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► Congestion control SCTP maintains congestion control over the entire association. Congestion state (measured in terms of the UDP retransmit interval) is computed on a transaction-by-transaction basis, rather than across all transactions. Therefore, congestion control performance is similar to opening N parallel TCP connections, as opposed to sending N messages over one TCP connection. ► Transport-layer fragmentation SCTP provides transport-layer fragmentation as TCP does and unlike UDP where fragmentation occurs at the IP layer. IP fragmentation increases the likelihood of having packet losses and makes NAT and firewall traversal difficult, if not impossible. ► Non-blocking head of the line SCTP is message-based, as opposed to TCP, which is stream-based. This allows SCTP to separate different signalling messages at the transport layer. SCTP can deliver signalling messages to the application as soon as they arrive (when using the unordered service). The loss of a signalling message does not affect the delivery of the rest of the messages. ► Easier parsing SCTP allows easier parsing of messages at the application layer. There is no need to establish boundaries (typically using Content-Length headers) between different messages. ► Multihoming An SCTP connection can be associated with multiple IP addresses on the same host. Data is always sent over one of the addresses, but if it becomes unreachable, data sent to one can migrate to a different address. This improves fault tolerance; network failures making one interface of the server unavailable do not prevent the service from continuing to operate. For additional details about SCTP, refer to RFC 2960. 21.3.3 Session Description Protocol Session Description Protocol (SDP) provides a standard representation to convey media details, transport addresses, and other session description metadata to the participants. SDP is purely a format for session description; it does not incorporate a transport protocol. SDP is intended for describing multimedia sessions for the purposes of 754 TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview
session announcement, session invitation, and other forms of multimedia session initiation. For example: ► RTSP client and server negotiate an appropriate set of parameters for media delivery, using SDP syntax to describe those parameters. ► At in SIP session initiation, messages carry session descriptions that allow participants to agree on a set of compatible media types. These session descriptions are commonly formatted using SDP. ► In a multicast session announcement, a distributed session directory can communicate the relevant session setup information to prospective participants. An instance of such a session directory periodically sends packets containing a description of the session to a well-known multicast group. SDP provides the recommended session description format for such session announcements. An SDP session description includes: ► Session name and purpose ► Times the session is active (start, stop, recurrence) ► The media comprising the session (MPEG video over RTP) ► Information needed to receive those media (addresses, ports, formats, and so on) ► Information about the bandwidth to be used by the session ► Contact information for the person responsible for the session An SDP session description is entirely textual using the ISO 10646 character set in UTF-8 encoding. SDP field names and attribute names use only the US-ASCII subset of UTF-8, but textual fields and attribute values can use the full ISO 10646 character set. An SDP session description consists of a number of lines of text of the form: = Where must be exactly one case-significant character. Certain types are required. The optional items are marked with an asterisk “*” in the following list (Table 21-2). Table 21-2 SDP session description Type Description v Protocol version o Originator and session identifier Chapter 21. Internet Protocol Television 755
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TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overv
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Note: Before using this information
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2.7 Frame relay . . . . . . . . . .
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5.4.2 RIP-2 limitations . . . . . .
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8.4 RFCs relevant to this chapter .
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12.4.7 LDAP and DCE . . . . . . . .
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16.1 Web browsers . . . . . . . . .
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21.1 IPTV overview . . . . . . . .
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24.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . .
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Trademarks The following terms are
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► TCP/IP and System p: http://www
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Thanks to the following people for
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xxiv TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical
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Finally, other standard protocols e
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1.1 TCP/IP architectural model 1.1.
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To be able to identify a host withi
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est-effort service. As a result, ap
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The client/server model TCP is a pe
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Gateway Interconnects networks at h
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1.2.1 ARPANET the last release of t
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Integrated Digital Network Exchange
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1.2.4 Internet2 coordination. RIPE
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1.2.5 The Open Systems Interconnect
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The process of standardization is s
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Protocol status can be any of the f
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1.4 Future of the Internet Trying t
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28 TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Ov
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2.1 Ethernet and IEEE 802 local are
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► Introduced in 1985, RFC 948 - T
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The mapping of 32-bit Internet addr
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There are a large number of propose
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2.5 Integrated Services Digital Net
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► The value hex 81 (binary 100000
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process the incoming packet (refer
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frame size, retransmission timer, a
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2.8.1 Physical layer PPP presents a
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Basic InATMARP operates essentially
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The client handles the table update
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To be exact, the TCP/IP PDU is enca
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The address resolution in an ATM ne
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LANs. Each separate LE layer needs
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services of a classic LAN; thus, th
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2.11.3 MPOA functional components T
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Destination resolution The action o
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3.1 Internet Protocol (IP) 3.1.1 IP
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There are five classes of IP addres
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3.1.2 IP subnets Special use IP add
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Therefore, it is normal to use a co
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Because of the all bits 0 and all b
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► Hosts or networks for which the
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► The default route that contains
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To differentiate between subnets, t
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3.1.4 Methods of delivery: Unicast,
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Anycasting Sometimes, the same IP s
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212.0.0 - 213.255.255 RIPE NCC 214.
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Originally, NAT was suggested as a
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packet, the destination address is
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As shown in Figure 3-14, Network Ad
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class of the network number (thus t
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3.1.9 IP datagram Therefore, a larg
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► Service Type: The service type
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► Destination IP Address: The 32-
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Fragmentation When an IP datagram t
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Pointer This field points to the op
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► Because IP routers are not requ
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3.2.1 ICMP messages ICMP messages a
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5 Source route failed 6 Destination
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Figure 3-34 ICMP: Router Solicitati
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Timestamp Request (13) and Timestam
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Record routes Record the route per
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An exception to the rule is the asy
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ARP packet reception When a host re
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different physical device, it will
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BOOTP is a draft standard protocol.
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Length Hardware address length in b
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3. The value of the hops field is i
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3.7.1 The DHCP message format The f
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Options The first four bytes of the
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3. The client receives one or more
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Figure 3-46 shows the DHCP process
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administration workload and removes
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► RFC 2474 - Definition of the Di
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4.1 Ports and sockets 4.1.1 Ports T
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► An association is the 5-tuple t
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The UDP datagram has an 8-byte head
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4.3.1 TCP concept Communication, or
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The window principle A simple trans
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Imagine some special cases: ► Pac
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TCP segment format Figure 4-10 show
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158 TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical O
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SACK option Selective Acknowledgmen
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A problem now arises, because the s
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► TIME-WAIT: FINs have been recei
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sender, while the advertised window
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most one segment each round-trip ti
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2. Each time another duplicate ACK
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Figure 5-1 shows an environment whe
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Figure 5-2 on page 173 depicts the
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► To provide more efficient resou
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Figure 5-3 Shortest-Path First (SPF
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5.2.5 Hybrid routing ► Unless the
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The RIP packet format is shown in F
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Figure 5-5 illustrates the distance
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can be considerable. Figure 5-7 ill
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The limitation to this rule is that
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► Support for multicasting: RIP-2
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5.4.2 RIP-2 limitations Authenticat
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The use of the command field and th
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5.6 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
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Intra-area, area border, and AS bou
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► Hello and dead intervals: The r
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neighbors. This store and forward a
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All OSPF packets share the common h
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Step 1: Database exchange process T
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Area 1 Area 0 Figure 5-18 OSPF virt
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In this example, the ASBR is redist
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In this figure, the ASBR is adverti
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EIGRP processes the information in
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5.9.1 BGP concepts and terminology
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► Routes and paths: A route assoc
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► Full mesh of BGP sessions withi
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RFC 4271 recommends a 90 second hol
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Each path attribute is placed into
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► LOCAL_PREF (local preference):
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5.9.6 BGP aggregation ► Redistrib
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ecause AS 2 does not know this aggr
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Figure 5-29 also illustrates the in
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► Ease of implementation: Distanc
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6.1 Multicast addressing Multicast
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address. In this situation, multica
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The fields in the IGMP message cont
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In Figure 6-4 on page 245, the Type
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To join a group, the host sends an
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amount of processing involved in re
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6.4 Multicast forwarding algorithms
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The disadvantage to the center-base
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When the routers exchange their rou
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6.5.3 DVMRP tunnels Some IP routers
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6.6.2 MOSPF and multiple OSPF areas
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6.7.1 PIM dense mode The PIM-DM pro
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Building the PIM-SM multicast deliv
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RP selection An RP is selected as p
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See Figure 6-14 for an overview of
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6.9.1 MBONE routing MBONE will most
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of multicast systems has accelerate
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7.1 Mobile IP overview Mobile IP en
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Figure 7-1 shows a mobile IP operat
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The prefix lengths extension can fo
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D Decapsulation by mobile node. The
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7.2.1 Tunneling The home agent exam
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When a mobile node moves from its h
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8.1 Why QoS? In the Internet and in
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8.2.1 Service classes The Integrate
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a specific bandwidth, a maximum pac
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obeying a token bucket (r,b) and be
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If the path message reaches the fir
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Figure 8-6 shows the reservation pr
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Path and reservation states can als
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RSVP message format An RSVP message
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Style The Style object defines the
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The RSVP Resv messages looks simila
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Integrated Services, described in 8
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different priorities, the DS field
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Figure 8-15 shows the use of bounda
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The traffic conditioner is mainly u
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Figure 8-18 shows the traffic condi
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Intserv model end-to-end across a n
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2. HostA generates a RSVP PATH mess
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Figure 8-21 shows the cooperation o
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► RFC 2212 - Specification of Gua
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9.1 IPv6 introduction 9.1.1 IP grow
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Eventually, the specification for I
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vers Figure 9-3 IPv6 packet contain
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Where: Type The type of the option.
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source routing, which operates in a
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► It improves multicast scalabili
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Global unicast address format IPv6
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Scope 4-bit value indicating the sc
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9.2.4 Flow labels Figure 9-10 Traff
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9.2.6 Packet sizes If the algorithm
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9.3 Internet Control Message Protoc
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Address resolution Figure 9-15 show
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The response to the neighbor solici
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IP Header Option 2 Figure 9-18 Rout
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(for example, a new workstation tha
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outer A has forwarded the packet to
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The stateless autoconfiguration pro
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Note the following fields in the IP
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The following extensions are specif
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Site X is multihomed to two provide
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DHCP Advertise This is a unicast me
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On top of the native IPv6 support t
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For further information about mobil
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9.7.3 New research and development
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► IPv4/IPv6 header translation.Th
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► If the destination is not on th
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IPv6/IPv4 Host Ethernet IPv6/IPv4 R
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It is, of course, possible that aft
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direction, the router adds the ::FF
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► RFC 2675 - IPv6 Jumbograms, Aug
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10.1 Wireless concepts Given the di
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Isotropic radiation Actual radiatio
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10.2.2 Reachability 10.2.3 Scalabil
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802.11a An extension to 802.11 that
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10.4 WiMax confidentiality function
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10.5 Applications of wireless netwo
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Protocol, which is defined by the O
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11.1 Characteristics of application
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11.2 Application programming interf
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Definition of fields: sockfd This i
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An example of a client/server scena
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Figure 11-3 shows the conceptual mo
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- DES authentication: In addition t
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SNMP agent implementations provide
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11.2.4 REXX sockets Note: SET reque
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12.1 Domain Name System (DNS) The D
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We discuss this hierarchical struct
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12.1.6 Mapping IP addresses to doma
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Note: Although domains within the n
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Domain name stub resolver Figure 12
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When a domain is registered with th
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TTL The time-to-live (TTL) time in
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Figure 12-5 DNS message format Head
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Question section The next section c
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Where the fields before the TTL fie
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They are interconnected by an IP ga
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; 4.1.112.129.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR
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12.1.13 Transport Domain Name Syste
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In addition to TSIG, and GSS-TSIG,
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NOTIFY. Based on the RRs contained
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12.4.1 LDAP: Lightweight access to
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LDAP server must communicate using
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12.4.4 LDAP models distinguished na
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classes that a directory server can
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It is usual to follow either a geog
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Some example searches expressed inf
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12.4.6 LDAP URLs agree on a common
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LDAP interface for the GDA One way
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key piece to building intelligent n
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► RFC 4505 - Anonymous Simple Aut
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13.1 Telnet Telnet is a standard pr
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► The NVT provides a local echo f
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Number Name State RFC STD 12 Output
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The Interpret As Command (IAC) char
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Send Reply Meaning The terminal typ
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locks following the command. Howeve
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Principle of operation REXECD is a
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13.3.1 DCE directory service When w
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In order to find a resource in anot
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Login facility Provides the environ
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4. Now the user needs the authoriza
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e defined as single threading. A th
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environment. It also provides a way
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13.4.1 File naming DFS follows the
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typically provided by an operating
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14.1 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) F
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► Navigate and manipulate the dir
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14.1.3 The active data transfer Whe
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command would receive an error when
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long, with the first two digits hav
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This command instructs the FTP serv
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ADAT Passes Base64-encoded security
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14.2.1 TFTP usage TFTP file transfe
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14.2.4 Data modes The TFTP header c
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Both the user ID needed to gain acc
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-B buffer_size Specifies the size o
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chmod mode path Changes the permiss
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Where: options System-specific opti
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14.4.2 File integrity REMOVE Delete
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public file handles and the LOOKUP,
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several directories away. WebNFS ca
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Figure 14-11 on page 547 shows an e
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Datagram Service Just as the Sessio
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SMB/CIFS Client Figur
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15.1 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
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RFC Description 3030 This introduce
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user%remote-host@gateway-host For a
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Figure 15-1 The SMTP model SMTP mai
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Figure 15-2 illustrates the normal
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TEST.MY.CORP. Instead, it must firs
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15.2 Sendmail Using the Domain Name
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the queue file, attempts to send an
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MIME is a draft standard that inclu
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3. The priority considered when des
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mandatory ones, and some have both.
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videos. Only part of the data is sh
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One such addition defined in RFC 37
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Quoted-Printable encoding uses the
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Base64 value ASCII char Base64 valu
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► Message relaying programs frequ
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3. After the client sends the QUIT
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15.5.2 IMAP4 states The disconnecte
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15.5.3 IMAP4 commands and response
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- EXPUNGE: Permanently removes all
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other sessions. This allows a clien
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► RFC 3030 - SMTP Service Extensi
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“Ports” on page 144 for more in
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16.2 Web servers Web browsers are r
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16.3.2 HTTP operation desirable fas
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esponse chain. Therefore, if the se
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- Upgrade - Via Request A request m
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► Successful (2xx) This class of
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Content negotiation In order to fin
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computer, an AIX 5L or UNIX machine
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alternative dynamic portion each ti
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HTTP-Based Client Java Application
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Given these circumstances, this cha
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Group name Description of objects w
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As an example, consider the object
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This if further illustrated in Figu
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getBulkRequest Performs the same fu
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Messages sent between SNMP agents a
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To illustrate the process of queryi
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17.1.6 SNMP traps In this illustrat
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► User-based Security Model (USM)
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► A single authentication protoco
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InformRequest An InformRequest is g
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SnmpAuthMsg This field is used as a
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Data origin authentication Provided
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Local Socket The local IP address a
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► RFC 1213 - Management Informati
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advance, we now have fourth generat
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► The Extended Hypertext Markup L
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User Agent Profile Manager Used mai
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Here, we give a brief description o
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18.6 WAP push architecture The desi
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► Client control As owner of the
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18.6.4 Service indication The servi
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18.7 The Wireless Application Envir
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► WAP-specific data, such as the
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The primitive types and their abbre
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implementing an end-to-end connecti
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and allows WPT-TCP to send acknowle
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datagrams. For that functionality,
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Example of a WSP-WTP sequence flow
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exchange of information and control
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peer layer). The dashed line repres
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The peer who starts the negotiation
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2. The server uses the S-Connect.re
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Normal session establishment Figure
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Normal method invocation Figure 18-
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Wireless client HTTP WTLS WP-TCP Fi
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WTLS layer goals The primary goal i
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CipherSpec Specifies the bulk data
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WIM is used to store permanent priv
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Page 734 and 735: The following terminology is used w
Page 738 and 739: Changes to presence information are
Page 740 and 741: 19.2 Presence Information Data Form
Page 742 and 743: 19.3 Presence protocols The Extensi
Page 744 and 745: 19.3.1 Binding to TCP client-to-ser
Page 748 and 749: networks in such a manner, organiza
Page 750 and 751: 20.1 Voice over IP (VoIP) introduct
Page 752 and 753: 20.1.2 VoIP functional components F
Page 754 and 755: is a set of international CODEC sta
Page 756 and 757: Operational support system OSS prov
Page 758 and 759: ► The proxy server provides appli
Page 760 and 761: Figure 20-2 An example of SIP reque
Page 762 and 763: ► Stream Control Transmission Pro
Page 764 and 765: MDCX “ModifyConnection” changes
Page 766 and 767: Terminals Terminals are the LAN cli
Page 768 and 769: RTP RTCP audio G.711, G.723.1, etc.
Page 770 and 771: ► RFC 3266 - Support for IPv6 in
Page 772 and 773: 21.1 IPTV overview IPTV is an IP ne
Page 774 and 775: ► Communication context This is s
Page 776 and 777: 21.2 Functional components Figure 2
Page 778 and 779: 21.2.4 IP (TV) transport IPTV requi
Page 782 and 783: Type Description s Session name i*
Page 784 and 785: RTP header format The header of an
Page 786 and 787: 1 1016 25 CelB 2 G726-32 26 JPEG 3
Page 788 and 789: Application RTP 12 1 10 2 9 3 8 4 7
Page 790 and 791: Receiver report An RTCP receiver re
Page 792 and 793: Length Contains the packet length.
Page 794 and 795: It allows weighted prediction, enab
Page 796 and 797: 21.4 RFCs relevant to this chapter
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Page 802 and 803: Application proxy Access control En
Page 804 and 805: Encryption and decryption: Cryptogr
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Page 808 and 809: cleartext clea cle Cleartext Alice'
Page 810 and 811: e and d are called the public and p
Page 812 and 813: A hash function that takes a key as
Page 814 and 815: Examples of hash functions The most
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Page 818 and 819: public key and identification, a di
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circuit-level gateway (see Figure 2
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Generally, a packet-filtering firew
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Internal DNS and Mail server Secure
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22.4.1 Concepts IPSec adds integrit
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Tunneling Tunneling or encapsulatio
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AH format The AH format is describe
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AH in transport mode In this mode,
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connectionless, in that they operat
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Padding Most encryption algorithms
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The tunnel mode is used whenever ei
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When designing a VPN, limit the num
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Figure 22-33 illustrates the simple
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Figure 22-36 shows in detail how th
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Before describing the details of th
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Permanent identifiers The IKE proto
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Note: For ISAKMP phase 1 messages,
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authority using a protocol such as
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IKE phase 2: Setting up protocol Se
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Hash A Hash payload must immediatel
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Generating the keys (phase 2) Using
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22.5 SOCKS intranet is considered t
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22.5.1 SOCKS Version 5 (SOCKSv5) SO
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Where: VER Indicates the version of
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X'03' Network unreachable X'04' Hos
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X Window System’s clients. SSH fo
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22.7.2 SSL protocol Authentication
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CipherSpec message after processing
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The client then sends a finished me
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In this chapter, we begin by defini
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usiness partner's and supplier's VP
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name the principal. Both the realm
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The authentication process consists
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After the server has validated a cl
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► Authorization and accounting in
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modem connection is made, the NAS p
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22.14.1 Terminology Before describi
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PPP Data Figure 22-54 L2TP packet c
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complementary use of IPSec, an L2TP
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The diagram shows the following tra
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Key management on such a large scal
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► RFC 2405 - The ESP DES-CBC Ciph
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Page 916 and 917:
23.1 Port based network access cont
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23.3 Port based network access cont
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Figure 23-3 illustrates the control
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802.1x authentication process The a
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Figure 23-6 and Figure 23-7 show sn
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Request and response type Value TLS
Page 928 and 929:
Figure 23-15 EAP-Success packet EAP
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Figure 23-21 shows the sniffer trac
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► Multicast propagation If authen
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The Internet business has grown so
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Generic techniques to enhance scala
Page 938 and 939:
24.5 Virtualization Virtualization
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Network virtualization Network virt
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24.6.2 VRRP definitions 24.6.3 VRRP
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24.6.4 Sample configuration Figure
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The fields of the VRRP header are d
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24.8.1 Network Address Translation
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24.9 RFCs relevant to this chapter
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A.1 MPLS: An introduction The idea
Page 954 and 955:
MPLS also provides the ability to a
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Layer 2 Header MPLS Header Figure A
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Label switched path (LSP) An LSP re
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► The packet does not contain a l
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7. R22 reviews the level-2 label ap
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A.2.5 Label distribution protocols
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Emulated Ethernet MUX MPLS Figure A
Page 968 and 969:
► The effort can provide a single
Page 970 and 971:
A generalized label only carries a
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Fault management The LMP fault mana
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Note: GMPLS allows SP to dynamicall
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Furthermore, because the labels can
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A.5 RFCs relevant to this chapter T
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DLCI Data Link Connection Identifie
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MTU Maximum Transmission Unit MVS M
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VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Langu
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► TCP/IP and System i http://www.
Page 988 and 989:
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DHCP interoperability 140 forwardin
Page 992 and 993:
fingerprint 785 firewall 12, 776, 8
Page 994 and 995:
Security Parameter Index (SPI) 810
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latency 61 Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F)
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RFC 1483 53 RFC 1492 873 RFC 1510 8
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subnet number 73 subnets 72 subnett
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TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overv
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