Past Climate Variability and Change in the Arctic and at High Latitudes

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January 2009 Members of Congress: On behalf of the National Science and Technology Council, the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) is pleased to transmit to the President and the Congress this Synthesis and Assessment Product (SAP) Past Climate Variability and Change in the Arctic and at High Latitudes. This is part of a series of 21 SAPs produced by the CCSP aimed at providing current assessments of climate change science to inform public debate, policy, and operational decisions. These reports are also intended to help the CCSP develop future program research priorities. The CCSP’s guiding vision is to provide the Nation and the global community with the science-based knowledge needed to manage the risks and capture the opportunities associated with climate and related environmental changes. The SAPs are important steps toward achieving that vision and help to translate the CCSP’s extensive observational and research database into informational tools that directly address key questions being asked of the research community. This SAP summarizes the current knowledge of the past climate of the Arctic and discusses its relevance to key questions about present and future changes of relevance to policy makers and stakeholders. It was developed in accordance with the Guidelines for Producing CCSP SAPs, the Information Quality Act (Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Public Law 106-554)), and the guidelines issued by the Department of Interior and the U.S. Geological Survey pursuant to Section 515. We commend the report’s authors for both the thorough nature of their work and their adherence to an inclusive review process. Sincerely, Carlos M. Gutierrez Secretary of Commerce Chair, Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration Samuel W. Bodman Secretary of Energy Vice Chair, Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration John H. Marburger III Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy Executive Director, Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration
AUTHOR TEAMS FOR THIS REPORT Executive Summary Lead Authors Richard B. Alley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Julie Brigham-Grette, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA Gifford H. Miller, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Leonid Polyak, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH James W.C. White, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Chapter 1 Lead Author Joan J. Fitzpatrick, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO Contributing Authors Richard B. Alley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Julie Brigham-Grette, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA Gifford H. Miller, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Leonid Polyak, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Mark Serreze, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Chapter 2 Lead Authors Richard B. Alley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Joan Fitzpatrick, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO Contributing Authors Julie Brigham-Grette, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA Gifford H. Miller, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Daniel Muhs, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO Leonid Polyak, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Chapter 3 Lead Authors Gifford H. Miller, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Julie Brigham-Grette, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA Contributing Authors Lesleigh Anderson, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO Henning Bauch, GEOMAR, University of Kiel, Germany Mary Anne Douglas, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Mary E. Edwards, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Scott Elias, Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom Bruce Finney, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID Svend Funder, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Timothy Herbert, Brown University, Providence, RI Larry Hinzman, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK Darrell Kaufman, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ Glen MacDonald, University of California, Los Angeles, CA Alan Robock, Rutgers University, Rutgers, NJ Mark Serreze, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO John Smol, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Robert Spielhagen, GEOMAR, University of Kiel, Germany Alexander P. Wolfe, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Eric Wolff, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Page 1 and 2: Past Climate Variability and Change
Page 3: Past Climate Variability and Change
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals ma
Page 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
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44 The U.S. Climate Science Program
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The U.S. Climate Science Program Ch
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CHAPTER 6 ABSTRACT Past Climate Var
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second, and the Transpolar Drift, t
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EXTENT, IN MILLION SQUARE KILOMETER
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Until recently, and for logistical
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1990; Fyles et al., 1994), the nort
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FREQUENCY 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 1
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Seas around icelAnd provide a rare
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at least 14 Ma (Darby, 2008). Sever
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T. quinqueloba, IN SPECIMENS PER GR
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7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Past Climate Variabil
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SEA-ICE COVERAGE, IN NUMBER OF MONT
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QUARTZ WEIGHT, IN PERCENT 6 5 4 3 2
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6.5 SUMMARY Geological data indicat
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GLOSSARY GLOSSARY 8 ka cold event A
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CAPE Project Circum-Arctic PaleoEnv
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Eccentricity Out of roundness (elli
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Innuitian sector The ice sheet that
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Moraine Landforms (typically ridges
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Positive feedback In climate studie
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Trough-mouth fans Undersea deposits
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The U.S. Climate Change Science Pro
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Global Change Research Information
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