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5.4.2 RIP-2 limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 5.5 RIPng for IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 5.5.1 Differences between RIPng and RIP-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 5.5.2 RIPng packet format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 5.6 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 5.6.1 OSPF terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 5.6.2 Neighbor communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 5.6.3 OSPF neighbor state machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 5.6.4 OSPF route redistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 5.6.5 OSPF stub areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 5.6.6 OSPF route summarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 5.7 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 5.7.1 Features of EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 5.7.2 EIGRP packet types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 5.8 Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 5.9 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 5.9.1 BGP concepts and terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 5.9.2 IBGP and EBGP communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 5.9.3 Protocol description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 5.9.4 Path selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 5.9.5 BGP synchronization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 5.9.6 BGP aggregation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 5.9.7 BGP confederations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 5.9.8 BGP route reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 5.10 Routing protocol selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 5.11 Additional functions performed by the router. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 5.12 Routing processes in UNIX-based systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 5.13 RFCs relevant to this chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Chapter 6. IP multicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 6.1 Multicast addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 6.1.1 Multicasting on a single physical network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 6.1.2 Multicasting between network segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 6.2 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 6.2.1 IGMP messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 6.2.2 IGMP operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 6.3 Multicast delivery tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 6.4 Multicast forwarding algorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 6.4.1 Reverse path forwarding algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 6.4.2 Center-based tree algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 6.4.3 Multicast routing protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 6.5 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 6.5.1 Protocol overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 vi TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview
6.5.2 Building and maintaining multicast delivery trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 6.5.3 DVMRP tunnels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 6.6 Multicast OSPF (MOSPF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 6.6.1 Protocol overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 6.6.2 MOSPF and multiple OSPF areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 6.6.3 MOSPF and multiple autonomous systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 6.6.4 MOSPF interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 6.7 Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 6.7.1 PIM dense mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 6.7.2 PIM sparse mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 6.8 Interconnecting multicast domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 6.8.1 Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 6.8.2 Border Gateway Multicast Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 6.9 The multicast backbone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 6.9.1 MBONE routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 6.9.2 Multicast applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 6.10 RFCs relevant to this chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Chapter 7. Mobile IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 7.1 Mobile IP overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 7.1.1 Mobile IP operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 7.1.2 Mobility agent advertisement extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 7.2 Mobile IP registration process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 7.2.1 Tunneling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 7.2.2 Broadcast datagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 7.2.3 Move detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 7.2.4 Returning home. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 7.2.5 ARP considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 7.2.6 Mobile IP security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 7.3 RFCs relevant to this chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Chapter 8. Quality of service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 8.1 Why QoS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 8.2 Integrated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 8.2.1 Service classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 8.2.2 Controlled Load Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 8.2.3 Guaranteed Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 8.2.4 The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 8.2.5 Integrated Services outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 8.3 Differentiated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 8.3.1 Differentiated Services architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 8.3.2 Organization of the DSCP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 8.3.3 Configuration and administration of DS with LDAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Contents vii
Page 1: TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overv
Page 4 and 5: Note: Before using this information
Page 6 and 7: 2.7 Frame relay . . . . . . . . . .
Page 10 and 11: 8.4 RFCs relevant to this chapter .
Page 12 and 13: 12.4.7 LDAP and DCE . . . . . . . .
Page 14 and 15: 16.1 Web browsers . . . . . . . . .
Page 16 and 17: 21.1 IPTV overview . . . . . . . .
Page 18 and 19: 24.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . .
Page 20 and 21: Trademarks The following terms are
Page 22 and 23: ► TCP/IP and System p: http://www
Page 24 and 25: Thanks to the following people for
Page 26 and 27: xxiv TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical
Page 28 and 29: Finally, other standard protocols e
Page 30 and 31: 1.1 TCP/IP architectural model 1.1.
Page 32 and 33: To be able to identify a host withi
Page 34 and 35: est-effort service. As a result, ap
Page 36 and 37: The client/server model TCP is a pe
Page 38 and 39: Gateway Interconnects networks at h
Page 40 and 41: 1.2.1 ARPANET the last release of t
Page 42 and 43: Integrated Digital Network Exchange
Page 44 and 45: 1.2.4 Internet2 coordination. RIPE
Page 46 and 47: 1.2.5 The Open Systems Interconnect
Page 48 and 49: The process of standardization is s
Page 50 and 51: Protocol status can be any of the f
Page 52 and 53: 1.4 Future of the Internet Trying t
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Page 56 and 57: 2.1 Ethernet and IEEE 802 local are
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► Introduced in 1985, RFC 948 - T
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The mapping of 32-bit Internet addr
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There are a large number of propose
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2.5 Integrated Services Digital Net
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► The value hex 81 (binary 100000
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process the incoming packet (refer
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frame size, retransmission timer, a
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2.8.1 Physical layer PPP presents a
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Basic InATMARP operates essentially
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The client handles the table update
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52 TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Ov
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To be exact, the TCP/IP PDU is enca
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The address resolution in an ATM ne
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LANs. Each separate LE layer needs
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services of a classic LAN; thus, th
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2.11.3 MPOA functional components T
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Destination resolution The action o
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66 TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Ov
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3.1 Internet Protocol (IP) 3.1.1 IP
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There are five classes of IP addres
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3.1.2 IP subnets Special use IP add
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Therefore, it is normal to use a co
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Because of the all bits 0 and all b
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► Hosts or networks for which the
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► The default route that contains
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To differentiate between subnets, t
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3.1.4 Methods of delivery: Unicast,
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Anycasting Sometimes, the same IP s
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212.0.0 - 213.255.255 RIPE NCC 214.
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Originally, NAT was suggested as a
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packet, the destination address is
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As shown in Figure 3-14, Network Ad
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class of the network number (thus t
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3.1.9 IP datagram Therefore, a larg
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► Service Type: The service type
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► Destination IP Address: The 32-
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Fragmentation When an IP datagram t
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Pointer This field points to the op
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► Because IP routers are not requ
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3.2.1 ICMP messages ICMP messages a
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5 Source route failed 6 Destination
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Figure 3-34 ICMP: Router Solicitati
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Timestamp Request (13) and Timestam
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Record routes Record the route per
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An exception to the rule is the asy
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ARP packet reception When a host re
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different physical device, it will
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BOOTP is a draft standard protocol.
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Length Hardware address length in b
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3. The value of the hops field is i
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3.7.1 The DHCP message format The f
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Options The first four bytes of the
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3. The client receives one or more
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Figure 3-46 shows the DHCP process
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administration workload and removes
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► RFC 2474 - Definition of the Di
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4.1 Ports and sockets 4.1.1 Ports T
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► An association is the 5-tuple t
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The UDP datagram has an 8-byte head
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4.3.1 TCP concept Communication, or
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The window principle A simple trans
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Imagine some special cases: ► Pac
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TCP segment format Figure 4-10 show
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158 TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical O
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SACK option Selective Acknowledgmen
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A problem now arises, because the s
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► TIME-WAIT: FINs have been recei
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sender, while the advertised window
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most one segment each round-trip ti
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2. Each time another duplicate ACK
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Figure 5-1 shows an environment whe
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Figure 5-2 on page 173 depicts the
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► To provide more efficient resou
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Figure 5-3 Shortest-Path First (SPF
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5.2.5 Hybrid routing ► Unless the
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The RIP packet format is shown in F
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Figure 5-5 illustrates the distance
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can be considerable. Figure 5-7 ill
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The limitation to this rule is that
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► Support for multicasting: RIP-2
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5.4.2 RIP-2 limitations Authenticat
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The use of the command field and th
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5.6 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
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Intra-area, area border, and AS bou
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► Hello and dead intervals: The r
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neighbors. This store and forward a
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All OSPF packets share the common h
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Step 1: Database exchange process T
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Area 1 Area 0 Figure 5-18 OSPF virt
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In this example, the ASBR is redist
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In this figure, the ASBR is adverti
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EIGRP processes the information in
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5.9.1 BGP concepts and terminology
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► Routes and paths: A route assoc
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► Full mesh of BGP sessions withi
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RFC 4271 recommends a 90 second hol
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Each path attribute is placed into
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► LOCAL_PREF (local preference):
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5.9.6 BGP aggregation ► Redistrib
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ecause AS 2 does not know this aggr
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Figure 5-29 also illustrates the in
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► Ease of implementation: Distanc
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6.1 Multicast addressing Multicast
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address. In this situation, multica
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The fields in the IGMP message cont
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In Figure 6-4 on page 245, the Type
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To join a group, the host sends an
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amount of processing involved in re
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6.4 Multicast forwarding algorithms
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The disadvantage to the center-base
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When the routers exchange their rou
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6.5.3 DVMRP tunnels Some IP routers
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6.6.2 MOSPF and multiple OSPF areas
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6.7.1 PIM dense mode The PIM-DM pro
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Building the PIM-SM multicast deliv
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RP selection An RP is selected as p
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See Figure 6-14 for an overview of
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6.9.1 MBONE routing MBONE will most
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of multicast systems has accelerate
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7.1 Mobile IP overview Mobile IP en
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Figure 7-1 shows a mobile IP operat
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The prefix lengths extension can fo
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D Decapsulation by mobile node. The
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7.2.1 Tunneling The home agent exam
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When a mobile node moves from its h
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8.1 Why QoS? In the Internet and in
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8.2.1 Service classes The Integrate
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a specific bandwidth, a maximum pac
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obeying a token bucket (r,b) and be
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If the path message reaches the fir
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Figure 8-6 shows the reservation pr
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Path and reservation states can als
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RSVP message format An RSVP message
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Style The Style object defines the
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The RSVP Resv messages looks simila
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Integrated Services, described in 8
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different priorities, the DS field
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Figure 8-15 shows the use of bounda
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The traffic conditioner is mainly u
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Figure 8-18 shows the traffic condi
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Intserv model end-to-end across a n
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2. HostA generates a RSVP PATH mess
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Figure 8-21 shows the cooperation o
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► RFC 2212 - Specification of Gua
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9.1 IPv6 introduction 9.1.1 IP grow
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Eventually, the specification for I
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vers Figure 9-3 IPv6 packet contain
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Where: Type The type of the option.
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source routing, which operates in a
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► It improves multicast scalabili
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Global unicast address format IPv6
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Scope 4-bit value indicating the sc
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9.2.4 Flow labels Figure 9-10 Traff
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9.2.6 Packet sizes If the algorithm
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9.3 Internet Control Message Protoc
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Address resolution Figure 9-15 show
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The response to the neighbor solici
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IP Header Option 2 Figure 9-18 Rout
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(for example, a new workstation tha
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outer A has forwarded the packet to
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The stateless autoconfiguration pro
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Note the following fields in the IP
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The following extensions are specif
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Site X is multihomed to two provide
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DHCP Advertise This is a unicast me
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On top of the native IPv6 support t
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For further information about mobil
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9.7.3 New research and development
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► IPv4/IPv6 header translation.Th
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► If the destination is not on th
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IPv6/IPv4 Host Ethernet IPv6/IPv4 R
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It is, of course, possible that aft
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direction, the router adds the ::FF
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► RFC 2675 - IPv6 Jumbograms, Aug
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10.1 Wireless concepts Given the di
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Isotropic radiation Actual radiatio
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10.2.2 Reachability 10.2.3 Scalabil
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802.11a An extension to 802.11 that
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10.4 WiMax confidentiality function
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10.5 Applications of wireless netwo
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Protocol, which is defined by the O
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11.1 Characteristics of application
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11.2 Application programming interf
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Definition of fields: sockfd This i
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An example of a client/server scena
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Figure 11-3 shows the conceptual mo
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- DES authentication: In addition t
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SNMP agent implementations provide
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11.2.4 REXX sockets Note: SET reque
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12.1 Domain Name System (DNS) The D
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We discuss this hierarchical struct
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12.1.6 Mapping IP addresses to doma
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Note: Although domains within the n
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Domain name stub resolver Figure 12
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When a domain is registered with th
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TTL The time-to-live (TTL) time in
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Figure 12-5 DNS message format Head
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Question section The next section c
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Where the fields before the TTL fie
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They are interconnected by an IP ga
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; 4.1.112.129.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR
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12.1.13 Transport Domain Name Syste
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In addition to TSIG, and GSS-TSIG,
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NOTIFY. Based on the RRs contained
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12.4.1 LDAP: Lightweight access to
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LDAP server must communicate using
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12.4.4 LDAP models distinguished na
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classes that a directory server can
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It is usual to follow either a geog
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Some example searches expressed inf
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12.4.6 LDAP URLs agree on a common
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LDAP interface for the GDA One way
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key piece to building intelligent n
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► RFC 4505 - Anonymous Simple Aut
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13.1 Telnet Telnet is a standard pr
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► The NVT provides a local echo f
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Number Name State RFC STD 12 Output
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The Interpret As Command (IAC) char
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Send Reply Meaning The terminal typ
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locks following the command. Howeve
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Principle of operation REXECD is a
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13.3.1 DCE directory service When w
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In order to find a resource in anot
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Login facility Provides the environ
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4. Now the user needs the authoriza
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e defined as single threading. A th
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environment. It also provides a way
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13.4.1 File naming DFS follows the
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typically provided by an operating
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14.1 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) F
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► Navigate and manipulate the dir
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14.1.3 The active data transfer Whe
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command would receive an error when
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long, with the first two digits hav
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This command instructs the FTP serv
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ADAT Passes Base64-encoded security
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14.2.1 TFTP usage TFTP file transfe
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14.2.4 Data modes The TFTP header c
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Both the user ID needed to gain acc
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-B buffer_size Specifies the size o
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chmod mode path Changes the permiss
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Where: options System-specific opti
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14.4.2 File integrity REMOVE Delete
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public file handles and the LOOKUP,
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several directories away. WebNFS ca
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Figure 14-11 on page 547 shows an e
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Datagram Service Just as the Sessio
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SMB/CIFS Client Figur
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15.1 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
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RFC Description 3030 This introduce
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user%remote-host@gateway-host For a
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Figure 15-1 The SMTP model SMTP mai
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Figure 15-2 illustrates the normal
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TEST.MY.CORP. Instead, it must firs
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15.2 Sendmail Using the Domain Name
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the queue file, attempts to send an
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MIME is a draft standard that inclu
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3. The priority considered when des
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mandatory ones, and some have both.
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videos. Only part of the data is sh
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One such addition defined in RFC 37
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Quoted-Printable encoding uses the
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Base64 value ASCII char Base64 valu
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► Message relaying programs frequ
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3. After the client sends the QUIT
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15.5.2 IMAP4 states The disconnecte
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15.5.3 IMAP4 commands and response
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- EXPUNGE: Permanently removes all
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other sessions. This allows a clien
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► RFC 3030 - SMTP Service Extensi
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“Ports” on page 144 for more in
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16.2 Web servers Web browsers are r
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16.3.2 HTTP operation desirable fas
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esponse chain. Therefore, if the se
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- Upgrade - Via Request A request m
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► Successful (2xx) This class of
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Content negotiation In order to fin
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computer, an AIX 5L or UNIX machine
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alternative dynamic portion each ti
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HTTP-Based Client Java Application
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Given these circumstances, this cha
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Group name Description of objects w
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As an example, consider the object
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This if further illustrated in Figu
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getBulkRequest Performs the same fu
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Messages sent between SNMP agents a
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To illustrate the process of queryi
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17.1.6 SNMP traps In this illustrat
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► User-based Security Model (USM)
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► A single authentication protoco
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InformRequest An InformRequest is g
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SnmpAuthMsg This field is used as a
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Data origin authentication Provided
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Local Socket The local IP address a
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► RFC 1213 - Management Informati
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advance, we now have fourth generat
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► The Extended Hypertext Markup L
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User Agent Profile Manager Used mai
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Here, we give a brief description o
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18.6 WAP push architecture The desi
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► Client control As owner of the
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18.6.4 Service indication The servi
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18.7 The Wireless Application Envir
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► WAP-specific data, such as the
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The primitive types and their abbre
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implementing an end-to-end connecti
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and allows WPT-TCP to send acknowle
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datagrams. For that functionality,
Page 708 and 709:
Example of a WSP-WTP sequence flow
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exchange of information and control
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peer layer). The dashed line repres
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The peer who starts the negotiation
Page 716 and 717:
2. The server uses the S-Connect.re
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Normal session establishment Figure
Page 720 and 721:
Normal method invocation Figure 18-
Page 722 and 723:
Wireless client HTTP WTLS WP-TCP Fi
Page 724 and 725:
WTLS layer goals The primary goal i
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CipherSpec Specifies the bulk data
Page 728 and 729:
WIM is used to store permanent priv
Page 730 and 731:
► WAP-229_001-HTTP-20011031-a - W
Page 732 and 733:
Page 734 and 735:
The following terminology is used w
Page 736 and 737:
Page 738 and 739:
Changes to presence information are
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19.2 Presence Information Data Form
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19.3 Presence protocols The Extensi
Page 744 and 745:
19.3.1 Binding to TCP client-to-ser
Page 746 and 747:
Page 748 and 749:
networks in such a manner, organiza
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20.1 Voice over IP (VoIP) introduct
Page 752 and 753:
20.1.2 VoIP functional components F
Page 754 and 755:
is a set of international CODEC sta
Page 756 and 757:
Operational support system OSS prov
Page 758 and 759:
► The proxy server provides appli
Page 760 and 761:
Figure 20-2 An example of SIP reque
Page 762 and 763:
► Stream Control Transmission Pro
Page 764 and 765:
MDCX “ModifyConnection” changes
Page 766 and 767:
Terminals Terminals are the LAN cli
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RTP RTCP audio G.711, G.723.1, etc.
Page 770 and 771:
► RFC 3266 - Support for IPv6 in
Page 772 and 773:
21.1 IPTV overview IPTV is an IP ne
Page 774 and 775:
► Communication context This is s
Page 776 and 777:
21.2 Functional components Figure 2
Page 778 and 779:
21.2.4 IP (TV) transport IPTV requi
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► Congestion control SCTP maintai
Page 782 and 783:
Type Description s Session name i*
Page 784 and 785:
RTP header format The header of an
Page 786 and 787:
1 1016 25 CelB 2 G726-32 26 JPEG 3
Page 788 and 789:
Application RTP 12 1 10 2 9 3 8 4 7
Page 790 and 791:
Receiver report An RTCP receiver re
Page 792 and 793:
Length Contains the packet length.
Page 794 and 795:
It allows weighted prediction, enab
Page 796 and 797:
21.4 RFCs relevant to this chapter
Page 798 and 799:
22.1 Security exposures and solutio
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Problem/exposure Remedy How to ensu
Page 802 and 803:
Application proxy Access control En
Page 804 and 805:
Encryption and decryption: Cryptogr
Page 806 and 807:
eighth bit serving as parity bit. F
Page 808 and 809:
cleartext clea cle Cleartext Alice'
Page 810 and 811:
e and d are called the public and p
Page 812 and 813:
A hash function that takes a key as
Page 814 and 815:
Examples of hash functions The most
Page 816 and 817:
Digital Signature Standard (DSS) As
Page 818 and 819:
public key and identification, a di
Page 820 and 821:
22.3 Firewalls In September 1998, t
Page 822 and 823:
time. The network administrator mus
Page 824 and 825:
Service level filtering Because mos
Page 826 and 827:
etween the secure and the non-secur
Page 828 and 829:
In normal mode, the FTP client firs
Page 830 and 831:
circuit-level gateway (see Figure 2
Page 832 and 833:
Generally, a packet-filtering firew
Page 834 and 835:
Internal DNS and Mail server Secure
Page 836 and 837:
22.4.1 Concepts IPSec adds integrit
Page 838 and 839:
Tunneling Tunneling or encapsulatio
Page 840 and 841:
AH format The AH format is describe
Page 842 and 843:
AH in transport mode In this mode,
Page 844 and 845:
connectionless, in that they operat
Page 846 and 847:
Padding Most encryption algorithms
Page 848 and 849:
The tunnel mode is used whenever ei
Page 850 and 851:
When designing a VPN, limit the num
Page 852 and 853:
Figure 22-33 illustrates the simple
Page 854 and 855:
Figure 22-36 shows in detail how th
Page 856 and 857:
Before describing the details of th
Page 858 and 859:
Permanent identifiers The IKE proto
Page 860 and 861:
Note: For ISAKMP phase 1 messages,
Page 862 and 863:
Page 864 and 865:
authority using a protocol such as
Page 866 and 867:
IKE phase 2: Setting up protocol Se
Page 868 and 869:
Hash A Hash payload must immediatel
Page 870 and 871:
Generating the keys (phase 2) Using
Page 872 and 873:
22.5 SOCKS intranet is considered t
Page 874 and 875:
22.5.1 SOCKS Version 5 (SOCKSv5) SO
Page 876 and 877:
Where: VER Indicates the version of
Page 878 and 879:
X'03' Network unreachable X'04' Hos
Page 880 and 881:
X Window System’s clients. SSH fo
Page 882 and 883:
22.7.2 SSL protocol Authentication
Page 884 and 885:
CipherSpec message after processing
Page 886 and 887:
The client then sends a finished me
Page 888 and 889:
In this chapter, we begin by defini
Page 890 and 891:
usiness partner's and supplier's VP
Page 892 and 893:
name the principal. Both the realm
Page 894 and 895:
The authentication process consists
Page 896 and 897:
After the server has validated a cl
Page 898 and 899:
► Authorization and accounting in
Page 900 and 901:
modem connection is made, the NAS p
Page 902 and 903:
22.14.1 Terminology Before describi
Page 904 and 905:
PPP Data Figure 22-54 L2TP packet c
Page 906 and 907:
complementary use of IPSec, an L2TP
Page 908 and 909:
The diagram shows the following tra
Page 910 and 911:
Key management on such a large scal
Page 912 and 913:
► RFC 2405 - The ESP DES-CBC Ciph
Page 914 and 915:
Page 916 and 917:
23.1 Port based network access cont
Page 918 and 919:
23.3 Port based network access cont
Page 920 and 921:
Figure 23-3 illustrates the control
Page 922 and 923:
802.1x authentication process The a
Page 924 and 925:
Figure 23-6 and Figure 23-7 show sn
Page 926 and 927:
Request and response type Value TLS
Page 928 and 929:
Figure 23-15 EAP-Success packet EAP
Page 930 and 931:
Figure 23-21 shows the sniffer trac
Page 932 and 933:
► Multicast propagation If authen
Page 934 and 935:
The Internet business has grown so
Page 936 and 937:
Generic techniques to enhance scala
Page 938 and 939:
24.5 Virtualization Virtualization
Page 940 and 941:
Network virtualization Network virt
Page 942 and 943:
24.6.2 VRRP definitions 24.6.3 VRRP
Page 944 and 945:
24.6.4 Sample configuration Figure
Page 946 and 947:
The fields of the VRRP header are d
Page 948 and 949:
24.8.1 Network Address Translation
Page 950 and 951:
24.9 RFCs relevant to this chapter
Page 952 and 953:
A.1 MPLS: An introduction The idea
Page 954 and 955:
MPLS also provides the ability to a
Page 956 and 957:
Layer 2 Header MPLS Header Figure A
Page 958 and 959:
Label switched path (LSP) An LSP re
Page 960 and 961:
► The packet does not contain a l
Page 962 and 963:
7. R22 reviews the level-2 label ap
Page 964 and 965:
A.2.5 Label distribution protocols
Page 966 and 967:
Emulated Ethernet MUX MPLS Figure A
Page 968 and 969:
► The effort can provide a single
Page 970 and 971:
A generalized label only carries a
Page 972 and 973:
Fault management The LMP fault mana
Page 974 and 975:
Note: GMPLS allows SP to dynamicall
Page 976 and 977:
Furthermore, because the labels can
Page 978 and 979:
A.5 RFCs relevant to this chapter T
Page 980 and 981:
DLCI Data Link Connection Identifie
Page 982 and 983:
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit MVS M
Page 984 and 985:
VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Langu
Page 986 and 987:
► TCP/IP and System i http://www.
Page 988 and 989:
Page 990 and 991:
DHCP interoperability 140 forwardin
Page 992 and 993:
fingerprint 785 firewall 12, 776, 8
Page 994 and 995:
Security Parameter Index (SPI) 810
Page 996 and 997:
latency 61 Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F)
Page 998 and 999:
RFC 1483 53 RFC 1492 873 RFC 1510 8
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subnet number 73 subnets 72 subnett
Page 1004:
TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overv
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