF power up to 200kW under 200MHz. In order to achieving<br />
high stability and low ripple anode voltage, a new type all-switch DC HVPS has been developed.<br />
Compared to conventional large power line-frequency high voltage source, it doesn’t require<br />
huge line-frequency transformer, high stability and dynamic responsibility also are some<br />
advantages of this design. The design study of power supply’s topology, high frequency inverter<br />
and IGBT driver will be presented in this paper.
OUTPUT FAULT PROTECTION AND INTERMEDIATE OVERLOAD<br />
DIAGNOSIS IN A "REGULATED HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY"<br />
(80 KV, 130A)<br />
Paresh Patel 1 , Sumod C. B. 1 , D. P. Thakkar 1 , L. N. Gupta 1 , V. B. Patel 1 , L. K.<br />
Bansal 1 , K. Qureshi 1 , V. Vadher 1 , N. P. Singh 2 , U .K. Barua 1<br />
1 Institute for Plasma Research, Neutral Beam Injector Group, SST-1, Gandhinagar,<br />
India, 2 ITER-India, Power Supply Group, ITER, India, Gandhinagar, India<br />
82<br />
1P66<br />
Regulated High Voltage Power Supplies (RHVPS) have been developed and being utilized<br />
at Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) for Neutral beam and RF heating applications of Steadystate<br />
Superconducting Tokamak (SST-1) up to 80 kV, 130 A rating. They are developed in-house<br />
and also being delivered at different research institutes for various applications. RHVPS are<br />
meant to deliver power to various loads at megawatt level. These loads have very low fault<br />
energy tolerance; thereby protection of load from fault is mandatory. In addition to this, at each<br />
stage of power transformation/conversion, special diagnosis is necessary to protect power supply<br />
components. Also, output fault protection is to be done in such a manner that fault energy is not<br />
more than 10J. In fault conditions, output is to be turned off within 2µSec. Having these<br />
requirements, an output fault protection system is developed with suitable sensors and managing<br />
fast turn off choosing appropriate components. Multi-secondary transformers (2 nos., each at 5.6<br />
MVA rating with 40 outputs) are used at front end of RHVPS. They may get damaged even for<br />
overload at any one of their secondary, while remaining secondaries carry very less current or no<br />
current. Such a localized overload is not sufficient for tripping the main circuit breaker whose<br />
tripping level is set to an actual overload of transformer. Special technique is applied to sense and<br />
diagnose this fault in addition to routine overload sensing. Differentiation of such typical fault<br />
from a real overload condition is done by sensing and monitoring primary current of transformer<br />
with reference to different operating scenarios. Electronic means are used for fast detection and<br />
isolating RHVPS from utility supply. The presented system effectively protects transformer from<br />
fault at any one of its 40 secondaries as well as actual overload. This paper describes<br />
overall RHVPS power scheme along with output fault protection and internal fault diagnosis<br />
system and test results thereof.
REDUCED COMMON MODE VOLTAGE IN DIRECT TORQUE<br />
CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES USING NEAR STATE PWM<br />
TECHNIQUE<br />
83<br />
1P67<br />
Vuyyuru Anantha Lakshmi 1 , T. Bramhananda Reddy 1 , Munagala Surya<br />
Kalavathi 2 , VC Veera Reddy 3<br />
1 G.Pulla Reddy <strong>Engineering</strong> College, E.E.E , Kurnool, India, 2 J.N.T.U College of<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, E.E.E , Hyderabad, India, 3 S.V.U College of <strong>Engineering</strong>, E.E.E , Tirupathi,<br />
India<br />
This paper presents a simplified near state PWM algorithm (NSPWM) for the reduction of<br />
common mode voltage (CMV) in direct torque controlled induction motor drives. In the proposed<br />
PWM algorithm instead of using zero voltage vectors, active voltage vectors are utilized for<br />
composing the reference voltage vector, So that the CMV changes from +Vdc/6 or -Vdc/6 due to<br />
application of active voltage vectors. As the proposed algorithm is 120 0 bus clamping PWM<br />
algorithm, it reduces the switching frequency and switching losses of the inverter. To validate the<br />
proposed algorithm, simulation studies have been carried out using MATLAB-Simulink and<br />
results have been presented.
A NOVEL HYBRID PWM ALGORITHM FOR REDUCED COMMON MODE<br />
VOLTAGE IN DIRECT TORQUE CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTOR<br />
DRIVES<br />
Vuyyuru Anantha Lakshmi 1 , T. Bramhananda Reddy 1 , Munagala Surya<br />
Kalavathi 2 , VC Veera Reddy 3<br />
1 G.Pulla Reddy <strong>Engineering</strong> College, E.E.E, Kurnool, India, 2 J.N.T.U College Of<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, E.E.E, Kurnool, India, 3 S.V.U College Of <strong>Engineering</strong>, E.E.E, Kurnool,<br />
India<br />
84<br />
1P68<br />
This paper presents a novel hybrid pulse width modulation (HPWM) technique for the reduction<br />
of common mode voltage (CMV) in direct torque controlled induction motor drives based on the<br />
concept of imaginary switching times. In the proposed approach, different active zero state PWM<br />
(AZPWM) sequences are considered in which the actual switching times are calculated based on<br />
the instantaneous values of phase voltages. So, it does not require sector identification and angle<br />
information. Moreover for the reduction of CMV, AZPWM sequences utilize active voltage<br />
vectors for composing the reference voltage vector instead of using zero voltage vectors, So that<br />
the CMV changes from +Vdc/6 or -Vdc/6 due to application of active voltage vectors. Though<br />
these AZPWM methods reduce the computational burden involved in calculation, they still suffer<br />
from steady state ripples in torque, flux and current. To reduce the ripples in steady state, a<br />
HPWM technique is developed in which stator flux ripple analysis is done for all the AZPWM<br />
sequences in terms of actual switching times, dc link voltage (Vdc), sampling time period (Ts). As<br />
AZPWM2, AZPWM3 exhibit same ripple characteristics only AZPWM3 is considered in this<br />
paper. Then by comparing AZPWM1, AZPWM3, AZPWM4 sequences with respect to each<br />
other sequences at various modulation indices the sequence with minimum flux ripple is obtained.<br />
This sequence is then fed to DTC based induction motor drive. As all the sectors are symmetric,<br />
the mean square flux ripple characteristics for a period of 60 0 are plotted. To validate the<br />
proposed PWM algorithm, numerical simulation studies have been carried out using MATLAB-<br />
Simulink and results are presented and compared.
IMPLEMENTATION <strong>OF</strong> DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTION<br />
MOTOR WITH SPACE VECTOR MODULATION<br />
Sushama Malaji<br />
JNTU Hyderabad, Electrical & Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India<br />
85<br />
1P69<br />
With the DTC scheme employing a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), it is possible to control<br />
directly the stator flux linkage and the electromagnetic torque by the optimum selection of<br />
inverter switching vectors. The selection of inverter switching vector is made to restrict the flux<br />
and torque errors within the respective flux and torque hysteresis bands. In low-speed drives<br />
Direct Torque Control has serious ripples in flux disorder of the switching frequency. In this<br />
paper, Direct Torque Control of an Induction Motor with Space Vector Modulation (SVM) will<br />
be used. The modelling and simulation of an induction motor drive are performed using<br />
MATLAB/SIMULINK Software.
REDUCTION <strong>OF</strong> COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY IN "EKF" FOR<br />
SENSORLESS INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE<br />
86<br />
1P70<br />
Kamal Basha 1 , B.Ravindhra Nath Reddy 2 , Suryakalavathi Muganal 3<br />
1 MITS, EEE, Madanapalle, India, 2 JNTUH, EE, Hyderabad, India, 3 JNTUH, Electrical,<br />
Hyderabad, India<br />
In this paper, an effective algorithm is presented to reduce the computational complexity for<br />
estimate the speed of induction motor drive. In this proposed method, a modified extended<br />
kalman filter (EKF) method will be utilized to estimate the speed of the induction motor drive<br />
based on wavelet algorithm. This method offers less number of iterations in the EKF method. To<br />
achieve this, initially the mathematical model of the induction motor is generated and then the<br />
speed of the motor is estimated for a particular model. The quadrature and direct axis voltage and<br />
current are taken as the input parameters to the modified EKF. From the simulation results it is<br />
found that the proposed EKF scheme impressively reduced the computational complexity for<br />
estimate the speed of induction motor drive when compared with conventional EKF method.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION <strong>OF</strong> CLASSICAL AND FUZZY LOGIC<br />
CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR DRIVE<br />
87<br />
1P71<br />
M. Surya Kalavathi 1 , C. Subba Rami Reddy 2<br />
1 JNTU Hyderabad, Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India, 2 K.S.R.M<br />
College of <strong>Engineering</strong>, Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Kadapa, India<br />
The brushless DC (BLDC) motor is becoming widely used as a small horse power control. High<br />
efficiency due to reduced losses, low maintenance and low rotor inertia of the BLDC motor have<br />
increased the demand of BLDC motors in high power servo and robotic applications. The<br />
marvelous increase in the popularity of the BLDC motor among engineers bears testimony to its<br />
industrial usefulness in terms of superior performance and relative size. Fuzzy logic has been<br />
developed about forty years. During the past several years, fuzzy logic control technology has<br />
been widely and successfully utilized in numerous industrial applications and consumer<br />
products. Since fuzzy logic with human like but systematic property can convert the linguistic<br />
control rules based on expert knowledge into automatic control strategy, it can be well applied to<br />
control the systems with uncertain or unmodelled dynamics. On the basis of these properties of<br />
fuzzy logic, this paper proposes three types of fuzzy logic controllers for brushless dc (BLDC)<br />
motor drive using advanced simulation model and presents a comparative study of performance<br />
specifications of classsical PI and PID controllers and three fuzzy logic controllers. The three<br />
fuzzy logic controllers considered are PI-like fuzzy logic controller (FLC), Hybrid fuzzy logic<br />
controller (HFLC) and integrated fuzzy logic controller (IFLC). The steady state and dynamic<br />
characteristics of speed and torque are effectively monitored and analyzed using the proposed<br />
model. The aim of fuzzy logic controllers is to obtain improved performance in terms of<br />
disturbance rejection or parameter variation than obtained using classical controllers. In the<br />
HFLC, the proportional term of the traditional PID controller is replaced with an incremental<br />
fuzzy logic controller. For the PI-Like FLC, the output of the controller is modified by a rule base<br />
with the error and change of error of the controlled variable as the inputs. The IFLC is<br />
constructed by using Fuzzy logic controller and PID controller. A performance comparison of<br />
classical and fuzzy logic controllers has been carried out by several simulations at different<br />
speeds and different load conditions. The performance comparison of all the five controllers is<br />
given based on the integral of the absolute value of the error (IAE), the integral of the squared<br />
error (ISE), the integral of the time-weighted absolute error (ITAE), the integral of the timeweighted<br />
squared error (ITSE), settling time, steady state error and peak over shoot . The<br />
simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controllers can well adapt to speed changes as well as<br />
sudden speed reduction besides fast recovery from load torque and parameters variation and show<br />
remarkable improvement compared to classical PI and PID controller.
FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTION MACHINE USING<br />
BACK PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK<br />
Rajeswaran Nagalingam 1 , Madhu Tenneti 2 , Suryakalavathi Munagala 3<br />
1 SNS College of Technology, ECE, Coimbatore, India, 2 Swarnandhra Institute of<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong> and Technology, PRINCIPAL, Narasapur, India, 3 Jawaharlal Nehru<br />
Technological University, EEE, Hyderabad, India<br />
88<br />
1P72<br />
The recent developments with AI (Artificial Intelligence) are extremely intricate and increasing in<br />
complexity, which are required for use in wide range of domestic and industrial applications. This<br />
AI technique is used to control the speed of an induction motor. The main problem in induction<br />
motor drives is the variable speed and is a severe constraint in the real time environment. The<br />
electrical and mechanical faults can impose unacceptable conditions and protective devices are<br />
therefore provided to quickly disconnect the motor from grid. In order to ensure that electrical<br />
machines receive adequate protection, extensive testing is performed to verify the high quality of<br />
assembly. In this paper we focused on the fault diagnosis and testing of induction machine with<br />
various load conditions and verified it by using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Back<br />
Propagation Neural (BPN) Network is used to calculate the error and correct/regulate the<br />
induction motor. BPN and FPGA based this technique is increased the speed and improve the<br />
fault coverage area of the induction machine.
PERFORMANCE AND OPTIMIZATION <strong>OF</strong> A 30 KV SILICON CARBIDE<br />
PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCH FOR PULSED POWER<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
Cameron Hettler, William Sullivan III, James Dickens, Andreas Neuber<br />
Texas Tech University, Department of Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock,<br />
TX, USA<br />
89<br />
3O1<br />
A 30 kV silicon carbide photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) is presented. The SiC<br />
PCSS device is fabricated from semi-insulating 4H-SiC in a newly-proposed rear-illuminated,<br />
radial switch structure. The improved structure reduces the peak electric field within the switch,<br />
extending the blocking voltage to over 30 kVdc. Electrostatic field simulations of the PCSS are<br />
presented along with experimental blocking curves. The PCSS demonstrated low on-state<br />
resistance, delivering over 10 MW of peak power into a 50 Ω load. Device modeling was<br />
performed to further optimize the switch for peak efficiency when illuminated with 355 nm light,<br />
a common laser wavelength. The switch structure was modified for peak operation at 355 nm and<br />
the experimental and theoretical results are compared.
REDUCING TURN-ON DISSIPATION <strong>OF</strong> RSD FROM APPLICATION<br />
Lin Liang, Quan Wei, Wu Hong, Xueqing Liu, Yuehui Yu<br />
Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Department of Electronic Science &<br />
Technology, Wuhan, China<br />
90<br />
3O2<br />
Reversely switched dynistor (RSD) is a kind of switches especially applied in pulsed power area<br />
proposed by the Russian scientists in 1980s. Due to special operating principle its di/dt capability<br />
can reach 10 5 A/μs. The work reducing turn-on dissipation from application done in our group is<br />
reported this paper. The first way is to over pre charge. An analytical expression for the critical<br />
value of pre-charge has been acquired by the Russian scientists. However, the actual pre-charge<br />
amount reversely injected into RSD in experiments is always much higher than the critical value.<br />
By establishing the two-dimensional numerical model of RSD, considered the influence of carrier<br />
Auger combination and extraction current from the emitter on the injected charges in the<br />
triggering process, we find that the extra charge amount in the p and n base region is only about<br />
24.75% of the integral value of current at the end of triggering. The result illuminates that the<br />
RSD should be over pre charged. It will reduce the turn-on voltage and the also the turn-on<br />
dissipation. The second way is to turn on by a two-step method, which is to trigger the RSD by a<br />
low current, then let a low main current flow through RSD and then the high main current pass<br />
through. Because a low main current flows firstly, the requirement for triggering current is<br />
reduced. When the high current pass through later, the RSD has reached a high level of<br />
conductance modulation and the turn-on dissipation will be low. Both the simulation and<br />
experimental results show that the turn-on characteristics of RSD are better by the two-step<br />
method than the traditional discharge method. The third way is to well controlling the triggering<br />
time. It has been found by experiment that as the triggering time increases, the turn-on voltage of<br />
RSD decreases firstly and then increases at the definite triggering electric charge amount, i.e. it<br />
exists a minimum for the turn-on voltage at a certain triggering time. We have tried explained the<br />
phenomenon from the carrier combination effect inside RSD. At present the RSDs we develop<br />
have successfully pass through the peak current of 171 kA in single pulse.
ENHANCED VOLTAGE RECOVERY <strong>OF</strong> HIGH VOLTAGE<br />
SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCHES<br />
J. R. Cooper 1 , E. Loree 2 , T. Konopelski 3 , M. Hope 3 , R. D. Curry 4<br />
1 Cooper Consulting Services, <strong>Inc</strong>. San Diego, CA, USA, 2 Loree <strong>Engineering</strong><br />
Albuquerque, NM, USA, 3 M7 Electro-optics St. Louis, MO, USA, 4 The University of<br />
Missouri Columbia, MO, USA<br />
91<br />
3O3<br />
Semiconductor switches such as FETs, IGBTs, and BiMOSFETs are often required to transition<br />
from a state in which they have no voltage applied or have reverse current flowing through their<br />
anti-parallel diodes, to a state in which they are holding off a large voltage in the forward<br />
direction. This transition is often driven to occur on a timescale of 10's to 100's of<br />
nanoseconds. Under these conditions, solid state switches can pass large surge currents before<br />
recovering their full voltage hold off capability. These surge currents can adversely affect the<br />
circuit performance, increase the losses in the device, and potentially damage the device as well,<br />
especially under repetitive duty. This paper discusses the switch performance in a specific circuit<br />
in which an IXBK55N300 BiMOSFET switch transitions from both a state in which there is no<br />
voltage across the switch and also from a state in which the anti-parallel diodes are conducting on<br />
the order of 10 A, to a state in which a high voltage is applied across the switch in a few 10's of<br />
nanoseconds. In both of these cases, a relatively large current surge is generated that passes<br />
through the device. The paper describes both an active and a passive circuit connected to the<br />
BiMOSFET that minimize the current surge associated with the device's recovery of its forward<br />
voltage hold off. The measured performances of the active and the passive circuits in mitigating<br />
the current surge are compared with one another and with the unmitigated surge current for the<br />
device under the same conditions.
THE EFFECTS <strong>OF</strong> SUB-CONTACT NITROGEN DOPING ON SILICON<br />
CARBIDE PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCHES<br />
W. W. Sullivan III, C. Hettler, J. Dickens<br />
Texas Tech University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Center for Pulsed Power<br />
and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
92<br />
3O4<br />
Forming non-rectifying (ohmic) contacts to wide band gap semiconductors such as silicon carbide<br />
(SiC) requires a heavily doped subsurface layer to reduce the Schottky barrier height and allow<br />
efficient electron injection. Nitrogen, a common n-type dopant in SiC, was incorporated into a<br />
SiC sample using a laser enhanced diffusion process in which an impurity is incorporated into the<br />
semiconductor to very high surface concentrations (> 10 20 cm -3 ) and very shallow depths (
93<br />
3O5<br />
PULSE-TO-PULSE VOLTAGE REPRODUCIBILITY EFFICIENT PREDICTION<br />
METHOD FOR HIGH PRECISION KLYSTRON MODULATOR DESIGN<br />
Rudi Soares, Davide Aguglia<br />
CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research, Technology Dept., Geneva,<br />
Switzerland<br />
This paper presents a design tool in the framework of the R&D program on klystron modulators<br />
required for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), a new linear electron-positron collider under<br />
study. This 50km long accelerator needs roughly 300MW of average power for feeding the 1638<br />
required klystron modulators of the drive beam (DB). The voltage specifications for the DB<br />
klystrons are extremely tight and bring a new set of challenges to the design of power converters.<br />
A 150kV voltage pulse with a flat-top length of 140μs, rise & fall times of 3μs for a pulsed power<br />
of 24MW is required. In terms of precision the flat-top stability must be better than 10 -3 and the<br />
pulse-to-pulse-reproducibility (PPR) must be better than 10 -5 . Such an extremely tight PPR<br />
specification was never met before, therefore an important R&D program is ongoing to<br />
breakthrough this challenge. PPR in Switch Mode Power Converters (SMPC) can be affected by<br />
random phenomena such as switches jitter, external electromagnetic perturbations, thermal<br />
fluctuations, etc. Although many phenomena influence the PPR, one of the most important and<br />
more predictable is the switches jitter. All the other phenomena are common to all SMPC;<br />
however switches jitter influences the PPR differently depending on the converter topology (since<br />
the switches arrangement is different). In order to take topological design decisions considering<br />
this challenging specification, it is necessary to have an efficient method for estimating the PPR<br />
of any SMPC as a function of the switches jitter. Such a methodology is presented in this paper,<br />
and it allows the derivation of the PPR versus the expected jitter of each switch (driver and<br />
switch). The method is analytical and flexible, offering excellent calculation speed, precision, and<br />
the possibility to apply the tool to any kind of SMPC. This paper presents the methodology,<br />
which is based on advanced harmonics analyses, and its numerical validation through circuit<br />
simulations (Pspice and MatLab). An experimental analysis, on a 10kW test bench, of existing<br />
commercial drivers and switches, in the range of 1.7kV – 1kA is presented as well in order to<br />
characterize the technical state of the art of switches jitter. Starting from these experimental jitter<br />
measurements the paper finally presents realistic PPR estimations for different basic topologies<br />
cells, such as buck or H-Bridge converters. Results show that drivers' jitters must be reduced with<br />
dedicated design objectives and that the choice of different combination of basic topologies cells,<br />
series and/or parallel connections, has a great impact on the PPR of the SMPC. This is why the<br />
presented method is an essential tool for the design process of such highly reproducible klystron<br />
modulators.
DESIGN <strong>OF</strong> AN 80KV, 40A RESONANT SWITCHMODE POWER<br />
CONVERTER FOR PULSED POWER APPLICATIONS<br />
Paul Nonn, Andrew Seltzman, Jay Anderson<br />
University of Wisconsin, Physics, Madison, WI, USA<br />
94<br />
3O6<br />
A unique switchmode power converter has been designed to supply a stable 80kV, 40A, 10ms<br />
pulse to a klystron tube presenting an 1800 ohm load. The supply is powered from a 900v, 0.5F<br />
electrolytic capacitor bank capable of sourcing the required input current over the pulse duration.<br />
The supply uses a low inductance IGBT network to switch power from the capacitor bank into the<br />
primaries of a three phase resonant transformer system. The resonant transformer assembly<br />
utilizes three magnetically separate microcrystalline iron cores in order to provide suitable voltseconds<br />
and low magnetic loss at switching frequencies of 18.5 to 25kHz. The transformers are<br />
driven by independent full H-bridges with a 100% duty cycle square wave of variable frequency<br />
and corresponding phase offset. The use of a full duty cycle square wave in conjunction with a<br />
resonant transformer allows soft switching during the current zero crossing in the transformer<br />
primary. The subsequent reduction in junction heating allows operation of the IGBT network at<br />
higher then rated current without damage during the output pulse. Each transformer has a large<br />
leakage inductance secondary of 1.36mH with a parallel 50nF capacitor resonator, providing a<br />
boost ratio in excess of 60:1 at resonance and rated load while using a turns ratio of 13.5:1. The<br />
primary consists of a parallel pair of open air 10 turn helical copper straps around both sides of a<br />
square type core, while the secondaries consist a parallel pair of oil insulated coils, each with two<br />
135 turn layers connected in parallel. The secondaries of the three transformers are connected in a<br />
wye configuration to a doubling rectifier, boosting the output to 80kV. The high switching<br />
frequency in addition to an LC harmonic filter provides a stable output and a reduction in filter<br />
capacitance allowing large values of dv/dt during the leading and trailing edge of the pulse. Ramp<br />
up times to 80kv of
DESIGN <strong>OF</strong> A COMPACT, BATTERY-POWERED REP-RATE CHARGER FOR<br />
A 88-KJ CAPACITOR BANK FOR EML APPLICATIONS<br />
Brett Huhman, Jesse Neri<br />
US Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, Washington, DC, USA<br />
95<br />
3O7<br />
The Materials Testing Facility (MTF) at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is<br />
developing a battery-powered, rep-rate charger for a 88-kJ capacitor bank. The goal is to charge a<br />
7000-µF capacitor to 5-kV in three seconds for a fifty shot burst. A bank of LiFePO4 batteries is<br />
used with a full H-bridge converter, a transformer, and a rectifier to transform the 450V battery<br />
voltage to 5-kV secondary voltage. A key parameter is to minimize the converter weight and<br />
volume; therefore the switching frequency needs to be as high as possible to reduce the size of<br />
filter components and transformers. However, as the frequency increases, switching losses will<br />
begin to dominate and a practical limit will be reached before the device switching maximum is<br />
reached. In addition to the design of stable battery packs, most of the work has been focused on<br />
switch design and driver optimization, utilizing techniques such as resonate switching and active<br />
feedback control systems. This paper will present simulation data and results from experiments.<br />
Work supported by the US Office of Naval Research and the Naval Research Laboratory Base<br />
Program<br />
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
REGULATED HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SOURCES UTILISED FOR FAST<br />
DYNAMIC LOADS LIKE NEUTRAL BEAMS, RF HEATING SYSTEMS AND<br />
FAST ACCELERATORS<br />
96<br />
3O8<br />
Paresh Patel 1 , Sumod C.B. 1 , D.P. Thakkar 1 , L.N. Gupta 1 , V.B. Patel 1 , L.K. Bansal 1 ,<br />
K. Qureshi 1 , V. Vadher 1 , N.P. Singh 2 , U.K. Barua 1<br />
1 Institute for Plasma Research, Power Supplies and DAC division, Neutral Beam Injector<br />
Group, Gandhinagar, India, 2 ITER, India, Power Supply Group, Gandhinagar, India<br />
High power heating and current drive systems for any Tokomaks as well as for accelerators use<br />
Regulated High Voltage Power Sources (RHVPS) as main subsystems. These RHVPSs are to be<br />
designed to meet parameters like fast dynamics, good ripple and regulation performance.<br />
Microsecond order fault clearing time is most important parameter from load safety point of view<br />
since only few Joules of energy is permitted to the fault. The development of a series of RHVPS<br />
ranging from 14 kV to 100 kV with a maximum of 130A are being used for the RF and NB<br />
heating systems of the SST-1 Tokomak and a design thereof is presented here. Extensive tests on<br />
an 80kV, 75A power supply were done and this RHVPS is regularly used on a Neutral Beam<br />
Injector. A 100kV, 25 A RHVPS is being installed for accelerator application including a klystron<br />
operation. The system uses the pulse step modulation technique for control of the series switches<br />
of each switched power module fed from multi-secondary transformer. A special switching signal<br />
array controls the series switches with which the rise/fall slope control could be programmed<br />
from few µS to hundreds of mS range. The fast protection clears any over current fault in less<br />
than 2 µS; fault energy has been measured to be less than 5 Joules. In addition to these major<br />
features, the presentation describes novel subsystem level design and results from fault<br />
conditions.
97<br />
4O1,2 (invited)<br />
COMPARISON BETWEEN MONOPOLAR AND BIPOLAR µs RANGE PULSED<br />
ELECTRIC FIELDS IN ENHANCEMENT <strong>OF</strong> APPLE JUICE EXTRACTION<br />
Paula S. Brito 1 , Hiren Canacsinh 1 , João Mendes 1 , Luís M. Redondo 1 , Marcos T.<br />
Pereira 2<br />
1 Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, ADESPA, Lisbon, Portugal, 2 Lusoforma,<br />
Industria e comercio d embalagens Mem Martins, Portugal<br />
Exposure of living cells to pulsed electric fields (PEF) can cause cell membranes disorder causing<br />
a so called electroporation phenomenon, where transmembrane potential is the key variable to<br />
achieve the desired results after PEF application and control of pulse parameters such as pulse<br />
width, pulse number and applied electric field are crucial for the reversible or irreversible<br />
disruption of cell membranes. Nowadays PEF applications in biomedical and food industry fields<br />
are numerous and pulse shape may have significant influence in performance and productivity in<br />
many of those applications. One interesting point is that bipolar pulses may defy<br />
permeabilisations asymmetries due to hidden transmembrane potentials and may also increase the<br />
odds of electroporation since cells are nor perfectly spherical. In this work, the effect of<br />
monopolar and bipolar shaped pulses in additional yield of apple juice extraction is evaluated.<br />
Considering the relative low voltages involved in the laboratory experiments, an H-bridge<br />
topology was used, capable of deliver monopolar and bipolar pulses into the load where the<br />
switches hold-off the voltage of the power supply. Applied electric field, pulse width and number<br />
of pulses are assessed for each pulse type and divergences are analyzed. Variation of electric field<br />
is ranged from 100 V/cm to 1000 V/cm, pulse width from 20 µs to 300 µs and number of pulses<br />
from 10 to 275, at frequency of 200Hz. Two trains separated by 1 second are applied to apple<br />
cubes. Results are plotted against reference untreated samples for all assays. Energy consumption<br />
is calculated for each experiment as well as qualitative indicators for apple juice of total soluble<br />
dry matter and absorbance at 390 nanometers wavelength. Bipolar pulses demonstrated higher<br />
efficiency and energetic consumption has a threshold where higher inputs of energy do not result<br />
in higher juice extraction. Total soluble dry matter and absorbance results do not illustrate<br />
significant differences between application of monopolar and bipolar pulses but all values are<br />
inside the limits proposed for apple juice intended for human consumption. A manufactured<br />
treatment chamber with 503 cm 3 is used and an adapted pressurizing system guaranteed a constant<br />
pressure of 5 bar for all assays of the apple juice production.
HIGH VOLTAGE PULSE GENERATOR BASED ON TPI-THYRATRONS FOR<br />
PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD MILK PROCESSING<br />
Victor Bochkov 1 , Dmitry Bochkov 1 , Igor Gnedin 1 , Yaroslav Makeev 1 , Gleb<br />
Vasiliev 2 , Sergey Zhdanok 2<br />
1 Pulsed Technologies Ltd. Ryazan, Russia, 2 A.V. Luikov Heat & Mass Transfer Institute<br />
National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Minsk, Belarus<br />
98<br />
4O3<br />
Development of cutting-the-edge electric field processing methods for liquid products, in<br />
particular, milk, fruit juice and so on is in progress all over the world. The non-thermal<br />
technology was designed using effect of super-power pulse electric filed with electric strength of<br />
35 -100 kV/cm, short pulse duration of 10 – 1000 ns and repetition rate up to 1000 Hz [1, 2]. In<br />
this technology the liquid product is flushed through the electrode system without heating,<br />
chemical reagents and hazardous radiation. Common technologies for the electric pulse treatment<br />
are based on solid state switches. Relatively low operating voltages of single switches dictate<br />
necessaty to use assemblies which complicate circuitry and make the technology pretty<br />
expensive. For example, one installation for 400 litres/hour costs $250 000 [2]. These drawbacks<br />
seriously complicate expansion of the technology on the market. Meantime the achieved<br />
characteristics are a challange for pulsed power system designers to search for solutions reducing<br />
cost and improving reliability of installations. TPI-thyratrons designed in the beginning of 2000s<br />
do have doubtless advantages over the hot cathode thyratrons, trigger spark-gaps, vacuum gaps<br />
and solid-state devices for high pulsed power applications. This allowed building and testing a<br />
system "UPME" for milk processing with average productivity up to 1000 litres/hour based on<br />
TPI1-10 k/50 thyratron with operating voltage up to 50 kV. As a result of the tests energy losses,<br />
reliability as well as environmental safety, biological effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the<br />
chosen method were estimated. Complex investigations and biological evaluation of the milk<br />
quality was made on a prototype installation in Minsk (Belarus) in cooperation with universities,<br />
biological institutes and accredited labs. Target cost of the UPME installation is 50 000 $US<br />
approximately.<br />
[1] Schoenbach K.H. et al. Bacterial Decontamination of Liquids with Pulsed Electric Field,<br />
IEEE Trans. Dielectrics and Elec. Ins., 7, pp.637-645, (2000) oshi, R.H. Stark, F. Dobbs, and S.J.<br />
Beebe,<br />
[2] M. Gaudreau, T. Hawkey, J. Petry, M. Kempkes, SOLID-STATE POWER SYSTEMS FOR<br />
PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD (PEF) PROCESSING, www.divtecs.com<br />
[3] P. A. Bokhan, D. E. Zakrevsky, M. A. Lavrukhin, et al, «Development Of Gas-Discharge<br />
Lasers Using TPI-Type Pseudospark Switches», 17th IEEE <strong>International</strong> Pulsed Power<br />
Conference, Washington DC, pp. 1303-1308, 2009
CHARACTERISTICS <strong>OF</strong> CAVITATION BUBBLES AND SHOCK WAVES<br />
GENERATED BY PULSED ELECTRIC DISCHARGES WITH DIFFERENT<br />
VOLTAGE AMPLITUDES<br />
Daiki Oshita 1 , S.H.R Hosseini 2 , Yuta Okuda 1 , Yuta Miyamoto 1 , Hidenori<br />
Akiyama 1,2<br />
1 Kumamoto Univercity, Graduate school of science and technology, Kumamoto, Japan,<br />
2 Kumamoto Univercuty, Bioelectrics research center, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
99<br />
4O4<br />
In the cases that underwater pulsed electric discharges should be applied with high repetition<br />
rates, such as medical applications, characteristic of the generated cavitation bubble and shock<br />
waves should be considered. In our previous research, underwater shock waves focusing by<br />
pulsed discharges using a magnetic pulse compression unit (MPC) were studied. In this paper,<br />
effects of pulsed electric discharge parameters, like voltage amplitude and pulse duration, on the<br />
characteristic of cavitation bubbles and shock waves were visualized and analyzed. Pulsed<br />
discharge shock waves and cavitations were produced by using a MPC unit. The water was<br />
degassed by a vacuum pump in order to eliminate the influence of dissolved air. In order to<br />
prevent electrical discharge oscillation and to increase the electrode life time, degassed saline<br />
electrolyte was used. The whole sequences of shock wave generation by discharge plasma,<br />
bubble growth, bubble collapse, and secondary shock wave generation near the electrode were<br />
visualized by time-resolved high speed shadowgraph method. Using the visualization results and<br />
image analysis, radius and collapse time of cavitation bubbles and their shock waves pressures<br />
were evaluated.
PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD INDUCED DIELECTRIC EVOLUTION <strong>OF</strong><br />
MAMMALIAN CELLS<br />
Jie Zhuang 1,2 , Yu Jing 1 , Juergen F. Kolb 2<br />
1 Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA,<br />
USA, 2 Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology Greifswald, Germany<br />
100<br />
4O5<br />
Pulsed electric field above a certain threshold of amplitude and duration can permeabilize live<br />
mammalian cells and trigger various bioelectric effects. These conformational and functional<br />
changes lead to modifications in the dielectric properties of corresponding cellular structures.<br />
Hence, time-resolved measurement of cellular dielectric properties following pulsed electric field<br />
exposure helps to understand the underlying interaction mechanisms. Moreover, cell specific<br />
differences might eventually permit us to design exposure conditions to preferentially target cells,<br />
such as cancer. To this end, we have investigated the dielectric properties of two mammalian<br />
cancer cell lines, Jurkat cells and B16F10 cells, after exposure to microsecond and nanosecond<br />
pulsed electric fields by means of time domain dielectric spectroscopy. Cell suspensions of 10%<br />
volume fraction were exposed to 8 pulses of 100 μs, 300 ns and 60 ns duration with different<br />
amplitude. Results show that conductivities of the both cell suspensions increased significantly<br />
following microsecond or nanosecond exposure. Further analysis, based on the combination of a<br />
Maxwell-Wagner mixture model and a single shell cell model, shows increases in conductivities<br />
of suspending medium and plasma membrane, indicating that membrane poration has occurred.<br />
This was confirmed by membrane integrity markers. The dielectric parameters of a nucleus,<br />
obtained by a double shell model, show significant changes after nanosecond pulsed electric field<br />
exposure, indicating that nanosecond pulses had affected intracellular structures. The induced<br />
changes were significantly different for different cell lines and regimens with same electrical<br />
energy, suggesting differences in membrane charging and pore formation. A strong correlation<br />
was found between the plasma membrane conductivity 30 minutes after exposure and the long<br />
term cell survival 24 hours after exposure, suggesting the possibility of employing dielectric<br />
spectroscopy as a noninvasive means to evaluate and predict the efficacy of pulsed electric field<br />
treatment.
101<br />
4O6<br />
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE <strong>OF</strong> PULSE REPETITION RATE IN<br />
MODULATING CELLULAR RESPONSE TO HIGH VOLTAGE, NANOSECOND<br />
ELECTRIC PULSES<br />
Stefania Romeo 1 , Luigi Zeni 1 , Anna Sannino 2 , Maria Rosaria Scarfì 2 , P. Thomas<br />
Vernier 3 , Olga Zeni 2<br />
1 Second University of Naples, Department of Information <strong>Engineering</strong>, Aversa, Italy,<br />
2 National Research Council, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment -<br />
IREA, Napoli, Italy, 3 University of Southern Californiano, Ming Hsieh Department of<br />
Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Los Angeles, CA, USA<br />
Although it is well established that cell functions are affected by exposure to high voltage,<br />
nanosecond electric pulses, the basic mechanisms for these effects remain unclear. Moreover, the<br />
correspondence between experimental findings and theoretical models that could allow prediction<br />
of effects under specific pulsing conditions is still lacking [1]. One of the key pulse parameters is<br />
the pulse repetition rate (PRR) whose impact on bio-effects has given rise to contradictory results.<br />
In a recent paper, Pakhomova and co-workers specifically investigated the role of PRR in<br />
membrane permeabilization and cell killing, and they demonstrated that both the total duration of<br />
the treatment and the PRF are critical factors in the sensitization of cells to lethal effects of pulse<br />
exposure [2]. In the present study we investigated the role of PRR in modulating cellular<br />
responses. Relatively mild exposure conditions were applied in order to minimize the complexity<br />
of the biological response. We focused on different cellular endpoints (plasma membrane<br />
permeabilization, apoptosis, cell viability, and proliferation) to explore whether different cellular<br />
targets can exhibit different dependencies on PRR, and to seek an explanation for the conflicting<br />
results reported in the literature. In preliminary experiments human lymphoblastoid T cells were<br />
exposed to 60 ns duration and 2.5 MV/m amplitude pulses with varying number and repetition<br />
rates. Electric pulses were generated by means of a coaxial-cable-based Blumlein pulse-forming<br />
network matched to standard electroporation cuvettes, in which cell suspensions were placed for<br />
exposures. Preliminary results on human lymphoblastoid T cells indicate that high pulse<br />
repetition rates enhance plasma membrane permeabilization and apoptosis while reducing cell<br />
viability immediately after the pulse exposure and over time.<br />
[1] Joshi RP and Schoenbach KH, Critical reviews in biomedical engineering, 38(3): 255-304,<br />
2010.<br />
[2] Pakhomova ON et al., PLoS ONE 6(2): e17100, 2011.
NON-THERMAL AND TRANSIENT THERL EFFECT <strong>OF</strong> PULSED ELECTRIC<br />
FIELDS ON HELA CELLS<br />
102<br />
4O7<br />
Kazunori Mitsutake 1 , Shinya Moriyama 1 , Yumi Kishita 1 , Sunao Katsuki 2 , Hidenori<br />
Akiyama 1 , Tsuyoshi Shuto 3 , Hirofumi Kai 3<br />
1 Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan,<br />
2 Kumamoto University, Bioelectrics Research Center, Kumamoto, Japan, 3 Kumamoto<br />
University, Faculty of Life Science,, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
The primary biological effects of intense electrical pulses are physical effects that are divided into<br />
non-thermal effect based on a dielectric stress and transient thermal effect (TTS) based on the<br />
Joule heating. The primary effects are likely to trigger various secondary biological responses<br />
such as mitochondrial membrane potential drop, calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum,<br />
caspase activation, etc. While most published studies on pulse electric fields have dealt with nonthermal<br />
effects, we have been investigating the TTS effect on organism. Our previous study [1]<br />
using HeLa cells has demonstrated the superposition of TTS on non-thermal loading enhances the<br />
apoptotic activity significantly. Here, we compare the biological effects of non-thermal, transient<br />
thermal loads and their combination, with respect to the viability, apoptotic activity and stress<br />
responses in HeLa cells. In addition, we are interested in the difference between the TTS and<br />
conventional hyperthermia. Intense Burst Alternating Current Electric Field (IBACF) was used as<br />
a narrow frequency band pulsed field to be given to the cells. The IBACF generator consists of a<br />
pulse generator , a signal generatorand a high power radio-frequency amplifier . The thermal load<br />
was adjusted mainly by a pulse duration and an interval of the repetitive pulses. Even with small<br />
field less than 100 V/cm, the temperature jump of cell-suspending medium can be 50 K within<br />
1 s, which is TTS. Cells were placed in the 2 or 4 mm gap cuvette and exposed to the IBACF<br />
(
ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> CORONA DISCHARGES IN CYLINDRICAL TOPOLOGY AND<br />
PARTICLE CHARGING MECHANISMS FOR OPTIMISATION <strong>OF</strong><br />
PRECIPITATION EFFICIENCY<br />
Igor Timoshkin, Athanasios Mermigkas, Martin Given, Tao Wang, Mark Wilson,<br />
Scott MacGregor<br />
University of Strathclyde, EEE, Glasgow, United Kingdom<br />
103<br />
4O8<br />
In the recent work [1] an impulsive micro-electrostatic precipitation technology has been<br />
investigated. This technology combines a DC high voltage with sub-microsecond high voltage<br />
impulses to energise the electrodes of the precipitator. The present paper examines corona<br />
discharges in cylindrical topologies for optimisation of the electrostatic precipitation process.<br />
Analytical analysis of the corona discharges has been conducted and the space-charge saturated<br />
current in the cylindrical topology has been obtained using the Poisson and the continuity<br />
equations. The Peek's phenomenological approach has been used for calculations of the corona<br />
ignition voltage and evaluation of the depth of the ionisation zone in the cylindrical reactor.<br />
Analysis of charging of micron and sub-micron particles with different conductivies has been<br />
conducted using the analytical Cochet approach which takes into account the field and diffusion<br />
charging mechanisms. Based on these data, the particle migration velocities and efficiency of<br />
precipitation of particulate matter have been calculated. This analysis shows that problematic<br />
particles with dimensions in the range 100-1000 nm have minimum velocities which results in the<br />
reduction in their precipitation efficiency. Analytical results are compared with the experimental<br />
data which confirms a lower efficiency for 400-650nm particles. The paper discusses potentials<br />
solutions which will help to improve efficiency of electrostatic precipitation of sub-micron<br />
particles as these particles attracted attention due to environmental and health risks which they<br />
pose. These solutions include impulsive energisation of high voltage electrodes and double-stage<br />
precipitation reactors.<br />
[1] A. Mermigkas, I. Timoshkin, S. MacGregor, M. Given, M. Wilson, T. Wang, "Superposition<br />
of DC voltage and sub-μs impulses for energisation of electrostatic precipitators", IEEE<br />
Transactions on Plasma Science, Special Issue on Pulsed Power, <strong>2012</strong>, to be published.
104
TUESDAY
105<br />
Plenary Session 2<br />
THE EVOLUTION <strong>OF</strong> PULSED MODULATORS FROM THE MARX<br />
GENERATOR TO THE SOLID STATE MARX MODULATOR AND BEYOND<br />
Richard Cassel<br />
Stangenes Industries <strong>Inc</strong>.<br />
The pulsed modulator has evolved from the early spark gap Mark Generators thru many different<br />
design forms to the present in which the Marx design returns using Solid State switches. The<br />
paper will chronicle the different types of pulsed modulator, including hard tube/switched<br />
modulators, pulse forming network modulators, induction/fractional turn modulators and Marx<br />
type modulators. The use of the various types of modulators for short and long pulse operation is<br />
reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the different types of modulators are evaluated<br />
and there possible use in present requirements and future applications is discussed. In addition,<br />
the paper speculates on the possibility evolutional direction in which modulators might change or<br />
develop in the future.
106<br />
5O1,2 (Invited)<br />
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE <strong>OF</strong> A HIGH-PRESSURE, FLOWING LIQUID<br />
DIELECTRIC PEAKING SWITCH<br />
Rainer Bischoff<br />
French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis (ISL) Saint-Louis, France<br />
A repetitive, high-voltage liquid dielectric switch for high-power microwave (HPM) applications<br />
is currently being developed and investigated at the French-German Research Institute of Saint-<br />
Louis (ISL). The switch was designed to be implemented in existing coaxial pulse line structures<br />
and is being driven by compact modular Marx generators at rise times less than 5 ns and output<br />
voltages up to 400 kV. A pumping system consisting of a gear pump and a piston diaphragm<br />
pump was installed, which allowed the operation of the switch at flow rates up to 100 ml/s and<br />
pressures up to 1800 kPa. Galden, a perfluoro-polyether, was chosen as the liquid dielectric.<br />
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of liquid flow through the switch were carried<br />
out. The results led to an optimized electrode geometry with an asymmetric radial inflow between<br />
the concave copper-tungsten electrodes and an axial outflow through a bore hole inside the earth<br />
electrode, in order to minimize the risk of a turbulent flow through the switch. The measurements<br />
of the achievable breakdown field strength showed a significant dependency on the pressure and<br />
on the type of the Galden fluid used. A Galden fluid with a high boiling temperature is to be<br />
preferred, as it has the least tendency to contain micro gas bubbles. A maximum breakdown field<br />
strength of 9.3 MV/cm at a pressure of 1570 kPa and a gap distance of 0.30 mm is reported using<br />
Galden HT270. This represents an increase of 240% in comparison to the breakdown field<br />
strength of 3.8 MV/cm at atmospheric pressure. The typical switch rise time was 0.46 ns; the<br />
achieved voltage rise time was 5·10 14 V/s. Initial two-pulse experiments were carried out to<br />
investigate the achievable pulse repetition rate by charging the switch directly with a high-voltage<br />
capacitor charger at a charging voltage of 50 kV and a charging time of 210 µs. The measured<br />
90% recovery time of 4.0 ms at a pressure of 320 kPa shows the potential of the liquid dielectric<br />
switch to operate at frequencies above 200 Hz.
TRIGGERED OPERATION <strong>OF</strong> A CORONA CONTROLLED CASCADE<br />
SWITCH AT ELEVATED PRESSURES<br />
107<br />
5O3<br />
Martin J Given 1 , Long Li 1 , Mark P Wilson 1 , Igor V Timoshkin 1 , Tao Wang 1 , Scott J<br />
Macgregor 1 , Jane M Lehr 2<br />
1 Strathclyde University, Electronic and Electrical Eng, Glasgow, United Kingdom,<br />
2 Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
Corona stabilised switches are known to have the advantages of low jitter and high repetition<br />
rates [1]. However the operating voltage of a single stage switch is relatively limited, with a<br />
maximum of ~40 kV. It has been shown that it is possible to setup a cascade switch using corona<br />
stabilised stages that can operate at much higher voltages [2]. The concepts involved in this basic<br />
cascade have been developed, and it has been shown that by changing the profiles of the corona<br />
emission electrodes in the cascade gaps, it is possible to control the voltage distribution across the<br />
cascade stages using air at atmospheric pressure [3]. The triggered behaviour of individual gaps<br />
in the cascade and also of the full cascade were investigated using air at atmospheric pressure and<br />
it was shown that the expected switching time and jitter of the cascade could be predicted from<br />
the voltage distribution for the cascade, determined by the corona emission characteristics of the<br />
cascade electrodes, and the measured triggered breakdown behaviour of the individual gaps in the<br />
cascade.[4, 5]. This paper describes work performed to investigate the behaviour of the cascade in<br />
air over a range of pressures. The corona emission characteristics, the triggered behaviour of the<br />
individual elements, and the triggered behaviour of the cascade over a range of voltages and<br />
pressures are reported. The implications of this data on the design of a practical corona controlled<br />
cascade switch operating in air are also discussed.<br />
[1] J. M. Koutsoubis, and S.J. MacGregor, "Effect of gas type on high repetition rate performance<br />
of a triggered, corona stabilised switch", IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 10, pp. 245-<br />
255, 2003.<br />
[2] J. R. Beveridge, S. J. MacGregor, M. J. Given, I. V. Timoshkin and J. M. Lehr. "A Coronastabilised<br />
Plasma Closing Switch", IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 16, pp 948–955,<br />
2009.<br />
[3] M.J.Given, I.V. Timoshkin, M.P. Wilson, S.J. MacGregor. "A Novel Design for a Multistage<br />
Corona Stabilised Closing Switch. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 18, pp 983–989,<br />
2011.<br />
[4] M. J. Given, M.P. Wilson, I.V. Timoshkin, S.J. MacGregor, T. Wang and J.M. Lehr "The<br />
Triggered Behaviour of a Controlled Corona Stabilised Cascade Switch" Proccedings IEEE Int.<br />
Pulse Power Conference. Chicago (2011).<br />
[5] M. J. Given, M.P. Wilson, I.V. Timoshkin, S.J. MacGregor, T. Wang and J.M. Lehr "The<br />
Triggered Behaviour of a Controlled Corona Stabilised Cascade Switch" Submitted IEEE<br />
Transactions on Plasma Science. (<strong>2012</strong>).
LOW JITTER, HIGH VOLTAGE, REPETITIVE LASER TRIGGERED GAS<br />
SWITCHES<br />
Frank Hegeler 2 , Matthew C. Myers 1 , Matthew F. Wolford 1 , John D. Sethian 1 ,<br />
Andrew M. Fielding 2 , John L. Giuliani 1<br />
1 Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, Washington, DC, USA,<br />
2 Commonwealth Technology, <strong>Inc</strong>. Alexandria, VA, USA<br />
108<br />
5O4<br />
The krypton fluoride (KrF) laser facility, Electra, is a repetitively pulsed, electron beam pumped<br />
laser system at the Naval Research Laboratory, which is focused on meeting the scientific and<br />
technical requirements of a durable driver for Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE). The main laser<br />
amplifier includes two identical pulsed power systems that generate 500 kV, 110 kA, 140 ns<br />
pulses to opposing diodes. Each pulsed power system charges two parallel pulse forming lines<br />
(PFL) up to 1.2 MV, and the energy is switched into the electron beam diode load with laser<br />
triggered spark gaps at the end of each line. The switches are triggered by a quadrupled ND:YAG<br />
laser, with pulse length 11 nsec. Energies of 11 mJ with a focal diameter of 0.3 mm are typical for<br />
each switch.<br />
The two parallel, sulfur-hexafluoride filled spark gaps should fire within a few nsec of each other<br />
in order to apply the a smooth, fast rising and fast falling power pulse to the cathode. (Failure to<br />
achieve this results in undesired voltage reflections that compromise the durability of the electron<br />
beam components.) This in turn requires low jitter and by inference, relatively short switch<br />
runtimes between the trigger laser and switch closure. The switches should sustain reliable<br />
performance at repetition rates of up to 5 pps for at least 100,000 continuous pulses without<br />
maintenance.<br />
This paper evaluates the switch performance for hemispheric and flat shape electrodes, discusses<br />
electrode erosion, and provides the switch jitter and runtime for voltages ranging from 0.675 –<br />
1.17 MV, SF6 pressures from 50 – 83 psia at 7 SCFM, and trigger laser energies from 1 – 19 mJ<br />
at 266 nm. Fused silica, CaF2, and sapphire windows are examined as laser trigger optical ports of<br />
the SF6 switch. The switch reliability improves with flat shaped electrodes, with CaF2 windows,<br />
and at high trigger laser energies. At 1.15 MV and an electrode gap of 5 cm, 2 σ switch jitters of<br />
5 mJ, and SF6 switch pressures ranging from 55 to<br />
66 psia. The useable electrode lifetime has been extended from 40,000 shots (hemispheric design)<br />
to at least 200,000 shots (flat shape design).<br />
Work supported by DOE/NNSA.
DISCUSSION <strong>OF</strong> BREAKDOWN MECHANISM IN TRIGATRON SPARK GAP<br />
Li Cai, Fuchang Lin, Lee Li, Xiangdong Qi, Chaobing Bao<br />
HuaZhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), State Key Laboratory of<br />
Advanced Electromagnetic <strong>Engineering</strong> and Technology, Wuhan, China<br />
109<br />
5O5<br />
Development of a three-electrode spark gap is discussed in this paper. Two modes of the<br />
breakdown mechanism, i.e., fast-breakdown mode (FBM) and slow-breakdown mode (SBM), are<br />
proposed to explain the breakdown in the trigatron gap. Raether criterion can distinguish these<br />
two modes. Some important factors influencing the operation mechanism have been discussed,<br />
such as the undervoltage ratio, trigger voltage and gap distance. Then, the mathematical model<br />
time delay determined by operation mechanism could be calculated. Moreover, the quantitative<br />
relationship between electric field and time delay was also discussed by considering the trigger<br />
energy. The experimental results show that how the working parameters affect on the breakdown<br />
mechanism. Then the experimental results demonstrate that there are three regions divided by two<br />
inflection points in time delay and optimization operation could be attained with selection of<br />
working parameters.
PERFORMANCE <strong>OF</strong> A CORONA-STABILISED SWITCH ACTIVATED BY<br />
FAST-RISING TRIGGER PULSES<br />
110<br />
5O6<br />
Mark Wilson 1 , Igor Timoshkin 1 , Martin Given 1 , Scott MacGregor 1 , Tao Wang 1 ,<br />
Jane Lehr 2<br />
1 University of Strathclyde, Electronic & Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow, United<br />
Kingdom, 2 Sandia National Laboratories, Exploratory Pulsed Power, Albuquerque, NM,<br />
USA<br />
Plasma closing switches used in pulsed-power applications have traditionally been insulated with<br />
sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) due to its high dielectric strength at relatively low pressures.<br />
Widespread recognition of SF6 as a damaging greenhouse gas however has resulted in the<br />
implementation of local and international legislation governing the recovery of SF6, translating to<br />
increased running costs for users of the gas. As a consequence, alternative gases are being<br />
investigated to determine their suitability to replace SF6, both as internal insulation as a switching<br />
medium, and as external insulation to prevent flashover within other pulsed-power components<br />
and systems. In a previous paper, the authors described the characterisation of a triggered coronastabilised<br />
(TCS) closing switch in terms of delay time and jitter, firstly in SF6 to provide<br />
reference data, and secondly in dry air as a potential replacement for SF6. Over the available<br />
operational pressure range for each gas, jitter was found to vary from 1.0 µs to 5.1 µs in dry air,<br />
compared with 0.7 µs to 2.9 µs in SF6. The trigger pulse utilised in this work had peak magnitude<br />
of 35 kV, rise-time of 30 µs, and full width at half-maximum (FWHM) pulse duration of 80 µs.<br />
The triggering range in dry air was found to be very narrow for this trigger pulse, with a range of<br />
only 4-5 kV between the self-breakdown voltage and the trigger threshold over a 3-bar pressure<br />
range, compared to a maximum triggering range of 19 kV in SF6. The same TCS closing switch<br />
has now been re-characterised with faster-rising trigger pulses, with rise-time of the order of<br />
100 ns, and peak voltages up to 40 kV. The trigger pulses were provided by a 2-stage, pulseforming<br />
network (PFN) Marx generator, with the stages being formed from 25-m sections of<br />
URM67 coaxial cable. The results obtained for delay time and jitter are presented, and compared<br />
with those found previously for the slower triggering regime.
EFFECT <strong>OF</strong> CURRENT PULSE WIDTH ON THE XENON Z-PINCH<br />
DISCHARGE PLASMA FOR EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SOURCE<br />
111<br />
5O7<br />
Peng Lu, Tetsuya Watanabe, Sunao Katsuki, Takashi Sakugawa, Hidenori Akiyama<br />
Kumamoto university, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is considered the most promising candidate for next<br />
generation semiconductor manufacturing of the half-pitch 22 nm node and beyond. 13.5nm inband<br />
(2% bandwidth) EUV light source is still one key issue for the industrial application of EUV<br />
lithography. Previously, we have reported the characteristics of both xenon and tin plasma EUV<br />
light source developed in our group. The performance of EUV light radiation and dynamics of<br />
plasma has been studied. Z-pinch plasma movement along axial direction enlarges the size of<br />
EUV-emitting plasma. In the EUV lithography system, due to the limited etendue of the optical<br />
system of the EUV scanner, the smaller the EUV-emitting plasma size can allow the larger<br />
collectable angle of the source optics at the certain etendue. In this paper, we have studied the<br />
possibility of reducing the EUV-emitting plasma size by shortening the current pulse width in the<br />
xenon z-pinch EUV source. The current pulse duration was shortened by decreasing the<br />
inductance of discharge circuit. Current pulses with the duration of 85-ns and 120-ns were<br />
applied across the short capillary to drive the Z-pinch plasma. The EUV light emission and<br />
plasma dynamics have been compared for two different pulse duration. Temporal plasma<br />
behavior was visualized by the time-resolved visible light and EUV light (11-18nm) imaging. The<br />
electron density of Z-pinch plasma was measured using the interferometer. The effect of current<br />
pulse width on the xenon z-pinch plasma EUV source is discussed.
X-RAY EMISSION FROM A TABLE-TOP X-PINCH DEVICE<br />
Ran Zhang, Xinlei Zhu, Shen Zhao, Haiyun Luo, Xiaobing Zou, Xinxin Wang<br />
Tsinghua University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China<br />
112<br />
5O8<br />
X-pinch plasma is produced with a high and pulsed current flowing through two or more fine<br />
wires that cross and touch at a single point, forming an "X"-shaped structure. A subnanosecond<br />
pulsed x-ray point source is usually formed at the crossing point of the wires. X-pinches have<br />
been used as x-ray sources for backlighting of high density plasmas such as wire-array Z-pinch<br />
plasma and for phase-contrast imaging of soft biological objects that could not be imaged by the<br />
conventional x-ray radiography. For the purpose of the clinical or biological application of Xpinch<br />
as x-ray source, a table-top X-pinch device was constructed based on a compact<br />
(2m×1m×1.5m) pulsed current generator (~ 100 kA, 60ns). The whole device was put on a<br />
platform under which there are four wheels and thus it can be easily moved by a single person.<br />
The current flowing through the X-pinch load was measured with a Rogowski coil and it was<br />
almost unchanged for X-pinches made using different wires (5mm, 8mm, 10mm and 13mm Wu<br />
wire, 13mm and 25mm Mo wire), which means that the contribution of the wires to the total<br />
impedance of the X-pinch load is very small. The characteristics of the x-ray emission from the<br />
X-pinch were investigated. The time-resolved x-ray emission was measured with<br />
photoconducting detectors (PCDs) and the pattern of the x-ray source was recorded with a<br />
pinhole camera. When the above mentioned wires were used as two-wire X-pinches, X-ray pulses<br />
from the X-pinches were always observed. As the mass of the two wires increases, the time delay<br />
of the x-ray emission relative to the beginning of the current increases. The X-ray pulse consists<br />
of single peak or two overlapping peaks of subnanosecond pulsewidth. Two X-ray pulses with a<br />
time interval on the order of 10 ns were often observed for an X-pinch of a relatively small mass<br />
when the current is high enough. The appearance of the second X-ray pulse is attributed to the<br />
second pinch of the plasma. The total energy of the x-ray emission, obtained by the integration of<br />
the x-ray pulse over time, changes significantly from shot to shot and is in the range of 0.1J ~ 1J<br />
for x-rays of hn > 1.5 keV. The x-ray spectrum was obtained with PCDs covered with different<br />
filters and the major part of the x-rays is with hn
EXPERIMENTAL IMPULSE RESPONSE <strong>OF</strong> GROUNDING SYSTEMS<br />
Malone Castro, Euler Macedo, Edson Costa, Raimundo Freire, Maria Rodrigues,<br />
Luana Gomes<br />
Campina Grande Federal University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Campina Grande, Brazil<br />
113<br />
6O1<br />
Grounding systems are important part of the power system that protect power lines and power<br />
apparatus from severe ground faults and lightning currents. The grounding systems should have<br />
sufficiently low impedance and current-carrying capacity to prevent the buildup of voltages that<br />
may result in undue hazard to connected equipments and to persons. Many studies describe<br />
experiments, empirical formulas, analytical or numerical methods to predict the behavior of<br />
grounding systems when impulse currents discharge to earth. These studies produce realistic<br />
results for very simple electrodes or for impulse currents having small amplitude but, in general,<br />
they fail where complex systems have to be analyzed when soil breakdown occurs (i.e., when the<br />
system is excited by high impulse currents). Is shown in this article a development experimental<br />
methodology applied in the evaluation of the grounding system response to high current impulse.<br />
A grounding system can substantially reduce the damage caused by lightning, but it is necessary<br />
to know the electrical model of the grounding system to be able to design power system<br />
installations and make corrections during the maintenance phase. The aim of this paper is to<br />
present a methodology for developing experimental models of these grounding systems. After the<br />
development of models, the results of this work are useful also in validating simulations.<br />
Experimental studies with high current impulses require adequate area and strict safety<br />
equipment. Because of these difficulties, the number of experimental works is not large. In recent<br />
years, it was intensified the use of simulation, using computational methods. Initial experimental<br />
procedure was performed using a high current pulse generator, a four-channel oscilloscope,<br />
ground rods, cables and connectors. Pulses were generated with waveform 8/20 µs and peak<br />
voltage from 10 to 40 kV. The current impulse injection in the soil was through a conventional<br />
grounding rod, made of steel coated with copper. Current values were acquired at several radial<br />
distances in the soil to evaluate the spread of the impulse. Final work will present a new test-set<br />
and provide a satisfactory data to evaluation and an accurate analysis of the ground systems.
THE EFFECTS <strong>OF</strong> TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, TESTING VOLTAGE AND<br />
TIME DURATION ON DIELECTRIC RESPONSE <strong>OF</strong> TRANSFORMER<br />
INSULATION OIL<br />
Maziar Shareghi, Toan Phung, Mohammad Salay Naderi, Trevor Blackburn<br />
The University of New South Wales, School of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> and<br />
Telecommunications, Sydney, Australia<br />
114<br />
6O2<br />
Reliability of a power transformer is determined by aging state of the insulation. As the<br />
conductivity of both oil and pressboard can extensively vary during the life of transformers due to<br />
the factors such as moisture and temperature, condition monitoring is of great importance to<br />
predict the remaining lifetime of a transformer. Dielectric diagnosis with polarisation and<br />
depolarisation currents (PDC) which employs the dielectric response of system in time domain<br />
has been used in this research to find the differences between the PDC patterns produced by two<br />
types of transformer insulating fluids, mineral and bio-degradable oil. The mineral oil used is<br />
Shell Diala BX, and the biodegradable one is Envirotemp FR3 which is ester-based, and a<br />
relatively new transformer insulating fluid that is recently being considered as an<br />
environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional mineral oil. The DC conductivity of the two<br />
oil types has been obtained under the effects of various temperature and moisture levels. The<br />
experiment is conducted for two levels of moisture when temperature factor has been changed<br />
from ambient to 90 °C. The oil water content measurement has been conducted using Karl-<br />
Fischer-Titration. Also, an attempt was made to investigate the effects that different testing<br />
voltages and time durations have on the polarisation and depolarisation spectrum. A range of DC<br />
voltages up to 1000V, and time durations from 1000 to 10000 seconds have been applied. Finally,<br />
all the PDC patterns obtained under the effect of mentioned factors are evaluated.
A LASER DIAGNOSTIC FOR DETECTING INTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD<br />
AND MECHANICAL STRAIN IN A RESONANT PIEZOELECTRIC<br />
TRANSFORMER<br />
Peter Norgard 1 , Scott Kovaleski 1 , Greg Dale 2<br />
1 University of Missouri, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO, USA,<br />
2 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM, USA<br />
115<br />
6O3<br />
Piezoelectric transformers are simple devices that are used to produce high voltages for<br />
applications where portable high voltage, low current sources are required. Early evaluations of<br />
piezoelectric transformers (PTs) suggested that the very small resonance bandwidth required to<br />
achieve the desired extremely high voltage gain can be easily spoiled by resistive loading such as<br />
might occur if a resistive divider network were used to measure the output voltage. A diagnostic<br />
technique was developed that used a laser to probe the first-order electrooptic response of the<br />
resonant PT. Tests conducted with a resonantly driven PT indicated that the electrooptic response<br />
alone was insufficient to predict the measured behavior, and that a correct response could only be<br />
obtained if the elastooptic effects were considered as well. Results from the mathematical<br />
development are presented as well as experimental data collected on a resonantly driven PT.<br />
The experimental evidence indicates that as the internal electric fields climb within the PT, the<br />
response from a photodetector changes in a linearly correlated fashion.<br />
Work supported by Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Qynergy, and Los Alamos National<br />
Laboratory.
THE EVOLUTION <strong>OF</strong> IEC 60034-18-41 FROM TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION<br />
TO STANDARD: PERSPECTIVES FOR MANUFACTURERS AND END USERS<br />
Gian Carlo Montanari 1 , Andrea Cavallini 1 , Luca Fornasari 2<br />
1 University of Bologna, DEI, Bologna, Italy, 2 Techimp HQ Spa, R&D, Zola Predosa,<br />
Italy<br />
116<br />
6O4<br />
The IEC 60034-18-41 is undergoing a radical revolution: born as a technical specification is<br />
going to become a standard for wire-wound rotating machines. One of the points that will<br />
influence most strikingly machine manufacturer/customer relations is the concept of impulse<br />
rated voltage (IRV). IRV will be printed on the machine nameplate as a number specifying the<br />
stress category for which the machine has been qualified (1: Benign, 2: Moderate, 3: Severe, 4:<br />
Extreme): the larger the IRV the more reliable the machine when operated by a converter. Indeed,<br />
a machine with IRV equal to, e.g., 2 will withstand without problems converter surges in the<br />
stress category 1 or 2, while it will probably fail in shorter-than-design time under surges in the<br />
stress category 3 or, worst, 4. In order to clarify the implications that these changes will have on<br />
the electrical industry, it is important to emphasize the concept of stress category (that is going to<br />
change with respect to the previous edition of IEC 60034-18-41) and IRV. Also, as wire-wound<br />
insulation systems are qualified or not depending on the fact that partial discharges are incepted<br />
or not during qualification tests, it is important to face the challenge of partial discharge detection<br />
under repetitive surge voltages. According to the above, this paper will first summarize the main<br />
changes in the IEC 60034-18-41. After that, a short description of a system able to detect partial<br />
discharge under repetitive voltage surges and its application on complete stators will be presented<br />
and measurement examples reported.
RADIOMETRIC LOCATION <strong>OF</strong> ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE ACTIVITY<br />
117<br />
6O5<br />
Martin Judd 1 , Rachel Harris 1 , Alistair Reid 2<br />
1 University of Strathclyde, Department of Electronic and Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Glasgow, United Kingdom, 2 Glasgow Caledonian University, School of <strong>Engineering</strong> and<br />
Built Environment, Glasgow, United Kingdom<br />
Hertz's original validation of Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves involved the<br />
transmission and reception of an electrical transient. The fact that the experiment was based on<br />
electrical breakdown across a spark gap is not surprising, since the radiation of electromagnetic<br />
energy becomes more effective as the rate of change of electric current increases. In a spark,<br />
electrons are accelerated very rapidly, particularly in the regions where an insulating medium is<br />
undergoing initial ionization. In present times, now that the detection and measurement of signals<br />
in the GHz range is possible using low-cost hardware, the radiation of electromagnetic transients<br />
from electrical discharges is increasingly being used for condition monitoring and diagnostics on<br />
power equipment in high voltage electrical supply networks. This paper describes a number of<br />
embodiments of the radiometric method for monitoring discharges, such as arcing in power<br />
systems and partial discharges in electrical plant. Results presented include an evaluation of the<br />
use of RF methods to locate faults on a wide-area distribution network and the use of UHF<br />
sensors to locate partial discharges in power transformers. Frequency band selectivity can even<br />
allow partial discharges to be detected in the UHF frequency range in the presence of rapid high<br />
voltage switching. In comparatively small scale structures with air insulation, PD location<br />
accuracies of typically better than 30 cm can be achieved using 4 UHF sensors and timing<br />
resolutions of about 1 ns. The techniques described in this paper may be applicable to insulation<br />
breakdown studies in pulsed power devices and systems, both for characterization of intended<br />
operation and diagnosis of defects that may degrade performance.
118<br />
6O6<br />
A FILTER BANK APPROACH FOR EXTRACTING FEATURES FOR THE<br />
CLASSIFICATION <strong>OF</strong> PARTIAL DISCHARGE SIGNALS IN HIGH VOLTAGE<br />
XLPE CABLES<br />
R. Ambikairajah, B. T. Phung, J. Ravishankar, T. R. Blackburn<br />
University of New South Wales, School of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> & Telecommunications,<br />
Sydney, Australia<br />
There are increasing demands to manage the high voltage cables of the electricity supply<br />
industry, which in turn calls for the implementation of online diagnosis and condition monitoring<br />
of these assets. The detection of partial discharge (PD) signals and classifying its patterns is an<br />
area of interest in the analysis of defects in high voltage cables. Either time or frequency domain<br />
features can be extracted from a PD signal for PD classification. This paper investigates a filterbank<br />
based approach to extract frequency domain based features to represent a PD signal. The PD<br />
events are recorded in the lab and on-site over an entire AC cycle of 20ms. By applying the Fast<br />
Fourier Transform to the PD signal, the sampled PD signal is mapped into equivalent discrete<br />
frequency bins. These bins are grouped into equal sub-bands and also into octave sub-bands, for<br />
comparison. As the PD signal is generally corrupted by noise, a signal boosting technique is<br />
applied to each sub-band to de-noise the signal. The energy corresponding to each sub-band is<br />
then calculated using the magnitude of the Fast Fourier Transform and these energies are used as<br />
N dimensional features for classification, where N is the number of sub-bands. Three classes of<br />
signals, namely surface discharge, corona discharge and internal discharge, are measured in a<br />
laboratory environment with the voltage being steadily increased and decreased. The data<br />
obtained is then divided into training and testing sets for classification purposes. The robustness<br />
of these features, using equal and octave sub-bands, is compared with three different classifiers:<br />
probabilistic neural network, support vector machine and the sparse representation classifier. The<br />
performance of these classifiers is also discussed in this paper. Results show that the proposed<br />
features are robust and provide a strong classification accuracy of PD signals that can be used in<br />
online condition monitoring systems. In addition, the optimal number of sub-bands and minimum<br />
number of features required for high accuracy classification of PD signals is also investigated.
GENERATION, MEASUREMENT AND APPARENT CHARGE ESTIMATION<br />
<strong>OF</strong> PARTIAL DISCHARGE SIGNALS<br />
Diego Araújo 1 , Euler Macêdo 1 , Edson Costa 1 , Raimundo Freire 1 , José Maurício<br />
Neto 1 , Waslon Lopes 1 , Warner Barros 1 , Ian Glover 2<br />
1 Federal University of Campina Grande, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> and Informatic Center,<br />
Campina Grande, Brazil, 2 University of Strathclyde, Department of Electronic and<br />
Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow, Scotland<br />
119<br />
6O7<br />
Partial discharge (PD) measurement has long been used as a test to evaluate different insulation<br />
system designs, and as a quality control test for new equipment. However, in the past 20 years,<br />
PD measurement has been widely applied to diagnose the condition of electrical insulation in<br />
operating apparatus such as switchgear, transformers, cables, etc. PD is characterized by high<br />
frequency current pulses that occur in High Voltage (HV) electrical equipments originating gas<br />
ionization process when damaged insulation is submitted to high values of electric field. The<br />
importance of estimate the apparent charge of HV equipments in operation is to verify if it is<br />
respecting the PD limit established by IEC 60270. In cases when HV apparatus exceeds the<br />
apparent charge level, it must be periodically monitored or must be taken off operation because it<br />
has a large probability to insulation fail. The degree of insulation damage may be related to the<br />
charge involved in each PD event. Thus, many commercial PD instruments integrate the current<br />
(or voltage analog) of each PD event to generate a charge response quantified in picocoulombs<br />
(pC). The IEC 60270 standardizes apparent charge measurements and levels. However, the<br />
standard does not provide recommendations for ultra wide-band detectors, as the High Frequency<br />
Current Transforms (HFCT) PD sensors largely used nowadays. In addition many sources of<br />
noise (radio transmissions, commutator noise from rotating machines, power electronics<br />
switching circuits, etc) can directly affect the PD estimation. A HFCT connected to a high<br />
acquisition rate oscilloscope were used to measure the PD signals from a potential transformer<br />
(13.8 kV class) and from a acrylic cell with separable electrodes which enable the use of different<br />
arrangements of artificial defective dielectrics. A MATLAB routine was developed to de-noise the<br />
PD signals based on wavelet transform and also estimate the apparent charge of each PD signal,<br />
comparing the result with the apparent charge of a commercial PD monitoring and diagnosis<br />
system. In the final version of this paper, will be described the de-noised signals and apparent<br />
charge estimation of PD signals measured using the Ultra Wide Band (UWB) inductive sensors.<br />
Experimental tests will be performed using HV apparatus and a PD apparent charge estimation<br />
methodology will be proposed.
APPLICATION HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM ON PARTIAL DISCHARGE<br />
PATTERN RECOGNITION <strong>OF</strong> GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR<br />
Hong-Chan Chang 1 , Feng-Chang Gu 1 , Cheng-Chien Kuo 2<br />
1 National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Taipei,<br />
Taiwan, 2 Saint John's University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Taipei, Taiwan<br />
120<br />
6O8<br />
This study proposes gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) partial discharge (PD) pattern recognition<br />
based on the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT). First, this study establishes four common defect<br />
types of 15 kV GIS and uses a commercial high-frequency current transformer (HFCT) sensor to<br />
measure the electrical signals caused by the PD phenomenon. The HHT can represent<br />
instantaneous frequency components through empirical mode decomposition, and then transform<br />
into a 3D Hilbert energy spectrum. Finally, this study extracts the energy feature parameters from<br />
the 3D Hilbert spectrum using a neural network for PD recognition. To demonstrate the<br />
effectiveness of the proposed method, this study examines its identification ability using 160 sets<br />
of field-tested PD patterns generated by GIS. The result shows that the proposed method can<br />
separate various defect types easily. The method can also be employed by the construction unit to<br />
verify the GIS quality and determine the GIS insulation status.
OZONE PRODUCTION BY BARRIER DISCHARGE TYPE CONCENTRIC<br />
CYLINDER ELECTRODE USING PULSED DISCHARGE<br />
Fumiaki Fukawa, Yuuya Satoh, Kotaro Rokkaku, Susumu Suzuki, Haruo Itoh<br />
Chiba Institute of Technology, Electrical, Electronics and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Narashino, Japan<br />
Ozone has many applications in various fields with an advantage of low environmental load, i.e.,<br />
sterilization, deodorization, bleaching, etc. A part of industrial applications of ozone have been<br />
already put in practical use. While the barrier discharge is mainly used for commercial production<br />
of ozone, the various discharge methods have been studied to achieve higher yield and higher<br />
concentration in recent years. In this study, a Blumlein type pulse forming network (B-PFN) is<br />
provided and the ozone production experiment is conducted. The reactor is concentric cylinder<br />
electrode. The inner electrode is stainless steel and pulsed voltage is applied. The external<br />
electrode is earth electrode and glass lining of the dielectric is carried out inside. This reactor<br />
gives ozone yield of about 350 g/kWh for discharge efficiency. Since arc discharges are<br />
controlled due to using pulsed discharge on barrier discharge type reactor, a higher electric field<br />
is obtained. The condition of high yield ozonizer is reported in detail.<br />
121<br />
2P1
INVESTIGATION <strong>OF</strong> NON-HEATING STERILIZATION METHOD <strong>OF</strong><br />
PACKED FRESH FOODS BY PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD<br />
Takato Higuchi, Yasushi Minamitani<br />
Graduate School of Science and <strong>Engineering</strong>, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan<br />
Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan<br />
Currently, foods have been mainly sterilized using chemicals, heating and ultraviolet rays.<br />
However, these methods have some problems, for example, the change of the taste and<br />
constituent of fresh foods, the risk of the residual chemicals and low efficiency. To solve these<br />
problems, the sterilization by the pulsed electric field has been proposed. When the pulsed<br />
electric field is applied to a bacterium or fungus, the voltage concentrates to the membrane of it.<br />
If the membrane has over 1V of the voltage, breakdown occurs in the membrane. As a result, a<br />
pore is made on the membrane and it is sterilized. However, in the case of packed food, since a<br />
packing plastic bag is an insulator, the electric field didn't be applied to the bacteria and fungi. In<br />
the sterilization by the pulsed electric field, a cell can be written as equivalent circuits by<br />
capacitors and resistors. The membrane is the capacitor and the cytoplasm is the resistor. Also the<br />
foods can be written as equivalent circuits by capacitors and resistors and a packing plastic bag is<br />
written as the capacitor. Therefore, the intensities of the electric field applying to the cell and the<br />
bag are changed by the frequency of applying pulsed electric field. This work focuses on<br />
sterilization of the packed fresh foods by the pulsed electric field. In this study, we have<br />
investigated the sterilization ratios of E. coli packed by a plastic film for the voltage pulses of<br />
several frequencies.<br />
122<br />
2P2
INVESTIGATION <strong>OF</strong> QUANTITY <strong>OF</strong> ACTIVE SPECIES GENERATED BY<br />
PULSED STREAMER DISCHARGES IN THE AREA WITH DROPLETS FOR<br />
WATER TREATMENT<br />
Takashi Saito, Yasushi Minamitani<br />
Graduate School of Science and <strong>Engineering</strong>, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan,<br />
Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan<br />
Water pollution that is one of the environmental problems is caused by organic matters<br />
discharged in the river and the ocean. Therefore, currently, the method of improving the water<br />
quality by bacteria and chemicals is used as a waste water treatment technology. However, the<br />
organic matters that are difficult to decompose in the biological treatment exist. If those organic<br />
matters are discharged in the environment, there is a possibility of influencing the ecosystem<br />
harmfully as a environmental hormone. Therefore, as advanced water treatment, we are studying<br />
a method by pulsed discharge generated in the area with atomized waste water. The active<br />
speciessuch as O3 and hydroxyl radical that have high oxidizing power are generated by the<br />
discharge, and those can decompose effectively the organic matters that are difficult to<br />
decompose. Therefore, improvement of the treatment speed and the treatment efficiency can be<br />
expected. In this method,quantity of hydroxyl radical generated in the discharge area is important.<br />
Therefor we have investigated the quantity of hydroxyl radical generated by pulsed streamer<br />
discharges in the area with droplets for water treatment.<br />
123<br />
2P3
SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATION <strong>OF</strong> MICRO PLASMA JETS GENERATED<br />
BY PULSED POWER<br />
Makoto Inokuchi, Takashi Sakugawa, Hidenori Akiyama<br />
Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
Atmospheric pressure micro plasma jets have been developed for industrial and medical<br />
applications, such as the dental treatment, inner surface treatment of capillaries, stimuli of<br />
microorganisms and local cleaning of semiconductor devices. An advantage of atmospheric<br />
pressure air micro plasma jets is a capability to irradiate plasma to a narrow area, and also is not<br />
to require vacuum devices with the ultra-portable and miniaturized size. In this paper, the pulsed<br />
power generated micro plasma jets are compared with the DC generated micro plasma jets.<br />
Especially, the spectroscopic observation of micro plasma jets is reported comparing two kinds of<br />
plasma jets.<br />
124<br />
2P4
BURST ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE FOCUSING SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL<br />
APPLICATION<br />
Hidetoshi Ishizawa, Masanori Hashimoto, Takashi Tanabe, Hammid Hosseini,<br />
Sunao Katsuki, Hidenori Akiyama<br />
Kumamoto University, Guraduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
Inducing apoptosis in malignant cells and controlling ES cell differentiation by using<br />
subnanosecond high voltage pulses have been investigated. These results stimulate authors to<br />
develop a high power burst electromagnetic wave focusing system for the apoptosis induction of<br />
cancer cells. This system consists of a transmitting antenna, and an ellipsoidal reflector which<br />
focuses radiation waves. The ellipsoidal reflector has the characteristic of focusing the burst<br />
electromagnetic waves radiated from the first focal point on the second focal point. Therefore, the<br />
electric field is enhanced at the second focal point. This system is immersed in heated water to<br />
avoid the mismatch of permittivity between a living body and the medium in which<br />
electromagnetic waves propagate. Thereby, the reflection and the refraction at the surface of a<br />
living body are reduced, and the burst electromagnetic waves are focused on the target more<br />
accurately. This paper shows the experimental and simulated results to optimize the antenna and<br />
reflector geometry to radiate the burst electromagnetic wave to a living body.<br />
125<br />
2P5
INVESTIGATION <strong>OF</strong> OZONE PRODUCTION USING NANOSECOND PULSED<br />
POWER FOR DENSE OZONE<br />
Ryo Mabuchi, Tatsuya Kageyama, Kenji Teranishi, Naoyuki Shimomura<br />
The University of Tokushima, Department of Electrical and Electronic <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Tokushima, Japan<br />
Ozone has been used as an oxidizing agent with low environmental load. The consumption of<br />
ozone is increasing and will furthermore increase. Then, the improvement of efficiency of ozone<br />
production is required. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has been used to produce ozone in<br />
industrial ozonizers since non-thermal plasma as streamer discharge can be readily obtained to<br />
produce ozone effectively. The efficiency of ozone production with the DBD is, however, not so<br />
high. Meanwhile, ozone production using pulsed power has been studied and the high efficiency<br />
has been achieved. The use of pulsed power can bring the streamer discharge without dielectric<br />
barrier layer. In using pulsed power, concentration of produced ozone is relatively low and<br />
improvement of concentration is indispensable to develop for practical use. We have introduced<br />
nanosecond pulsed powers for ozone production since higher efficiency of production is<br />
expected. Here, fundamental research using nanosecond pulsed power to ozone production has<br />
been done in order to consider the mechanism and configuration to produce dense ozone.<br />
Although a short separation between discharge electrodes in reactor is important for ozone<br />
production with higher concentration, spark discharge or arc discharge should be controlled at the<br />
same time. Since the dense streamer discharges were obtained by shortening separation between<br />
the electrodes, production of dense ozone could be expected. On the other hand, the frequent<br />
occurrence of the spark discharges would cause an elevation of temperature of gas and electrodes<br />
so that disassociation of ozone molecules was accelerated.<br />
126<br />
2P6
DECOMPOSITION <strong>OF</strong> HUMATE USING PULSED DISCHARGE IN BUBBLES<br />
Yuuya Satoh, Fumiaki Fukawa, Kotaro Rokkaku, Susumu Suzuki, Haruo Itoh<br />
Chiba Institute of Technology, Electrical, Electronics and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Narashino, Japan<br />
Pulsed discharge in bubbles generated by pulsed generator is applied to the water treatment<br />
containing persistent substances, which are mainly organic substances in water and have recently<br />
resulted in environmental damage. Humic acid is one of the persistent substances. A Blumlein<br />
type pulse forming network (B-PFN) is provided in the study. The discharge reactor is<br />
constructed by a cylinder equipped with a pair of electrode, which are injection needle and spiral<br />
electrode. The gas used for bubbles are helium, oxygen and nitrogen. In this study, the<br />
absorbance and total carbon concentration in the humate solution is measured by a photo<br />
absorbance spectrometer and a total organic carbon analyzer. From the results, the decomposition<br />
of humate is observed from the temporal variation of gradient of absorbance curves. The<br />
decomposition rate of the humate by pulsed discharge in nitrogen bubble is larger than the pulsed<br />
discharge in helium and oxygen bubbles. Especially, the organic carbon concentration has<br />
decreased remarkably by the pulsed discharge in nitrogen bubble. Ozone and ultraviolet<br />
irradiation by pulse discharge has influenced in the decomposition.<br />
127<br />
2P7
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> TECHNIQUES APPLYING NANOSECOND PULSE<br />
ELECTRIC FIELDS ON SOLID TUMOR<br />
Naoyuki Shimomura, Yoshihiro Magori, Masataka Nagahama, Kenji Teranishi,<br />
Yoshihiro Uto, Hitoshi Hori<br />
The University of Tokushima, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima, Japan<br />
Many studies have started to apply pulse electric fields on tumor with an expectation for cancer<br />
therapy. In this study, we introduce the embryonated chick assay to the experiment applying<br />
nanosecond pulse electric fields (nsPEF) on solid tumor. The experiment using the embryonated<br />
chick assay, which is generically classified as in vivo, has several advantages. Many species of<br />
virus or rickettsia are available since the protective immunity is low. In some conditions,<br />
angiogenesis would be yielded; the cancer tissue in body was well simulated. To preparation of<br />
many specimen materials, with large incubator, is easier than that for laboratory animal such as<br />
mice and rats. The tumor cells: EMT6/KU (mouse breast adenocarcinoma cells) adopted for the<br />
experiment, are transplanted before several days of the test in advance. Nanosecond pulse electric<br />
fields are applied on a solid tumor on the chorioallantoic membrane in an egg with needle<br />
electrodes. A pulsed power generator whose output pulse length is 1.5 ns is used in this<br />
experiment. The needle electrode to apply nsPEF consists of a stainless wire of 1 mm in diameter<br />
with a rubber sleeve. The tip of the needle electrode is round or steeple. The two or four needle<br />
electrodes are inserted into the egg through a window on shell so as to tack the tumor in them.<br />
The tumors are retrieved from the eggs a few days after nsPEF application test and are weighed.<br />
The control eggs without nsPEF application are also processed as the same procedure. Rejectiontest,<br />
F-test and t-test are used for significant test on application of pulsed electric fields. The<br />
significant difference between weight of the tumor with nsPEF application and that of control was<br />
confirmed with the significant tests. The difference increased with the charging voltage of pulsed<br />
power generator. In using steeple needles, a type of discharges is frequently observed in the eggs.<br />
The effect of the discharge was not clear for growth of the tumors. The tumor with four needles<br />
would be lighter than that with tow needles.<br />
128<br />
2P8
APPLICATION TO WATER TREATMENT <strong>OF</strong> PULSED HIGH-VOLTAGE<br />
GENERATOR USING SEMICONDUCTOR OPENING SWITCH<br />
Taichi Sugai 1 , Akira Tokuchi 1 , Weihua Jiang 1 , Yasushi Minamitani 2<br />
1 Nagaoka University of Technology, Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute,<br />
Nagaoka, Japan, 2 Yamagata University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Yonezawa, Japan<br />
Water treatment using pulsed streamer discharge in water has been studied currently. The pulsed<br />
streamer discharge in water generates active species that decompose organic compounds in water.<br />
We have studied the method spraying water droplets into discharge space in air. The method is<br />
higher energy efficiency than other methods using the discharge [1]. For this treatment way, we<br />
are trying to develop a pulsed high-voltage generator which can raise treatment efficiency more.<br />
To realize it, pulsed voltage of faster rise time and short width, higher repetition rate and higher<br />
energy transfer efficiency from the input to the output are needed. Additionally, the pulsed highvoltage<br />
generator has to be low cost to enable practical application. A pulsed high-voltage<br />
generator using Semiconductor Opening Switch (SOS diode) [2] outputs the pulse of fast rise<br />
time and short width and is low cost and compact size. The realization of high energy transfer<br />
efficiency of that generator enables the highest treatment efficiency in the world for the water<br />
treatment using the streamer discharge. Therefore, we have aimed that realization. The circuit of<br />
the generator consists of capacitors, a pulse transformer, inductors and a SOS diode. Main cause<br />
of the energy loss was the loss of the SOS diode and a switch in primary side and coupling of the<br />
pulse transformer. The improvement of these problems was carried out by investigating<br />
the characteristic of the SOS and changing circuit elements. After that, water treatment was<br />
carried out, and the generator using SOS was compared to other pulsed power generator from a<br />
point of view of the treatment velocity and the energy efficiency of the treatment.<br />
[1] M. A. Malik, "Water purification by plasmas: Which reactors are most energy efficient?",<br />
Plasma Chem. Plasma Process Vol. 30, pp.21-31, 2010.<br />
[2] Tomoyuki Yokoo, Kunihiko Saiki, Kazuaki Hotta, and Weihua Jiang "Using Semiconductor<br />
Opening Switch for Atmospheric Discharge", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 36,<br />
NO.5, pp.2638-2643 (2008).<br />
129<br />
2P9
PORE DYNAMICS INDUCED BY NSPEF: A COMPARISON BEETWEEN<br />
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL RESULTS<br />
130<br />
2P10<br />
Patrizia Lamberti 1 , Stefania Romeo 3 , Maria Rosaria Scarfì 2 , Vincenzo Tucci 1 , Olga<br />
Zeni 2<br />
1 University of Salerno, Dept. of Electronic and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Fisciano (SA),<br />
Italy, 2 CNR, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment (IREA), Napoli, Italy,<br />
3 Second University of Naples, Dept. of Information <strong>Engineering</strong>, Aversa (CE), Italy<br />
Although electroporation is a well know technique with applications spanning from drug delivery<br />
to cancer therapy, the mechanisms involved in the phenomenon are still not well understood [1,<br />
2]. In a recent study, we found that human lymphoblastoid Jurkat cells under a single, 60 ns, 2.5<br />
MV/m pulsed electric field, exhibited differential uptake of the dyes YO-PRO1 and PI, right after<br />
pulse and over time, due to their molecular configuration [3]. The present study aims to compare<br />
the results of a 3D Finite Element Method numerical solution of the phenomenon with<br />
experimental findings, in order to validate the model and to increase the information about the<br />
involved mechanism. The proposed approach is based on a literature available model assuming<br />
that the pore dynamics is governed by an asymptotic form of the Smoluchosky equation [4],<br />
while the ionic flux through the electrically induced pores can be modelled by means of a suitable<br />
current source. The non linear dynamics of the electric responses of the membrane can be<br />
obtained by considering a cell model immersed in an electric field obtained by the Electro Quasi<br />
Static formulation of the Maxwell equations coupled with the ordinary differential equation<br />
describing the electroporation of the plasma membrane by means of a specific pore density<br />
population, N(r,VM(t),P) (r = pore radius, t = time, VM= voltage across the membrane and P =<br />
particular point on the membrane) [5]. The non linear equations system is then solved<br />
numerically in the time domain by means of a commercial software based on the Finite Element<br />
Method. The variables VM and N are used in order to check the activation of electroporation. The<br />
phenomenon is assumed to be activated when, upon the application of a nanosecond pulsed<br />
electric field (nsPEF), VM reaches a critical value and the pore density significantly overrides its<br />
equilibrium status. In order to associate numerical to experimental results, in a preliminary<br />
approach the model is implemented by assuming a fixed pore radius, whereas the hypothesis of<br />
the confluence of different pores in a greater, more stable pore will be subsequently explored.<br />
[1] Breton M and Mir LM, Bioelectromagnetics 2011, doi: 10.1002/bem.20692<br />
[2] Joshi RP and Schoenbach KH, Critical Reviews in Biomedical <strong>Engineering</strong>, 2010, 38 (3):<br />
255-304<br />
[3] Romeo S, et al, PLoS ONE, 2011, 6(12): e28419.<br />
[4] DeBruin K and Krassowska W, Biophys. J., 1999, 77: 1213–1224.<br />
[5] S. Elia, P. Lamberti and V. Tucci, IEEE T Nanobioscience, 2010, 9 (3): 204-212.
NON-INVASIVE PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD FOOD PROCESSING: PRO<strong>OF</strong>-<br />
<strong>OF</strong>0PRONCIPLE EXPERIMENTS<br />
131<br />
2P11<br />
Bucur Novac 1 , Fahd Banakhr 1 , Ivor Smith 1 , Laurent Pecastaing 2 , Robert<br />
Ruscassie 2 , Antoine de Feron 2 , Pascal Pignolet 2<br />
1 Loughborough University, School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Loughborough, United Kingdom, 2 University de Pau, SIAME, Equipe Genie Electrique,<br />
Heliopare Pau, France<br />
Two essentialrequirements arise before any proposed and novel non-invasive pulsed electric field<br />
(PEF) food processing technique can be implemented in industrially meaningful systems. These<br />
are the reliable measurement of the intense fast transient electric fields generated in water close to<br />
metallic electrodes and a convinging proof-of-principle demonstration of the technique. Both of<br />
these milestones have recently been very successfully achieved in a joinr research programme in<br />
progress at Loughborough University (UK) and the University de Pau (France). The paper will<br />
report on final results from electro-optic experiments that dtermine the Kerr constant for water at<br />
various temperatures, using water samples probed by lasers and subjected to a homogeneous<br />
transient electric field strength exceeding 360 kV/cm. In addition, very successful proof-ofprinciple,<br />
non-invasive processing experiments will be discussed, in which only extremely small<br />
displacement currents flow in the water samples. The electic field in the samples was monitoted<br />
using Kerr effect based sensors and a 6 log reduction was obtained in the Escherichia coli initially<br />
present. Brief comments will be made on the possible future of the novel technology.
HIGH BLOOD SUGAR CONCENTRATION RESPONSE TO 850 MHZ<br />
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION USING GTEM CELLS<br />
132<br />
2P12<br />
Nattaphong Boriraksantikul 1 , Naz Islam 1 , Kiran Bhattacharyya 2 , John Viator 2 ,<br />
Phumin Kirawanich 3<br />
1 University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Columbia, MO, USA, 2 University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Biological<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO, USA, 3 Mahidol University, Department of Electrical<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand<br />
The use of electronic devices such as microwaves, mobile phones etc. have expanded<br />
dramatically over the last decade or so. As a result, there are increased concerns about the health<br />
risks of electromagnetic radiation on biological subjects, and research in this area is the focus of<br />
study for many. The effects of cellular phone radiation on carcinogenic 1 , blood-brain barrier<br />
connections 2 , cell toxicity 3 are a few examples of many such studies. Diabetes related works<br />
include research in cell susceptibility 4 , blood dielectric properties 5 and the effects of cell phone<br />
radiations on brain glucose metabolism 6 . In this presentation we report on the results of GTEM<br />
cell generated electromagnetic radiation on sugar-laden human blood. The response<br />
characteristics of the blood samples at two different power levels representing two different<br />
sources are reported. The 2 W 850 MHz GTEM signal represents a handset cell phone while a<br />
cell phone tower radiation source is represented by the 60 W, 850 MHz signal. Response<br />
parameters include blood plasma properties such as glucose level, and red blood cell and white<br />
blood cell counts.<br />
1. I. Yakymenko, and E. Sidorik, "Risk of carcinogenesis from electromagnetic radiation of<br />
mobile telephony devices," Experimental Oncology, vol. 32, no. 2, 2010, pp. 54-60.<br />
2. G. D. Lapin, "The EMF to BBB connection", <strong>Engineering</strong> in Medicine and Biological<br />
Magazine, IEEE, vol. 15, No. 4, 1996, pp. 57-60.<br />
3. D. Brusick, R. Albertini, D. McRee, D. Peterson, G. Williams, P. Hanawalt, and J. Preston,<br />
"Genotoxicity of Radiofrequency Radiation," Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, vol. 32,<br />
1998, pp. 1-16.<br />
4. M. Havas, "Dirty Electricity Elevates Blood Sugar Among Electrically Sensitive Diabetics and<br />
May Explain Brittle Diabetes," Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, vol. 27, 2008, pp. 135-<br />
146.<br />
5. S. Abdalla, "Effect of Erythrocytes Oscillations on Dielectric Properties of Human Diabeticblood,"<br />
American Institute of Physics, vol. 1, No. 012104, 2011.<br />
6. N. D. Volkow, D. Tomasi, G. –J. Wang, P. Vaska, J. S. Fowler, F. Telang, D. Alexoff, J.<br />
Logan, and C. Wong, "Effects of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Signal Exposure on Brain Glucose<br />
Metabolism," The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 305, No. 8, 2011, pp 808-<br />
813.
COMPACT PULSER POWER FOR PLATELET AGGREGATION AND<br />
GROWTH FACTOR RELEASE<br />
Yeong-Jer Chen, Barbara Hargrave, Shu Xiao, Karl Schoenbach<br />
Old Dominion University, Bioelectrics, Norfolk, VA, USA<br />
133<br />
2P13<br />
Current work is conducted to develop a compact, portable, pulse delivery system to maximize the<br />
quantity of platelet gel activation and provide practical use for on-site wound healing. The use of<br />
pulse electric fields to stimulate Ca 2+ release from the ER, thus inducing platelet activation, has<br />
been shown. Preliminary studies of a prototype AC powered 300 ns, 30 kV/cm system has shown<br />
reproducible success of aggregating platelets and producing platelet gel from platelet rich plasma<br />
with certain pulse parameters. Several essential issues are described for the next generation pulser<br />
for platelet gel activation. These include being battery powered for remote operations, size<br />
reduction for easy transportation, component design considerations to minimize effort from the<br />
preparation to the application of the platelet gel, and increased volume of platelet gel produced in<br />
a single batch for large wound treatments.
MODELING <strong>OF</strong> DELIVERY <strong>OF</strong> SUBNANOSECOND ELECTRIC PULSES<br />
INTO BIOLOGICAL TISSUES<br />
134<br />
2P14<br />
Shu Xiao 12 , Fei Guo 1 , Fei Li 2 , Jiang Li 2 , Gene Hou 3<br />
1 Old Dominion University, Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Norfolk, VA,<br />
USA, 2 Old Dominion University, Department of Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Norfolk, VA, USA, 3 Old Dominion University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Norfolk, VA, USA<br />
Delivery of subnanosecond pulses into biological tissue (for example, in the brain) can be<br />
undertaken by an impulse radiating antenna (IRA) [Baum et al.]. Previous analysis shows that it<br />
is important to add a dielectric lens, which reduces the abrupt change of dielectric constant from<br />
the air to the tissue and therefore increases the transmission of the pulses. The electric-field<br />
induced neurological response can potentially be used for neurostimulation, an increasingly-used<br />
therapy in areas where conventional pharmacological approaches become ineffective, such as in<br />
treating refractory pain, Parkinson disease, dystonia, and obsessive compulsive disorder. As a<br />
proof of concept of such delivery, we have modeled subnanosecond pulsed radiation focused into<br />
a dummy brain which consists of homogeneous, hemisphere tissues (3-D electromagnetic solver,<br />
CST Microwave Studio). The modeling of an IRA in conjunction of a lens indicates the<br />
subnanosecond pulses can be focused 6 cm below the surface with a spot diameter less than 1 cm.<br />
The focal point coincides with the geometric focus of the IRA. However, this result is only valid<br />
for a tissue with a low conductivity (s=0.3 S/m). For more lossy tissues, the electric field<br />
decreases from the surface monotonically as the subnanosecond pulses penetrate in depth. Similar<br />
trend was found in the electromagnetic modeling of a brain (CST's HUGO). Recently, it was<br />
shown that time-reversal technique can be used to focus the impulse into the brain. This technique<br />
solves a forward problem by placing an electromagnetic source at the desired focal point. The<br />
signals emitted from that source are collected by the multiple receiving antennas placed on the<br />
surface. The received signals are reversed in time and resent to the antennas, resulting in a<br />
focusing at the initial source. Practically, this technique may encounter the difficulty of<br />
coordinating the large number of antennas and inevitably is limited to low-power delivery.<br />
Therefore, its applicability in biological applications which require high field intensities (such as<br />
kV/cm) becomes restricted. We propose to use a dielectric lens to replace these antennas. The<br />
dielectric lens will be fed only by one source, a prolate-spheroidal reflector antenna (IRA),<br />
therefore eliminating the problem arising from using multiple receiving-transmitting antennas and<br />
still having the ability of high power radiating from the IRA. The time reversal will be conducted<br />
by the lens consisting of a number of dielectrics. The dielectric constants of the dielectrics are the<br />
objects to be optimized. The results of a 2-D modeling will be presented in this paper. This<br />
research intends to establish a patient-specific model for electromagnetic delivery.<br />
This research has been supported by U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and<br />
Old Dominion University, <strong>2012</strong> Multidisciplinary Seed Funding.
135<br />
2P15<br />
CONCRETE SURFACE SCRAPING WITH HIGH VOLTAGE PULSED POWER<br />
GENERATOR<br />
Alexander Nashilevskiy 1 , Gennady Kanaev 2 , Vladimir Kukhta 3 , Vladimir Lopatin 1 ,<br />
Gennady Remnev 1 , Kensuke Uemura 3 , Ivan Egorov 1<br />
1 National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Institute of High-Technology Physics,<br />
Tomsk, Russia, 2 National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Institute of Physics<br />
and Technology, Tomsk, Russia, 3 Nagata Seiki Co., Ltd. Niigata,Tsubame , Japan<br />
The design of a high voltage pulsed generator with an output voltage of ≥350 kV is described.<br />
The generator operates in the nanosecond range of pulse durations (~300 ns) at a repetition rate of<br />
up to 10 pulses/s in a continuous mode and is intended for electric discharge technologies,<br />
specifically for removing of the concrete surface. The energy stored in the generator is ~600 J,<br />
and the energy released in the output pulse is ≥300 J. The requirement to the concrete surface<br />
scraping with the high voltage power generator, the advantage of applying the high voltage pulse<br />
power generator and the result of the concrete surface scraping are represented.
STUDY <strong>OF</strong> THE EFFICIENCY <strong>OF</strong> A PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD SYSTEM<br />
FOR LIQUID STERILIZATION: A STATISTICAL APPROACH<br />
Eduardo Araujo, Ivan Lopes<br />
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Belo Horizonte, Brazil<br />
136<br />
2P16<br />
The application of pulsed electric fields for liquid food sterilization is an emergent and promising<br />
technology potentially applicable in the industrial sterilization of fruit juices, water, milk and<br />
other beverages. This paper reports the results of a computational investigation on the influence<br />
of different parameters, such as the number and intensity of the high voltage pulses and the<br />
electric field distribution inside the treatment chamber, on the survival rate of microorganisms.<br />
Experimental data reported in the literature of the influence of the number of pulses and electric<br />
field intensity on the survival rate of two different microorganisms is the basis for the statistical<br />
investigation. The numerical analysis is based on a non-homogeneous tridimensional electric field<br />
modeling, using Finite Element Method. The field distribution inside the treatment chamber,<br />
combined with statistical models, is used to statistically evaluate the overall system treatment<br />
efficiency. Different electrode arrangements and microorganisms are considered. The energy<br />
consumption and the maximum electric field inside the treatment chamber are also analyzed.<br />
Additionally, two prediction models proposed by Peleg-Fermi and by Hulsheguer & Niemann are<br />
applied and compared. The overall results of the study show that the combination of different<br />
power supply parameters, such as the number and intensity of the electric pulses, besides different<br />
electrode arrangements, applied to different microorganisms can be adequately adjusted to reach<br />
a certain statistical survival rate that leads to acceptable system efficiency depending on the<br />
application needs.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CHARGES TRANSPORTATION IN<br />
NANOSECOND-PULSED SURFACE DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE<br />
137<br />
2P17<br />
Hui Jiang 1 , Tao Shao 12 , Cheng Zhang 1 , Wenfeng Li 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Edl Schamiloglu 2<br />
1 Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing, China,<br />
2 Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, University of New Mexico<br />
Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
Surface dielectric barrier discharges excited by high nanosecond voltage pulses are a promising<br />
approach for producing plasma required by flow control. Charge transport is an important<br />
parameter of discharge characteristics, and the discharge energy can be obtained using a gap<br />
voltage - electric charge Lissajous figure. Based on the in-house developed repetitive<br />
nanosecond-pulse generator, the influences of voltage amplitude, repetition frequency, the<br />
electrode gap and width on the surface DBD charge transport characteristics are investigated in<br />
this paper. Results show that the amount of charge transported per pulse increases with the<br />
increase in applied voltage and electrode width. There is an optimal electrode gap to obtain the<br />
largest value of charge transported per pulse, and the influence of pulse repetition frequency is<br />
minimal on charge transport.
HYDROPHOBIC IMPROVEMENT <strong>OF</strong> PMMA SURFACE TREATED BY A<br />
NANOSECOND-PULSE PLASMA JET<br />
Zheng Niu 1 , Cheng Zhang 1 , Tao Shao 12 , Jiayu Xu 1 , Ping Yan 1 , Edl Schamiloglu 2<br />
1 Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing, China,<br />
2 Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, University of New Mexico<br />
Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
138<br />
2P18<br />
Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma is rich in a variety of active particles, with good physical and<br />
chemical properties. It has a wide range of applications in areas as surface modification of<br />
materials, and biomedical and environmental protection. A dielectric barrier discharge is a<br />
traditional way to generate cold plasma, but its confined discharge gap limits some applications.<br />
The plasma jet is a method to produce plasma in a concentrated volume, and uses relatively<br />
simple electrode structures. It can be applied in a narrow space and on complex surfaces. In this<br />
paper, a single needle electrode is used to generate a plasma jet that is driven by unipolar<br />
repetitive nanosecond pulses with rise time of 25 ns and a full width at half maximum of 40 ns.<br />
The characteristics under different experimental conditions are observed. On the basis of previous<br />
work of hydrophilic treatment, surfaces of PolymethylMethacrylate (PMMA) are modified and<br />
hydrophobic results are achieved.
139<br />
2P19<br />
A NOVEL METHOD TO CALCULATE THE SHOCK WAVE PROPAGATION<br />
AND OPTIMIZATION <strong>OF</strong> PRESSURE RELIEF IN SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS<br />
Mahdi Khanali 1 , Kaveh Niayesh 2<br />
1 University of Waterloo, ECE, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 2 University of Tehran, ECE,<br />
Tehran, Iran<br />
An optimized design of pressure relief is made possible via simulation of electrical arc in SF6<br />
circuit breaker, considering exact geometry of interruption chamber and discovering pressure<br />
profile and shock wave propagation curves. To prevent circuit breaker explosion and its side<br />
damages, pressure relief equipment on one hand must function in cases of inextinguishable arcs,<br />
e.g. when an open circuit breaker is imposed to very high lightning overvoltages, on the other<br />
hand it is not supposed to function during the short circuit current interruption process. For this<br />
purpose, pressure variation pattern and pressure wave must be recognized in regard of reaching<br />
proper function. Thus the main point is finding pattern in both cases and designing the equipment<br />
for proper function at both of them. This problem is solved by combining fluid dynamic and<br />
electromagnetic equations in arc column and fluid dynamic in surrounding area and assessing the<br />
impact of produced pressures and shock waves on the deformation / explosion of the pressure<br />
relief. Assuming arc as a pulsed source of energy may result in estimation of mentioned<br />
parameters which is used for switchgears in some researches, but according to complication, large<br />
amount of parameters dealing with arc and size of interruption chamber it seems not to be an<br />
accurate and precise method for this application. One of the advantages of this investigation is<br />
applying real geometry and specific dimensions of circuit breaker arrangement as well as<br />
considering practically used materials. Based on the proposed simulations, optimized design and<br />
best location and size of the pressure relief are presented for some typical circuit breaker<br />
geometries with different voltage levels and short circuit currents are presented.
140<br />
2P20<br />
A HIGH CURRENT LOW INDUCTANCE MULTI-GAP MULTI-CHANNEL<br />
SWITCH FOR MICROSECOND LINEAR TRANSFORMER DRIVER,<br />
WORKING UNDER ATMOSPHERIC DRY AIR INSULATION AT 80KV, 250KA<br />
LEVEL<br />
Francis Lassalle, Bernard Roques, Arnaud Loyen, Alain Morell<br />
CEA DAM GRAMAT, F-46500, Gramat, France<br />
Linear transformer driver (LTD) is a modular technology used to develop high current or high<br />
voltage drivers, by connecting several LTD stages in series and/or in parallel. The switch is a<br />
pivotal component of a LTD stage. A Multi-gap, multi-channel gas spark switch allows low<br />
inductance high current commutation, with accurate triggering and good reliability. We present<br />
here experimental and circuit simulation studies of a 7 gaps, 8 channels switch working with<br />
atmospheric dry air insulation. Switch design and test bed results are presented. Analysis and<br />
improvement of triggering and of multi-channel behaviour are discussed. In this test bed<br />
configuration and with a 80kV charging voltage of the capacitor, a 250kA, 600ns rise time<br />
current is switched into a matched resistive load.
141<br />
2P21<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> A HIGH CURRENT GAS-SWITCH FOR THE MAGNETIC<br />
HORN <strong>OF</strong> THE FAIR P-BAR-EXPERIMENT<br />
Christian Hock, Marcus Iberler, Joachim Jacoby, Gregor Loisch, Andreas<br />
Schönlein, Jörg Wiechula<br />
Goethe University, Institute of Applied Science, Frankfurt, Germany<br />
The planed Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) is a new accelerator laboratory at the<br />
GSI in Darmstadt, Germany. To produce Antiprotons (3GeV) ) in the facility, Protons (29GeV)<br />
will be shot on a target (e.g. Iridium). In order to focus these Antiprotons for further experiments,<br />
a strong magnetic field will be applied by a so called Magnetic Horn. The Pulsforming Network<br />
(PFN) has to handle a peak current of 400kA with a pulse length of 20μs to generate this<br />
magnetic field. Currently the only possibility to handle this high current is the application of<br />
mercury filled Ignitrons. The working group plasma physics at the University of Frankfurt<br />
develops a mercury free switch, which is able to replace the Ignitrons in the PFN of the<br />
experiment. The main task for switching such high currents is to reduce the local electrode<br />
erosion. For that we propose a gas switch that generates an accelerated plasma to minimize the<br />
attrition. The experimental setup of the switch consists of coaxial electrodes, similar to the<br />
geometry used for plasma focus devices; the inner electrode is surrounded by an outer electrode.<br />
To reach a high holding voltage, the setup is designed for the left hand side of the paschen<br />
branch. The main discharge between the coaxial electrode system will be initiated by a trigger<br />
predischarge. After the ignition of the main discharge between the coaxial electrode system and<br />
due to the interaction of the induced radial magnetic field with the plasma, the gas discharge will<br />
be accelerated to the open end of the coaxial electrode system. This acceleration of the plasma<br />
sheet is due to the Lorentz force. The switch will be therefore called as Lorentz Drift Switch<br />
(LDS). For a further reduction of erosion and to provide enough charged particles for the current<br />
transport, several of these coaxial devices will be stacked together in a parallel, multiple electrode<br />
system. The outer electrodes will be connected with each other to synchronize the single plasma<br />
sheets of every device. With the introduced setup we hope to provide a real alternative for the<br />
application of common Ignitrons at FAIR. Due to the simple setup and the reduction of erosion<br />
we will introduce a low cost, and rugged high current switch for applications in further high<br />
energy experiments.<br />
This work is funded by a HIC for FAIR and a HGS-HIRe scholarship.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> DRIVERS FOR PSEUDOSPARK<br />
SWITCHES<br />
142<br />
2P22<br />
Victor Bochkov 1 , Dmitry Bochkov 1 , Yaroslav Makeev 1 , Piotr Bak 2 , Alexey Panov 2 ,<br />
Chris Pihl 3 , Sam Andreason 3<br />
1 Pulsed Technologies Ltd. Ryazan, Russia, 2 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics<br />
Novosibirsk, Russia, 3 Pulse Power Solutions LLP Mill Creek, WA, USA<br />
Data related to design and development of trigger and heater drivers for pseudospark switches<br />
(thyratrons TPI- and TDI-type) are presented. The drivers (trigger and heater units) are made<br />
using up-to-date solid-state and gas-discharge switching elements only and have both manual and<br />
remote control with CAN, RS-485 or Ethernet interface. The drivers for TDI-thyratrons are made<br />
with a single or several outputs, so that the device is capable of triggering up to 4 thyratrons.<br />
Trigger/heater drivers with high-voltage insulation for applications with transient high-voltages<br />
appearing on cathode and hydrogen reservoir of the switch are available. Test results for hollow<br />
anode TDI-thyratrons (operating voltage: 45, 75 and 150 kV, peak current up to 200 kA) with the<br />
voltage insulated trigger/heater drivers in pulsed magnetic systems [1] are described. Though<br />
TPI-type thyratrons are a more recent development than the TDI series, they are already well<br />
established in a variety of pulsed power systems. Several triggering techniques meeting various<br />
switching requirements have been developed and tested. These are the simplest circuit on nonlinear<br />
elements, advanced techniques with the primary discharge circuit triggered via single,<br />
double or triple pulse triggering techniques. For applications requiring low jitter (less than<br />
0.4 ns), high peak currents, and long life (5-10 years), triple-pulse triggering has proven to be a<br />
preferred method. The circuitry of the BZ-TP/10 trigger unit utilized on the LIU-2 accelerator [2]<br />
is also described.<br />
[1] J. Slough, C. Pihl, V. D. Bochkov, et al, “Prospective Pulsed Power Applications Of<br />
Pseudospark Switches”, 17th IEEE <strong>International</strong> Pulsed Power Conference (2009), pp. 255-259.<br />
[2] A.V.Akimov, P.V.Logachev, V.D. Bochkov, et al, “Application of TPI-thyratrons in a<br />
Double-pulse Mode Power Modulator with Inductive-Resistive Load”, IEEE Trans. on Dielec.<br />
and Electr. Insul., Vol. 17, Issue 3, pp. 718-722, 2010.
POWER TRIGGERED VACUUM SWITCH FOR 50 HZ NETWORKS<br />
Vladimir Sidorov, Dmitriy Alferov, Roman Bunin, Dmitriy Evsin, Valeriy Ivanov<br />
Russian Electrotechnical Institute Moscow, Russia<br />
143<br />
2P23<br />
Triggered vacuum switches owing to high switching capacities are widely used in pulse power<br />
and pulse technologies. High current triggered vacuum switch (TVS) has been developed for<br />
switching of current in AC networks. New TVS-53 has rod electrode system which forms axial<br />
magnetic field due to ac current flow. Experimental researches of making and breaking ability of<br />
new TVS are carried out at various parameters of the main current. It is shown, that TVS is<br />
capable to switch repeatedly a 50 Hz current from units up to tens kA. Characteristics of<br />
developed high current TVS-53 are resulted. 50 Hz network application of TVS defines specific<br />
demands to triggering devices. Requirements to triggering device are defined, the technical<br />
characteristics of various triggering devices are presented.
PARALLEL OPERATION <strong>OF</strong> FOUR SPARK GAPS IN A PULSER SYSTEM<br />
Hasibur Rahaman 1 , Byung-Joon Lee 1 , Jong Woo Nam 1 , Sang Hoon Nam 1 , Jae<br />
Woon Ahn 2 , Seung Whan Jo 2 , Hae Ok Kwon 2<br />
1 POSTECH, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, South Korea, 2 Hanwha<br />
Corporation, R & D Department, Gumi, South Korea<br />
144<br />
2P24<br />
Spark gaps are widely used switches for the development of high power pulser systems because<br />
of their simplicity and fast switching capability. The rate of plasma de-ionization and subsequent<br />
cooling of the de-ionized plasma between switching pulses restrict the recovery time of the spark<br />
gaps, thereby reducing their pulse repetition rate. Therefore, authors have developed a pulser<br />
system employing a single microplasma-assisted spark gap to increase the repetition rate up to<br />
1 MHz [1]. However, insufficient recovery time at such high repetition rate decreases breakdown<br />
voltage as well as charging efficiency of the spark gap. The breakthrough of this problem is<br />
achieved by a parallel operation of two spark gaps in the pulser system by reducing the repetition<br />
rate or increasing the recovery time of each spark. The charging circuit system and operating<br />
parameters are configured for the efficient operation of the pulser system with relatively<br />
increased breakdown voltage of the spark gaps compared to the single spark gap pulser system.<br />
Finally, the pulser system operates four spark gaps in parallel in a non-synchronized mode with<br />
increasing recovery time or voltage recovery of each spark gap. In this manner, the sum of the<br />
repetitive switching of four spark gaps reaches close to that of the single spark gap pulser system.<br />
[1] H. Rahaman, S.H. Nam, J.W. Nam, B.J. Lee, K. Frank, "Application of Microplasma<br />
Discharge in a Spark Gap for High Repetitive Switching," App. Phy. Letter, Vol. 96, 141502,<br />
2010.
CRITICAL CIRCUIT PARAMETERS IN PRODUCING A TOROIDAL AIR<br />
PLASMA<br />
Adam Lodes 1 , Randy Curry 1 , W. Brown 2 , M. Schmidt 2<br />
1 University of Missouri, Center for Physical and Power Electronics, Columbia, MO,<br />
USA, 2 Applied Research Associates Arlington, VA, USA<br />
email: CurryRD@missouri.edu<br />
145<br />
2P25<br />
A multi-millisecond duration, toroidal air plasma with electron density of at least 10 14 -10 15 /cm 3<br />
has been developed at the University of Missouri Columbia. An exploding wire is used to first<br />
form the plasma and a secondary discharge region is used to further heat and impart momentum<br />
to the plasma. Using this method of post discharge heating, we have been able to produce a selfconfined,<br />
self-stabilized, toroidal air plasma, or TAP. A study of circuit parameters has been<br />
conducted to better understand the critical factors in the formation and evolution of the TAP.<br />
Circuit inductance, load resistance, and wire material has been varied to determine the critical<br />
aspects of the formation of the TAP. A full diagnostic suite of pressure sensors, high speed<br />
photography, as well as current and voltage measurements, have been utilized to observe the<br />
TAP. Results from these experiments as well as the experimental set up including the high<br />
voltage driving circuits, are presented.<br />
This work was supported by The Office of Naval Research under contract number S-<br />
000296.00001. UMC Curry Applied Research Associates
SELECTIVELY GROWN CARBON NANOTUBES (CNTS):<br />
CHARACTERIZATION AND FIELD EMISSION PROPERTIES<br />
Chung-Nan Tsai, Hulya Kirkici<br />
Auburn University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Auburn, AL, USA<br />
146<br />
2P26<br />
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as one of the promising electron-emitting materials<br />
available for use in cold cathode applications such as flat-panel displays and vacuum<br />
microelectronic devices. It has been known that due to its high aspect ratio (small diameter and<br />
relatively long length), it is possible to obtain electron emission at low applied electric field. This<br />
property plays an important role when CNTs are used as cathode material in plasma device [1]. In<br />
this work the growth mechanism and the experimental results of field emission characteristics of<br />
CNTs fabricated using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) are presented. We investigated the<br />
field emission characteristics of patterned selectively grown random and vertically-aligned multiwalled<br />
CNTs (MWNTs). To synthesize the patterned MWNTs on plain silicon (n-type 100)<br />
substrates, a thin catalyst (Fe) film is first deposited by DC magnetron sputtering. High-quality<br />
films of MWNTs are grown in a thermal CVD furnace in gases mixture of acetylene and argon,<br />
after lithographic lift-off patterning of a metal catalyst layer on the wafer. The measurement<br />
results indicate that both vertically aligned and randomly oriented CNTs have significant field<br />
emission capabilities to be used as cold cathode emitters in plasma devices.<br />
[1] Haitao Zhao, Hulya Kirkici (2010). Effects of impurity on field emission of carbon nanotubes.<br />
Proceedings of 29th IEEE <strong>International</strong> Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference.<br />
Atlanta, GA., U.S.A., May 2010.
NONLINEAR FOWLER-NORDHEIM PLOTS <strong>OF</strong> CARBON NANOTUBES<br />
UNDER VACUUM AND PARTIAL PRESSURES<br />
Rujun Bai, Hulya Kirkici<br />
Auburn University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Auburn, AL, USA<br />
147<br />
2P27<br />
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) known to have excellent field electron emission characteristics and<br />
they have been used as cold cathodes in pseudospark switches [1]. In this work carbon nanotubes<br />
are studied in order to develop cold cathode material with efficient field emission characteristics.<br />
Randomly aligned Multi-Walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are fabricated using chemical<br />
vapor deposition method (CVD) under different growth conditions by varying sputtering times of<br />
the catalyst and growth times of CNTs [2]. These nanotubes are then tested for their field<br />
emission characteristics at different pressures ranging from 5x10 -7 Torr to 20x10 -3 Torr. The<br />
experiments were carried out in different background gases of Helium and dryair. Effects of<br />
different gases at different pressures on the field emission properties of carbon nanotubes are<br />
studied and results are presented. Fowler-Norheim (FN) plots revealed a nonlinear slops for all<br />
the samples tested under different background pressure. It is known that the slop of the FN plots<br />
gives information about the field enhancement factor of the surface. Therefore, the nonlinearity is<br />
attributed to the nonlinear field enhancement factor. In this paper, we present the effects CNT<br />
growth conditions, background pressure and other factors on the field enhancement factor. This<br />
data is used in determining a proper cold cathode material to be used as trigger electrode for<br />
pseudospark switch.<br />
[1] Haitao Zhao, Design and Construction of Carbon NanoTubes (CNTs) Triggered Pseudospark<br />
Switch, PhD Dissertation, Auburn University, May <strong>2012</strong>.<br />
[2] Ramsh Bokka, Carbon Nanotube Cold Cathodes for Applications under Vacuum to Partial<br />
Pressure in Helium and Dryair, MS Thesis, Auburn University, August 2011.
AN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE GAS SWITCH TRIGGERED BY ARRAY<br />
MICROHOLLOW CATHODE DISCHARGE<br />
Yaqing Teng, Kefu Liu, Jian Qiu<br />
Fudan University, Institute of Electric Light Sources,, Shanghai, China<br />
148<br />
2P28<br />
The structure of microhollow cathode is two electrodes divided by about 200μm thick dielectric<br />
and threaded by about 100μm hollow. Array microhollow cathode discharge (MHCD) was<br />
operated at atmospheric with 2.5kV pulse voltage of 20ns rise time and current up to 100A, which<br />
is supplied by the charged capacitance of power supply. Triggered by a MHCD, a gas switch<br />
operated under voltage of 50kV with 30ns fall time and current of 1kA with 15ns rise time was<br />
fabricated with a 2nF capacitance and a 50Ω resistance. The switch characteristics such as the<br />
range of switch working voltage, on-resistance, delay time and jitter are given. The influences of<br />
the rise time of trigger voltage and the value of trigger current on switch performance is mainly<br />
discussed in this paper. The advantages of the switch lie in lower trigger voltage with simply<br />
trigger circuit and multipoint discharge and fast fall time. An electrical model including stray<br />
capacitances is set up and the modeled results agree very well with the measured currents and<br />
voltages.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH <strong>OF</strong> HIGH STABILITY GAS DISCHARGING<br />
SWITCH<br />
Xueling Yao, Jingliang Chen, Yingbiao Shao<br />
Xi'an Jiaotong University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'an, China<br />
149<br />
2P29<br />
The gas discharging switch is one of the most important components of pulsed power technology<br />
and Pulsed power system. The gas discharging switch with adjusted air pressure is designed and<br />
the experimental setup is established for testing its characteristics in this paper. The experimental<br />
law between the characteristics of gas discharging switch and all influencing factors, these factors<br />
include gas pressure, gap distance and trigger pulse voltage etc.. Under the condition of gap<br />
distance of 5 mm and the gas pressure of 0.4MPa, the average DC breakdown voltage is 45 kV.<br />
The Gauss fitting method is adopted and the self-breakdown probability is 6.36×10 -9 at operating<br />
voltage of 35kV. When trigger pulse voltage is 12 kV, the minimum operating voltage is 1.4 kV,<br />
so the operating voltage scope is from 3.1%~94.7%. At the operating voltage of 75 % of its selfbreakdown<br />
voltage, the discharging delay time and jitter are 2.3 μs and 184.4 ns respectively. The<br />
experimental setup for test the synchronous controlling accuracy of two gas switches and the<br />
experimental results showed that the sequence control error of two gas switches is within ±2 μs<br />
under the trigger pulse voltage of 12 kV and operating voltage at 75% of their self-breakdown<br />
voltage. As for the pulse current with hundreds of microsecond duration time, the controlling<br />
accuracy is high than 5‰. The designed gas switch can be used in the circumstance fro test xenon<br />
lamp and other similar circumstances.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH <strong>OF</strong> ROD-SHAPED GAS DISCHARGING<br />
SWITCH<br />
Xueling Yao, Jingliang Chen, Yuxi Wang<br />
Xi'an Jiaotong University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'an, China<br />
150<br />
2P30<br />
The gas discharging switch is one of the most important components of pulsed power technology<br />
and Pulsed power system. The rod-shaped triggering gas switch insists of two main electrodes<br />
and a trigger electrode. Two main electrodes are placed parallel each other, the trigger electrode<br />
is located on the orthogonal plane to main electrodes and is mounted in the middle of two main<br />
electrodes and the distance is 1mm to surface of the main electrodes. The experimental circuit is<br />
setup and the trigger characteristics are researched. The experimental results show that when the<br />
gap distance is 6.65 mm, the self-breakdown voltage is 10.2 kV. When trigger pulse voltage of<br />
14.6 kV, the operating voltage of rod-shaped gas switch is from 48.0% to 85.7%, and the<br />
discharging delay time changes from 21.6 µs to 2.66 µs and the delay jitter changes from 4.25 µs<br />
to 0.49 µs accordingly. At the same time, the pulse arc running and electrode erosion are also<br />
observed, it is found that the electrode erosion tracking is mainly decided by the amplitude of<br />
pulse current, and with the increase of pulse current, the erosion spots change form circular to<br />
ellipse and the erosion track gets longer along the inner electrode orientation, and the erosion spot<br />
cover the whole electrode surface gradually, this is the effect of Lorentz force caused by pulse<br />
current. Because of arc running on the inner surface of main electrodes, the using life of the<br />
designed rod-shaped gas switch can be prolonged greatly.
151<br />
2P31<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> A COLLIDING PLASMA EXPERIMENT AS AN UV/VUV<br />
RADIATION SOURCE<br />
Andreas Schönlein, Christian Hock, Marcus Iberler, Joachim Jacoby, Johanna<br />
Otto, Tim Rienecker, Christian Teske, Sero Zaehter<br />
Goethe University, Institute of Applied Physics, Frankfurt, Germany<br />
In our working group we are optimizing a coaxial plasma accelerator (PA) for a colliding plasma<br />
experiment to investigate an intense UV/VUV radiation source. PAs and colliding plasmas are<br />
also helpful to study astrophysical phenomena, like astrophysical jets or galactic collisions. The<br />
coaxial PAs used in this experiment consist of massive copper outer and inner electrodes which<br />
are electrical isolated by PEEK. A high voltage applied to the PA leads to the ignition of a<br />
discharge which results in a current flow that generates a magnetic field. Due to the generation of<br />
a magnetic field a lorentz force appears. This force leads to an acceleration of the plasma sheet<br />
and drags the neutral gas out of the PA. Hence the magnetic field functions as a magnetic piston.<br />
The plasma movement can be described by the snowplow model (SPM). Due to the acceleration<br />
of the plasma sheet to high velocities (km/s) a preceding shockwave is formed. The plasma<br />
collision will be caused by two identical PA facing each other. Both PA have a stored energy of<br />
1kJ. To optimize the collision and the UV/VUV radiation several criteria have to be met. The two<br />
PAs have to be operated simultaneously. For that, a pulsed power network is necessary. Another<br />
important criteria is to create a high temperature plasma within the collision zone. Therefor high<br />
velocities of the plasma sheet should be reached. A further demand is a low inductance of the<br />
setup to get a high current rise time and according to the SPM a high plasma sheet velocity. For<br />
the analysis of the experiment multiple diagnostics will be applied. A fast shutter camera is used<br />
to trace the propagation of the plasma sheets in the vacuum chamber and to determine the<br />
velocity. In addition the velocity can be measured by a photodiode assembly. For UV/VUV<br />
diagnostics AXUV diodes and a VUV-Monochromator are available.<br />
This work is funded by HGS-HIRe and EMMI (ExtreMe Matter Institute).
X-RAY BACKLIGHTING <strong>OF</strong> SINGLE-WIRE AND MULTI-WIRE Z-PINCH<br />
Xinlei Zhu, Ran Zhang, Haiyun Luo, Shen ,Zhao, Xiaobing Zou, Xinxin Wang<br />
Tsinghua University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China<br />
152<br />
2P32<br />
The development of single-wire and multi-wire Z-pinch were investigated by X-ray backlighting<br />
using an X-pinch as the soft X-ray source. The experiments were carried out on the pulsed power<br />
generator PPG-I (400kA/500kV/100ns) which was designed and constructed by Department of<br />
Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> of Tsinghua University. The source X-pinch and object single-wire or<br />
multi-wire Z-pinch are installed in the place of a current-return rod or the center between the<br />
anode and the cathode, respectively. The X-ray films with high resolution and high sensitivity<br />
were used to record the results. A resistive current probe and a Rogowski coil of our own design<br />
were used to monitor the current, and a step wedge filter was designed to measure the mass<br />
ablation rate of the thin wire. By a large number of imaging experiments, the physical images of<br />
the coronal plasma formation, the interwire plasma merging, and the development of plasma<br />
instabilities of Z-pinch and some important parameters like mass ablation rate and core expansion<br />
rate were obtained.
TIMING <strong>OF</strong> THE X-RAY BURST FROM PARALLELED X-PINCHES<br />
Shen Zhao, Haiyun Luo, Xinlei Zhu, Ran Zhang, Xiaobing Zou, Xinxin Wang<br />
Tsinghua University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China<br />
153<br />
2P33<br />
As a point x-ray source produced at the crossing point of two fine wires through which a pulsed<br />
and high current flows, X-pinch has been used for backlighting of wire-array Z-pinch plasmas. In<br />
order to obtain two time-resolved images in a single shot of Z-pinch discharge, a wire-array zpinch<br />
as the object to be imaged was placed between the anode and the cathode of a vacuum<br />
diode connected to a pulsed power generator. The anode plate was normally mounted on returncurrent<br />
rods, but here two of these rods were replaced by two X-pinches as the x-ray backlighting<br />
sources. Controlling the timing of the x-ray burst from an X-pinch with respect to the start of the<br />
current pulse is important for getting the time-resolved images. It was found that the x-ray burst<br />
for a given X-pinch load occurs at a roughly reproducible time and value of the current flowing<br />
through the X-pinch from pulse to pulse and that the timing of the x-ray burst scales linearly with<br />
the mass per unit length of X-pinch load. However, these results are not enough to control the<br />
timing of the x-ray burst from two paralleled X-pinches since the current flowing through each Xpinch<br />
is unknown. Thus, we need to know how the total current is distributed among the<br />
paralleled return-current rods and X-pinches. For this purpose the currents flowing through these<br />
two paralleled X-pinches were measured with two Rogowski coils. It was found no strong<br />
influence of the wire diameter and material on the currents flowing through the paralleled Xpinches.<br />
In order to explain this phenomenon, the following researches were carried out. The<br />
current and the voltage of an X-pinch were measured. The inductance of the X-pinch was<br />
assumed to be a constant and estimated by the calculation of the magnetic field based on the wellknown<br />
Biot-Savart's Law. The voltage of the inductance was calculated with L·di/dt and<br />
subtracted from the measured voltage of the X-pinch. Then, the resistance of the X-pinch was<br />
determined and the following results were obtained. At the start of the current the resistance of<br />
the exploding wires is several tens of Ohms, one order of magnitude higher than the metallic<br />
resistance of the wires at room temperature, and then it falls down quickly to about 1Ω, which<br />
reflects the physical processes occurring in the electrical exploding wires, i.e., a current transition<br />
from the overheated and highly resistive wire core to the highly conductive plasma. The<br />
resistance is only a little bit lower than the impedance, indicating that the resistance predominates<br />
over the inductance in determining the voltage across the X-pinch. For the wires we used, it<br />
seems no strong influence of the wires on the resistance, which may be explained by the fact that<br />
the current flows through the plasma rather than the metallic wires itself.
EVALUATION <strong>OF</strong> TAPE-BASED STRESS GRADING COATINGS BY<br />
INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY<br />
154<br />
2P34<br />
Fermin P. Espino-Cortes, Tomas I. Asiain Olivares, Pablo Gomez<br />
Instituto Politecnico Nacional, SEPI ESIME Electrical Department, Mexico City, Mexico<br />
In medium voltage rotating machines, stress grading (SG) at the ends of coils are used to avoid<br />
partial discharges (PDs) on the surface of the coil. SG coatings are usually applied as tapes with<br />
certain length and thickness. These dimensions depend on the nominal voltage and the type of<br />
material used. The good performance of the SG coating depends mainly on its correct design and<br />
application. Commonly, problems become evident when the coils are tested for long term<br />
evaluation of insulation systems or once the coils are in service. For example, during voltage<br />
endurance (VE) tests, when the voltage applied to the coils is about three or more times the<br />
nominal line-to-ground voltage hot spots or partial discharges in the SG coatings led to early<br />
failures of these coatings and with time, the complete failure of the insulation system. If the stress<br />
grading composites are not correctly applied or designed, modification of the SG coatings would<br />
be required to pass the test. In this work, infrared thermography is used to analyze the<br />
manufacture quality of tape-based stress grading coatings. The hot spots that can make the<br />
systems fail either in service or in voltage endurance tests are related to the tape disposition and<br />
defects. By this inspection procedure problems with the manufacture process of the coating can<br />
be early detected and corrected.
DETECTION AND LOCATION <strong>OF</strong> ARCING FAULTS IN DISTRIBUTION<br />
NETWORKS USING A NON-CONTACT APPROACH<br />
155<br />
2P35<br />
Rachel Harris 1 , Philip Moore 2 , Martin Judd 1<br />
1 University of Strathclyde, High Voltage Technologies Research Group, Glasgow, United<br />
Kingdom, 2 Elimpus Ltd Bellshill, United Kingdom<br />
A novel approach to detecting and locating arcing-faults in an electrical distribution system is<br />
presented in this paper. The location of faults in the transmission system (66 kV and above) is<br />
readily achieved using the distance-to-fault function typically provided with numeric-type<br />
distance relays. However, the same approach cannot be applied when locating faults in the<br />
distribution system (11 – 33 kV) due to a number of factors, e.g. the circuits are protected by<br />
overcurrent rather than distance relays and do not always have VTs or station batteries, the<br />
multiple lateral spurs extending from rural medium voltage circuits will mislead most distance-tofault<br />
algorithms and a communications infrastructure which would allow a distance-to-fault result<br />
to be accessed often does not exist. In addition, the cost per circuit of retrofitting monitoring<br />
equipment would be very high and would require contact to be made with the distribution system<br />
itself, bringing with it the risk of interruption of the electricity supply. The approach presented<br />
here overcomes these difficulties by making use of the fact that when an electrical fault induces<br />
an arc it is accompanied by the radiation of electromagnetic transients that are detectable as a<br />
signal which propagates in the RF band. By capturing this radiometric discharge at<br />
geographically separate locations, the location of the arc origin can be calculated using the<br />
differences in the times of arrival at each of the monitoring locations (a method that has already<br />
been proven effective for lightning strike location). Detection, capture and timestamping of these<br />
signals can be achieved using off the shelf components and, crucially, this approach requires no<br />
direct connection to the distribution network. A network of four monitoring stations covering a<br />
section of the distribution network north-east of Glasgow, UK was commisioned and installed.<br />
GPS steered timestamping equipment allowed a common, accurate, timestamp source to be<br />
received at each station. Timestamps were stored with each wavefront that met the criterion for<br />
capture so that any time-differences-of-arrival could be obtained and comparison between signal<br />
time-of-capture and events in utility fault records made. Using this monitoring network,<br />
radiometric emissions were captured from a number of fault-induced-arcs, although none at more<br />
than one monitoring station. Lightning captures were made simultaneously at two or more<br />
stations and accurately located using the time-differences-of-arrival, demonstrating that the data<br />
captured was sufficient to allow signal origins to be calculated. Future work will consider in more<br />
detail the propagation distance of these radiometric emissions in particular the manner in which<br />
these signals attenuate with distance from their origin, along with the effect on detection rate of<br />
alternative monitoring station layouts.
ASSESSMENT <strong>OF</strong> DIELECTRIC DEGRADATION BY MEASUREMENT,<br />
PROCESSING AND CLASSIFICATION <strong>OF</strong> PARTIAL DISCHARGES<br />
156<br />
2P36<br />
Euler C. T. Macedo 1 , Juan M. Villanueva 2 , Diego B. Araujo 2 , Edson G. da Costa 2 ,<br />
Raimundo C. S. Freire 2 , José M. R. de Souza Neto 2 , Ian A. Glover 3<br />
1 Para´ıba Federal University, Alternative and Renewable Energy Center, João Pessoa,<br />
Brazil, 2 Campina Grande Federal University , Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> and Informatics<br />
Center, Campina Grande, Brazil, 3 University of Strathclyde, Department of Electronic<br />
and Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow, Scotland<br />
Failure of insulation in power systems plant may be caused by manufacturing defects or by<br />
electrical, mechanical, thermal and chemical process which occur during operation. Such<br />
processes create defects, such as voids in solid insulation or particle contamination in gas<br />
insulation, which locally reduces the dielectric strength of the insulation. Electrical discharge may<br />
occur in these regions of reduced dielectric strength but not in the regions of un-degraded<br />
insulation. The resulting process is referred to a partial discharge (PD) since the discharge does<br />
not bridge the entire gap between electrodes. PD is normally characterized by low-level current<br />
pulses with fast rise-time and short duration; typically no more than a few hundred nanoseconds.<br />
The detailed structure of the PD 'signal' varies depending on insulation defect type, PD sensor<br />
type, insulation characteristics and physical connection. PD data collected in the field are often<br />
contaminated by electrical noise arising. The proper analysis of such data generally, therefore,<br />
requires the application of sophisticated signal processing methods. If PD is found in insulating<br />
systems then it is important to identify its character, i.e. internal discharge, surface discharge,<br />
corona etc. For many years PD recognition was performed by observation, and (human) expert<br />
interpretation, of PD patterns on the power frequency ellipse displayed using an oscilloscope. The<br />
aim of this paper is present a methodology for the assessment of insulation degradation using the<br />
measurement, processing, analysis and classification of PD signals. Internal PD, caused by voids<br />
in solid insulation, has been generated under a range of well-defined, and reproducible, conditions<br />
using a specially designed test cell. (In the full paper the test cell will be described in sufficient<br />
detail to allow its replication.) Test cell PD has been recorded using two widely employed<br />
measurement techniques; (i) the IEC 60270 'classical' method and (ii) using a wideband high<br />
frequency current transformer (HFCT). For each specific insulation defect the wavelet transform<br />
is applied to the raw data to suppress interference. The resulting pre-processed patterns of PD<br />
activity are then subject to statistical feature extraction using discharge asymmetry, phase<br />
asymmetry, correlation, skew and kurtosis. Full details of the feature extraction algorithm will be<br />
given in the final paper. Finally, a neural network was used to classify the PD as one of several<br />
types using a feature set derived from PD caused by known defects. The assessment of insulation<br />
degradation in HV apparatus by the measurement, processing, analysis and classification of PD<br />
signals has been demonstrated.
157<br />
2P37<br />
ITAIPU´S EXPERIENCE IN THE ACCEPTANCE TESTS FACTORY CARRIED<br />
OUT ON HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS (EMPHASIS ON<br />
TRANSFORMERS AND BUSHINGS): RELEVANT FACTS OCCURRED<br />
DURING VFT - VERY FAST TRANSIENT TEST, PARTIAL DISCHARGES<br />
MEASUREMENT, DISPLACEMENT/DEFORMATION CORE <strong>OF</strong> POWER<br />
TRANSFORMER AND GENERAL CONDITIONS <strong>OF</strong> HIGH VOLTAGE<br />
LABORATORIES<br />
Cláudio Morais 1 , Domingues Gonzalez 2 , Juliano Silva 3 , Luiz Pisa 3<br />
1 Itaipu Binacional, Inspection, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, 2 Itaipu Binacional, <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, 3 Itaipu Binacional, <strong>Engineering</strong>, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil<br />
This paper presents important points that were observed by the Itaipu [1] inspection / engineering<br />
team from the point of view of quality during the factory witnessing of the high-voltage electrical<br />
equipment recently acquired by Itaipu, both in Brazil and Europe Three cases will be examined :<br />
i) The first case refers to the VFT - very fast transient overvoltage test carried out on high voltage<br />
transformers and bushings . The very fast transients are generated during switching operation of<br />
Itaipu SF6 gas insulated substation (GIS). The transformers and bushings must withstand the<br />
overvoltages from this characteristic. In 2010, Itaipu had acquired two high voltage step-up<br />
transformers [256 MVA/550kV ]. They were the first in the world submitted to VFT tests . The<br />
same way, were acquired 12 high voltage bushings, rated voltage 550 kV, type OIP – oil<br />
impregnated paper . These bushings were manufactured and tested in Europe. This paper will<br />
present the development of VFT tests carried out in these transformers and bushings, the method<br />
and type of device which was chosen for obtaining the standard wave 1.5 µs / 50 µs , the<br />
chopping wave in SF6 gas and the spark gap system adopted. The Itaipu´s technical requirements<br />
concerning the VFT are showed too. The difficulties found to obtain the curve voltage x SF6<br />
pressure during the chopping wave SF6 are related. ii) The second case presents the Itaipu´s<br />
experience concerning the partial discharging PD measurement carried out on factory in the<br />
bushings type SF6 /air and OIP – oil impregnated paper, 550 kV, about the following points : -<br />
Problems and technical conditions found in the high voltage laboratories both Brazil and Europe<br />
to perform the PD tests, in accordance with the Itaipu´s specification and to the pertinent<br />
technical standards; - Difficulties found in high voltage laboratories to obtain the parameters of<br />
noise level in accordance with the standard IEC 60.270; in this stage, many improvements in the<br />
test circuit were done for avoiding/solving interferences and disturbance. iii) The third case refers<br />
to the accident on core transformer [ 241.5 kV ; 470 MVA ] , in which was observed<br />
displacement / elastic deformation when it was being moved through the factory, before the core<br />
assembling on the active part of power transformer. It will be related the actions which was taken<br />
of re-work of core in factory, the total disassembling , total re-stacking, and all the verifications<br />
and tests which were performed for avoiding hot points in the future and this way to<br />
assure quality and reliability to the transformer useful life.<br />
[1] Itaipu is the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world as regards the generation of<br />
energy. Itaipu generated 92,2 milion megawatts-hour (MWh) last 2011.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION <strong>OF</strong> A NEW SYSTEM GROUNDING<br />
158<br />
2P38<br />
Maria Alice Rodrigues, Edson Costa, Malone Castro<br />
Federal University of Campina Grande (PB-Brazil), Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> Department,<br />
Campina Grande, Brazil<br />
The use of grounding electrodes involved by a concrete coating is presented as a viable technique<br />
to decrease the resistance values of grounding grids in electrical systems. The effectiveness of<br />
bentonite, a material of low resistivity, as a reducing agent of the grounding resistance, used to<br />
fill the soil around grounding electrodes, it is also proven by researchers. From these two<br />
principles, this paper studies the performance of three types of grounding grids, all composed by<br />
three copper electrodes (120 mm length, 10 mm diameter), arranged as an equilateral triangle of<br />
2.5 m of side. However, the three grids differed by the material evolving the electrodes: in the<br />
first grid, the electrodes were involved with common concrete; in the second grid, the electrodes<br />
were involved with bentonite doped concrete; in the third grid, naked (without coating) electrodes<br />
were employed. All rods were manufactured in the High Voltage Laboratory of the Federal<br />
University of Campina Grande (Paraíba - Brazil), and the process involved polyvinyl chloride<br />
(PVC) tubes, employed as molds (diameter of 50 mm). The employed bentonite is commercially<br />
known as Brasgel PA. After applying the concrete to the electrodes, all rods passed through a<br />
curing process, in order to give the structure greater strength. The grounding resistance of the<br />
three grids were periodically measured, aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique.<br />
Current impulses, with waveform 8/20 μs and voltage intensity loading ranging between 10 and<br />
60 kV have been applied to the grids, using a current impulse generator and a digital oscilloscope,<br />
for signal acquisition. Then, it was possible to evaluate both the supportability of concrete<br />
structures for high current impulse and the behavior of the signals of voltages and currents, during<br />
the current injection in the soil. The impulsive impedance was also calculated, so it was possible<br />
to compare the performance of the three proposed arrangement. The concrete mechanical strength<br />
was satisfactory for current impulses up to 8.9 kA. There was a reduction of the grounding<br />
resistance in both coated cases, when compared to the naked copper rods. The current and voltage<br />
waveforms revealed differences in terms of load flow for the three types of grounding grids in the<br />
analysis.
159<br />
2P39<br />
A STUDY ON RELIABILITY BASED ASSESSMENT ALGORITHM FOR HIGH<br />
VOLTAGE INDUCTION MOTOR STATOR WINDINGS<br />
Chang Jeong-Ho 1 , Lee Heung-Ho 2<br />
1 Korea Water Resources Coraporation, Green Technology Research Center, Daejeon,<br />
Korea, 2 Chungnam National University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Daejeon, Korea<br />
Today, the high voltage motor widely used and played significant role in various area. So,<br />
Failures of water supply motors can have large impact of the operation reliability of water supply<br />
network. However In spite of their importance, the power equipments have several problems in<br />
its maintenance system. For example, Excess expenditure of maintenance cost according to the<br />
fiscal year that is depend on the time-base maintenance technique and increase of insufficient<br />
scientific asset management at equipments repair or replacement. So we need more reliability<br />
improvement of power utility through reducing fault occurrence rate and standardization of<br />
diagnosis about high voltage motor. The primary goal of this paper is to develop a standard<br />
algorithm for an efficient condition evaluation of high voltage induction motor stator windings in<br />
the technical aspects. Make use of this result, the equipment decided to be replace or repair<br />
otherwise on service. The technical tests were included measurements of AC current (ΔI),<br />
dissipation factor (tanδ), partial discharge (PD) magnitude, and Polarization Index(P.I). In<br />
addition, the AC current test was performed on the stator windings of water supply pump motor<br />
under operation to confirm insulation strength. The algorithm suggested in this study which<br />
developed from CBM(Condition Based Risk Management) method, makes a significant<br />
contribution to reliability assessment of the condition of high voltage Induction motor stator<br />
windings.
DETERMINING ECONOMIC LIFE CYCLE FOR POWER TRANSFORMER<br />
BASED ON LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS<br />
Sun Hun Lee 1 , An Kyu Lee 1 , Jin O Kim 2<br />
1 Korea Water Resources Corporation, K-Water Institute, Deajeon, Korea, 2 Hanyang<br />
University, Dept. of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Seoul, Korea<br />
160<br />
2P40<br />
Today, the power utilities are setting on the slow load growth and the aging of power equipment,<br />
and then could spend the efforts on the stability of system performance. Under structure of<br />
vertically integrated power industry, great cost has been spent to enhancing reliability of such<br />
power utilities. In Korea, lots of the power equipments were built up in the 70s and 80s. Due to<br />
this reason most of them increasingly reach their aged life time. In this case, asset management is<br />
a great way to fulfill the economic investment and the stability of system performance. The asset<br />
management is separated by three parts of essential elements: management, engineering and<br />
information. The corporate of these parts should be practiced that seek to balance. This paper<br />
presents the principle calculation of determining economic life cycle on the power transformer<br />
from economic aspect of asset management. Economic life cycle is calculated by life cycle cost<br />
analysis performed in accordance to IEC 60300-3-3. Annual equivalent cost analysis is used to<br />
model cost function in life cycle cost analysis. Economic life cycle is defined by the term<br />
minimizing the overall annual equivalent cost occurring for owning and operating power facility.<br />
Accordingly, annual equivalent cost analysis can be referred to as capital cost and operating cost<br />
are essential in economic evaluation. 1) Capital cost: Capital cost commonly consists of initial<br />
cost and salvage value. Initial cost is indicated as the purchase price of power facility. Normally,<br />
capital cost becomes the declining function on increasing according to year. 2) Operating cost:<br />
Operating cost of power facility consists of operating and maintenance cost. When such operating<br />
cost is assumed to be increased in every year, operation cost of power facility becomes increasing<br />
function. Especially operating cost can be difficult to obtain data due to a long time operation.<br />
Thus, the method is performed by annual equivalent cost analysis with estimating operating cost<br />
using numerical method. This paper shows the application of effective asset management<br />
considering the economic evaluation determining economic life cycle for power transformer in<br />
Korea's hydro-generation. Economic evaluation is performed by annual equivalent cost with<br />
estimating operating cost using numerical method. The proposed method will be expected to play<br />
an important role in investment decision making considering economic evaluation.
REAL-TIME INSULATION STATUS ASSESSMENT <strong>OF</strong> UNDERGROUND<br />
CABLE JOINTS BASED ON STANDARD DEVIATION<br />
161<br />
2P41<br />
RuayNan Wu, ChienKuo Chang<br />
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Taipei,<br />
Taiwan<br />
A real-time insulation status assessment of underground cable joint is presented. The cable joint<br />
with an artificial defect was subjected to the voltage higher than partial discharge inception<br />
voltage (PDIV) until the insulation breakdown. In the meantime, partial discharge (PD)<br />
measurement was carried out with a fixed time interval. Furthermore, the characteristics of PD<br />
activity were extracted from each measured data. The characteristics sequences, refresh by each<br />
measurement, were calculated to the standard deviation probability distribution. According to<br />
each evolution of standard deviation, some outliers were appealed while the characteristics<br />
sequences contained a catastrophe phenomenon. The catastrophe of characteristic might relate to<br />
the serious change of insulation. Hence, the method of outlier detection with three times standard<br />
deviation was proposed as the real-time insulation status assessment.
162<br />
2P42<br />
DETERIORATION TREND ON ELECTRICAL TREEING <strong>OF</strong> UNDERGROUND<br />
CABLE INSULATION<br />
RuayNan Wu, ChienKuo Chang<br />
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Taipei,<br />
Taiwan<br />
The evolution of PD characteristics due to electrical tree growth in XLPE was investigated to<br />
analyze the status of insulation. Many point-to-plane electrode specimens were carried out using<br />
XLPE as the insulation material of underground cable. These specimens were conducted under<br />
14 kV to 17 kV voltage. At the meantime, PD phase resolved data acquisitions were in progress<br />
by means of a computer-based measurement system. Each PD phase resolved data was<br />
transferred into several characteristics and accumulated into sequences until insulation<br />
breakdown. As the result, some characteristics shows the simple trend including increasing,<br />
transition and decreasing. Hence, this paper proposed the curve fitting to represent the trend of<br />
PD sequence. The slope of fitting curve identified the insulation status. If the slope of curve<br />
closes to zero, it means the trend of PD entering the transition stage which was suggested to alarm<br />
operators to prevent non-expectable breakdown.
RESEARCH <strong>OF</strong> NANOSECOND PULSE RESISTIVE DIVIDER<br />
Jingliang Chen, Xueling Yao, Shaolin He, Tianyu Lin<br />
1 Xi'an Jiaotong University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'an, China<br />
163<br />
2P43<br />
In this paper, the distributed parameter circuit model of pulse resistive divider is established for<br />
researching its steep response characteristics. The experimental results show that the steep<br />
response time or speed of the pulse resistive divider is influenced by many factors which<br />
including high voltage resistance, low voltage resistance, equivalent inductance of resistance and<br />
distributed capacitance. It is found that the response time can be lessened by the design method of<br />
adding a "middle electrode" between high voltage electrode and low voltage electrode, which can<br />
change the electric field distribution and compensate the influence of distributed capacitance and<br />
improve the steep response characteristics of pulse resistive divider. The pulse resistive divider is<br />
designed, whose high voltage resistance is 10.2 kΩ and low voltage resistance is 10.2Ω, the scale<br />
factor is 1000:1. The steep response characteristics of pulse resistive divider are measured by<br />
using a steep voltage source whose front time of is 1.4 ns and duration time is about 600 ns, and<br />
the experimental results showed that the partial response time of pulse resistive divider is less<br />
than 1.6ns. To calibrate the measuring accuracy of pulse resistive divider, the calibrated<br />
Tektronix P6015A is adopted. The comparing results show that the withstand voltage of the pulse<br />
resistive voltage divider is high than 40kV and the measuring accuracy is better than 1%.
RESEARCH ON ROGOWSKI COIL FOR MEASURING 10/350ΜS PULSE<br />
CURRENT<br />
Jingliang Chen 1 , Xueling Yao 1 , Antong Chen 2 , Xiaoqing Xu 1<br />
1 State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong<br />
University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'an, China, 2 Vanderbilt University, Electrical<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong> and Computer Science, Nashville, TN, USA<br />
164<br />
2P44<br />
Taking into consideration the high-frequency components of the rapidly rising part and the lowfrequency<br />
components of the long duration time of the 10/350μs pulse current waveshape, the<br />
self-integral Rogowski coil with a core is designed. Based on the energy frequency spectral<br />
analysis of the waveshape, it is observed that the frequency components are mainly distributed<br />
from 100Hz to 200kHz. The 10/350 μs crowbar pulse current circuit was then set up and<br />
experiments were carried out. The experimental results show that the designed Rogowski coil has<br />
excellent characteristics for measuring 10/350 μs pulse current parameters including front time,<br />
duration time, and peak current. At the same time, compared with the calibrated shunt and<br />
Pearson current monitor of type 1018 within the peak of 100 kA of the waveshape, the<br />
experimental results show that: (1) The measurements obtained using the designed Rogowski coil<br />
are similar as the measurements obtained using the calibrated shunt, while the measurements by<br />
the Pearson current monitor show significant distortion when the current peak reaches 80kA. (2)<br />
Compared with the calibrated shunt, the designed Rogowski coil outperforms by reaching the<br />
measurement error of less than 1% on the peak and less than 5% on the half-value time. The<br />
results have shown that the Rogowski coil can provide precise measurements to the 10/350μs<br />
pulse current and other similar circumstances, and is an effective alternative to the standard<br />
techniques.
RESEARCH <strong>OF</strong> TRANSFORMER CONDITION ASSESSMENT SYSTEM<br />
BASED ON RISK EVALUATION<br />
Lu Guo-jun, Li Gang, Qin Yu, Huang Yan-guang<br />
Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, Tests and Research Institute, Guangzhou, China<br />
165<br />
2P45<br />
Over the years, TBM (Time-Based Maintenance) is the main method which was applied in power<br />
system. The implementation of preventive repair strategy of transformer can not determine the<br />
status of transformers between the maintenance cycles, and a series of problems, such as lack of<br />
maintenance, excessive maintenance, waste of maintenance resources and even reliability<br />
reduction will be brought out. In this paper, one kind of transformer condition assessment system<br />
was designed, and it could evaluate the risk of transformers and provide maintenance strategies.<br />
In this system, detailed data of transformers which were composed of parameter informations,<br />
maintenance records, test data, defects or faults, load variation, environment were analyzed<br />
synthetically to diagnose the conditions of transformers. Different points and factors were defined<br />
to different parameters, and the final results would be calculated and indicated the status and risk<br />
of transformers. The result was showed in currency form, and condition maintenance strategies<br />
could be designed to optimize investment. This system was developed and applied in all the<br />
500kV transformers in Guangzhou. Results proved that this system could provide a reliable basis<br />
for asset lifecycle management.
MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> INSULATION RESISTANCE <strong>OF</strong><br />
METALIZED POLYPROPYLENE FILM CAPACITOR UNDER HIGH<br />
ELECTRIC FIELD<br />
Hua Li, Zhiwei Li, Fuchang Lin, Yaohong Chen, De Liu<br />
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced<br />
Electromagnetic <strong>Engineering</strong> and Technology, Wuhan, China<br />
166<br />
2P46<br />
Metalized polypropylene film capacitor has characteristics of high energy density and high<br />
reliability due to its self-healing capability. The operating electric field of high energy density<br />
capacitor applied to pulsed power system is really high. Each such occasion,voltage drop of<br />
capacitor resulting from dielectric absorption and leakage would exert negative influence on the<br />
efficiency of the pulsed power system. The insulation resistance (IR) of capacitor applies a<br />
leakage path through the dielectric. As a parameter of capacitor independent of capacitance,<br />
equivalent IR is commonly equal to a time constant or product of the IR and capacitance, whose<br />
unit is MΩ×μF (second). Measurement of IR under high electric field is feasible for the selfhealing<br />
capability. This paper mainly concentrates on leakage phenomenon in metalized<br />
polypropylene film capacitor by the measurement and analysis of IR. A measuring system is<br />
established to measure IR under various temperatures and high electric fields. A set DC voltage is<br />
applied to capacitor and sampling resistance series circuit and the steady voltage of capacitor and<br />
sampling resistance are recorded. The testing time is so long that the influence of dielectric<br />
polarization and absorption current can be neglected. Under electric field ranging from 250V/μm<br />
~ 450V/μm, self-healing in capacitor is inevitable and random. So the IR in this paper is the<br />
comprehensive results of both dielectric leakage and self-healing capability, and is close to<br />
operation condition. Measurement data of IR is characterized by great dispersion even under<br />
unified test conditions. So a lot of experimental data are required and data fitting is carried to<br />
analyze IR according to the theory of dielectric electric conductive mechanism of polypropylene<br />
under high electric field. The results indicate that the IR is extremely sensitive to electric field<br />
and temperature. The IR decreases rapidly with the increasing electric field, and the descending<br />
trend will gradually slow down because of the self-healing capability under high electric field.For<br />
example, at 20°C, IR is on the order 10 5 MΩ×μF under 250V/μm and on the order 10 4 MΩ×μF<br />
under 450V/μm; and it also decreases rapidly with the increasing operating temperature at<br />
20°C~50°C, and the descending trend will also gradually slow down. At last, theoretical<br />
calculation of capacitor IR based on electric conduction in dielectric under electric field is<br />
carried, and it suggests that the difference of IR between capacitor and polypropylene dielectric is<br />
significant under high electric field.
A STUDY <strong>OF</strong> OVER-VOLTAGE MONITORING DEVICE BASED ON<br />
COUPLING CAPACITANCE SENSORS<br />
167<br />
2P47<br />
Qi Wang 1 , Chen-guo Yao 1 , Yan Mi 1 , Jian Wang 2<br />
1 Chongqing University, State Key Laboratory of Transmission & Distribution Equipment<br />
and Power System Safety and New Technology, Chongqing, China, 2 State Gird<br />
Corporation of China, EHV Transmission &Substation Company, Chengdu, China<br />
The over-voltage monitoring plays an critical role in power system security area. Developing the<br />
effective monitoring of online research on the over-voltage characteristics can facilitate to get the<br />
over-voltage characteristics, analysis the accident and improve insulation. In this paper, a simple<br />
and promising method based on coupling capacitance sensors is proposed for overhead<br />
transmission-line monitoring. The sensor is noncontactable and its installation is simple. By the<br />
frequency and lightning impulse voltage experiment, the performance and measurement accuracy<br />
of the sensor has been proved. Using the sensor and the date acquisition devices and software<br />
platform, the overhead transmission line monitoring system has been realized.
THE LIGHTNING PROTECTION TESTS FOR THE RADOME IN Z11<br />
HELICOPTER <strong>OF</strong> CHINA<br />
Duan Zemin<br />
Hefei Hangtai Electrophysics Co.,Lt Hefei, China<br />
168<br />
2P48<br />
The lightning protection tests which are simulated by power modulator and high voltage<br />
technology are used the radome system in the Z11 helicopter of China, it is presented in the<br />
paper. The radome system is composed of the radome, the lightning diverters, the air data probe<br />
and a long 0.5m metal structure which simulated a part of the helicopter body. The test facilities<br />
and the test results are introduced. Based on the tests, the radome system performance preventing<br />
lightning destruction is improved by optimizing the diverters. Finally, the optimized radome<br />
system passed the ground simulated lightning tests successfully by the Chinese CCAR27 (equal<br />
to FAR27) and the standard of lightning protection of aircraft HB6129-87.
PROTECTION <strong>OF</strong> 132 KV TRANSFORMER AGAINST LIGHTNING BY<br />
EFFECTIVE PLACEMENT <strong>OF</strong> SURGE ARRESTER<br />
Radhika Goru 1 , Suryakalavathi Mungala 2<br />
1 Vnr Vjiet, Eee, Hyderabad, IN, India, 2 Jntuh, Eee, Hyderabad, IN, India<br />
169<br />
2P49<br />
Lightning interference occurs mainly on overhead lines and has been a problem since the early<br />
days of electricity supply. Over voltages which occur on the lines, travel towards the terminal or<br />
substation, and can damage, particularly the expensive equipment such as power transformers.<br />
Lightning traveling waves are produced in the system and cause temporary increase in voltage in<br />
the transmission line system. The increase in voltage is harmful for the insulator of lines and<br />
devices connected to the transmission line. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze such increase in<br />
voltage in order to design the surge arrester suitable for the investment, the good performance of<br />
the system and the reliability of transmission line.In this work Metal-Oxide Surge Arrester is<br />
used. The objective of this paper is to protect the power system equipments from lightning and<br />
to determine the effective placement of surge arrester. This will be done by comparing the voltage<br />
level measured close to the transformer with the suggested basic insulation level (BIL) 650KV<br />
used in this work. A powerful electrical tool to simulate the power system model is<br />
electromagnetic transient program PSCAD/EMTDC is used in this work. Here we present a<br />
proposed model of a three phase 132KV transmission system with over voltage which shows that<br />
the lightning surge of 10KA, 8 x 20µs can be very dangerous even at low value of current if there<br />
is no surge arrester is in operating or used for protection. This over voltage is reduced by using<br />
the Metal-Oxide Surge Arrester. Hence Arrester rating calculated to be 109KV and parametric<br />
determination for a one column arrester with an overall length of 1.45 meters is done, the<br />
discharge voltage for this arrester is 248kV for a 10kA, 8 x 20µs current wave shape. The<br />
outcome of this paper shows the placement of arrester at 90m, 60m and 30m from the transformer<br />
in terms of voltage levels measured at particular points and overall simulation results will<br />
demonstrated the importance of having a right location of surge arrester placement as fail to do so<br />
will cause a significant damage to the equipment.
A COMPACT LOW INDUCTANCE PULSE ENERGY DRIVER SYSTEM FOR<br />
PULSE POWER APPLICATIONS<br />
170<br />
2P50<br />
Kum Sang Low 1 , Albert Ng 1 , Chee Hoong Low 1 , Chin Yang Chia 1 , Kum Wan Low 1 ,<br />
David Mahadevan 1<br />
1 Specscan Sdn. Bhd. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, 2 University of Malaya, Department of<br />
Physics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia<br />
In recent years, there have been various developments of high-current discharge drivers used in<br />
pulsed-power technologies including linear transformer drivers and impedance-matching<br />
transformers. As the discharge current scales up, it becomes crucial to optimize the input energy<br />
requirements. A new system was designed to provide a scalable low inductance current driver<br />
suitable for pulse-power applications including z-pinch, plasma-focus, and other direct current<br />
drive applications. This paper explores the development of a new current driver for a system<br />
with a z-pinch load using six (6) modular units of low inductance integrated multiple-capacitor<br />
assemblies developed by Specscan Sdn. Bhd. Each of these modular units comprise four (4)<br />
folded aluminum foil and dielectric film capacitors arranged in a two-stage LC-inversion circuit.<br />
Six (6) of these modular multi-capacitor assemblies were connected to a pair of hexagon-shaped<br />
transmission plates of 1 meter in diameter with a z-pinch load located in the center to form a<br />
voltage-discharge loop for an estimated loop circuit inductance of 6.36nH. Six (6) individual<br />
spark-gap switches were connected to the voltage inversion loops of the multi-capacitor<br />
assemblies. Voltages of +6.75kV and -6.75kV were applied across the switches to charge the<br />
capacitors requiring 280J of total input energy. The switches were then triggered simultaneously<br />
to generate a voltage-inversion that provides a near-quadruple increase in voltage across the<br />
transmission plates to form a pulse-energy driver system. A peak voltage of approximately<br />
24.4kV was obtained at the z-pinch load with a peak current of 210kA and a quarter-wave rise<br />
rime of 110ns. The system generated 4.6GW of peak power with a corresponding efficiency of<br />
16.5MW/J. This development illustrates a concept of an efficient scalable direct high current<br />
driver system for various pulse power applications using relatively low voltages. One particular<br />
interest in the future is the possibility of scaling these drivers to operate in the mega-amperes<br />
range. This can be achieved if: a) the charging voltages are increased; and b) if the transmission<br />
plates are enlarged to accommodate a greater number of modular multi-capacitor units. This<br />
paper will describe how the existing z-pinch system operates and the results obtained.<br />
Projections will then be made on its potential current scaling while maintaining its input energy<br />
efficiencies.
GENERATORS <strong>OF</strong> HIGH-POWER HIGH-FREQUENCY PULSES BASED ON<br />
SEALED-<strong>OF</strong>F DISCHARGE CHAMBERS WITH HOLLOW CATHODE<br />
Victor Bochkov 1 , Vladmir Ushich 1 , Alexander Dubinov 2 , Inna Kornilova 2 , Igor<br />
L'vov 2 , Sergey Sadovoy 2 , Victor Selemir 2 , Dmitry Vyalykh 2 , Victor Zhdanov 2<br />
1 Pulsed Technologies Ltd. Ryazan, Russia, 2 Russian Federal Nuclear Center – All-<br />
Russian Research Institute for Experimental Physics Sarov, Russia<br />
171<br />
2P51<br />
In pulse high-voltage low-pressure gas-discharges with hollow cathode a full modulation of<br />
discharge voltage can occur at the frequency in a range of some hundreds of Megahertz. This<br />
phenomenon can be used to generate high-power high-frequency pulses [1]. One of the factors,<br />
limiting application of such generators is a vacuum system itself, gas-filling system and chamber<br />
pressure control. Application of sealed-off gas-discharge chambers makes the high-frequency<br />
generators smaller and more mobile [2]. Similar generators can be used e.g. to test<br />
electromagnetic field influence on radio-electronic equipment. The results of development and<br />
tests of repetitively pulsed generator of high-power high-frequency pulses based on sealed-off<br />
discharge chambers with hollow cathode enclosed into a metal-ceramic envelope and maximal<br />
dimensions of 37 mm in diameter, length of 125 mm and weight of 250 gram are described.<br />
Pulses with burst duration up to 1300 ns and peak power up to 1 MW at frequency of 120 MHz<br />
with repetition rate of 100 Hz were obtained using the chamber of similar design and equipped<br />
with a nitrogen (or hydrogen) source.<br />
[1] D. Arbel, Z. Bar-Lev, J. Felsteiner, A. Rosenberg, and Y. Z. Slutsker, "Highpower radio<br />
frequency generation in a hollow-cathode discharge," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 1193–<br />
1195, Mar. 1995.<br />
[2] A.E.Dubinov, I.Y.Kornilova, I.L.L'vov, S.A.Sadovoy, et al, IEEE Trans. on Plasma<br />
Sci., vol.38, no.11, pp. 3105-3108, Nov. 2010.
SOLID-STATE PULSED POWER SYSTEM FOR GAS TREATMENT<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
172<br />
2P52<br />
Seung-Bok Ok 1 , Hong-Je Ryoo 2 , Sung-Roc Jang 2 , Gennadi Goussev 2<br />
1 University of Science and Technology, Energy Conversion Technology, Daejeon, South<br />
Korea, 2 Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Electric Propulsion Research<br />
Center, Changwon, South Korea<br />
This paper deals with a solid-state pulsed power system for gas treatment applications. It consists<br />
of a solid-state pulsed power modulator and a plasma reactor. To be specific, the developed<br />
pulsed power modulator is based on a high voltage capacitor charger and pulse generator part<br />
including a series of connected 24 pieces power cells. In addition, the specifications of the<br />
developed pulsed power modulator are as follows: pulsed output voltage 40 kVmax; pulsed output<br />
current 150 Amax; pulse width 0.5~5 µs; pulse repetition rates (PRR) 3 kHzmax, and average<br />
maximum output power of 13 kW. For the optimal experimental conditions, the pulsed-power<br />
system was analyzed with an equivalent electrical circuit model. Finally, the reliability and the<br />
robustness of the proposed pulsed power system are verified through the experimental results.
COMPACT HV HIGH POWER CAPACITOR CHARGER<br />
Willy Debache, Michael Teboul<br />
TECHNIX, Development, CRETEIL, France<br />
173<br />
2P53<br />
We realized the design of one 45 kV compact High Power Capacitor Charger. With a peak power<br />
of 40 kW, its weight is 25 kgs for a volume of 25 liters. Based on double resonant technology, the<br />
charger can be supplied either by one 300 V battery or an external DC power supply. It is<br />
controlled via an optic fiber interface. For providing such a light and compact charger, each part<br />
was deeply considered with a particular emphasis on the transformer which represents the heart of<br />
the system. The oil tank, which is containing most of the parts, is also used as a heat sink for<br />
reducing volume and weight. Final paper will include photos, diagrams and measurements,<br />
simulation and more details about heat losses and the results obtained with different DC input<br />
voltages.
COMPACT 600 KV MULTI-PRIMARY WINDINGS RESONANT<br />
TRANSFORMER TO DRIVE AN ELECTROMAGNETIC SOURCE<br />
174<br />
2P54<br />
Romain Pecquois 1 , Laurent Pécastaing 1 , Marc Rivaletto 1 , Antoine de Ferron 1 , Jean-<br />
Marc Duband 2 , Laurent Caramelle 2 , René Vézinet 3<br />
1 Université de Pau, SIAME EGE, Pau, France, 2 HI PULSE Pont de Pany, France,<br />
3 DAM, CEA GRAMAT, Gramat, France<br />
Modern pulsed power applications of high power microwave technology require compact poweramplifier.<br />
In each case, the high pulsed power generator is made up of a primary energy source<br />
and a load, separated by the power-amplification system that forwards the energy from this<br />
source to the load. Usually a Marx generator or a Tesla transformer is used as the poweramplifier.<br />
Our structure uses an innovating and very compact resonant transformer to drive a<br />
dipole antenna. Our complete pulsed power source, named MOUNA, is composed of a set of<br />
batteries, a dc/dc converter to charge four capacitors, four synchronized spark gap switches, a<br />
resonant transformer generating 600 kV/265 ns pulses, an oil peaking switch and a dipole<br />
antenna. The device must transmit waveforms with a wide frequency band and a high figure-ofmerit.<br />
The paper describes the compact 600 kV multi-primary windings resonant transformer<br />
developed in common by Université de Pau and Hi Pulse Company. The resonant transformer is<br />
made of four primary windings, two secondary windings in parallel and a Metglas ® 2605SA1<br />
amorphous iron magnetic core. An innovating biconic specific geometry makes it possible to<br />
optimize the leakage inductance. The transformer mechanical characteristics are: 6 kg weight, 3.4<br />
liters volume, 20 cm diameter and 11 cm width. Design details are explained accurately. Each<br />
feature is justified. Calculations of leakage inductance and stray capacitance between primary and<br />
secondary windings are presented. Core losses and saturation induction are studied. An LTspicebased<br />
study of the power-amplifier is proposed. Finally, the results from two experimental studies<br />
are presented. Firstly, the resonant power-amplifier loaded by a compact capacitive charge<br />
associated to a homemade capacitive voltage probe specially developed is studied. Secondly, an<br />
integrated V-dot probe measures the power-amplifier output inside the electromagnetic source.<br />
To conclude, the experimental results are compared to the LTspice simulations and discussed.
HIGH REPETITION RATE PICOSECOND FID PULSE GENERATORS FOR<br />
UWB APPLICATIONS<br />
Vladimir Efanov, Mikhail Efanov, Alexander Komashko, Pavel Yarin<br />
FID GmbH Burbach, Germany<br />
175<br />
2P55<br />
A series of high voltage pulse generators and pulse power modules with picosecond pulse<br />
duration and pulse repetition rate of megahertz range has been developed. Combination of<br />
megawatt peak power and megahertz PRF permit production of radiating systems with unique set<br />
of specifications. The most important parameter for many UWB radiating systems is maximum<br />
pulse repetition rate that permits reaching high average values of radiated power and in certain<br />
limits adjust output spectrum. FID GmbH has developed a series of high repetition rate pulse<br />
generators that permit operation into a wide variety of antennas and having highreliability,<br />
compact size and energy efficiency. Modular pulse generator FPM10-100PNK has maximum<br />
amplitude 10 kV into 50 Ohm. Rise time is 80-100 ps, pulse width at half amplitude 200-300 ps,<br />
maximum PRF of 100 kHz with power consumption of about 200 W. Approximate size of<br />
module is 200x170x50mm, weight of 3 kg. Pulser FPG 10-10PHF has an output amplitude of 10<br />
kV into 50 Ohm with pulse repetition rate of 10 MHz. Output pulse has rise time of 150-200ps<br />
and duration of 500 ps FWHM. With peak power of 2 MW average power to load is 5 kW. Pulse<br />
generator permits creation of sequences of output pulses set by computer control with possibility<br />
to vary PRF in burst from zero to 10 MHz. Maximum pulse repetition rate has pulse generator<br />
FPG 1-500PHF. In burst mode the achieved PRF is 500 MHz with burst duration of up to 10<br />
microseconds and average repetition frequency of 1 MHz. Rise time of this type of pulsers is 150-<br />
200 ps, pulse duration at half amplitude is 300-500 ps. Pulsers can form a computer controlled<br />
sequence of pulses with PRF inside such burst up to 500 MHz. Operation of high power<br />
picosecond pulse generators in radiating systems requires high stability and EMI-proof power<br />
supplies and control systems. FID GmbH has developed a series of such power supplies with<br />
output power from tens of watts to tens of kilowatts. Digital control blocks permit operation of<br />
tens of pulsers with accuracy of 10-20 ps. Optical lines permit controls to be placed hundreds of<br />
meters away from radiating point and set the necessary operation mode via computer interface. In<br />
most cases cooling of high repetition rate pulse generators and modules is done by forced air,<br />
however amplitudes higher than 10 kV usually require liquid cooling system.
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> A RF BURST PULSE GENERATOR USING A NON-<br />
LINEAR TRANSMISSION LINE FOR CANCER TREATMENT<br />
Yuichi Abe, Yasushi Minamitani<br />
Graduate School of Science and <strong>Engineering</strong>, Yamagata University, Department of<br />
Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-0026, Japan<br />
176<br />
2P56<br />
Nanosecond and sub-nanosecond high voltage pulses can provide new applications. A cancer<br />
treatment by an ultra-short pulse high electric field is one of them. High power pulsed<br />
electromagnetic wave has been proposed to apply the high electric field for that treatment. This<br />
work focuses on the design of a compact high power burst pulse electromagnetic wave generator<br />
using a nanosecond pulsed power generator for the cancer treatment. In previous study, we have<br />
used a LC inversion circuit as a power supply of the pulse electromagnetic wave generator. The<br />
LC inversion circuit is useful in order to output efficiently electromagnetic wave by the antenna.<br />
However, since the LC inversion circuit outputs the voltage waveform with damping oscillation,<br />
the duration of the burst pulse is under 100ns. Therefore, we focus on a ferrite-filled coaxial nonlinear<br />
transmission line. Nonlinear transmission line is capable of generating sharp pulses and<br />
shock wave. The non-linear coaxial line has the advantage of simple structure and low cost in<br />
comparison with the non-linear transmission line using a non-linear element. Therefore we have<br />
developed the burst pulse generator using the ferrite-filled coaxial non-linear transmission line in<br />
order to extend the duration of the burst oscillation for the cancer treatment. In the experiment,<br />
we have investigated the pulse duration time and frequency for various conditions of the input<br />
pulse shape and the magnetic cores.
A 600V, 1KA COMPACT LTD MODULE USING POWER MOSFETS<br />
177<br />
2P57<br />
Pravin Iyengar 1 , Tee Chong Lim 1 , Stephen Finney 1 , Mark Sinclair 2<br />
1 University of Strathclyde, Electronic and Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Glasgow, United<br />
Kingdom, 2 Atomic Weapons Establishment, Pulsed Power Group, Aldermaston, United<br />
Kingdom<br />
The presented work forms our first steps towards the research and development of MOSFET and<br />
IGBT based Inductive Voltage Adder (IVA) pulsed power systems for Flash radiography at AWE<br />
Aldermaston, UK. In [1], it is shown that MOSFET based IVA/ LTDs can be applied for compact<br />
pulsed power generation. Evidently, this technology has not reached the maturity towards<br />
Megawatt level applications. However, there is potential to develop smaller flash radiography<br />
systems. The present challenges that need to be tackled are to optimise semiconductor switching,<br />
reduce packaging size and component count to achieve compactness and higher power density.<br />
Also, there is a need for further attention towards improving synchronisation of modules and fault<br />
protection as the technology matures towards higher energy applications. This paper presents a<br />
compact, high density LTD module using power MOSFETs. The LTD module consists of two<br />
MOSFET drivers driving four MOSFETs each, film capacitors and a magnetic core. An enhanced<br />
MOSFET gate driver [2] was designed specifically for this application. The MOSFET driver is<br />
capable of driving multiple MOSFETs without compromising the performance of each individual<br />
device. Overall, the module features easy synchronisation, higher power density, and fast<br />
switching times. The MOSFET DE475-102N21A, 1kV, 144A pulse was chosen for this system.<br />
The LTD module has been tested at 600V in a single shot and low rep rated (10Hz) operation.<br />
Currents of up to 1kA were achieved across a ~ 0.6 Ω load with pulse widths of 100ns and
STATUS <strong>OF</strong> PROTOGEN THE FIRST INTEGRATION <strong>OF</strong> GENESIS<br />
TECHNOLOGIES<br />
178<br />
2P58<br />
Steven Glover 1 , Forest White 2 , Gary Pena 1 , Peter Foster 3 , Larry Schneider 1<br />
1 Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA, 2 SAIC Albuquerque, NM, USA,<br />
3 Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board Washington, DC, USA<br />
Advancements of technologies to enable ultra-low impedance pulsers at lower pressures has<br />
resulted in the design of a system called Genesis for dynamic materials experiments. A prototype<br />
demonstration called Protogen includes interfaces for up to twelve modules and can be operated<br />
in a rep-rate mode to generate reliability data. Initial operation of Protogen is focusing on the<br />
integration of key technologies and dielectric lifetime. Multiple configurations of Protogen have<br />
already been tested demonstrating the flexibility of Genesis technology. This paper expands on<br />
previously published results paying particular attention to versatility, reliability, and modeling of<br />
the Protogen system.
STATUS AND EXPERIMENTS WITH THE 1-MA WATER-INSULATED<br />
MYKONOS LTD VOLTAGE ADDER<br />
179<br />
2P59<br />
Michael Mazarakis 1 , Mark Savage 1 , William Fowler 1 , William Stygar 1 , Scott<br />
Roznowski 1 , Alexander Kim 2<br />
1 Sandia National Laboratories, 1671, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 2 High Current Electronic<br />
Institute, Pulsed Power, Tomsk, Russia<br />
The LTD technological approach can result in very compact devices that can deliver very fast,<br />
high current and high voltage pulses straight out of the cavity without any complicated pulse<br />
forming and pulse compression network. Through multistage inductively insulated voltage<br />
adders, the output pulse, increased in voltage amplitude, can be applied directly to the load.<br />
Because the output pulse rise time and width can be easily tailored (pulse shaped) to the specific<br />
application needs, the load may be a vacuum electron diode, a z-pinch wire array, a gas puff, a<br />
liner, an isentropic compression load (ICE) to study material behavior under very high magnetic<br />
fields, or a fusion energy (IFE) target. Ten 1-MA LTD cavities were originally designed and built<br />
to run in a vacuum or Magnetic Insulated Transmission Line (MITL) voltage adder configuration,<br />
and after successful operation in this mode, we were currently modifying and make them capable<br />
to operate assembled in a deionized water insulated voltage adder. Special care is being taken to<br />
deaerate the oil of the cavities and water of the voltage adder and eliminate air bubbles. Our<br />
motivation is to test the advantages of water insulation compared to the MITL transmission<br />
approach. The desired effect is that the vacuum sheath electron current losses and pulse front<br />
erosion would be avoided without any new difficulties caused by the de-ionized water insulator.<br />
Presently, we are assembling two modified cavities with more robust components and special for<br />
water insulation "O" rings and grooves. In addition we are replacing the polyethylene insulators,<br />
which are absorbing a lot of oil and change dimensions, with polyurethane ones. Lifetime<br />
experiments of the voltage adder will be done with a matched liquid resistor load. Experimental<br />
results will be presented and compared with circuit codes simulations.
LINEAR TRANSFORMER DRIVER (LTD) WITH SQUARE PULSE OUTPUT<br />
Michael Mazarakis 2 , Alexander Kim 1 , Alexander Sinebbryukhov 1 , S. Volkov 1 , S.<br />
Kondratief 1 , Frederic Bayol 3 , Gauthier Demol 3 , V. Alexcenco 1 , William Stygar 2<br />
1 Institute of High Current Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences ,Pulsed Power,<br />
Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634055, Russia, 2 Sandia National Laboratory,<br />
1671, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 3 3<strong>International</strong> Technologies for High Pulsed Power,<br />
Pulsed Power, Thegra 46500, France<br />
180<br />
2P60<br />
The LTD technological approach can result in relatively compact devices that can deliver fast,<br />
high current and high voltage pulses straight out of the LTD cavity without any complicated pulse<br />
forming and pulse compression network. Through multistage inductively insulated voltage<br />
adders, the output pulse, increased in voltage amplitude, can be applied directly to the load. The<br />
usual LTD architecture provides sine shaped output pulses that may not be well suited for some<br />
applications like z-pinch drivers, flash radiography, high power microwaves, etc. A more suitable<br />
power pulse would have a flat or trapezoidal (rising or falling) top. In this paper, we present the<br />
design and first test results of an LTD cavity that generates such a type of output pulse by<br />
including within its circular array a number of third harmonic bricks in addition to the main<br />
bricks.
MODIFICATIONS TO A COMPACT MARX GENERATOR<br />
Kim Morales<br />
NSWC Dahlgren, Q, Dahlgren, VA, USA<br />
181<br />
2P61<br />
Marx generators have been built with a wide span of physical size and output capability, ranging<br />
from circuit-board scale devices of a few stages up to systems capable of producing many<br />
Megavolts and occupying entire buildings. Our focus in this poster is the development of a<br />
capability to explore Compact Marx Generator (CMG) devices, where we arbitrarily define a<br />
CMG to be an apparatus consuming less than 0.5 m 3 (excluding the charging and control<br />
systems). We report the development of a laboratory system that incorporates a shielded test<br />
stand with battery-powered high voltage charging supplies and a computer based control system<br />
with a graphical user interface. We will briefly discuss a demonstration of the test bed capability<br />
with results from a compact, modular CMG.
RAPID CAPACITOR CHARGING POWER SUPPLY FOR AN 1800J PFN<br />
Travis Vollmer, Michael Giesselmann<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power & Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA<br />
182<br />
2P62<br />
The RCC (rapid capacitor charger) previously developed at the P3E Center [1] has been adapted<br />
to charge an 1800 J PFN (pulse forming network) for rep-rated operation. The entire automated<br />
system to test and evaluate SGTOs (Super Gate turn-off Thyristors) runs at a 1 Hertz repetition<br />
rate; thus requiring a power supply to charge the PFN within 500 ms and have a 3.6 kJ/s average<br />
power capability to allow for data acquisition and storage between shots. The hard-switching Hbridge<br />
topology with 10 kW burst mode handling capability is very well suited for this compact<br />
table top system design. The control of the RCC has been shifted to a PIC controller responsible<br />
for PFN charging. Charging parameters include: an adjustable charging time from 50 to 500 ms,<br />
high voltage monitoring with adjustable voltage level, and RCC Go/shut-off. All charging<br />
parameters are determined by the main CPU handling the automation process and are sent to the<br />
PIC controller before each PFN charging event. With the addition of forced air cooled heat-sink<br />
for the IGBT modules, enough heat can be removed to allow continuous automated operation.<br />
[1] Vollmer, Travis; Giesselmann, Michael, "Rep-Rated Operation of a Modular Compact HV-<br />
Capacitor Charger", Proceedings of the 18th IEEE <strong>International</strong> Pulsed Power Conference,<br />
Chicago, Illinois, June 19-23, 2011.
A SHORT-RISE-TIME PULSE GENERATOR USING LASER TRIGGERED<br />
SPARK GAP SWITCH<br />
Yuan Li, Jin Li, Xin Li, Debiao Chen, Hui He, Zhi Zhou, Mao Chen, Fuxin Zhou<br />
Institute of Fluid Physics, Department of Accelerator Physics and Applications,<br />
Mianyang, China<br />
183<br />
2P63<br />
A high voltage device capable of producing 150 kV short rise time pulse with less than 2<br />
nanoseconds has been constructed and tested. As the key part, a spark gap switch has been<br />
designed to meet the requirement of reliability and stability by using an ultraviolet laser as the<br />
trigger device. The optimized structure of the switch can minimize the switch inductance and at<br />
the same time guarantee insulation capability. The performance of the gap under conditions of<br />
different kinds of insulation gas has also been investigated.
184<br />
2P64<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> BRAUNBECK COILS FOR PULSED MAGNETIC FIELD<br />
GENERATOR FOR BIOMEDICAL EXPOSURE<br />
Yan Mi, Chun Jiang, Longxiang Zhou, Chenguo Yao, Chengxiang Li<br />
Chongqing University, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment &<br />
System Security and New Technology, Chongqing, China<br />
Current coil is often used as a key part of a pulsed magnetic field generator for cancer treatment.<br />
For biomedical exposure such as cancer cells experiment in vitro, current coil has to meet two<br />
basic requirements: low inductance and big magnetic uniform area. So, a new coil system with<br />
four coils, which is called Braunbeck coils, is proposed to replace the traditional Helmholtz coils<br />
for a bigger magnetic uniform area. The coil geometric parameters and central magnetic<br />
induction were calculated firstly. Then, the internal magnetic field distribution was simulated and<br />
analyzed using finite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics. At last, an actual<br />
device of Braunbeck coils with red copper was developed, and the bigger diameter (D) and height<br />
(H) of the Braunbeck coils were 50cm and 40.8cm, respectively. The actual magnetic field<br />
distribution measurement of Braunbeck coils was performed using magnetic field sensor (B-24,<br />
PRODYN) and the result showed that its magnetic uniform area with uniformity of 95% was a<br />
cylinder with the diameter of 0.72D and the height of 0.83H, which was bigger than that of<br />
Helmholtz coils. All in all, the Braunbeck coils meets the requirements, and it will make<br />
contribution to future biomedical experiments for cancer treatment.
THE PERFORMANCE <strong>OF</strong> A PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR<br />
SWITCH TRIGGERED BY A LASER DIODE<br />
Baojie Wang, Kefu Liu, Liuxia Li, Jian Qiu<br />
Fudan University, Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China<br />
185<br />
2P65<br />
The photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS) have unique advantages such as ultrafast<br />
rise-time, low jitter, good synchronization and high dielectric strength. Its performance is strongly<br />
affected by the optical pulse. In this paper, a research about the performance of high gain GaAs<br />
PCSS triggered by laser diode is described. A laser diode can beam different shapes of optical<br />
pulse from different drivers. The goal of our work is to study the performance of PCSS how to be<br />
affected by the energy, the rise edge of the optical pulse and the same energy with different<br />
shapes of optical pulse, such as high peak power but short pulse width and low peak power but<br />
long pulse width. The test circuit is a single transmission line discharged into a matched load, and<br />
the PCSS was immersed in the transformer oil with laser diode. The trigger energy changes from<br />
3uJ to 12uJ when PCSS works at 12kV/cm to 40kV/cm. The experimental results show that the<br />
minimum energy to trigger PCSS is 3uJ and increasing the energy has no effect on the<br />
performance. At present the experiments have been demonstrated that the PCSS had achieved<br />
750ps rise-time, 6.9kV output at 16kV bias-voltage, and the 200ps jitter. The experimental results<br />
are discussed at last.
AN NS RISETIME GAS SWITCH WITH A MOVABLE ELECTRODE AND A<br />
FIXED ELECTRODE<br />
Xiaobing Zou, Kun Huang, Xinxin Wang, Ran Zhang, Xinlei Zhu, Shen Zhao<br />
Tsinghua University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, State Key Laboratory of<br />
Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment, Beijing, China<br />
186<br />
2P66<br />
The voltage risetime of a pulse generator with pulse forming line (PFL) and gas switch is mainly<br />
determined by the performance of the gas switch. Recently, we developed a small scale gas<br />
switch composed of a movable electrode driven by electromagnetic force and a fixed electrode.<br />
For a fixed voltage on PFL, the risetime of this switch is tested to be 1~1.5ns, while the risetime<br />
of a switch with two fixed electrodes is about 5-10ns. As we know, both an increase of gas<br />
density and a decrease of gap length under a certain applied voltage can shorten the switch<br />
risetime due to the enhancement of the breakdown field strength. In order to explain why the<br />
movable electrode results in a much faster risetime, A Mach-Zehnder laser interferometer is now<br />
being used to take time-resolved pictures of the discharge gap between the movable electrode and<br />
the fixed electrode. Interferogramms would tell us if the gas density between electrodes has an<br />
increase resulting from the fast movement of electrode, or if the length of gap at the time of selfbreakdown<br />
is decreased even if gas density keeps unchanged as electrode moves.
EXPERIMENTS ON COMPACT PULSE FORMING LINE USING WATER<br />
DIELECTRIC HELICAL TRANSMISSION LINE<br />
187<br />
2P67<br />
Pankaj Deb, Surender Sharma, Biswajit Adhikhari, Rohit Shukla, T. Prabaharan,<br />
Partha Banerjee, Rishi Verma, Anurag Shyam<br />
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Department of Atomic Energy, Vishkapatnam, India<br />
Pulse forming lines using transmission lines are used to generate rectangular pulses for wider<br />
range of application such as electron beam generation, x-ray generation, high power microwave<br />
generation. The helical pulse forming line produces a pulse longer than a coaxial pulse forming<br />
line with a same size. So a high voltage pulse in a small length can be produced. The helical pulse<br />
forming line (PFL) having transmission line characteristics is constructed. The inner conductor of<br />
pulse forming line is helical winding shape which increases the pulse length without changing its<br />
shape. The length of outer conductor of PFL is 800 mm. The helical PFL has inductance of<br />
3 microhenry. The helical pulse forming line has impedence of 23 ohm and capacitance of 5.6 nF.<br />
Water is used as a dielectric in the pulse forming line due to its high value of relative permittivity<br />
(~80 ) and high breakdown strength. To prevent the water breakdown deionsed water having<br />
resistivity 2 MΩcm is used. The helical PFL is charged with a pulse transformer to 180 kV in<br />
3.5 microsecond. The PFL is discharged into a 20 ohm resistive load through a low inductance<br />
coaxial spark gap switch. The spark gap switch is pressurized to 2 bar with N2 gas. The total<br />
voltage measured across 20 ohm load is 76 kV. The pulse duration of 260ns is measured across<br />
the load. So the compactness of PFL is achieved with helical water line as compared to coaxial<br />
PFL. The helical PFL will be used as a driver for electron beam generation. The detailed design<br />
of the system with experiment results will be presented in the paper.
OPERATIONAL RESULTS <strong>OF</strong> PULSE SHAPING TECHNIQUES FOR THE<br />
HIGH VOLTAGE CONVERTER MODULATOR<br />
Gunjan Patel, David Anderson, Dennis Solley, Mark Wezensky<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN, USA<br />
188<br />
2P68<br />
The High Voltage Converter Modulators (HVCMs) are used to convert power for RF klystron<br />
used throughout the accelerator systems at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). The output<br />
voltage of the HVCM has significant droop and ripple which, combined with LLRF system<br />
limitations affects the performance and efficiency of the accelerator cavities. In conjunction with<br />
the progress in development of the new HVCM controller, different pulse modulation techniques<br />
were implemented and studied in the HEBT test modulator. This paper discusses the results of<br />
implementation of frequency modulation, phase modulation and start pulse modulation on the<br />
output pulse and performance of the HVCM. Operational data, including full average power<br />
operation, from the test modulator is also discussed. Future plans for the new modulation scheme<br />
will be presented.<br />
ORNL/SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract<br />
DE-AC05-00OR22725.
DESIGN AND TEST <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTION VOLTAGE ADDER DERIVED BY<br />
3 BLUMLEIN PFLS<br />
189<br />
2P69<br />
Hoon Heo 1 , Oh Ryoung Choi 1 , Sang Hoon Nam 1 , Jong Won Yang 2 , Jong Hyo Won 3<br />
1 Pohang Accelerqator Laboratory Pohang, Korea, 2 ADD Daejeon, Korea, 3 LIG Nex1<br />
Seongnam, Korea<br />
We designed an induction voltage adder with 3 cells. Each induction cell is derived a Blumlein<br />
pulse forming lines. The Blumlein pulse forming lines have gas switches triggered by a compact<br />
Marx generator. We used amorphous metal tape cores for the induction cells because of its large<br />
flux swing. The induction voltage adder was tested for a copper sulfate liquid resistor. We present<br />
the features of design and the preliminary test results.
HIGH-VOLTAGE VACUUM ELECTRONIC SWITCHES FOR POWER<br />
ELECTRONICS<br />
Vladimir Perevodchikov, Pavel Stalkov, Ivan Trukhachev, Valentina Shapenko,<br />
Alexander Scherbakov<br />
Federal State Unitary Enterprise "All-Russian Electrotechnical Institute named after<br />
V.I.Lenin" (FGUP VEI) Mosow, Russia<br />
190<br />
2P70<br />
Vacuum switching tubes are effective for the high-voltage electronic equipment. They have a<br />
number of advantages in comparison with semi-conductor and gas-discharge switches. There are<br />
high level of a rated voltage of the individual device, high operational speed and full<br />
controllability. The current proceeding through the device is defined by the grid potential, instead<br />
of processes in an anode contour. There are some more advantages of the device in service. They<br />
are ability to dissipate great power on the anode, stability to short circuit currents in loading and<br />
in the tube, independence on electromagnetic radiation. The basic lack of vacuum electronic<br />
switches is the big power losses during conducting period and limitation of current value. Our<br />
group develops high efficiency electronic switches. It's arrived due to using high potential on an<br />
operating electrode and lower anode potential during conducting period. Developed devices have<br />
received the name of Electron Beam Valves (EBV) due to careful formation of electron beams.<br />
Three groups of EBV for a various parity of a switching voltage and current are presented: · EBV<br />
with rated voltage up to 200 kV and current in a continuous operation mode 2A. They are<br />
intended for power supplies of the devices working in the short-circuit current operation mode:<br />
powerful high-voltage electron beam welding equipment and power supplies for dust<br />
precipitators. · EBV with rated voltage up to 60 kV and direct current 8 A (pulse current 50 A)<br />
which are intended for power supply systems of powerful radio-electronic devices. In particular,<br />
special modulators of average output power 150 kW with pulse duration impulses operatively<br />
changing from micro seconds up to milliseconds. · EBV with rated voltage up to 80-100 kV with<br />
direct current 30-50 A and pulse current 500 A which can be used for power supply of gyratrons<br />
for fusion reactors plasma heating. They also can be used in power supplies of pulse gasdischarge<br />
devices for clearing industrial effluence from oxides in atmospheric emissions. Ways of<br />
switching tubes efficiency increase by reduce of anode potential and perspective of high-voltage<br />
electronic switches using in power electronics are considered. Results of experimental researches<br />
of pulse-width modulation on frequency up to 2 kHz for 50 Hz invertors are resulted.<br />
Development of experimental three-phase converter of power 1-2 MW intended for reactive<br />
power control in AC electric networks with rated voltage up to 35 kV is described. On our<br />
opinion, use of effective, high-voltage electronic switching tubes has grate prospects in highvoltage<br />
powerful electronics.
ELECTRIC EXPLOSIVE OPENING SWITCH TECHNOLOGY<br />
191<br />
2P71<br />
Wu Youcheng, Hao Shirong, Yang Yu, Geng Lidong, Wang Minhua, Zhang<br />
Nanchuan<br />
Institute of Fluid Physics, High Pulsed Power Technology and Application, Mianyang,<br />
China<br />
Electric explosive opening switch (EEOS) can be used in pulsed power source because of its<br />
capability of cutting rapidly the current. In order to optimize EEOS metal wires of several<br />
materials were studied, including Al, Cu, Ag, and Au. The material with best capability among<br />
above materials was found according to the results of calculation and experiments. Based on<br />
EEOS technology a multi-pulse generator was developed. The generator consisted of a capacitor<br />
bank used as the primary energy source and an EEOS which was made up of wire arrays with<br />
different lengths and different cross-sections. The number of pulses was decided by the number<br />
of steps of wire arrays. The interval between the pulses and the amplitudes of the pulses could be<br />
adjusted by changing parameters of the wire arrays and charging voltage of the capacitor. Two<br />
pulses with peak voltage of 250kv or three pulses with peak voltage of 200kv were gained on a<br />
load with about 10Ω in one shot. Moreover, inductive energy storage pulsed power source with<br />
output peak power of more than 50GW was developed. This source was composed of a Marx<br />
generator with two capacitors, a unit for charging capacitors, an EEOS and a resistance load. One<br />
capacitor had 2μF capacitance. According to the results of calculation and experiments, the<br />
parameters of the EEOS and energy storage inductor were optimized. When charging voltage of<br />
capacitors was above 90kv, the peak of output power was more than 50GW on a 10Ω load. If an<br />
equivalent capacitor replaces the Marx generator, a compact high pulsed power source will be<br />
developed, including a compact charging unit and a compact EEOS.
192<br />
7O1,2 (invited)<br />
COMMISSIONING AND POWER FLOW STUDIES <strong>OF</strong> THE 2.5-MEV URSA<br />
MINOR LTD<br />
Josh Leckbee 1 , Tim Pointon 1 , Steve Cordova 1 , Bryan Oliver 1 , Martial Toury 2 ,<br />
Michel Caron 2<br />
1 Sandia National Laboratories, Advanced Radiographic Technologies, Albuquerque,<br />
NM, USA, 2 Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique Pontfaverger, Moronvilliers, France<br />
The Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) is a compact type of inductive voltage adder (IVA) with<br />
the primary energy storage inside the IVA cells. Recently, the 2.5-MeV URSA Minor LTD was<br />
commissioned at Sandia National Laboratories. It is designed to drive a magnetically insulated<br />
transmission line (MITL) and electron beam diode load. Control of the electron power flow in the<br />
MITL (e.g. early time loss currents) is paramount to efficient operation. Results from<br />
experimental testing and 2-D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of magnetic insulation and<br />
electron loss in the MITL will be presented. On URSA Minor, currents are measured in the<br />
cathode and anode conductors at four axial locations along the MITL. Measured currents and<br />
inferred voltages will be compared to the simulations. Because of reliability issues, initial testing<br />
of the 21-cell URSA Minor was limited to charge voltages of +/- 75 kV and generated less than<br />
2 MeV at the load. Recent improvements to the LTD cells have increased the reliability at higher<br />
charge voltage. A review of the changes to the cells and a report on results from and simulations<br />
of recent experiments at +/- 75 kV charge and +/- 90 kV charge will be presented.
SOLID-STATE LTD TECHNOLOGY FOR COMPACT PULSED-POWER<br />
DEVELOPMENT<br />
Weihua Jiang, Akira Tokuchi<br />
Nagaoka University of Technology, Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute,<br />
Nagaoka, Japan<br />
193<br />
7O3<br />
Compact pulsed power generators based on linear transformer driver (LTD) scheme are being<br />
developed for industrial applications. Power semiconductor devices are used as switches in<br />
contrast to spark gap switches employed in large LTDs. The solid-state switching devices allow<br />
high repetition rate and turning-off capability. In addition, the LTD scheme allows real-time<br />
impedance control during the pulse. For this reason, compact LTDs are expected to have a variety<br />
of industrial applications. This paper concentrates on a demonstration system which is a 10module<br />
MOSFET-based LTD stack. It uses a total number of 350 power MOSFETs as<br />
switches. It is capable of generating peak output voltage of 9 kV and peak output current of 175<br />
A, with pulse length of ~ 40 ns and repetition rate of 1 kHz. This test system has been used to<br />
demonstrate the practicability of solid-state LTD and to explore the possibility of output<br />
waveform shaping and impedance control by using LTD scheme. The design details and<br />
experimental results will be reported at the conference.<br />
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 50837004.
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> THE 1 MV/100 KA FAST LTD GENERATOR<br />
Lin Chen, Wenkang Zou, Liangji Zhou, Meng Wang, Weiping Xie<br />
Institute of Fluid Physics, Pulsed Power Laboratory, Mianyang, China<br />
194<br />
7O4<br />
The 1 MV/100 kA fast LTD generator was constructed and tested successfully whose designation<br />
was based on the 100 kV/100 kA-LTD stage prototype which had been developed in 2008. The<br />
generator consists of 10 LTD stages connected in series, and runs in a magnetically insulated<br />
transmission line (MITL) voltage adder configuration. There are 10 bricks, i.e., 20 capacitors<br />
(100 kV/20 nF) and 10 multi-gap switches for each stage. The outer diameter of the generator is<br />
about 1.5 m, at a length of 2.2 m. At the charge voltage of ±90 kV, the generator can delivers<br />
1.1 MV fast pulse with rise time of 53 ns and FWHM of 146 ns into a 9.4 Ohm diode load. In<br />
addition, the preliminary test results are reported for flash X-ray radiography applications.
REPETITIVE TESLA-CHARGED PFL AND BLUMLEIN PULSED POWER<br />
GENERATORS<br />
Bucur Novac, Ivor Smith, Peter Senior<br />
Loughborough University, School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Loughborough, United Kingdom<br />
195<br />
7O5<br />
The paper describes the development of repetitive 0.5 MV Tesla-charged, water-filled pfl and oilfilled<br />
Blumlein pulsed power generators, both with an overall efficiency of 84%. Details will be<br />
given of the filamentary modelling technique and the electroststic analysis that were used to<br />
determine the main parameters of the Tesla transformer, including the self-inductance of the<br />
primary and secondary windings, their mutual inductance and the capacitance between them. All<br />
resistance and inductance calculations take full account of both skin and proximity effects. The<br />
design procedure for both generatos will be presented, together with details of the fast embedded<br />
sensors that were used in analysing the dynamic characteristics of the two generator systems.<br />
Experimental results obtained during this major experimental programme will be compared with<br />
theoretical predictions.
SOLID DIELECTRIC TRANSMISSION LINES FOR PULSED POWER<br />
Matt Domonkos 1 , Susan Heidger 1 , Darwin Brown 2 , Tommy Cavazos 2 , Alan Devoe 3 ,<br />
Fatih Dogan 4 , Don Gale 2 , Jim O'Loughlin 1 , Jerald Parker 2 , Dan Sandoval 2 , Kirk<br />
Slenes 5 , Wayne Sommars 2 , Jack Watrous 6<br />
1 AFRL Kirtland AFB, NM, USA, 2 SAIC Albuquerque, NM, USA, 3 Presidio Components<br />
San Diego, CA, USA, 4 Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla, MO, USA,<br />
5 TPL, <strong>Inc</strong>. Albuquerque, NM, USA, 6 NumerEx, LLC Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
196<br />
7O6<br />
This paper documents recent work developing solid dielectric transmission lines for submicrosecond,<br />
100 kV class compact pulsed power systems. Polymer-ceramic nanocomposite<br />
materials have demonstrated sub-microsecond discharge capability in parallel plate capacitors and<br />
transmission lines [1],[2]. With a dielectric constant of approximately 50, the propagation<br />
velocity is 2.5 cm/ns, necessitating lines of several meters length to achieve > 100 ns pulse<br />
lengths. By folding the line in a fashion analogous to ceramic multilayer capacitors, the physical<br />
length of the line can be significantly shorter than the electrical length. We present the results of<br />
an experimental effort to develop a folded transmission line using a polymer-ceramic<br />
nanocomposite dielectric. The pulse length was somewhat shorter than expected based on a<br />
simple calculation using the geometry and the dielectric constant. Fully 3-D electromagnetic<br />
calculations were used to examine the role of the edges in curtailing the pulse length. Dielectric<br />
breakdown in this device occurred below the electric field threshold demonstrated in the prior<br />
work [1], and post-mortem analysis is ongoing. Improvements in the large scale fabrication of<br />
TiO2 have opened the possibility for producing single layer high voltage devices. Given a<br />
dielectric constant approaching 140, transmission lines using TiO2 can be considerably shorter<br />
than with other materials. Relatively thick, flat sheets of TiO2 have been fabricated for high<br />
voltage testing. Several transmission lines, employing a serpentine electrode geometry, have been<br />
manufactured and tested. Low voltage testing has confirmed the operation of the lines according<br />
to the design. As expected, the triple point between the TiO2, electrode, and insulating medium<br />
has proven difficult to manage for high voltage operation. Several techniques to mitigate the<br />
effects of the triple point, including resistive grading at the edges of the electrodes, are under<br />
active investigation. Fully 3-D electromagnetic modeling is also being employed to examine the<br />
effects of electrode geometry and composition on the performance of the lines.<br />
[1] M.T. Domonkos, S. Heidger, D. Brown, J. Parker, C.W. Gregg, K. Slenes, W. Hackenberger,<br />
S. Kwon, E. Loree, and T. Tran, "Sub-Microsecond Pulsed Power Capacitors Based on Novel<br />
Ceramic Technologies," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 38, Issue 10, Part 1, Oct.<br />
2010, pp. 2686 – 2693.<br />
[2] M.T. Domonkos , S. Heidger, D. Brown , T. Cavazos, A. Devoe , F. Dogan , D. Gale, J.<br />
O'Loughlin, J. Parker, D. Sandoval, K. Slenes , W. Sommars, J. Watrous, "Compact Pulsed<br />
Power Using Solid Dielectric Transmission Lines," IEEE Pulsed Power Conference 2011,<br />
Chicago, IL, June 2011.
A COMPACT, PHASEABLE MW-CLASS HIGH POWER MICROWAVE<br />
SYSTEM USING AN INTEGRATED PHOTOCONDUCTIVE SWITCH AND<br />
NONLINEAR TRANSMISSION LINE<br />
197<br />
7O7<br />
Cameron Hettler, James-William Bragg, William Sullivan III, Daniel Mauch, James<br />
Dickens, Andreas Neuber<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA<br />
A high power microwave system consisting of a single 30 kV silicon carbide photoconductive<br />
semiconductor switch (PCSS) and a ferrite-loaded nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) is<br />
demonstrated. The optically-triggered 4H-SiC PCSS is capable of delivering up to 18 MW of<br />
peak electrical power into the saturated 50 Ω NLTL. The PCSS is illuminated by a tripled<br />
Nd:YAG laser (355 nm) with a pulse width of 7 ns and pulse energy of up to 10 mJ. The PCSS<br />
generates a 15 ns pulse width, 1.5 ns rise time voltage pulse that is fed into an axially-biased<br />
NLTL. The NLTL transforms the fast-rising voltage pulse from the PCSS directly into<br />
microwave oscillations. The 1 meter long NLTL consists of a 3 mm inner conductor loaded with<br />
3 mm x 6 mm (IDxOD) ferrites and a 9.75 mm outer conductor. Through axial and azimuthal<br />
field interaction, damped gyromagnetic precession occurs in the ferrimagnetic material producing<br />
microwave oscillations with peak conversion efficiency approaching 60%. The static biasing field<br />
resets the magnetic material to the same induction level allowing sub-nanosecond jitter at high<br />
operating frequencies. A fiber optic system was used to generate a train of laser pulses to operate<br />
the system in burst mode at MHz frequencies. The overall system jitter and the potential for<br />
implementation into a phased array is discussed.
COMPACT PICOSECOND PULSE GENERATORS WITH GIGAWATT PEAK<br />
POWER<br />
Vladimir Efanov, Mikhail Efanov<br />
FID GmbH Burbach, Germany<br />
198<br />
7O8<br />
A series of compact high voltage picosecond pulse power modules with amplitude of up to<br />
500 kV and peak power of up to 10 GW has been developed. These pulse generators have a rise<br />
time of 100-150 ps and a pulse duration of 200-500 ps. Size of 200-300kV module with an<br />
amplitude of 200-300 kV into 50 Ohm are about 220x170x70 mm, weight about 3 kg. Jitter of the<br />
output pulse relative to triggering pulse is about 20ps. Maximum pulse repetition frequency is up<br />
to 1 kHz. Compact pulse power modules can operate into any load from short to open circuit.<br />
Consumed power of 200kV pulser is about 500 W at 1 kHz. Accelerator laser and radar<br />
applications require high voltage pulses with an amplitude of hundreds of kilovolts with pulse<br />
duration from 100 ps to several nanoseconds. FID GmbH has developed a new class of solid-state<br />
compact pulser modules that at the same time provide gigawatt peak power, picosecond pulse<br />
duration and high timing stability. Moreover new compact modules are highly reliable and have<br />
high efficiency. Successful tests of compact pulse power module with maximum output<br />
amplitude of 200 kV and pulse duration of 250 ps have been performed in short and open circuit<br />
modes. Compact pulser modules have been developed using new series of FID switches capable<br />
of switching currents of tens of kiloamperes in less than 100 ps. A series of compact picosecond<br />
pulse generators operating into 10-100 Ohm with maximum output voltage of 100, 200, 300, 400<br />
and 500 kV has been developed. Modular pulser FPG 200-1PM has approximate size of<br />
220x170x70 mm and weight of about 3 kg. Maximum output amplitude is 200 kV into 50 Ohm.<br />
Rise time is about 150 ps and pulse duration is 250 ps at half amplitude. Maximum pulse<br />
repetition rate is 1 kHz at which pulse consumes about 500W. Operation of pulse generator<br />
requires external power of about 1000 V and triggering pulse of about 100 V. Modular pulser<br />
FPG 500-1PM has maximum output voltage of 500 kV into 50 Ohm with rise time of about<br />
150 ps and pulse duration of 300 ps FWHM. This pulser operates at 1 kHz. Its approximate size<br />
about 500x200x180mm and weight is about 10 kg. Power consumption is about 2 kW. Operation<br />
of generator requires input power of about 2 kV and triggering pulse with amplitude of about<br />
100 V. At 100 Hz pulser can operate for significant time without external cooling. FID GmbH is<br />
now performing development o compact pulse power modules with amplitude of 1-2 megavolts<br />
and pulse duration of 200-300 ps. Measurement of operating specifications of gigawatt<br />
picosecond pulsers and compact pulse power modules special high voltage attenuators with<br />
bandwidth of up to 2 GHz and directional couplers with bandwidth of 10 GHz have been<br />
developed.
PRELIMINARY NUMERICAL STUDY ON DIELECTRIC MIXTURES UNDER<br />
LIGHTNING IMPULSE CONDITIONS<br />
Enis Tuncer, Chris Calebrese, Weijun Yin<br />
GE Global Research, Dielectrics & Electrophysics Lab, Niskayuna, NY, USA<br />
199<br />
8O1<br />
High voltage devices and systems are designed using different rules depending on various<br />
parameters i.e., selection of materials. One of the important parts of the design process is the<br />
insulation coordination, which is employed to select the necessary insulation material(s) and<br />
determine sufficient insulation characteristics of the equipment to retain reliable operation under<br />
normal voltages and overvoltages of various origins. It determines the continuous operation of the<br />
device and system for the design lifetime. Lightning impulse (LI) is one of the overvoltages that<br />
can be experienced in the energy distribution system. Response of insulation materials under<br />
overvoltage conditions would be important to understand in order to improve selection of<br />
materials and also tailoring novel materials. In this contribution, we construct ideal structures to<br />
imitate particle filled composites and apply the finite element method to solve electrical potential<br />
distribution under LI waveform. The particle as well as matrix electrical properties are altered to<br />
study the response of the dielectric mixture under LI conditions. Results of simulations are<br />
presented using dimensional and electrical parameters. Numerical simulations improve our<br />
understanding of materials under unipolar high electrical fields, and contribute to design novel<br />
devices for high voltage technology.
EVOLUTION <strong>OF</strong> PLASMA DENSITY GENERATED BY HIGH POWER<br />
MICROWAVES<br />
Sterling Beeson, James Dickens, Andreas Neuber<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA<br />
200<br />
8O2<br />
The relaxation time of pulsed rf-generated plasma is investigated. A 3 MW, 3 μs width, 50 ns<br />
risetime HPM pulse is transmitted through a dielectric window that terminates a WR-<br />
284 waveguide filled with insulating gas. The investigated plasma is formed across the<br />
dielectric window on the atmospheric side. This produces electron densities on the order of 10 13<br />
to 10 12 cm -3 for 60 to 145 torr in air, respectively. In the same pressure range, initial attenuation<br />
(~ 0.5 dB) of the microwaves is observed after tens to hundreds of nanoseconds with final<br />
attenuation values approaching -40 to -10 dB, respectively. To determine plasma relaxation times<br />
after the HPM pulse terminates a multi-standard waveguide coupler (X/S-band) was designed to<br />
inject a low power 10 GHz signal used for probing the surface plasma. The coupler was designed<br />
to have high coupling coefficients (> -5 dB) for the specific narrowband around 10 GHz (BW ~<br />
10 MHz) along with negligible insertion loss of the HPM propagation. From the measured<br />
attenuation and reflection of the 10 GHz probe signal, the evolution of the electron density is<br />
inferred. Further, attachment rates, diffusion lengths, and recombination rates of various reactants<br />
are used to elucidate the chemical and kinetic behavior of the ion/electron densities. Presented<br />
here are the design parameters of the multi-standard waveguide coupler along with the<br />
experimental and calculated data for N2, air and argon gases at pressures from 5 to 400 torr. It is<br />
shown, for instance, that the electron density falls 4 orders of magnitude within 50 μs for 10 torr<br />
N2.
BEHAVIOR <strong>OF</strong> HV CABLE AT SHORT CIRCUIT AND RELATED<br />
PHENOMENA<br />
Alex Pokryvailo, Cliff Scapellati<br />
Spellman High Voltage Electronics Corp. Hauppauge, NY, USA<br />
201<br />
8O3<br />
Discharges in many HV loads are unavoidable at voltages close to their operational limits. Such<br />
loads may be vacuum gaps, e.g., X-ray tubes. The discharge characteristics depend not only on<br />
the state of the load, but, in the case of a vacuum gap, on external circuitry [1]. In cabled<br />
connections, the cable length is critical. The latter is mostly overlooked in literature. In this paper,<br />
we consider two cases. In the first, the cable shield is connected to ground on both sides. Then the<br />
processes in it can be described by conventional transmission line equations. We show the pattern<br />
of traveling waves developing at short-circuit conditions and overvoltages at the power supply<br />
side as a function of the cable and power supply parameters. Means of increasing the breakdown<br />
voltage by circuit modification are described. In the second case, the shield at the power supply<br />
side is grounded, and at the load side it is floating (open termination). It is shown that the<br />
transmission line model is no longer applicable. PSpice equivalent circuits with lumped<br />
parameters are developed and analyzed. It is shown that the cable insulation is overstressed at the<br />
load side. Experimental results obtained on low-voltage models are presented.<br />
[1] Slivkov I.N. "Electrical Breakdown of Vacuum". Energoatomizdat, Moscow, 1972. In<br />
Russian.<br />
[2] Pokryvailo, A., Vlasov, K.K., Magdin, Yu.A. and Starchikov, A.N., "On the Electromagnetic<br />
Compatibility of High Voltage Power Supplies for X-Ray Analytical Apparatus Operating under<br />
Conditions of High Voltage Discharges", Instrumentation and Methods of X-Ray Analysis", Vol.<br />
40, pp. 151-158, 1990.<br />
[3] Pokryvailo, A, Carp, C., and Scapellati, C., "Comparative Testing of Simple Terminations of<br />
High Voltage Cables", IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 26, No. 1, 2010, pp. 7-17.
FLEXIBLE 50-OHM HIGH-VOLTAGE NANOSECOND PULSE GENERATOR<br />
Sophie Kohler, Saad El Amari, Vincent Couderc, Delia Arnaus-Cormos, Philippe<br />
Leveque<br />
University of Limoges, XLIM UMR 6172 CNRS, Limoges, France<br />
202<br />
8O4<br />
Over the last decade, high-voltage pulsed techniques have been employed in a variety of fields<br />
such as medicine, biology, food processing, environmental science and defense. In<br />
bioengineering, many studies have shown the ability of nanosecond pulsed electric fields<br />
(nsPEFs) in the MV/m range to affect the structure and functions of biological cells.<br />
The observed effects are dependent on the pulse parameters e.g. shape, duration and amplitude.<br />
High-voltage (HV) nanosecond pulse generators with adjustable and easily monitored pulse<br />
parameters are well suited for investigating dose-effect relationships [1]. We previously reported<br />
versatile microstrip-based HV pulse generators [2]. In this paper, a new 50-Ohm coaxial-based<br />
high-voltage (up to 20 kV) pulse generator is described and characterized. The pulse forming line<br />
of the generator is based on the frozen wave generator concept. Two photo-conductive<br />
semiconductor switches (PCSS) are embedded in a 2-port and 3-port coaxial structure,<br />
respectively. The two structures are connected by a coaxial cable through THT connectors. The 2port<br />
structure is terminated by a short circuit. The 3-port structure is also connected to a 12-GHz<br />
oscilloscope for the data acquisition and a HV power supply for charging the line. Apertures in<br />
both structures allow optical triggering of the switches by a high-energy mode-locked Nd:YAG<br />
laser operating at 1064 nm. The laser source generates 35-ps pulses at a frequency rate of 20 Hz.<br />
The DC polarization is set to 16 kV. With a delivered optical energy of 8 mJ per pulse,<br />
rectangular monopolar pulses of 12-ns duration and a maximum amplitude of 6.9 kV were<br />
measured. The rise and fall times were 1.1 ns and 1.3 ns respectively. By varying the optical<br />
energy, it was possible to control the maximum output voltage. Modification in the illumination<br />
time delay of the switches allowed generating balanced and unbalanced bipolar pulses with<br />
various frequency contents and a maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of 13 kV. Pulse with<br />
adjustable durations (2 to 100 ns) can be easily obtained by changing the length of the line<br />
connecting the two coaxial structures. In conclusion, a robust HV nanopulse generator with<br />
adjustable pulse parameters in terms of shape, amplitude and duration is proposed. Using coaxial<br />
technology, instead of the previously reported microstrip structure, improves the voltage limits of<br />
the generator. This generator opens new perspectives for establishing dose-response relationships<br />
in nanopulse bioexperiments. It also allows investigation of the role played by the pulse spectral<br />
content in nonthermal biological effects.<br />
[1] J. F. Kolb, S. Scarlett, J. Cannone, J. Zhuang, C. Osgood, and K. H. Schoenbach,<br />
"Nanosecond Pulse Generator with Variable Pulse Duration for the Study of Pulse Induced<br />
Biological Effects," Proceedings of the 2008 Power Modulator Conference, Las Vegas, NV, pp.<br />
61-64, 2008.<br />
[2] S. El Amari, M. Kenaan, C. Merla, D. Arnaud-Cormos, P. Leveque, and V. Couderc,<br />
"Microwave subnanosecond pulse generation and shaping by using infrared<br />
optoelectronic switching,"IEEE <strong>International</strong> Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference<br />
2010, Atlanta, GA, pp.391-392, 2010.
COMPACT 110-MW MODULATOR FOR C-BAND HIGH GRADIENT<br />
ACCELERATOR<br />
Takahiro Inagaki 1 , Chikara Kondo 1 , Katsutoshi Shirasawa 1 , Tatsuyuki Sakurai 1 ,<br />
Yuji Otake 1 , Tsumoru Shintake 2<br />
1 RIKEN, SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan, 2 OIST Okinawa, Japan<br />
203<br />
8O5<br />
The X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) facility SACLA (SPring-8 angstrom compact free electron<br />
laser) is a compact and low cost XFEL facility based on a C-band (5.7 GHz) 8-GeV electron<br />
accelerator. In order to generate higher accelerating field as high as 35 MV/m, the accelerating<br />
structures have to driven by very high peak RF power at shorter intervals. We need to place 64<br />
klystron modulators in each 4 m spacing along to the accelerator, therefore the modulator has to<br />
be very compact. The free electron laser in X-ray wavelength requests very tight tolerances on<br />
intensity and phase of the accelerating field, which is related to a special beam-dynamics with<br />
non-crest acceleration, i.e., the electron beam is not only accelerated but also receiving energy<br />
slope, which is utilized to compress the bunch length. Typical requirement is 100 ppm (rms) on<br />
RF amplitude, and 0.2 degree (rms) of 5.7 GHz on phase. In order to meet these requirements, we<br />
have developed an extremely stable, compact, oil-filled modulator with 110 MW (350 kV, 315 A)<br />
peak output power. We employed a conventional line-type modulator with a novel architecture<br />
design. All the high voltage components, including 16 series of PFN circuit, a thyratron, a pulse<br />
transformer, and reverse protection circuits, are installed in a single steel tank (1.7 m x 1 m x 1<br />
m), filled with insulation oil. This design provides good EM noise-shield performance, and<br />
superior operational stability against environmental temperature variation and humidity. In order<br />
to charge the PFN capacitor up to 50 kV, an inverter-type precise high voltage charger has been<br />
developed. The pulse-to-pulse stability of the charging voltage as low as 10 ppm (rms) has been<br />
achieved, as a result, the accelerating voltage and the phase fluctuations have been drastically<br />
reduced. Since February 2011, all the modulators have been continuously operated for the<br />
accelerator commissioning, with the superior performance. The accumulated operation time is<br />
about 5,000-6,000 hours. In this presentation we report the design concept and the operational<br />
performance of the compact modulator.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS TO THE ITER SNUBBERS<br />
Ge Li<br />
Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei, China<br />
204<br />
8O6<br />
Recent studies on ITER snubber suggest its present reference design could not stand well by<br />
historically reviewing the snubber works mathematically. Initially ITER will use two 1 MeV<br />
heating neutral beams (NB) and one 100 keV diagnostic NB. In the heating NB system, Two<br />
Snubbers based on SF6 gas insulation are presently configured as functional passive protection<br />
devices to be inserted between ITER ion source and its 1 MV acceleration power supply for<br />
absorbing the stored energy in their respective transmission lines (TML) to attenuate the peak<br />
fault arc currents and quench them when shorting occurs. The present reference design is based<br />
on flux matching method developed in JAEA. The capacitance parameters in TML1 and in TML2<br />
are respectively valued as 3.724 nF and 1.2 nF, where the TML1 is one 120 m 1 MV coaxial<br />
conductor to be used to connect the power supply yard and the high voltage deck (HVD), the<br />
TML2 is used to connect the HVD and the beam source. Another snubber design method is<br />
developed by Fink, Baker and Owren (FBO), who integrate the time varing resistances of the core<br />
snubber layers and assuming that the snubber core never saturates, which gives the analysis<br />
solution to the design of core snubber. The FBO method is an empirical design method and<br />
successfully used in the design of DIII-D snubbers, which could give compact snubber design, is<br />
being further discussed in the paper and used for analyzing the present ITER snubbers. The<br />
conditions of snubber design are derived from FBO method, which suggest the reference design<br />
for ITER snubbers could not protect the ITER NB reliably well even with the advanced snubber<br />
operation scenario developed in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST),<br />
Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP). Modified design for ITER<br />
Snubbers is suggested based on this work in EAST, ASIPP. Its inner bore diameter must be<br />
scaled up with the present reference Finemet material or more advanced design should be<br />
developed for safe ITER operation.
A NEW TRIGGERING TECHNOLOGY BASED ON INDUCTIVE<br />
TRANSFORMER FOR LTD SWITCHES<br />
Yu Lei, Kefu Liu, Jian Qiu, Zhuolin Tu<br />
Fudan University, Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China<br />
205<br />
8O7<br />
A new triggering technology is proposed based on reversed-LTD principle, which is named LTDtrigger.<br />
It has a similar structure to LTD device, but it operates reversely relative to LTD. LTDtrigger<br />
is an inductive voltage divider contrast to LTD based on inductive voltage adder in<br />
principle. Its input port and output port is opposite to LTD configuration. With one primary highvoltage<br />
pulsed power supply of LTD-trigger, multichannel fast triggering pulsed voltages can be<br />
obtained by the linear inductive transformer (magnetic core) to trigger corresponding LTD<br />
switches. It reduces the delay and jitter time due to the intrinsic advantages from coaxial<br />
configuration over the conventional triggering method. With careful design, LTD-trigger can<br />
match the time sequence of triggered switches in the different cavities of LTD. The paper<br />
analyzed the working principle of LTD-trigger by establishing a circuit model and simulation.<br />
Taking some fault factors into consideration, the results showed that the LTD-trigger is reliable.<br />
A prototype with 20 channels of triggering pulse and 20kV trigger voltage in each channel had<br />
been designed and tested.the jitter of all trigger pulse is less than 1ns. The experimental results<br />
showed that they agreed with the simulation.
SUSCEPTIBILITY <strong>OF</strong> ELECTRO-EXPLOSIVE DEVICES TO HIGH PULSED<br />
ELECTRIC FIELDS<br />
David Reale, John Mankowski, James Dickens<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power & Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA<br />
206<br />
8O8<br />
Commercially available Electro-Explosive Devices (EED), such as Blasting Caps, use electrical<br />
current to initiate a primary charge. Various detonators are available including bridge wire,<br />
match-type, exploding bridge wire, and slapper. The basic operating principle of the match-type<br />
device is to heat the ignition element causing a reaction that then detonates the primary<br />
charge. The normal operation current profiles, both constant current and pulsed excitation, are<br />
well known as is the ignition temperature. However, as safety and reliability are of great concern,<br />
both in the operation and storage of EEDs, the susceptibility of these devices to transient or<br />
spurious fields is of interest. Previous work has investigated the susceptibility of match-type<br />
EEDs to high magnetic fields [1]. This work was extended to investigate the effects of high<br />
pulsed electric fields. A Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation is used to determine the<br />
heating of the bridge wire element due to applied field levels. Several situations are investigated<br />
including EEDs in conductive and non-conductive media, leads open or terminated in a high<br />
impedance representing operational situations, and leads shorted representing storage.<br />
[1] J. Parson, et al., "Pulsed magnetic field excitation sensitivity of match-type electric blasting<br />
caps," Rev. Sci. Inst., vol. 81, pp. 105115-1-105115-7, Oct. 2010.
WEDNESDAY
207<br />
Plenary Session 3<br />
PLS-II AS THE LEADING KOREAN ACCELERATOR PROJECT AND ITS<br />
ROLE FOR MEGA-SCIENCE ACCELERATOR PROJECTS IN KOREA<br />
Sang Hoon Nam<br />
Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Korea<br />
The Pohang light source II (PLS-II) is a new 3 rd generation synchrotron light source, which was<br />
constructed in 2011 and opened to users on March <strong>2012</strong>. The PLS-II is fully renovated from the<br />
old PLS that had been operated for fifteen years from 1995 in Pohang, Korea. The PLS-II project<br />
had taken 3years from 2009 to 2011 at a cost of about 100M$. It is consisted of a full energy<br />
injector linac and a storage ring (SR). The linac has sixteen high power pulsed 200MW<br />
modulators and 80 MW klystrons to generate 2856 MHz microwave energy, which is used to<br />
accelerate electron beams. The high energy electron beams are injected to the SR with a high<br />
power pulsed kicker modulator. Major specifications of the PLS-II SR are 3 GeV energy, 400 mA<br />
stored current, 5.8 nm-rad beam emittance, 12 double band achromat (DBA) superperiods with<br />
281 m circumference, and 20 available straight sections for insertion devices. Total 30 beamlines<br />
were ready for user services in March <strong>2012</strong>. The PLS was the first large scale accelerator project,<br />
and there were several other mega-science projects have been initiated after the success of the<br />
PLS in Korea. Current accelerator based mega-science projects in Korea are Proton <strong>Engineering</strong><br />
Frontier Project (PEFP), Korea Rare Isotope Accelerator (KoRIA), and PAL X-ray Free Electron<br />
Laser (XFEL), and Korea Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator (KHIMA). The PEFP is a project to<br />
construct a 100 MeV, 200 mA proton accelerator, mainly for industrial applications. The KoRIA<br />
is a 200 MeV/u accelerator facility to produce rare isotope beams with both ISOL and in-flight<br />
fragmentation. The PAL XFEL is a project to produce 0.1 nm hard x-ray free electron laser with<br />
tens of femto-second pulse-width by using a 10 GeV electron linear accelerator. The KHIMA will<br />
be the first heavy ion therapy system in Korea. These projects will be briefly introduced and the<br />
role of PLS-II construction team who has in-depth experience for such large projects will be<br />
discussed. Technical experiences in pulse power, high voltage, and power electronics will be<br />
emphasized.
THE COLLIDING TORI FUSION REACTOR: PRO<strong>OF</strong> <strong>OF</strong> PRINCIPLE<br />
EXPERIMENT<br />
Michael Anderson 1 , Vitaly Bystritskii 1 , Ivan Isakov 1 , Vasily Matvienko 1 , Francesco<br />
Giammanco 2 , Tommaso Del Rosso 2 , Michl Binderbauer 1 , Lucia Bonelli 3 , Hiroshi<br />
Gota 1 , Frank Jauregui 1 , Cheryl Johnson 1 , Enrico Paganini 3 , Mark Rouillard 1 ,<br />
George Strashnoy 1 , William Waggoner 1 , Kurt Walters 1<br />
1 Tri Alpha Energy, <strong>Inc</strong>., Pulsed Power Physics, Foothill Ranch, CA, USA, 2 University of<br />
Pisa, Physics, Pisa, Italy, 3 ENEL Pisa, Italy<br />
208<br />
9O1<br />
This report provides a brief conceptual overview, machine parameters, a description of the<br />
diagnostics suite, and initial results of the Colliding Tori Fusion Reactor - Proof of Principle<br />
(CTFR-POP) experiment. The CTFR-POP machine (10MA, 2MJ, 0.25TW) was constructed to<br />
explore the parameter space between Magnetic Confinement and Magnetized Target Fusion.<br />
CTFR-POP relies on empirical knowledge gained from past experiments [1,2,3], mature pulsed<br />
power driver technology [4] and peristaltic theta-pinch techniques [5,6] to create a traveling<br />
magnetic wave that forms, accelerates, collides and compresses compact plasma tori to high<br />
densities (n > 5x10 23 m -3 ) and temperatures (Ttot > 5keV) with plasmoid lifetimes > 1-10us.<br />
[1] A. Hoffman, et al., "Field Reversed Configuration Lifetime Scaling Based on Measurements<br />
from the Large s Experiment," Nuclear Fusion vol. 33, no.1, p. 27-38, (1993).<br />
[2] F.H. Coensgen, et al., "Multistage Magnetic Compression of Highly Ionized Plasma," Physics<br />
of Fluids vol. 4, no. 4, p. 350-361, (1959).<br />
[3] D.R. Wells, et al., "Hydrodynamic Confinement of Thermonuclear Plasmas: TRISOPS VIII<br />
(Plasma Liner Confinement)," Fusion Technology, vol.9, p. 83-96 (1986).<br />
[4] T.C. Grabowski, "Directed Energy HPM, PP, & PPS Efforts: Magnetized Target Fusion –<br />
Field Reversed Configuration," Air Force Research Laboratory Report, AFRL-DE-PSTR-2006-<br />
1086, (2006).<br />
[5] G.P. Boicourt, "<strong>Engineering</strong> Feasibility Evaluation of a Peristaltic Pinch," Los Alamos<br />
National Laboratory Report, LA-6766-MS, (1977).<br />
[6] M. Binderbauer, et al., "Dynamic formation of a hot field reversed configuration with<br />
improved confinement by supersonic merging of two colliding high-β compact toroids," Physics<br />
Review Letters, vol. 105, no. 4, p. 045003 (2010).
ATMOSPHERIC ELECTROMAGNETIC PLASMADYNAMIC SYSTEM FOR<br />
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS<br />
209<br />
9O2<br />
Yuri Chivel 1 , Victor Bochkov 2 , Dmitry Bochkov 2 , Yury Gryshin 3 , Valery Suslov 3 ,<br />
Vladimir Vermel 4<br />
1 MerPhotonics Saint Etienne, France, 2 Pulsed Technologies Ltd. Ryazan, Russia, 3 Pulsed<br />
Technologies Ltd. Ryazan, Russia, 4 Bauman University Moscow, Russia, 5 Bauman<br />
University Moscow, Russia, 6 TsAGI Moscow, Russia<br />
Electromagnetic plasmadynamic systems are one of the most promising systems for a number of<br />
applications: surface hardening, thermal spraying, surface modifications. On the surface these<br />
systems provide the same action parameters (i.e., power density, exposure time) as technological<br />
lasers, but they have advantages - large action spots, up to ten square centimeters and combined<br />
thermal and shock action. These systems are capable of accelerating powder particles at the<br />
velocity up to (2.5-3)·10 3 m/s. Using these systems the unique coatings from B4,C, Si and WC are<br />
formed. Such high particles velocity is not attainable by other spraying. But normally these<br />
systems operate at low pressure of ambient gas (10 2 -10 3 Pa) only and with a low frequency of<br />
operation
PROGRESS TOWARD A SELF-CONTAINED RAPID CAPACITOR CHARGER<br />
FOR A SMALL RAILGUN IN BURST MODE OPERATION AT 3 RPS<br />
Raymond Allen 1 , Craig Boyer 2 , Jesse Neri 1 , Michael Veracka 3 , Brett Huhman 1<br />
1 Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, Washington, DC, USA, 2 L3<br />
Communications/Titan Group Reston, VA, USA, 3 Naval Research Laboratory, Tactical<br />
Electronic Warfare Division, Washington, DC, USA<br />
210<br />
9O3<br />
In previous work, one module of a battery powered rapid charger was created which was able to<br />
charge the capacitor bank of a low velocity railgun [1] to 2 kV at 1 Hz in burst mode [2][3]. A<br />
second module has recently been added to the system which has demonstrated how these modules<br />
can be combined in parallel to increase both the power and energy available. Also, some<br />
additions to the circuit have improved the robustness of the system. Further improvements to the<br />
railgun now allow us to reduce the required charge voltage to 1.8 kV although the capacitance of<br />
the bank will increase to keep the stored energy the same. The rapid charger has now<br />
demonstrated 2 RPS operation. Methods to further increase the charge rate are<br />
discussed. Research into alternative battery types reveals that our current dry-cell lead-acid<br />
batteries compare favorably to newer battery types.<br />
[1] J. M. Neri and J. S. Kim, "Initial Operation, Modeling and Optimization of a Low-Velocity<br />
Augmented Railgun," 13th <strong>International</strong> Pulsed Power Conference, June 15-19, 2003, pp. 1103-<br />
1106.<br />
[2] R. J. Allen and J. M. Neri, "A Battery Powered, 200-kW Rapid Capacitor Charger for a<br />
Portable Railgun in Burst Mode Operation at 3 RPS," 16 th <strong>International</strong> Pulsed Power<br />
Conference, June 17-22, 2007.<br />
[3] R.J. Allen, C.N. Boyer, J.M. Neri, and M. Veracka, "Development of a 150-KW, Battery<br />
Powered, Rapid Capacitor Charger for a Small Railgun in Burst Mode Operation at 3 RPS,"<br />
Proceedings of the 2008 <strong>International</strong> Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, May 27-<br />
31, 2008, pp. 106-108.<br />
This work is supported by the Naval Research Laboratory Base Program.
ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> ELECTROMAGNETIC COIL LAUNCH<br />
SYSTEM<br />
Jiange Zhang 1 , Zan Lu 1 , James E. Thompson 2 , Naz E. Islam 1<br />
1 University of Missouri-Columbia, Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO,<br />
USA, 2 University of Missouri-Columbia, College of engineering, Columbia, MO, USA<br />
211<br />
9O4<br />
Compared with the conventional method or technology to launch the tactical missile,<br />
electromagnetic coil launcher or coilgun technology has distinct good points. In contrast to classic<br />
launch system, the presentation discusses the technical characteristics of the EM coil launch<br />
system for missile and introduces the systematic structure of the EM coil launcher, such energy<br />
storage subsystem, current conversion subsystem, control subsystem and launcher subsystem.<br />
Based on specific requirements such as load mass of 500kg and muzzle speed of 30m/s, the basic<br />
design of the EM launch system, including the calculation of the overall parameters, composition<br />
of the subsystems and the selection of the major components is also discussed. In addition, the<br />
electrical and mechanical models of the system, upon which the electromagnetic and dynamic<br />
simulations of the system have been conducted to optimize the parameters of the launching coils<br />
is also discussed. Finally some problems and concerns that need specific attentions and their<br />
possible solutions is also discussed in the presentation.<br />
[1] Skurdal, B.D.; Gaigler, R.L.; Multimission Electromagnetic Launcher Magnetics, IEEE Trans<br />
actions on Volume: 45 , Issue: 1 , Part: 2, Page((s): 458 – 461,2009.<br />
[2] M. S. Aubuchon et al., "Results from Sandia National Laboratories/Lockheed Martin electrom<br />
agnetic missile launcher (EMML)," in Proc.15th IEEE Int. Pulsed Power Conf., 2005, pp. 75–78.<br />
[3] R. J. Kaye, "Operational requirements and issues for coilgun electromagnetic launchers," IEE<br />
E Trans. Magn., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 194–199, Jan. 2005.<br />
[4] R. L. Gaigler,M. R. Alberding, and L. S. Basak, "Unitary Electro Magnetic Coil Launch Tube,<br />
" U.S. Patent Application 20080006144, Jan.10, 2008.<br />
[5] B. M. Marder, "SLINGSHOT A coilgun design code," Sandia National Lab., Albuquerque,<br />
NM, Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND2001-1780, Sep. 2001.
MEASUREMENT <strong>OF</strong> SOLID ARMATURE'S IN-BORE VELOCITY USING<br />
B-DOT PROBES IN AUGMENTED RAILGUN<br />
Song Shengyi, Cheng Cheng, Guan Yongchao, He Yong<br />
Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Laboratory for Pulsed Power Technology, Mianyang,<br />
China<br />
212<br />
9O5<br />
The waveform of solid armature's displacement and in-bore velocity can be obtained by arranging<br />
B-dot probe arrays along the barrel of a series augmented railgun. The moment of armature arrive<br />
can be determined by an evident change in the differential signal from B-dot probe while<br />
armature passing by. However, for a railgun it is difficult or even impossible to directly pick up<br />
the arrive moment from the signal because of not only armature movement but also rail current<br />
contributed to the change of differential signal, especially for the series augmented railgun where<br />
all the time there are currents both on outer rails and connecting conductors to probably be<br />
induced by the B-dot probe. To eliminate the influence of current variety the ratio function has<br />
been introduced, which is the ratio of the differential signal integral to the current. The ratio<br />
function of armature probe aimed at armature current will reach a maximum at the moment of<br />
armature arrive, while the one at rail current will reach the median. Three shots with same initial<br />
conditions were carried on a series augmented railgun, each of which had adopted armature<br />
probe, rail probe and VISAR, respectively. The well agreement with each other about<br />
displacement and velocity waveforms by B-dot probes indicated that method and measurement<br />
were valid. The accuracy of B-dot method is mainly affected by probe size and position, railgun<br />
current distribution and electromagnetic noise.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM THE DESTRUCTIVE TESTING <strong>OF</strong><br />
MULTI-LAYER PZT FERROELECTRIC GENERATORS<br />
Allen Stults<br />
US Army, AMRDEC, Redstone Arsenal, AL, USA<br />
213<br />
9O6<br />
Ferroelectric generators have shown significant improvement with better availability of materials.<br />
To date, most improved designs for these explosive generators have been in the use of the<br />
generators as high voltage devices. As an alternative, these devices can be used as high current<br />
devices. In order to make high current devices, a multiple layer approach has been pursued where<br />
conductive leads have been alternated with dielectric ceramics within the active block of material.<br />
As a start in learning how to make such multi-layer materials, many samples, 120, have been<br />
produced. These samples, while not optimal, are considered suitable for explosive loading to<br />
gather voltage and current results from firing into loads of low inductance and varying<br />
resistances. These results are presented and a simple model of ferroelectric generators as current<br />
devices has been empirically determined. The results of these 120 experiments are given in order<br />
that a baseline data set can be used by interested researchers for further study.
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES <strong>OF</strong> A FLYER-PLATE<br />
ELECTROMAGNETIC ACCELERATOR<br />
Kaashif Omar 1 , Neal Graneau 1 , Mark Sinclair 1 , Bucur Novac 2 , Ivor Smith 2 , Peter<br />
Senior 2<br />
1 AWE, Hydrodynamics Department, Aldermaston, United Kingdom, 2 Loughborough<br />
University, School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems <strong>Engineering</strong>, Loughborough,<br />
United Kingdom<br />
214<br />
9O7<br />
A joint programme involving the study and practical performance of a flyer plate electromagnetic<br />
accelerator has recently been initiated by AWE, Aldermaston and Loughborough University Two<br />
electromagnetic accelerating systems have been developed as part of the programme: AMPERE,<br />
based on a 120 kJ/40 kV capacitor bank mounted at AWE and QUATTO, based on a<br />
100 kJ/22 kV capacitor bank and operated at Loughborogh Pulsed Power Laboratory. Both 0-D<br />
and 2-D numerical models for the foil-flyer accelerator have been developed. The 0-D model is<br />
used primarily for parametric design studies and the 2-D model for accurately calculating the 2-D<br />
distribution of the current, velocity, acceleration and temperature of the flyer, together with the<br />
complete distribution of the magnetic and electric fields generated during a shot. Recently, a<br />
novel form of inductive sensor has been installed and successfully used to detect the current<br />
distribution in the flyer, although the probe can also be used with any parallel-plate transmission<br />
line. The paper will present the most relevant experimental data obtained during the first phase of<br />
the joint programme and compare this with theoretical predictions.
OPTIMIZATION <strong>OF</strong> NONUNIFORM TRANSMISSION LINE WITH A<br />
GAUSSIAN IMPEDANCE PR<strong>OF</strong>ILE BY CIRCUIT SIMULATION<br />
Rui Zhang, Chongyang Mao, Kun Hunag, Xiaobing Zou, Xinxin Wang<br />
Tsinghua University, Department of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China<br />
215<br />
9O8<br />
In 1997 a breakthrough in Z-pinch research was achieved by Sandia Laboratories in PBFA-Z<br />
project. One of the reasons for this breakthrough was thought to be the use of PBFA accelerator<br />
(20 MA, 100 ns) as Z-pinch driver. Recently, a number of architectures have been proposed in the<br />
literatures for the design of future pulsed power Z-pinch drivers. In the architectures monolithic<br />
radial-transmission-line impedance transformers were used to combine the outputs of severalhundred<br />
terawatt-level pulse generators to produce a petawatt-level pulse. It was usually proposed<br />
to use the radial transformers with an exponential impedance profile since they are more efficient<br />
than those with a linear impedance profile and easier to treat theoretically. However, it appears<br />
that the impedance profile that optimizes the performance of a transmission-line transformer is<br />
not known. Lewis and Wells suggested that the performance of a Gaussian transformer may be<br />
superior to that of an exponential transformer. In this paper, an optimization of nonuniform<br />
transmission line with a Gaussian impedance profile was carried out by circuit simulation with<br />
Pspice code. Based on a recently published design of a petawatt-class Z-pinch driver, the<br />
following parameters of a water-insulated Gaussian line were used. The input and output<br />
impedance are 0.203 Ω and 2.16 Ω, respectively. The length of the line is 33.83 m. The input<br />
voltage is half-sine shape with an angular frequency of 1.4×10 7 s -1 , corresponding to pulse width<br />
(FWHM) of 150 ns. The only unknown parameter for the Gaussian line was h. The optimized<br />
value of h that gives the highest power transmission efficiency was determined by iterative<br />
numerical circuit simulation. The power transmission efficiency of the optimized Gaussian line<br />
was compared with that of the exponential line under same conditions (input and output<br />
impedance, line length, input voltage).
VIRTUAL PROTOTYPING A MEGAWATT CLASS CONVENTIONAL<br />
MAGNETRON<br />
216<br />
10O1<br />
Michael Lambrecht, Timothy Fleming, Peter Mardahl<br />
Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM, USA<br />
Researchers at the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) Directed Energy Directorate have<br />
designed a conventional magnetron via virtual prototyping. The strapped magnetron design<br />
delivers 1 to 4 MW peak power output with corresponding input voltages of 40-60 kV, a 0.18-0.3<br />
T confinement field, and efficiencies between 85-88%. The source was virtually prototyped using<br />
AFRL's state-of-the-art computer simulation software package, the Improved Concurrent<br />
Electromagnetic Particle In Cell (ICEPIC) code, a highly parallelized full-wave electromagnetic<br />
PIC code that is capable of running on thousands of processors in parallel. Many design variants<br />
were explored including 14, 16, and 18 vanes, strap placement and configuration, axial length,<br />
number of RF extraction rods, cathode radii, and an upstream RF choke. The process has yielded<br />
an optimum design that consistently oscillates in the π mode with no mode<br />
competition. Additionally, the device operates in a regime predicted by single particle Buneman-<br />
Hartree analysis. Analysis shows that electric field stresses remained below the Kilpatrick limit<br />
for simulations using input voltages below 52 kV, with maximums observed between the straps<br />
and anode as well as between the straps. The primary power loss mechanisms were found to be<br />
particle collisions with the slow wave structure and cathode, which accounted for a loss of nearly<br />
10% of the input power.
RECIRCULATING PLANAR MAGNETRON EXPERIMENTS AND<br />
SIMULATIONS<br />
217<br />
10O2<br />
Ronald Gilgenbach 1 , Matthew Franzi 1 , Yue-Ying Lau 1 , David Chalenski 1 , David<br />
Simon 1 , Brad Hoff 2 , David French 2 , Geoff Greening 2 , John Luginsland 3<br />
1 University of Michigan, Nuclear Eng. & Radiological Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,<br />
2 Air Force Research Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM, USA, 3 Air<br />
Force Office of Scientific Research, Plasma & Electroenergetic Physics, Arlington, VA,<br />
USA<br />
A new type of high power microwave (HPM) magnetron has been experimentally demonstrated.<br />
The Recirculating Planar Magnetron (RPM) is based on two, linear magnetron-sections connected<br />
by recirculating- bends in a racetrack configuration. [1,2]. The magnetron sections are immersed<br />
in an axial magnetic field with a transverse electric field. The RPM has numerous advantages for<br />
High Power Microwave generation: 1) high currents at moderate current densities from large-area<br />
cathodes, 2) improved heat management on anode structures, 3) more efficient than linear<br />
magnetrons because electrons are recycled, and 4) scalable to higher powers and frequencies. An<br />
experimental RPM has been designed and constructed utilizing two-arrays of 6-cavities each at a<br />
pi-mode resonant frequency of 1-GHz. The RPM is driven by the MELBA generator at<br />
parameters: V = -300 kV, I = 1-20 kA, and pulselength = 0.3-1 microsecond. Initial experiments<br />
have shown 1-GHz microwave oscillation at currents exceeding 2 kA for hundreds of ns.<br />
Microwave power calibrations are underway.<br />
[1] R.M. Gilgenbach, Y.Y. Lau, D.M. French B.W. Hoff, J.W. Luginsland, and M. Franzi,<br />
"Crossed Field Device", US Patent pending<br />
[2] Ronald M. Gilgenbach, Yue-Ying Lau, David M. French, Brad W. Hoff, Matthew Franzi and<br />
John Luginsland, "Recirculating-Planar-Magnetrons for High Power, High-Frequency Radiation<br />
Generation", IEEE Trans. Plasma Science, V39, p980-987 (2011).<br />
Research Supported by AFOSR, AFRL and L-3 Communications
SERIAL ARRANGEMENT <strong>OF</strong> FERRIMAGNETIC NONLINEAR<br />
TRANSMISSION LINES<br />
218<br />
10O3<br />
James-William Bragg, Christopher Simmons, James Dickens, Andreas Neuber<br />
Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Texas Tech University, Department of<br />
Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
Nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) utilizing ferrimagnetic materials for microwave generation<br />
have been realized as a possible solid-state replacement to traditional high power microwave<br />
(HPM) sources. The nonlinearities present in the material, along with interaction between pulsed,<br />
azimuthal magnetic fields and static, axial-biasing magnetic fields provide microwave<br />
(mesoband) generation with peak powers approaching 10 MW at 4 GHz center frequency.<br />
Additionally, an incident pulse of several nanoseconds is sharpened to hundreds of picoseconds.<br />
This study focuses on a serial arrangement of two NLTLs with 5 ns electrical length separation.<br />
Multiple NLTLs have been designed with varying length and material in order to achieve<br />
increased time of microwave generation. Additionally, two tested materials are known to produce<br />
two different operational frequency bands and the serial arrangement may provide a means to<br />
achieve increased bandwidth or dual band operation. A 40 kV incident voltage is applied to the<br />
setup with varying bias levels for each NLTL structure. The lines are terminated into a 50 Ω<br />
matched load. Measurements taken before and after each NLTL provide insight to the behavior of<br />
the travelling pulse. Results regarding peak output power, efficiency, and frequency of operation<br />
are discussed.
GENERATING OSCILLATING PULSES USING NONLINEAR CAPACITIVE<br />
TRANSMISSION LINES<br />
219<br />
10O4<br />
Ngee Siang Kuek 1 , Ah Choy Liew 1 , Edl Schamiloglu 2 , Jose Osvaldo Rossi 3<br />
1 National University of Singapore, Department of Electrical & Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Singapore, Singapore, 2 University of New Mexico, Department of Electrical & Computer<br />
<strong>Engineering</strong>, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 3 National Institute for Space Research, Associated<br />
Plasma Laboratory, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil<br />
A nonlinear lumped element transmission line (NLETL) that consists of cascading series linear<br />
inductors and parallel nonlinear capacitors can be used to produce oscillating pulses. This paper<br />
describes the implementation of such high voltage nonlinear capacitive lines (NLCL) using<br />
commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components. Instead of using complex pulse forming networks<br />
or pulse forming lines, a storage capacitor and a fast semiconductor switch are used to provide an<br />
input pulse into the cascading LC-elements of the NLCL with good approximation for rectangular<br />
pulse-shape characteristic. The design of the NLCL is based on the NLETL circuit model that has<br />
been developed in-house. Experimental results are compared with the simulated ones predicted<br />
by the NLETL model. The voltage modulation and the frequency content of the output pulses are<br />
analyzed. The conventional single NLCL produces a signal with a DC offset and a decoupling<br />
capacitor is needed at the end of the line to extract the AC component before injecting into a load<br />
such as an antenna. A novel method of directly extracting the AC component without the use of a<br />
decoupling capacitor is proposed and investigated. Results of this direct AC extraction, which<br />
show the possibility of better performance, are discussed.
220<br />
10O5<br />
3D FDTD SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> A NLTL USING FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS<br />
IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE<br />
Byron Caudle, Michael Baginski, Hulya Kirkici<br />
Auburn University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Auburn, AL, USA<br />
This research describes the characterization of the transient peak pulse power propagation in an<br />
X-band waveguide filled with typical nonlinear ferroelectric dielectric. A three dimensional<br />
FDTD analysis served as the basis for the investigation where Maxwell's curl equations were<br />
solved explicitly using a first order backward difference method. The effect of the transient's<br />
voltage input magnitude and temporal signature were investigated with special focus given to the<br />
behavior of field propagation near saturation. Typical pulse propagation in linear materials results<br />
in the pulse undergoing attenuation and dispersion and the peak pulse power decaying as the<br />
wave propagates. However, nonlinear materials and the initial pulse may be selected to enhance<br />
the peak pulse power via spatial compression of the pulse. The initial results of the research<br />
clearly indicate a significant peak power enhancement. Additionally, this work will provide the<br />
framework for a power optimization algorithm that will focus on maximizing the peak pulse<br />
power of the transient.
GAS EVOLUTION <strong>OF</strong> NICKEL, STAINLESS STEEL 316, AND TITANIUM<br />
ANODES IN VACUUM SEALED TUBES<br />
Jonathan Parson, James Dickens, Andreas Neuber, John Walter, Magne<br />
Kristiansen<br />
Texas Tech University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
221<br />
10O6<br />
This paper presents a study on gas evolution of three different anode materials in vacuum sealed<br />
tubes. The system consists of a 200 kV, 80 J, low impedance Marx Generator and a triodegeometry<br />
vircator at a vacuum level on the scale of 10 -9 torr. It was observed that the primary and<br />
secondary emissions form regions of localized plasma between the A-K gap that negatively affect<br />
tube operation: the gap impedance is lowered, the microwave performance suffers, and the low<br />
vacuum within the sealed tube is spoiled over time. The three anode materials tested are of nickel<br />
(Ni), stainless steel 316 (SS316), and titanium (Ti). To help identify the primary source for<br />
outgassing (anode or cathode), the cathode material, aluminum (Al), was kept the same for<br />
all experiments. Pre-conditioning treatments of the anodes consisted of surface smoothing by<br />
sand blasting, vibratory bathing, chemical baths and temperature bake-out at 300 o C. The Ni,<br />
SS316 and Ti anodes were additionally treated by electro-polishing processes. All cathodes were<br />
treated by chemical bathing and high-temperature bake-out. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)<br />
images and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis were conducted on the anodes<br />
and cathodes before and after the experiments were completed. Gas evolution during the<br />
explosive emission processes was measured using a residual gas analyzer (RGA). In order to<br />
better resolve the gas evolution process time-resolved images of each anode / cathode<br />
combination of the primary and secondary emission were taken and are included in the<br />
discussion. These images reveal the instance in time when explosive emission occurs with respect<br />
to the corresponding voltage and current waveforms. The RGA results point to cracking patterns<br />
for nitrogen, carbon-monoxide, methane and hydrogen as the main outgassing species, and have<br />
been found to increase background vacuum to 10 -5 - 10 -6 torr. Traces of argon, hydrogen<br />
deuteride and carbon-dioxide were also collected by the RGA. As expected, the SEM and<br />
EDAX analysis reveal pitting and surface composition alterations to both anode and cathode.<br />
Distribution A: Approved for public release
THREE-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE-IN-CELL SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> SUB-<br />
TERAHERTZ HIGH-POWER GYROTRON<br />
Koyu Ito, Weihua Jiang<br />
Nagaoka University of Technology, Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute,<br />
Nagaoka, Japan<br />
222<br />
10O7<br />
High power sub-terahertz pulsed gyrotrons are being developed for collective Thomson scattering<br />
(CTS) diagnostics of fusion plasmas. The typical target parameters are: output power<br />
100~200 kW, operation frequency 300 GHz, and pulsed length > 10 us. In order to support<br />
experimental development, numerical simulations have been carried out by using threedimensional<br />
particle-in-cell (PIC) code, "MAGIC". The oscillation mode of the electromagnetic<br />
radiation has been selected as TE15,2, for which the beam parameters and cavity dimensions have<br />
been determined accordingly. So far, the simulation results have shown maximum power of<br />
~ 148 kW at oscillation frequency of 292.8 GHz, with conversion efficiency of ~ 22.84 %.
A DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA BASED ON HIGH DIELECTRIC<br />
CONSTANT COMPOSITES FOR HIGH POWER, UHF ANTENNA<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
223<br />
10O8<br />
Kevin O'Connor, Randy Curry<br />
University of Missouri-Columbia, Center for Physical and Power Electronics, Columbia,<br />
MO, USA<br />
Dielectric resonator antennas incorporating newly developed high dielectric constant composite<br />
materials have been investigated as compact high power antennas for VHF and UHF operation.<br />
The dimensions of dielectric resonators can generally be reduced by the inverse of the square root<br />
of the dielectric constant. Through this fundamental relationship, low profile designs are possible<br />
with significantly lower volume and weight requirements than traditional antennas. By combining<br />
the benefits of the composite materials' high dielectric constants and their ability to be<br />
manufactured to the required size and shape of the resonator geometry, the frequency range of<br />
dielectric resonator antennas can be reduced below the conventional bands of operation of solid<br />
dielectric resonator antennas. The resonators are coupled with a microstrip feed, enabling the<br />
antenna input impedance and operating voltage to relatively easily be designed through the<br />
microstrip parameters. The paper provides an analysis of the use of high dielectric constant<br />
composite materials in microstrip-coupled dielectric resonator antennas, and the potential for high<br />
power operation at frequencies below 1 GHz is discussed. An overview of the design of a<br />
dielectric resonator antenna incorporating the high dielectric constant composite materials<br />
developed at the University of Missouri is given along with theoretical and experimental data on<br />
its performance.<br />
Funding for this program was provided by the Office of Naval Research N00014-08-1-0267.
PULSED VOLTAGE DRIVEN ELECTROSPRAY<br />
Daichi Obata 1 , Asuki Nakamura 1 , Sunao Katsuki 2 , Hidenori Akiyama 1<br />
1 Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto, Japan,<br />
2 Kumamoto University, Bioelectrics Research Center, Kumamoto, Japan<br />
Electrospray is a method to produce fine droplets from liquid materials, which are commercially<br />
used for painting, pesticide spraying, ionizing target materials in mass spectrometry, etc. The<br />
formation of Taylor cone, which is the key issue in electrospray, depends on the hydrodynamic<br />
and electrical properties such as viscosity, surface tension and electric conductivity. For example,<br />
Taylor cone is not formed in conductive materials because the charge relaxation occurs in a<br />
characteristic time τcr = ε/4πσ, where ε and σ are permittivity and conductivity, respectively. For<br />
this reason, many kinds of conductive liquid materials are not applicable to spray by the<br />
conventional electrospray, which is driven by a direct current (DC) voltage. We are trying to use<br />
pulsed voltages superposed on DC in order to deliver plenty of electrical charge to the liquid<br />
within τcr, which is expected to result in the expansion of the range of materials to spray. Ethanol<br />
or water with a variety of conductivities was delivered to a stainless steel nozzle with inner and<br />
outer diameters of 80 and 200 μm, respectively, where the negative high voltages with various<br />
pulse durations were applied. The voltage applied to and the current flowing to the nozzle were<br />
monitored using a high voltage probe (Tektronix, P6015A) and a 1 MΩ shunt resister,<br />
respectively. The formations of Taylor cone and micro-droplets were observed using high-spatialresolution<br />
shadow graph and light scattering methods, respectively. Our experiments show that<br />
dynamics of the liquids varies with the duration of the pulsed voltage. We have experimentally<br />
demonstrated the possibility of spraying liquid materials that cannot be sprayed by DC driven<br />
electrospray.<br />
224<br />
3P1
OPTIMIZATION <strong>OF</strong> CORONA RING DESIGN FOR COMPOSITE INSULATOR<br />
STRINGS USING KRIGING METAMODELING AND DIRECT ALGORITHMS<br />
Hanyu Ye, Markus Clemens<br />
Universität Wuppertal, Chair of Electromagnetic Theory, Wuppertal, Germany<br />
High electric field intensities along a composite insulator surface, in particular at the high voltage<br />
end fitting, can result in electrical discharges on the silicone rubber surface. This is one of the<br />
important factors of degradation of the insulating material. One way of reducing this effect is to<br />
use of geometric field grading techniques such as corona rings to locally reduce the electric field<br />
and minimize the corona discharges. The improvement highly depends on the geometry of the<br />
corona ring, i.e., its design parameters. In this paper three parameters are considered in an<br />
optimization procedure: the ring radius, the radius of the ring tube and the distance between the<br />
ring and the energized end fitting. The 3D-FEM-Simulation Code MEQSICO [1] is used to<br />
accurately calculate electric field distribution along the insulator for the various corona ring<br />
design parameters. However, the 3D-simulations of large-scale high-resolution insulator models<br />
that realistically take into account coupling capacitances [2] are very time-consuming. Thus a<br />
global optimization scheme is adopted that uses a one-then-two stage Kriging metamodel [3] and<br />
the DIRECT (=DIViding RECTangles) optimization algorithm. This reduces the total number of<br />
3D-simulations for the evaluation of given parameter sets and hence speeds up the optimization.<br />
The results are compared to other global algorithms without meta-models (such as genetic<br />
algorithms, DIRECT algorithm).<br />
[1] T. Steinmetz, M. Helias, G. Wimmer, L.O. Fichte, M. Clemens, "Quasistatic Electric Field<br />
Computations with Discrete Electromagnetism Formulations", IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol. 42, No.<br />
4, pp. 755-758, April 2006.<br />
[2] D. Stefanini, M. Clemens, J.M. Seifert, "Three Dimensional FEM Electric Field Calculations<br />
for EHV Composite Insulator Strings", 2010 IEEE <strong>International</strong> Power Modulators and High<br />
Voltage Conference (IPMHVC 2010), 23.-27.05.2010, Atlanta, USA, pp. 238-242.<br />
[3] G. Hawe, J. K. Sykulski, "A hybrid one-then-two stage algorithm for computationally<br />
expensive electromagnetic design optimization", COMPEL: The <strong>International</strong> Journal for<br />
Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic <strong>Engineering</strong>, Vol. 26, No.2, pp. 236-<br />
246, April 2007.<br />
225<br />
3P2
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> SMALL DIMENSION HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRONIC<br />
VACUUM DEVICES<br />
Victor Bochkov 1 , Dmitry Bochkov 1 , Vladimir Nicolaev 1 , Vasiliy Teryoshin 1 , Piotr<br />
Panov 1 , Alexandr Batrakov 2 , Konstantin Karlik 2 , Grigory Ozur 2 , Dmitry<br />
Proskurovsky 2<br />
1 Pulsed Technologies Ltd Ryazan, Russia, 2 Institute of High Current Electronics RAS<br />
Tomsk, Russia<br />
A reliability of high-voltage electron vacuum and gas-discharge devices – X-Ray tubes, neutron<br />
tubes, gyrotrons, thyratrons, accelerators, is mostly limited by hold-off voltage capability of the<br />
tubes. However the known manufacturing technologies do not allow to achieve a high hold-off<br />
voltage in a compact design. In order to cope with the problem it is essential to consider the<br />
whole lot of issues emerging when designing and manufacturing the devices and in particular<br />
interaction of processes on surface of high voltage electrode system, on surface and in the volume<br />
of dielectric envelope as well as processes outside the envelope. X-Ray tubes are typical<br />
representatives of high-voltage vacuum and gas-discharge devices. Therefore the work on<br />
creation of reliable compact X-Ray tube completely reflects basic trends of our investigations:<br />
Reduction of intensity of charged particles parasitic emission and improvement of vacuum<br />
insulation dielectric strength. For this purpose we use technology of modification of electrode<br />
surface structure and condition by thermo-processing with high-current (up to 30 kA) pulse<br />
(duration ~5 µsec), low-energy (up to 35 keV) large-area electron beam irradiation electronic<br />
beam down to the depth from 30 nm to 30 µm [1]. Improvement of hold-off voltage capability<br />
owing to influence of dielectric elements, in particular, tube envelope [2]. We use a speciallydesigned<br />
technology for coating of envelope internal surface by multi-layers consisting of metal<br />
oxides crystals, when each particle of the layer has on the surface a nano-layer of inert nonorganic<br />
material – silicon oxide. · Development of impregnated and field-emission (carbongraphite<br />
or metal-ceramic) nanostructure-based cathodes. · Application of methods for tube oil<br />
cooling without mechanical drive owing to electro-hydrodynamic effects. · Improvement of<br />
reliability of external medium in which the device is operated, in particular dielectric strength of<br />
transformer oil. In the report results of investigations of X-Ray ceramic-metal tubes for anode<br />
voltages of 160 kV and 250 kV with length of 150 mm and diameter of 55 mm are presented. The<br />
proposed solutions reduce intensity of charged particle parasitic emission and prevent high<br />
density charge accumulation inside the tube, thus providing sound reduction of dielectric<br />
envelope through-breakdowns possibility and high hold-off voltage capability.<br />
[1] Ozur G.E., Proskurovsky D.I., Rotshtein V. P., Markov A.B., Production and application of<br />
low-energy, high-current electron beams. Laser & Particle Beams, 2003, vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 157-<br />
174.<br />
[2] Bochkov V.D. and Pogorel'skii M.M., "Study of the charge distribution over insulating<br />
envelope in a high-voltage vacuum device", Journal of Technical Physics (Russian), Vol. 69, No.<br />
6, 1999, pp. 30-35.<br />
226<br />
3P3
OPTIMIZATION <strong>OF</strong> A CATHODE CONFIGURATION IN GAS INSULATED<br />
SWITCHGEAR WITH A PERMITTIVITY GRADED INSULATOR<br />
Chi-Wuk Gu, Jae-Ho Rhee, Heung-Jin Ju, Kwang-Cheol Ko<br />
Hanyang University, Dept. of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Seoul, South Korea<br />
An application of a functionally graded material (FGM) to the solid spacer in gas insulated<br />
switchgears (GISs) can reduce the electric field intensity [1]. Especially, the location of the high<br />
electric field concentration moves from the anode to the interface between the spacer and the gas,<br />
when the FGM spacer is used. However, the electric field stress near the triple junction of the<br />
cathode with a rounded shape, which remarkably affects the insulation capability of a GIS,<br />
increases reversely [2, 3]. Therefore, in order to prevent this, it is necessary to modify the cathode<br />
geometry in the common C-GIS. In this research, we dug a groove in the cathode near the triple<br />
junction, and performed the optimization of this cathode configuration by using the design of<br />
experiments (DOE). Additionally, the permittivity graded spacer with the permittivity variation of<br />
a reverse direction distribution unlike that of the existing unidirectional [2] or bidirectional [3]<br />
distribution was applied. Consequently, both the maximum electric field intensity generating near<br />
the inflection point of the spacer geometry and the electric field stress near the triple junction of<br />
the cathode can be efficiently reduced by using the FGM spacer and designing the optimal<br />
cathode shape.<br />
[1] M. Kurimoto, K. Kato, M. Hanai, Y. Hoshina, M. Takai, and H. Okubo, "Application of<br />
Functionally Graded Material for Reducing Electric Field on Electrode and Spacer Interface",<br />
IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 17, pp. 256, 2010.<br />
[2] H. J. Ju, K. C. Ko, and S. K. Choi, "Optimal Design of a Permittivity Graded Spacer<br />
Configuration in a Gas Insulated Switchgear", J. Korean Phys. Soc., Vol. 55, pp. 1803, 2009.<br />
[3] H. J. Ju, B. Kim, and K. C. Ko, "Optimal Design of an Elliptically Graded Permittivity Spacer<br />
Configuration in Gas Insulated Switchgear", IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 18, pp.<br />
1268, 2011.<br />
227<br />
3P4
INTERRUPTING CAPABILITY <strong>OF</strong> VACUUM INTERRUPTER BY VARIOUS<br />
PARAMETERS<br />
Chi-Wuk Gu 1 , Kun-A Lee 1 , Heung-Jin Ju 1 , Kwang-Cheol Ko 1 , Cheol-Kyou Lee 2<br />
1 Hanyang University, Dept. of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Seoul, South Korea, 2 Vitzrotech<br />
Co., Ltd. Ansan, South Korea<br />
Vacuum interrupter (VI) has been commercially available in medium voltage switching<br />
equipment. Recently, the development of the VI is focused to reduce the size. Thus, it is<br />
necessary to comprehend the interruption phenomenon and moving speed of contact for aiming at<br />
applying to a smaller size contact. In this paper, we investigated the interruption behavior in the<br />
real VI with two different contact size of the transverse magnetic field (TMF) type which is<br />
widely used for interrupting the arc current in vacuum. Additionally, we investigated the<br />
interrupting capability according to the change of opening speed by using contact with the lower<br />
interrupting performance obtained from earlier tests. In our experiment, CuCr25 contact was<br />
applied, Weil-Dobke voltage superposition circuit was used for a short circuit current test.<br />
Through the correlation between the contact size and opening speed, we could design a smaller<br />
VI, and it was applied to 17.5kV 25kA vacuum circuit breaker (VCB).<br />
228<br />
3P5
EFFECTS <strong>OF</strong> CAPACITIVE VERSUS RESISTIVE LOADING ON HIGH<br />
TRANSFORMATION RATIO PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSFORMERS FOR<br />
MODULAR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS<br />
James VanGordon 1 , Brady Gall 1 , Peter Norgard 1 , Scott Kovaleski 1 , Emily Baxter 1 ,<br />
Baek Kim 1 , Jae Kwon 1 , Gregory Dale 2<br />
1 University of Missouri, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO, USA,<br />
2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Accelerator Operations and Technology - High Power<br />
Electrodynamics, Los Alamos, NM, USA<br />
Piezoelectric transformers (PTs) can be useful as compact, high-voltage supplies. However, PTs<br />
cannot be fully utilized if the associated circuitry does not allow for the desired transformation<br />
ratio to be maintained. At the University of Missouri, the effects of adding capacitive and/or<br />
resistive loads to a PT are being studied. Experiments and modeling suggest that the highest<br />
transformation ratios are achieved when both the resistive and reactive load elements are<br />
optimized, rather than only the magnitude of the impedance. Specifically, these effects are being<br />
studied to modularize the PT as a compact, high-voltage power supply for a variety of<br />
applications. This paper will analyze these loading effects and suggest a coupling method for<br />
maintaining high transformation ratios from Rosen-type PTs comprised of rotated y-cut lithium<br />
niobate.<br />
Work supported by Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Qynergy, and Los Alamos National<br />
Laboratory.<br />
229<br />
3P6
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> 100KV BIPOLAR CAPACITOR CHARGING SYSTEM<br />
Yinghui Gao 1 , Kun Liu 1 , Yaohong Sun 1 , Dongdong Zhang 1 , Ping Yan 1<br />
1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China,<br />
2 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive,<br />
Beijing, China<br />
Linear transformer driver technology is a newly developed pulsed power technology in recent<br />
years. Bipolar high-voltage switch is an important device in the linear transformer driver system.<br />
In order to do the aging test of the switch, a bipolar capacitor charging system was developed<br />
based on the high-frequency inverter technology. The output voltage of the system is ±100kV,<br />
and the difference between the positive voltage and the negative voltage is less than 2%.<br />
Generally such system is implemented through a bipolar transformer, but the difference of the<br />
positive and negative output voltage can not be adjusted through control mode once the<br />
transformer was manufactured, especially in high-frequency high voltage system in which the<br />
distributed parameters of the transformer is more difficult to control. In this paper a highfrequency<br />
bipolar capacitor charging system was developed by using two charging unit, one<br />
outputs positive voltage and another outputs negative voltage, both of them adopt the series<br />
resonant circuit and H-bridge phase shift control mode. The adjustment of the voltage difference<br />
is realized by controlling the charging rate of each charging unit, and the charging rate is<br />
controlled through the phase shift control of the H-bridge inverter. When the charging time and<br />
the preset voltage are input in the user interface and the start signal is sent out, each charging unit<br />
charges the capacitor according to the same charging curve to ensure the voltage difference is<br />
under the requirement. Experimental results are presented and discussed.<br />
230<br />
3P7
DESIGN AND TEST <strong>OF</strong> 2250KV SEMI-FLEXIBLE SF6 INSULATED HIGH<br />
VOLTAGE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION LINE<br />
Kun Wang 1 , Xupeng Song 2 , Jingbo Zhang 2 , Gensheng Lu 2 , Kefu Liu 1<br />
1 Fudan University, Institute of Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China, 2 China<br />
Electronic Technology Group Corporation , No.23 Research Institute, Shanghai, China<br />
An SF6 insulated high voltage impulse transmission line is described which is used in high power<br />
microwave and high power impulse technology. According to total request of system,<br />
transmission line adopt SF6 gas with 2.5MPa pressure as insulation and<br />
polyphenyleneoxide(PPO) as support between inner and outer conductor which use corrugated<br />
structure with some depth to improve the flexibility. For safety in application, stainless steel<br />
material is used as tension component. Test verified that loss of transmission is 0.016dB/m when<br />
transmitting a signal with 3ns impulse width, 1kHz repetition frequency. Characteristic<br />
impedance of transmission line is 48.2Ω.furthermore flange and transition connecter is discussed<br />
in the paper for application. In the following work, breakdown strength of SF6 gas with different<br />
pressure under impulse high voltage will be studied in order to compare to data under AC and DC<br />
situations, so as to achieve breakdown theory of SF6 gas under some impulse high voltage<br />
situations.<br />
231<br />
3P8
FDTD ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> LIGHTNING TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD<br />
ON THE TRANSMISSION LINE<br />
Hao Wu, Chen-guo Yao, Qian-bo Xiao, Yan Mi, Chen-xiang Li, Jian Li<br />
State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New<br />
technology, College of Electric <strong>Engineering</strong> Chongqing University, Chongqing, China<br />
Lightning has become one of the major reasons which cause the power grid failures. Lightning<br />
parameters measurement of the transmission line is the foundation of lightning protection<br />
research. It can supply the original accurate data to study the lightning characteristics, analyze the<br />
reason of the lightning accident, identify the responsibility of the lightning accident and design<br />
the insulation of the transmission line. So, it plays a very important role. In this paper, the<br />
distribution of the lightning transient electromagnetic field around the transmission tower is<br />
simulated by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method based on an established model<br />
reference to an actual 500kV transmission tower. The magnetic field signal obtained by setting a<br />
series of detection points has been compared to the signal's current flowing on the transmission<br />
lines. The analysis results stimulated and calculated show that when lightning striking on phase of<br />
wires, waveform of the magnetic field strength at the detection points are the same as the current<br />
flowing on the lines, and the amplitude of the magnetic field exhibits a stabile linear relationship<br />
with the current. Additionally, all the detection points located in the space around the tower can<br />
completely get current waveform flowing on the transmission lines. Moreover, the amplitude and<br />
the polarity of the waveform at the detection points have different characteristics when the<br />
different phase of wires has been stroked by the lightning. At last, a lightning fault pattern<br />
recognition method which can figure out the lightning fault phase accurately is established based<br />
on the magnetic field waveform characteristics obtained from the detection points.<br />
232<br />
3P9
NUMERICAL MODELING <strong>OF</strong> UHV LABORATORY TO EVALUATE THE<br />
RATING <strong>OF</strong> HV EQUIPMENT<br />
Adusumilli Pradeep 1 , Shreeharsh Mallick 2 , H S Jain 1<br />
1 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, High Voltage <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India,<br />
2 University of Florida, Lightning Research Group, Gainesvile, FL, USA<br />
233<br />
3P10<br />
The design of a high voltage laboratory depends on a number of factors viz. maximum test<br />
voltage level, size of test equipment and clearances between the live terminals and grounded<br />
structures such as walls, ceiling, and other non-energized test equipment. The energy<br />
requirements of the test equipment depend on the loading conditions (test object, voltage divider,<br />
and stray capacitances). The stray capacitances play an important role in determining the field<br />
distribution in the laboratory and also in evaluating the specifications of HV equipment. Owing to<br />
the large structure of UHV laboratory it is very important to optimize the design of the test<br />
laboratory to accommodate all the equipment with required safety margin and economic<br />
considerations. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL), Corporate R&D, Hyderabad, India<br />
recently established an indoor UHV laboratory, to test Gas-Insulated Switchgears (GIS) and other<br />
power apparatus during the in-house development process for equipment up to 765 kV voltage<br />
class. Initial studies were carried out to determine the specifications of test equipment (primarily<br />
impulse voltage generator or IVG) and corresponding UHV laboratory dimensions. Studies were<br />
also done to verify the performance of the IVG under different loading conditions (for both<br />
lightning and switching impulse tests), keeping into account the effect of stray capacitance. Based<br />
on the evaluated results, the laboratory dimensions were chosen for appropriate switching<br />
impulse ceiling-wall clearances. In this paper, the authors describe the modeling and simulations<br />
carried out to arrive at the optimum values for the specification of IVG and the dimension of the<br />
laboratory. A 3D numerical model of the laboratory configuration was used to calculate stray<br />
capacitances and a PSPICE simulation was carried out to study the effect of stray capacitance on<br />
performance of the IVG. Experiments will be carried out to validate the calculated values<br />
obtained from modeling/simulation in the design process.
234<br />
3P11<br />
STUDY <strong>OF</strong> LIGHTNING INDUCED OUTAGE IMPROVEMENT FOR A 220KV<br />
TRANSMISSION LINE<br />
Goru Radhika 1 , Mungala Suryakalavathi 2<br />
1 VNR VJIET, EEE, Hyderabad, India, 2 JNTU, EEE, Hyderabad, India<br />
High Voltage Electric Power Transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from<br />
generating plants to substations located near to population centers. It is essential for the designers<br />
of transmission network to reduce the number of outages and preserve the continuity of service<br />
and electric supply. Lightning has been one of the important problems for insulation design of<br />
power systems and it is still the main cause of outages of transmission and distribution lines. A<br />
Lightning flash generally consists of several strokes which lower charges, negative or positive,<br />
from the cloud to the ground. The lightning surge causes the traveling waves and the temporary<br />
increase in voltage in the transmission line system. Lightning is the most harmful for destroying<br />
the transmission line and setting devices so it is necessary to study and analyze the temporary<br />
increase in voltage for designing and setting the surge arrester. When a direct lightning stroke<br />
occurs on a tower, the tower has to carry huge impulse currents. If the tower footing resistance is<br />
considerable, the potential of the tower rises to a large value, steeply with respect to the line and<br />
consequently a flashover may take place along the insulator strings. This is known as back<br />
flashover. Back flashovers account for a large share of the faults experienced by high voltage<br />
transmission lines (TL). The prediction of back flashover is a complex task due to the interaction<br />
of random multiparameters. The objective of this paper, is to design a 220kV transmission model,<br />
which includes all the components of the Transmission line i.e phase and ground conductors,<br />
insulator strings, line towers associated grounding systems and a surge of 100KA, 4/10 µs. The<br />
transmission tower with one OHGW was found to give high over voltage across insulator<br />
compared to two OHGW. So tower with two OHGW was taken in this work. Back flash over<br />
mechanism is modeled and triggered to the existing system by an external control module with<br />
powerful electrical tool PSCAD/EMTDC. Metal Oxide transmission line arresters were used in<br />
this work as a solution for the back flashover. However, considering acceptable probabilistic<br />
failure as one outage per year per 100km line length, and suggested basic insulation level (BIL)<br />
of 1050KV, the arrester rating was calculated to be 196KV and its parametric determination for a<br />
one column arrester with an overall length of 1.45 meters is done. Simulation is carried out by<br />
placing Metal Oxide Arrester on each line and compared in terms of voltage levels, Arresters<br />
being placed in all the three phases. The overall simulated results will demonstrate the importance<br />
of having transmission line arresters for protection against back flashovers.
235<br />
3P12<br />
ELECTRIC FIELD STRESS ANALYSIS ON THE SURFACE <strong>OF</strong> A COMPOSITE<br />
CONE TYPE SPACER IN GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION FOR A FIXED<br />
SPHERICAL AND A WIRE LIKE PARTICLE<br />
Duvvada Deepak Chowdary 1 , Jinka Amarnath 2<br />
1 Dr.L.B.College of <strong>Engineering</strong> For Women, Electrical & Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Visakhapatnam, India, 2 Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Electrical &<br />
Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India<br />
The shape of a spacer, used in the Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) as a supporting insulator<br />
between the inner conductor and outer enclosure, plays a critical role for obtaining uniform field<br />
along its surface. Shape control, is a technique to obtain uniform stress field distribution along<br />
spacer surface. In GIS, triple junction formed by electrode, insulator and gas is considered to be<br />
one of the critical point at which electric field stress will be high. Metal inserts and recessed<br />
electrodes are employed to mitigate the effects of field stress at anode and cathode triple<br />
junctions. Insulation integrity of compressed GIS may be affected due to the presence of metallic<br />
particles adhering on to the surface of the spacer. Knowledge of Electric field stress distribution<br />
along the surface of the spacer in the presence of conducting particle gives a better insight about<br />
the dielectric performance of the system. In this paper first a composite cone type spacer is<br />
designed geometrically to obtain uniform field stress distribution. Metal Inserts and recessed<br />
electrodes are incorporated to reduce the electric field stress at anode and cathode triple junctions.<br />
Field stresses on the surface of the spacer and at the anode and cathode triple junctions are<br />
computed in the presence and absence of metal inserts and recessed electrodes while the spherical<br />
and wire like particles are considered to be present on the surface and at the triple junctions.<br />
Finite Element Method (FEM), one of the proven numerical method, is used for computing the<br />
electric fields at various points under consideration.
ANALYSIS TO CORE SNUBBER BASED ON DELTAMAX<br />
236<br />
3P13<br />
Fei Xie 12 , Hongwen Yuan 1 , Ge Li 1 , Desheng Cheng 1 , Jinling Chen 1 , Qiangjian Chen 1<br />
1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Anhui, China, 2 Shunde<br />
Polytechnic, Department of Electronic and Information <strong>Engineering</strong>, Shunde, China<br />
Deltamax material is a kind of magnetic material for core snubber which has high flux density<br />
swings as well as high magnetic permeability below 1MHz. The theory for core snubber is<br />
developed by Fink, Baker and Owen (FBO model) in 1980 which considers only the snubber<br />
resistance effects and gives the snubber design under saturation condition. Core snubber is one of<br />
the most important devices in EAST(Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak) NBI<br />
which select Deltamax as its candidate core material. This device is designed to protect the<br />
neutral beam injector system during the period of high voltage breakdown. The paper proposes an<br />
approach to limit the high voltage breakdown effects, based on the concepts of the equivalent<br />
resistance and inductance in parallel mode implemented with Deltamax cores. The fault peak<br />
current is higher than the original FBO model after take it into account, so the introduction of<br />
coefficient instead of parallel inductance can amend the original design model. After that, the<br />
EAST NBI circuit fault simulation code is primarily established which could simulate fault<br />
conditions with above time-varying resistance and inductance. The code is calibrated with the test<br />
results. Based on above work, the ion source snubber is designed with Deltamax. This snubber is<br />
tested at 80.6 kV with 4nF discharged capacitor. After that, 50kV experimental validation in real<br />
NBI system is tested, the peak short current is within 300A which has larger gradient capacitor.<br />
The results show that it can protect ion source within 50kV, and can protect the ion source in<br />
100kV reliability if being configured with double snubber architecture, together with the filament<br />
snubber for the whole NBI line.
MHZ-LEVEL REPETITIVE MODULATORS FOR ACCELERATOR<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
Weihua Jiang, Akira Tokuchi<br />
Nagaoka University of Technology, Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute,<br />
Nagaoka, Japan<br />
237<br />
3P14<br />
Highly repetitive pulsed high-voltage modulators are being developed for accelerator<br />
applications. They use power semiconductor devices as switches combined with inductive-energy<br />
storage scheme. Typical operation parameters are: peak output voltage 1~10 kV, peak output<br />
current 20~200 A, pulse width (FWHM) 3~10 ns, maximum repetition rate 3 MHz (burst of 1000<br />
pulses with repetition frequency of 50 bursts per second). The circuit design details and test<br />
results will be reported at the conference. This work is partially supported by High Energy<br />
Accelerator Research Organization (KEK).
238<br />
3P15<br />
DEVELOPMENT <strong>OF</strong> HIGH PERFORMANCE ELECTRON BEAM SWITCHING<br />
SYSTEM FOR SWISS FREE ELECTRON LASER AT PAUL SCHERRER<br />
INSTITUTE<br />
Martin Paraliev, Christopher Gough<br />
Paul Scherrer Institute, Large Research Facilities, Villigen PSI, Switzerland<br />
A compact X-ray Free Electron Laser (SwisFEL) project is under development at the Paul<br />
Scherrer Institute. Its goal is to meet the demand in applied science for shorter and higher<br />
brightness X-ray pulses. To increase facility efficiency the main linac will operate in two electron<br />
bunch mode. The two bunches are separated in time by 28 ns and sent to two undulator lines. The<br />
combination of two beam lines should produce short X-ray pulses covering wavelength range<br />
from 1 to 70 Å with submicron position stability. To separate the two bunches, a novel electron<br />
beam switching system is being developed. The total deflection is achieved with a combination of<br />
high Q-factor resonant deflector magnet, followed by a DC septum magnet. The shot-to-shot<br />
deflection stability of the entire switching system should be better than +/-10 ppm in amplitude<br />
and +/-100 ps in time, values which present severe measurement difficulties. Deflection magnets<br />
requirements, development and results of the kicker prototype are presented.
A STABILITY <strong>OF</strong> LCLS LINAC MODULATORS<br />
Anatoly Krasnykh, Franz-Josef Decker, Ben Morris, Minh Nguyen<br />
SLAC National Accelerator Lab Menlo Park, CA, USA<br />
239<br />
3P16<br />
To mitigate a jitter specification for LCLS user run, a pulse-to-pulse data acquisition of energy<br />
and bunch length measurements is employed. This system allows be happy most of the LCLS<br />
users. However to understand of main sources of the pulse to pulse jitter in the multi distributed<br />
LCLS system is needed for further perfection. As it is shown in [1] our current LCLS components<br />
under consideration are processes in the high power RF loads which terminate the unused<br />
accelerating RF power and 6575 modulators. Efforts concerning to RF load issues will be<br />
presented on LINAC<strong>2012</strong>. Subjects concerning the modulator stability will be discussed on this<br />
conference. We will discuss three approaches which had been experimentally studied. An<br />
evidence of a 0.033 rms RF phase pulse-to-pulse jitter will be shown.<br />
[1] F.-J. Decker et. al. "Indentifying Longitudinal Jitter Sources in the LCLS Linac", IPAC 2010,<br />
May 2010.
SNS LEBT CHOPPER PULSE WIDTH LIMITATION<br />
Vladimir Peplov, Robert Saethre<br />
ORNL Oak Ridge, TN, USA<br />
240<br />
3P17<br />
In the SNS linac the beam shall be chopped in the manner which supports accumulation of<br />
protons in the accumulating ring and then accurate extraction of charged particles from the ring to<br />
send them to the SNS target. The Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) chopper system uses four<br />
identical pulsed power supplies (pulsers) to create the required series of bipolar HV pulses to four<br />
chopper electrodes to deflect the beam. Each pulser supplies a +/- 3 kV pulse or ground to an<br />
electrostatic einzel lens split into four quadrants to deflect the beam for 200 ns to 1 us. The SNS<br />
linac timing system provides a series of input trigger signals of different widths to drive<br />
the pulser's MOSFET switches. The width of the pulser's output pulse should be variable for<br />
multiple purposes such as change of average beam energy delivered to the target or for a beam<br />
study processes. Lower and upper pulse width limits for the chopper system depend on the<br />
characteristics of the pulsers, LEBT load, beam energy, extraction kicker and timing system. This<br />
paper presents estimations of timing limits for the existing chopping system and the possible<br />
ways to increase a range of used pulse widths are discussed.
KLYSTRON MODULATOR DESIGN FOR THE LOS ALAMOS NEUTRON<br />
SCIENCE CENTER ACCELERATOR<br />
William Reass, David Baca, Daniel Rees, Edward Partridge<br />
Los Alamos National Laboratory, AOT-RFE, Los Alamos, NM, USA<br />
241<br />
3P18<br />
This paper will describe the design of the 44 modulator systems that will be installed to upgrade<br />
the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) accelerator RF system. The klystrons operate<br />
at 85 kV with a nominal 32 Amp beam current and up to a 120 Hz repetition rate at a 15% duty<br />
cycle. The klystrons are a mod-anode design. The modulator is designed with analog feedback<br />
control to ensure the klystron beam current is flat-top regulated. To achieve fast switching whilst<br />
maintaining linear feedback control, a grid-catch, totem-pole modulator configuration is used<br />
with an "on" deck and an "off" deck. The on and off deck modulators are of identical design and<br />
utilize a cascode connected planar triode, cathode driven with a high speed MOSFET. The<br />
derived feedback is connected to the planar triode grid to enable the flat-top control. Although<br />
modern design approaches suggest solid state designs may be considered, the planar triode<br />
(Eimac Y-847B) is very cost effective, is easy to integrate with the existing hardware, and<br />
provides a simplified linear feedback control mechanism. The design is vary compact and fault<br />
tolerant. This paper will review the complete electrical design, operational performance, and<br />
system characterization as applied to the LANSCE installation.
INJECTOR SYSTEM FOR THE POLISH SYNCHROTRON RADIATION<br />
FACILITY 'SOLARIS'<br />
Piotr Tracz 1 , C.J. Bocchetta 1 , P. Goryl 1 , L. Walczak 1 , A. Wawrzyniak 1 , M.<br />
Eriksson 2 , D. Kumbaro 2 , L. Malmgren 2 , J. Mooder 2 , S. Thorin 2<br />
1 The Jagiellonian University, SOLARIS, Krakow, Poland, 2 The Lund University,<br />
MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden<br />
242<br />
3P19<br />
The injector system for SOLARIS, the new synchrotron radiation facility being built in Krakow<br />
Poland, will be presented. SOLARIS will be equipped with a linear injector and a storage ring<br />
operated at an electron beam energy of 1.5 GeV. The SOLARIS injector will be constructed in a<br />
modular way. It will be divided into three RF stations. Each station consist of S-band klystron<br />
with a solid-state pulse power modulator, followed by a SLED unit and a power divider. The<br />
modulator delivers RF power of 35 MW with a pulse length of 4,5 µs and will have a repetition<br />
rate that can be up to 100 Hz. The three RF stations will feed six S-band linear accelerating<br />
structures each giving an energy gain of 100 MeV. The electron source will be a 3 GHz<br />
thermionic RF-gun and a magnetic energy filter will be used. The SOLARIS injector will initially<br />
be operated at the electron beam energy of 550 MeV with options for a full energy (1.5GeV)<br />
upgrade with the supplementary RF stations and accelerating structures. The SOLARIS<br />
synchrotron radiation facility is based on a copy of the 1.5 GeV storage ring being concurrently<br />
built for the MAX-IV project in Lund, Sweden.
A HIGH-REPETITION RATE PULSED ELECTRON ACCELERATOR<br />
243<br />
3P20<br />
Gennady Remnev, Ivan Egorov, Marat Kaikanov, Evgeny Lukonin, Victor Esipov,<br />
Artem Poloskov<br />
Tomsk Polytechnic University, High Technology Physics Institute, Tomsk, Russia<br />
A new 50 Hz high-intensity electron beam accelerator with the beam ejection into the atmosphere<br />
has been developed for radiation technology application. A high-voltage nanosecond pulse<br />
generator of the accelerator is based on a low-inductance pulse transformer. The energy stored in<br />
the primary capacitor bank is 80J. A cold cathode thyratron is used as a switcher. The diode<br />
consists of a metal-ceramic cathode which provides a high delay time in the plasma formation.<br />
The electron beam current pulse duration at half height is 80 ns. The kinetic energy of the<br />
electron beam is 400 keV. The cooling system of the anode is used, which makes it possible to<br />
extract en electron beam with a current density of 30 A/cm 2 into the atmosphere. The accelerator<br />
is capable to operate in a long-term-repetition rate producing 50 pulses per second is possible due<br />
to the use of a built-in system of regeneration and cooling of the transformer oil. The results of<br />
studies of the stability of beam parameters in the frequency mode are presented. The use of the<br />
accelerator as a source of pulsed X-ray radiation is considered.
30 KV COAXIAL PULSED PLASMA ACCELERATOR FOR DIAGNOSTICS<br />
AND APPLICATIONS <strong>OF</strong> MATERIAL PROCESSING<br />
Anuar Zhukeshov, Assem Amrenova, Asylgul Gabdullina<br />
Kazakh National University, Physics Faculty, Almaty, Kazakhstan<br />
244<br />
3P21<br />
The pulsed plasma accelerator (PPA) with energy storage capacity 70 uF, 30 kV created for<br />
obtaining of powerful plasma flows. High power fluxes (up to 60 J/cm 2 , 14 us) generated by PPA,<br />
have been used in different applications such as surface erosion, spraying and modification. The<br />
performance of a PPA strongly depends on the geometry of its electrode system as well as on the<br />
mode of its operation. In this work investigate the "continuously filled" mode, and then the<br />
working gas fills all space between to coaxial electrodes (diameter 9 and 3 cm, length 50 cm).<br />
The mainly plasma parameters are: maximum flow velocity 9,6 cm/us, electron temperature<br />
~ 10 eV, density of plasma ~10 15 cm -3 . The researches are shown, that the plasma parameters and<br />
the plasma formation peculiarities depended on initial gas pressure. So, when the pressure in the<br />
chamber below 10 -1 Torr the distribution of current has diffused type and plasma has the<br />
maximum parameters specified above. At higher pressure current distributed predominantly in<br />
radial direction, but the plasma have significantly lower parameters. Studies using high voltage<br />
dividers and magnetic probes have shown that in accelerator there are HF fluctuations which have<br />
a significant influence on the process of acceleration. We investigated the role of inside electric<br />
fields on plasma formation process and it accelerating, too. The parts of researched devoted to<br />
problem of material processing and modification of it properties. As same case, the<br />
microhardness of common steels, irradiated by plasma fluxes, improved up to 5-7 times, and the<br />
depth of modification up to 200 um.
SNS LEBT CHOPPER FAILURE MODES AND IMPROVEMENTS<br />
245<br />
3P22<br />
Robert Saethre, Vladimir Peplov<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Research Accelerators Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA<br />
The Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) [1] Chopper for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS)<br />
at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has experienced failures of the power semiconductors within<br />
the Tri-state pulsed power supplies. These power supplies produce a +/- 3 kV pulse or ground to<br />
an electrostatic einzel lens split into four quadrants to deflect the beam for 200 ns to 1 us. The<br />
four power supplies are ac coupled to the lens and a -50 kV dc supply for steering offset. This<br />
paper discusses the failure modes and improvements to mitigate future failures.
EMI NOISE REDUCTION IN INTEGRATED 6 KHZ SOLID STATE PULSED<br />
POWER SYSTEM<br />
Hao Chen, Byron Yakimow, Paul Melcher<br />
Cymer <strong>Inc</strong> San Diego, CA, USA<br />
246<br />
3P23<br />
Solid state pulsed power systems have been designed and implemented in Cymer's Deep<br />
Ultraviolet (DUV) lithography light source products for over 20 years. Product reliability is<br />
critical for semiconductor photolithography processing and is driven by a host of factors<br />
including reliable operations of the solid state pulsed power and control systems. The reliability<br />
of the integrated system depends not only on its dedicated pulsed power designs (for example,<br />
charging system, magnetic compression pulse forming network (PFN), thermal management,<br />
etc.), but also on the impact of the electro-magnetic interference (EMI) to its internal sensors and<br />
the communication of the control system. Unfortunately, at times, the conventional EM noise<br />
suppression designs may prove to be insufficient to ensure robust operations of the integrated<br />
systems in the harsh environment created by high voltage pulse transient discharges. Additional<br />
effort to identify the noise sources and mitigate their adverse effects may be required. Recent<br />
design changes to the saturable reactor assembly within the Cymer's pulsed power system yielded<br />
improvement to its long-term sustainability. Thus how to enhance the noise filtering and<br />
grounding designs of the reactor thermal sensor control loop and make it compatible in the new<br />
environment is an interesting topic. This paper presents the recent investigation of EMI from the<br />
6 kHz pulsed power system and displays the viable solutions and designs for reducing the noise<br />
susceptibility of the integrated system.
247<br />
3P24<br />
METHOD <strong>OF</strong> CURRENT TRANSFORMER METROLOGICAL PROPERTIES<br />
ESTIMATION FOR TRANSFORMATION <strong>OF</strong> DISTORTED SIGNALS<br />
Michal Kaczmarek<br />
Technical Univeristy of Lodz, Instytute of Electrical Power <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lodz, Poland<br />
In low power quality conditions instrument transformers are transforming distorted signals. For<br />
distorted currents / voltages some constructions of instrument transformers in certain operating<br />
conditions are characterized by significantly worst metrological properties. Standardization<br />
recommendations concerning instrument transformer do not specify requirements for estimation<br />
of their accuracy of distorted signals transformation and limiting values. Therefore, it is necessary<br />
to develop and test appropriate measuring methodology and standardization recommendations of<br />
current transformer metrological properties estimation for transformation of distorted currents.<br />
Accuracy of instrument transformers for the transformation of distorted signals can be carried out<br />
based on direct measurements of current or voltage harmonics r.m.s. value or phase angle<br />
regarding the primary harmonics of transformed signal. However, this method is still not<br />
sufficiently precise and require complex and expensive measuring system, which allows<br />
simultaneous measurement of the r.m.s. values and phase shifts of particular harmonics of<br />
primary and secondary signals. Estimation of instrument transformer metrological characteristics<br />
during the transformation of distorted signals with the content of higher harmonics of conductive<br />
disturbances from selected frequency range can be also conducted on the basis of the designation<br />
of the accuracy of transformation for sinusoidal signals from the same frequency range. This<br />
paper presents a new method for evaluating the metrological characteristics of current<br />
transformers during the transformation of distorted currents based on the determination of the<br />
composite error. As defined in IEC 60044-1 for steady-state conditions the composite error is the<br />
r.m.s. value of the difference between the instantaneous values of the primary current, and the<br />
instantaneous values of the actual secondary current multiplied by the rated transformation ratio.<br />
The numeric value of the composite error will never be less than the vector sum of the current<br />
error and the phase displacement. Consequently, the composite error always indicates the highest<br />
possible value of current error or phase displacement. Accepted accuracy classes for tested CTs<br />
are same as requirement in IEEE C57.13 for the current transformer correction factor measured in<br />
condition of secondary winding load power factor equal 1.0 for 10% and 100% of rated primary<br />
current.
248<br />
3P25<br />
ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> THE INFLUENCE <strong>OF</strong> THE LEVEL <strong>OF</strong> SIGNAL DISTORTION<br />
ON CURRENT ERROR AND PHASE DISPLACEMENT <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTIVE<br />
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS<br />
Kaczmarek Michal<br />
Technical Univeristy of Lodz, Instytute of Electrical Power <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lodz, Poland<br />
Current / voltage error and phase displacement in accordance with the instrument transformer<br />
standard C57.13 are measured for sinusoidal signals of frequency 50 Hz. Due to increased level<br />
of conductive disturbances in currents and voltages of the power network accurate transformation<br />
of distorted signals and especially its main harmonics - 50 Hz in such conditions through<br />
instrument transformer is demanded. To determine the metrological properties of instrument<br />
transformer in condition of distorted signals transformation, as a total difference between primary<br />
and secondary signals, composite error may be used. If accuracy of higher harmonics<br />
transformation by tested instrument transformer is not important, just for 50 Hz main harmonic of<br />
the transformed signal, the change in current / voltage error and phase displacement in relation to<br />
their value in condition of sinusoidal signal of frequency 50 Hz transformation may be measured.<br />
In some operating conditions conductive disturbances causes an increase of some constructions of<br />
current transformer (CT) current error and phase displacement, but even then, for main harmonic,<br />
CT should met the requirements of corresponding accuracy class. The aim of the research is to<br />
determinate the influence of conductive disturbances on errors of the inductive CTs of current<br />
ratios 300 / 5 A and 100 / 5 A. During the laboratory studies to the supplying voltage of the tested<br />
CTs primary winding additional conductive disturbances are brought. Their level from the<br />
programmable power supply is selected in order to the proper value of the THDU factor. During<br />
the laboratory studies for the load of the tested CTs resistors are used. Analysis of the results from<br />
the laboratory studies shows, that conductive disturbances in the CT primary current, in some<br />
measuring conditions, cause increase of its current error and phase displacement and decrease of<br />
accuracy for 50 Hz main harmonic. One of the solutions to this problem is the decrease of the<br />
tested CT secondary winding rated load in relation to the conditions when CT is used for<br />
transformation of sinusoidal current of frequency 50 Hz. The main reason of this phenomena is<br />
the change of the magnetic circuit properties of the current transformer for distorted current in<br />
relation to its properties for sinusoidal current.
249<br />
3P26<br />
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON EVALUATION METHOD FOR AGING MEDIUM<br />
LARGE POWER TRANSFORMER<br />
Chang Jeong-Ho 1 , Lee Sung-Hun 1 , Oh Seung-Chan 2 , Lee Hyo-Sung 3 , Lee Heung-<br />
Ho 3<br />
1 Korea Water Resources Corporation, Daejeon, Korea, 2 Corporation Korea Atomic<br />
Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea, 3 Chungnam National University Daejeon,<br />
Korea<br />
Today, a new water supply project is setting on the slow growth of construction and the aging of<br />
power equipment has been increased, so we need more efforts to sustain the stability of system<br />
performance. Therefore, a reasonable asset management of power equipment has become a<br />
necessity. Asset management is great way to fulfill the economic investment and the stability of<br />
system performance. The asset management is separated by three parts of essential elements:<br />
management, engineering and information. The corporate of these parts should be practiced that<br />
seek to balance. This Study presents a standard algorithm for an efficient condition evaluation of<br />
oil-immersed power transformer in the technical aspects. Make use of this result, the equipment<br />
will be decided to be replace or repair otherwise on service. This application of effective asset<br />
management considering technical evaluation such as condition assessment and aging evaluation<br />
makes a significant contribution to reliability assessment of the condition of oil-immersed power<br />
transformer.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO NON-DESTRUCTIVE MODIFICATION <strong>OF</strong><br />
CAPACITOR BANK OUTPUT INDUCTANCE AT THE NRL MATERIALS<br />
TESTING FACILITY<br />
Brett Huhman 1 , Richard Cairns 2 , Scott Douglass 2 , Jess Neri 1<br />
1 US Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, Washington, DC, USA,<br />
2 Soterra Defense, <strong>Inc</strong>, Crofton, MD, USA<br />
250<br />
3P27<br />
The Materials Testing Facility (MTF) at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has<br />
experimented with inductor modifications to maximize the output performance of a capacitor<br />
bank, the configuration of which is discussed in [1]. NRL was provided the opportunity to replace<br />
a standard 80-µH inductor on a capacitor bank with a combination of two 33-µH inductors to<br />
form an effectively lower inductance of 65-µH. To install these inductors, substantial design<br />
modifications were made and the effect of the modified capacitor bank was noticeable on load<br />
testing. The resistance of the two smaller inductors is high enough that the modified capacitor<br />
bank acts like a resistor modification similar to [2] has been installed on the bank. While the L/R<br />
time has not been reduced as much as [2], it is still sufficiently higher than the stock MTF<br />
capacitor bank to affect the load, significantly lowering the current at the end of the test<br />
pulse. The effect of the resistance will be shown at various power levels and the resulting effect<br />
on switch action, capacitor voltage reversal, and output current will be demonstrated. Computer<br />
modeling of the modifications will also be discussed. The objective of a second modification was<br />
much simpler, which involved changing the effective inductance of a standard MTF inductor by<br />
inserting a metal tube inside the coil. The inductance was lowered to increase the current output,<br />
thereby increasing the utility of the existing hardware. By using an easily adjustable tube, the<br />
inductance can be tuned without needed to purchase new inductors or restrict experimental<br />
operations by using extensive modifications. Discussion will include computer modeling of the<br />
tube design and comparison of experimental data to circuit models.<br />
[1] B.M. Huhman, J.M. Neri. "Effect of Fuse Resistance on EML Capacitor Bank Solid-State<br />
Switching," Proc. IEEE Intl. Power Modulators and High Voltage Conf., 2008, pp.89-92.<br />
[2] B.M. Huhman, J.M. Neri, and T.L. Lockner. "Effect of Resistance Modification on EML<br />
Capacitor Bank Performance," in Proc. IEEE Intl. Pulsed Power Conf., 2009, pp.757-762.<br />
Work supported by the US Office of Naval Research and the Naval Research Laboratory Base<br />
Program.<br />
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
SHOCK COMPRESSION <strong>OF</strong> GAS-IMPREGNATED SOLIDS<br />
David Rice, Scott Kovaleski, John Gahl<br />
University of Missouri, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO, USA<br />
251<br />
3P28<br />
Research is being conducted at the University of Missouri to assess the effects of shock waves on<br />
gas-impregnated solids. A test stand has been constructed to deliver capacitively stored energy to<br />
a copper foil load. When the copper foil vaporizes and expands, a flyer plate is launched and<br />
collides with a gas-impregnated target. An RLC circuit was designed to minimize the effects of<br />
non-critical damping and variable impedance of the vaporizing copper foil while delivering the<br />
energy needed to accelerate the flyer plate. Velocity data was collected with a framing camera<br />
and correlated with the mass of the flyer plate and the charge voltage. This data makes it possible<br />
to determine the velocity in future experiments when the target is blocking the line of sight of the<br />
framing camera. This paper will discuss the RLC circuit design and suggest techniques to<br />
minimize the effects of an underdamped circuit.
252<br />
3P29<br />
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS <strong>OF</strong> EXTREMELY COMPACT FERROELECTRIC<br />
GENERATOR BASED PULSED SYSTEMS<br />
Allen Stults 1 , Sergey Shkuratov 2 , Jason Baird 2<br />
1 US Army, AMRDEC, Redstone Arsenal, AL, USA, 2 Loki Rolla, MO, USA<br />
Independent government verification testing was conducted at Redstone Arsenal as part of an ongoing<br />
development of a ferroelectric generator based, extremely compact explosive pulsed power<br />
system. Electric field measurements at ten meters in both horizontal and vertical polarization<br />
were recorded. A total of fifteen shots were made with very good results. Data gathered<br />
confirmed that the Loki design could provide a broadband pulse at the design to 400 MHz in<br />
excess of 50kV/m peak-to-peak.
ANALYSIS TO THE EAST NBI TRANSMISSION LINES<br />
Cheng Desheng, Li Ge, Cao Lei, Xie Fei<br />
1 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China<br />
253<br />
3P30<br />
EAST neutral beam injector (NBI) is a special pulsed load under high-voltage and high-power,<br />
there is about 6 MW electric power to be transferred into the EAST NBI by transmission lines<br />
floating at 100kV high potentials with aluminum shield. The maximum loading mode is 100s on<br />
and off for 300s. In the Stage of beam extracting the breakdown phenomenon is occurred<br />
frequently. The fault is often attenuated with snubber whose design is based on the stray<br />
capacitance of the NBI system. On the other hand, Due to the huge transferred currents, the heat<br />
sink of the transmission line will have great effect on the state of EAST-NBI system. Therefore,<br />
some design requirements should be analyzed for safety work of the transmission lines under<br />
normal and fault conditions, the major work of this article is as follow: 1) The stray capacitance<br />
of transmission lines is analyzed by analysis and simulation method, it will provide design basis<br />
for the protection device to absorb the storage energy in the capacitor. 2) Electromagnetic<br />
environment is analyzed for transmission lines, which gives the structure, the shield and the<br />
ground of the transmission line. 3) The heat stabilization due to the voltage drop is analyzed for<br />
the transmission line under above load mode, which gives the primary design of EAST NBI<br />
transmission lines. Key words: EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak);<br />
Neutral Beam Injector (NBI); Transmission lines, Stray Capacitance.
AN ACTIVE JITTER DAMPER <strong>OF</strong> SWITCHES <strong>OF</strong> LTD BASED ON<br />
TRANSFORMER COUPLING EFFECT<br />
Yue Zhao, Liangji Zhou, Lin Chen, Meng Wang<br />
China Academy of <strong>Engineering</strong> Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China<br />
254<br />
3P31<br />
The Linear-Transformer-Driver is gaining importance with regard to its unique merits. Such as<br />
low impedance, fast rise time, well compatibility with magnetically insulated transmission line<br />
and robustness. The LTD is fact of a kind of Inductive-Voltage-Adder, which is based on<br />
multiple discharge branches. Each branch consists of an energy storage capacitor and a switch.<br />
All branches are isolated by an unsaturated magnetic core. When switches are triggered, all<br />
capacitor discharge in parallel simultaneously. Synchronization of massive switches of LTD is a<br />
huge challenge. In the paper, source of jitter of spark-switches is discussed. It is supposed that<br />
switch delays fit normal distribution, the waveform's rise time and peak current are related with<br />
jitter by numerical simulation. A transformer coupling device is developed for jitter damping is<br />
presented. Jitter of switches is suppressed less than sub-nanosecond with a multi-wing<br />
transformer, but the number of branches is limited by the dimensions of transformer core, and the<br />
disposal is inconvenience. So we developed a novel transformer coupling device that includes a<br />
number of transformer ,which is equal to number of branches, each transformer has only one<br />
primary and secondary coil. The dotted terminal of transformer is connection in parallel or in<br />
series has enormous impact on waveform's rise time and current peak value. It is proved that the<br />
transformer coupling device with series dotted terminal connection is properly for massive<br />
switches jitter damping by numerical simulated analysis.
COMPACT ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM FOR TOKAMAK<br />
Ge Li<br />
Institute of Plasma physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei, China<br />
255<br />
3P32<br />
The <strong>International</strong> Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is now implemented with<br />
Tokamak which requires about 1 GVar reactive power to compensate its power system for<br />
superconducting magnets where about 0.25GVar is transferred from France Electrical Power<br />
Network, the other 0.75GVar is generated by the system of Reactive Power Compensation and<br />
Harmonic Filtering, the standard VSC configuration. ITER can experimentally generate 500MW<br />
fusion thermal power in 400s long pulse mode with about its one half construction area for its<br />
power suppliers. It could only generate about 500MW/3=167 MWe active electric power if it is to<br />
be configured with pressured water reactor due to that it is only about 1/3 conversion efficiency<br />
from thermal energy to electric energy. For such fusion machine, the requirement for reactive<br />
power is much larger than the active power it generates. Based on this requirement, one<br />
efficiency and compact pulsed synchronous generator is suggested for this purpose. It can not<br />
only generate the fundamental reactive power to compensate and stabilize the power network, but<br />
also the active power for outputting power to the network. Due to its two purposes in one device<br />
configuration, it becomes cheap and reliable by implement it in the design of future fusion power<br />
plant for demonstration. Some consideration has been done to the special synchronous generator,<br />
which is intended for the concept design of Chinese Experimental Reactor, targeting the compact<br />
Electric Power System for superconducting Tokamak.
SOME PROBLEMS <strong>OF</strong> SLIDING CONTACT IN RAILGUN ("VELOCITY<br />
SKIN-EFFECT" AND HALL-EFFECT IN MICRO-PLASMA)<br />
Volodymyr Chemerys<br />
National Aviation University of Ukraine, Theoretical Physics, Kyiv, Ukrenia<br />
256<br />
3P33<br />
The high current sliding contact of railgun borns the set problems at using of this accelerator. The<br />
global problem is a damage of the contact surface destruction at the rails in result of the microzones<br />
melting at the points of the current density concentration. In spite of the armature<br />
manufacturing in the form of V-similar body (as it was done in the many test experiments) the<br />
contact surface of armature with each rail is not uniform and feels the action of different physical<br />
factors which are able to violate the normal operation of sliding contact. First of them is non-ideal<br />
state of contact surfaces and, as result, a micro-dot character of current transfer across the contact<br />
border with local melting electrode's material up to creation the micro-plasma portions. In<br />
addition, non-perfect properties of contact transition lead to the growth of the field diffusion<br />
velocity along the contact surface with possible asymmetry of current way picture from rail to<br />
rail. In turn, such asymmetry causes the permanent transversal electromagnetic pressure directed<br />
to one of rails is a method to improve the symmetry of both contact resistances between the rails<br />
and armature. With respect to the micro-plasma behavior, beside of its role in the process of<br />
electrodes local melting, due to presence of the strong magnetic field the tensor conductivity of<br />
plasma occurs with reduction of transversal conductivity of contact layers. Another main problem<br />
of sliding contact operation is a big difference between armature motion velocity and the<br />
electromagnetic field diffusion into the rails material. Equalizing of these magnitudes as it would<br />
be possible by the proper choice of the rail material is the real way to improve the current<br />
distribution along the contact surface. The paper contains the brief theoretical characteristics all<br />
mentioned phenomena. Special attention has granted to Hall-effect and field diffusion into<br />
electrodes as the main factors of influence on the current density distribution in contact. The field<br />
in the contact zones is considered taking into account the longitudinal component of current<br />
density due to Hall-effect. Theoretical discussion is illustrated by the results of numerical<br />
simulation with using 2D model of processes with a tensor conductivity of contact layers. Data of<br />
numerical investigation of contact process show the ability to avoid extra-concentration of current<br />
density at the surface of contact. Information presented in the paper can be useful for prognosis of<br />
needed properties of electrodes material to avoid a crisis of contact stipulated by "velocity skineffect"<br />
at armature velocity near 1 up to 10 km/s.
257<br />
3P34<br />
THE PRINCIPLE <strong>OF</strong> MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION IN THE PULSED<br />
ELECTROMECHANICAL GENERATORS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN<br />
DESIGN<br />
Volodymyr Chemerys<br />
National Aviation University of Ukraine, Theoretical Physics, Kyiv, Ukrenia<br />
Rotational electromechanical generators belong to the most effective sources of pulsed power at<br />
millisecond range of the pulse duration [1], [2]. In the paper the set of real machines built in<br />
different countries including Russia and Ukraine has been considered. Jointly with traditional<br />
structure of machine (outer stator) the inverted machine has been tested (outer rotor). The base of<br />
theory for the pulse generation is described in comparison with popular magneto-cumulative<br />
generators of linear motion. The special theory of the transient processes in application to the<br />
rotational pulsed generators is more productive than classical theory of shock machines due to<br />
distinguishing approach. The principal difference of operational process for the rotational<br />
machine has been discussed in connection with re-connection of coils before the flux<br />
compression. The question about the field distribution and electromagnetic energy density per<br />
unit of volume is considered as for the stage of initial excitation of magnetic field and for the<br />
stage of the field compression. Specifics of the machines with non-magnetic core of rotor [3] and<br />
with completely air core have been analyzed. The tendency of magnetic energy amplification<br />
change along with increase of the energy density at initial excitation has been investigated. The<br />
role of the flux scattering around the slots containing the active conductors of windings is under<br />
special attention in the paper, as well as the calculation of the leakage inductance and practical<br />
methods for the leakage reduction which are others than traditional compensation [4]. The<br />
characteristics of computer algorithm for the operational characteristics prognosis of compression<br />
generator are given in the paper taking into account the specifics of design. The examples of<br />
cascade connection of winding for great increase of current amplification are described in the<br />
paper. There is presented the useful useful analysis and generalization of the known information<br />
as well as the own experience of author in the area of the pulsed power generation using<br />
rotational machines.<br />
[1] A.S.Druzhynin, V.G.Kuchinsky, B.A.Larionov, "Compression generators," in: Physics and<br />
engineering of powerful pulsed systems, Energoatomizdat, Moscow,1987, pp.280 – 295 (in<br />
Russian).<br />
[2] M.D.Driga, S.B.Pratap, W.F.Weldon, "Advanced compulsator design," IEEE Transaction on<br />
Magnetics, 1989, v.25, No.1, pp.142 – 146.<br />
[3] V.T.Chemerys, Yu.N.Vaskovsky, "The parameters and energy amplification of compression<br />
generator with iron-free rotor defined by the magnetic field simulation," 12th IEEE Intern. Pulsed<br />
Power Conference, Digest of technical papers, vol.1, pp.437 – 440.<br />
[4] S.B.Pratap, and M.D.Driga, "Compensation in pulsed alternators," IEEE Transactions on<br />
Magnetics, vol.35, No.1, Jan.1999, pp.372 – 377.
EFFECTS <strong>OF</strong> ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSES ON A SYSTEM WITH<br />
MULTIPLE LAYERS <strong>OF</strong> DIFFERENT MATERIALS<br />
258<br />
3P35<br />
Antonio Upia 1 , Daniel Muffoletto 1 , Mark Muffoletto 1 , Brett Bowman 1 , Kevin<br />
Burke 1 , Jennifer Zirnheld 1 , Harry Moore 2 , Hardev Singh 2 , Thomas DeAngelis 3<br />
1 The University at Buffalo, Energy Systems Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA, 2 US Army<br />
Military, ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA, 3 SciTech Services, <strong>Inc</strong>. Havre de Grace,<br />
MD, USA<br />
Electromagnetic pulses (EMP) can be very destructive and protecting against them is crucial. This<br />
paper discusses a method to determine the effects an intentional EMP would have on a system<br />
with multiple layers of different materials by simulating in ANSYS HFSS the exposure to<br />
electromagnetic waves. Worst case scenarios are tested by applying wavelengths that result in a<br />
resonant frequency through the object. The results of the simulations show the current densities<br />
throughout the object induced by the EMP waves. The impact of the waves can be determined by<br />
reviewing the current densities through the object with respect to the physical properties of the<br />
materials.
FREQUENCY AGILITY <strong>OF</strong> A FERRITE-LOADED, NONLINEAR<br />
TRANSMISSION LINE<br />
259<br />
3P36<br />
Christopher Simmons, James-William Bragg, James Dickens<br />
Texas Tech University, Department of Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock,<br />
TX, USA<br />
A nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) provides a solid-state means of generating high power,<br />
microwave pulses. The NLTLs in this study are coaxial transmission lines whose center<br />
conductor is encapsulated by ferrite beads. Operational frequency can be controlled by varying<br />
the dimensions of the ferromagnetic material, which affects azimuthal magnetic fields and<br />
material losses. This research demonstrates frequency agility of an NLTL by documenting the<br />
design, construction, and testing of a 2 GHz NLTL and comparing the results to a previously<br />
fabricated 4 GHz NLTL. The NLTL will be one meter long, and to test for frequency agility,<br />
ferrites with dimensions ranging from 3 mm x 6 mm (inner diameter x outer diameter) up to<br />
15 mm x 25 mm will be loaded onto the NLTL. <strong>Inc</strong>ident voltage levels range from 30 kV to<br />
60 kV with magnetic biasing fields from zero to 50 kA/m.
PROSPECTS <strong>OF</strong> BUILDING CAPACITIVE NONLINEAR LINES USING<br />
CERAMIC PZT FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY OPERATION<br />
260<br />
3P37<br />
Jose Osvaldo Rossi 1 , Fernanda Sayuri Yamasaki 1 , Lauro Paulo da Silva Neto 1 , Edl<br />
Schamiloglu 2<br />
1 INPE, Associated Plasma Laboratory, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil, 2 UNM, ECE Dept,<br />
Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
The attempts to obtain oscillating pulses at frequencies above 500 MHz up to 1 GHz using<br />
barium/strontium titanate (BST) ceramics in nonlinear lumped lines have been unsuccessful due<br />
to the loss in the dielectric material that limits the operating frequencies to below 100 MHz. The<br />
analysis of these results also indicates that the use of nonlinear dielectrics with lower<br />
permittivities would be very good for achieving higher frequencies in nonlinear capacitive lines<br />
(NLCLs). On the other hand, de-poled PZTs have been studied in terms of their nonlinearity<br />
properties and dielectric breakdown. Although PZTs are less nonlinear (17%) and present lower<br />
breakdown strength (5 kV/mm) compared to BST dielectric ceramics (50% and 10 kV/mm,<br />
respectively), they have lower dielectric constant (about 1000 or less, than one fifth of BSTs),<br />
which could be very useful for obtaining higher frequencies in NLCLs as mentioned above.<br />
Moreover, as their piezoelectric properties are removed (de-poled) they present negligible<br />
hysteresis loss in this case, which limits the dielectric loss. Therefore, the main idea of this paper<br />
is to present the tests made with a NLCL built with de-poled PZTs to verify the prospects for<br />
better performance in terms of the generation of high frequency oscillating pulses.
X-BAND RELATIVISTIC BACKWARD WAVE OSCILLATOR WITH TWO-<br />
SPIRAL CORRUGATED BRAGG REFLECTOR<br />
A. Elfrgani, M. Fuks, S. Prasad, E. Schamiloglu<br />
University of New Mexico, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Albuquerque, NM,<br />
USA<br />
261<br />
3P38<br />
Backward wave oscillators are typically known to radiate in the TM01 mode. A two-spiral<br />
corrugated Bragg reflector has been used downstream of the cathode in an X-band relativistic<br />
Backward wave oscillator (RBWO) to radiate a TE11 mode at the output. Simple analytical<br />
formulas were used to design the basic parameters of the Bragg reflector, which were later<br />
optimized numerically since there is no exact closed form solution for the electromagnetic fields<br />
within a periodic waveguide structure or cavity. The fully electromagnetic, fully relativistic<br />
particle-in-cell code MAGIC was used to simulate the problem. The RBWO was driven by a<br />
voltage pulse that has a half sine wave-like shape, amplitude 460 kV, and FWHM duration of<br />
12 ns. A uniform static magnetic field of 2T was applied throughout the simulation volume. With<br />
these parameters a microwave power of 230 MW at a frequency of 9.8 GHz in a clean TE11 mode<br />
pattern was detected at the output.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT MODELING METHODS <strong>OF</strong> ELECTROMAGNETIC<br />
SHOCK WAVE IN AIR FOR HIGH POWER MICROWAVE PROPAGATION<br />
Kun-A Lee, Jong-Yoon Park, Kwang-Cheol Ko<br />
Hanyang University, Dept. of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Seoul, South Korea<br />
262<br />
3P39<br />
In recent years, as RF systems have been increasing rapidly, there is a growing need for studies<br />
about disturbance of electromagnetic shock wave propagation generated by high voltage pulse.<br />
Through front-door or back-door, electromagnetic shock wave can cause a upset or a lockup, that<br />
is, unsteady state in RF systems, and even cause a latchup or a burnout, which is permanent<br />
breakdown of the RF systems. Numerically, electromagnetic wave propagation can be analyzed<br />
by FDTD and FEM [1]. However, it is difficult to calculate the entire high power microwave<br />
system using FDTD and FEM. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to simulate the propagation<br />
of electromagnetic shock wave by using the electric circuit modeling methods without<br />
complicated calculations. In this paper, a concept of tapered transmission line is adopted as the<br />
electric circuit modeling methods. The tapered transmission line is used for impedance matching,<br />
and impedances of the tapered transmission line depend on the location [2]. Because of its<br />
characteristic, the electromagnetic wave in the tapered transmission line is reflected and refracted<br />
while it is propagated. The electromagnetic shock wave propagation in air is expected by a<br />
reflection and a reflection coefficient in the tapered transmission line, and then we can simulate<br />
the electric circuit models with load by using EMTP (Electro-Magnetic Transient Program). We<br />
can describe the various electric circuit models of the electromagnetic shock wave in air. By<br />
using these models we can deduce the behavior of high power microwave propagation.<br />
[1] Dan Yang, Cheng Liao, Jian Fang and Yunlin Liu, Numerical analysis and simulation of high<br />
power microwave pulses propagation in the atmosphere using FDTD method, APMC 2005,<br />
(2005) p.4.<br />
[2] James Benford, John A. Swegle, Edl Schamiloglu, High Power Microwaves, Taylor &<br />
Francis, (2006) p.34~p.37.
263<br />
3P40<br />
OPEN TRANSVERSE ELECTROMAGNETIC (TEM) CELL AS APPLICATOR<br />
<strong>OF</strong> HIGH-INTENSITY NS PEFS AND ELECTRO-OPTIC MEASUREMENTS<br />
Sophie Kohler 1 , Thao Vu 1 , Thomas Vernier 2 , Delia Arnaud-Cormos 1 , Philippe<br />
Leveque 1<br />
1 University of Limoges, XLIM UMR 6172 CNRS, Limoges, France, 2 Information Sciences<br />
Institute, MOSIS, California, CA, USA<br />
Ultrashort high-intensity pulsed electric fields applied to biological cells have gained increased<br />
attention over the last decade. Pulsed electric fields in the nanosecond range (4-300 ns) and of<br />
intense amplitude (50-400 kV/cm) have been demonstrated to be effective in triggering cell death<br />
in cancer cells. As the pulse duration is further decreased and the pulse rise time increased, the<br />
electric field can directly interact with intracellular structures [1]. A hyperband antenna has been<br />
reported to deliver subnanosecond pulses [2]. In this study, a setup based on a transverse<br />
electromagnetic (TEM) cell has been experimentally and numerically characterized. The setup is<br />
used for exposing biological samples to nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) with<br />
subnanosecond rise time. The experimental characterization was conducted using a pulse<br />
generator based on an optoelectronic switch triggered by a compact solid-state laser. Monopolar<br />
and bipolar pulses of 1.6 kV-amplitude and only 1.2-ns duration were delivered to an open TEM<br />
cell (220(L)*85(W)*20(H) mm). Connection between devices was made through 50-Ohm<br />
impedance coaxial cables. The target was a 3-mL water solution contained in a 35-mm Petri dish<br />
placed in the center of the TEM cell. For measuring the incident and reflected pulses at the TEM<br />
cell input, a 3-port high-voltage tap-off was inserted between the generator and the TEM cell.<br />
Pulses were displayed on a 12-GHz oscilloscope. The spatio-temporal voltage inside the Petri<br />
dish was numerically computed using a FDTD-based custom code. The experimental results<br />
show that only a very small part of the incident energy is reflected back by the TEM cell for both<br />
monopolar and bipolar pulses. Contrary to Gigahertz TEM cells, the TEM cell does not cause<br />
pulse distortion. This is explained by the smaller cross section of the TEM cell and thus its larger<br />
bandwidth. The return loss (S11 parameters) of the empty TEM cell and the TEM cell containing<br />
the Petri dish were indeed measured to be less than -10 dB up to 3 GHz. The numerical<br />
simulations show that the distribution of the electric field is homogeneous in the center of the<br />
Petri dish with hot spots near the walls. In conclusion, the experimental and numerical<br />
investigations show the ability of the TEM cell to deliver high-intensity nsPEFs. During the<br />
conference, results of in situ electric field measurements using a millimeter-sized fiber-coupled<br />
electro-optic probe inserted into the center of the water volume will also be shown.<br />
[1] K. Schoenbach et al., "The Effect of Intense Subnanosecond Electrical Pulses on Biological<br />
Cells," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol.36, pp. 414-422 , April 2008.<br />
[2] P. Kumar, C.E. Baum, S. Altunc, J. Buchenauer, S. Xiao, C.G. Christodoulou, E.<br />
Schamiloglu, K.H. Schoenbach, "A Hyperband Antenna to Launch and Focus Fast High-Voltage<br />
Pulses Onto Biological Targets," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1090-<br />
1101, April 2011.
A PIEZOELECTRICALLY DRIVEN ION DIODE NEUTRON SOURCE FOR<br />
ACTIVE INTERROGATION<br />
264<br />
3P41<br />
Peter Norgard, Scott Kovaleski, James VanGordon, Emily Baxter, Brady Gall, Jae<br />
Kwon, Baek Kim<br />
University of Missouri, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Columbia, MO, USA<br />
The University of Missouri is conducting research and development into the production of<br />
neutrons from a piezoelectric transformer power source. The neutrons generated by the<br />
piezoelectric transformer (PT) may eventually be used for portable active interrogation<br />
technologies or gas and oil well diagnostics. The University of Missouri program ties together<br />
several independent areas of focus, including ion source development, PT characterization and<br />
optimization, and PT-compatible high voltage diagnostics. The neutron source was based on the<br />
well known D-D collision interaction, during which free energy and a neutron are released. An<br />
ion source is under development that optimizes ion emission current through structural changes in<br />
the emission surface characteristics. A PT-based accelerator is under development to evaluate ion<br />
beam characteristics and circuit dynamics under resonant operating conditions. A suite of<br />
diagnostics are under development to directly and indirectly measure circuit parameters including<br />
voltage and current, as well as parameters accessible using optical techniques.<br />
Work supported by Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Qynergy, and Los Alamos National<br />
Laboratory.
CARRIER DYNAMICS AND ELECTRON ENERGY DISTRIBUTION<br />
FUNCTION <strong>OF</strong> A TRANSBERSE VIRCATOR<br />
Shen Shou Max Chung 1 , Yien Chieh Huang 2 , Ci Ling Pan 1<br />
1 National Tsing Hua University, Department of Physics, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 2 National<br />
Tsing Hua University, Institue of Photonics Technologies, Hsinchu, Taiwan<br />
265<br />
3P42<br />
Pulse shortening and low efficiency has been the disadvantages of Vircator, despite considerable<br />
experiments has been conducted, explanations still inconclusive. We tag the electrons emitted by<br />
cathode with different colors in time, and trace carrier dynamics while observing EEDF in a<br />
MAGIC simulation of transverse Vircator. The initial EEDF is assumed to be a Gaussian<br />
distribution instead of commonly used fixed beam energy in explosive emission model, and FFT<br />
is performed on critical intervals, before the grid, Vircator formation, and HPM oscillation, to<br />
show the modes evolutions during each stage. The time and EEDF for virtual cathode to form and<br />
the main oscillation to occur are documented. We hope to illustrate the roles of lead and late<br />
electrons in Vircator formation and main HPM oscillation.
266<br />
3P43<br />
SHAPES <strong>OF</strong> GRATINGS AND BEAM ENERGY RELATIONSHIP IN A 100 MEV<br />
SMITH-PURCELL DEVICE<br />
Shen Shou Max Chung 1 , Yien Chieh Huang 2 , Ci Ling Pan 1<br />
1 National Tsing Hua University, Department of Physics, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 2 National<br />
Tsing Hua University, Institue of Photonics Technologies, Hsinchu, Taiwan<br />
Smith-Purcell (SP) radiator is an interested device for THz generation, which attracts many<br />
attentions due to its relatively new applications in biology, security, and spectroscopy. Present<br />
sources like BWO produces higher THz power than microwave photonics techniques, but SP<br />
device is potentially capable of tunable very short pulses and powerful THz radiation, which is<br />
particularly useful in understanding the time evolution of many processes. A common problem of<br />
SP radiator is electron beam colliding with the grating due to their proximity. A high energy<br />
beam can move away from the grating while still remain interactions with it. In this paper we<br />
simulate the beam-grating interaction with PIC code, and evaluate the fields radiated by different<br />
grating shapes with a 100 MeV beam. For super-radiance to occur, coherent bunching is required.
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO HPM TESTING<br />
267<br />
3P44<br />
Russell Blundell<br />
White Sands Missile Range, Survivability Vulnerability & Assessment Directorate, White<br />
Sands, NM, USA<br />
The requirement to provide system level HPM testing has really come to fruition over the past<br />
five to ten years. Initially the HPM test capability was not mature enough to support the system<br />
level HPM testing. However, with the increase in technology and the ever increasing red and blue<br />
threats it became apparent that the U.S. would need to significantly invest in HPM threat test<br />
sources. These HPM threat sources would enable the U.S. to determine the susceptibility of our<br />
military systems before they were sent to theater. The HPM threat sources were developed and<br />
White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) operates and maintains ~80% of the Department of<br />
Defense's HPM capabilities. Because of the capability and the capacity of the HPM environments<br />
located at WSMR we very quickly came to the conclusion that it was taking much too long to test<br />
these military systems. Because of this, WSMR submitted several proposals to the DoD Test &<br />
Evaluation, Science and Technology program. The instrumentation designed and built that<br />
stemmed from these proposals such as the slow wave structure for X-Band capability, the<br />
Rotating Step-Twist Polarizer, and the Rotary Attenuator are all examples of the innovative<br />
solutions used to streamline the HPM testing at WSMR. All three of these designs are highly<br />
effective and will be covered in greater detail during this brief.
268<br />
3P45<br />
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE POTENTIAL FOR SURFACE FLASHOVER ON<br />
METAMATERIAL STRUCTURES IN AN HPM ENVIRONMENT<br />
Patrick Kelly, John Mankowski, Stephen Bayne<br />
Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
Electromagnetic metamaterials (MTMs) have recently shown experimental success in achieving a<br />
negative index of refraction leading to a highly directive radiation pattern and increase in gain.<br />
MTM's are designed to be effectively homogenous by having a cell size less than one-quarter<br />
wavelength of the incident microwave radiation. For microwave frequencies, this corresponds to<br />
structures with relatively small dimensions, on the order of several millimeters and less. MTM<br />
structures are typically placed inside a waveguide prior to some radiating element to increase the<br />
directivity and gain of the far-field radiation pattern. In an HPM environment, high field levels<br />
within the waveguide can cause surface flashover across the small gap dimensions of MTM<br />
structures and lead to a reduction in transmitted microwave power. This paper examines efforts to<br />
develop metamaterial structures which have been designed to reduce the potential for surface<br />
flashover in an HPM environment. Ansoft's HFSS was used to determine peak E-Field locations<br />
in a variety of MTM structures. Based upon these simulations, changes were made to the<br />
structures to reduce E-field enhancement and thus the potential for breakdown. Results from<br />
experimental testing utilizing a 2.85 GHz testbed capable of producing 4 MW at a pulsewidth of<br />
3 µs and risetime less than 50 ns are presented. Additionally, the parameters at which flashover<br />
will occur on common metamaterials structures are presented.
COMPARISON <strong>OF</strong> CSI COATED CARBON VELVET AND ALUMINUM<br />
CATHODES OPERATED AT CURRENT DENSITY ON THE ORDER <strong>OF</strong><br />
300A/CM 2<br />
Curtis Lynn, John Walter, Andreas Neuber, James Dickens, Magne Kristiansen<br />
Texas Tech University, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
269<br />
3P46<br />
Many high power microwave devices employ the use of explosive or flashover electron emission<br />
cathodes in order to generate the electron beam. These diodes are simple to operate, requiring no<br />
heater or other external systems. However, they generally suffer from non-uniform emission,<br />
anode heating, out-gassing, and pulse shortening due to anode and cathode plasma expansion.<br />
The ability to rep-rate such diodes is generally limited by anode heating and out-gassing which<br />
are both affected by beam uniformity at the anode. The diodes under investigation have an<br />
emission area of 20 cm 2 and an A-K gap of 8 mm, operate at a current density of 300 A/cm 2 at an<br />
accelerating voltage of approximately 200 kV, and can be operated as a > 100 MW class vircator.<br />
Following high temperature bake-out, the background base vacuum level is on the order of<br />
10 -9 torr. Since each pulse causes the pressure to rise to about 10 -8 torr, gas is pumped by a small<br />
integrated sputter ion pump to restore the pressure to 10 -9 torr range before applying a subsequent<br />
pulse. The vircator is operated as a sealed tube and no pumping is required until the device<br />
is operated. Two diodes are compared in this work. One is a machined aluminum cathode, which<br />
is made from solid aluminum with 250 mm by 250 mm square protrusions, about 250 mm tall,<br />
machined into the surface. The protrusions are not de-burred after machining, in order to create<br />
emission centers. The carbon velvet cathode is made from 1 mm carbon fibers with a PVD CsI<br />
coating. Time resolved images of the emission centers were taken for the carbon velvet cathodes.<br />
Also, time integrated scintillator images of the electron beam at the anode were taken for both the<br />
carbon fiber and the aluminum cathodes. Data sets of over 1000 shots were recorded with each<br />
cathode. The data is analyzed for statistical variation in the voltage and current waveforms as well<br />
as the perveance of the diodes. Additionally the lifetimes of the cathodes are compared. The<br />
lifetime of the aluminum cathode was exceeded by 1,300 shots whereas the carbon velvet cathode<br />
showed no degradation in operation. Additionally, modeling was performed to further investigate<br />
the emission mechanism of the CsI coated carbon velvet diode. Particle in cell simulations were<br />
executed in an attempt to determine whether time resolved emission centers can be used to model<br />
diode perveance, or if space charge limited field emission best describes the perveance behavior<br />
of the CsI coated carbon velvet diode.<br />
Distribution A: Approved for public relea
AN ARBITRARY-GEOMETRY PULSED RF SOURCE ARRAY SYSTEM<br />
BASED ON GPS TIMING<br />
270<br />
3P47<br />
John Walter, Christopher Lutrick, Scott Clark, Shad Holt, David Reale, Patrick<br />
Kelly, James Dickens, John Mankowski<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA<br />
High-power pulsed RF sources have been explored for use in many different applications, such as<br />
directed energy weapons and ground penetrating radar. The efficacy of these sources in most<br />
applications is directly linked to the available RF power as well as other pulse characteristics. The<br />
available power levels and output waveform flexibility can be significantly increased by arraying<br />
multiple sources together. Extending the array concept to many sources spread over a geographic<br />
area has potential advantages, but involves the difficult tasks of determining the relative positions<br />
of all of the array members and synchronizing their firing times. An effort is underway at Texas<br />
Tech University to investigate the theoretical performance limits and the practical implementation<br />
issues of a distributed array of pulsed RF sources. In the experimental system under development,<br />
arbitrarily-located individual pulsed RF sources are wirelessly linked together into an array. A<br />
controller at each source utilizes a GPS receiver to determine its position and to synchronize its<br />
local time base relative to the other units. This allows precisely coordinated triggering at separate<br />
locations spread over a limited area (i.e. over distances ranging up to 100's of meters).<br />
Additionally, photo-conductive silicon carbide switches are evaluated as a trigger source for such<br />
a system. Experimental results, including the measured firing jitter for an array of multiple<br />
radiating sources, are presented.
271<br />
3P48<br />
STOCHASTIC MODEL <strong>OF</strong> METAL OXIDE SURGE ARRESTERS BASED ON<br />
SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION<br />
Pablo Bezerra Vilar, George Rossany Soares Lira, Tarso Vilela Ferreira, Edson<br />
Guedes da Costa<br />
Federal University of Campina Grande, Department of Electric <strong>Engineering</strong>, Campina<br />
Grande, Brazil<br />
Metal Oxide Surge Arresters (MOSA) are devices widely used to protect systems against internal<br />
or external surge voltages. An accurate model of such device is very important in simulations for<br />
studies involving: insulation coordination, energy absorption capability, diagnosis, correct<br />
selection and others. When subjected to standard current impulses MOSA behaves as a non-linear<br />
resistance therefore a non-linear resistor was originally used to model it. However, previous<br />
works have shown that the MOSA impulse response, when an impulse with crest time inferior to<br />
8µs is applied, presents a frequency dependent behavior characterized by a time delay between<br />
the peaks of voltage and current. This behavior cannot be simply represented by the non-linear<br />
resistance model. Many different models where developed to represent this dependency. The<br />
general idea of the developed models was to use circuits with linear passive elements elements<br />
and non-linear inductances and resistances to achieve the time delay between voltage and current.<br />
Some parameters of the circuit were calculated with physical data of the MOSA such as its height<br />
or the rated residual voltage for standard impulses and others are adjusted in recursive a<br />
procedure to match results of the model and experiments. In terms of system identification this<br />
procedure can be classified as white box identification, which is based on previous knowledge<br />
about the system, in this case circuits theory, constitution and characteristics of MOSA. This<br />
work proposes a new approach to the problem: MOSA is subjected to different impulses, and the<br />
system is identified based on its responses using stochastic techniques. The main advantages of<br />
such approach is its robustness to noise in measurements and the fact that determination of the<br />
parameters of the model do not require a recursive procedure, which is common in models based<br />
on circuits knowledge. The result of stochastic identification is not an electric circuit, which is the<br />
common form of presenting a model for MOSA, but a mathematical model such a difference<br />
equation or state variables which also can be use to simulate MOSA behaviors.
PSPICE MODELING <strong>OF</strong> SILICON CARBIDE MOSFETS AND DEVICE<br />
PARAMETER EXTRACTION<br />
Argenis Bilbao, Stephen Bayne<br />
Texas Tech University, Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, Lubbock, TX, USA<br />
272<br />
3P49<br />
The goal of this research is to develop device models for Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs.<br />
Parameters are extracted and used to create PSPICE models that can be utilized for circuit<br />
simulation. Two silicon carbide power MOSFETs made available by CREE Semiconductor are<br />
considered. The first silicon carbide power MOSFET tested is the CMF<strong>2012</strong>0A64410. This<br />
MOSFET features a 1200V drain-to-source breakdown voltage and 30A continuous current<br />
capacity. The second device tested is an experimental MOSFET that is still not available in the<br />
market as of the date of this paper. The experimental MOSFET features a 1200V drain-to-source<br />
breakdown voltage and 80A continuous current capability. Custom made circuits are developed<br />
for extracting some of the parameters. In some cases where the tests only require low drain<br />
current, a HP B1505A curve tracer is used to aid the development of the model. The effect of<br />
temperature over the gate threshold voltage is also looked at. By externally increasing and<br />
monitoring the die temperature of the SiC MOSFETs, new device parameters can be extracted<br />
and modeled. Once the parameters are extracted they are converted into a PSPICE model. The<br />
model is tested and compared to the real device to verify accuracy. This is achieved using custom<br />
switching circuits with both inductive and resistive loads and software suites like MATLAB.
PULSED POWER SWITCH MODELING FOR BROAD OPERATION<br />
273<br />
3P50<br />
Steven Glover 1 , Peter Foster 2 , Dillon McDaniel 1 , Forest White 3 , Gary Pena 1 , Larry<br />
Schneider 1<br />
1 Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA, 2 Defense Nuclear Facilities<br />
Safety Board Washington, DC, USA, 3 SAIC Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
Dynamic materials properties research at Sandia National Laboratories has resulted in research<br />
that is advancing capabilities in precision programmable Pulsed Power systems operating in<br />
multi-mega amp regimes. Programmable pulse shaping capabilities require the gas switches in<br />
these systems to perform over a large range of dynamic operating conditions. Runtime, jitter, and<br />
the number of channels formed are all impacted by the conditions of these switches at the time of<br />
trigger. This paper provides a model and analysis of a 200 kV gas switch designed for linear<br />
transformer drivers operating at percentages of self break ranging from 45% to 100%. This work<br />
expands on the research performed by T.H. Martin and S.I. Braginskii.
274<br />
3P51<br />
ANALYTIC SOURCES USING POLYNOMIAL SHAPED PARTICLES IN THE<br />
LTP METHOD<br />
Robert Jackson 1 , John Verboncoeur 2<br />
1 Calabazas Creek Research, <strong>Inc</strong>. San Mateo, CA, USA, 2 Michigan State University,<br />
Electrical and Computer <strong>Engineering</strong>, East Lansing, MI, USA<br />
The Local Taylor Polynomial (LTP) method treats fields and sources as local analytic<br />
polynomials for rapid numerical solution of PDE's. Knowledge of the source polynomial would<br />
allow sources to be treated analytically in LTP formulas, since the derivatives follow directly for<br />
polynomial forms. Aside from idealized cases, such information is seldom available; however,<br />
use of macro-particles with finite polynomial shape functions for charge and current deposition<br />
can make analytic treatment possible for general cases. The macro-particle polynomial<br />
coefficients can be used directly in LTP solution formulas. This scheme allows one to choose a<br />
representation of particles that enables high fidelity with fewer particles compared to traditional<br />
particle methods, since the polynomials can include information such as transverse profile<br />
information from a beam, for example. This paper presents a simple polynomial form for<br />
representing macro-particles in numerical simulations. The particle shape must be continuous and<br />
differentiable to a specified order, bounded in size and magnitude, zero in magnitude and<br />
derivatives at the edges, symmetric, positive definite, with analytic coefficients. Two key<br />
properties for use in LTP will be demonstrated: zero derivatives at the particle boundary and<br />
analytically computable coefficients.
ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> CURRENT-DIVIDING POST-HOLE CONVOLUTES FOR SIX<br />
LINES DRIVING THREE TRIODES ON SATURN<br />
275<br />
3P52<br />
E. A. Madrid 1 , D. V. Rose 1 , C. L. Miller 1 , V. Harper-Slaboszewicz 2<br />
1 Voss Scientific Albuquerque, NM, USA, 2 Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque,<br />
NM, USA<br />
Post-hole convolutes are traditionally utilized as current adders in pulsed power accelerators,<br />
joining multiple transmission lines in parallel into a single load-driving transmission line. A new<br />
configuration for the Saturn accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories uses a cathodepost/anode-hole<br />
convolute scheme to divide the current from two incoming lines into six output<br />
lines driving electron beam loads. A fully electromagnetic and relativistic 3D simulation model<br />
has been developed to study electron power flow in this convolute configuration. The simulation<br />
model is run in both steady-state and linearly-rising voltage drive configurations to assess loss<br />
currents. Comparisons between the simulation results and experimental current measurements<br />
will be presented.<br />
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed-Martin<br />
company, for the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security<br />
Administration, under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
REPETITIVE PULSE TESTING AND MODELING <strong>OF</strong> A HIGH POWER<br />
CERAMIC RESISTOR<br />
Daniel Muffoletto, Kevin Burke, Jennifer Zirnheld<br />
University at Buffalo, Energy Systems Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA<br />
276<br />
3P53<br />
In an effort to understand the failure mechanisms of ceramic resistors when used above their<br />
stated limits, a series of pulsed load profiles were applied to two different types of epoxy coated<br />
ceramic resistors. The load profiles that cause failure are evaluated and compared to the results of<br />
a lumped element numerical model, which models the thermal characteristics of such a resistor<br />
under test and allows for the heating profiles during operation to be predicted.
DYNAMIC BIFURCATION ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> ADVANCED AIRCRAFT<br />
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM (AAEPS) WITH NONLINEAR LOADING<br />
Hadi Ebrahimi, Hassan El-Kishky<br />
The University of Texas at Tyler, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Tyler, TX, USA<br />
277<br />
3P54<br />
In this article a comprehensive dynamic bifurcation analysis of the Variable Speed Constant<br />
Frequency (VSCF) Advanced Aircraft Electric Power System (AAEPS) corresponding to Boeing<br />
767 is performed. A complete set of state space differential equations describing the aircraft<br />
electric system's dynamics are derived. The developed mathematical equations are utilized to<br />
verify the aircraft electric power system stabilities under various loading configurations. In order<br />
to investigate the system's sustainability to any foreigner chaos, different loading conditions are<br />
studied by using the load demands as bifurcation parameters. Furthermore, changes in the<br />
operating frequency, due to variation in the rotational speed of the Synchronous Generator (SG)<br />
is studied. For variations of one of the loads, it is shown that the equilibrium point undergoes<br />
different bifurcation behaviors. Finally, the developed equations are implemented in Matlab, and<br />
the accuracy of obtained results is verified by exact time-domain simulations of a study model in<br />
the PSIM9 SW environment, and two-dimensional (2-D) bifurcation diagrams, which can assist<br />
engineers in identifying regions of preferred or undesired operations are presented for each case<br />
study.
278<br />
3P55<br />
A NOVEL GENERALIZED AVERAGING TECHNIQUE FOR THE MODELING<br />
<strong>OF</strong> CONTROLLERS IN AN AAEPS MULTI-CONVERTER SYSTEM<br />
Hadi Ebrahimi, Hassan El-Kishky<br />
The University of Texas at Tyler, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Tyler, TX, USA<br />
This work develops a comprehensive set of Generalized State Space Averaging (GSSA)<br />
representative models for the non-linear control signals in the multi-converter system of an<br />
Advanced Aircraft Electric Power System (AAEPS). Due to the switching operation and variation<br />
in loading conditions in the aircraft system under study, the pulse-width modulation (PWM)<br />
interconnected converters show inherent time-variant behaviors with totally non-linear control<br />
signals to keep the system's operation within IEEE/military standards. Therefore, the proposed<br />
models can be applied to derive the key features of the non-linear switching functions under<br />
investigation, hence, can be treated as the basic modeling framework of some specific converters<br />
in the advanced aircraft power electronic system with closed-loop controllers. For instance,<br />
modeling and visualization of the multi-converter system including: full-bridge 12-pulse rectifier<br />
interacting with constant-voltage, constant current and constant-power buck converters with<br />
feedback control system is achieved via applicability of this technique. Finally, the models of<br />
multi-converter circuits representing Boeing 767 power electronic system are analyzed and<br />
simulation results are presented. To verify the accuracy of obtained results, a study model has<br />
been implemented in PSIM9 SW environment.
279<br />
3P56<br />
AN EMI MODEL <strong>OF</strong> HIGH FREQUENCY AND HIGH VOLTAGE CAPACITOR<br />
CHARGING POWER SUPPLY CONSIDERING TRANSIENT SWITCHING<br />
INTERFERENCE BASED ON SABER<br />
Xiao Han 3 , Yinghui Gao 1 , Dongdong Zhang 2 , Yaohong Sun 1 , Ping Yan 2<br />
1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Beijing, China,<br />
2 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive,<br />
Beijing, China, 3 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School, Beijing, China<br />
In this paper, a mathematical analysis of the CMI(Common-mode Interference) and the<br />
DMI(Differential-mode Interference)for a 20kHz/10kV capacitor charging power supply in<br />
frequency-domain is presented, and a related circuit model considering the transient switching<br />
interference based on SABER is proposed. Due to the high working frequency of the full bridge<br />
inverter and the device-switching transitions in rectifiers and the inverter, the conducted EMI<br />
(Electromagnetic Interference) caused by the charging circuit which flows forth to the signal<br />
acquisition circuit or control circuit includes the harmonics of grid frequency, working frequency<br />
and device-switching transition frequencies. Thus under certain working conditions such as<br />
multiple power supplies charging capacitor in parallel, the interference may cause charging<br />
failure. To solve this problem, a mathematical analysis of the CMI and the DMI in frequencydomain<br />
is presented, and a method of multiple slope approximation of the device-switching<br />
transition is applied in the SABER-based simulation model. Afterwards, various EMI mitigation<br />
techniques for the power supply could be simulated and compared, and provide further details for<br />
the realization of EMI reduction in high frequency and high voltage capacitor charging power<br />
supply.
MODELING AND SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> MULTIPACTOR DISCHARGE ON<br />
DIELECTRIC WINDOW UNDER HPM IN VACUUM<br />
Guan-Jun Zhang, Bai-Peng Song, Xi-Wei Hao<br />
Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>, Xi'ab, China<br />
280<br />
3P57<br />
Multipactor discharges on dielectric window seriously limits the generation and transmission of<br />
high power microwaves (HPM), which blocks the development of microwave technology. In<br />
order to understand its physical mechanism deeply, a simulation model based PIC Monte Carlo is<br />
built in this paper. The influences of microwave electromagnetic field and dielectric surface<br />
electrostatic field are considered in this model. During simulation, the realistic secondary electron<br />
yield curves as input are used, and the distributions in the emission velocities and emission angles<br />
of the secondary electrons are also took into account. The movement trajectories of electron<br />
under complex field are obtained by simulation. The influences of different emergence angles and<br />
microwave electromagnetic parameters to electron movement are also considered. It is found that<br />
the emergence angles of electron have significant effect on the movement of electron, and impact<br />
energy will be increased and return time will be reduced as the increase of electric field<br />
amplitude, and the impact energy and return time will oscillate with cycles for the change of the<br />
phase of electric field. The change of multipactoring electrons number and electrostatic field are<br />
also studied by simulation. The result shows that electrons number and electrostatic field both<br />
oscillate with twice microwave frequencies periodically for the change of time. The reason of this<br />
phenomena is explained.
281<br />
3P58<br />
SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> PULSED ELECTROMAGNETIC PROCESSES IN MULTI-<br />
LAYER PACKAGE <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTOR CORE <strong>OF</strong> INDUCTION ACCELERATORS<br />
<strong>OF</strong> ELECTRONS<br />
Volodymyr Chemerys, Iren Borodiy<br />
National Aviation University of Ukraine, Theoretical Physics, Kyiv, Ukrenia<br />
Induction accelerators of electron beams can use the inductor systems which consist of individual<br />
sections with a ferromagnetic core, especially as the range of pulses duration of power supply<br />
near 50 – 300 ns. Due to using of amorphous band materials as Metglas the power losses for remagnetization<br />
in the wounded circular core of inductor can be reduced significantly in<br />
comparison with other classical ferromagnetic materials. Nevertheless the high initial magnetic<br />
permeability of amorphous ferromagnetics jointly with resistivity of material is the reason of<br />
finite speed on magnetic field diffusion into the cross-section of core. That is why at the inductor<br />
design that is necessary to check the time of field penetration into the core to compare it with a<br />
time of electron beam acceleration. Authors have developed the methods of 1D and 2D<br />
simulation of the field diffusion using equivalent parameters stratified medium at its artificial<br />
"homogenization". The way of these parameters obtaining was controlled by the simulation of<br />
real two-component (ferromagnetic plus insulator) layered package. The special principles of the<br />
field diffusion similarity has been developed for drawing of big scale model of package which<br />
indeed consists of sheets with thickness 12 – 20 micrometers for ferromagnetics and 4 – 6<br />
micrometers for insulator band. Non-linearity of magnetization curve was inseted into the<br />
simulating program. It was applied software "ELCUT" for this research (English version is<br />
"QuickField"). In result of implementation of described approaches it was possible to get timevariation<br />
distribution of magnetic induction across the core cross-section at the field excitation by<br />
the current pulses of duration 100 – 150 ns. Really, sometimes designer can meet a non-uniform<br />
distribution of magnetic field up to zero in the center of core. Beside of problem of finite time of<br />
the field diffusion in the multi-layer amorphous cores we meet the problem of the wave process<br />
influence on the field penetration. Main peculiarities of the wave processes in the cores have been<br />
investigated using the 2D model of ideal magneto-dielectrics. Some interpolation of this result<br />
can be done concerning of real package of core. Main conclusion about role of the wave<br />
processes can be formulated as the need of pulse duration to be long enough for the front of wave<br />
passage at least up to the center of core cross section. The real speed of electromagnetic wave for<br />
medium with equivalent parameters must be taken into attention for such estimation.
282<br />
3P59<br />
HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION – A REVIEW, PART I<br />
Mohamed Saied<br />
Abu Qir Fertilizers & Chemical Industries Company (AFC) Alexandria, Egypt<br />
Major milestones in the development of high voltage direct current (HVDC) technologies and<br />
concepts were achieved in 1950s. Thanks to the high power thyristor switches (1960-70s), the<br />
HVDC technologies reached a significant degree of maturity in 1980s. The classical HVDC uses<br />
thyristor-based current-sourced line-commutated converter (LCC) technology. The advent of<br />
power semiconductor switches in 1980-90s, with turn on-off capabilities, especially, the IGBTs<br />
and IGCTs, and the on-going progress in this field have introduced the conventional (two-level)<br />
voltage-source converter (VSC) technology and its variety of configurations, e.g. multi-level and<br />
multi-module VSCs, also as viable converter technologies for power system applications. The DC<br />
system is experiencing significant degree of re-emergence due to its potential to either directly<br />
address, or to facilitate resolving a large number of existing and anticipated interconnected AC<br />
power system steady-state and dynamic issues. HVDC technology made possible to transfer bulk<br />
power over long distances. This paper in it's part I presents comparative evaluations, studies, and<br />
review of HVDC versus HVAC transmission systems. Applications, different schemes of HVDC<br />
systems are also outlined.
283<br />
3P60<br />
HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION – A REVIEW, PART II<br />
– CONVERTER TECHNOLOGIES<br />
Mohamed Saied<br />
Abu Qir Fertilizers & Chemical Industries Company (AFC) Alexandria, Egypt<br />
This paper is the second part of the review titled "High Voltage Direct Current Transmission - A<br />
Review, Part I" The main converter technologies and HVDC systems' components will be<br />
discussed in this complementary paper.
284<br />
3P61<br />
CPF, TDS BASED VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS USING SERIES, SHUNT<br />
AND SERIES–SHUNT FACTS CONTROLLERS FOR GENERATOR OUTAGE<br />
CONTINGENCY<br />
Surya Kalavathi 1 , Naveen Kumar 2<br />
1 JNTUH, EEE, Hyderabad, India, 2 VNRVJIET, EEE, Hyderabad, India<br />
Voltage stability is of major concern in power systems stability. Main reason for the cause of<br />
voltage instability is the sag in reactive power at various locations in an interconnected power<br />
system. Improving the systems reactive power handling capacity via FACTS devices during a<br />
Generator outage categorized under large disturbance voltage instability is the idea behind this<br />
work. Various Series, Shunt and Series–Shunt FACTS controllers are used to improve the<br />
reactive power profile which is tested on an IEEE 14-bus system. The implementation of the<br />
present contingency can be explained as follows. We run the CPF for the base case and introduce<br />
the contingency i.e., the Generator outage and rerun the CPF routine to know the deterioration of<br />
voltages at various buses. Now, using the search technique, various series, shunt and Series-Shunt<br />
FACTS controllers are introduced at appropriate places with chosen VAR ratings to improvise<br />
the maximum loadability limit of the system to take it back to the pre-disturbance values (or) near<br />
pre-disturbance values. Now, Time Domain simulation (TDS) is run to observe the generator<br />
oscillations for voltage stability at various generators. The technique used here is called the<br />
search technique where in the weakest of all the buses is selected and the device is placed near<br />
that bus. The KAVR rating to be given as input to the FACTS is also selected from various values<br />
of KVAR range based on the search technique. A comparison is made amongst the five FACTS<br />
controllers to choose the optimum device in terms of KVAR requirement and cost. Earlier works<br />
reported a comparison of only four of the above FACTS devices where in attempts were made to<br />
make an improvement in voltage profile only and not considering any contingency. This works<br />
mainly focused on a contingency based stability analysis. The work presented here focuses on the<br />
usage of search technique for optimal location of FACTS controllers for Generator outage<br />
contingency with an improvement in loading parameter and voltage magnitude. The future work<br />
includes operating the FACTS efficiently along with their optimal location for voltage stability<br />
enhancement using AI techniques.
285<br />
3P62<br />
OPTIMAL LOCATION AND PARAMETER SETTING <strong>OF</strong> UPFC FOR POWER<br />
SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY ENHANCEMENT USING DIFFERENTIAL<br />
EVOLUTION (DE) ALGORITHM<br />
Suryakalavathi Munagala 1 , Balachennaiah Pagidi 2<br />
1 JNTUH, EEE Department, Hyderabad, India, 2 A.I.T.S, EEE Department, Rajampet,<br />
India<br />
The problem of voltage stability is one of the main concerns in the operation of power systems.<br />
Location of the FACTS device Such as the UPFC is an important for the enhancement of<br />
practical power systems voltage stability. In this paper, a Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is<br />
used to solve a mixed continuous-discrete multi-objective optimization problem in order to find<br />
optimal location of UPFC. Various objectives are considered, namely Voltage Stability<br />
improvement, real power loss minimization and load Voltage Deviations minimization.<br />
Simulations are performed on IEEE 14 test system for optimal location and size of FACTS<br />
device. Analysis of the initial conditions to determine the voltage stability margins and a<br />
contingency analysis to determine the critical outages with respect to the voltage stability margin<br />
are also examined in order to evaluate their effect on the location analysis. The obtained results<br />
show that with the allocation of FACTS device with the proposed method, the voltage stability is<br />
considerably enhanced in both normal state and critical contingencies.
OPTIMAL POWER FLOW ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> ANDHRA PRADESH STATE<br />
GRID IN DEREGULATED ENVIRONMENT<br />
Sunilkumar Chava 1 , Amarnath Jinka 2 , Subramanyamps 3<br />
1 CVR COLLEGE <strong>OF</strong> ENGINEERING, EEE, HYDERABAD, India, 2 JNTUH, EEE,<br />
HYDERABAD, India, 3 VBIT, EEE, HYDERABAD, India<br />
286<br />
3P63<br />
In the past, the electricity industry was government-controlled and also monopolistic. However<br />
over the past decade, the industry in many countries had undergone significant changes and was<br />
restructuring for a free market, also known as deregulation. This led to a competitive market<br />
whereby customers are able to choose their electricity supply from a number of generating<br />
companies and retailers. In this deregulated market, it is essential for generating companies to<br />
plan their operations efficiently, so as to minimize operating costs while maximizing their profit<br />
margins. There are many factors involved in the successful operation of a power system. The<br />
system is expected to have power instantaneously and continuously available to meet power<br />
demands. It is also expected that the voltage supplied will be maintained at or near the nominal<br />
rated value. Not only must the demands be met at all times, the public and employees should not<br />
be placed in hazard by operations of the system. At the same time proper operating procedures<br />
must be observed to avoid damage to equipment or other facilities of the system. All of these<br />
operating requirements must be achieved simultaneously. In this paper, important factors that<br />
may affect generating companies' profit margins through wholesale electricity trading are<br />
discussed. These factors include generators' efficiencies and capabilities, types of generators<br />
owned, fuel costs, transmission losses and settling price variation. It demonstrates how proper<br />
analysis of these factors using the solutions of Optimal Power Flow (OPF), can allow companies<br />
to maximize overall revenue. And through this OPF analysis, companies will be able to<br />
determine, for example, which generators are most economical to run, best locations for<br />
generators to be situated at, and also the scheduling of generators as demand changes throughout<br />
the day. It illustrates how solutions of OPF can be used to maximize companies' revenue under<br />
different scenarios. In this paper above tasks are demonstrated on 124-bus real life Indian utility<br />
system of Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board (APSEB) and results have been presented and<br />
analyzed.
ROLE <strong>OF</strong> FACTS DEVICES ON ZONAL CONGESTION MANAGEMENT<br />
ENSURING VOLTAGE STABILITY UNDER CONTINGENCY<br />
287<br />
3P64<br />
Jami Sridevi 1 , Jinka Amarnath 2 , Gade Govinda Rao 3<br />
1 Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of <strong>Engineering</strong> And Technology, Electrical and<br />
Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India, 2 Jawaharlal Nehru Technological<br />
University, Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad, India, 3 Gayatri Vidya<br />
Parishad College of <strong>Engineering</strong>, Electrical and Electronics <strong>Engineering</strong>, Hyderabad,<br />
India<br />
Congestion management is one of the most important issues for secure and reliable system<br />
operations in deregulated electricity market.In the competitive electricity market, it is not always<br />
possible to discharge all of the contracted power transactions due to congestion in the<br />
transmission lines. In most cases, Independent System Operator tries to remove congestion by<br />
rescheduling output power of the generators.This paper presents an optimal allocation method for<br />
flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices for market-based power systems considering<br />
congestion relief and voltage stability. In this paper, transmission congestion distribution factors<br />
based on sensitivity of line real power have been proposed to identify the congestion clusters. The<br />
system operator can identify the generators from the most sensitive congestion clusters to<br />
reschedule their generation optimally to manage transmission congestion based on generator<br />
sensitivity efficiently. The role of Thyristor controlled series Capacitor and Static Var<br />
Compensator have been investigated for reducing the transmission congestion cost ensuring<br />
voltage stability after locating it optimally in the system based on improved performance index.<br />
The effectiveness of the proposed method has been carried out on a 62 bus Indian Utility System<br />
and 124 bus Indian Utility System.
288<br />
3P65<br />
INFLUENCE <strong>OF</strong> HEAT TREATMENT ON PROPERTIES <strong>OF</strong> HIGH-CURRENT<br />
METALLIZED FILM CAPACITORS<br />
Kong Zhonghua, Xu Bei, Tong Chunya, Lou Zaifei<br />
School of Electronic and Information <strong>Engineering</strong>, Ningbo University of Technology,<br />
Ningbo, China<br />
As a high energy density capacitor, the metallized film capacitor was used in pulsed power device<br />
at first, while its energy density increase quickly. With the development of pulsed power<br />
technology, it requires respectively high-current energy density metallized film capacitor.<br />
Manufacturing process of metallized film capacitor plays a dominant role in its performance.<br />
With difference process and parameters, the capacitor products have difference qualities in<br />
different conditions. Currently, there's few study on the performance of heat treatment for highcurrent<br />
metallized film capacitors at home and abroad. This paper discusses the influence of heattreatment<br />
on the performance of high-current metallized film.
289<br />
3P66<br />
DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE <strong>OF</strong> HIGH TEMPERATURE POWER<br />
CONVERSION CAPACITORS<br />
J. R. MacDonald, J. B. Ennis, M. A. Schneider<br />
General Atomics Electronic Systems, <strong>Inc</strong>., Capacitor Research and Development, San<br />
Diego, CA, USA<br />
Military and commercial applications require capacitors that can operate at high temperatures,<br />
high energy densities, with long lifetimes. This paper describes life testing of capacitors with<br />
energy densities as high as 0.2 J/cc at >125°C. Capacitors using the same dielectrics but with a<br />
higher packing factor design can achieve the same performance but with energy densities<br />
>0.3 J/cc at 100°C. Data on equivalent series resistance, power dissipation, peak and root mean<br />
square current ratings, and other performance parameters are presented. This work was sponsored<br />
by the US Army Research Laboratory.
DROOP RELATED LIFETIME REDUCTION <strong>OF</strong> POLYPROPYLENE FILM<br />
CAPACITOR IN A PULSED POWER APPLICATION<br />
Tao Tang 1 , Mark Kemp 1 , Craig Burkhart 1<br />
1 SLAC National Acclerator Laboratory Menlo Park, CA, USA, 2 SLAC National<br />
Acclerator Laboratory, RF Accelerator Research and Enegineering, Menlo Park, CA,<br />
USA<br />
290<br />
3P67<br />
Self-healing film capacitors composed of high crystalline polypropylene (HCPP) film patterned<br />
with high ohm/square aluminum metallization are used as the primary energy storage/discharge<br />
capacitors in a Marx-topology klystron modulator under development for the <strong>International</strong> Linear<br />
Collider (ILC). The lifetime of these capacitors was expected to be 100,000 hours, which was<br />
validated by accelerated aging tests at elevated voltage. However, capacitor failures occurred<br />
after less than 1000 hours of modulator operation. Subsequent experimental investigations<br />
demonstrated an additional aging mechanism not correlated with electric field magnitude nor film<br />
heating within the operating conditions of the modulator. Although the capacitor design was<br />
based on a dc model, there is a significant ac component; the ripple ratio is as large as 0.4, which<br />
is believed to underlie the accelerated aging mechanism. Our aging model suggests alternative<br />
capacitor construction materials and design that should be impervious to this mechanism.<br />
Preliminary results with the new capacitor design are presented.<br />
Work supported by the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.
LIFETIME TESTING <strong>OF</strong> AIRIX ACCELERATING UNITS<br />
Alain Georges, Hervé Dzitko, Marc Mouillet, Rémi Nicolas, Denis Reynaud<br />
CEA, DIF, ARPAJON, France<br />
291<br />
3P68<br />
Airix is a linear accelerator producing a 60ns, 2kA, 19MeV electron beams. It is operated in a<br />
single shot mode by CEA for radiographic purposes. It is based on inductive cells technology,<br />
which increases the beam energy step by step. Usually each accelerating unit (a cell and its<br />
driver) delivers a 100ns impulsion of 250kV amplitude to the beam. The test bench is used to<br />
determine the behaviour over time of the cells, the driver (high voltage generator) and the links<br />
between them (high voltage cables). We try different configurations and deal with ensuing<br />
problems. In this paper, we describe the test-bed in use, the problems we have met and how we<br />
dealt with them, and we establish the reliability performances we now expect from the<br />
accelerating units for the next decades.
A MOBILE HIGH-POWER, HIGH-ENERGY PULSED-POWER SYSTEM<br />
292<br />
3P69<br />
Bucur Novac 1 , Michael Parker 1 , Ivor Smith 1 , Peter Senior 1 , Gerasimos Louverdis 2<br />
1 Loughborough University, School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Loughborough, United Kingdom, 2 Dstl, Security Sciences Department, Sevenoaks, United<br />
Kingdom<br />
A high-power, high-energy, pulsed-power generator, based on a 415 kJ/22 kV capacitor bank has<br />
recently been developed and tested indoors at Loughborough University. The generator can drive<br />
a load with a resistance between 10 ohms and 40 ohms and a self-inductance between 10 microH<br />
and 30 microH, generating a total electrical power of many GW, while depositing a Joule energy<br />
of many tens of kJ. The arrangement is based on an inductive storage technique that includes a<br />
600 kV high-voltage transformer, two closing switches and an opening switch. The high-<br />
Coulomb closing switch in the primary circuit is activated using detonators, while the closing<br />
switch mounted in the secondary circuit to condition the load output, uses a high-pressure gas<br />
self-breakdown closing switch. The opening switch in the primary circuit is an exploding wire<br />
array made thom thick copper wire fired in quartz sand. The entire system, including its<br />
command and control unit, has recently been mounted in two ISO containers, where iti s powered<br />
by diesel generators. Thr paper will describe the resulting mobile system and provide details of its<br />
performance capabilities.
293<br />
3P70<br />
CAPACITOR DROOP COMPENSATION WITH S<strong>OF</strong>T SWITCHING FOR HIGH<br />
VOLTAGE CONVERTER MODULATOR<br />
Michael Bland 1 , William Reass 1 , Alex Scheinker 1 , Ji Chao 2 , Pericle Zanchetta 2 , Alan<br />
Watson 2 , Jon Clare 2<br />
1 Los Alamos National Laboratory, AOT-RFE, Los Alamos, NM, USA, 2 The University of<br />
Nottingham, Electrical & Electronic <strong>Engineering</strong>, Nottingham, United Kingdom<br />
High Voltage Converter Modulators (HVCM) offer significant performance advantages over<br />
conventional modulator technologies for long pulse applications. One of the key advantages of<br />
HVCM technology is the ability to compensate for capacitor bank droop. Achieving droop<br />
compensation without incurring significant additional switching loss has not been possible in<br />
existing designs. This paper presents an analysis of the "Y-point" variant of the HVCM topology<br />
using the Combined Phase and Frequency Modulation (CPFM) technique. This combined with<br />
the addition of 'lossless' snubber capacitors enables droop compensation while achieving soft<br />
switching over the whole pulse. The rise time and overshoot of the output voltage is optimized<br />
using an iterative extreme seeking algorithm. The optimization reduces the rise time from 100us<br />
to
COHERENCE EFFECTS<br />
Lutfi Oksuz, Ali Gulec, Erdogan Teke, Ferhat Bozduman<br />
Suleyman Demirel Universitesi, Fizik Bolumu, Isparta, Turkey<br />
294<br />
3P71<br />
Most high power microwave (HPM) devices are generating radiation over certain frequency<br />
bandwidth. In this paper it will be shown that this effect can be related to the Heisenberg<br />
uncertainty principle. We will also demonstrate that it is necessary to determine the FWHM of the<br />
FFT of the signal and to evaluate the time period of the signal in order to understand better the<br />
coherence phenomenon. It is believe that the coherence phenomenon can be related to the pulse<br />
shortening observed in the HPM devices. The current theoretical model examines the formulation<br />
given in Ref. 1.<br />
[1] M. M. Kekez, "Details of HPM generation in atmospheric air using the laser and klystron<br />
terminology" (to be published in IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.,)
295<br />
11O1,2 (Invited)<br />
LINEAR-INDUCTION-ACCELERATOR BEAM-ENERGY-SPREAD<br />
MINIMIZATION: CELL MODELS AND TIMING OPTIMIZATION<br />
C. R. Rose, C. Ekdahl, M. Schulze<br />
Los Alamos National Laboratory, WX-5, Los Alamos, NM, USA<br />
The second axis (Axis II) of the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility<br />
at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is a linear induction accelerator (LIA) using 74 cells,<br />
each driven by a separate pulse-forming network (PFN). The summation of the injector and<br />
74 cell voltages is the overall energy spread. The ability to perform precise multipulse<br />
radiography is heavily influenced by the temporal beam energy spread, related beam motion, and<br />
other focusing and target factors. Beam loading affects both the shape and magnitude of each<br />
cell’s voltage during the pulse. Ideally, each PFN/Cell pair is tuned such that the loaded-cell<br />
voltage is flat with minimal amplitude variation during the pulse. However, changes in operating<br />
parameters on Axis II (beam current, operating cell voltage) have altered the amount of flattop<br />
variation resulting in more energy spread than when commissioned.<br />
In this paper, we present an optimization method which minimizes the beam’s temporal energy<br />
spread by adjusting the timing of PFN/cell voltages, either advancing or retarding them, such that<br />
the injector voltage plus the summed cell voltages in the LIA result in a flatter energy profile.<br />
The method accepts as inputs the beam current, injector voltage, and cell-voltage waveforms. It<br />
optimizes cell timing per user-selected groups of cells and outputs timing adjustments, one for<br />
each of the selected groups. Simulations and experimental data for both unloaded and loaded-cell<br />
timing optimizations are presented. For the unloaded cells, the pre-optimization baseline energy<br />
spread was reduced by over 30 % as compared to baseline. For the loaded-cell case, the<br />
measured energy spread was reduced by 49% compared to baseline.<br />
Additionally, this paper describes the DARHT Axis-II loaded-cell models used to determine<br />
optimum cell timing. The models include PFN parameters (e.g., voltage, output impedance), cell<br />
parameters (e.g., impedance, losses, saturation volt-second products), and beam-current<br />
magnitude and timing. Results are presented as to the accuracy of the models with beam loading<br />
and the reduction in energy spread which can be obtained by optimizing the timing of the cells.
296<br />
11O3<br />
THERMAL MODELING <strong>OF</strong> HIGH TEMPERATURE POWER CONVERSION<br />
CAPACITORS<br />
J. R. MacDonald<br />
General Atomics Electronic Systems, <strong>Inc</strong>., Capacitor Research and Development, San<br />
Diego, CA, USA<br />
There is an ever increasing need for power conversion capacitors that are capable of operating at<br />
higher energy densities, higher temperatures, and longer lifetimes. Unfortunately, an increase in<br />
energy density or temperature will necessitate significant de-rating of lifetime. The operating<br />
temperature of the capacitor is one of the most important parameters for long life, since an 8°C<br />
increase in temperature will reduce the lifetime by half. The current the capacitor is exposed to is<br />
important for determining the operating temperature, because power is dissipated in the electrode<br />
and dielectric in the form of heat. It is necessary to understand the thermal behavior of power<br />
conversion capacitors in order to optimize their design. This work presents a thermal model of a<br />
power conversion capacitor, examines the temperature rise in the capacitor with a variety of<br />
geometries and current load, and compares the results with experimental data.<br />
This work was sponsored by the US Army Research Laboratory.
FDTD MODELING <strong>OF</strong> FAST TRANSIENT CURRENTS IN HIGH VOLTAGE<br />
CABLES<br />
Xiao Hu, Martin D. Judd, Wah H. Siew<br />
University of Strathclyde, Department of Electronic and Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong>,<br />
Glasgow, United Kingdom<br />
297<br />
11O4<br />
Research into the modeling of sub-nanosecond partial discharge (PD) phenomena in high voltage<br />
cables is presented in this paper in order to illustrate the capabilities of the finite-difference timedomain<br />
(FDTD) simulation method for modeling transients and their effects measured at a<br />
distance. FDTD modeling is numerically intensive because it computes the three-dimensional<br />
electric and magnetic fields throughout the simulation volume. However, this has the advantage<br />
that time-varying quantities such as conducted currents and voltages can be recorded in addition<br />
to the vector field components at any point. For modeling PDs in cables, a current source can be<br />
introduced within the insulating medium and its time-domain waveform defined using digitally<br />
sampled data from an actual PD current pulse measurement. In the field, high frequency current<br />
transformers (HFCTs) are the most commonly used transducers for detecting and locating<br />
insulation defects in HV distribution cables with PD activity. The HFCT itself is not amenable to<br />
being modeled directly using FDTD because its geometrical detail (particularly the winding) is<br />
too fine to be mapped onto the FDTD mesh. However, a hybrid model can be implemented by<br />
recording magnetic (H) field values in a rectangular path around a conductor and applying<br />
Ampere's circuital law in a post-processing stage. In this way, the measured responses of real<br />
HFCTs that have been characterized experimentally can be implemented. Similar techniques<br />
could be applied to much larger insulation breakdown currents, for example, in gas switches. In<br />
this paper, the method for simulating localized insulation breakdown is presented, showing how<br />
this can be used to launch a PD pulse into a typical 11 kV cable model and predict the output<br />
response of an HFCT some distance away. This process is illustrated through a parametric study<br />
of variations in the PD source parameters and by comparison of the data with the measured<br />
propagation properties of PD signals in an 11 kV EPR-insulated cable sample that incorporates<br />
semiconducting layers with frequency-dependent properties. Examples are also given in which<br />
the FDTD software is used to model time-domain reflectometry measurements that can be useful<br />
for locating damage within the same type of HV cable.
ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELLING <strong>OF</strong> HIGH PRESSURE SPARK GAP<br />
PEAKING SWITCH<br />
Mrunal Parekh, Bindu Sreedevi, H.A. Mangalvedekar<br />
VJTI, VJTI-SEIMENS HIGH VOLTAGE LAB, Mumbai, India<br />
298<br />
11O5<br />
Ultra-fast gaseous breakdown is an important phenomenon in pulsed power related to ultra<br />
wideband systems, plasma limiters, and ultra fast switches. The objective of this thesis being<br />
reduction in the rise time of the output pulse it is essential to minimize the inductance of the spark<br />
gap channel. This can be achieved by smaller inter electrode gap spacing. Therefore the design of<br />
switch requires modeling of field as well as circuit conditions to decide the electrode gap<br />
distance, configuration, gas pressure etc. The modeling of switch is carried out using the Finite<br />
element method to understand the Electric field and potential distribution in the switch geometry.<br />
Using the above quantities the switch is then modeled by obtaining resistance, inductance and<br />
capacitance parameters. With this developed model rise time of the voltage is calculated when the<br />
switch is connected to the load (Antenna).The field computation is carried out using FEMM<br />
(Finite element method magnetic) and the circuit calculation is done with MATLAB.
ESTIMATIONS <strong>OF</strong> THE ENERGY AVAILABLE TO A BREAKDOWN<br />
CHANNEL AS IT PROPAGATES THROUGH A DIELECTRIC MEDIUM<br />
299<br />
11O6<br />
Martin J Given 1 , Igor V Timoshkin 1 , Yiming Gao 1 , Mark P Wilson 1 , Tao Wang 1 ,<br />
Scott J Macgregor 1 , Jane M Lehr 2<br />
1 University of Strathclyde, Electronic and Electrical Eng, Glasgow, United Kingdom,<br />
2 Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA<br />
As a breakdown channel propagates through a dielectric medium, the energy required in changing<br />
the channel from its original state to an ionised gas or plasma will come from the electrostatic<br />
energy stored in the dielectric. As the channel propagates, the field distribution and thus the<br />
electrostatic energy stored will change. If these can be calculated then, insights into the<br />
development of the discharge channel should be obtained. The electrostatic energy density we for<br />
a given value of field E is given by we = eE 2 /2 If the electric field is known over the volume of the<br />
insulator, the electrostatic energy can be calculated by integrating the electrostatic energy density<br />
over the volume of the insulator V. The electric field produced by the discharge channel can be<br />
approximated assuming that the profile of the channel is a confocal hyperboloid and analytical<br />
forms exist for the resulting field. This approach allows the changes in energy stored in the<br />
system as the discharge channel propagates to be calculated. An alternative approach is to use<br />
charge simulation. In this method the electric field associated with a conductor can be calculated<br />
by summing the field produced by a series of charges. The magnitude of these charges can be<br />
calculated by defining the voltage at a series of points along the profile of the conductor and<br />
solving the resulting set of equations. The field resulting from a rod-plane electrode geometry can<br />
be simulated using a point charge and a series of line charges arranged on the axis of the rod<br />
electrode, with a corresponding set of image charges to establish a plane at potential zero<br />
corresponding to the earth plane. The advantage of this method is, that as the charges all lie on the<br />
axis of the electrode, the electrostatic energy in the system can be found by simply calculating the<br />
work done in separating each pair of charge and image charge from an initial position at the earth<br />
plane to the positions required to establish the required voltage profile. This paper will report on<br />
the results obtained by using the analytical technique based on integration of the field and by<br />
using the charge simulation method on the rate at which electrostatic energy is supplied to a<br />
discharge channel as it propagates through a dielectric medium. The validity of the charge<br />
simulation approach will be tested by examining the sensitivity of the model to changes in the<br />
location and magnitude of the charge distribution and also by comparing the field predicted by<br />
the charge simulation method with those calculated using Quickfield®.
PREVENTING BREAKDOWN BY DIRECT OPTIMIZATION APPROACH<br />
300<br />
11O7<br />
Zoran Andjelic 1 , Salih Sadovic 2 , Jean-Claude Mauroux 3<br />
1 ABB Corporate Research Baden, Switzerland, 2 Sadovic Consulting Paris, France, 3 ABB<br />
Corporate Research Zuerich, Switzerland<br />
The ultimate goal when designing the HV apparatus is to prevent the breakdown appearance<br />
during the operational conditions. In this paper we present the modelling approach for the optimal<br />
design of HV devices. Here we combine several tools that in an automatic iterative loop converge<br />
to the final, breakdown-free design. The integrated framework contains the module for BEMbased<br />
field computation, advanced tool for free-form optimization of the real-world problems and<br />
the controlling tool for breakdown criteria evaluation. In each iteration step after calculating the<br />
field distribution, the new instance of the possible final design is proposed by the module for the<br />
free-form optimization and checked by tool for the automatic control of the breakdown<br />
appearance. In the full paper we give detailed description of the techniques used within the<br />
integrated framework (simulation / optimization / controlling). Special attention is paid to the<br />
optimization approach. Here we use the gradient-less free-form optimization approach for both<br />
direct (sensitivity-less) and indirect (simple sensitivity-based) optimization. The procedure is<br />
illustrated by some examples of the optimization of the real-world apparatus (switches, circuit<br />
breakers). The optimal design proposed by the simulation is verified by the laboratory tests.
A SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> BREAKDOWN PARAMETERS <strong>OF</strong> HIGH POWER<br />
MICROWAVE INDUCED PLASMA IN ATMOSPHERIC GASES<br />
301<br />
11O8<br />
Patrick Ford, John Krile, Hermann Krompholz, Andreas Neuber<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA<br />
Surface flashover induced by a High Power Microwave (HPM) fast rise-time pulse causes a<br />
significant drop in transmitted power, along with reflections that can damage the source.<br />
Momentum transfer collision rates in the range of 100s of GHz (for pressures exceeding 5 kPa)<br />
lead to low plasma conductivity, corresponding to absorption levels of up to 60 % of the incident<br />
power. A simulation algorithm was developed using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)<br />
method in order to model the growth and transport of the electron density near a dielectric<br />
surface, and the resulting interaction with the microwave pulse. The time-dependent plasma<br />
parameters are governed by empirical and simulated scaling laws for ionization and collision<br />
rates, along with diffusion coefficients; the resulting frequency-dependent plasma permittivity is<br />
transformed to a discrete algorithm to describe the spatially resolved plasma in the FDTD<br />
algorithm. A plasma thickness of up to 2 mm is simulated that compares with side-on ICCD<br />
imaging of surface flashover. Breakdown parameters, such as delay times and breakdown electric<br />
fields, in nitrogen, air and argon, are compared with experimental data on surface flashover<br />
across a polycarbonate window at atmospheric pressures. The flashover experiments are utilize an<br />
S-band magnetron producing a 2.5 MW peak power, 50 ns rise-time, 3 µs long pulse at a<br />
2.85 GHz center frequency. The simulated results correlate well with measured, and the model<br />
exhibits low computational complexity when simulating a pulse on the order of microseconds,<br />
making it a good alternative to standard particle-in-cell codes.<br />
This research is supported by an AFOSR grant on the Basic Physics of Distributed Plasma<br />
Discharges.
302<br />
12O1<br />
HIGH TEMPERATURE CAPACITOR PERFORMANCE IN A HIGH POWER,<br />
HIGH FREQUENCY CONVERTER<br />
Kevin Bray 1 , Hiroyuki Kosai 1 , Daniel Schweickart 2 , Biswajit Ray 3<br />
1 UES, <strong>Inc</strong> Dayton, OH, USA, 2 Air Force Research Laboratory, RZPE, Dayton, OH, USA,<br />
3 Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania Bloomsburg, PA, USA<br />
Evolutionary increases in the demand on electrical power systems have resulted in the need to<br />
develop the next generation of compact, power dense, electrical systems. These systems will<br />
utilize robust and efficient high voltage power devices that are operable over an extended<br />
temperature range (-55 o C to 250 o C). Recent advances in SiC power devices and high<br />
temperature magnetic and insulation materials have stimulated the development of compact, high<br />
switch rate power system components that can operate at higher temperatures. These effects have<br />
highlighted the need to develop capacitor technology for high power, high frequency power filter<br />
applications, which can cylce over a wide range of temperatures. In this study, capacitor<br />
properties were evaluated with respect to temperature and geometry, up to 200 o C. These<br />
capacitors were then inserted as the output filter capacitors in an interleaved DC-DC converter. A<br />
thermally insulated converter was constructed to evaluated the temperature effects of the<br />
capacitors on the overall converter performance. All components were maintained at room<br />
temperature while the capcitors were exposed to ambient temperatures up to 200 o C. Capacitor<br />
performance in the converter was correlated with observations in the capacitor properties. A<br />
SPICE simulation was also developed to evaluate the performance of different capacitors in an<br />
interleaved DC-DC boost converter model. The experimental performance of the capacitors in the<br />
boost converter was related to the input parameters in the model. Both predicted electrical<br />
properties and the empirical data were utilized to asses the performance of the capacitors under<br />
extreme conditions. This approach has provided a basic understanding of how capacitor<br />
architecture, its electrical properties, and the themal stability affect its performance as a filtering<br />
device in high power, high frequency applications.
GLASS DIELECTRICS FOR POWER CAPACITORS<br />
303<br />
12O2<br />
Mohan Manoharan 1 , Mike Lanagan 1 , Douglas Kushner 2 , Chen Zou 2 , Shihai Zhang 2 ,<br />
Takashi Murata 3<br />
1 The Pennsylvania State University, Materials Research Institute, University Park, PA,<br />
USA, 2 Strategic Polymer Sciences, <strong>Inc</strong>., Capacitor Division, State College, PA, USA,<br />
3 NEG, Glass Division, Shiga, Japan<br />
Thin glass sheet production has grown substantially because of the strong demand from the flat<br />
panel display industry and a large investment in the development of new glass fabrication<br />
methods. Alkali-free glass is a promising material for high temperature and high power capacitors<br />
because of its low dielectric loss and high breakdown strength. Several glass compositions are<br />
commercially offered with a permittivity range of 5 to 7 and low dielectric loss (tan delta
ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN IN CAPACITOR DIELECTRIC FILMS:<br />
SCALING LAWS AND THE ROLE <strong>OF</strong> SELF-HEALING<br />
M. A. Schneider, J. R. MacDonald, M. C. Schalnat, J. B. Ennis<br />
General Atomics-Electronic Systems, <strong>Inc</strong>. San Diego, CA, USA<br />
304<br />
12O3<br />
The study of insulating materials has garnered renewed interest over the past decade, particularly<br />
with the rise of nanodielectrics. Energy storage dielectrics are no exception and a number of<br />
results have been published claiming very impressive breakdown strengths and energy densities<br />
for a wide variety of materials. Unfortunately, many of these materials are evaluated solely with<br />
very short duration voltage withstand tests on very small sample areas, typically on the order of a<br />
few seconds and a few square centimeters of active dielectric area. Particularly with energy<br />
storage capacitor dielectrics, reported results can be significantly misleading as full-scale devices<br />
have very long operational lifetimes on the order of years, and dielectric areas as much as one<br />
hundred to several million times as large, the combination of which necessitates significant<br />
derating of the operating electric field of a full-scale device. Practical components must also<br />
include additional material such as electrodes, major insulation, and packaging, resulting in<br />
packing factors much less than 100%. The result of taking area scaling, life scaling, and packing<br />
factor into account often reduces practical energy densities by one to two orders of magnitude.<br />
Here we review test methodologies for evaluation of dielectric breakdown strength, highlighting<br />
contrasts with real world operating conditions. A review of failure statistics for dielectric<br />
materials is presented drawing on literature, experimental results ad Monte-Carlo simulations in<br />
order to demonstrate the critical need for investigation of materials targeting realistic conditions.<br />
Additionally we review scaling laws for capacitor materials, discussing the scalability of certain<br />
results with regard to developing full-scale capacitors. Finally an analysis of self-healing and its<br />
effect on these statistics is provided, demonstrating the necessity to tolerate dielectric breakdown<br />
in order to further the state-of-the-art for high energy density capacitors.
305<br />
12O4<br />
PULSED CURRENT LIMITATIONS <strong>OF</strong> HIGH POWER ELECTROCHEMICAL<br />
ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES<br />
David Wetz, Biju Shrestha, Peter Novak<br />
University of Texas at Arlington, Electrical <strong>Engineering</strong> Department, Arlington, TX, USA<br />
Recently manufacturers of electrochemical energy storage devices have produced cells that are<br />
more power dense then previously available. The types of cells include lithium-ion batteries<br />
(LIBs), electric-double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), and lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) among<br />
others. The higher power capability has vastly increased the application space for which these<br />
types of devices can be used to source the prime power. Many pulsed power sources that draw<br />
their prime power form electrochemical energy storage devices have already been developed and<br />
their capabilities will only improve as the energy storage technologies advance. Though many<br />
manufacturers list peak pulsed current limitations on their datasheets, the values listed are often<br />
limited by the experimental hardware used to extract current from the cells and not always the<br />
cells themselves. In order to experimentally validate the pulsed current limitations of some of the<br />
newest electrochemical cells, a low impedance test stand, capable of extracting high pulsed<br />
current from individual cells has been developed. The impedance of the stand, less than 1 milli-<br />
Ohm, is such that in most cases, the impedance of the cell dominates the discharge current. A<br />
description of the test stand and the current limitations of many of the cells tested thus far will be<br />
presented.
STATUS UPDATE <strong>OF</strong> THE POWER CONDITIONING SYSTEM IN THE<br />
NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY<br />
306<br />
12O5<br />
Bruno Le Galloudec 1 , Phil Arnold 1 , Glen James 1 , Dave Pendleton 1 , Dave Petersen 1 ,<br />
Geoff Arellano-Womack 2 , Javier Cano 3 , Allen Harkey 2 , Norris Lao 2 , Manuel<br />
Magat 1 , Michael McIntosh 2 , Quang Ngo 2 , Seth Robison 2 , David Schwedler 2 , Mark<br />
Lopez 2<br />
1 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, <strong>Engineering</strong>/LSEO, Livermore, CA, USA,<br />
2 AKIMA Infrastructure Services LLC Livermore, CA, USA, 3 NSTEC Livermore, CA, USA<br />
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory operates the<br />
world's largest and most energetic laser. The facility supports studies of high energy density<br />
physics with the ultimate goals of achieving ignition and energy gain for the first time in a<br />
laboratory setting. The success of its mission depends heavily on key subsystems like the power<br />
conditioning system (PCS), where near 100% availability is required in supporting 24/7 laser<br />
operation. The 192 modules of PCS store and then deliver approximately 400 MJ of electrical<br />
energy to the laser amplifiers. The sheer number of modules coupled with the aggressive shot<br />
schedule present a challenge for both preventive maintenance and the implementation of<br />
engineering changes. Because the system comes into play very late during the shot process, it is<br />
extremely important to minimize the number of occurrences and duration of reactive maintenance<br />
activities. In this presentation we will discuss PCS performance, training and maintenance<br />
strategies, along with a series of development and upgrades that will help assure long-term<br />
system reliability and availability while supporting NIF's missions.<br />
This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence<br />
Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. LLNL-ABS-520240.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION <strong>OF</strong> A 250 KV, 100 HZ REPETITIVE<br />
VIRCATOR TEST STAND<br />
307<br />
12O6<br />
Kelton Clements, Randy Curry, Robert Druce<br />
University of Missouri, Center for Physical and Power Electronics, Columbia, MO, USA<br />
email: CurryRD@missouri.edu<br />
The Center for Physical and Power Electronics (CPPE) at the University of Missouri, Columbia is<br />
investigating the applicability of utilizing two separate Vircators simultaneously for multipulse<br />
testing. To facilitate this research, we have designed and constructed a versatile modulator to<br />
drive the HPM sources that allow us to drive two Vircators in parallel. The modulator consists of<br />
a thyratron-switched capacitor bank that pulse charges a water transmission line through a pulse<br />
transformer. The water transmission line is then switched into a voltage adder by a pressurized oil<br />
switch with an output risetime of 20ns. The capacitor bank is charged to 30 kV by a bank of<br />
power supplies delivering up to 40kJ/s and switched by a thyratron into the pulse transformer.<br />
The 1:10 pulse transformer charges the water line to 300 kV in approximately 2.5μs. When<br />
driven by the pulse line, the 250 kV output voltage is utilized to simultaneously drive the two,<br />
32 Ω Vircators in parallel or a 16 Ω load with a 70 ns long pulse. We will present details of the<br />
design, including electromagnetic simulations using CST Microwave Studio and SPICE circuit<br />
simulations of the Vircator design and modulator design, as well as construction details. The test<br />
results will be presented, and the power output of the Vircators under various operating<br />
conditions will be discussed.
EXPERIMENTATION AND SIMULATION <strong>OF</strong> HIGH CURRENT DENSITY<br />
SURFACE COATED ELECTRO-EXPLOSIVE FUSES<br />
308<br />
12O7<br />
Jacob Stephens, Andreas Neuber, James Dickens, Magne Kristiansen<br />
Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, TX,<br />
USA<br />
The primary objective of the research discussed in this paper is to develop a compact electroexplosive<br />
fuse (EEF) for a flux compression generator (FCG) power conditioning system, capable<br />
of rapidly obtaining and maintaining high impedance. It was observed that significant gains in<br />
EEF performance are introduced with the application of an insulating coating to the surface of the<br />
EEF wire. A 2 kA small scale test bed has been designed to provide a single wire EEF with<br />
similar current density (~10 7 A/cm 2 ), voltage gradient (~7 kV/cm), and timescale (~8 μs) as to<br />
what is seen by and EEF utilized in a HPM generating FCG system [1]. With the small scale test<br />
bed EEF performance data was rapidly obtained at a significantly lower cost than equivalent full<br />
scale FCG experiments. High speed imaging of the EEF opening process revealed that the gains<br />
in performance associated with surface coated EEFs are a result of suppression of plasma<br />
development at the wire surface. Using the small scale test bed, EEFs were tested in quartz sand<br />
and various pressures of nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride to determine the effect of wire<br />
environment on EEF performance for both bare wire and insulated wire. A one-dimensional finite<br />
difference model coupled with the Los Alamos National Laboratory SESAME Equation-of-State<br />
database was utilized to simulate the resistive behavior of the single wire EEFs in each of these<br />
environments. Further, a large scale test bed, designed to provide a similar current action as to<br />
what is seen by an FCG was used to test 18 wire EEF arrays at the 40 kA level. With this system<br />
both compact and non-compact EEF arrays with bare and insulated wire were tested. Data taken<br />
from the experiments is used along with the model output to elucidate the observed performance<br />
enhancement provided by the application of a surface coating to the compact FCG power<br />
conditioning EEF.<br />
[1] A. Young, A .Neuber, M. Elsayed, J. Korn, J. Walter, S. Holt, J. Dickens, M. Kristiansen, L.<br />
Altgilbers, "COMSED 1 – A Compact, Gigawatt Class Microwave Source Utilizing Helical Flux<br />
Compression Generator Based Pulsed Power," 2010 IEEE <strong>International</strong> Power Modulator and<br />
High Voltage Conference, Atlanta, GA, May 23 - 27, 2010.<br />
Distribution A: Approved for public release
ANALYSIS ON STRAY PARAMETERS IN A SOLID-STATE MARX PULSED<br />
POWER MODULATOR<br />
Jian Qiu, Kefu Liu, Liuxia Li<br />
Fudan University, Electric Light Sources, Shanghai, China<br />
309<br />
12O8<br />
In many pulsed power applications, high voltage and high frequency square pulses are needed.<br />
Traditional Marx type modulators based on solid-state switches often couldn't meet the<br />
requirements, especially on frequency and waveform. To solve the problems,a noval solid-state<br />
pulsed power mudulator based on charging and driving by magnetic ring transformers is<br />
introduced in the paper. In order to obtain pulses with steep voltage edges on various kinds of<br />
loads, half bridges formed by IGBT switches are used in the mudulator. The usage of magnetic<br />
rings makes the stray capacitance become one of the most important aspects to distort the output<br />
voltage waveforms.The effect of stray parameters on output waveforms is analysed in detail by<br />
Pspice simulation and verified by the experiments in this paper.According to the analysis, this<br />
paper deals with a design of the pulsed power mudulator with isolated recharge for dielectric<br />
barrier discharge (DBD) research, In order to design much more suitable pulsed modulators,<br />
some methods are described to reduce the influence of the stray parameters.
A<br />
Abe, Yuichi..............................................176<br />
Adhikhari, Biswajit..................................187<br />
Agarwal, Anant..........................................31<br />
Aguglia, Davide .........................................93<br />
Ahn, Jae Woon.........................................144<br />
Ahn, SukHo................................................72<br />
Akiyama, Hidenori..............11, 99, 102, 111,<br />
...................124, 125, 224<br />
Al Saif, Haitham ........................................27<br />
Aldan, Manuel P. .......................................14<br />
Alexcenco, V............................................180<br />
Alferov, Dmitriy ......................................143<br />
Allen, Raymond .......................................210<br />
Amari, Saad El.........................................202<br />
Amarnath, Jinka .....65, 66, 67, 235, 286, 287<br />
Ambikairajah, R.......................................118<br />
Amrenova, Assem....................................244<br />
Anamkath, Harry........................................25<br />
Andersen, Michael .........................69, 70, 71<br />
Andersen, Thomas .....................................69<br />
Anderson, David ..........................32, 33, 188<br />
Anderson, Jay ............................................94<br />
Anderson, Michael...................................208<br />
Andjelic, Zoran ........................................300<br />
Andreason, Sam .......................................142<br />
Araújo, Diego...................................119, 156<br />
Araujo, Eduardo.......................................136<br />
Arellano-Womack, Geoff ........................306<br />
Arnaud-Cormos, Delia.....................202, 263<br />
Arnold, Phil..............................................306<br />
Arntz, Floyd .................................................5<br />
B<br />
Baca, David..............................................241<br />
Baginski, Michael ....................................220<br />
Bai, Rujun ................................................147<br />
Baird, Jason..............................................252<br />
Bak, Piotr .................................................142<br />
Banakhr, Fahd..........................................131<br />
Banerjee, Partha .......................................187<br />
Bansal, L. K. ........................................82, 96<br />
Bao, Chaobing..........................................109<br />
AUTHOR INDEX<br />
310<br />
Barnes, Michael .........................................19<br />
Barros, Warner.........................................119<br />
Barua, U .K. .........................................82, 96<br />
Basha, Kamal .............................................86<br />
Batrakov, Alexandr..................................226<br />
Baxter, Emily ...................................229, 264<br />
Bayne, Stephen ..........................29, 268, 272<br />
Bayol, Frederic.........................................180<br />
Beeson, Sterling .......................................200<br />
Benwell, Andrew ...................................7, 22<br />
Bhattacharyya, Kiran ...............................132<br />
Bilbao, Argenis ........................................272<br />
Binderbauer, Michl ..................................208<br />
Bischoff, Rainer .......................................106<br />
Blackburn, Trevor............................114, 118<br />
Bland, Michael.........................................293<br />
Bocchetta, C.J. .........................................242<br />
Bochkov, Dmitry................98, 142, 209, 226<br />
Bochkov, Victor.........98, 142, 171, 209, 226<br />
Bonelli, Lucia...........................................208<br />
Borg, Karl ....................................................9<br />
Boriraksantikul, Nattaphong....................132<br />
Borodiy, Iren............................................281<br />
Bowman, Brett .........................................258<br />
Boyer, Craig.............................................210<br />
Bozduman, Ferhat....................................294<br />
Bragg, James-William..............197, 218, 259<br />
Bray, Kevin..............................................302<br />
Brito, Paula S. ............................................97<br />
Brown, Darwin.........................................196<br />
Brown, W.................................................145<br />
Bunin, Roman ..........................................143<br />
Burke, Kevin....................................258, 276<br />
Burkhart, Craig ........................7, 22, 35, 290<br />
Bystritskii, Vitaly.....................................208<br />
C<br />
Cai, Li ......................................................109<br />
Cairns, Richard ........................................250<br />
Calebrese, Chris .......................................199<br />
Canacsinh, Hiren........................................97<br />
Cano, Javier..............................................306<br />
Cao, Lei....................................................253<br />
Caramelle, Laurent...................................174
Caron, Michel ..........................................192<br />
Casey, Jeffrey ..............................................5<br />
Cassel, Richard ..............................3, 26, 105<br />
Castro, Malone.................................113, 158<br />
Caudle, Byron ..........................................220<br />
Cavallini, Andrea .....................................116<br />
Cavazos, Tommy .....................................196<br />
Chalenski, David......................................217<br />
Chang, ChienKuo.............................161, 162<br />
Chang, Hong-Chan ..................................120<br />
Chang, Jeong-Ho..............................159, 249<br />
Chao, Ji ....................................................293<br />
Chemerys, Volodymyr.............256, 257, 281<br />
Chen, Antong ...........................................164<br />
Chen, Debiao............................................183<br />
Chen, Hao ................................................246<br />
Chen, Jingliang ................149, 150, 163, 164<br />
Chen, Jinling ............................................236<br />
Chen, Lin..........................................194, 254<br />
Chen, Mao................................................183<br />
Chen, Qiangjian .......................................236<br />
Chen, Yaohong ........................................166<br />
Chen, Yeong-Jer ......................................133<br />
Cheng, Cheng...........................................212<br />
Cheng, Desheng ...............................236, 253<br />
Cheng, Lin..................................................31<br />
Chia, Chin Yang.......................................170<br />
Chivel, Yuri..............................................209<br />
Choi, Oh Ryoung .....................................189<br />
Chowdary, Duvvada Deepak ...................235<br />
Chung, Shen Shou Max ...................265, 266<br />
Clare, Jon .................................................293<br />
Clark, Scott ..............................................270<br />
Clemens, Markus .....................................225<br />
Clements, Kelton......................................307<br />
Coelingh, Gert-Jan .....................................18<br />
Cooper, J. R................................................91<br />
Cordova, Steve.........................................192<br />
Costa, Edson ............113, 119, 156, 158, 271<br />
Couderc, Vincent .....................................202<br />
Curry, Randy................28, 91, 145, 223, 307<br />
D<br />
Dahlerup-Petersen, Knud...........................18<br />
Dahlke, Matthias........................................21<br />
Dai, Ling ....................................................55<br />
311<br />
Dai, Yingmin..............................................40<br />
Dale, Greg........................................115, 229<br />
De Ferron, Antoine ....................41, 131, 174<br />
DeAngelis, Thomas..................................258<br />
Deb, Pankaj..............................................187<br />
Debache, Willy ........................................173<br />
Decker, Franz-Josef .................................239<br />
Del Rosso, Tommaso...............................208<br />
Demol, Gauthier.......................................180<br />
Devoe, Alan .............................................196<br />
Dhinesh, Kavitha........................................64<br />
Dickens, James..........12, 13, 30, 89, 92, 197,<br />
...200, 206, 218, 221, 259, 269, 270, 308<br />
Dogan, Fatih.............................................196<br />
Domonkos, Matt ................................34, 196<br />
Douglass, Scott ........................................250<br />
Druce, Robert.....................................28, 307<br />
Duband, Jean-Marc..................................174<br />
Dubinov, Alexander.................................171<br />
Dudley, Evan..............................................48<br />
Dzitko, Hervé...........................................291<br />
E<br />
Ebrahimi, Hadi.................................277, 278<br />
Eddie, Glines..............................................52<br />
Efanov, Mikhail ...............................175, 198<br />
Efanov, Vladimir..............................175, 198<br />
Egorov, Ivan.....................................135, 243<br />
Eichhoff, Daniel.........................................42<br />
Ekdahl, C..................................................295<br />
Elfrgani, A................................................261<br />
Elizondo-Decanini, Juan............................48<br />
El-Kishky, Hassan............................277, 278<br />
Ennis, J. B. .......................................289, 304<br />
Eriksson, M..............................................242<br />
Esipov, Victor ..........................................243<br />
Espino-Cortes, Fermin P..........................154<br />
Evsin, Dmitriy..........................................143<br />
F<br />
Feng, Bao ...................................................61<br />
Ferreira, Tarso Vilela...............................271<br />
Fielding, Andrew M.................................108<br />
Fierro, Andrew ....................................12, 13<br />
Finney, Stephen........................................177<br />
Fleming, Timothy ....................................216
Ford, Patrick.............................................301<br />
Fornasari, Luca ........................................116<br />
Foster, Peter .....................................178, 273<br />
Fowler, William .......................................179<br />
Frank, Klaus...............................................13<br />
Franzi, Matthew .......................................217<br />
Freire, Raimundo .....................113, 119, 156<br />
French, David...........................................217<br />
Fukawa, Fumiaki..............................121, 127<br />
Fuks, M. ...................................................261<br />
Furusato, Tomohiro....................................11<br />
G<br />
Gabdullina, Asylgul .................................244<br />
Gahl, John ................................................251<br />
Gale, Don .................................................196<br />
Gall, Brady.......................................229, 264<br />
Gan, Kongyin.............................................36<br />
Gao, Yiming.............................................299<br />
Gao, Yinghui........................77, 79, 230, 279<br />
Garbi, Mike................................................25<br />
Gardner, Alan.............................................25<br />
Geng, Lidong ...........................................191<br />
Georges, Alain .........................................291<br />
Giammanco, Francesco............................208<br />
Giesselmann, Michael........................29, 182<br />
Gilgenbach, Ronald..................................217<br />
Giuliani, John L. ......................................108<br />
Given, Martin.......10, 47, 103, 107, 110, 299<br />
Glidden, Steven....................................23, 24<br />
Glover, Ian .......................................119, 156<br />
Glover, Steven..................................178, 273<br />
Gnedin, Igor ...............................................98<br />
Gomes, Luana ..........................................113<br />
Gomez, Pablo...........................................154<br />
Gonzalez, Domingues..............................157<br />
Goru, Radhika..........................................169<br />
Goryl, P....................................................242<br />
Gota, Hiroshi............................................208<br />
Gough, Christopher..................................238<br />
Goussev, Gennadi ..............................72, 172<br />
Graneau, Neal ..........................................214<br />
Grass, Norbert..............................................6<br />
Greening, Geoff .......................................217<br />
Grimes, Monty ...........................................17<br />
Gryshin, Yury ..........................................209<br />
312<br />
Gu, Chi-Wuk....................................227, 228<br />
Gu, Feng-Chang.......................................120<br />
Guan, Yongchao ......................................212<br />
Guan, Zhicheng....................................60, 61<br />
Gulec, Ali.................................................294<br />
Gundersen, Martin A. .................................4<br />
Guo, Fei....................................................134<br />
Gupta, L.N. ..........................................82, 96<br />
H<br />
Han, Wenhui ..............................................40<br />
Han, Xiao .................................................279<br />
Han, Zhaojun..............................................15<br />
Hao, Shirong ......................................40, 191<br />
Hao, Xi-Wei.............................................280<br />
Hara, Masanori...........................................11<br />
Hargrave, Barbara....................................133<br />
Harkey, Allen...........................................306<br />
Harper-Slaboszewicz, V. .........................275<br />
Harris, Rachel ..................................117, 155<br />
Hartmann, Werner........................................6<br />
Hashimoto, Masanori...............................125<br />
Hatfield, Lynn......................................12, 13<br />
He, Hui.....................................................183<br />
He, Shaolin...............................................163<br />
He, Yong..................................................212<br />
Hebner, Robert ............................................1<br />
Hegeler, Frank..........................................108<br />
Heidger, Susan ...................................34, 196<br />
Helava, Heikki ..........................................28<br />
Heo, Hoon................................................189<br />
Hettler, Cameron....................30, 89, 92, 197<br />
Higuchi, Takato........................................122<br />
Hitchcock, Sherry ................................25, 26<br />
Ho, Janet ....................................................49<br />
Hock, Christian ................................141, 151<br />
Hoff, Brad ................................................217<br />
Holen, Paul.................................................25<br />
Holma, Janne..............................................19<br />
Holt, Shad ................................................270<br />
Hong, Wu...................................................90<br />
Hope, M. ....................................................91<br />
Hori, Hitoshi ............................................128<br />
Hosseini, Hammid....................................125<br />
Hosseini, S.H.R..........................................99<br />
Hou, Gene ................................................134
Hu, Hepin...................................................36<br />
Hu, Xiao...................................................297<br />
Huang, Kun..............................................186<br />
Huang, Lina..........................................70, 71<br />
Huang, Weiming........................................76<br />
Huang, Xue-Zeng.......................................16<br />
Huang, Yan-guang ...................................165<br />
Huang, Yien Chieh...........................265, 266<br />
Huhman, Brett............................95, 210, 250<br />
Hunag, Kun..............................................215<br />
Huynh, P. ...................................................68<br />
Hwang, Jung-yun .......................................73<br />
I<br />
Iberler, Marcus.................................141, 151<br />
Ibrahim, Omar............................................27<br />
Ihara, Takeshi.............................................11<br />
Inagaki, Takahiro .....................................203<br />
Inokuchi, Makoto.....................................124<br />
Isakov, Ivan..............................................208<br />
Ishizawa, Hidetoshi..................................125<br />
Islam, Naz ..................................27, 132, 211<br />
Ito, Koyu ..................................................222<br />
Itoh, Haruo .......................................121, 127<br />
Ivanov, Valeriy ........................................143<br />
Iyengar, Pravin.........................................177<br />
J<br />
Jackson, Robert........................................274<br />
Jacoby, Joachim ...............................141, 151<br />
Jadidian, Jouya.............................................9<br />
Jain, H S...................................................233<br />
James, Glen..............................................306<br />
Jang, Sung-Roc ..................................72, 172<br />
Jauregui, Frank.........................................208<br />
Ji Yang .......................................................80<br />
Jia, Zhidong................................................60<br />
Jiang, Chun ..............................................184<br />
Jiang, Hui .................................................137<br />
Jiang, Weihua...................129, 193, 222, 237<br />
Jing, Yi.......................................................47<br />
Jing, Yu....................................................100<br />
Jo, Seung Whan .......................................144<br />
Johnson, Cheryl........................................208<br />
Jow, T. Richard..........................................49<br />
Ju, Heung-Jin ...................................227, 228<br />
313<br />
Judd, Martin .............................117, 155, 297<br />
K<br />
Kaczmarek, Michal..........................247, 248<br />
Kageyama, Tatsuya..................................126<br />
Kai, Hirofumi...........................................102<br />
Kaikanov, Marat ......................................243<br />
Kalavathi, Munagala Surya............83, 84, 87<br />
Kalavathi, Surya.......................................284<br />
Kalenderli, Ozcan ......................................45<br />
Kamakshaiah, Saprams..............................67<br />
Kanaev, Gennady.....................................135<br />
Kang, Heung-sik ........................................73<br />
Kara, Alper.................................................45<br />
Kardo-Sysoev, Alexei................................22<br />
Karlik, Konstantin....................................226<br />
Katsuki, Sunao ...........11, 102, 111, 125, 224<br />
Kelly, Patrick ...................................268, 270<br />
Kemp, Mark .........................................7, 290<br />
Kempkes, Michael .......................................5<br />
Khanali, Mahdi ........................................139<br />
Kim, Alexander................................179, 180<br />
Kim, Baek ........................................229, 264<br />
Kim, Jin O................................................160<br />
Kim, Sang-hee............................................73<br />
Kinsey, Nathaniel.......................................28<br />
Kirawanich, Phumin ..........................27, 132<br />
Kirkici, Hulya .............50, 51, 146, 147, 220<br />
Kishita, Yumi...........................................102<br />
Kiyan, Tsuyoshi .........................................11<br />
Ko, Kwang-Cheol ....................227, 228, 262<br />
Kohler, Sophie .................................202, 263<br />
Kolb, Juergen F........................................100<br />
Komashko, Alexander..............................175<br />
Kondo, Chikara........................................203<br />
Kondratief, S............................................180<br />
Kong, Zhonghua ......................................288<br />
Konopelski, ................................................91<br />
Kornilova, Inna ........................................171<br />
Kosai, Hiroyuki........................................302<br />
Kostora, M. ................................................34<br />
Kovaleski, Scott ...............115, 229, 251, 264<br />
Krasnykh, Anatoly .............................22, 239<br />
Krile, John................................................301<br />
Krishnan, Sindhu T ....................................64<br />
Kristiansen, Magne ..................221, 269, 308
Krompholz, Hermann ..............................301<br />
Kuek, Ngee Siang ....................................219<br />
Kukhta, Vladimir .....................................135<br />
Kumar, Naveen ........................................284<br />
Kumbaro, D..............................................242<br />
Kuo, Cheng-Chien ..................................120<br />
Kurz, Andreas ......................................42, 43<br />
Kushner, Douglas...............................54, 303<br />
Kuthi, Andras...............................................4<br />
Kwan, Sei-jin .............................................73<br />
Kwon, Hae Ok .........................................144<br />
Kwon, Jae.........................................229, 264<br />
L<br />
Lacouture, Shelby ......................................29<br />
Laity, George .......................................12, 13<br />
Lakshmi, Vuyyuru Anantha.................83, 84<br />
Lamberti, Patrizia.....................................130<br />
Lambrecht, Michael .................................216<br />
Lanagan, Mike .........................................303<br />
Lao, Norris ...............................................306<br />
Lassalle, Francis.......................................140<br />
Lau, Yue-Ying .........................................217<br />
Lavesson, Nils..............................................9<br />
Lawson, Kevin ...........................................29<br />
Le Galloudec, Bruno................................306<br />
Leckbee, Josh...........................................192<br />
Lee, An Kyu.............................................160<br />
Lee, Byeong-jun.........................................73<br />
Lee, Byung-Joon......................................144<br />
Lee, Cheol-Kyou......................................228<br />
Lee, Heung-Ho.................................159, 249<br />
Lee, Heung-su............................................73<br />
Lee, Hyo-Sung .........................................249<br />
Lee, Kun-A ......................................228, 262<br />
Lee, Sun Hun ...........................................160<br />
Lee, Sung-Hun .........................................249<br />
Lehr, Jane.....................10, 47, 107, 110, 299<br />
Lei, Yu .....................................................205<br />
Leith, John..................................................52<br />
Leveque, Philippe ............................202, 263<br />
Li, Chengxiang.........................................184<br />
Li, Chen-xiang .........................................232<br />
Li, Fei.......................................................134<br />
Li, Gang ...................................................165<br />
Li, Ge ...............................204, 236, 253, 255<br />
314<br />
Li, Hongtao ..........................................37, 39<br />
Li, Hua .....................................................166<br />
Li, Huirong...........................................50, 51<br />
Li, Jian......................................................232<br />
Li, Jiang....................................................134<br />
Li, Jin .......................................................183<br />
Li, Lee......................................................109<br />
Li, Liuxia....................................38, 185, 309<br />
Li, Long....................................................107<br />
Li, Tao........................................................36<br />
Li, Wenfeng ...................................8, 76, 137<br />
Li, Xin......................................................183<br />
Li, Yuan ...................................................183<br />
Li, Zhenhong..............................................51<br />
Li, Zhiwei...........................................55, 166<br />
Liang, Lin...................................................90<br />
Liew, Ah Choy.........................................219<br />
Lim, Tee Chong .......................................177<br />
Lin, Fuchang ..............................55, 109, 166<br />
Lin, Tianyu...............................................163<br />
Lira, George Rossany Soares...................271<br />
Liu, De .....................................................166<br />
Liu, Hongwei .......................................37, 39<br />
Liu, Jinfeng ..........................................37, 39<br />
Liu, Kefu......38, 78, 148, 185, 205, 231, 309<br />
Liu, Kun .............................................77, 230<br />
Liu, Xueqing ..............................................90<br />
Lodes, Adam............................................145<br />
Loisch, Gregor .........................................141<br />
Lopatin, Vladimir.....................................135<br />
Lopes, Ivan...............................................136<br />
Lopes, Waslon..........................................119<br />
Lopez, Mark.............................................306<br />
Loree, E................................................34, 91<br />
Lou, Zaifei................................................288<br />
Louverdis, Gerasimos ..............................292<br />
Low, Chee Hoong ....................................170<br />
Low, Kum Sang .......................................170<br />
Low, Kum Wan........................................170<br />
Loyen, Arnaud .........................................140<br />
Lu, Gensheng ...........................................231<br />
Lu, Guo-jun..............................................165<br />
Lu, Peng ...................................................111<br />
Lu, Zan.....................................................211<br />
Luginsland, John......................................217<br />
Lukonin, Evgeny......................................243
Luo, Haiyun .............................112, 152, 153<br />
Lutrick, Christopher.................................270<br />
L'vov, Igor................................................171<br />
Lynn, Curtis .............................................269<br />
M<br />
Ma, Hao......................................................62<br />
Mabuchi, Ryo...........................................126<br />
MacDonald, J. R. .....................289, 296, 304<br />
Macêdo, Euler..........................113, 119, 156<br />
MacGregor, Scott.10, 47, 103, 107, 110, 299<br />
MacNair, David............................................7<br />
Madrid, E. A. ...........................................275<br />
Magat, Manuel .........................................306<br />
Magori, Yoshihiro....................................128<br />
Mahadevan, David ...................................170<br />
Makeev, Yaroslav ..............................98, 142<br />
Malaji, Sushama.........................................85<br />
Mallick, Shreeharsh .................................233<br />
Malmgren, L. ...........................................242<br />
Mangalvedekar, H.A................................298<br />
Mani, Kuchibhatla......................................67<br />
Mankowski, John .....................206, 268, 270<br />
Manoharan, Mohan..................................303<br />
Mao, Chongyang......................................215<br />
Mardahl, Peter..........................................216<br />
Mardikyan, Kevork ...................................45<br />
Martin, Justin .............................................41<br />
Matthias Hoffacker ....................................43<br />
Matvienko, Vasily....................................208<br />
Mauch, Daniel....................................30, 197<br />
Mauroux, Jean-Claude .............................300<br />
Mayberry, Clay ..........................................27<br />
Mazarakis, Michael..........................179, 180<br />
McDaniel, Dillon .....................................273<br />
McIntosh, Michael ...................................306<br />
Melcher, Paul ...........................................246<br />
Mendes, João..............................................97<br />
Mermigkas, Athanasios............................103<br />
Merz, Wolfhard..........................................17<br />
Mi, Charles.................................................54<br />
Mi, Yan ....................................167, 184, 232<br />
Miller, C. L. .............................................275<br />
Minamitani, Yasushi........122, 123, 129, 176<br />
Mitsutake, Kazunori.................................102<br />
Miyamoto, Yuta .........................................99<br />
315<br />
Montanari, Gian Carlo .............................116<br />
Mooder, J. ................................................242<br />
Moon, Yong-jo...........................................73<br />
Moore, Harry............................................258<br />
Moore, Philip ...........................................155<br />
Morais, Cláudio........................................157<br />
Morales, Kim ...........................................181<br />
Morell, Alain............................................140<br />
Moriyama, Shinya....................................102<br />
Morris, Ben ..............................................239<br />
Mouillet, Marc .........................................291<br />
Mu, Hai-Bao ..............................................16<br />
Mueller, Georg...........................................20<br />
Muffoletto, Daniel............................258, 276<br />
Muffoletto, Mark......................................258<br />
Muganal, Suryakalavathi ...........................86<br />
Munagala, Suryakalavathi..........88, 169, 285<br />
Murata, Takashi .......................................303<br />
Myers, Matthew C. ..................................108<br />
N<br />
Naderi, Mohammad Salay .......................114<br />
Nagahama, Masataka ...............................128<br />
Nagalingam, Rajeswaran ...........................88<br />
Nakamura, Asuki .....................................224<br />
Nam, Jong Woo .......................................144<br />
Nam, Sang Hoon..............................144, 189<br />
Nambiar, T N Padmanabhan......................64<br />
Nashilevskiy, Alexander..........................135<br />
Nastrat, L....................................................46<br />
Neri, Jesse ..................................95, 210, 250<br />
Neto, José Maurício .........................119, 156<br />
Neto, Lauro Paulo da Silva ......................260<br />
Neuber, Andreas ...........12, 13, 89, 197, 200,<br />
......218, 221, 269, 301, 308<br />
Ng, Albert ................................................170<br />
Ngo, Quang..............................................306<br />
Nguyen, Minh ......................................7, 239<br />
Niayesh, Kaveh........................................139<br />
Nicolaev, Vladimir...................................226<br />
Nicolas, Rémi...........................................291<br />
Nikolic, Paul Gregor ............................42, 43<br />
Niu, Zheng ...............................................138<br />
Nonn, Paul..................................................94<br />
Norgard, Peter..........................115, 229, 264<br />
Novac, Bucur ...........131, 195, 214, 292, 305
O<br />
Obata, Daichi ...........................................224<br />
O'Brien, Heather ..............................2, 29, 31<br />
O'Connor, Kevin ......................................223<br />
Ogunniyi, Aderinto ..........................2, 29, 31<br />
Oh, Seung-Chan.......................................249<br />
Ok, Seung-Bok...................................72, 172<br />
Oksuz, Lutfi .............................................294<br />
Okuda, Yuta ...............................................99<br />
Olivares, Tomas I. Asiain ........................154<br />
Oliver, Bryan............................................192<br />
O'Loughlin, Jim .......................................196<br />
Omar, Kaashif..........................................214<br />
Orchard, Raymond.....................................54<br />
Oshita, Daiki ..............................................99<br />
Ostlund, Kevin .............................................5<br />
Ostrikov, Kostya (Ken)..............................15<br />
Otake, Yuji...............................................203<br />
Otto, Johanna ...........................................151<br />
Ozur, Grigory...........................................226<br />
P<br />
Padmavathi, Devasetty...............................67<br />
Paganini, Enrico.......................................208<br />
Pagidi, Balachennaiah..............................285<br />
Pan, Ci Ling .....................................265, 266<br />
Panev, Bozhidar .........................................18<br />
Panov, Alexey..........................................142<br />
Panov, Piotr..............................................226<br />
Paraliev, Martin........................................238<br />
Parekh, Mrunal.........................................298<br />
Park, Jong-Yoon ......................................262<br />
Park, Soung-soo .........................................73<br />
Parker, G. ...................................................34<br />
Parker, Jerald............................................196<br />
Parker, Michael........................................292<br />
Parson, Jonathan ......................................221<br />
Parthasarathy, P..........................................65<br />
Partridge, Edward ....................................241<br />
Patel, Gunjan................................32, 33, 188<br />
Patel, Paresh.........................................82, 96<br />
Patel, V.B.............................................82, 96<br />
Pawel Rozga...............................................44<br />
Pecastaing, Laurent..........................131, 174<br />
Pecquois, Romain ....................................174<br />
Pena, Gary........................................178, 273<br />
316<br />
Pendleton, Dave .......................................306<br />
Peplov, Vladimir..............................240, 245<br />
Pereira, Marcos T.......................................97<br />
Perevodchikov, Vladimir .........................190<br />
Petersen, Dave..........................................306<br />
Phung, Toan ...............................15, 114, 118<br />
Pignolet, Pascal........................................131<br />
Pihl, Chris ................................................142<br />
Pisa, Luiz..................................................157<br />
Pointon, Tim ............................................192<br />
Pokryvailo, Alex ......................................201<br />
Poloskov, Artem ......................................243<br />
Prabaharan, T. ..........................................187<br />
Pradeep, Adusumilli.................................233<br />
Prasad, S...................................................261<br />
Proskurovsky, Dmitry..............................226<br />
Q<br />
Qi, Xiangdong..........................................109<br />
Qin, Yu.....................................................165<br />
Qiu, Jian ...............38, 78, 148, 185, 205, 309<br />
Qureshi, K............................................82, 96<br />
R<br />
Radhika, Goru..........................................234<br />
Rahaman, Hasibur....................................144<br />
Rahman, Muhammad Muktadir.................75<br />
Ramarao, Narapareddy ..............................66<br />
Ran, Huijuan ..............................................56<br />
Rao, Gade Govinda..................................287<br />
Rao, Junfeng ..............................................78<br />
Ravishankar, J..........................................118<br />
Ray, Biswajit............................................302<br />
Reale, David.....................................206, 270<br />
Reass, William .................................241, 293<br />
Reddy, B.Ravindhra Nath..........................86<br />
Reddy, C. Subba Rami...............................87<br />
Reddy, T. Bramhananda ......................83, 84<br />
Reddy, VC Veera.................................83, 84<br />
Redondo, Luís M. ......................................97<br />
Rees, Daniel .............................................241<br />
Reess, Thierry ............................................41<br />
Reid, Alistair............................................117<br />
Remnev, Gennady............................135, 243<br />
Ren, Chengyan...............................56, 57, 63<br />
Rey-Bethbeder, Franck .............................41
Reynaud, Denis........................................291<br />
Rhee, Jae-Ho............................................227<br />
Rice, David ..............................................251<br />
Richter-Sand, R.J. ......................................34<br />
Rienecker, Tim.........................................151<br />
Rivaletto, Marc ........................................174<br />
Rivers, Chris .............................................25<br />
Robison, Seth ...........................................306<br />
Rodrigues, Maria..............................113, 158<br />
Rohde, Klaus-Dieter ....................................6<br />
Rokkaku, Kotaro..............................121, 127<br />
Romeo, Stefania...............................101, 130<br />
Roques, Bernard.......................................140<br />
Rose, C. R. ...............................................295<br />
Rose, D. V................................................275<br />
Ross, Randy ...............................................25<br />
Rossi, Jose Osvaldo .........................219, 260<br />
Rouillard, Mark........................................208<br />
Roznowski, Scott .....................................179<br />
Runge, Lill .................................................25<br />
Ruscassie, Robert...............................41, 131<br />
Russell Blundell.......................................267<br />
Ryoo, Hong-Je ...................................72, 172<br />
S<br />
Sack, Martin...............................................20<br />
Sadovic, Salih ..........................................300<br />
Sadovoy, Sergey ......................................171<br />
Saethre, Robert.................................240, 245<br />
Saied, Mohamed ........................74, 282, 283<br />
Saito, Takashi...........................................123<br />
Sakugawa, Takashi ..........................111, 124<br />
Sakurai, Tatsuyuki ...................................203<br />
Sanders, Howard..................................23, 24<br />
Sanders, Jason M. ........................................4<br />
Sandoval, Dan..........................................196<br />
Sang Hoon Nam.......................................207<br />
Sannino, Anna..........................................101<br />
Satoh, Yuuya....................................121, 127<br />
Savage, Mark ...........................................179<br />
Scapellati, Cliff ........................................201<br />
Scarfì, Maria Rosaria .......................101, 130<br />
Schalnat, M. C..........................................304<br />
Schamiloglu, Edl...........58, 62, 76, 137, 138,<br />
..................... 219, 260, 261<br />
Scheinker, Alex........................................293<br />
317<br />
Scherbakov, Alexander............................190<br />
Schmidt, M...............................................145<br />
Schneider, Larry...............................178, 273<br />
Schneider, M. A. ..............................289, 304<br />
Schnettler, Armin ................................42, 43<br />
Schoenbach, Karl .....................................133<br />
Schönlein, Andreas ..........................141, 151<br />
Schulze, M. ..............................................295<br />
Schwedler, David.....................................306<br />
Schweickart, Daniel .................................302<br />
Schwendner, Martin.....................................6<br />
Scozzie, Charles...............................2, 29, 31<br />
Selemir, Victor.........................................171<br />
Seltzman, Andrew......................................94<br />
Senior, Peter.............................195, 214, 292<br />
Sethian, John D. .......................................108<br />
Shaheen, William...................................2, 31<br />
Shao, Tao ...........57, 58, 62, 63, 76, 137, 138<br />
Shao, Yingbiao.........................................149<br />
Shapenko, Valentina ................................190<br />
Shareghi, Maziar......................................114<br />
Sharkawy, R.M. ........................................46<br />
Sharma, Ashwani .......................................27<br />
Sharma, Surender.....................................187<br />
Sheng, Lieyi ...............................................52<br />
Shi, Xiangyu ..............................................55<br />
Shi, Xiaoxia................................................79<br />
Shimomura, Naoyuki .......................126, 128<br />
Shintake, Tsumoru ...................................203<br />
Shirasawa, Katsutoshi..............................203<br />
Shkuratov, Sergey....................................252<br />
Shrestha, Biju...........................................305<br />
Shukla, Rohit............................................187<br />
Shuto, Tsuyoshi........................................102<br />
Shyam, Anurag ........................................187<br />
Sidorov, Vladimir ....................................143<br />
Siew, Wah H. ...........................................297<br />
Silva, Juliano............................................157<br />
Simmons, Christopher......................218, 259<br />
Simon, David ...........................................217<br />
Sinclair, Mark ............................10, 177, 214<br />
Sinebbryukhov, Alexander ......................180<br />
Singh, B.P. .................................................65<br />
Singh, Hardev ..........................................258<br />
Singh, N. P. ..........................................82, 96<br />
Slenes, Kirk..............................................196
Smith, Ivor .......................131, 195, 214, 292<br />
Soares, Rudi ...............................................93<br />
Solley, Dennis..............................32, 33, 188<br />
Sommars, Wayne .....................................196<br />
Song, Bai-Peng ........................................280<br />
Song, Shengyi ..........................................212<br />
Song, Xupeng...........................................231<br />
Sreedevi, Bindu........................................298<br />
Sridevi, Jami ............................................287<br />
Stalkov, Pavel ..........................................190<br />
Stangenes, Magne ................................25, 26<br />
Stephens, Jacob........................................308<br />
Strashnoy, George....................................208<br />
Strowitzki, Claus........................................21<br />
Stults, Allen......................................213, 252<br />
Stygar, William................................179, 180<br />
Su, Cheng...................................................55<br />
Subramanyamps.......................................286<br />
Sugai, Taichi ............................................129<br />
Sullivan III, William ..............30, 89, 92, 197<br />
Sumod, C.B..........................................82, 96<br />
Sun, Yaohong.......8, 57, 63, 77, 79, 230, 279<br />
Sun, Zhenting.............................................60<br />
Sunilkumar, Chava...................................286<br />
Suryakalavathi, Mungala .........................234<br />
Suslov, Valery..........................................209<br />
Suzuki, Susumu ...............................121, 127<br />
T<br />
Tan, Zhiyuan..............................................36<br />
Tanabe, Takashi .......................................125<br />
Tang, Chao.................................................59<br />
Tang, Tao .....................................22, 35, 290<br />
Tarasenko, Victor F. ..................................62<br />
Teboul, Michael .......................................173<br />
Teke, Erdogan..........................................294<br />
Temple, Victor .......................................2, 31<br />
Teng, Yaqing............................................148<br />
Tenneti, Madhu..........................................88<br />
Teranishi, Kenji................................126, 128<br />
Terry, Jurgen..............................................25<br />
Teryoshin, Vasiliy....................................226<br />
Teske, Christian .......................................151<br />
Thakkar, D.P. .......................................82, 96<br />
Thomas, Ken..............................................10<br />
Thompson, James E. ................................211<br />
318<br />
Thomsen, Ole C. ........................................69<br />
Thorin, S. .................................................242<br />
Thummala, Prasanth ............................70, 71<br />
Timoshkin, Igor....10, 47, 103, 107, 110, 299<br />
Tokuchi, Akira .........................129, 193, 237<br />
Tong, Chunya...........................................288<br />
Tooker, J.F. ................................................68<br />
Toury, Martial..........................................192<br />
Tracz, Piotr...............................................242<br />
Trukhachev, Ivan .....................................190<br />
Tsai, Chung-Nan................................50, 146<br />
Tu, Zhuolin ..............................................205<br />
Tucci, Vincenzo .......................................130<br />
Tuncer, Enis .............................................199<br />
U<br />
Uemura, Kensuke.....................................135<br />
Upia, Antonio...........................................258<br />
Ushich, Vladmir.......................................171<br />
Uto, Yoshihiro..........................................128<br />
V<br />
Vadher, V.............................................82, 96<br />
VanGordon, James...........................229, 264<br />
Vasiliev, Gleb ............................................98<br />
Veracka, Michael .....................................210<br />
Verboncoeur, John .............................14, 274<br />
Verma, Rishi ............................................187<br />
Vermel, Vladimir .....................................209<br />
Vernier, P. Thomas ..........................101, 263<br />
Vézinet, René...........................................174<br />
Viator, John..............................................132<br />
Vilar, Pablo Bezerra.................................271<br />
Villanueva, Juan M. .................................156<br />
Volkov, S. ................................................180<br />
Vollmer, Travis........................................182<br />
Vu, Thao ..................................................263<br />
Vyalykh, Dmitry ......................................171<br />
W<br />
Waggoner, William..................................208<br />
Walczak, L. ..............................................242<br />
Walter, John .............................221, 269, 270<br />
Walters, Kurt............................................208<br />
Wan, Shuwei..............................................61
Wang, Baojie............................................185<br />
Wang, Jian................................................167<br />
Wang, Jue...................................8, 56, 57, 63<br />
Wang, Kun ...............................................231<br />
Wang, Liming ...........................................61<br />
Wang, Meng.....................................194, 254<br />
Wang, Minhua....................................40, 191<br />
Wang, Qi..................................................167<br />
Wang, Tao.......................10, 47, 56, 57, 103,<br />
................................ 107, 110, 299<br />
Wang, Wei .................................................81<br />
Wang, Xinxin...........112, 152, 153, 186, 215<br />
Wang, Yuxi..............................................150<br />
Wang, Zhiyong ..........................................61<br />
Warnow, Daniel ...................................23, 24<br />
Watanabe, Tetsuya...................................111<br />
Watrous, Jack...........................................196<br />
Watson, Alan............................................293<br />
Wawrzyniak, A. .......................................242<br />
Wei, Quan ..................................................90<br />
Wei, Xiaoxing............................................60<br />
Wetz, David .............................................305<br />
Wezensky, Mark ..........................32, 33, 188<br />
White, Forest....................................178, 273<br />
Widlund, Ola................................................9<br />
Wiechula, Jörg .........................................141<br />
Wilder, Aleta T. .........................................53<br />
Wilson, Mark .......10, 47, 103, 107, 110, 299<br />
Wolford, Matthew F.................................108<br />
Won, Jong Hyo ........................................189<br />
Wu, Hao ...................................................232<br />
Wu, RuayNan...................................161, 162<br />
Wu, Youcheng ...................................40, 191<br />
X<br />
Xiao, Li ......................................................57<br />
Xiao, Qian-bo...........................................232<br />
Xiao, Shu..........................................133, 134<br />
Xie, Fei.............................................236, 253<br />
Xie, Weiping................................37, 39, 194<br />
Xu, Bei .....................................................288<br />
Xu, Jiayu ..............................................8, 138<br />
Xu, Rong....................................................63<br />
Xu, Xiaoqing............................................164<br />
319<br />
Y<br />
Yakimow, Byron......................................246<br />
Yamasaki, Fernanda Sayuri .....................260<br />
Yan, Ping.....................56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 77,<br />
....................79, 137, 138, 230, 279<br />
Yan, Wei ....................................................15<br />
Yang, Jong Won.......................................189<br />
Yang, Yu..................................................191<br />
Yao, Chen-guo .........................167, 184, 232<br />
Yao, Xueling....................149, 150, 163, 164<br />
Yarin, Pavel..............................................175<br />
Ye, Hanyu ................................................225<br />
Yeckel, Christopher ....................................3<br />
Yin, Weijun..............................................199<br />
Yu, Yang....................................................58<br />
Yu, Yuehui ................................................90<br />
Yuan, Hongwen .......................................236<br />
Yuan, Jianqiang....................................37, 39<br />
Z<br />
Zaehter, Sero............................................151<br />
Zahn, Markus ...............................................9<br />
Zanchetta, Pericle.....................................293<br />
Zemin, Duan ............................................168<br />
Zeni, Luigi................................................101<br />
Zeni, Olga ........................................101, 130<br />
Zhan, Jiang-Yang.......................................16<br />
Zhang, Cheng.................58, 62, 76, 137, 138<br />
Zhang, Chuyan...........................................61<br />
Zhang, Dongdong .........8, 56, 57, 62, 63, 76,<br />
................ 77, 79, 230, 279<br />
Zhang, Guan-Jun................................16, 280<br />
Zhang, Jiange ...........................................211<br />
Zhang, Jingbo...........................................231<br />
Zhang, Nanchuan ...............................40, 191<br />
Zhang, Nanyan...........................................54<br />
Zhang, Ran.......................112, 152, 153, 186<br />
Zhang, Rui................................................215<br />
Zhang, Shihai .....................................54, 303<br />
Zhang, Zhe ...........................................70, 71<br />
Zhao, Shen .......................112, 152, 153, 186<br />
Zhao, Yue...........................................37, 254<br />
Zhdanok, Sergey ........................................98<br />
Zhdanov, Victor .......................................171<br />
Zhou, Fuxin..............................................183<br />
Zhou, Liangji....................................194, 254
Zhou, Longxiang......................................184<br />
Zhou, Yuan .................................................8<br />
Zhou, Zhi..................................................183<br />
Zhu, Xinlei .......................112, 152, 153, 186<br />
Zhuang, Jie...............................................100<br />
320<br />
Zhukeshov, Anuar....................................244<br />
Zirnheld, Jennifer.............................258, 276<br />
Zou, Chen...........................................54, 303<br />
Zou, Wenkang..........................................194<br />
Zou, Xiaobing ..........112, 152, 153, 186, 215
321
322
323
324
325
326
Change language