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The fields in the IGMP message contain the following information: ► Type: This field specifies the type of IGMP packet: – 0x’11’: Specifies a membership query packet. This is sent by a multicast router. There are two subtypes of membership query messages: 242 TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview General Query: This is used to learn which groups have members on an attached network. Group-Specific Query: This is used to learn if a particular group has any members on an attached network. – 0x’12’: Specifies an IGMPv1 membership report packet. This is sent by a multicast host to signal participation in a specific multicast host group. – 0x’16’: Specifies an IGMPv2 membership report packet. – 0x’17’: Specifies a leave group packet. This is sent by a multicast host. ► Max resp time: This field is used in membership query messages. It specifies the maximum allowed time a host can wait before sending a corresponding report. Varying this setting allows routers to tune the leave latency. This references the time between the last host leaving a group and the time the routing protocol is notified that there are no more members. ► Checksum: This field contains a 16-bit checksum. ► Class D Address: This field contains a valid multicast group address. It is used in a report packet. IGMPv3 messages The IGMPv2 message format has been extended in IGMP version 3, defined in RFC 3376 (which obsoletes RFC 2236). Version 3 allows receivers to subscribe to or exclude a specific set of sources within a multicast group. To accommodate this, The 0x’11’ type membership query packet has been altered, and a new IGMP packet type of 0x’22’ has been added. However, all IGMPv3 implementations must still support packet types 0x’12’, 0x’16’, and 0x’17’.
Figure 6-3 illustrates the expanded version 3 membership query packet. 0 8 16 31 Type - 0x11 Max. Resp. Code Checksum Group Address Resv S QRV QQIC Number of Sources (N) Source Address [1] Source Address [2] Source Address [N] Figure 6-3 The IGMPv3 membership query message The fields from this message are as follows: ► Type: This remains unchanged and, in the case of the membership query message, has a value of 0x’11’. ► Max resp code: This field is has been changed from the IGMPv2 convention, and distinguishes between a maximum response code and a maximum response time. The time can be determined from the code as follows: – If the maximum response code is less than 128, the value of maximum response code is also the maximum response time. – If the maximum response code is greater than 128, the maximum response code represents a floating-point value denoted as follows: Byte 0 = 1 Bytes 1-3 = exp Bytes 4-7 = mant Maximum response time = (mant OR 0x’10)
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TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overv
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Note: Before using this information
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2.7 Frame relay . . . . . . . . . .
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5.4.2 RIP-2 limitations . . . . . .
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8.4 RFCs relevant to this chapter .
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12.4.7 LDAP and DCE . . . . . . . .
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16.1 Web browsers . . . . . . . . .
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21.1 IPTV overview . . . . . . . .
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24.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . .
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Trademarks The following terms are
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► TCP/IP and System p: http://www
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Thanks to the following people for
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xxiv TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical
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Finally, other standard protocols e
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1.1 TCP/IP architectural model 1.1.
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To be able to identify a host withi
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est-effort service. As a result, ap
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The client/server model TCP is a pe
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Gateway Interconnects networks at h
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1.2.1 ARPANET the last release of t
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Integrated Digital Network Exchange
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1.2.4 Internet2 coordination. RIPE
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1.2.5 The Open Systems Interconnect
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The process of standardization is s
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Protocol status can be any of the f
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1.4 Future of the Internet Trying t
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28 TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Ov
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2.1 Ethernet and IEEE 802 local are
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► Introduced in 1985, RFC 948 - T
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The mapping of 32-bit Internet addr
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There are a large number of propose
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2.5 Integrated Services Digital Net
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► The value hex 81 (binary 100000
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process the incoming packet (refer
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frame size, retransmission timer, a
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2.8.1 Physical layer PPP presents a
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Basic InATMARP operates essentially
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The client handles the table update
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To be exact, the TCP/IP PDU is enca
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The address resolution in an ATM ne
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LANs. Each separate LE layer needs
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services of a classic LAN; thus, th
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2.11.3 MPOA functional components T
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Destination resolution The action o
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3.1 Internet Protocol (IP) 3.1.1 IP
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There are five classes of IP addres
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3.1.2 IP subnets Special use IP add
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Therefore, it is normal to use a co
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Because of the all bits 0 and all b
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► Hosts or networks for which the
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► The default route that contains
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To differentiate between subnets, t
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3.1.4 Methods of delivery: Unicast,
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Anycasting Sometimes, the same IP s
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212.0.0 - 213.255.255 RIPE NCC 214.
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Originally, NAT was suggested as a
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packet, the destination address is
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As shown in Figure 3-14, Network Ad
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class of the network number (thus t
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3.1.9 IP datagram Therefore, a larg
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► Service Type: The service type
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► Destination IP Address: The 32-
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Fragmentation When an IP datagram t
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Pointer This field points to the op
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► Because IP routers are not requ
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3.2.1 ICMP messages ICMP messages a
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5 Source route failed 6 Destination
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Figure 3-34 ICMP: Router Solicitati
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Timestamp Request (13) and Timestam
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Record routes Record the route per
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An exception to the rule is the asy
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ARP packet reception When a host re
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different physical device, it will
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BOOTP is a draft standard protocol.
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Length Hardware address length in b
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3. The value of the hops field is i
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3.7.1 The DHCP message format The f
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Options The first four bytes of the
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3. The client receives one or more
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Figure 3-46 shows the DHCP process
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administration workload and removes
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► RFC 2474 - Definition of the Di
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4.1 Ports and sockets 4.1.1 Ports T
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► An association is the 5-tuple t
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The UDP datagram has an 8-byte head
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4.3.1 TCP concept Communication, or
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The window principle A simple trans
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Imagine some special cases: ► Pac
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TCP segment format Figure 4-10 show
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158 TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical O
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SACK option Selective Acknowledgmen
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A problem now arises, because the s
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► TIME-WAIT: FINs have been recei
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sender, while the advertised window
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most one segment each round-trip ti
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2. Each time another duplicate ACK
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Figure 5-1 shows an environment whe
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Figure 5-2 on page 173 depicts the
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► To provide more efficient resou
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Figure 5-3 Shortest-Path First (SPF
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5.2.5 Hybrid routing ► Unless the
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The RIP packet format is shown in F
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Figure 5-5 illustrates the distance
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can be considerable. Figure 5-7 ill
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The limitation to this rule is that
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► Support for multicasting: RIP-2
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Page 264 and 265: 6.1 Multicast addressing Multicast
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8.2.1 Service classes The Integrate
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a specific bandwidth, a maximum pac
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obeying a token bucket (r,b) and be
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If the path message reaches the fir
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Figure 8-6 shows the reservation pr
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Path and reservation states can als
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RSVP message format An RSVP message
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Style The Style object defines the
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The RSVP Resv messages looks simila
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Integrated Services, described in 8
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different priorities, the DS field
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Figure 8-15 shows the use of bounda
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The traffic conditioner is mainly u
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Figure 8-18 shows the traffic condi
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Intserv model end-to-end across a n
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2. HostA generates a RSVP PATH mess
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Figure 8-21 shows the cooperation o
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► RFC 2212 - Specification of Gua
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9.1 IPv6 introduction 9.1.1 IP grow
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Eventually, the specification for I
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vers Figure 9-3 IPv6 packet contain
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Where: Type The type of the option.
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source routing, which operates in a
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► It improves multicast scalabili
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Global unicast address format IPv6
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Scope 4-bit value indicating the sc
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9.2.4 Flow labels Figure 9-10 Traff
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9.2.6 Packet sizes If the algorithm
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9.3 Internet Control Message Protoc
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Address resolution Figure 9-15 show
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The response to the neighbor solici
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IP Header Option 2 Figure 9-18 Rout
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(for example, a new workstation tha
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outer A has forwarded the packet to
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The stateless autoconfiguration pro
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Note the following fields in the IP
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The following extensions are specif
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Site X is multihomed to two provide
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DHCP Advertise This is a unicast me
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On top of the native IPv6 support t
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For further information about mobil
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9.7.3 New research and development
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► IPv4/IPv6 header translation.Th
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► If the destination is not on th
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IPv6/IPv4 Host Ethernet IPv6/IPv4 R
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It is, of course, possible that aft
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direction, the router adds the ::FF
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► RFC 2675 - IPv6 Jumbograms, Aug
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10.1 Wireless concepts Given the di
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Isotropic radiation Actual radiatio
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10.2.2 Reachability 10.2.3 Scalabil
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802.11a An extension to 802.11 that
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10.4 WiMax confidentiality function
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10.5 Applications of wireless netwo
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Protocol, which is defined by the O
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11.1 Characteristics of application
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11.2 Application programming interf
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Definition of fields: sockfd This i
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An example of a client/server scena
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Figure 11-3 shows the conceptual mo
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- DES authentication: In addition t
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SNMP agent implementations provide
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11.2.4 REXX sockets Note: SET reque
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12.1 Domain Name System (DNS) The D
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We discuss this hierarchical struct
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12.1.6 Mapping IP addresses to doma
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Note: Although domains within the n
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Domain name stub resolver Figure 12
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When a domain is registered with th
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TTL The time-to-live (TTL) time in
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Figure 12-5 DNS message format Head
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Question section The next section c
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Where the fields before the TTL fie
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They are interconnected by an IP ga
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; 4.1.112.129.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR
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12.1.13 Transport Domain Name Syste
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In addition to TSIG, and GSS-TSIG,
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NOTIFY. Based on the RRs contained
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12.4.1 LDAP: Lightweight access to
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LDAP server must communicate using
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12.4.4 LDAP models distinguished na
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classes that a directory server can
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It is usual to follow either a geog
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Some example searches expressed inf
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12.4.6 LDAP URLs agree on a common
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LDAP interface for the GDA One way
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key piece to building intelligent n
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► RFC 4505 - Anonymous Simple Aut
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13.1 Telnet Telnet is a standard pr
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► The NVT provides a local echo f
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Number Name State RFC STD 12 Output
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The Interpret As Command (IAC) char
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Send Reply Meaning The terminal typ
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locks following the command. Howeve
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Principle of operation REXECD is a
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13.3.1 DCE directory service When w
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In order to find a resource in anot
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Login facility Provides the environ
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4. Now the user needs the authoriza
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e defined as single threading. A th
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environment. It also provides a way
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13.4.1 File naming DFS follows the
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typically provided by an operating
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14.1 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) F
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► Navigate and manipulate the dir
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14.1.3 The active data transfer Whe
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command would receive an error when
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long, with the first two digits hav
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This command instructs the FTP serv
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ADAT Passes Base64-encoded security
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14.2.1 TFTP usage TFTP file transfe
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14.2.4 Data modes The TFTP header c
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Both the user ID needed to gain acc
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-B buffer_size Specifies the size o
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chmod mode path Changes the permiss
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Where: options System-specific opti
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14.4.2 File integrity REMOVE Delete
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public file handles and the LOOKUP,
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several directories away. WebNFS ca
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Figure 14-11 on page 547 shows an e
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Datagram Service Just as the Sessio
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SMB/CIFS Client Figur
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15.1 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
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RFC Description 3030 This introduce
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user%remote-host@gateway-host For a
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Figure 15-1 The SMTP model SMTP mai
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Figure 15-2 illustrates the normal
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TEST.MY.CORP. Instead, it must firs
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15.2 Sendmail Using the Domain Name
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the queue file, attempts to send an
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MIME is a draft standard that inclu
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3. The priority considered when des
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mandatory ones, and some have both.
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videos. Only part of the data is sh
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One such addition defined in RFC 37
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Quoted-Printable encoding uses the
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Base64 value ASCII char Base64 valu
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► Message relaying programs frequ
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3. After the client sends the QUIT
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15.5.2 IMAP4 states The disconnecte
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15.5.3 IMAP4 commands and response
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- EXPUNGE: Permanently removes all
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other sessions. This allows a clien
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► RFC 3030 - SMTP Service Extensi
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“Ports” on page 144 for more in
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16.2 Web servers Web browsers are r
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16.3.2 HTTP operation desirable fas
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esponse chain. Therefore, if the se
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- Upgrade - Via Request A request m
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► Successful (2xx) This class of
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Content negotiation In order to fin
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computer, an AIX 5L or UNIX machine
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alternative dynamic portion each ti
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HTTP-Based Client Java Application
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Given these circumstances, this cha
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Group name Description of objects w
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As an example, consider the object
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This if further illustrated in Figu
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getBulkRequest Performs the same fu
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Messages sent between SNMP agents a
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To illustrate the process of queryi
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17.1.6 SNMP traps In this illustrat
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► User-based Security Model (USM)
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► A single authentication protoco
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InformRequest An InformRequest is g
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SnmpAuthMsg This field is used as a
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Data origin authentication Provided
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Local Socket The local IP address a
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► RFC 1213 - Management Informati
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advance, we now have fourth generat
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► The Extended Hypertext Markup L
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User Agent Profile Manager Used mai
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Here, we give a brief description o
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18.6 WAP push architecture The desi
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► Client control As owner of the
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18.6.4 Service indication The servi
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18.7 The Wireless Application Envir
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► WAP-specific data, such as the
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The primitive types and their abbre
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implementing an end-to-end connecti
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and allows WPT-TCP to send acknowle
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datagrams. For that functionality,
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Example of a WSP-WTP sequence flow
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exchange of information and control
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peer layer). The dashed line repres
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The peer who starts the negotiation
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2. The server uses the S-Connect.re
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Normal session establishment Figure
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Normal method invocation Figure 18-
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Wireless client HTTP WTLS WP-TCP Fi
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WTLS layer goals The primary goal i
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CipherSpec Specifies the bulk data
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WIM is used to store permanent priv
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► WAP-229_001-HTTP-20011031-a - W
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The following terminology is used w
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Changes to presence information are
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19.2 Presence Information Data Form
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19.3 Presence protocols The Extensi
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19.3.1 Binding to TCP client-to-ser
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networks in such a manner, organiza
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20.1 Voice over IP (VoIP) introduct
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20.1.2 VoIP functional components F
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is a set of international CODEC sta
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Operational support system OSS prov
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► The proxy server provides appli
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Figure 20-2 An example of SIP reque
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► Stream Control Transmission Pro
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MDCX “ModifyConnection” changes
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Terminals Terminals are the LAN cli
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RTP RTCP audio G.711, G.723.1, etc.
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► RFC 3266 - Support for IPv6 in
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21.1 IPTV overview IPTV is an IP ne
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► Communication context This is s
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21.2 Functional components Figure 2
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21.2.4 IP (TV) transport IPTV requi
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► Congestion control SCTP maintai
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Type Description s Session name i*
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RTP header format The header of an
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1 1016 25 CelB 2 G726-32 26 JPEG 3
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Application RTP 12 1 10 2 9 3 8 4 7
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Receiver report An RTCP receiver re
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Length Contains the packet length.
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It allows weighted prediction, enab
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21.4 RFCs relevant to this chapter
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22.1 Security exposures and solutio
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Problem/exposure Remedy How to ensu
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Application proxy Access control En
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Encryption and decryption: Cryptogr
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eighth bit serving as parity bit. F
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cleartext clea cle Cleartext Alice'
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e and d are called the public and p
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A hash function that takes a key as
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Examples of hash functions The most
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Digital Signature Standard (DSS) As
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public key and identification, a di
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22.3 Firewalls In September 1998, t
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time. The network administrator mus
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Service level filtering Because mos
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etween the secure and the non-secur
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In normal mode, the FTP client firs
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circuit-level gateway (see Figure 2
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Generally, a packet-filtering firew
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Internal DNS and Mail server Secure
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22.4.1 Concepts IPSec adds integrit
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Tunneling Tunneling or encapsulatio
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AH format The AH format is describe
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AH in transport mode In this mode,
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connectionless, in that they operat
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Padding Most encryption algorithms
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The tunnel mode is used whenever ei
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When designing a VPN, limit the num
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Figure 22-33 illustrates the simple
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Figure 22-36 shows in detail how th
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Before describing the details of th
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Permanent identifiers The IKE proto
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Note: For ISAKMP phase 1 messages,
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authority using a protocol such as
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IKE phase 2: Setting up protocol Se
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Hash A Hash payload must immediatel
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Generating the keys (phase 2) Using
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22.5 SOCKS intranet is considered t
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22.5.1 SOCKS Version 5 (SOCKSv5) SO
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Where: VER Indicates the version of
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X'03' Network unreachable X'04' Hos
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X Window System’s clients. SSH fo
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22.7.2 SSL protocol Authentication
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CipherSpec message after processing
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The client then sends a finished me
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In this chapter, we begin by defini
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usiness partner's and supplier's VP
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name the principal. Both the realm
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The authentication process consists
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After the server has validated a cl
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► Authorization and accounting in
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modem connection is made, the NAS p
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22.14.1 Terminology Before describi
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PPP Data Figure 22-54 L2TP packet c
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complementary use of IPSec, an L2TP
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The diagram shows the following tra
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Key management on such a large scal
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► RFC 2405 - The ESP DES-CBC Ciph
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23.1 Port based network access cont
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23.3 Port based network access cont
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Figure 23-3 illustrates the control
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802.1x authentication process The a
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Figure 23-6 and Figure 23-7 show sn
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Request and response type Value TLS
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Figure 23-15 EAP-Success packet EAP
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Figure 23-21 shows the sniffer trac
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► Multicast propagation If authen
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The Internet business has grown so
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Generic techniques to enhance scala
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24.5 Virtualization Virtualization
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Network virtualization Network virt
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24.6.2 VRRP definitions 24.6.3 VRRP
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24.6.4 Sample configuration Figure
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The fields of the VRRP header are d
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24.8.1 Network Address Translation
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24.9 RFCs relevant to this chapter
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A.1 MPLS: An introduction The idea
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MPLS also provides the ability to a
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Layer 2 Header MPLS Header Figure A
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Label switched path (LSP) An LSP re
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► The packet does not contain a l
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7. R22 reviews the level-2 label ap
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A.2.5 Label distribution protocols
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Emulated Ethernet MUX MPLS Figure A
Page 968 and 969:
► The effort can provide a single
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A generalized label only carries a
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Fault management The LMP fault mana
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Note: GMPLS allows SP to dynamicall
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Furthermore, because the labels can
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A.5 RFCs relevant to this chapter T
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DLCI Data Link Connection Identifie
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MTU Maximum Transmission Unit MVS M
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VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Langu
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► TCP/IP and System i http://www.
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DHCP interoperability 140 forwardin
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fingerprint 785 firewall 12, 776, 8
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Security Parameter Index (SPI) 810
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latency 61 Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F)
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RFC 1483 53 RFC 1492 873 RFC 1510 8
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subnet number 73 subnets 72 subnett
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