Troop Movement Monitoring - DAIICT Intranet

Troop Movement
Monitoring
By
Maulik Bhagat
200201078

Outline
Introduction
Troop Movement Monitoring System
Concept
Requirements
Pros & Cons
Existing Systems
Unattended Ground Sensor System ( UGSS )
Remote Battlefield Sensor System ( REMBASS ) & Improved- Improved
REMBASS
Smart Dust
Conclusion

Introduction
Wireless sensor network (WSN)
An autonomous,
autonomous,
ad hoc system consisting
of a collective of networked sensor nodes
designed to intercommunicate via wireless
radio.
radio

Introduction
Wireless sensor network (WSN)
An ad hoc network of independent,
independent,
self-
powered and self-configuring
self configuring sensor
nodes for collectively sensing data and
performing data processing accurately via
radio waves.

Applications in Military
Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and
ammunition
Tracking troop movement
Battlefield surveillance
Investigation of opposing forces and terrain
Battle damage assessment
Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection
and investigation

Troop Movement Monitoring
“ Netted Sensors ”
An idea that might change the world of
military surveillance.

Troop Movement Monitoring : Concept
Remote deployment of sensors
for tactical monitoring of enemy
troop movements.

Troop Movement Monitoring : Concept
Number of sensors strategically scattered
Forms a virtual network
Raw data generated and transmitted
Use of specialized software application to
form a coherent picture
What do we see?

Troop Movement Monitoring : Concept
Without our enemies knowing that we
are watching, we can see where and how
fast they are going.
An idea that might change the world
of military surveillance

Requirements
Auto-deployment Auto deployment and self-organization
self organization
Fault-tolerant
Fault tolerant
Reliable
Strong Encryption (low overhead)
Auto-configuration Auto configuration of sensors
Scalable network
Robust nodes to handle harsh
environments

Security Requirements
Undetectable
Enemy must not know they’ve been detected.
Interception
Enemy must not be able to interfere with the nodes
ability to communicate base station.

Pros
Less expensive
Reduce Personnel Requirements
Monitor Large Areas with Few People
Being on task all the time

Cons
Shorter sensing range
Shorter transmitting range
Batteries have a finite lifetime
Passive devices provide little energy

Tracking
Classification
Estimation
Determination
Primary Activities

Sensing Troops
Thermopile Sensors
Seismic Sensors
Acoustic Sensors
RF Sensors
Magnetic Sensors
Combinations

Sensor Fusion
Sensor fusion is the key to the fidelity
and accuracy.
Robust target information can be
obtained through fusing information
obtained from the different sensor types
co-located. co located.
Higher level sensor fusion can also
improve performance.

Sensor Fusion ( Cont ..)
When one sensor detects its critical event signature, it
makes other nearby sensors aware of it.
Then they orient their sensing function in a particular,
signature specific way.
For example, a simple motion-detecting motion detecting sensor might
cue more sophisticated sensors detecting thermal or
other radiation properties. The array, acting as an
ensemble, not only performs the operation of detecting
an intruder, but demonstrates more intelligent
processing, by distinguishing between one that is a
human and another that is a small animal.

Sensor Fusion ( Cont ..)
A more complex sensor cued in this fashion may
then increase its own scan rate to obtain a
higher-resolution higher resolution signature.
These operations have implications for power
consumption.
Maximizing detection probability and resolution
while minimizing power consumption, is a key
optimization challenge.

Unattended Ground Sensor System
(UGSS)
UGSS - the first generation of such sensor
networks.
The sensors stay in an idle mode. They get
activated when a target is detected.
The sensors identify the target.
Send information to monitoring device.
Information received is decoded.
The sensors verify operational status.
Operator calculations are done to determine target
location, speed, direction of travel, and number of
targets.

Existing Systems
REMBASS & I-REMBASS
I REMBASS
REMBASS or Remote Battlefield Sensor System originally
developed in the early ‘70s.
Acoustic, seismic, and magnetic sensors are used
IREMBASS or improved (REMBASS),, was fielded with
enhanced performance.
The Remote Battlefield Sensor System (REMBASS) and
Improved REMBASS (I-REMBASS) (I REMBASS) contain passive sensors
that, once emplaced, can be unattended for up to 30 days.

REMBASS
The basic purpose is to detect, locate, classify, and
report personnel and vehicular activities in real-time real time
within the area of deployment.
It also senses and collects weather information.
It uses remotely monitored sensors emplaced along
likely enemy avenues of approach.
These sensors respond to seismic-acoustic seismic acoustic energy,
infrared energy, and magnetic field changes.

REMBASS ( Cont .. )
The sensors process the data and provide detection of
classification information which is transmitted to the system
sensor monitor programmer set.
The messages are demodulated, decoded, displayed, and
recorded
This system complements other manned/unmanned surveillance
systems such as ground surveillance radar, unmanned aerial
vehicles ( smart dust) , and night observation devices.
The system provides division, brigade, and battalion
commanders with information from beyond the forward line of
own troops (FLOT), and enhances rear area protection.

REMBASS ( Cont .. )
Can be deployed anywhere in the world
The system consists of eleven major components:
1. A passive infrared (IR) sensor,
2. Magnetic (MAG) sensor,
3. Seismic/acoustic (SA) sensor,
4. Radio repeater.
5. Sensor Monitoring Set (SMS),
6. Radio frequency monitor
(referred to as portable
monitoring set (PMS)) ,
7. Code programmer,
8. Antenna group,
9. Power supply,
10. Mounting rack, and
11. Sensor Signal Simulator (SSS).

I-REMBASS
REMBASS
The Improved Remote Battlefield Sensor System
(I-REMBASS) (I REMBASS) is an unattended ground sensor system that
will detect, classify and determine direction of movement of
intruding personnel and vehicles.
It detects moving targets and classifies them.
The system transmits real time reports on activity within the
sensor's detection radius.
This system is intended to provide Divisions, Brigades and
Battalions with information on activities in areas in front of
the Forward Line of Troops and for rear area protection
within the Division zone. .

I-REMBASS
REMBASS ( Cont .. )
IREMBASS is a preplanned product improvement (P3I) of the
REMBASS.
It maintains all the current capabilities of REMBASS while
decreasing the size and weight of some of the components,
combining the functions of some components into a single
component, and providing enhanced planning and
processing functions.
The IREMBASS sensors and repeaters are completely
compatible with all REMBASS components.
I-REMBASS REMBASS is fielded to the Special Operations Forces
(SOF) for ground surveillance in deep penetration/denied
area operations, in Low Intensity Conflict (LIC), and for
surveillance of hostile activity behind enemy lines.

I-REMBASS
REMBASS ( Cont .. )
The system consists of six major components:
An IR sensor,
MAG sensor,
SA sensor,
Mini-radio Mini radio repeater,
A monitor programmer (M/P)An (M/ P)An Advanced
Monitoring Display System (AMDS).

Smart Dust
Smartdust is a network of tiny wireless
microelectromechanical sensors (MEMS ( MEMS), ),
robots, or devices, installed with wireless
communications, that can detect anything
from light and temperature, to vibrations,
etc.
The devices are also called motes and are
intended to shrink down to the size of a
grain of sand, sand,
or even a dust particle.

Smart Dust ( Cont .. )
The Smartdust concept was introduced by Kristofer
Pister (University University of California) California)
in 2001 , though similar
ideas existed in science fiction before then.
Each device contains sensors, computing circuits, bidirectional
wireless communications technology and a power supply.
Motes would gather data, run computations and communicate
using two-way two way band radio with other motes at distances
approaching 1,000 feet (300 metres). metres).
When clustered together, they automatically create highly
flexible, low-power low power networks with applications ranging from
climate control systems to entertainment devices.

Smart Dust : Goals
Autonomous sensor node (mote) in 1mm3
Thousands of motes
Many interrogators
Demonstrate useful/complex integration in
1mm3

Smart Dust ( Cont .. )
The nodes are known as macro-motes macro motes or
just motes, contain sensors, a
microprocessor, RF communicator, and a
battery or solar cell for power.
Smart sensors work on the software -
TinyOS

Smart Dust
29 Palms Fixed/Mobile Experiment
UC Berkeley and MLB Co (March March 12-14), 12 14),
Marine Corps Air/Ground Combat Center
(MCAGCC), Twentynine Palms, CA did an
experiment on Tracking vehicles with a
UAV-delivered UAV delivered sensor network.

Experiment : Goals
Smart Dust
Deploy a sensor network onto a road from an
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
Establish a time-synchronized time synchronized multi-hop multi hop
communication network among the nodes on the
ground.
Detect and track vehicles passing through the
network.
Transfer vehicle track information from the ground
network to the UAV.
Transfer vehicle track information from the UAV to
an observer at the base camp.

Experiment
Unmanned Arial Vehicle Mote

Experiment : Sensor Node Hardware
The sensor nodes consist of a motherboard (Rene), a
sensor board, and a power supply board.
The power supply board currently sports just a battery
connector. All three boards and the lithium battery weigh
just under 1 ounce.
Battery life varies depending on what's powered up.
With everything on, the life is just an hour. With the
magnetometer off, and the radio turned on only once a
second to check for messages, the lifetime is many
days.

Experiment : Sensor Node Hardware
The complete mote Two motes as attractively
packaged for dropping. dropping.

Experiment : Sensor Node Hardware
The magnetometer board has an amplifier and a
software-controlled software controlled output nulling feature.
Magnetic materials moving near the magnetometer
cause a change in the earth's field, and this change is
what the motes detect.
The magnetometer signal is sampled at 5 Hz. The motes
are able to detect passenger vehicles at more than 5
meters, and buses and trucks at more than 10 meters.
They didn't do any range experiments in the desert, but
had no trouble tracking any of the vehicles at distances
of 10 meters and more.

Aircraft
The aircraft is a 5' wingspan fully autonomous
GPS controlled pusher-prop pusher prop built by MLB Co. Co.
A custom mote-dropper mote dropper was built, including an
integrated camera to view the motes as they are
dropped.
The plane has a color video camera in the nose.
The range of the aircraft as configured in the
demo was 30 minutes, or 15 miles.

Results
Monday March 12
The hand-emplaced hand emplaced network of 8 sensor nodes
detected, trucks, dragon wagons, SUVs, etc.
All of the directions were correct, and velocities
matched their visual estimates.
The UAV flew autonomously and dropped six
motes from an altitude of 150 ft and a velocity of
30 mph. The motes landed diagonally across
the road on roughly 5 meter centers. Perfect!

Results
These pictures are low-res low res
versions of photos that were
taken by the UAV.
Two views of the base camp
where the UAV was launched,
and the VIPs watched the show.
A HMMWV and a Dragon
Wagon, two of our typical
targets near the intersection.

Results
Unfortunately, the batteries in the dropped
motes had died
Wednesday March 14
The UAV autonomously delivered 6 motes on 5 meter
centers again. Motes were 20 meters from the road,
but in a perfect pattern.

Results
Once on the ground, the network of 6 motes synchronized their
clocks and waited for a vehicle to pass.
They had a wagon drive "a little" off of the road.
The motes detected the wagon, passed their "closest time of
approach" information around by multi-hop multi hop messaging, calculated
the best least-squares least squares fit to the data, and stored it.
The UAV returned and transmitted a query to the ground network,
which responded with the track information.
The UAV flew over the base camp and transmitted the track
information down to a mote connected to a laptop. Success!

Conclusion
Benefits of netted sensors in certain situations is growing.
The future of sensing for the military may involve a combination of
many small sensors netted together and working in collaboration
with a small number of large sensors.
Awareness of the concept is building outside the military as well
wel

Conclusion
The concept of Smart Dust sensors is an emerging technology.
Future development promises low-cost, low cost, robust systems of small size
that can be deployed by many means.
Networked intelligence will further enhance battlefield effectiveness.
effectiveness.

References
• Distributed Target Classification and Tracking in Sensor Network
By RICHARD R. BROOKS, MEMBER, IEEE, PARAMESWARAN RAMANATHAN, SENIOR
MEMBER, IEEE, AND AKBAR M. SAYEED, MEMBER, IEEE
• Emerging Challenges: Mobile Networking for “Smart Dust”
By Joseph M. Kahn, Randy Howard Katz, and Kristofer S. J. Pister
• UCB-MLB UCB MLB 29 Palms UAV-Dropped UAV Dropped Sensor Network Demo
http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/29Palms0103/
• AN/GSQ-187 AN/GSQ 187 Remote Battlefield Sensor System (REMBASS)
AN/GSQ-187 AN/GSQ 187 Improved Remote Battlefield Sensor System (IREMBASS)
FAS, Military Analysis Network - http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/rembass.htmWireless
http://www.fas.org/man/dod 101/sys/land/rembass.htmWireless
• TRLabs Report on Current Researches on Sensor Networks
By Sayed Ahmed sayed@cs.umanitoba.ca, May 30, 2004
• Sensor Networking: Applications and Challenges
By Sandeep Gupta, Arizona State University Based on Slides by Prof. Loren Schwiebert, Schwiebert,
CS,
Wayne State University

Thank You