CPDD 72nd Annual Meeting • Scottsdale, Arizona - The College on ...

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REDUCED-NICOTINE CONTENT CIGARETTES:
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICE IN DRUG-
DEPENDENT PREGNANT AND POST-PARTUM SMOKERS.
Allan M Andersen, F Yunus, M Chisolm; Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
Aims: To determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of reduced-nicotine
content (RNC) cigarettes in drug-dependent pregnant and post-partum smokers.
Methods: Participants were N=26 drug-dependent, cigarette-smoking patients
at the Center for Addiction and Pregnancy (CAP). Participants completed an
anonymous survey regarding RNC cigarettes. Study was approved by the local
Institutional Review Board.
Results: 43% of CAP patients completed the survey. <strong>The</strong> majority of participants
reported currently being pregnant (85%) and methadone-maintained
(92%). Mean (SD) admission duration (days)=73 (75). Mean (SD) reported cigarettes
per day=12 (8), and 42% of participants reported current or past use of
at least one anti-smoking medication, most commonly the nicotine patch (35%),
followed by nicotine gum (19%), and bupropion (15%). A majority (88%)
reported current interest in quitting smoking. Patients demonstrated a general
lack of knowledge about RNC cigarettes, but most (69%) were interested in
learning more about them. Although few patients (4%) reported previous use of
RNC cigarettes, 60% reported interest in trying them, and 68% believed RNC
cigarettes were at least as safe if not safer than regular cigarettes.
Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of cigarette smoking in drug-dependent
pregnant women, there is a need to develop novel treatment strategies in this
population. Because nicotine is a known teratogen and because psychological
factors play a greater role in continued cigarette use in women than men, RNC
cigarettes may have a role to play in helping pregnant smokers quit. <strong>The</strong>se findings
suggest that the majority of cigarette-smoking drug-dependent perinatal
patients view the use of RNC cigarettes as an appealing approach to aid cessation.
In light of these findings and the Food and Drug Administration’s new
authority to regulate tobacco products, further studies of RNC cigarettes in this
population are needed.
Financial Support: none
15
ESTIMATION OF A HUMAN SATIETY THRESHOLD FOR
COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION.
Gustavo A Angarita 1 , R Gueorguieva 1,2 , B Pittman 1 , R Kalayasiri 3 , W L Lynch 4 ,
A Sughondhabirom 3 , P T Morgan 1 , R T Malison 1 ; 1 Psychiatry, Yale University,
New Haven, CT, 2 Division of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT,
3 Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,
4 Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Viriginia School of
Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
Aims: Preclinical work in rodents by Tsibulsky and Norman(1999) have suggested
a model of self-regulated cocaine intake. Central to this model is the concept
of a “satiety threshold,” a bodily amount of cocaine above which the probability
of self-administration is low. Given assumptions of first-order cocaine
kinetics, they describe an equation relating inter-infusion intervals (T) for selfadministered
unit cocaine doses (DU), drug half-life (t 1⁄ 2), and the total amount
of cocaine at the satiety threshold (DST), as follows:
T=ln(1+DU/DST)�t 1⁄ 2/ln2. <strong>The</strong> current study aimed to estimate a human DST
based on a retrospective analysis of human self-administration data.
Methods: 31 non-treatment seeking, cocaine dependent subjects participated in
three self-regulated, 2-hour cocaine self-administration sessions under a fixedratio
1: 5-min timeout schedule. For each unit cocaine dose (8, 16, and 32
mg/70kg), mean ± SD (i.e., group), inter-infusion interval data were obtained.
By fixing the values of t 1⁄ 2 for cocaine between 45 and 60 minutes, non-linear fits
enabled estimates of a human satiety threshold.
Results: Mean ± SD inter-infusion intervals of 13 ± 8, 16 ± 10, and 19 ± 14
minutes were obtained for the 8, 16, and 32mg/70kg unit doses, yielding an estimated
human DST ranging from 69.5 to 97.3 mg/70 kg.
Conclusions: To our knowledge, these data are the first to describe an amount
of cocaine in humans at which satiety is predicted. In analogy to prior rodent
studies (Norman and Tsibulsky, 2006) experimental work (now underway) is
needed to verify the validity of these estimates.
Financial Support: NIDA (R01 DA15857, K24 DA017899)
NIMH (R25 MH071584)
CT Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services
NCRR (UL1RR024139)
<strong>CPDD</strong> <strong>72nd</strong> <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Meeting</strong> <strong>•</strong> <strong>Scottsdale</strong>, <strong>Arizona</strong>
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MOTIVATIONS NOT TO DRINK ALCOHOL IN
ADOLESCENCE.
Kristen G Anderson, I Grunwald, A Grant; Psychology, Reed <strong>College</strong>,
Portland, OR
Aims: A substantial body of research has examined the role of drinking motives
in adolescent and adult alcohol decision-making (Cooper et al, 2004). Cox and
Klinger’s (1988) motivational model posited an interaction of drinking and nondrinking
motives as influences on alcohol-related decision-making. While a
developing body of work has examined motives not to drink, there has been little
consensus on how the operationalize this construct (Epler, Sher & Piasecki,
2009). <strong>The</strong> purpose of this investigation was to examine the psychometric properties
of a short-form of the MAAQ (Stritzke & Butt, 2001), a measure of
motives not to drink developed in an Australian sample of adolescents, and to
examine how motives not to drink and drinking motives predict alcohol consumption
in adolescence.
Methods: High school students (N=1,088) completed measures of non-drinking
motives, drinking motives and alcohol use and problems in a school-based,
online survey. Structural equation modeling, particularly MIMIC modeling, was
used to examine the measurement of these constructs and their interrelations.
Results: <strong>The</strong> MAAQ-Short demonstrated high levels of reliability in this sample
(α = .86). Girls, non-white students and underclassmen had greater non-drinking
motives than boys, Caucasians and upperclassmen. <strong>The</strong> MAAQ-Short predicted
less alcohol consumption among youth as well fewer alcohol-related problems
(CFI= 0.92; RMSEA=.072 [CI: .069- .074]). As predicted, motives to
drink and not to drink had an inverse relationship. When considered within the
context of drinking motives, non-drinking motives accounted for unique variance
in the prediction of drinking and drinking-related problems.
Conclusions: Data supports the use of the short-from of the MAAQ in this age
group as well as the unique explanatory power of this construct in predicting
adolescent alcohol consumption. This work furthers the development of measures
of motives not to drink as well as the utility of this construct in developing
models of youth alcohol-related decision-making. Discussion of the potential
utility of expanding this construct to drug use decision-making will be included.
Financial Support: NIDA 019960 & ABMRF (K.Anderson)
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COST SAVINGS UNDER PROPOSITION 36 - WHAT GROUPS
SAVE THE MOST MONEY?
M D Anglin 2 , Adi Jaffe 2,1 , D Urada 2 ; 1 Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,
2 Integrated Substance Abuse Program, Los Angeles, CA
Aims: <strong>The</strong> passage of California’s Proposition 36 in 2000 mandated the treatment,
rather than incarceration, of drug users. A major impetus for the passage
of this law was the assertion that treatment will save tax-payer money by reducing
re-offending and the associated costs. Earlier work from our group revealed
that indeed, those arrested for prop-36 eligible offenses realized average savings
of approximately $2800 per person. Nevertheless, no analysis has specifically
examined the relative cost-savings for specific groups under prop 36. <strong>The</strong> current
examination will present cost-analysis and savings reports for racial, as well as
gender, groups.
Methods: A comparison group of individuals arrested before the passage of
proposition 36 (1997-1998) was compared to those arrested in the first year after
the law’s passage (2000-2001). Data related to incarceration (jail and prison),
arrest, conviction, supervision (probation and arrest), tax revenue, health-care,
and treatment costs in the 30 months pre- and post-conviction were compared
for gender and racial/ethnic differences.
Results: Our analysis indicates that savings were realized for all groups affected
by the passage of prop 36. Nevertheless, significant differences were discovered
in savings based on group membership. For example savings for men (μ = $2828)
were found to be far greater than savings for women (μ = $474), although some
categories produced greater savings for women (e.g., jail costs).
Conclusions: Our results indicate that participation in prop 36 saved money
regardless of group membership. Still, the finding that average per person savings
varied greatly between groups is important, especially given the current
California budget crisis. Groups for which greater savings were realized should be
specifically attended to under the current economic conditions in order to refrain
from worsening the state’s budget by introducing unnecessary additional burden.
Financial Support: This work was supported by funding from California’s ADP
contract 07-00152 and Dr. Douglas Anglin’s private research fund.