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October 2008 ARMY 327 - Association of the United States Army

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Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> <strong>327</strong>


Contents<br />

The <strong>2008</strong> <strong>ARMY</strong> Green Book Weapons and Equipment<br />

Directory continues its own transformation to provide a<br />

glimpse at some representative systems supporting today’s<br />

warfighters.<br />

Portions <strong>of</strong> this year’s directory have been reorganized<br />

to reflect Program Executive Office structures more<br />

accurately. In addition, <strong>the</strong> FCS section continues to be<br />

expanded. This directory has attempted to balance both<br />

existing and emerging systems to provide readers with a<br />

broad appreciation <strong>of</strong> warfighter systems’ capabilities.<br />

Some programs are emerging and evolving too quickly for<br />

incorporation in this directory. The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle<br />

(JLTV) program, for example, is still in source selection<br />

as <strong>the</strong>se pages go to press. O<strong>the</strong>r new program listings<br />

will have to wait until next year because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

exigencies <strong>of</strong> current <strong>Army</strong> operational tempos.<br />

The <strong>2008</strong> Weapons Directory remains a work in progress.<br />

Comments and suggestions regarding <strong>the</strong> ongoing<br />

transformation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se reference pages are always appreciated.<br />

I. AIRCRAFT<br />

Rotary Wing<br />

AH-6/MH-6 Little Bird (Cayuse) Helicopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332<br />

AH-64A Apache Helicopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332<br />

AH-64D Longbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333<br />

CH-47D Chinook Helicopter . . . . . . . . . . . . .333<br />

CH-47F Improved Cargo Helicopter (ICH) . . .333<br />

MH-47G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333<br />

OH-58D Kiowa Warrior Helicopter . . . . . . . .334<br />

ARH-70A Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter<br />

334<br />

(ARH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334<br />

TH-67 Creek Helicopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334<br />

UH-60 Black Hawk Helicopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334<br />

UH-72A Lakota Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335<br />

Fixed Wing<br />

C-12 King Air/RC-12 Guardrail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335<br />

EO-5 Airborne Reconnaissance Low (ARL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />

C-20 and C-37 Citation Long-Range/Executive Transport Jets . . . . . . . . .336<br />

C-23 Sherpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />

UC-35A Cessna Citation Ultra/UC-35B Encore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />

C-26 Fairchild Metro Liner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />

Future Cargo Aircraft (FCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)<br />

337 RQ-5A Hunter UAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />

RQ-7A Shadow Tactical UAS . . . . . . . . .336<br />

RQ-11B Raven Small UAS . . . . . . . . . . .337<br />

Improved-Gnat (I-GNAT-ER)<br />

[Extended Range] . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337<br />

Sky Warrior Extended Range/<br />

Multi-Purpose (ER/MP) UAS . . . . . .337<br />

328 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

Air Traffic Control Systems<br />

Tactical Systems<br />

AN/TPN-31 Air Traffic Navigation, Integration, Coordination System<br />

(ATNAVICS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337<br />

AN/TSQ-221 Tactical Airspace Integration System (TAIS) . . . . . . . . . . . .337<br />

AN/MSQ-135 Mobile Tower System (MOTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338<br />

AN/TSQ 198 Tactical Terminal Control System (TTCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338<br />

Fixed-Base Programs<br />

AN/FPN 67 Digital Airspace Surveillance Radar (DASR) . . . . . . . . . . . . .338<br />

DoD Digital Advanced Automation System (DAAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338<br />

Voice Communications Switching System (VCSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338<br />

AN/FPN-67 Fixed-Base Precision Approach Radar (FBPAR) System . . . . .338<br />

II. MISSILES AND SPACE PROGRAMS<br />

Aircraft Rockets<br />

2.75-inch (70 mm) Hydra 70 Rocket Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339<br />

AGM-114 Hellfire Missile Family/Hellfire II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339<br />

Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339<br />

Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340<br />

Cruise Missile Defense Systems (CMDS)<br />

Stinger-based Avenger and MANPADS . . .340<br />

340<br />

Surface-Launched Advanced Medium Range<br />

Air-to-Air Missile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340<br />

AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340<br />

Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense<br />

Elevated Netted Sensor (JLENS) . . . . .340<br />

Medium Extended Air Defense System<br />

(MEADS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340<br />

Patriot Missile System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340<br />

Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) . . .340<br />

Terminal High Altitude Area Defense<br />

(THAAD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341<br />

Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS) . . . .342<br />

Close Combat Weapon Systems<br />

BGM-71 Tube-Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire-guided (TOW) Missile System .342<br />

Javelin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343<br />

Precision Fires Rocket and Missile Systems<br />

M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344<br />

M270A1 MLRS Launcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344<br />

M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) Launcher . . . . . .344<br />

ATACMS Blocks I and IA Missiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344<br />

ATACMS Unitary Missile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344<br />

<strong>Army</strong> TACMS Quick-Reaction Unitary (QRU) Missile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345<br />

Extended-Range Multiple Launch Rocket System (ER-MLRS) . . . . . . . . . .345<br />

Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345<br />

GMLRS Unitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345<br />

III. COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS,<br />

COMPUTERS AND INTELLIGENCE (C4I) SYSTEMS<br />

Digital Battle Command<br />

Project Manager (PM) Battle Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346<br />

Platforms and Hardware Support<br />

Standardized Integrated Command Post System (SICPS) . . . . .346<br />

<strong>Army</strong> Airborne Command and Control System (A2C2S) . . . . . .346<br />

Mounted Battle Command on <strong>the</strong> Move (MBCOTM) . . . . . . . .346<br />

Network Operations Center-Vehicle (NOC-V) . . . . . . . . . . . . .346<br />

C4 Support to Air and Missile Defense<br />

Air and Missile Defense Workstation (AMDWS) . . . . . . . . . . .348<br />

Forward Area Air Defense Command and Control (FAAD C2 346<br />

) . .348<br />

Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System (AMDPCS) . . .348


354<br />

C4 Support to Network Operations<br />

Joint Network Management System (JNMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348<br />

Integrated System Control (ISYSCON) V(1), V(2), V(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348<br />

Information Dissemination Management-Tactical (IDM-T) . . . . . . . . . . . .349<br />

Joint Network Node (JNN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349<br />

C4 Support to Intelligence Operations<br />

Common Ground Station (CGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349<br />

All-Source Analysis System (ASAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350<br />

C4 Support to Fires and Effects<br />

Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . .350<br />

AN/TPQ-36(V)8 Electronics Upgrade . . .350<br />

AN/TPQ-37(V)8 Firefinder . . . . . . . . . .350<br />

AN/TPQ-48 Lightweight Counter-Mortar<br />

Radar (LCMR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350<br />

AN/TMQ-41 and AN/TMQ-41A Meteorological<br />

Measuring Set (MMS) . . . . . .350<br />

350 AN/TMQ-52 Meteorological Measure Set-<br />

Pr<strong>of</strong>iler (MMS-P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351<br />

Initial Fire-Support Automated System (IFSAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351<br />

Battery Computer System (BCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351<br />

Sensors and Sensor Systems<br />

Guardrail Common Sensor (GRCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351<br />

351<br />

Prophet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351<br />

Current Force Unattended Sensors<br />

Family <strong>of</strong> Integrated Rapid Response Equipment (FIRRE) . . . . . . . . . . . .353<br />

AN/PPS-5D Ground Surveillance Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353<br />

AN/GSR-8 Remotely Monitored Battlefield<br />

Sensor System-II (REMBASS-II) . . . . . .354<br />

OmniSense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354<br />

Unattended Transient Acoustic Measurement<br />

and Signature Intelligence (MASINT)<br />

System (UTAMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354<br />

Persistent Threat Detection System (PTDS) . .354<br />

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Payloads . .354<br />

Persistent Surveillance and Dissemination System <strong>of</strong> Systems (PSDS 2 ) . . . .355<br />

Night-Vision Sensors<br />

First-Generation Forward-Looking Infrared Systems (FLIR) . . . . . . . . . . .355<br />

Second-Generation Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355<br />

AN/VAS-5 Driver’s Vision Enhancer (DVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />

Long-Range Advanced Scout Surveillance System (LRAS3) . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />

Radios & Communications Systems<br />

Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />

Joint Tactical Terminal (JTT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />

Enhanced Position Location Reporting System (EPLRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />

Near-Term Data Radio (NTDR) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />

AN/AYD-1 Personnel Locator System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />

AN/GRC-240 Have Quick (HQ) II UHF-AM Radio Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />

AN/VRC-83 Radio Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />

AN/TRC-170 (V)2 and (V)3 Troposcatter Radio Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />

AN/PRC-126 Radio Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />

AB-1386/U Quick-Erect Antenna Mast (QEAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />

AN/USC-28(V) Satellite Communications Set (Ground) . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />

AN/TSC-85B&C and AN/TSC-93B&C Tactical Satellite Communications<br />

Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />

AN/GSC-52(V) Satellite Communications Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />

AN/PSN-13 Defense Advanced Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver<br />

(DAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />

High-Capacity Communications Capability (HC3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />

AN/TSC-156 Phoenix Superhigh Frequency (SHF) Terminal . . . . . . . . . .358<br />

Lightweight High-Gain X-Band Antenna (LHGXA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />

Lightweight Multiband Satellite Terminal (LMST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />

Secure Enroute Communications Package-Improved (SECOMP-I) . . . . . . .358<br />

AN/PSQ-17 Communication Planning System (CPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />

Secure Mobile Anti-jam Reliable Tactical Terminal (SMART-T) . . . . . . . . .358<br />

Deployable Ku-Band Earth Terminal (DKET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />

Joint Network Terminal Communications (JNTC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />

Flyaway Tri-Band Satellite Terminal (FTSAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359<br />

National Guard Bureau Tri-Band HUB Terminal (NGB-THT) . . . . . . . . . . .359<br />

USARPAC Tri-Band Satellite Terminal (U-TST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359<br />

Mobile Deployable Ku-Band Earth Terminal (DKET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359<br />

Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359<br />

IV. GROUND COMBAT SYSTEMS<br />

Project Manager for <strong>the</strong> Heavy Brigade Combat Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360<br />

M1A1, M1A1 AIM and M1A2 SEP tanks<br />

M1 Series Abrams Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360<br />

360<br />

Abrams Integrated Management Program (AIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360<br />

The M88A2 Heavy Equipment Recovery Combat Utility<br />

Lift and Evacuation System (HERCULES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360<br />

M104 Wolverine Heavy Assault Bridge (HAB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361<br />

Project Manager Bradley<br />

Bradley M2A3 Infantry/M3A3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (IFV/CFV) . . . . .361<br />

M4 Command and Control Vehicle (C 2 V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361<br />

M113 Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles (FOV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361<br />

Project Manager Fire Support Platforms<br />

M109A6 Paladin / M992A2 FAASV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362<br />

M109A6 Paladin 155 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362<br />

M992A2 Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle (FAASV) . . . . . . . . . .362<br />

M707 Knight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362<br />

M1200 Armored Knight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362<br />

Project Manager Joint Lightweight Howitzer<br />

M777A1/M777A2 155 mm Joint Lightweight Howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . .362<br />

M777/M777A1/M777A2 Lightweight 155 mm Howitzer (LW155) . . . . .362<br />

M102 105 mm Towed Howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363<br />

M119A1 105 mm Towed Howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363<br />

M198 155 mm Towed Howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364<br />

Project Manager Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP)<br />

Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364<br />

Project Manager for Modular Brigade Enhancements (PMMBE) . . . . . . . .364<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 329<br />

Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine


Project Manager for Stryker Brigade Combat Team (PM SBCT) . . . . . . . .364<br />

Stryker Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364<br />

V. COMBAT SUPPORT & COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT<br />

Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365<br />

Expedited Modernization Initiative Procedure (EMIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365<br />

Project Manager Force Projection (PM FP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365<br />

Project Manager Assured Mobility Systems (PM AMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

Buffalo Mine Protected Clearance Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

366<br />

368<br />

Medium Mine Protected Vehicle (RG-31 MK3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

Product Director <strong>Army</strong> Watercraft Systems (PD AWS)<br />

Containerized Maintenance Facility (CMF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

Large Tug (LT) 128’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

Landing Craft Utility (LCU) 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

Theater Support Vessel (TSV)-Interim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

Modular Causeway System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C 4 I)<br />

Installation Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

Barge Derrick (BD) Crane 115 ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

Logistics Support Vessel (LSV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

900 Class Small Tug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />

Future <strong>Army</strong> Watercraft Systems<br />

Theater Support Vessel (TSV)-Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367<br />

Rapidly Installed Breakwater System (RIBS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367<br />

Harbormaster Command and Control Center (HCCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368<br />

Vessel Bridge Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368<br />

Product Manager Bridging<br />

M18 Dry Support Bridge (DSB) . .368<br />

Improved Ribbon Bridge (IRB) . .368<br />

M9 Armored Combat Earthmover<br />

(ACE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368<br />

High Mobility Engineer Excavator<br />

(HMEE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368<br />

Interim High-Mobility Engineer<br />

Excavator (IHMEE) . . . . . . . . .368<br />

Engineer Mission Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368<br />

Product Manager Force Sustainment Systems<br />

Joint Precision Air Drop System (JPADS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369<br />

Soldier Crew Tent (SCT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369<br />

High-Mobility, Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (Humvee) . . . . . . . . . . . . .369<br />

Light Tactical Trailer (LTT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370<br />

Product Manager Family <strong>of</strong> Medium Tactical Vehicles<br />

Family <strong>of</strong> Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370<br />

Heavy Equipment Transporter System (HETS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371<br />

Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371<br />

Palletized Load System (PLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372<br />

The M915 Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles<br />

M915-Series Line-Haul Tractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372<br />

M1117 Armored Security Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373<br />

330 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

VI. AMMUNITION<br />

Product Manager Excalibur (PM Excalibur)<br />

XM982 Excalibur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374<br />

Product Manager Mortars Systems (PM Mortars)<br />

M224 60 mm mortar weapon system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374<br />

M252 81 mm mortar system . . . . . . . .374<br />

374<br />

M120/M121 120 mm Battalion Mortar<br />

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375<br />

XM326 Stowage Kit (Quick Stow) . . . . .376<br />

M313 training insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376<br />

M95/M96 Mortar Fire-Control System<br />

(MFCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376<br />

XM150 Dismounted Mortar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376<br />

M32 Lightweight Handheld Mortar Ballistic Computer (LHMBC) . . . . . . .376<br />

Precision Guided Mortar Munition (PGMM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376<br />

120 mm Family <strong>of</strong> Extended Range Ammunition (FERA) . . . . . . . . . . . .377<br />

Project Manager Close Combat Systems<br />

M136 AT4 Light Anti-Armor Weapon (AT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377<br />

AT4 Confined Space (AT4-CS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377<br />

M141 Bunker Defeat Munition (BDM)/SMAW-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377<br />

Urban Assault Weapon (UAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378<br />

M72 Light Anti-Armor Weapon (LAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378<br />

Project Manager Countermine and EOD<br />

AN/PSS-14 Mine Detecting Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378<br />

Ground Stand<strong>of</strong>f Mine Detection System (GSTAMIDS) Block 0 . . . . . . . . .378<br />

Ground Stand<strong>of</strong>f Mine Detection System (GSTAMIDS) Block 1 Program . .378<br />

Airborne Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Minefield Detection System<br />

(ASTAMIDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379<br />

Husky Mounted Detection System (HMDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379<br />

IED Interrogation Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379<br />

Vehicle Optics Sensor System (VOSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379<br />

VII. INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT AND WEAPONS<br />

Project Manager Soldier Warrior<br />

Land Warrior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379<br />

379<br />

The Ground Soldier Ensemble (GSE) . . . . . . . . . . . .380<br />

Mounted Soldier System (MSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380<br />

Air Warrior (AW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380<br />

Electronic Data Manager (EDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381<br />

Aircraft Wireless Intercom System (AWIS) . . . . . . . .381<br />

Project Manager Soldier Equipment (PM SEQ)<br />

Product Manager Soldier Survivability . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />

Interceptor Body Armor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />

Outer Tactical Vest (OTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />

Improved Outer Tactical Vest (IOTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />

Deltoid and Axillary Protector (DAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />

Enhanced Small Arms Protective Insert (ESAPI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />

382<br />

Enhanced Side Ballistic Insert (ESBI) . . . .382<br />

Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) . . . . . . .382<br />

Helmet Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />

Product Manager Clothing and Individual<br />

Equipment (PM CIE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />

Modular Lightweight Load-Carrying<br />

Equipment (MOLLE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />

<strong>Army</strong> Service Uniform (ASU) . . . . . . . . . .383<br />

Non-Maneuverable Canopy (T-11)<br />

Personnel Parachute System . . . . . . . .383<br />

Maneuverable Canopy 6 (MC6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384<br />

Generation III Extended Cold Wea<strong>the</strong>r Clothing System (GEN III ECWCS) . .384<br />

Fire Resistant Environmental Ensemble (FREE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384


384<br />

387<br />

Product Manager Soldier Sensors and Lasers (PM SSL)<br />

AN/AVS-6 Aviator’s Night-Vision Imaging System (ANVIS) . . . . . . . . . . .384<br />

AN/PVS-14 Monocular Night-Vision Device (MNVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384<br />

Multifunctional Aiming Lights (MFAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . .384<br />

AN/PEQ-14 Integrated Laser/White Light Pointer . . .384<br />

AN/PVS-10 Night-Vision Sniper Night Sight (SNS) . . .384<br />

AN/PVS-26 Clip-On Sniper Night Sight . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />

AN/PSQ-23 Small Tactical Optical Rifle Mounted (STORM)<br />

Micro-Laser Rangefinder (MLRF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />

Lightweight Laser Designator Rangefinder<br />

(LLDR AN/PED-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />

Target Locator Module (TLM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />

Laser Designator Module (LDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />

Enhanced Night-Vision Goggle (ENVG) . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />

AN/PAS-13 Family <strong>of</strong> Thermal Weapon Sights (TWS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />

TWS Head Mounted Display (HMD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />

Laser Targeting Systems (Mark VII, Mark VII E, Viper) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />

Soldier-borne Sense Through <strong>the</strong> Wall (STTW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />

Gunfire Detection Systems (GFDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />

Weapons Mounted Light (WML) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />

Project Manager Soldier Weapons (PM SW)<br />

Current-Generation Soldier Weapons Systems<br />

M9 9 mm Pistol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />

M16A4 5.56 mm Rifle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387<br />

M4 5.56 mm Carbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387<br />

M107 .50-caliber Semi-Automatic Long-Range Sniper Rifle (LRSR) . . . . .387<br />

XM150 Rifle Combat Optic . . . . . .387<br />

XM320 Grenade Launcher Module<br />

(GLM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387<br />

M26 12-Gauge Modular Accessory<br />

Shotgun System (MASS) . . . . .387<br />

M249 5.56 mm Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387<br />

MK19 40 mm Grenade Machine Gun (GMG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387<br />

M240B 7.62 mm Medium Machine Gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388<br />

M240H 7.62 mm Machine Gun (Aviation Version) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388<br />

M2 Heavy Barrel (HB) (Enhanced) .50-caliber Machine Gun (M2E2) . . .388<br />

388 Next-Generation Soldier<br />

Weapons Technology<br />

XM25 Individual Airburst Weapon<br />

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388<br />

Lightweight .50 (LW50) Caliber<br />

Machine Gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388<br />

Soldier-as-a-System Unit Set Fielding (SaaS USF) . . . . . . . . .388<br />

VIII. NUCLEAR-BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL (NBC) DEFENSE SYSTEMS<br />

Contamination Avoidance<br />

AN/UDR-13 Radiac Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389<br />

AN/VDR-2 Radiac Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389<br />

AN/PDR-75 Radiac Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389<br />

AN/PDR-77 Radiac Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389<br />

Chemical Detection<br />

M21 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389<br />

M22 Chemical Agent Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390<br />

Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM) and <strong>the</strong> Improved<br />

389<br />

CAM (ICAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390<br />

Joint Service Lightweight Stand<strong>of</strong>f Chemical Agent<br />

Detector (JSLSCAD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390<br />

Biological Detection<br />

M31/M31A1 Biological Integrated Detection System<br />

(BIDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391<br />

393<br />

391<br />

M93/M93A1 Fox Nuclear-Biological-Chemical Reconnaissance System<br />

(NBCRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391<br />

Joint Services Lightweight NBC Reconnaissance System (JSLNBCRS) . . . .392<br />

Joint Biological Point Detection System (JBPDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392<br />

NBC Protection<br />

M40/42-Series Protective Masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392<br />

M45 Chemical-Biological Protective Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393<br />

XM50 Joint Service General Purpose Chemical-<br />

Biological Protective Mask (JSGPM) . . . . .393<br />

M43/M48 Chemical-Biological Aircraft Protective<br />

Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394<br />

Chemical-Biological Protective Shelter (CBPS) .394<br />

Chemically Protected Deployable Medical Support<br />

(CP DEPMEDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395<br />

M20A1 Simplified Collective Protection Equipment<br />

(SCPE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395<br />

Decontamination<br />

M291 Skin Decontamination Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395<br />

M100 Sorbent Decontamination System (SDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395<br />

DF200 Foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396<br />

Fixed-Site Decontamination System (FSDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396<br />

Multipurpose Decontamination System (MPDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396<br />

Joint Service Sensitive Equipment Decontamination (JSSED) System . . . .396<br />

NBC Integration Into <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> Battle Command System (ABCS)<br />

Multipurpose Integrated Chemical Agent Alarm (MICAD) . . . . . . . . . . . .397<br />

Joint Warning and Reporting Network (JWARN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397<br />

Obscuration<br />

M56 Coyote Smoke-Generation System (SGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398<br />

M58 Wolf Smoke-Generation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398<br />

M157A2 Lynx Smoke-Generation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398<br />

M1059/M1059A3 Lynx Smoke-Generator Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399<br />

M6 Countermeasure Discharger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399<br />

IX. FUTURE COMBAT SYSTEMS (FCS)<br />

Spin Outs & <strong>Army</strong> Evaluation Task Force (AETF) . . . . . . . . . . .400<br />

The FCS (BCT) Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400<br />

Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400<br />

XM501 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Launch System (NLOS-LS) . . . . . .401<br />

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)<br />

XM156 Class I Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401<br />

XM157 Class IV Unmanned Aerial<br />

Vehicle (UAV) . . . . . . . . . . . .401<br />

Unmanned Ground Vehicle<br />

Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle<br />

(SUGV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402<br />

Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and<br />

Equipment (MULE) Vehicle . .402<br />

Manned Ground Vehicles (MGV)<br />

XM1201 Reconnaissance and Surveillance Vehicle (RSV) . . . . . . . . . . . .403<br />

XM1202 Mounted Combat System (MCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403<br />

XM1203 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404<br />

XM1204 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Mortar (NLOS-M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404<br />

XM1205 Field Recovery and Maintenance Vehicle (FRMV) . . . . . . . . . . .404<br />

XM1206 Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405<br />

XM1207 & XM1208 Medical Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405<br />

XM1209 Command and Control Vehicle (C2 402<br />

V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 331


AIRCRAFT<br />

Rotary Wing<br />

The AH-6/MH-6 Little Bird (Cayuse)<br />

Helicopter is in service with <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />

160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment<br />

(Airborne) (SOAR). Following service<br />

in Vietnam, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s fleet <strong>of</strong> OH-6<br />

light observation and command helicopters<br />

(LOACH) was reassigned to <strong>Army</strong><br />

National Guard units. With <strong>the</strong>ir excellent<br />

roll-on/roll-<strong>of</strong>f mobility and extremely<br />

high power-to-weight ratios, however, <strong>the</strong><br />

aircraft subsequently were tapped for special<br />

operations applications in 1980.<br />

Capability upgrades include performance,<br />

avionics, navigation, communications,<br />

targeting, weapons and night operations.<br />

Although primarily equipped with<br />

<strong>the</strong> 7.62 mm minigun or Hydra 70 (2.75inch)<br />

rocket system, <strong>the</strong> AH-6/MH-6 can<br />

accommodate a range <strong>of</strong> gun and rocket<br />

options.<br />

The AH-6J/MH-6J mission-enhanced Little<br />

Bird (MELB) program is a major modification<br />

to <strong>the</strong> existing AH-6/MH-6 fleet. The<br />

modification is packaged as a kit that replaces<br />

existing components on <strong>the</strong> aircraft.<br />

The new MELB aircraft has a six-blade<br />

main rotor system, a four-blade tail rotor,<br />

an improved drive train and <strong>the</strong> Allison<br />

250-C30R3 full-authority, digital-engine<br />

control (FADEC). The MELB also incorpo-<br />

332 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

rates an improved landing gear, crashworthy<br />

fuel cells, enlarged rear doors and external<br />

extended-range fuel tanks.<br />

The AH-64A Apache Helicopter provides<br />

day, night and adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r attack<br />

helicopter capability. The Apache is<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s primary attack helicopter. It is<br />

a quick-reacting, airborne weapon system<br />

that can fight both close and deep to destroy,<br />

disrupt or delay enemy forces. The<br />

Apache first entered service inventories in<br />

1984.<br />

The aircraft is designed to fight and survive<br />

throughout <strong>the</strong> world. It is equipped<br />

with a target acquisition designation sight<br />

AH-64D Apache<br />

helicopters<br />

and a pilot night-vision sensor that permit<br />

its two-man crew to navigate and attack<br />

in darkness and adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r. The<br />

Apache’s principal mission is to destroy<br />

high-value targets with <strong>the</strong> Hellfire missile.<br />

It also is capable <strong>of</strong> employing a 30<br />

mm M230 chin-mounted automatic cannon<br />

and Hydra 70 rockets that are lethal<br />

against a variety <strong>of</strong> targets.<br />

The Apache has a maximum speed <strong>of</strong><br />

145 knots. It has a maximum gross weight<br />

range <strong>of</strong> 240 nautical miles (A model) and<br />

230 nautical miles (D model) with range<br />

extension capability using internal and external<br />

tanks. The Apache has a full range


<strong>of</strong> aircraft survivability equipment and <strong>the</strong><br />

ability to withstand hits from rounds up to<br />

23 millimeters in critical areas. Apache<br />

ordnance consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hellfire Missile<br />

(RF/SAL versions), 2.75-inch rockets (all<br />

versions) and 30 mm HEI rounds.<br />

The AH-64D Longbow is being fielded<br />

through a combination <strong>of</strong> new production<br />

and remanufacture <strong>of</strong> AH-64A aircraft. The<br />

AH-64D incorporates <strong>the</strong> Longbow firecontrol<br />

radar (FCR), capable <strong>of</strong> being used<br />

day or night, in adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r and<br />

through battlefield obscurants. The AH-<br />

64D consists primarily <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> integration <strong>of</strong><br />

a mast-mounted millimeter-wave fire-control<br />

radar, a radar frequency interferometer<br />

and a radar frequency fire-and-forget Hellfire<br />

missile.<br />

The Longbow’s digitized target acquisition<br />

system provides automatic detection,<br />

location, classification, prioritizing and<br />

target handover. The AH-64D cockpit is redesigned<br />

to digitize and multiplex all systems.<br />

The manpower and personnel integration<br />

program (MANPRINT) crew stations<br />

have multifunction displays to reduce<br />

crew workload and increase effectiveness.<br />

The AH-64D provides a truly coordinated<br />

rapid-fire (16 separate targets within one<br />

minute) capability to <strong>the</strong> maneuver force<br />

commander on a 24-hour basis and in any<br />

conditions.<br />

July <strong>2008</strong> saw <strong>the</strong> first flight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Apache Longbow Block III prototype aircraft.<br />

Slated for fielding beginning in 2011,<br />

<strong>the</strong> Block III will feature: Future Force connectivity–seamless<br />

global information grid<br />

communications; Level IV unmanned aerial<br />

vehicle control; increased survivability–extended<br />

range sensors and weapons;<br />

cognitive decision aiding system; improved<br />

aircraft performance; and reduced<br />

operations and support cost and logistics<br />

footprint.<br />

The mission <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s CH-47D Chinook<br />

Helicopter, a tandem-rotor heavylift<br />

helicopter, is to transport weapons, ammunition,<br />

equipment, troops and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

cargo in general support <strong>of</strong> combat units<br />

and in operations o<strong>the</strong>r than war. The D<br />

model <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> aircraft is <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> refurbishment<br />

and conversion from previous<br />

models. It has become <strong>the</strong> assault aircraft<br />

<strong>of</strong> choice in <strong>the</strong> high-altitude battlefields <strong>of</strong><br />

Afghanistan during <strong>the</strong> global war on terrorism.<br />

In peacetime <strong>the</strong> aircraft provides<br />

critical disaster relief by supporting firefighting,<br />

rescue and supply efforts.<br />

Ongoing modifications to <strong>the</strong> CH-47D<br />

fleet include a powerplant upgrade to T55-<br />

GA-714A engines, crashworthy extendedrange<br />

fuel system II (ERFS II), engine air<br />

particle separators (EAPS) and ALE-47<br />

countermeasure dispensing system.<br />

A special operations variant, <strong>the</strong> MH-47E,<br />

features added fuel capacity, an air-to-air refueling<br />

probe and specialized communications,<br />

navigation, avionics and night-vision<br />

subsystems.<br />

The CH-47F Improved Cargo Helicopter<br />

(ICH) is being procured through both new<br />

build and remanufactured processes. The<br />

Boeing Company’s CH-47F helicopter features<br />

a newly designed, modernized airframe,<br />

a Rockwell Collins common avionics<br />

architecture system cockpit and a BAE digital<br />

advanced flight control system. The advanced<br />

avionics provide improved situational<br />

awareness for flight crews with an<br />

advanced digital map display and a data<br />

transfer system that allows storing <strong>of</strong> preflight<br />

and mission data. Improved survivability<br />

features include common missile<br />

warning and improved countermeasure<br />

dispenser systems.<br />

Powered by two 4,868-horsepower Honeywell<br />

engines, <strong>the</strong> new CH-47F can reach<br />

speeds greater than 175 mph and transport<br />

payloads weighing more than 21,000 pounds.<br />

The CH-47F, with <strong>the</strong> Robertson Aviation<br />

extended-range fuel system, has a mission<br />

radius greater than 400 miles.<br />

First unit fielding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> CH-47F began in<br />

July 2007.<br />

The MH-47G is <strong>the</strong> latest special operations<br />

variant, building on <strong>the</strong> capabilities<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MH-47E and adding a digital Common<br />

Avionics Architecture System (CAAS)<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 333


cockpit as well as enhanced aircraft survivability<br />

equipment. The first MH-47G<br />

aircraft were deployed to Afghanistan in<br />

February 2007.<br />

The OH-58D Kiowa Warrior Helicopter<br />

fills <strong>the</strong> armed reconnaissance role for attack<br />

helicopter and air cavalry units. It was<br />

<strong>the</strong> only practical armed reconnaissance<br />

aircraft in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> inventory until <strong>the</strong><br />

armed reconnaissance helicopter (ARH)<br />

fielding began in fiscal year 2007. It is capable<br />

<strong>of</strong> performing reconnaissance, security,<br />

command and control, target acquisition/<br />

designation and defensive air combat missions.<br />

The Kiowa Warrior adds armed reconnaissance,<br />

light-attack and multipurpose<br />

334 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

OH-58 Kiowa Warrior<br />

helicopter<br />

light helicopter (MPLH) capabilities that<br />

permit rapid deployment to <strong>the</strong> basic OH-<br />

58D Kiowa mission capabilities. The OH-<br />

58D has a mast-mounted sight that houses<br />

a <strong>the</strong>rmal-imaging system, low-light television<br />

and a laser range finder/designator.<br />

A highly accurate navigation system permits<br />

precise target location that can be<br />

handed over to o<strong>the</strong>r engagement systems<br />

via <strong>the</strong> airborne target handover system.<br />

The laser designator can provide autonomous<br />

designation for <strong>the</strong> laser Hellfire<br />

missile or remote designation for o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

laser-guided precision weapons.<br />

The ARH-70A Armed Reconnaissance<br />

Helicopter (ARH) program will eventually<br />

replace approximately 375 OH-58D<br />

Kiowa Warriors and fill <strong>the</strong> role initially<br />

proposed for <strong>the</strong> RAH-66 Comanche (cancelled<br />

in 2004). Bell Helicopter Textron<br />

Inc. is developing <strong>the</strong> ARH-70A as a militarized<br />

version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> company’s model<br />

407 single engine light helicopter.<br />

The TH-67 Creek Helicopter is <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong>’s primary platform for initial rotarywing<br />

training at <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Aviation<br />

Center. Based on a commercial Bell Jet<br />

Ranger design, <strong>the</strong> TH-67 replaced <strong>the</strong> OH-<br />

58C previously used for <strong>the</strong> training mission.<br />

The TH-67 comes in three variants:<br />

TH-67 VFR, TH-67 IFR and TH-67A+. It<br />

has dual-control front seats for <strong>the</strong> instructor<br />

pilot and one student plus a rear seat<br />

for a second student.<br />

The UH-60 Black Hawk Helicopter is<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s assault and utility helicopter.<br />

Three major variants exist. The UH or utility<br />

version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> helicopter provides general<br />

air assault and utility support. The<br />

MH version supports Special Forces roles<br />

and missions including a gunship variant<br />

identified as <strong>the</strong> MH-60 direct action penetrator<br />

(DAP). While <strong>the</strong> medical evacuation<br />

(MEDEVAC) mission is conducted<br />

currently on UH-60A model aircraft outfitted<br />

with mission kits, future MEDEVAC<br />

Black Hawks will have medical equipment<br />

integrated into <strong>the</strong> aircraft and will be designated<br />

HH series aircraft.<br />

The Black Hawk is <strong>the</strong> primary helicopter<br />

for air assault, general support and<br />

Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine


aeromedical evacuation units. It has enhanced<br />

<strong>the</strong> overall mobility <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />

through its dramatic improvements in<br />

troop capacity and cargo-lift capability<br />

over <strong>the</strong> UH-1H Huey, which it replaced.<br />

An entire fully equipped, 11-man infantry<br />

squad can be lifted in one aircraft, faster<br />

and in more inclement wea<strong>the</strong>r conditions<br />

than in <strong>the</strong> Huey, allowing ground commanders<br />

to quickly shift forces to increase<br />

battlefield operational tempo to overmatch<br />

<strong>the</strong> enemy’s. The Black Hawk can also<br />

reposition a 105 mm howitzer, its crew <strong>of</strong><br />

six and up to 30 rounds <strong>of</strong> ammunition in<br />

a single lift, allowing <strong>the</strong> rapid massing <strong>of</strong><br />

overwhelming combat power.<br />

The Black Hawk was designed with ease<br />

<strong>of</strong> maintenance and survivability in mind.<br />

The aircraft’s critical components and systems<br />

are armored or redundant so that it<br />

can withstand multiple small-arms hits. In<br />

<strong>the</strong> event <strong>of</strong> a crash, its airframe progressively<br />

crushes on impact to protect <strong>the</strong><br />

passengers and crew.<br />

The UH-72A Lakota Light Utility Helicopter<br />

(LUH) provides general aviation<br />

support for active TDA units in <strong>the</strong> mission<br />

areas <strong>of</strong> training, testing and MEDE-<br />

VAC support. The LUH also provides <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong> National Guard a platform to provide<br />

general aviation support in <strong>the</strong> mission<br />

areas <strong>of</strong> homeland security and gener-<br />

Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine<br />

UH-72A Lakota light utility helicopter (LUH)<br />

ating force MEDEVAC. The LUH does not<br />

deploy into hostile combat environments.<br />

Following full materiel release authorization,<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> equipped its first UH-<br />

72A operational unit in June 2007.<br />

Fixed Wing<br />

In addition to <strong>the</strong> helicopter resources<br />

noted previously, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> uses a variety<br />

<strong>of</strong> fixed-wing assets, including <strong>the</strong> C-12<br />

King Air, which serves as <strong>the</strong> service’s<br />

current short-range utility aircraft designed<br />

to fill air transportation requirements<br />

out to 800 nautical miles (NM). The<br />

nondevelopmental aircraft platform provides<br />

an efficient all-wea<strong>the</strong>r transport for<br />

commanders and staff, and low-volume,<br />

high-priority parts and equipment. The<br />

largest modification program now under<br />

way involves <strong>the</strong> upgrade <strong>of</strong> 27 C-12F<br />

cockpits with newly digitized capabilities.<br />

The C-12 King Air/RC-12 Guardrail<br />

configuration carries <strong>the</strong> Guardrail common<br />

sensor system and provides stand<strong>of</strong>f<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 335


Sky Warrior unmanned aircraft system (UAS)<br />

communications intelligence (COMINT),<br />

electronics intelligence (ELINT), and intercept<br />

and location targeting to enhance<br />

corps commanders’ warfighting capability.<br />

In addition, <strong>the</strong> RC-12 provides nationallevel<br />

targeting information.<br />

The EO-5 Airborne Reconnaissance Low<br />

(ARL) is based on a modified DeHavilland-7<br />

aircraft. The system comes in two<br />

configurations: ARL-C (COMINT) with a<br />

complete COMINT sensor package, and<br />

ARL-M (Multi-INT) that combines both<br />

COMINT and imagery capability.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong>’s C-20 and C-37 Citation<br />

Long-Range/Executive Transport Jets provide<br />

global transport and command and<br />

control support to senior executives from<br />

<strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> staff, commanders<br />

and o<strong>the</strong>r high-ranking government<br />

<strong>of</strong>ficials for flights up to 4,200 NM.<br />

The C-23 Sherpa aircraft provides troop<br />

and equipment transport, airdrop and<br />

medical evacuation for cargo weighing up<br />

to 7,820 pounds. Eight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se aircraft are<br />

authorized per <strong>the</strong>ater aviation battalion<br />

to provide <strong>the</strong> commander with <strong>the</strong> essential<br />

ability to move troops and equipment<br />

rapidly within <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater <strong>of</strong> operations.<br />

The C-23 can also operate from short, unpaved<br />

airfields.<br />

The UC-35A Cessna Citation Ultra/UC-<br />

35B Encore is an efficient, medium-range<br />

(800-1,800 NM), all-wea<strong>the</strong>r airplane that<br />

transports commanders and staffs so that<br />

<strong>the</strong>y can perform command, liaison, administration<br />

and inspection duties. This<br />

aircraft is also used for <strong>the</strong> movement <strong>of</strong><br />

high-priority personnel and cargo. Eight<br />

UC-35s are authorized per <strong>the</strong>ater aviation<br />

company.<br />

The C-26 Fairchild Metro Liner was<br />

procured as a cost-effective carrier for<br />

high-volume travel routes. The aircraft can<br />

carry up to 20 passengers or be used for<br />

cargo movement.<br />

The Future Cargo Aircraft (FCA) is a<br />

new start initiative to replace <strong>the</strong> C-23.<br />

FCA will be a nondevelopmental, strictly<br />

commercial <strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf program. The<br />

FCA will provide rapid-response cargo<br />

transport <strong>of</strong> soldiers and equipment, airdrop<br />

and medical evacuation for cargo<br />

weighing up to 18,000 pounds. The FCA<br />

will be capable <strong>of</strong> short take-<strong>of</strong>f and landing<br />

(STOL) and also able to operate from<br />

unimproved runways.<br />

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)<br />

<strong>Army</strong> Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)<br />

support land warfare operations across <strong>the</strong><br />

spectrum <strong>of</strong> conflict. Infantry, scout, intelligence,<br />

aviation, artillery, maneuver and<br />

even medical units benefit from <strong>the</strong> avail-<br />

336 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

ability <strong>of</strong> UAS. Typical missions include intelligence,<br />

surveillance and reconnaissance<br />

(ISR), battle damage assessment, targeting,<br />

persistent stare for continued operations,<br />

convoy protection and antiambush (improvised<br />

explosive device or IED).<br />

The RQ-5A Hunter UAS, manufactured<br />

by Northrop Grumman, is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />

longest-serving UAS, having seen action<br />

in Operation Iraqi Freedom and in Kosovo.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong> has installed, demonstrated<br />

or tested 23 different payloads on<br />

<strong>the</strong> Hunter, making it one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most versatile<br />

UAS in <strong>the</strong> world. The Hunter air vehicle<br />

is a fixed-wing, twin-tail boom aircraft<br />

with a dual rudder. The Hunter is<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> 18-hour flight duration with an<br />

electro-optic/infrared (EO/IR) sensor or<br />

eight hours with a 250-pound payload.<br />

The EO/IR—<strong>the</strong> main payload for <strong>the</strong><br />

Hunter—is available in both 280 mm and<br />

770 mm focal lengths. Hunter is <strong>the</strong> only<br />

Department <strong>of</strong> Defense UAS to use a dualengine<br />

system. The MotoGuzzi gasoline<br />

engines are being replaced with threecylinder<br />

commercial JP-8 fuel engines.<br />

A wet center-wing capability has been<br />

added to <strong>the</strong> Hunter air vehicle, extending<br />

<strong>the</strong> base Hunter wingspan by approximately<br />

60 inches, thus increasing lift, rate<br />

<strong>of</strong> climb and service ceiling from 15,000<br />

feet to 18,000 feet mean sea level. The wet<br />

wing is equipped with hard points with<br />

<strong>the</strong> capability to carry 130 pounds each, facilitating<br />

Hunter weaponization. When <strong>the</strong><br />

wet wing is not used to carry weapons, it<br />

can be loaded with 110 liters <strong>of</strong> fuel to increase<br />

air vehicle endurance by six hours.<br />

The RQ-7A Shadow Tactical UAS is a<br />

DoD acquisition success story. The <strong>Army</strong><br />

reduced <strong>the</strong> period for system design and<br />

development to full-rate production decision,<br />

including a successful initial operational<br />

test and evaluation, Office <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Secretary <strong>of</strong> Defense test and evaluation<br />

report, and Joint interoperability certification<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> communications in <strong>the</strong> “one<br />

system” ground control station, to just 33<br />

months. The <strong>Army</strong>’s deputy chief <strong>of</strong> staff<br />

G-3 has directed that every maneuver<br />

brigade in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)<br />

and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)<br />

will be equipped with <strong>the</strong> tactical UAS<br />

(TUAS) system. The Shadow is manufactured<br />

by AAI Inc.<br />

The Shadow system consists <strong>of</strong> four air<br />

vehicles (AV) with day/night payloads,<br />

two ground control stations (GCS) with<br />

ground data terminals (GDT), one portable<br />

ground control station (PGCS) with portable<br />

ground data terminal (PGDT), two<br />

tactical automated landing systems,<br />

launcher, air vehicle transport (AVT), and<br />

additional ground support equipment and<br />

vehicles for personnel transport. The<br />

TUAS platoon consists <strong>of</strong> 22 personnel<br />

with <strong>the</strong> ability to sustain flight operations<br />

on a 24-hour basis. The AV takes <strong>of</strong>f from a<br />

launcher and lands autonomously in an<br />

area slightly longer than a soccer field. Annotated<br />

imagery can be transmitted in<br />

near-real time to support <strong>the</strong> commander’s<br />

missions. The system is transported in<br />

three Humvees with shelters, one AVT,<br />

two troop-carrying Humvees and three<br />

trailers, and can be deployed in three C-<br />

130s. A contractor logistics support team,<br />

transported in a mobile maintenance facility<br />

within a sheltered Humvee and trailer,<br />

supports <strong>the</strong> system.<br />

General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc.


The RQ-11B Raven Small UAS is ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />

example <strong>of</strong> rapid acquisition in support<br />

<strong>of</strong> OIF and OEF forces. In just 20 weeks<br />

from funding, <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se battery-operated,<br />

4.5-pound UAS was deployed to<br />

forces in Afghanistan. Each combat battalion<br />

in OIF and OEF will have small UAS.<br />

The Raven system consists <strong>of</strong> three aircraft,<br />

one ground control station, batteries<br />

and three sets <strong>of</strong> sensors: high-resolution<br />

day camera, high-resolution night imager<br />

and a side-view <strong>the</strong>rmal imager. The aircraft<br />

are hand-launched and use autoland<br />

recovery.<br />

The system is transported in two suitcase-size<br />

carrying cases. The system provides<br />

company- and platoon-level reconnaissance,<br />

surveillance, target acquisition<br />

and battle damage assessment.<br />

The Improved-GNAT (I-GNAT-ER) [Extended<br />

Range] is a General Atomics Aeronautical<br />

Systems product <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> procured<br />

in 2003. The <strong>Army</strong> I-GNAT system<br />

consists <strong>of</strong> three modified I-GNAT aerial vehicles<br />

(AVs), one modified I-GNAT shelter,<br />

two portable ground data terminals (PGDTs)<br />

and associated ground support equipment.<br />

The system can provide up to 25 hours <strong>of</strong><br />

operations, carry up to 450 pounds <strong>of</strong> payload,<br />

has a service ceiling <strong>of</strong> 25,000 feet mean<br />

sea level and is controlled by a C-band data<br />

link. The <strong>Army</strong> I-GNAT was deployed to<br />

OIF just 10 months after contract award.<br />

The Sky Warrior Extended Range/Multi-<br />

Purpose (ER/MP) UAS will replace and<br />

improve upon <strong>the</strong> Hunter. Sky Warrior, a<br />

derivative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combat-proven Predator,<br />

will be a mainstay <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> division/corps<br />

commander’s battle-set for land warfare<br />

operations. Although <strong>the</strong> program is still<br />

in system development and demonstration<br />

(SDD) phase, <strong>the</strong> first two Sky Warrior<br />

“Block 0” UAVs became operational in Iraq<br />

in late spring <strong>2008</strong>.<br />

Air Traffic Control Systems<br />

<strong>Army</strong> air traffic services provide <strong>Army</strong><br />

aviation <strong>the</strong> assets required to ensure<br />

safety and survivability on <strong>the</strong> modern<br />

battlefield. Tactical air traffic control (ATC)<br />

supports air and land component commanders’<br />

automated airspace command<br />

and control requirements and ATC for aircraft<br />

operating in terminal and rear operation<br />

areas. In turn, air traffic services support<br />

is critical to fixed-base force projection<br />

platforms, a function that mitigates<br />

risks to <strong>Army</strong> aircraft operating from<br />

<strong>Army</strong> airfields worldwide.<br />

To meet <strong>the</strong>se needs, <strong>the</strong> Office <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Product Manager for Air Traffic Control<br />

Systems (PM ATC), assigned to <strong>the</strong> Aviation<br />

and Missile Command at Redstone<br />

Arsenal, Ala., manages <strong>the</strong> modernization<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tactical and nontactical ATC equipment.<br />

Tactical Systems<br />

Major tactical ATC programs include <strong>the</strong><br />

air traffic navigation, integration and control<br />

system (ATNAVICS), tactical airspace<br />

integration system (TAIS) and <strong>the</strong> mobile<br />

tower system (MOTS).<br />

The AN/TPN-31 Air Traffic Navigation,<br />

Integration, Coordination System (AT-<br />

NAVICS) is a Humvee-mounted, survivable<br />

radar system that will support a<br />

highly mobile tactical area surveillance<br />

and precision approach air traffic control<br />

system. It will replace <strong>the</strong> technologically<br />

obsolete and unsupportable landing control<br />

central (AN/TSQ-71B). The system<br />

will provide expeditious air traffic flow,<br />

permitting continuous unimpeded operations<br />

and will provide area navigational<br />

assistance, integrate air traffic during<br />

Joint/combined operations and coordinate<br />

air movement within <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> airspace<br />

command and control (A 2 C 2 ) system. The<br />

ATNAVICS will facilitate <strong>the</strong> safe handling<br />

<strong>of</strong> air traffic at <strong>Army</strong> terminal airfields,<br />

landing sites or zones at division, corps<br />

and echelons above corps. All components<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system can be loaded onto a single<br />

C-130 aircraft for deployment to any location.<br />

In addition, <strong>the</strong> system can be slingloaded<br />

by a CH-47.<br />

The AN/TSQ-221 Tactical Airspace Integration<br />

System (TAIS) is <strong>the</strong> most recently<br />

fielded modern tactical ATC system.<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 337


<strong>Army</strong> Battle Command System (ABCS) 6.4<br />

In addition to being an ATC system, <strong>the</strong><br />

TAIS is also <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> battle command system<br />

(ABCS) that will perform <strong>the</strong> A 2 C 2<br />

function. The TAIS will provide <strong>the</strong> commander<br />

with an automated capability to<br />

effectively, efficiently and safely manage<br />

<strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> airspace over <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> operations<br />

for which he is responsible. TAIS will<br />

be located at division, corps and echelons<br />

above corps, integrating ATC and A 2 C 2 capabilities<br />

between ATC systems and <strong>the</strong><br />

ABCS.<br />

TAIS is currently fielded at Fort Hood,<br />

Texas, and Fort Bragg, N.C., and replaces<br />

<strong>the</strong> AN/TSC-61B flight control central system.<br />

The AN/MSQ-135 Mobile Tower System<br />

(MOTS) will be a highly mobile tactical<br />

air traffic control system designed to be<br />

rapidly set up and to quickly establish air<br />

traffic services during <strong>the</strong> initial phases <strong>of</strong><br />

deployment and sustain those services<br />

throughout operations and redeployment.<br />

The system replaces <strong>the</strong> AN/TSW-7A and<br />

AN/TSQ-70A.<br />

The AN/MSQ-135 MOTS system will be<br />

mounted on a Humvee and be C-130-deployable<br />

and helicopter sling-loadable,<br />

with digital jam-resistant communications.<br />

The MOTS will provide air traffic services<br />

in airspace designed for air traffic movement<br />

at terminal areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> division,<br />

corps and echelons above corps during<br />

wartime and stability and support operations.<br />

MOTS will provide numerous services,<br />

including sequencing and separating<br />

arriving and departing aircraft,<br />

coordinating instrument meteorological<br />

condition recovery <strong>of</strong> aircraft, coordinating<br />

in-flight emergencies, search and rescue<br />

(including combat missions).<br />

In peacetime, <strong>the</strong> MOTS will support<br />

<strong>Army</strong> air traffic services training requirements<br />

and aviation units during tactical<br />

field training exercises, along with supporting<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r agencies, host nations, Joint<br />

services and o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>Army</strong> missions. The tactical<br />

ATC systems are derivatives <strong>of</strong> commercial<br />

<strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf technologies or derivatives<br />

<strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r military systems. By using<br />

this approach, <strong>the</strong> PM ATC has maximized<br />

<strong>the</strong> effectiveness and efficiency <strong>of</strong> funding<br />

allocated to <strong>the</strong> air traffic equipment inventory<br />

modernization.<br />

The AN/TSQ 198 Tactical Terminal<br />

Control System (TTCS) enhances aircrew<br />

safety by providing initial air traffic services<br />

at remote landing sites and drop<br />

zones. The system includes secure communications<br />

equipment for aircraft separation<br />

and ground control, a meteorological<br />

measuring system for basic wea<strong>the</strong>r information<br />

and a precision location capability.<br />

It is a retr<strong>of</strong>it to <strong>the</strong> ARC-220.<br />

338 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

Fixed-Base Programs<br />

The major fixed-base ATC programs include<br />

<strong>the</strong> national airspace system (NAS)<br />

modernization programs: <strong>the</strong> digital airspace<br />

surveillance radar (DASR), <strong>the</strong> DoD<br />

advanced automation system (DAAS), <strong>the</strong><br />

voice communications switching system<br />

(VCSS) and <strong>the</strong> fixed-base precision approach<br />

radar (FBPAR).<br />

The AN/FPN 67 Digital Airspace Surveillance<br />

Radar (DASR), or GPN-30, is a<br />

new terminal air traffic control radar system<br />

that replaces current analog systems<br />

with new digital technology. DASR will replace<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s AN/FPN-66A on a onefor-one<br />

basis and it is also being considered<br />

for use at o<strong>the</strong>r locations where<br />

airport surveillance radar capability will<br />

be lost when <strong>the</strong> AN/FPN-40s are decommissioned.<br />

These older radars, some as old<br />

as 20 years, are being replaced to improve<br />

reliability, provide additional wea<strong>the</strong>r<br />

data, reduce maintenance cost, improve<br />

performance and provide digital data to<br />

new digital automation systems for presentation<br />

on air traffic controller displays.<br />

Also under <strong>the</strong> DoD NAS procurement<br />

effort is <strong>the</strong> DoD Digital Advanced Automation<br />

System (DAAS). DAAS is DoD’s<br />

version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> FAA’s standard terminal automation<br />

replacement system (STARS).<br />

DAAS/STARS replaces <strong>the</strong> automated<br />

radar terminal system and o<strong>the</strong>r capacityconstrained,<br />

older terminal automation systems<br />

in approach control facilities and associated<br />

towers. Controllers providing ATC<br />

services to aircraft in <strong>the</strong> terminal areas will<br />

use DAAS. Typical terminal ATC services<br />

include separating and sequencing air traffic,<br />

disseminating traffic alerts and wea<strong>the</strong>r<br />

advisories, and radar vectoring arriving<br />

and departing air traffic. Product Manager<br />

for Air Traffic Control plans to acquire 38<br />

systems for installation at <strong>Army</strong> airfields<br />

worldwide.<br />

The Voice Communications Switching<br />

System (VCSS) is an integrated voice<br />

switching system designed for installation<br />

at 48 <strong>Army</strong> sites under <strong>the</strong> national airspace<br />

system (NAS) acquisition program.<br />

VCSS is being procured to replace existing<br />

analog voice systems that are approaching<br />

<strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir economic and<br />

technical life cycles. VCSS is designed to<br />

provide highly reliable, state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art airto-ground,<br />

ground-to-ground and intercom<br />

communications for controllers <strong>of</strong><br />

military and civil air traffic. The VCSS is<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> interfacing with legal voice<br />

recorders for recording controller-pilot<br />

communications. The interface with voice<br />

recorders provides a way to chronicle <strong>the</strong><br />

voice communications into and out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

VCSS for analysis, training, and accident<br />

and incident investigation. VCSS has four<br />

configurations to accommodate a range <strong>of</strong><br />

facility sizes.<br />

In addition to <strong>the</strong> NAS upgrade efforts,<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> AN/FPN-67 Fixed-Base Precision<br />

Approach Radar (FBPAR) System<br />

will provide capabilities for air traffic separation,<br />

final approach course monitoring,<br />

precision and nonprecision approach guidance,<br />

and instrument meteorological conditions<br />

recovery operations for aircraft operating<br />

in <strong>Army</strong>-controlled airspace and/or<br />

at <strong>Army</strong> terminal airfields.<br />

The FBPAR will replace <strong>the</strong> AN/FPN-40<br />

fixed-base radar being used by fixed-base<br />

ATC facilities worldwide. This radar is a<br />

modification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> precision approach<br />

radar portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tactical radar system,<br />

ATNAVICS (AN/TPN-31). Once installed,<br />

FBPAR will become a permanent component<br />

<strong>of</strong> nontactical <strong>Army</strong> airfields throughout<br />

<strong>the</strong> world.<br />

For <strong>the</strong> past several years, U.S. <strong>Army</strong>,<br />

PM ATC has made significant contributions<br />

toward <strong>the</strong> modernization <strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />

air traffic control systems and air traffic<br />

General Dynamics


control equipment. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong>re<br />

continues to be a significant amount <strong>of</strong> aging<br />

air traffic services and ATC equipment<br />

in <strong>the</strong> inventory.<br />

MISSILES AND SPACE PROGRAMS<br />

PEO Missiles and Space was created<br />

through <strong>the</strong> January 2005 merger <strong>of</strong> PEO<br />

Air, Space and Missile Defense with PEO<br />

Tactical Missiles.<br />

Within PEO Missiles and Space, <strong>the</strong><br />

Joint Attack Munitions Systems (JAMS)<br />

Project Office was established in June 2005<br />

with <strong>the</strong> merger <strong>of</strong> two project <strong>of</strong>fices: Aviation<br />

Rockets and Missiles and Joint Common<br />

Missile. JAMS manages all aviation<br />

rockets and missiles within <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong>.<br />

Aircraft Rockets<br />

The 2.75-inch (70 mm) Hydra 70 Rocket<br />

Family encompasses variants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> freeflight<br />

rocket that has become <strong>the</strong> standard<br />

ground-attack rocket. The design includes<br />

multiple warheads that can be used on <strong>the</strong><br />

rocket motor.<br />

Rockets equipped with various fuzes<br />

and warhead options include: M261 tactical;<br />

M267 practice; M151 (10 pound) antipersonnel<br />

or canopy/s<strong>of</strong>t bunker; M229<br />

antipersonnel (17 pound); M274 smoke<br />

signature; M257 illumination; M264 smoke;<br />

M255A1 flechette; and M278 infrared illuminating.<br />

The Hydra 70 was used extensively in<br />

<strong>the</strong> Korean War, Vietnam War and Operation<br />

Desert Storm. It is also being used in<br />

current combat operations. It is a conventional<br />

ammunition item used by all U.S.<br />

services and many foreign countries. Both<br />

<strong>the</strong> 70 mm rockets and <strong>the</strong> Hellfire missiles<br />

are <strong>the</strong> primary armament for <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />

<strong>Army</strong>’s AH-64 Apache, OH-58D Kiowa<br />

Warrior and <strong>the</strong> U.S. Marine Corps’ AH-<br />

1W Super Cobra helicopters.<br />

The AGM-114 Hellfire Missile Family<br />

includes <strong>the</strong> Hellfire II and Longbow Hellfire<br />

missiles. Hellfire II is a precisionstrike,<br />

semi-active laser (SAL)-guided missile,<br />

and is <strong>the</strong> principal air-to-ground<br />

weapon for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> AH-64 Apache, <strong>the</strong><br />

U.S. Marine Corps AH-1W Super Cobra<br />

and <strong>the</strong> U.S. Air Force Predator unmanned<br />

aircraft system (UAS).<br />

The SAL Hellfire II guides using laser<br />

energy reflected <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> target. It has three<br />

warhead variants: a dual warhead, shapedcharge<br />

high-explosive antitank (HEAT) for<br />

armored threats (AGM-114K); a blast-fragmentation<br />

warhead (BFWH) for urban, patrol<br />

boat and o<strong>the</strong>r “s<strong>of</strong>t” targets (AGM-<br />

114M); and a metal augmented charge<br />

(MAC) warhead (AGM-114N) for urban<br />

structures, bunkers, radar and communications<br />

installations, and bridges.<br />

The Longbow Hellfire (AGM-114L) is<br />

also a precision-strike missile, but uses<br />

millimeter wave (MMW) radar guidance<br />

instead <strong>of</strong> Hellfire II’s SAL. It is <strong>the</strong> principal<br />

antitank system for <strong>the</strong> AH-64D Longbow<br />

Apache and uses <strong>the</strong> same antiarmor<br />

warhead as Hellfire II. The MMW seeker<br />

provides beyond-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight (BLOS) fireand-forget<br />

capability as well as <strong>the</strong> ability<br />

to operate in adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r and battlefield<br />

obscurants.<br />

During Operation Desert Storm, Hellfire<br />

earned a reputation for being one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

military’s most formidable tank killers. Its<br />

multimission capabilities were successfully<br />

demonstrated in combat against a<br />

wide variety <strong>of</strong> targets, including radar installations,<br />

communications posts, bunkers,<br />

buildings, antiaircraft emplacements,<br />

oil rigs and bridges. Hellfire missiles are<br />

being used extensively in Operation Iraqi<br />

Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring<br />

Freedom (OEF). The Longbow Hellfire<br />

missile was used successfully in combat<br />

for <strong>the</strong> first time during OIF.<br />

The Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM)<br />

program will provide a fixed-wing and<br />

unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-launched<br />

missile system that provides line-<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />

(LOS) capabilities, including precision<br />

point targeting (both active and passive)<br />

and fire-and-forget seeker technologies; increased<br />

range; and increased lethality against<br />

s<strong>of</strong>t and hardened moving and stationary<br />

targets. When fielded, <strong>the</strong> JAGM will replace<br />

aviation-launched TOW, <strong>the</strong> Hellfire<br />

family <strong>of</strong> missiles and Navy’s Maverick<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 339


family <strong>of</strong> missiles. The JAGM will increase<br />

<strong>the</strong> warfighter’s operational flexibility by<br />

effectively engaging a variety <strong>of</strong> stationary<br />

and mobile targets on <strong>the</strong> battlefield, including<br />

advanced heavy/light armored<br />

vehicles, bunkers, buildings, patrol craft,<br />

command and control vehicles, transporter/erector<br />

launchers, artillery systems<br />

and radar/air defense systems. Its multimode<br />

seeker will provide robust capability in adverse<br />

wea<strong>the</strong>r, day or night, and in an obscured/countermeasure<br />

environment, against<br />

both stationary and moving targets.<br />

The Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS) is an<br />

adaptation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> manportable Stinger system<br />

that is designed to engage low-altitude<br />

targets.<br />

Cruise Missile Defense Systems<br />

(CMDS)<br />

The CMDS Project Office is equipping<br />

<strong>the</strong> transformation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> current force maneuver<br />

air and missile defense capability<br />

into an integrated air and missile defense<br />

capability.<br />

Programs include Stinger-based Avenger<br />

and manportable air defense system (MAN-<br />

PADS), surface launched AMRAAM, <strong>the</strong><br />

Sentinel radar, Joint land attack cruise missile<br />

defense elevated netted sensor (JLENS)<br />

and directed energy applications (DEA).<br />

Stinger-based Avenger and MANPADS<br />

provide high mobility and shoot-on-<strong>the</strong>-<br />

The Stinger-based<br />

Avenger<br />

move capabilities through Stinger, a fireand-forget<br />

infrared/ultraviolet (IR/UV)<br />

missile system. Stinger is currently <strong>the</strong><br />

only air defense weapon in <strong>the</strong> forward<br />

area.<br />

Surface-Launched Advanced Medium<br />

Range Air-to-Air Missile (SLAMRAAM) is<br />

a net-centric Block I <strong>of</strong> EAADS extendedrange<br />

capability in support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Future<br />

Force. Critical initial EAADS Block I capabilities<br />

will be achieved with <strong>the</strong> SLAM-<br />

RAAM system <strong>of</strong> systems through <strong>the</strong><br />

development <strong>of</strong> a fire unit and Battle Management<br />

Command, Control, Communications,<br />

Computers and Intelligence (BMC 4 I)/<br />

integrated fire-control station (IFCS); integration<br />

<strong>of</strong> Sentinel enhanced target range<br />

and classification (ETRAC) and Joint land<br />

attack cruise missile defense elevated net-<br />

340 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

work sensor (JLENS); and AMRAAM missile.<br />

The SLAMRAAM BMC 4 I will be fully<br />

integrated and compatible with <strong>Army</strong> AMD<br />

and <strong>the</strong> Future Combat System (FCS) networks.<br />

SLAMRAAM provides a critical<br />

overmatch capability against <strong>the</strong> rapidly<br />

evolving cruise missile, unmanned aerial<br />

systems, fixed wing and rotary wing.<br />

The AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel is an advanced,<br />

three dimensional, battlefield Xband<br />

air defense phased-array radar with<br />

an acquisition range <strong>of</strong> 40 km. Sentinel<br />

transmits its radar imagery to <strong>the</strong> forward<br />

area air defense command and control<br />

(FAAD C 2 ) via radio frequency link. Sentinel<br />

is being upgraded to <strong>the</strong> ETRAC configuration<br />

that doubles its range and will integrate<br />

with future AMD BMC 4 I via SLAMRAAM.<br />

The Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile<br />

Defense Elevated Netted Sensor (JLENS)<br />

uses advanced sensor and networking<br />

technologies to provide 360-degree, wide<br />

area surveillance and precision tracking <strong>of</strong><br />

land attack cruise missiles. JLENS detects<br />

stressing, terrain-masked cruise missiles<br />

and o<strong>the</strong>r air-breathing threats, permitting<br />

extended engagement ranges for current<br />

air defense systems.<br />

The Lower Tier Project Office consists <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> Patriot, MEADS, PAC-3 and Joint tactical<br />

ground station (JTAGS). The MEADS air<br />

defense system, an international program<br />

with Germany and Italy, will eventually re-<br />

place <strong>the</strong> Patriot with a system that expands<br />

<strong>the</strong> battlespace, is more durable and<br />

maneuverable, and provides 360-degree<br />

force protection. During MEADS development,<br />

key capability improvements will be<br />

incorporated into <strong>the</strong> Patriot systems.<br />

The Medium Extended Air Defense<br />

System (MEADS) will provide Joint lowertier<br />

air defense, missile defense and cruise<br />

missile defense for maneuver forces and<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r critical forward-deployed assets<br />

throughout all phases <strong>of</strong> tactical operations.<br />

MEADS will operate in an enclave<br />

with upper-tier systems in areas <strong>of</strong> debarkation<br />

and assembly. It will also provide<br />

continuous coverage alone or with<br />

forward area air defense systems in <strong>the</strong> division<br />

area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlefield during movement<br />

to contact and decisive operations.<br />

The system will provide air and missile<br />

defense <strong>of</strong> vital corps and division assets<br />

associated with <strong>Army</strong> and Marine Corps<br />

maneuver forces. It will use a combination<br />

<strong>of</strong> netted and distributed architecture with<br />

modular configurable battle elements, interoperability<br />

with o<strong>the</strong>r airborne and<br />

ground-based sensors and improved seeker/sensor<br />

components to provide a strong<br />

360-degree defense against <strong>the</strong> full spectrum<br />

<strong>of</strong> tactical ballistic missile, cruise missile,<br />

unmanned aerial vehicle and rotarywing<br />

and fixed-wing threats.<br />

MEADS will provide future <strong>Army</strong> forces<br />

with a defense against multiple and simultaneous<br />

attacks by short-range ballistic<br />

missiles—especially cruise missiles—and<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r air-breathing threats to <strong>the</strong> force; immediate<br />

deployment for early entry operations<br />

with C-130 deployability; mobility to<br />

move rapidly and protect maneuver force<br />

assets during <strong>of</strong>fensive operations; a distributed<br />

architecture and modular components<br />

to increase survivability and flexibility<br />

<strong>of</strong> employment in a number <strong>of</strong> operational<br />

configurations; and significantly<br />

increased firepower with greatly reduced<br />

personnel and logistics requirements.<br />

A tri-national source selection committee,<br />

composed <strong>of</strong> representatives from <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong>, Germany and Italy, chose<br />

MEADS International <strong>of</strong> Orlando, Fla., as<br />

<strong>the</strong> prime contractor for this air defense<br />

system in May 1999.<br />

The Patriot Missile System provides defense<br />

<strong>of</strong> critical assets and maneuver forces<br />

belonging to corps and to echelons above<br />

corps against aircraft, cruise missiles and<br />

tactical ballistic missiles (TBMs). The PAC-<br />

2 system upgrade, modified PAC-2 guidance<br />

enhancement missiles (GEM) and <strong>the</strong><br />

PAC-3 missile provide <strong>the</strong> Patriot missile<br />

system with an advanced antitactical missile<br />

capability. The combat element <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Patriot missile system is <strong>the</strong> fire unit,<br />

which consists <strong>of</strong> a phased-array radar set<br />

(RS), an engagement control station (ECS),<br />

an electric power plant, an antenna mast<br />

group, a communications relay group and<br />

eight remotely located launching stations<br />

(LSs).<br />

The RS provides all tactical functions <strong>of</strong><br />

airspace surveillance, target detection and<br />

tracking, and missile guidance and engagement<br />

support. The ECS provides <strong>the</strong> human<br />

interface for command and control <strong>of</strong><br />

operations. Each LS contains four ready-t<strong>of</strong>ire<br />

missiles sealed in canisters that serve as<br />

both shipping containers and launch tubes.<br />

The Patriot’s fast-reaction capability, high<br />

firepower and ability to track numerous<br />

targets simultaneously and operate in a severe<br />

electronic countermeasures environment<br />

are significant improvements over<br />

previous air defense systems.<br />

The Patriot Advanced Capability-3<br />

(PAC-3) missile program incorporates significant<br />

upgrades to <strong>the</strong> RS and ECS and


<strong>the</strong> battle-proven PAC-3 missile, which<br />

uses hit-to-kill technology for greater<br />

lethality against tactical ballistic missiles<br />

(TBMs) armed with weapons <strong>of</strong> mass destruction.<br />

The PAC-3 missile is <strong>the</strong> first operationally<br />

deployed hit-to-kill weapon<br />

system capable <strong>of</strong> defeating all known air<br />

and missile defense threats. In addition, it<br />

is possible to have up to 16 PAC-3 missiles<br />

per launcher, <strong>the</strong>reby increasing firepower<br />

and missile defense capabilities. The PAC-<br />

3 missile’s primary mission is to kill maneuvering<br />

and nonmaneuvering TBMs<br />

while remaining able to counter advanced<br />

cruise missiles and aircraft. The PAC-3<br />

missile upgrade program adds system improvements<br />

to increase performance against<br />

an evolving threat, meets user needs and<br />

enhances Joint interoperability.<br />

In April 2003 <strong>the</strong> Defense Acquisition<br />

Board (DAB) convened to review <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong>’s proposed plan for combined management,<br />

development and fielding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Patriot and MEADS systems within <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong>. The DAB approved <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s plan<br />

to evolve <strong>the</strong> Patriot PAC-2/GEM configuration<br />

into an integrated PAC-3/MEADS<br />

full capability.<br />

A July 2004 DAB for <strong>the</strong> Patriot/MEADS<br />

combined aggregate program approved<br />

entry into system development and demonstration<br />

(SDD) with first unit equipped<br />

by fiscal year (FY) 2015.<br />

Lockheed Martin<br />

The PAC-3 missile<br />

The Missile Defense Agency-managed<br />

Terminal High Altitude Area Defense<br />

(THAAD) system, a critical element <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

ballistic missile defense system (BMDS),<br />

will provide rapidly deployable groundbased<br />

missile defense components that<br />

deepen, extend and complement <strong>the</strong> BMDS<br />

to any combatant commander to defeat<br />

ballistic missiles <strong>of</strong> all types and ranges<br />

while in all phases <strong>of</strong> flight.<br />

THAAD’s combination <strong>of</strong> high-altitude,<br />

long-range capability and hit-to-kill lethality<br />

enables it to negate <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> weapons<br />

<strong>of</strong> mass destruction at intercept ranges<br />

well beyond <strong>the</strong> defended area. These attributes,<br />

along with THAAD’s unique endoand<br />

exo-atmospheric capability, enlarge <strong>the</strong><br />

battlespace to allow multiple intercept opportunities<br />

in both <strong>the</strong> late-midcourse and<br />

terminal phases <strong>of</strong> ballistic missile trajectories.<br />

THAAD can accept cues from Aegis,<br />

satellites and o<strong>the</strong>r external sensors to fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />

extend <strong>the</strong> battlespace and defended<br />

area coverage. THAAD will operate in con-<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 341


Joint Tactical<br />

Ground Station<br />

(JTAGS)<br />

cert with <strong>the</strong> lower-tier Patriot/PAC-3 missile<br />

system to provide increased levels <strong>of</strong> effectiveness.<br />

THAAD is a rapid-response weapon<br />

system that can be deployed quickly to<br />

protect critical assets worldwide. The<br />

THAAD element consists <strong>of</strong> five major<br />

components: missiles; launchers; radars;<br />

command, control, battle management and<br />

communications (C 2 BMC); and THAADspecific<br />

support equipment. All components<br />

have been successfully integrated,<br />

342 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

tested and demonstrated during <strong>the</strong> first<br />

program phase that concluded in 2000.<br />

The THAAD development program<br />

flight testing resumed in 2005 with <strong>the</strong> first<br />

15 flight tests. In May 2006 Lockheed Martin<br />

and <strong>the</strong> U.S. Missile Defense Agency<br />

successfully conducted <strong>the</strong> first developmental<br />

flight test to engage <strong>the</strong> entire<br />

THAAD weapon system, including THAAD<br />

interceptor, launcher, radar and fire-control<br />

system. Following repeated flight test<br />

successes, <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> “stood up” <strong>the</strong><br />

first <strong>of</strong> four planned THAAD firing batteries<br />

at Fort Bliss, Texas, in mid-<strong>2008</strong>.<br />

The Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS)<br />

is a transportable information processing<br />

system that supports combatant commanders<br />

and forward-deployed forces with<br />

early warning data on ballistic missile<br />

launches.<br />

Close Combat Weapon Systems<br />

The Close Combat Weapon System<br />

(CCWS) Project Office manages a range <strong>of</strong><br />

antiarmor missile and target acquisition<br />

systems. Current programs include tubelaunched,<br />

optically tracked, wire-guided<br />

(TOW 2)/TOW 2A/TOW 2B, Javelin, improved<br />

target acquisition system (ITAS)<br />

and improved Bradley acquisition system<br />

(IBAS). The <strong>of</strong>fice is also coordinating preliminary<br />

work on future TOW missile improvements.<br />

The BGM-71 Tube-launched, Optically<br />

Tracked, Wire-guided Missile System,<br />

with <strong>the</strong> multimission TOW 2A, TOW 2B,<br />

TOW 2B Aero and TOW bunker buster<br />

missile, is a long-range, multimission, precision-attack<br />

weapon system used throughout<br />

<strong>the</strong> world today. TOW is in service in<br />

more than 40 international armed forces<br />

and integrated on more than 15,000 ground,<br />

vehicle and helicopter platforms worldwide.<br />

TOW is also <strong>the</strong> preferred heavy assault<br />

weapon system for NATO, Coalition,<br />

2009 <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine Photo Contest<br />

Sponsored by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Association</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong><br />

The <strong>Association</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> is pleased to announce its fourteenth <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine photo contest. Amateur<br />

and pr<strong>of</strong>essional photographers are invited to enter.<br />

The winning photographs will be published in <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine, and <strong>the</strong> photographers will be awarded cash<br />

prizes. First prize is $500; second prize is $300; third prize is $200. Those who are awarded an honorable mention will<br />

each receive $100.<br />

Entry Rules:<br />

1. Each photograph must have a U.S. <strong>Army</strong>-related subject and must have been taken on or after July 1, <strong>2008</strong>.<br />

2. Entries must not have been published elsewhere. Evidence <strong>of</strong> prior publication <strong>of</strong> any entry will disqualify it.<br />

3. Each contestant is limited to three entries.<br />

4. Entries may be 300 dpi digital photos, black-and-white prints, color prints or color slides. Photographs must not<br />

be tinted or altered. (Send digital photos to jdow@ausa.org.)<br />

5. The minimum size for prints is 5x7 inches; <strong>the</strong> maximum is 8x10 inches (no mats or frames).<br />

6. The smallest format for slides is 35mm, and slides must be in plastic or paper mounts.<br />

7. A sheet <strong>of</strong> paper must be taped to <strong>the</strong> back <strong>of</strong> each entry with <strong>the</strong> following information:<br />

<strong>the</strong> photographer’s name, Social Security number (for identification and tax purposes), address and telephone<br />

number, and caption information.<br />

8. Entries must be mailed to: Editor in Chief, <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine, 2425 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201-3385,<br />

ATTN: Photo Contest.<br />

9. Entries must be postmarked by June 30, 2009. Letters notifying <strong>the</strong> winners will be mailed in September.<br />

10. Entries will not be returned.<br />

11. Employees <strong>of</strong> AUSA and <strong>the</strong>ir family members are not eligible.<br />

12. Prize-winning photographs may be published in <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine and o<strong>the</strong>r AUSA publications three times.<br />

13. Photographic quality and subject matter will be <strong>the</strong> primary considerations in judging.<br />

For fur<strong>the</strong>r information, contact Jeremy Dow (jdow@ausa.org), <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine,<br />

2425 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201; (703) 841-4300, ext. 204.


<strong>United</strong> Nations and peacekeeping operations<br />

worldwide. The TOW 2A, TOW 2B,<br />

TOW 2B Aero and TOW bunker buster missiles<br />

can be fired from all TOW launchers,<br />

including <strong>the</strong> improved target acquisition<br />

systems (ITAS), Stryker antitank guided<br />

missile (ATGM) vehicle (modified ITAS),<br />

and Bradley fighting vehicles (improved<br />

Bradley acquisition subsystem).<br />

The improved target acquisition system<br />

(ITAS) includes a second-generation FLIR<br />

that uses standard advanced dewar assembly<br />

(SADA II) technology, an eyesafe laser<br />

rangefinder. The TOW ITAS provides a<br />

highly mobile, adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r, day-ornight<br />

capability needed by early entry<br />

forces to destroy advanced threat armor at<br />

greater stand<strong>of</strong>f ranges in <strong>the</strong> main battle<br />

area. The ITAS features an automatic boresighting<br />

capability, aided target tracking,<br />

embedded training, BIT/BITE and traversing<br />

unit modifications. These features ensure<br />

crew survivability through increased<br />

stand<strong>of</strong>f range and improved performance<br />

in <strong>the</strong> battlefield environment.<br />

The TOW weapon system, with its extended-range<br />

performance, is <strong>the</strong> longrange<br />

precision heavy antitank/assault<br />

missile <strong>of</strong> choice for <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Stryker,<br />

Bradley, ITAS-Humvee platforms and <strong>the</strong><br />

U.S. Marine Corps Humvee, light armored<br />

vehicle and AH-1W Cobra platforms. In addition<br />

it can be operated in a dismounted<br />

ground mode.<br />

The TOW weapon system entered its production<br />

and deployment phase in 1970.<br />

Since <strong>the</strong>n, multiple variations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> missile<br />

and launcher systems have been fielded.<br />

Recent developments include <strong>the</strong> development<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bunker buster missile for<br />

use by <strong>the</strong> Stryker brigade combat teams<br />

and <strong>the</strong> introduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> TOW 2B Aero,<br />

an extended-range (4.5 kilometer) version<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> TOW 2B missile. Future improvements<br />

will include replacing <strong>the</strong> wire<br />

guidance system with a wireless radio frequency<br />

(RF) guidance system.<br />

The Javelin is a shoulder-launched, fireand-forget,<br />

manportable, antiarmor and assault<br />

weapon system optimized for attacking<br />

and destroying armored tank targets, as<br />

well as buildings, bunkers and hovering helicopters.<br />

It replaces <strong>the</strong> Dragon antiarmor<br />

missile system, providing a medium-range<br />

multipurpose capability for infantry, scouts<br />

and combat engineers. The system is lethal<br />

against tanks with conventional and reactive<br />

armor and against a variety <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r targets.<br />

Javelin has been used very successfully<br />

in Iraq to defeat armored targets, bunkers<br />

and hard-to-reach targets in urban terrain,<br />

without endangering friendly forces or<br />

noncombatants.<br />

Javelin has two major tactical components:<br />

a reusable command launch unit<br />

(CLU) and a missile sealed in a disposable<br />

launch tube assembly.<br />

The CLU is a compact, lightweight target-acquisition<br />

device incorporating an integrated<br />

day/second-generation <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />

sight, launch controls and a gunner’s eyepiece<br />

display. It provides target engagement<br />

capability in adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r and<br />

countermeasure environments. The CLU<br />

may also be used in <strong>the</strong> stand-alone mode<br />

for battlefield surveillance and target detection;<br />

this has proven effective both in<br />

Afghanistan and Iraq.<br />

The missile is 127 millimeters in diame-<br />

TOW missile system<br />

ter with a staring, imaging infrared seeker;<br />

a feature-based tracker; a lethal warhead;<br />

dual in-line eject; a solid-propellant flight<br />

motor; gunner-selected direct-attack or<br />

top-attack engagement guidance options;<br />

and <strong>the</strong> Javelin launch tube assembly<br />

(LTA), an expendable handling launch tube<br />

to house <strong>the</strong> missile, power pack attachment<br />

and CLU interface. The complete<br />

round is described as “wooden,” as it requires<br />

no pre-use testing or maintenance.<br />

Its shelf life is 10 years.<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 343


The Javelin system weighs 49 pounds,<br />

and its maximum range is more than 2,500<br />

meters (minimum operational range is 65<br />

meters). Javelin’s key technical feature is<br />

<strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> fire-and-forget technology that<br />

allows <strong>the</strong> gunner to fire and immediately<br />

take cover. Additional special features are<br />

<strong>the</strong> top-attack and direct-fire modes (for<br />

targets under cover), advanced tandem<br />

warhead, imaging infrared seeker, target<br />

lock-on before launch and s<strong>of</strong>t launch. S<strong>of</strong>t<br />

launch allows Javelin to be fired safely<br />

from enclosures and covered fighting positions,<br />

increasing gunner survivability. The<br />

time required to prepare Javelin for firing<br />

is less than 30 seconds, with a reload time<br />

<strong>of</strong> less than 20 seconds.<br />

Javelin is a primary weapon in <strong>the</strong> current<br />

and Future Force. Plans are<br />

in development for integration<br />

onto <strong>the</strong> Land Warrior, <strong>the</strong> armed<br />

robotic vehicle (assault) light<br />

member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Future Combat<br />

Systems (FCS) and numerous<br />

variants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Stryker family <strong>of</strong><br />

vehicles. Infantry and reconnaissance,<br />

surveillance and target<br />

acquisition (RSTA) units <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Stryker brigade combat teams<br />

depend on Javelin as <strong>the</strong>ir principal<br />

tank killer. The Javelin system<br />

is undergoing a series <strong>of</strong><br />

block improvements to maintain<br />

<strong>the</strong> weapon’s pr<strong>of</strong>iciency in <strong>the</strong><br />

face <strong>of</strong> evolving threats.<br />

Precision Fires Rocket<br />

And Missile Systems<br />

The Precision Fires Rocket<br />

and Missile Systems (PFRMS)<br />

Project Office manages <strong>the</strong> multiple<br />

launch rocket system (MLRS)<br />

family <strong>of</strong> launchers, including<br />

<strong>the</strong> M270, M270A1 and highmobility<br />

artillery rocket system<br />

(HIMARS), as well as <strong>the</strong> entire<br />

suite <strong>of</strong> rockets and missiles for<br />

those launchers. The MLRS family<br />

<strong>of</strong> munitions (MFOM) includes <strong>the</strong> basic,<br />

extended-range and guided MLRS rockets<br />

as well as <strong>the</strong> Block I/IA and unitary <strong>Army</strong><br />

tactical missile system (ATACMS).<br />

The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System<br />

(MLRS) is a highly mobile, automated<br />

system that fires surface-to-surface rockets<br />

and missiles from a tracked platform derived<br />

from <strong>the</strong> same chassis used by <strong>the</strong><br />

Bradley fighting vehicle. The MLRS delivers<br />

large volumes <strong>of</strong> firepower in a short<br />

time against critical, time-sensitive targets.<br />

From inside <strong>the</strong> cab, <strong>the</strong> crew <strong>of</strong> three can<br />

fire up to 12 MLRS rockets. The basic<br />

rocket warhead carries dual-purpose, improved<br />

conventional munition (DPICM)<br />

submunitions. MLRS, however, is capable<br />

<strong>of</strong> supporting and delivering all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

MLRS family <strong>of</strong> munitions (MFOM), including<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> tactical missile system<br />

344 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

(ATACMS) variants. Growth programs are<br />

under way to extend <strong>the</strong> range and accuracy<br />

<strong>of</strong> rockets and missiles and to upgrade<br />

<strong>the</strong> launcher fire control and mechanical<br />

systems.<br />

The new M270A1 MLRS Launcher appears<br />

identical to existing M270s while incorporating<br />

an improved fire-control system<br />

(IFCS) and an improved launcher<br />

mechanical system (ILMS).<br />

The IFCS allows for more sophisticated<br />

munitions and reduces operating costs. The<br />

IFCS upgrade includes a new fire-control<br />

panel with video, a full keyboard and GPS<br />

navigation.<br />

With distributed multiprocessor technology,<br />

<strong>the</strong> IFCS is able to process large<br />

blocks <strong>of</strong> data from new smart munitions<br />

Guided multiple launch rocket system unitary<br />

within tactical time lines. Operating and<br />

maintenance costs are reduced significantly<br />

because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> greater reliability and<br />

ease <strong>of</strong> repair on IFCS parts. The new system<br />

meets requirements for <strong>the</strong> first digitized<br />

corps and allows for future growth,<br />

being capable <strong>of</strong> firing future munitions<br />

and having a greater capacity to expand<br />

situational awareness.<br />

The ILMS dramatically reduces <strong>the</strong> time<br />

needed to aim and reload <strong>the</strong> launcher. In<br />

a typical fire mission, <strong>the</strong> ILMS-equipped<br />

launcher is six times faster than <strong>the</strong> current<br />

M270 launcher, with reload time decreased<br />

by more than 38 percent.<br />

Crew and launcher survivability are<br />

greatly enhanced by decreasing total exposure<br />

time on <strong>the</strong> battlefield. The new system<br />

reduces operations and support (O&S) costs<br />

by 38 percent while incorporating state-<strong>of</strong>-<br />

<strong>the</strong>-art electronics and embedded global positioning<br />

and inertial navigation systems.<br />

The M142 High Mobility Artillery<br />

Rocket System (HIMARS) Launcher is <strong>the</strong><br />

newest launcher variant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MLRS family.<br />

HIMARS is a highly mobile artillery<br />

rocket system <strong>of</strong>fering MLRS firepower on<br />

a wheeled chassis and is C-130 transportable.<br />

HIMARS carries a single six-pack <strong>of</strong><br />

MLRS rockets, or one <strong>Army</strong> tactical missile<br />

system (ATACMS) missile, on <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />

new family <strong>of</strong> medium tactical vehicles<br />

(FMTV) 5-ton truck. HIMARS is designed to<br />

launch <strong>the</strong> entire MLRS family <strong>of</strong> munitions.<br />

HIMARS was part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rapid force projection<br />

initiative, an advanced concept technology<br />

demonstration (ACTD)<br />

program.<br />

In May 1998, HIMARS successfully<br />

fired <strong>the</strong> first MLRS rockets<br />

from a prototype launcher at<br />

White Sands Missile Range, N.M.<br />

This was <strong>the</strong> first in a firing<br />

program that included both rockets<br />

and ATACMS Blocks I and IA<br />

missiles. A platoon <strong>of</strong> HIMARS<br />

ACTD prototypes were successfully<br />

used during OIF, exclusively<br />

firing ATACMS missiles in<br />

support <strong>of</strong> ground forces.<br />

The system has proven to be<br />

highly effective and reliable during<br />

combat operations associated<br />

with Operation Iraqi Freedom.<br />

The ATACMS Blocks I and IA<br />

Missiles provide long-range, surface-to-surface<br />

fire support for<br />

<strong>Army</strong> corps and division operations.<br />

Both ATACMS Blocks I and IA<br />

are surface-to-surface guided missile<br />

systems with antipersonnel/<br />

antimateriel (APAM) warheads.<br />

The ATACMS with an APAM<br />

warhead attacks s<strong>of</strong>t area targets<br />

at ranges well beyond <strong>the</strong> capability<br />

<strong>of</strong> existing cannons and rockets.<br />

Targets include surface-to-surface missile<br />

and multiple rocket launcher units; air<br />

defense systems; logistics elements; and<br />

command, control and communications<br />

complexes.<br />

The ATACMS Block IA, with enhanced<br />

accuracy enabled by GPS augmentation to<br />

its inertial guidance capability, has a 300kilometer<br />

reach.<br />

Block IA began fielding in FY 1998, and<br />

retr<strong>of</strong>it <strong>of</strong> selected launchers to Block IA capability<br />

occurred simultaneously with missile<br />

fielding. Fired from M270A1 and HI-<br />

MARS launchers, it has proven to be<br />

highly effective in OIF.<br />

The ATACMS Unitary Missile is a U.S.<br />

<strong>Army</strong> requirement developed from lessons<br />

learned in Kosovo. It was clear that battlefield<br />

commanders needed a weapon with


precise guidance and lower lethal radii to<br />

minimize collateral damage.<br />

Future military operations will require<br />

<strong>the</strong> need for precision attacks on critical<br />

point targets, including those in urban environments<br />

or restrictive terrain, under all<br />

wea<strong>the</strong>r conditions, while minimizing collateral<br />

damage.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong> TACMS Quick-Reaction Unitary<br />

(QRU) Missile is a responsive allwea<strong>the</strong>r,<br />

long-range missile with a high-explosive,<br />

single-burst warhead fired from <strong>the</strong><br />

multiple-launch rocket system family <strong>of</strong><br />

launchers.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong> TACMS QRU is converted to<br />

<strong>the</strong> unitary configuration by replacing <strong>the</strong><br />

antipersonnel/antimateriel (APAM) submunitions<br />

in Block IA missiles and integrating<br />

a proven government-furnished unitary<br />

warhead (470-pound SLAM/HARPOON)<br />

and fuse into <strong>the</strong> warhead section.<br />

The missile has a range <strong>of</strong> 270 kilometers<br />

and provides <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> <strong>the</strong> interim capability<br />

to attack high-pay<strong>of</strong>f, time-sensitive targets<br />

without placing combat or support aircraft<br />

and crews at risk.<br />

Its precision accuracy, <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> potential<br />

submunition duds and reduced<br />

lethal radii overcome collateral damage concerns.<br />

First delivery <strong>of</strong> an <strong>Army</strong> TACMS QRU<br />

was completed within four months <strong>of</strong> contract<br />

award, and <strong>the</strong> flight test was success-<br />

fully conducted in April 2001 at White<br />

Sands Missile Range, N.M.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong> TACMS unitary missile was<br />

launched from an MLRS IPDS launcher<br />

and flew 139 kilometers to <strong>the</strong> target impact<br />

site. The target array was constructed<br />

to obtain a qualitative measurement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

warhead effects via indicators placed in <strong>the</strong><br />

impact area.<br />

The results <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flight test indicate that<br />

<strong>the</strong> warhead effects were fairly concentrated,<br />

dissipating within 100 meters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

impact area with no duds or unexploded<br />

ordnance.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong> TACMS QRU was used in<br />

OIF and was highly effective in destroying<br />

high-pay<strong>of</strong>f targets at <strong>the</strong> outset <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> operation.<br />

The Extended-Range Multiple Launch<br />

Rocket System (ER-MLRS) provides<br />

longer range rocket capability. The program<br />

emerged from lessons learned during<br />

Operation Desert Storm, in which senior-level<br />

commanders, while applauding<br />

<strong>the</strong> effectiveness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> basic rocket, stated<br />

a requirement for greater range. The ER-<br />

MLRS is a free-flight, area-fire artillery<br />

rocket designed to enhance <strong>the</strong> capabilities<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MLRS.<br />

The ER-MLRS extends <strong>the</strong> 31.8-kilometer<br />

range <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> basic rocket to approximately<br />

45 kilometers. The extended-range<br />

variant has <strong>the</strong> same diameter and length<br />

as <strong>the</strong> basic rocket, but it has been modified<br />

to include a leng<strong>the</strong>ned motor and a<br />

shorter warhead section with fewer dualpurpose<br />

improved conventional munition<br />

(DPICM) grenades.<br />

The launch pod for <strong>the</strong> ER-MLRS incorporates<br />

a new no-load detent (s<strong>of</strong>t launch)<br />

system and is similar in appearance to <strong>the</strong><br />

existing M26 LPC.<br />

The Guided Multiple Launch Rocket<br />

System (GMLRS) supports <strong>Army</strong> transformation<br />

with increased overmatch capabilities<br />

and a reduced logistics footprint<br />

over current free-flight rockets. GMLRS is<br />

used with <strong>the</strong> M270A1 and <strong>the</strong> HIMARS<br />

launchers.<br />

The rockets incorporate GPS-aided inertial<br />

navigation systems.<br />

A second GMLRS variant is <strong>the</strong> GMLRS<br />

Unitary. GMLRS unitary integrates a 200pound<br />

class unitary warhead into <strong>the</strong><br />

GMLRS. Like its predecessor, its range exceeds<br />

60 kilometers. This munition is used<br />

when terrain conditions and/or rules <strong>of</strong><br />

engagement would o<strong>the</strong>rwise preclude using<br />

<strong>the</strong> DPICM variant. Its multimode warhead<br />

fuze (impact, delay and airburst)<br />

greatly enhances its employment options<br />

against many types <strong>of</strong> targets in various<br />

combat environments.<br />

The GMLRS unitary has proven its effectiveness<br />

in OIF and has become <strong>the</strong> indirect-fire<br />

weapon <strong>of</strong> choice in urban areas.<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 345


COMMAND, CONTROL,<br />

COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS<br />

AND INTELLIGENCE (C 4 I) SYSTEMS<br />

U.S. <strong>Army</strong> C 4 I programs and activities<br />

are <strong>the</strong> foundation for tactical digitization<br />

and service operations in <strong>the</strong> 21st century.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong> organizations with responsibilities<br />

to acquire, develop and sustain C 4 I<br />

systems include <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Communications-Electronics<br />

Command, <strong>the</strong> Communications<br />

Electronics Research, Development<br />

and Engineering Center and <strong>the</strong> following<br />

program executive <strong>of</strong>fices (PEOs):<br />

PEO Command, Control and Communications-Tactical;<br />

PEO Intelligence, Electronic<br />

Warfare and Sensors; and PEO Enterprise<br />

Information Systems.<br />

These organizations provide and sustain<br />

advanced digital and electronic systems<br />

that support various mission areas in<br />

<strong>the</strong> tactical environment, including digital<br />

battle command, platforms and hardware<br />

support, C 4 support to air and missile defense,<br />

C 4 support to network operations,<br />

C 4 support to intelligence operations, C 4<br />

support to fires and effects, sensors and<br />

sensor systems, current force unattended<br />

sensors, night-vision sensors, radios and<br />

communications systems.<br />

Digital Battle Command<br />

Project Manager (PM) Battle Command<br />

produces, deploys and sustains current<br />

and future <strong>Army</strong> battle command system<br />

(ABCS) s<strong>of</strong>tware.<br />

PM Battle Command provides integrated<br />

command and control (C 2 ) s<strong>of</strong>tware,<br />

training and support to <strong>the</strong> Joint<br />

land component warfighter.<br />

Fire-support command and control includes<br />

advanced field artillery tactical data<br />

system (AFATDS), Centaur, fire-support<br />

terminal unit (FSTU), forward entry device<br />

(FED), gun display unit replacement<br />

(GDU-R), Joint automated deep operations<br />

coordination system (JADOCS), light-<br />

The <strong>Army</strong> airborne<br />

command and<br />

control system<br />

(A 2 C 2 S)<br />

346 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

weight forward entry device (LFED) and<br />

pocket-sized forward entry device (PFED).<br />

Battle command sustainment support<br />

system (BCS 3 ) fuses sustainment information<br />

from multiple sources into a single<br />

mission-focused and tailored, map-centric<br />

visual display.<br />

Strategic battle command is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />

battle command system component that<br />

provides <strong>Army</strong>, Joint and Coalition commanders<br />

with readiness reporting, force<br />

projection and situational awareness<br />

through <strong>the</strong> Global Command and Control<br />

System <strong>Army</strong> (GCCS-A) and <strong>the</strong> Defense<br />

Readiness Reporting System-<strong>Army</strong> (DRRS-<br />

A). It is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s component program <strong>of</strong>fice<br />

for Net-Enabled Command Capability<br />

(NECC).<br />

Tactical battle command combines multiple<br />

complex capabilities into an integrated<br />

tool set allowing warfighters to visualize<br />

<strong>the</strong> battlespace and synchronize <strong>the</strong> elements<br />

<strong>of</strong> combat power while simultaneously<br />

collaborating and sharing data in<br />

near-real time. MCS 6.4 provides maneuver<br />

functional and battle staff tools to commanders<br />

and staffs from battalion to <strong>Army</strong><br />

service component command (ASCC). The<br />

command post <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future (CPOF) serves<br />

as a decision support system, providing<br />

real-time situational awareness and collaborative<br />

tools for tactical decision making,<br />

planning, rehearsal and execution management<br />

for commanders and staffs from battalion<br />

to ASCC. Battle command common<br />

services (BCCS) provides <strong>the</strong> tactical<br />

server/service infrastructure in support<br />

<strong>of</strong> network-enabled systems from battalion<br />

to ASCC.<br />

Battle command also includes <strong>the</strong>ater effect-based<br />

operations (TEBO) advanced<br />

concept technology demonstration (ACTD)<br />

and common s<strong>of</strong>tware.<br />

Battle command delivers high-quality<br />

capability, enhances warfighter performance<br />

and reduces system complexity.<br />

Battle command rapidly adapts and<br />

fields capabilities in a dynamic environment.<br />

In designing hardware and s<strong>of</strong>tware<br />

strategies to best support tactical, operational<br />

and strategic applications, battle<br />

command uses cutting-edge capabilities<br />

and adapts technology for <strong>the</strong> current<br />

wartime environment.<br />

Information is a significant source <strong>of</strong><br />

combat power. Battle command is leading<br />

change and integrating current capabilities<br />

into future innovations.<br />

Platforms and Hardware Support<br />

The Standardized Integrated Command<br />

Post System (SICPS) provides modular,<br />

interoperable and fully integrated, campaign-quality<br />

command post platforms<br />

and <strong>the</strong> C 4 I physical infrastructure, with<br />

Joint capabilities, to commanders and<br />

staffs—from brigade combat teams to divisions<br />

and corps. SICPS consists <strong>of</strong> various<br />

systems, specifically <strong>the</strong> SICPS command<br />

post platform (CPP), which includes <strong>the</strong><br />

command post local area network (CP<br />

LAN) and command post communications<br />

system (CPCS); <strong>the</strong> command center system<br />

(CCS); and <strong>the</strong> trailer-mounted support<br />

system (TMSS).<br />

The <strong>Army</strong> Airborne Command and<br />

Control System (A 2 C 2 S) provides <strong>the</strong> maneuver<br />

commander and his staff with a<br />

highly mobile, self-contained and reliable<br />

airborne digital command post. This<br />

highly mobile system allows <strong>the</strong> commanders<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> units <strong>of</strong> employment and units<br />

<strong>of</strong> action to maintain situational awareness<br />

(SA) and exercise command and control,<br />

ei<strong>the</strong>r from a temporary remote site or<br />

while on <strong>the</strong> move through <strong>the</strong> battlespace.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong>’s current utility helicopter, <strong>the</strong><br />

UH-60L Black Hawk (and newer models),<br />

will host <strong>the</strong> A 2 C 2 S.<br />

The Mounted Battle Command on <strong>the</strong><br />

Move (MBCOTM) provides maneuver<br />

commanders and staffs with a highly mobile,<br />

self-contained and reliable combat vehicle-based<br />

digital command post. The<br />

MBCOTM mission equipment platform<br />

consists <strong>of</strong> a suite <strong>of</strong> communication and<br />

digital equipment/s<strong>of</strong>tware integrated on<br />

a combat platform to enable commanders<br />

to influence <strong>the</strong> battle while maneuvering<br />

across <strong>the</strong> battlefield. The MBCOTM provides<br />

maneuver commanders situational<br />

awareness and a common operational picture,<br />

which allows commanders to maintain<br />

situational understanding while on<br />

<strong>the</strong> move and physically separated from a<br />

fixed command post.<br />

The Network Operations Center-Vehicle<br />

(NOC-V) gives signal <strong>of</strong>ficers with<br />

Stryker brigade combat teams (SBCTs) <strong>the</strong><br />

means to plan, manage, monitor and control<br />

tactical systems and networks in battlefield<br />

environments. It can carry and encrypt<br />

voice and data traffic, provide radio<br />

links with various tactical radio systems<br />

and connect to a mobile subscriber equip-


ment system, which acts as <strong>the</strong> battlefield’s<br />

communications network.<br />

C 4 Support to Air and Missile Defense<br />

Ano<strong>the</strong>r representative ABCS component<br />

is <strong>the</strong> Air and Missile Defense Workstation<br />

(AMDWS), <strong>the</strong> air and missile defense<br />

component <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> battle command<br />

system (ABCS). AMDWS serves as a<br />

battlespace awareness information management<br />

system that contributes to combat<br />

effectiveness by retrieving, fusing and distributing<br />

time-sensitive information necessary<br />

to achieve decision-cycle dominance.<br />

AMDWS retrieves battlespace awareness<br />

information from many sources, including<br />

Joint headquarters, <strong>the</strong> ABCS network, national<br />

intelligence assets, all-source centers,<br />

and tactical and strategic sensors.<br />

AMDWS uses this information to provide<br />

an area-complete, combat-operations display<br />

that combines ground-, air- and<br />

space-based sensor inputs and command<br />

and staff data with automated planning<br />

tools. Distribution is accomplished over<br />

tactical and special purpose communications<br />

in near-real time, while supporting<br />

concurrent interaction with Joint command<br />

and control (C 2 ) networks, sensor<br />

sources and ABCS systems.<br />

The Forward Area Air Defense Command<br />

and Control (FAAD C 2 ) is <strong>the</strong> engagement<br />

operations piece <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AMD-<br />

348 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

CCS. FAAD C 2 collects, stores, digitally<br />

processes, displays and disseminates realtime<br />

tactical cueing and tracking information,<br />

<strong>the</strong> common tactical air picture, and<br />

command, control and intelligence information<br />

to all short-range air defense<br />

weapons. FAAD C 2 also provides <strong>the</strong> local<br />

air picture to Joint and multinational forces<br />

to protect friendly aircraft and facilitate<br />

management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air battle. Interoperability<br />

and horizontal integration are maintained<br />

with all <strong>Army</strong> air defense systems,<br />

including Patriot, <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater high altitude<br />

area air defense (THAAD) and <strong>the</strong> medium<br />

extended area air defense system (MEADS).<br />

Distribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local air picture is with<br />

tactical and special purpose radios, and includes<br />

integration with <strong>the</strong> airborne warning<br />

and control system (AWACS), <strong>the</strong> ABCS<br />

and Joint and multinational air and missile<br />

defense command and control systems<br />

FAAD C 2 , which currently support several<br />

global war on terrorism operations, including<br />

homeland defense.<br />

The Air and Missile Defense Planning<br />

and Control System (AMDPCS) is <strong>the</strong><br />

hardware component <strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s air and<br />

missile C 2 system. It consists <strong>of</strong> an assemblage<br />

<strong>of</strong> modular and reconfigurable shelters,<br />

unique air and missile defense hardware/s<strong>of</strong>tware,<br />

standardized automated<br />

data processing equipment and communications<br />

suites.<br />

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C 4 Support to Network Operations<br />

The Joint Network Management System<br />

(JNMS) is a s<strong>of</strong>tware system consisting<br />

<strong>of</strong> modules for planning and engineering,<br />

monitoring, control and reconfiguration,<br />

spectrum management and security<br />

(information assurance/communication<br />

security). It provides <strong>the</strong> commanders,<br />

combatant commands, Joint task forces<br />

and service component headquarters a<br />

common, automated planning and management<br />

tool that will plan, monitor and<br />

control <strong>the</strong> Joint communications and data<br />

backbone associated with a JTF/JSOTF.<br />

The Integrated System Control (ISYS-<br />

CON) V(1), V(2) provides <strong>the</strong> signal commander<br />

and staff with a centralized automated<br />

planning and control capability to<br />

assist in managing tactical communication<br />

systems in support <strong>of</strong> combat forces,<br />

weapons systems and battlefield automated<br />

systems. It functions as <strong>the</strong> battlefield<br />

signal command and control management<br />

system at division through <strong>the</strong>ater<br />

echelons or in support <strong>of</strong> independent task<br />

force operations. The ISYSCON V(4) is <strong>the</strong><br />

S6’s tool to provide network management<br />

to <strong>the</strong> local area network (LAN) at division,<br />

brigade and battalion tactical operation<br />

centers (TOCs) and command posts<br />

(CPs). The ISYSCON V(4) gives <strong>the</strong> signal<br />

soldier <strong>the</strong> capability to manage <strong>the</strong> Tactical<br />

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Command Brigade and Below (FBCB 2 )<br />

network and security administration functions,<br />

and monitor <strong>the</strong> enhanced position<br />

location reporting system (EPLRS) network.<br />

Information Dissemination Management-Tactical<br />

(IDM-T) is a suite <strong>of</strong> tools<br />

that enables tactical users to distribute<br />

mission-critical information to commanders,<br />

allowing <strong>the</strong>m to streamline <strong>the</strong> decision-making<br />

process on <strong>the</strong> battlefield.<br />

Joint Network Node (JNN) network<br />

commercial technology insertion will provide<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> with a high-speed and<br />

high-capacity backbone communications<br />

network focused on rapidly moving information<br />

in a manner that supports commanders,<br />

staffs, functional units and capabilities-based<br />

formations. JNN is now<br />

WIN-T Increment 1, a Joint compatible<br />

communications package that allows <strong>the</strong><br />

warfighter to use advanced networking<br />

capabilities, retain interoperability with<br />

current force systems, and keep in step<br />

with future increments <strong>of</strong> WIN-T. It is a<br />

rapidly deployable, early entry system<br />

housed in an S-250 shelter and mounted<br />

on a Humvee expanded capacity vehicle.<br />

C 4 Support to Intelligence Operations<br />

The Common Ground Station (CGS) is<br />

a rapidly deployable and mobile tactical<br />

data processing and evaluation center that<br />

integrates imagery and signals intelligence,<br />

surveillance and reconnaissance<br />

data products into a single visual presentation<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlefield, providing commanders<br />

with near-real-time situational awareness<br />

and enhanced battle management<br />

and targeting capabilities. CGS links multiple<br />

air and ground sensors, including <strong>the</strong><br />

Joint surveillance/target attack radar sys-<br />

Joint network node (JNN)<br />

tem (JSTARS) aircraft, to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> battle<br />

command system at various nodes, such<br />

as echelons above corps, corps, division<br />

and brigade. JSTARS is a multiservice battle<br />

management and targeting system with<br />

an airborne multimodal radar incorporating<br />

an electronically scanned antenna. The<br />

radar combines moving-target indicator<br />

(MTI) and fixed-target indicator and syn<strong>the</strong>tic<br />

aperture radar (SAR) functions and<br />

is carried aboard an E-8 (militarized Boeing<br />

707) aircraft. Radar data are broadcast<br />

to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> CGS through an omnidirectional<br />

data link and over ultrahigh frequency<br />

(UHF) satellite communications,<br />

which can also be received from o<strong>the</strong>r air<br />

platforms, such as unmanned aerial vehicles<br />

(UAVs). In addition to being <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong>’s premier radar MTI ground station,<br />

CGS has evolved into a multisensor<br />

ground station that receives, processes and<br />

displays sensor data from <strong>the</strong> Predator<br />

UAV, tactical UAV (TUAV), airborne reconnaissance<br />

low, U-2, Guardrail common<br />

sensor and <strong>the</strong> integrated broadcast service,<br />

while maintaining a small footprint.<br />

CGS capabilities are being channeled into<br />

a distributed common ground system-A<br />

(DCGS-A) through preplanned product<br />

improvements, which will be disseminated<br />

in a network-centric environment.<br />

CGS, with its JSTARS and o<strong>the</strong>r sensor<br />

feeds, fulfills an urgent AirLand battlefield<br />

requirement by providing an <strong>Army</strong>/Air<br />

Force sensor and attack control capability<br />

designed to locate, track, classify and assist<br />

in attacking moving and stationary<br />

targets beyond <strong>the</strong> forward line <strong>of</strong> troops.<br />

CGS is <strong>the</strong> only wide-area surveillance<br />

system that has <strong>the</strong> resolution and realtime<br />

capability to provide <strong>the</strong> commander<br />

with <strong>the</strong> data necessary to be effective in<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 349


The Enhanced AN/TPQ-36 (EQ-36)<br />

radar system<br />

<strong>the</strong> future sensor-oriented battle management<br />

process.<br />

The All-Source Analysis System (ASAS)<br />

provides combat leaders with <strong>the</strong> fused intelligence<br />

needed to view <strong>the</strong> battlefield<br />

and more effectively conduct <strong>the</strong> land battle<br />

from battalion to echelons above corps.<br />

ASAS encompasses a family <strong>of</strong> systems<br />

that includes <strong>the</strong> compartmented allsource<br />

workstation in <strong>the</strong> analysis control<br />

element (ACE) found at division, corps<br />

and echelons above corps (EAC); <strong>the</strong> collateral<br />

laptop configuration called ASAS-<br />

Light, issued down to <strong>the</strong> battalion level;<br />

<strong>the</strong> Humvee-mounted intelligence fusion<br />

station (IFS) with integrated communications<br />

called <strong>the</strong> analysis control team-enclave<br />

(ACT-E), which is found at brigade<br />

level; and <strong>the</strong> communications control set<br />

(CCS) found at division, corps and EAC.<br />

C 4 Support to Fires and Effects<br />

The Advanced Field Artillery Tactical<br />

Data System (AFATDS) provides automated<br />

fire-support command, control and<br />

communications for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>, Navy and<br />

Marine Corps including target-weapon<br />

pairing for optimum use <strong>of</strong> fire-support<br />

assets and automated planning, coordination<br />

and control <strong>of</strong> all fire-support assets.<br />

AFATDS performs <strong>the</strong> attack analysis necessary<br />

to determine <strong>the</strong> optimal weapontarget<br />

pairing to provide maximum use <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> fire-support assets (field artillery, mortars,<br />

close air support, naval gunfire, attack<br />

helicopters and <strong>of</strong>fensive electronic<br />

warfare). AFATDS automatically implements<br />

detailed commander’s guidance in<br />

<strong>the</strong> automation <strong>of</strong> operational planning,<br />

movement control, targeting, target value<br />

analysis and fire-support planning.<br />

A critical capability for <strong>the</strong> warfighter is<br />

battlefield radar that can detect, classify<br />

and locate enemy mortar, artillery, rocket<br />

and missile systems within seconds <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong>ir firing, allowing immediate and overwhelming<br />

responses. The AN/TPQ-36 and<br />

AN/TPQ-37 are mortar and artillery locating<br />

systems that have been used extensively<br />

in OEF and OIF with great success<br />

and are credited with forcing <strong>the</strong> enemy to<br />

radically change its tactics. The AN/TPQ-<br />

36(V)8 Electronics Upgrade to <strong>the</strong> mortar-,<br />

artillery- and rocket-locating Firefinder<br />

radar improves <strong>the</strong> operations control<br />

group (OCG) through <strong>the</strong> installation <strong>of</strong><br />

state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art electronics and common<br />

hardware/s<strong>of</strong>tware (CHS) in <strong>the</strong> lightweight<br />

multipurpose shelter (LMS). The<br />

upgrade is an open architecture design,<br />

and it allows Firefinder to communicate<br />

350 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

on <strong>the</strong> digitized battlefield. The operations<br />

central (OC) (previously <strong>the</strong> OCG) is<br />

mounted on an Ml097 heavy Humvee,<br />

which tows <strong>the</strong> antenna-transceiver group<br />

(ATG) on a modified M116A3 trailer. A<br />

second Ml097 Humvee carries a palletized<br />

MEP-112A generator and tows an M116A2El<br />

cargo trailer. A Humvee reconnaissance<br />

vehicle (M998 or Ml038) tows a second<br />

(backup) MEP-112A generator mounted<br />

on an M116A2El trailer.<br />

The AN/TPQ-37(V)8 Firefinder is a mobile,<br />

phased-array, artillery-locating radar<br />

system. It is larger than <strong>the</strong> AN/TPQ-36,<br />

and its target acquisition range is greater.<br />

The operations shelter is identical to that<br />

used with <strong>the</strong> AN/TPQ-36(V)5 and consists<br />

<strong>of</strong> an operations control group<br />

mounted on an M-35-series truck, and <strong>the</strong><br />

MEP-115A, 60-kilowatt, 400-hertz generator<br />

set mounted on a 5-ton truck. This<br />

truck also tows <strong>the</strong> antenna transceiver<br />

group consisting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> phased-array antenna,<br />

transmitter, receiver and associated<br />

electronics mounted on <strong>the</strong> M-1048 trailer,<br />

a 6-ton four-wheel flatbed cargo trailer.<br />

The system uses a combination <strong>of</strong> radar<br />

techniques and computer-controlled functions<br />

to detect and accurately locate enemy<br />

artillery and rocket weapons to permit<br />

rapid engagement with counterfire.<br />

The AN/TPQ-37(V)8 upgrade program<br />

incorporates mechanical enhancements to<br />

improve reliability, availability and maintainability<br />

(RAM). It improves transportability,<br />

mobility, survivability and commonality<br />

with <strong>the</strong> AN/TPQ-36. S<strong>of</strong>tware improvements<br />

include reduced false locations<br />

and incorporation <strong>of</strong> a long-range<br />

mode. Special features include a new, improved<br />

cooler, C-130 transportability kit,<br />

MAPS self-survey, and a separate tape for<br />

long-range missile detection s<strong>of</strong>tware. The<br />

system is designed to be strategically deployable<br />

and operable at all levels <strong>of</strong> conflict.<br />

Two AN/TPQ-37s are assigned to <strong>the</strong><br />

target acquisition battery <strong>of</strong> each division<br />

and used with <strong>the</strong> AN/TPQ-36. Both <strong>the</strong><br />

AN/TPQ-36 and AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder<br />

radars were a success in Operation Iraqi<br />

Freedom. They were lauded for <strong>the</strong>ir ability<br />

to acquire enemy mortars and artillery,<br />

allowing quick and effective counter-battery<br />

fire.<br />

The AN/TPQ-48 Lightweight Counter-<br />

Mortar Radar (LCMR) fills a critical gap in<br />

<strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> ground-based forces. It<br />

addresses indirect-fire threats, automatically<br />

locating mortar weapons in a 360-degree<br />

area <strong>of</strong> cover. The system can rapidly<br />

detect, track and locate mortar rounds at<br />

ranges out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> effective range <strong>of</strong> most<br />

mortar weapons, which allows <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />

to be neutralized through combat air support<br />

or counterfire. These systems have<br />

been deployed with <strong>Army</strong> Special Forces,<br />

conventional <strong>Army</strong> and Marine units and<br />

as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> counterrocket, artillery and<br />

mortars (C-RAM) system <strong>of</strong> systems in Iraq<br />

and Afghanistan.<br />

The AN/TMQ-41 and AN/TMQ-41A<br />

Meteorological Measuring Set (MMS) is<br />

an upper air meteorological system that<br />

uses state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art technology to make<br />

vertical pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Earth’s atmosphere.<br />

The MMS sounds <strong>the</strong> atmosphere with a<br />

balloon-borne radiosonde, which measures<br />

<strong>the</strong> meteorological (MET) parameters<br />

<strong>of</strong> temperature, pressure, relative humidity,<br />

wind speed and wind direction.<br />

This information is processed by <strong>the</strong> MMS<br />

computer and is available in STANAG,<br />

WMO and FATDS formats. Typical users<br />

include: Field Artillery, Corps <strong>of</strong> Engineers,<br />

Chemical Corps, target acquisition<br />

elements, NATO and USAF wea<strong>the</strong>r forecasters.<br />

Messages may be disseminated by<br />

radio (voice or digital), landline (telephone<br />

or teletype) or by hand-delivered, hardcopy<br />

printouts.<br />

The MMS has <strong>the</strong> flexibility to operate<br />

anywhere in <strong>the</strong> world and allows <strong>the</strong> user<br />

to select <strong>the</strong> mode <strong>of</strong> operation most suitable<br />

for his situation. Multiple methods <strong>of</strong><br />

determining winds are available through<br />

<strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> radio direction-finding (RDF)<br />

techniques or navigational aids (NAVAID),<br />

such as LORAN or GPS.


The AN/TMQ-52 Meteorological Measure<br />

Set-Pr<strong>of</strong>iler (MMS-P) is a replacement<br />

for <strong>the</strong> meteorological measuring set<br />

(MMS). Pr<strong>of</strong>iler uses a suite <strong>of</strong> meteorological<br />

(MET) sensors and MET data from communications<br />

satellites along with an advanced<br />

wea<strong>the</strong>r model to provide highly<br />

accurate MET data out to a range <strong>of</strong> 500 km.<br />

The current MMS relies on a balloonborne<br />

radiosonde to measure and transmit<br />

MET conditions such as wind speed, wind<br />

direction, temperature, pressure and humidity.<br />

It is considered accurate only to 20<br />

km from <strong>the</strong> balloon launch site and cannot<br />

provide target-area MET data. Pr<strong>of</strong>iler<br />

provides <strong>the</strong> same MET information that<br />

MMS does and adds rate <strong>of</strong> precipitation,<br />

visibility, cloud height and cloud ceiling.<br />

All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se are required for precise targeting<br />

and terminal guidance.<br />

Pr<strong>of</strong>iler uses this information to build a<br />

four-dimensional MET model (height,<br />

width, depth and time) that includes terrain<br />

effects. This gridded MET (METGM)<br />

output can <strong>the</strong>n be used to literally fly projectiles<br />

through a virtual space and apply<br />

MET effect along <strong>the</strong> entire trajectory and<br />

refine <strong>the</strong> technical fire solution.<br />

By providing accurate MET messages,<br />

Pr<strong>of</strong>iler will enable <strong>the</strong> artillery to have a<br />

greater probability <strong>of</strong> first-round hit with<br />

indirect fire. This new capability will increase<br />

<strong>the</strong> lethality <strong>of</strong> all field artillery platforms<br />

such as <strong>the</strong> multiple launch rocket<br />

system (MLRS), Paladin, and self-propelled<br />

or towed howitzers, and will produce<br />

significant savings for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>.<br />

The Initial Fire-Support Automated<br />

System (IFSAS) is an automated fire-support<br />

command and control system located<br />

at <strong>the</strong> corps fire-support element, division<br />

artillery fire-support element, field artillery<br />

brigade fire-support element and<br />

field artillery battalion echelons. IFSAS<br />

provides <strong>the</strong> commander with an automated<br />

command and control decisionmaking<br />

capability for using cannon, rocket<br />

and missile delivery systems. IFSAS performs<br />

automated fire mission, artillery target<br />

intelligence, fire planning, fire unit status,<br />

ammunition accounting and meteorological<br />

and geometry processing in support<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> field artillery mission.<br />

The Battery Computer System (BCS) is<br />

an automated fire-support command and<br />

control system located at field artillery battery<br />

echelons. BCS provides <strong>the</strong> commander<br />

with an automated command and control<br />

decision-making capability for using<br />

cannon delivery systems. BCS performs<br />

automated fire missions, fire planning, fire<br />

unit status, ammunition accounting and<br />

meteorological and geometry processing<br />

in support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> field artillery missions.<br />

Sensors and Sensor Systems<br />

The Guardrail Common Sensor (GRCS)<br />

system is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s corps-level airborne<br />

signal intelligence (SIGINT) collection,<br />

location and dissemination system providing<br />

tactical commanders near-real-time<br />

targeting information. There are currently<br />

four GRCS systems fielded worldwide,<br />

providing support to U.S. Forces Korea,<br />

U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Europe and supporting Operations<br />

Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.<br />

The GRCS systems consist <strong>of</strong> seven<br />

to 12 aircraft, depending on <strong>the</strong> system,<br />

that normally fly operational missions in<br />

sets <strong>of</strong> two or three aircraft providing<br />

near-real-time SIGINT and targeting to tactical<br />

commanders with emphasis on deep<br />

battle and follow-on forces attack support.<br />

Key features include integrated communications<br />

intelligence (COMINT) and elec-<br />

tronic intelligence (ELINT) reporting, enhanced<br />

signal classification and recognition,<br />

near-real-time direction finding, precision<br />

emitter location and an advanced<br />

integrated cockpit. Primary capabilities include<br />

integrated signals exploitation, enhanced<br />

signal classification and recognition,<br />

fast direction finding, precision emitter<br />

location and advanced integrated<br />

avionics. Interoperable data links provide<br />

microwave connectivity between <strong>the</strong> aircraft<br />

and <strong>the</strong> integrated processing facility<br />

(IPF).<br />

The Prophet system (three-block acquisition<br />

approach: Blocks I, II and III) is <strong>the</strong> division,<br />

brigade combat team (BCT), Stryker<br />

brigade combat team (SBCT) and armored<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 351


cavalry regiment (ACR) principal ground<br />

tactical signals intelligence (SIGINT) and<br />

electronic warfare (EW) system that has<br />

been designed to support <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> vision,<br />

transformation and unit <strong>of</strong> action battlespace.<br />

Prophet detects, identifies and locates<br />

enemy electronic emitters and provides enhanced<br />

situational awareness and actionable<br />

24-hour information for <strong>the</strong> warfighter<br />

throughout <strong>the</strong> division, ACR and BCT areas<br />

<strong>of</strong> operations. Prophet is made up <strong>of</strong> a<br />

vehicular SIGINT receiver mounted on a<br />

Humvee on <strong>the</strong> battlefield, plus a dismounted<br />

manpack SIGINT version for airborne<br />

insertion or early entry into <strong>the</strong> battlespace<br />

to support rapid reaction contingency<br />

and antiterrorist operations. Prophet<br />

Block I is already fielded to <strong>the</strong> active <strong>Army</strong><br />

and several <strong>Army</strong> Reserve and National<br />

Guard military intelligence (MI) UAs.<br />

The initial six Prophet Block I systems<br />

were rolled out in June 2002, and underwent<br />

accelerated production, immediate<br />

technology insertion (upgrade) and fielding<br />

to provide vital and responsive support<br />

to all MI units deployed to support<br />

Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and<br />

Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). The Prophet<br />

after action reports indicated that <strong>the</strong><br />

rapidly deployed Prophets provided valuable<br />

and timely support to <strong>the</strong> OEF/OIF<br />

military operations.<br />

The Block II/III Prophet is vehiclemounted<br />

on <strong>the</strong> heavy Humvee, with electronic<br />

attack (EA), is manportable and will<br />

also provide on-<strong>the</strong>-move (OTM) lines <strong>of</strong><br />

bearing and reporting capabilities. This<br />

OTM capability is a first for tactical SIGINT<br />

operations at <strong>the</strong> brigade level and will<br />

provide on-demand actionable information<br />

(or force protection) to <strong>the</strong> commander.<br />

Current Force Unattended Sensors<br />

The uses <strong>of</strong> multiple mission sensor capabilities<br />

have proven to be significant factors<br />

in operations; however, managing<br />

Prophet systems<br />

<strong>the</strong>se numerous sensors can be challenging.<br />

Efforts are ongoing in <strong>the</strong> development<br />

and enhancement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se capabilities,<br />

specifically in networking unmanned<br />

aerial vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles<br />

and unattended battlefield sensors.<br />

The Family <strong>of</strong> Integrated Rapid Response<br />

Equipment (FIRRE) program reduces<br />

manpower requirements, enhances<br />

force protection capabilities and reduces<br />

casualties through <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> unmanned<br />

systems. It consists <strong>of</strong> a wide range <strong>of</strong> unmanned<br />

ground vehicles (UGV) and associated<br />

unattended ground sensors (UGS) to<br />

counter terrorist actions in lieu <strong>of</strong> manned<br />

operations. FIRRE’s near-term objective<br />

will be to provide an integrated network <strong>of</strong><br />

unmanned systems and sensors to support<br />

<strong>the</strong> physical security <strong>of</strong> high-value areas <strong>of</strong><br />

interest. The major parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system are<br />

<strong>the</strong> FIRRE radar system, <strong>the</strong> FIRRE surveillance<br />

system, <strong>the</strong> remotely monitored battlefield<br />

sensor system-II (REMBASS-II/<br />

BAIS) and a stand-alone ground surveillance<br />

radar (AN/PPS-5D). The FIRRE radar<br />

system (FRS) is composed <strong>of</strong> a surveillance<br />

radar (AN/PPS-5D) mounted on a tactical<br />

amphibious ground support system (TAGS)<br />

UGV. The FIRRE surveillance system (FSS)<br />

is composed <strong>of</strong> an electro-optic/infrared/<br />

laser pointer sensor mounted on a TAGS<br />

UGV. The REMBASS-II/BAIS is <strong>the</strong> UGS<br />

and <strong>the</strong> AN/PPS-5D is ground surveillance<br />

detection radar. The overarching long-term<br />

goal is to develop a fully integrated, layered<br />

force protection system <strong>of</strong> systems for our<br />

forward-deployed forces that is networked<br />

with <strong>the</strong> Future Force C 4 ISR systems architecture.<br />

The AN/PPS-5D Ground Surveillance<br />

Radar is manportable and capable <strong>of</strong> being<br />

used for force protection, fire support, intelligence<br />

operations, and cordon search<br />

and raid operations. It is currently being<br />

used for detecting and audio classifying<br />

personnel and wheeled and tracked vehicles.<br />

Dramatic improvements have been<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 353


Remotely monitored battlefield sensor<br />

system, version II (REMBASS-II)<br />

achieved in performance, reliability and<br />

maintainability while reducing size, weight<br />

and power consumption.<br />

The AN/GSR-8 Remotely Monitored<br />

Battlefield Sensor System-II (REMBASS-<br />

II) is <strong>the</strong> only fully militarized unattended<br />

ground sensor (UGS) system in <strong>the</strong> world<br />

that detects, classifies and provides direction<br />

<strong>of</strong> travel <strong>of</strong> targets. This worldwide<br />

deployable, all wea<strong>the</strong>r, day/night, line-<strong>of</strong>sight<br />

system provides early warning, surveillance<br />

and force protection capability in<br />

support <strong>of</strong> battlefield commanders in all<br />

types <strong>of</strong> terrain. It is half <strong>the</strong> weight and<br />

volume <strong>of</strong> its predecessor, REMBASS-I,<br />

with equivalent classification, detection<br />

and low false-alarm performance.<br />

REMBASS-II systems are being fielded<br />

to Stryker brigade combat teams in support<br />

<strong>of</strong> ongoing intelligence, security, surveillance<br />

and force protection operations<br />

around <strong>the</strong> globe. This tamper-pro<strong>of</strong>,<br />

ESM/ECM-resistant system is <strong>the</strong> leading<br />

U.S. <strong>Army</strong> remotely controlled, unattended<br />

ground sensor system.<br />

OmniSense is a UGS system that provides<br />

all-wea<strong>the</strong>r, 24-hour, area surveillance,<br />

force protection and remote intrusion<br />

detection to support <strong>the</strong> battlefield<br />

commander. OmniSense provides target<br />

classification, recognition, identification<br />

‘Yeah, with this baby, I can acquire<br />

targets outside <strong>the</strong> solar system.’<br />

354 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

and target location, direction and speed.<br />

OmniSense consists <strong>of</strong> an activity detection<br />

unit (seismic-acoustic, magnetic and<br />

passive infrared sensors), an imager and a<br />

handheld programmer monitor.<br />

The Unattended Transient Acoustic<br />

Measurement and Signature Intelligence<br />

(MASINT) System (UTAMS) is an acoustic<br />

sensor consisting <strong>of</strong> sensor stations<br />

linked via radio to a base station. In its current<br />

configuration, UTAMS detects and locates<br />

any loud event such as mortar or<br />

rocket firings, munitions impacts and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

explosive events. UTAMS is a classic sound<br />

ranging system, but it uses advanced processing<br />

techniques to quickly and independently<br />

locate <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> fire. The signal<br />

processor uses statistics from <strong>the</strong> signal<br />

content to identify <strong>the</strong> source weapon type.<br />

The system concept is for three to five<br />

acoustic arrays to be set up in a roughly<br />

equilateral configuration several hundred<br />

meters from each o<strong>the</strong>r. Each array detects<br />

an event and determines <strong>the</strong> line <strong>of</strong> bearing<br />

from <strong>the</strong> array to <strong>the</strong> launch site. The lines<br />

<strong>of</strong> bearing are transmitted via a radio link<br />

to a central point where <strong>the</strong> results are<br />

combined to establish <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

firing point. UTAMS is used to locate<br />

sources <strong>of</strong> hostile artillery, mortars and<br />

rockets. Presently <strong>the</strong>re are operational<br />

UTAMS sites, and an operational needs<br />

statement (ONS) has been revalidated for<br />

additional systems.<br />

The Persistent Threat Detection System<br />

(PTDS) is a deployed, quick-reaction capability<br />

that was designed to meet <strong>the</strong> urgent<br />

surveillance needs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> warfighter. The<br />

system is composed <strong>of</strong> a te<strong>the</strong>red aerostat<br />

equipped with a high-resolution electrooptic/infrared<br />

(EO/IR) payload that provides<br />

a cue to slew capability. PTDS is integrated<br />

with existing IR and radar sensors<br />

that cue <strong>the</strong> aerostat camera to provide<br />

near-real-time “eyes on target.” PTDS uses<br />

<strong>the</strong> interbrigade communication system<br />

(IBCS), which provides <strong>the</strong> communication<br />

backbone and networking capabilities<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system. It will be integrated into <strong>the</strong><br />

persistent surveillance and dissemination<br />

system-<strong>of</strong>-systems (PSDS 2 ).<br />

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Payloads<br />

are essential in many areas <strong>of</strong> operation<br />

and have proven to be key combat<br />

multipliers in military operations. In support<br />

<strong>of</strong> Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), <strong>the</strong><br />

AN/APY-8 Lynx I radar was installed in<br />

deployed I-GNAT unmanned air vehicles<br />

(UAVs) to augment EO/IR payload capabilities.<br />

Three Lynx I radars were installed<br />

in three I-GNAT UAVs. The Lynx I is a<br />

multifunction radar that operates in syn<strong>the</strong>tic<br />

aperture radar (SAR) and ground<br />

moving-target indicator (GMTI) modes.<br />

SAR modes consist <strong>of</strong> a spotlight mode<br />

and two strip-map modes. High-resolution<br />

SAR and GMTI data is processed on board<br />

and is data-linked to a ground station for<br />

exploitation. The data obtained can be used<br />

for coherent change detection (CCD) and<br />

amplitude change detection (ACD), both<br />

post-processing capabilities. CCD provides<br />

<strong>the</strong> ability to discern extremely small<br />

changes in scenery over time. Lynx I/I-<br />

GNAT systems completed more than 2,000<br />

hours <strong>of</strong> operation supporting OIF. The<br />

Lynx I deployment has showcased potential<br />

FCS capabilities that will be available in<br />

<strong>the</strong> AN/DPY-1 Lynx II SAR/GMTI.<br />

The AN/DPY-1 Lynx II is also a multifunction<br />

SAR/GMTI radar that has <strong>the</strong><br />

same performance as <strong>the</strong> Lynx I, but in a<br />

smaller, lighter package. High-resolution<br />

SAR and GMTI data is processed on board<br />

a UAV and is data-linked to a ground station<br />

for exploitation. The Lynx II consists<br />

<strong>of</strong> a radar electronics assembly (REA) and<br />

an antenna/gimbal assembly. SAR modes


operate in less than 0.3 meters to 3.0 meters<br />

resolution. In <strong>the</strong> GMTI mode, <strong>the</strong><br />

radar detects moving targets at speeds <strong>of</strong><br />

10-70 kph and overlays <strong>the</strong>ir locations on a<br />

digital map. The Lynx II is sized for operations<br />

on <strong>the</strong> FCS Class IV, ER/MP and<br />

Hunter UAVs. It enhances survivability<br />

and improves situational awareness for<br />

<strong>the</strong> UA and brigade/division.<br />

The airborne surveillance, target acquisition<br />

and minefield detection system (AS-<br />

TAMIDS) is being developed to fly on <strong>the</strong><br />

Class IV RQ-8B Firescout UAV. ASTA-<br />

MIDS will combine both countermine and<br />

RSTA functions in one 75-pound turret so<br />

that retasking can be accomplished in<br />

flight without having to land and swap<br />

out payloads. ASTAMIDS sensors include<br />

a MWIR FLIR, a color EO camera, a multispectral<br />

imager (MSI) that divides <strong>the</strong> vis-<br />

NIR band into four sub-bands, an 808-nm<br />

laser illuminator that provides night capability<br />

for <strong>the</strong> MSI sensor, and a lightweight<br />

laser designator that also has eyesafe<br />

rangefinding capability. The sensors will<br />

be housed in a gimbaled turret that has<br />

step-stare technology to allow rapid search<br />

<strong>of</strong> wide areas.<br />

The Persistent Surveillance and Dissemination<br />

System <strong>of</strong> Systems (PSDS 2 ) is<br />

a system <strong>of</strong> systems to provide persistent<br />

surveillance and rapid dissemination <strong>of</strong><br />

actionable intelligence. Its purpose is to<br />

catch enemy activity in a timelier manner<br />

by having sensors cue o<strong>the</strong>r sensors and<br />

disseminate target location and description<br />

data to <strong>the</strong> appropriate response elements.<br />

PSDS 2 integrates numerous sensor<br />

inputs (video, radar, etc.) onto a terrain<br />

model allowing <strong>the</strong> commander to see enemy<br />

actions in perspective to sensor location<br />

and orientation. It improves reaction<br />

times from detection <strong>of</strong> activity through<br />

corroboration to dissemination <strong>of</strong> actionable<br />

information. Its centralized collection<br />

<strong>of</strong> imagery/sensor inputs provides unprecedented<br />

coordination <strong>of</strong> sensor information.<br />

PSDS 2 ’s persistence <strong>of</strong> collected<br />

imagery/information supports forensics<br />

capability in near-real time and/or <strong>of</strong>fline.<br />

Its shelterized concept supports quick relocation<br />

<strong>of</strong> assets, and its flexible architecture<br />

allows for incorporation <strong>of</strong> additional<br />

interfaces/capabilities. PSDS 2 is successfully<br />

supporting operations in Iraq.<br />

Night-Vision Sensors<br />

U.S. <strong>Army</strong> night-vision and sensor programs<br />

and activities include day/night, allwea<strong>the</strong>r<br />

mobility and engagement sensors;<br />

all-wea<strong>the</strong>r imagery; passive and radar target<br />

acquisition sensors; artillery and mortar-locating<br />

radars; and advanced sensors<br />

for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s Future Force. These systems<br />

provide critical, on-<strong>the</strong>-ground, direct support<br />

to U.S. forces deployed in Operation<br />

Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi<br />

Freedom. One key area is <strong>the</strong>rmal sensors,<br />

which dramatically increase <strong>the</strong> lethality<br />

and survivability <strong>of</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> soldiers.<br />

These sensors read <strong>the</strong> heat signature from<br />

distant objects, such as personnel or vehicles,<br />

day or night, penetrating smoke, fog<br />

and obscurants.<br />

The First-Generation Forward-Looking<br />

Infrared Systems (FLIR) are currently<br />

used in <strong>the</strong> pilotage and targeting <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />

imaging systems in <strong>the</strong> AH-64A attack helicopter,<br />

M1A1 and M60 tanks, Bradley<br />

fighting vehicles and TOW and TOW II<br />

missile systems. The systems <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />

are supported by <strong>the</strong>rmal-imaging common<br />

modules, a series <strong>of</strong> subcomponents<br />

that perform <strong>the</strong> function <strong>of</strong> optical to electrical<br />

conversion, thus allowing <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>r-<br />

mal battlefield to be converted into a visual<br />

image. The <strong>the</strong>rmal-imaging common<br />

modules are made up <strong>of</strong> detector dewars,<br />

cryogenic coolers, light-emitting diode arrays,<br />

mechanical scanners, optical imagers<br />

and collimators, and electronic circuit cards.<br />

The Second-Generation Forward-Looking<br />

Infrared (FLIR) provides an integrated<br />

high-performance second-generation <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />

sensor to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s premier groundbased<br />

battlefield platforms. The secondgeneration<br />

FLIR is a long-wavelength scanning<br />

system with advanced digital image<br />

processing. The detector for this assembly<br />

is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s standard advanced dewar assembly,<br />

type II, using a cryogenically<br />

cooled mercury cadmium telluride focal<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 355


plane array. The program produces a common<br />

FLIR sensor (<strong>the</strong> B-kit), which is integrated<br />

into each specific platform application<br />

through <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> a unique A-kit.<br />

The second-generation FLIR has been<br />

successfully integrated and tested in <strong>the</strong><br />

Abrams M1A2 systems enhancement package<br />

(SEP) gunner’s primary sight; <strong>the</strong><br />

M1A2 SEP commander’s independent<br />

<strong>the</strong>rmal viewer; <strong>the</strong> M2A3 improved Bradley<br />

acquisition system; <strong>the</strong> M2A3 commander’s<br />

independent viewer; and <strong>the</strong><br />

long-range advanced scout surveillance<br />

system (LRAS3).<br />

Second-generation FLIRs are currently<br />

supporting operations in Iraq and Afghanistan<br />

in <strong>the</strong> Abrams SEP tank, Bradley<br />

A3, LRAS3 Scout Humvees, Stryker reconnaissance<br />

vehicle systems and in <strong>the</strong> family<br />

<strong>of</strong> AN/PAS-13 <strong>the</strong>rmal weapon sights<br />

(heavy and light).<br />

The AN/VAS-5 Driver’s Vision Enhancer<br />

(DVE) is a passive, uncooled <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />

imaging system for drivers <strong>of</strong> combat<br />

and tactical wheeled vehicles. It allows<br />

continuous vehicle operations by day or<br />

night and in <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> natural and<br />

man-made obscurants, such as smoke, fog<br />

and dust. The DVE’s sensor module contains<br />

a second-generation <strong>the</strong>rmal imager<br />

that provides standard analog video to a<br />

high-quality flat-panel display and control<br />

module (a militarized commercial active<br />

matrix liquid crystal display).<br />

The DVE video imagery can also be distributed<br />

to o<strong>the</strong>r vehicle crew displays.<br />

The display provides an additional input<br />

port for display maps and digitized battlefield<br />

information. The DVE can easily be<br />

adapted to any current or future U.S. or<br />

NATO combat and/or tactical wheeled vehicles.<br />

The Long-Range Advanced Scout Surveillance<br />

System (LRAS3) provides <strong>the</strong><br />

U.S. <strong>Army</strong> with real-time acquisition, target<br />

detection, recognition, identification<br />

and far-target location information. LRAS3<br />

provides scout forces with a sensor<br />

system that operates outside <strong>the</strong><br />

range <strong>of</strong> currently fielded threat direct<br />

fire and sensor systems. This<br />

long-range target acquisition capability<br />

will improve <strong>the</strong> survivability <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> scout force and increase <strong>the</strong><br />

lethality and force effectiveness <strong>of</strong><br />

combat units.<br />

The LRAS3 sensor can be operated<br />

in both mounted and dismounted<br />

configurations, providing 24-hour<br />

and adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r target acquisi-<br />

356 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

DRS Technologies<br />

Driver’s vision enhancer display control module<br />

tion capability. The system is composed <strong>of</strong><br />

a second-generation horizontal technology<br />

integration (HTI) forward-looking infrared<br />

(FLIR) <strong>the</strong>rmal imager, a day video camera,<br />

an eye-safe laser range finder, longrange<br />

common aperture reflective optics<br />

and a GPS interferometer subsystem. The<br />

LRAS3 design also includes a digital port,<br />

which allows it to interface with battlefield<br />

command and control.<br />

Radios & Communications Systems<br />

The Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS)<br />

was initiated in early 1997 in response to<br />

<strong>the</strong> services’ pursuit <strong>of</strong> separate solutions<br />

to a programmable, modular, multimode,<br />

multiband radio to replace existing legacy<br />

radios in <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Defense (DoD)<br />

inventory. Over time, <strong>the</strong> JTRS program<br />

evolved from a radio replacement program<br />

to a mobile ad hoc networking program<br />

designed to support <strong>the</strong> Global Information<br />

Grid.<br />

The Joint Tactical Terminal (JTT) provides<br />

<strong>the</strong> Joint warfighter with seamless,<br />

near-real-time tactical intelligence, targeting<br />

and situational awareness information.<br />

It provides <strong>the</strong> critical data link to battle<br />

managers, intelligence centers, air defense,<br />

fire support and aviation nodes across all<br />

services. JTT allows <strong>Army</strong>, Air Force,<br />

Navy, Marine Corps and o<strong>the</strong>r agency<br />

users to exploit current intelligence broadcast<br />

networks, including <strong>the</strong> tactical reconnaissance<br />

intelligence exchange system,<br />

tactical information broadcast system, tactical<br />

related applications data dissemination<br />

system, tactical data information exchange<br />

system-B, secondary imagery dissemination<br />

system and <strong>the</strong> evolving integrated<br />

broadcast service architecture.<br />

PEO Command, Control and Communications-Tactical<br />

(C 3 T) also coordinates development<br />

and fielding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> radio products<br />

that form <strong>the</strong> heart <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tactical Internet.<br />

The Enhanced Position Location<br />

Reporting System (EPLRS) provides data<br />

distribution and position/navigation services<br />

in near-real time for <strong>the</strong> warfighter at<br />

brigade and below in support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlefield<br />

functional areas and <strong>the</strong> FBCB 2 program.<br />

Manufactured by Ray<strong>the</strong>on Systems<br />

Company, <strong>the</strong> EPLRS system consists <strong>of</strong> a<br />

net control station and EPLRS user units<br />

that can be variously configured for manpack,<br />

vehicular or airborne platforms. The<br />

EPLRS net control station is undergoing a<br />

configuration and performance upgrade<br />

that converts <strong>the</strong> network management<br />

scheme from a centralized mode to a decentralized<br />

mode and increases <strong>the</strong><br />

throughput capability. The new net control<br />

station is called <strong>the</strong> EPLRS net manager<br />

(ENM).<br />

The Near-Term Data Radio (NTDR) System<br />

supports <strong>the</strong> upper portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tactical<br />

Internet by providing <strong>the</strong> commandcenter-to-command-center<br />

data communications<br />

backbone for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s digitized<br />

division. The NTDR is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> data communication<br />

backbone for platoon to brigade.<br />

It is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> five major elements<br />

that provide a seamless digital communication<br />

capability throughout <strong>the</strong> fighting<br />

force for <strong>the</strong> digital battlefield <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21st<br />

century.<br />

The appliqué used with <strong>the</strong> NTDR supports<br />

battle command information requirements.<br />

The NTDR interface, with routing<br />

devices such as <strong>the</strong> Internet controller<br />

(INC) and tactical multinet gateway (TMG)<br />

and o<strong>the</strong>r devices, supports routing. It interfaces<br />

with o<strong>the</strong>r networks, such as<br />

SINCGARS, EPLRS and MSE TPN, as well<br />

as mobile platforms, and interoperates<br />

with external command and control systems<br />

through routers. NTDR satisfies <strong>the</strong><br />

future digital radio (FDR) requirement.<br />

The NTDR system consists <strong>of</strong> a radio<br />

with ancillary support items, including antennas,<br />

an installation kit and a network<br />

management terminal, if required. NTDR is<br />

an information system that is <strong>the</strong> data<br />

transport communications system serving<br />

data terminals resident at brigade and<br />

below, but also has application at<br />

higher echelon units operating within<br />

<strong>the</strong> brigade area. The NTDR can support<br />

a brigade community <strong>of</strong> computers<br />

and networks that communicate using<br />

<strong>the</strong> Internet protocol suite (IPS).<br />

The AN/AYD-1 Personnel Locator<br />

System consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> PRC-112 radio<br />

(General Dynamics Decision Systems),<br />

ARS-6 personnel locator (Cubic Corp.)<br />

and KY-913 program loader (General<br />

Dynamics Decision Systems). The<br />

ARS-6 sends out interrogation bursts<br />

during combat search-and-rescue missions<br />

looking for PRC-112 radios. If<br />

<strong>the</strong> frequency and ID code <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ARS-<br />

6 burst is correct, <strong>the</strong> PRC-112 sends<br />

back a 0.4-second reply to <strong>the</strong> ARS-6<br />

that provides range and steering information<br />

to <strong>the</strong> pilot. The PRC-112 uses


unencrypted voice, beacon and transponder<br />

modes, but <strong>the</strong>re is also a PRC-112A<br />

used by <strong>the</strong> “black world” that has built-in<br />

COMSEC.<br />

The AN/GRC-240 Have Quick (HQ) II<br />

UHF-AM Radio Set is an M998/M1038<br />

Humvee vehicle-mounted radio system<br />

providing antijam electronic counter-countermeasures<br />

(ECCM) UHF-AM voice communications.<br />

The radio can operate on single-channel<br />

normal mode or in <strong>the</strong> frequency-hopping<br />

active mode. Transmitting<br />

output power is selectable at 2, 10 or<br />

30 watts. All U.S. armed forces have HQ<br />

capability.<br />

The AN/VRC-83 Radio Set is tunable in<br />

25-kilohertz steps in <strong>the</strong> UHF band (225.000<br />

to 399.975 megahertz [Mhz], equaling 7,000<br />

UHF channels). The application <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

VHF/UHF antenna relay kit permits VHF<br />

AM communications (116.000 MHz to<br />

149.975 MHz, 1,360 VHF channels). VHF<br />

operation is limited to single-channel, non-<br />

HQ communications. The operator can simultaneously<br />

monitor guard frequency<br />

243.000 MHz while operating in singlechannel<br />

or HQ mode. Certain applications<br />

require improved precise lightweight global<br />

positioning system receiver (PLGR) satellite<br />

reception; a PLGR remote antenna kit is<br />

available.<br />

The AN/TRC-170 (V)2 and (V)3 Troposcatter<br />

Radio Terminals are air or ground<br />

transportable radio terminals. They provide<br />

secure digital long-haul radio trunking<br />

among major nodes <strong>of</strong> area common<br />

user system (ACUS) communications networks<br />

and interface with o<strong>the</strong>r ACUS systems,<br />

such as digital group multiplexers or<br />

various switching facilities. The terminals<br />

may be used in stand-alone applications as<br />

transmission links not associated with<br />

switching facilities. The terminals transmit<br />

and receive digital voice and o<strong>the</strong>r data<br />

over a nominal 150-mile path for <strong>the</strong> (V)2<br />

radio and a nominal 100-mile path for <strong>the</strong><br />

(V)3 radio by means <strong>of</strong> troposcatter.<br />

The AN/PRC-126 Radio Set is a shortrange,<br />

handheld tactical radio for use primarily<br />

at <strong>the</strong> squad and platoon levels.<br />

The AN/PRC-126 is a lightweight militarized<br />

transceiver that provides two-way<br />

voice communications. The radio covers<br />

<strong>the</strong> frequency range <strong>of</strong> 30 MHz to 87.975<br />

MHz. Its nominal range for reliable communications<br />

over rolling, slightly wooded<br />

terrain is 3,000 meters. The radio is capable<br />

<strong>of</strong> interoperating with <strong>the</strong> AN/VRC-12,<br />

AN/PRC-77 and SINCGARS families <strong>of</strong><br />

radios in <strong>the</strong> fixed frequency mode. The<br />

AN/PRC-126 enables small-unit leaders to<br />

control <strong>the</strong> activities <strong>of</strong> subordinate elements<br />

during operations.<br />

The AB-1386/U Quick-Erect Antenna<br />

Mast (QEAM) is designed to accommodate<br />

<strong>the</strong> AS-3166/GRC, AS-4292, AS-4225<br />

and A30045068 VHF antennas and a wide<br />

range <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r antennas in o<strong>the</strong>r frequency<br />

bands.<br />

The AN/USC-28(V) Satellite Communications<br />

Set (Ground) is an advanced<br />

spread-spectrum modulation system that<br />

operates with defense satellite communications<br />

system (DSCS) terminals to provide<br />

jam-resistant satellite communication<br />

(SATCOM) network control and digital<br />

user communications.<br />

The AN/TSC-85B&C and AN/TSC-<br />

93B&C Tactical Satellite Communications<br />

Terminals are superhigh frequency<br />

(SHF) systems that provide reliable multichannel<br />

satellite communications. The Cmodel<br />

terminal contains new modems and<br />

converters. All <strong>Army</strong> terminals have been<br />

upgraded to <strong>the</strong> C-model.<br />

The AN/GSC-52(V) Satellite Communications<br />

Terminal is a high-capacity,<br />

medium-size, superhigh frequency satellite<br />

communications terminal designed to<br />

operate in <strong>the</strong> DSCS satellite network.<br />

While not an <strong>Army</strong> system per se, <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong> has been assigned <strong>the</strong> acquisition<br />

and sustainment mission for <strong>the</strong> equipment.<br />

The terminals are operated by <strong>the</strong><br />

various services under <strong>the</strong> operational<br />

control <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Defense Information Systems<br />

Agency. The AN/GSC-52(V) modernization<br />

program upgrades aging electronics<br />

and provides a new control moni-<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 357


tor alarm subsystem for all <strong>the</strong> DSCS terminals<br />

(including <strong>the</strong> AN/FSC-78 and<br />

AN/GSC-39). The AN/GSC-52 (V) includes<br />

a 38-foot OE-371/G antenna.<br />

The AN/PSN-13 Defense Advanced<br />

Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver<br />

(DAGR) began fielding in November 2004.<br />

It is a handheld, pocket-stored Navstar<br />

GPS receiver, incorporating selective availability<br />

antispo<strong>of</strong>ing module (SAASM), and<br />

supports military combat operations as<br />

well as military and civilian use for operations<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r than war. DAGR is <strong>the</strong> followon<br />

to <strong>the</strong> currently fielded AN/PSM-11<br />

PLGR and provides an enhanced graphical<br />

user interface (GUI), decreased size and<br />

weight, and can acquire and provide continuous<br />

“P” (Y) code tracking <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> GPS<br />

L1 and L2 frequencies transmitted from all<br />

satellites in view.<br />

The High-Capacity Communications<br />

Capability (HC3) is a Joint above-2 GHz<br />

high-capacity communications capability<br />

for <strong>the</strong> Joint tactical ground domain. It provides<br />

secure ground-to-ground, ground-toairborne<br />

and ground-to-satellite communications<br />

for Joint on-<strong>the</strong>-move and at-<strong>the</strong>halt<br />

platforms and it uses wideband space<br />

architecture in a single common architecture<br />

and multiband and network (IP) capable<br />

terminals.<br />

The AN/TSC-156 Phoenix Superhigh<br />

Frequency (SHF) Terminal provides multiband<br />

capability in <strong>the</strong> SHF range and operates<br />

over commercial and military SHF<br />

satellites. The terminal provides high capacity<br />

inter- and intra<strong>the</strong>ater range extension<br />

support at selected EAC and corps<br />

signal units and is designed to be <strong>the</strong><br />

warfighter’s primary means <strong>of</strong> reach-back<br />

communication. The tri-band Phoenix terminal<br />

operates in <strong>the</strong> military X- and commercial<br />

C- and Ku-bands. The terminal is<br />

‘We can never<br />

become a great<br />

power until we<br />

develop an effective<br />

set <strong>of</strong> acronyms.’<br />

358 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

1-800-336-4570<br />

That’s <strong>the</strong> toll-free number to call AUSA na-<br />

tional headquarters. The AUSA Action Line<br />

is open 8:30–5:00, Monday through Friday,<br />

except holidays. If you have a question<br />

about AUSA, give us a call.<br />

being upgraded to Ka-band capability to<br />

support wideband gapfiller satellite (WGS)<br />

interoperability.<br />

The Lightweight High-Gain X-Band<br />

Antenna (LHGXA) is an X-Band-only antenna,<br />

consisting <strong>of</strong> a 16-foot reflector<br />

mounted on a reinforced trailer. The efficient<br />

reflector design results in an RF gain<br />

that exceeds <strong>the</strong> gain <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20-foot quickreaction<br />

satellite antenna (QRSA). The<br />

LHGXA is designed to work with <strong>the</strong> GMF<br />

AN/TSC-85/93 B, C, D.<br />

It also interfaces with <strong>the</strong> U.S. Air Force<br />

and U.S. Marine Corps lightweight multiband<br />

satellite terminal (LMST), Trojan<br />

Spirit II and USC-60A.<br />

The Lightweight Multiband Satellite<br />

Terminal (LMST) is a tri-band superhigh<br />

frequency terminal available in various<br />

trailer and transit case configurations. The<br />

terminal is contained on a single trailer or<br />

in transit case enclosures and operates full<br />

duplex over C-, X-, Ku- and Ka-bands (receive<br />

only).<br />

The Secure Enroute Communications<br />

Package-Improved (SECOMP-I) system is<br />

a standardized, secure, interoperable and<br />

integrated command, control, communications,<br />

computers and intelligence (C 4 I) information<br />

system to support force projection<br />

operations. The SECOMP-I system<br />

provides VHF/UHF line-<strong>of</strong>-sight (LOS)<br />

and UHF single-channel tactical satellite<br />

(SCTACSAT), beyond-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight (BLOS)<br />

data and voice capabilities to <strong>the</strong> mission<br />

commander and staff while deploying to<br />

an area <strong>of</strong> operations aboard U.S. Air Force<br />

C-130 and C-17 aircraft.<br />

The AN/PSQ-17 Communication Planning<br />

System (CPS) provides communications<br />

and management <strong>of</strong> MILSTAR EHF<br />

satellite resources at all echelons. It provides<br />

<strong>the</strong> capability for EHF network planning,<br />

EHF terminal image generation, resource<br />

monitoring, network operations<br />

and terminal support. It supports real-time<br />

mission planning and management <strong>of</strong> all<br />

EHF resources in support <strong>of</strong> Joint-service<br />

EHF terminal deployment and resides<br />

within <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s SYSCON environment<br />

to facilitate centralized planning and management<br />

functionality.<br />

The Secure Mobile Anti-jam Reliable<br />

Tactical Terminal (SMART-T) will provide<br />

tactical users with secure, mobile, survivable,<br />

anti-jam satellite communications in a<br />

Humvee configuration. This equipment<br />

will communicate/process data and voice<br />

communications at both low and medium<br />

extremely high frequency (EHF) data rates.<br />

The Deployable Ku-Band Earth Terminal<br />

(DKET) is an INTELSAT E2 designator<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> supporting 24 T1 data rate 4.6meter<br />

tracking antenna with 125 mph<br />

wind survivability, redundant RF electronics<br />

and auto uplink power control. It is an<br />

environmentally controlled shelter with<br />

redundant HVACs; a remote monitor and<br />

control system with pager notification;<br />

and redundant generators for critical components.<br />

A digital fiber-optic interface system<br />

(FOIS) connects to a user baseband up<br />

to 2 kilometers. It has a commercial oneyear<br />

warranty.<br />

DKET provides Ku-band satellite communications<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> supporting a variety<br />

<strong>of</strong> worldwide missions and is interoperable<br />

with all tri-band satellite terminals<br />

and teleport earth terminals in commercial<br />

bands. Setup/teardown time is three to<br />

five days.<br />

The Joint Network Terminal Communications<br />

(JNTC) consists <strong>of</strong> a 3.6-meter satellite<br />

antenna with satellite and baseband<br />

equipment housed in an enclosure mounted<br />

on a prime mover. The hub terminal is capable<br />

<strong>of</strong> supporting 24 T1 data rate circuits<br />

through <strong>the</strong> 3.6-meter tracking antenna with<br />

125 mph wind survivability, redundant electronics<br />

remote monitor and control; auto<br />

uplink power control is contained in <strong>the</strong> environmentally<br />

controlled shelter. Both terminals<br />

are Ka-band upgradable. A commercial<br />

one-year warranty is provided.<br />

JNTC provides Ku-band satellite communications<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> supporting a variety<br />

<strong>of</strong> worldwide missions. It is interoperable<br />

with all tri-band and Ku-band (only)<br />

satellite terminals and teleport earth termi-


nals. Setup/teardown time is 30 minutes<br />

for both <strong>the</strong> prime mover hub and STT<br />

trailer configurations.<br />

The Flyaway Tri-Band Satellite Terminal<br />

(FTSAT) is a commercial <strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf<br />

(COTS) nondevelopmental item (NDI).<br />

The highly transportable, tri-band, transitcase-packaged<br />

satellite communications<br />

terminal is capable <strong>of</strong> supporting a variety<br />

<strong>of</strong> worldwide missions. The FTSAT operates<br />

over DSCS III, NATO III/IV, INTEL-<br />

SAT, EUTELSAT, PANAMSAT and DOM-<br />

SAT satellite systems. The terminal modem<br />

is interoperable with <strong>the</strong> GMF, MCIS<br />

(AN/TSC-85/93/94/100) and <strong>the</strong> DSCS<br />

Gateway modems and baseband subsystems,<br />

and is available in point-point, GMF<br />

spoke and GMF hub variants.<br />

Terminals are currently available under<br />

a five-year blanket purchase agreement<br />

awarded in March 2004.<br />

FTSAT provides X-, C- and Ku-band<br />

satellite communications with local and remote<br />

operations. Setup/teardown time is<br />

30 minutes.<br />

The National Guard Bureau Tri-Band<br />

HUB Terminal (NGB-THT) is a transitcased<br />

transportable flyaway satellite terminal<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> supporting C-, X- and<br />

Ku-band frequencies. The THT is capable<br />

<strong>of</strong> using <strong>the</strong> lightweight high-gain X-band<br />

antenna (LHGXA), commercial 2.4-meter<br />

or 3.7-meter gigaSAT tracking antenna;<br />

supports FDMA and TDMA satellite network<br />

topologies; is ground mobile force<br />

(GMF) and Joint network transformational<br />

communications (JNTC) interoperable; and<br />

includes remote monitor and control system.<br />

A commercial two-year warranty is<br />

provided.<br />

THT provides tri-band satellite communications<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> supporting a variety<br />

<strong>of</strong> worldwide missions and is interoperable<br />

with all tri-band satellite terminals and<br />

teleport earth terminals. Setup/teardown<br />

time is 30 minutes.<br />

The USARPAC Tri-Band Satellite Terminal<br />

(U-TST) is a Humvee (M1113)<br />

prime mover-mounted satellite terminal<br />

hub, capable <strong>of</strong> supporting C-, X- and Kuband<br />

frequencies. The U-TST is capable <strong>of</strong><br />

using <strong>the</strong> lightweight high-gain X-band<br />

antenna (LHGXA) tracking antenna and<br />

tows a tactical quiet generator (TQG), and<br />

supports ground mobile force (GMF) as<br />

well as C 4 ISR communications when operating<br />

with <strong>the</strong> single shelter switch baseband<br />

suite <strong>of</strong> equipment.<br />

The Mobile Deployable Ku-Band Earth<br />

Terminal (DKET) is a commercial <strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>shelf<br />

(COTS) nondevelopmental item (NDI)<br />

Ku-band prime mover-mounted satellite<br />

communications terminal capable <strong>of</strong> supporting<br />

a variety <strong>of</strong> worldwide missions.<br />

The DKET operates with INTELSAT, EU-<br />

TELSAT, PANAMSAT and DOMSAT.<br />

DKETs provide high-bandwidth inter/<br />

intra<strong>the</strong>ater links over commercial satellites,<br />

appropriate for camp, base or station<br />

where heavy use <strong>of</strong> voice, data and video<br />

services is required.<br />

Warfighter Information Network-Tactical<br />

(WIN-T) is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s communications<br />

system for reliable, secure and seamless<br />

video, data, imagery and voice services<br />

that enables decisive combat actions. It is<br />

focused on moving information in a manner<br />

that supports commanders, staffs,<br />

functional units and capabilities-based formations.<br />

It is optimized for <strong>of</strong>fensive and<br />

Joint operations so that <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater combatant<br />

commander will have <strong>the</strong> capability to<br />

perform multiple missions simultaneously<br />

with campaign quality.<br />

GROUND COMBAT SYSTEMS<br />

The Program Executive Office – Ground<br />

Combat System (PEO GCS) serves as <strong>the</strong><br />

“System <strong>of</strong> Systems Integrator” <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

ground combat systems for <strong>the</strong> armed<br />

forces and leads <strong>Army</strong> transformation efforts<br />

toward future systems while maintaining<br />

a current combat-ready force. PEO<br />

GCS is a command partner in <strong>the</strong> TACOM<br />

Life Cycle Management Command.<br />

PEO GCS Project Management Offices<br />

include Heavy Brigade Combat Team,<br />

Joint Lightweight Howitzer, Mine Resis-<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 359


tant Ambush Protected Vehicles, Modular<br />

Brigade Enhancements, Stryker Brigade<br />

Combat Team and Robotics Systems Joint<br />

Project Office.<br />

As an example, <strong>the</strong> Project Manager for<br />

<strong>the</strong> Heavy Brigade Combat Team serves as<br />

<strong>the</strong> life-cycle manager for <strong>the</strong> major combat<br />

vehicles in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s heavy forces, including<br />

<strong>the</strong> Abrams, M88, Bradley, M113,<br />

M109 and Knight family <strong>of</strong> vehicles. Combined,<br />

<strong>the</strong>se fleets total 32,682 platforms in<br />

various stages <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir life cycles under PM<br />

HBCT’s management purview, and total<br />

program funding through fiscal year 2013<br />

<strong>of</strong> approximately $36.8 billion. PM HBCT’s<br />

responsibilities include <strong>the</strong> design, development,<br />

production, fielding and sustainment<br />

(reset, recap & upgrade) <strong>of</strong> safe, reliable<br />

and lethal ground combat systems.<br />

Product Manager Abrams manages approximately<br />

8,325 platforms within <strong>the</strong><br />

Abrams family <strong>of</strong> vehicles, including<br />

M1A1, M1A1 AIM and M1A2 SEP tanks,<br />

M88A1/A2 recovery vehicles and M104<br />

Wolverine assault bridge.<br />

M1A1, M1A1 AIM<br />

And M1A2 SEP Tanks<br />

The M1 Series Abrams Tank provides<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> with mobile, protected firepower<br />

and will remain <strong>the</strong> cornerstone <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s counterattack and containment<br />

forces as <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> transforms to <strong>the</strong> Future<br />

Force. The Abrams tank provides soldiers<br />

with <strong>the</strong> lethality, survivability and<br />

staying power to successfully close with<br />

and destroy enemy forces on <strong>the</strong> integrated<br />

battlefield. The 120 mm main gun<br />

on <strong>the</strong> M1A1 and M1A2, combined with<br />

<strong>the</strong> powerful 1,500-hp turbine engine and<br />

special armor, make <strong>the</strong> Abrams tank particularly<br />

suitable for attacking or defending<br />

against large concentrations <strong>of</strong> heavy<br />

armor forces on a highly lethal battlefield<br />

and for o<strong>the</strong>r roles that require shock effect<br />

and mobile direct firepower to support<br />

<strong>Army</strong> mission requirements.<br />

Two major programs maintain and recapitalize<br />

<strong>the</strong> Abrams fleet: <strong>the</strong> M1A2 systems<br />

enhancement program (SEP) and <strong>the</strong><br />

M1A1 Abrams integrated management<br />

(AIM) program.<br />

The M1A2 program provides <strong>the</strong> Abrams<br />

with <strong>the</strong> necessary improvements in<br />

lethality, survivability and fighting ability<br />

required to defeat advanced threats. It is<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s first digitized, direct-fire combat<br />

vehicle.<br />

The M1A2 has a digital command and<br />

control system that provides situational<br />

awareness updates to all <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r tanks in<br />

a unit. Vetronics architecture ties all electronic<br />

components in <strong>the</strong> tank toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />

360 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

and provides increased survivability and<br />

supportability. The commander’s independent<br />

<strong>the</strong>rmal viewer gives it a hunter-killer<br />

capacity. The M1A2 also has improved onboard<br />

diagnostics that allow <strong>the</strong> tank to<br />

troubleshoot itself without any additional<br />

special tools or equipment.<br />

Fur<strong>the</strong>r M1A2 improvements, through<br />

<strong>the</strong> SEP, are under way. The M1A2 SEP is<br />

<strong>the</strong> backbone <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s first digitized<br />

division and <strong>the</strong> counterattack corps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong>’s current force. It is <strong>the</strong> only weapon<br />

system that can withstand <strong>the</strong> impact <strong>of</strong><br />

high-energy warheads and remain lethal<br />

in high-mobility and sustained operations.<br />

It has integrated combat command and<br />

control (IC 3 ), which incorporates Force XXI<br />

Battle Command Brigade and Below<br />

(FBCB 2 ) to provide command and control<br />

and situational awareness.<br />

Its sights use <strong>the</strong> latest <strong>the</strong>rmal-imaging<br />

system (second-generation forward-looking<br />

infrared or FLIR) for increased lethality<br />

and survivability. The M1A2 SEP tank<br />

takes advantage <strong>of</strong> computer/electronic<br />

industry advances by including improved<br />

electronics developed since <strong>the</strong> introduction<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M1A2.<br />

The SEP package includes a new computerized<br />

mass-memory unit and color<br />

maps and displays. A <strong>the</strong>rmal management<br />

system increases electronic reliability<br />

and decreases crew fatigue.<br />

Production deliveries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M1A2 SEP<br />

tank began in September 1999. These vehicles<br />

were used extensively during OIF.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong> must sustain <strong>the</strong> readiness<br />

and reduce <strong>the</strong> operations and support<br />

costs <strong>of</strong> approximately 4,300 older M1A1<br />

Abrams main battle tanks in its active and<br />

reserve component units.<br />

The Abrams Integrated Management<br />

Program (AIM) is <strong>the</strong> recapitalization program<br />

for <strong>the</strong> M1A1 tank. Under AIM,<br />

M1A1 tanks are completely disassembled<br />

at Anniston <strong>Army</strong> Depot, Ala. The depot<br />

refurbishes many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tank’s components.<br />

The assemblies are <strong>the</strong>n shipped to <strong>the</strong><br />

Joint Systems Manufacturing Center (JSMC)<br />

in Ohio, where General Dynamics Land<br />

Systems reassembles <strong>the</strong> tanks to a zero<br />

time/zero miles standard.<br />

The AIM program has fielded tanks to<br />

units at Fort Hood, Texas, and in Germany.<br />

Annual production now stands at 135 tanks<br />

per year and will continue until 2012.<br />

AIM also serves as <strong>the</strong> venue to apply<br />

modifications and upgrades to <strong>the</strong> tank,<br />

including embedded diagnostics. AIM also<br />

serves as a means to combat electronic obsolescence<br />

by introducing improved linereplaceable<br />

units (LRUs) for those that face<br />

technical obsolescence. The AIM process<br />

also incorporates redesigned hull and turret<br />

network boxes.<br />

The M88A2 Heavy Equipment Recovery<br />

Combat Utility Lift and Evacuation<br />

System (Hercules) is a full-tracked, heavy<br />

armored vehicle developed to accomplish<br />

safe, effective and independent battlefield<br />

recovery operations.<br />

It implements swift and effective combat<br />

evacuations through <strong>the</strong> battlefield recovery<br />

operations <strong>of</strong> towing, winching<br />

and lifting.<br />

The Hercules uses <strong>the</strong> M88A1 chassis<br />

modified to significantly improve towing,<br />

winching, lifting and braking characteristics.<br />

It is <strong>the</strong> primary recovery support for<br />

<strong>the</strong> 70-ton M1 Abrams tank, <strong>the</strong> Wolverine<br />

and o<strong>the</strong>r heavy combat vehicles.<br />

The M88A2 includes a 1,050-hp engine;<br />

a 35-ton boom; overlay armor; a 140,000pound,<br />

single-line, constant-pull main<br />

winch; and a 3-ton auxiliary winch for deploying<br />

<strong>the</strong> main winch cable. When compared<br />

to <strong>the</strong> M88A1, <strong>the</strong>se upgrades improve<br />

towing power by 25 percent, lifting<br />

capability by 40 percent and winching ability<br />

by 55 percent.<br />

The system is in full-rate production and<br />

deployment. Fielding began in July 1997,<br />

and it achieved first unit equipped in July<br />

1997.<br />

M1 series Abrams tank Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine


The M104 Wolverine Heavy Assault<br />

Bridge (HAB) is an M1A2 Abrams SEP<br />

variant and is operated by a two-man crew.<br />

The 26-meter bridge can span gaps <strong>of</strong> up to<br />

24 meters to support heavy maneuver operations<br />

at 16 kph.<br />

The bridge is computer-controlled and<br />

automatically compensates for minor deviations<br />

in launch site elevation and terrain<br />

rack and cant. The crew can launch <strong>the</strong><br />

bridge under armor in five minutes and retrieve<br />

it in less than 10 minutes.<br />

The M104 Wolverine enables decisive<br />

maneuver by allowing units to span tank<br />

ditches, road craters and partially damaged<br />

bridge sections up to 24 meters wide at<br />

combat speeds.<br />

Product Manager Bradley<br />

Product Manager Bradley manages approximately<br />

6,452 M2/3A2, M2/3 A2 ODS<br />

and M2/3A3 Bradleys and approximately<br />

13.943 M113 series platforms.<br />

The Bradley M2A3 Infantry/M3A3 Cavalry<br />

Fighting Vehicle (IFV/CFV) facilitates<br />

enhanced command and control capabilities,<br />

provides mobile protected<br />

transport <strong>of</strong> an infantry squad to critical<br />

points on <strong>the</strong> battlefield and performs cavalry<br />

scout and o<strong>the</strong>r essential (Bradleyequipped<br />

fire-support and Stinger teams)<br />

missions in <strong>the</strong> 21st century. Upgrades in<br />

this program include advanced technology<br />

in <strong>the</strong> areas <strong>of</strong> command and control,<br />

lethality, survivability, mobility and sustainability,<br />

required to defeat current and<br />

future threat forces while remaining operationally<br />

compatible with <strong>the</strong> main battle<br />

tank.<br />

The M2/M3 vehicle armament includes<br />

<strong>the</strong> 25 mm M242 Bushmaster cannon, <strong>the</strong><br />

TOW II missile system and a 7.62 mm<br />

M240C machine gun.<br />

The M2A3/M3A3 provides overwatching<br />

fires to support dismounted infantry and to<br />

suppress and defeat enemy tanks, reconnaissance<br />

vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles<br />

(IFVs), armored personnel carriers, bunkers,<br />

dismounted infantry and attack helicopters.<br />

The infantry version (M2) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> A3 Bradley<br />

fighting vehicle is used most <strong>of</strong>ten to close<br />

with <strong>the</strong> enemy by means <strong>of</strong> fire and maneuver.<br />

The primary tasks performed by <strong>the</strong><br />

cavalry version (M3) as part <strong>of</strong> a troop<br />

and/or squadron are reconnaissance, security<br />

and flank guard missions.<br />

The A3 is <strong>the</strong> consummate digitized<br />

platform, with a core electronics architecture<br />

on a 1553 data bus and an improved<br />

target acquisition system that includes a<br />

full ballistic fire-control package with<br />

hunter-killer functionality via a commander’s<br />

independent viewer (CIV). Optical<br />

improvements also include two secondgeneration<br />

FLIRs and day television cameras,<br />

which can be displayed to <strong>the</strong> squad<br />

members in <strong>the</strong> back <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vehicle via <strong>the</strong><br />

rear-mounted squad leader’s display. This<br />

feature significantly improves <strong>the</strong> realtime<br />

situational awareness for <strong>the</strong> entire<br />

dismounted or mounted crew.<br />

The A3 integrated combat command and<br />

control (IC 3 ) package incorporates <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong>’s digital command and control suite<br />

<strong>of</strong> automated messages, overlays and<br />

friend or foe graphics that meet <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />

objectives for a fully digitized force. This<br />

same digital command and control capability<br />

was incorporated into <strong>the</strong> A2 Operation<br />

Desert Storm (ODS), including a squad<br />

leader’s display for messages and graphics.<br />

The A3 variants reflect <strong>the</strong> latest iterations<br />

<strong>of</strong> a fighting vehicle family that includes<br />

<strong>the</strong> Bradley M2/M3A0, A1, A2, A2<br />

ODS, IFV/cavalry fighting vehicle (CFV),<br />

Bradley fire-support team (BFIST) vehicle<br />

and M2A2 ODS engineer vehicle. Additional<br />

Bradley variants, based on <strong>the</strong> associated<br />

tracked M270 multiple-launch<br />

rocket system (MLRS) chassis, range from<br />

command and control systems to armored<br />

medical treatment vehicles.<br />

The M4 Command and Control Vehicle<br />

(C 2 V) program emerged from lessons<br />

learned during Operation Desert Storm.<br />

Based on <strong>the</strong> Bradley family’s MLRS chassis,<br />

<strong>the</strong> M4 C 2 V is a self-contained platform<br />

with onboard support subsystems capable<br />

<strong>of</strong> providing adequate power for mission<br />

equipment and NBC protection and environmental<br />

control.<br />

Platform components include a primary<br />

power unit that can provide 21,000 watts<br />

<strong>of</strong> AC and 4,600 watts <strong>of</strong> DC power, an antenna<br />

compartment that supports a 10-meter<br />

nesting mast, a 579-cubic-foot crew/<br />

mission equipment compartment, a biochem<br />

system (100/200 cubic foot per<br />

minute with 1.5 inches <strong>of</strong> water overpressure)<br />

and an environmental cooling unit<br />

(40,000 BTU per hour cooling).<br />

A March 1994 engineering and manufacturing<br />

development contract was followed<br />

by three low-rate initial production awards<br />

that covered a total <strong>of</strong> 25 vehicles. The final<br />

vehicles covered under that contract<br />

were delivered in June 2001.<br />

Although <strong>the</strong> M4 C 2 V program was terminated<br />

in December 1999 to provide<br />

funding for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s new Stryker armored<br />

vehicle acquisition, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />

pulled <strong>the</strong> systems out <strong>of</strong> storage and issued<br />

most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m for combat use during<br />

Operation Iraqi Freedom.<br />

The M113 Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles (FOV) provides<br />

a highly mobile, survivable and reliable<br />

tracked-vehicle platform that, with upgrades,<br />

is able to keep pace with Abramsand<br />

Bradley-equipped units and is adaptable<br />

to a wide range <strong>of</strong> current and future<br />

battlefield tasks through <strong>the</strong> integration <strong>of</strong><br />

specialized mission modules. Although not<br />

presently in new production, <strong>the</strong> 14,795<br />

M113 FOV systems now in <strong>Army</strong> vehicle<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 361


inventories constitute a significant percentage<br />

<strong>of</strong> present and future heavy division assets.<br />

Recent activities within <strong>the</strong> M113 FOV<br />

focused on upgrading several models <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> vehicles to meet or exceed <strong>the</strong> mobility<br />

characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> supported maneuver<br />

force. The most recent upgrade to see wide<br />

fielding is <strong>the</strong> A3 reliability improvement<br />

for selected equipment (RISE). RISE provides<br />

various derivatives within <strong>the</strong> FOV<br />

with major performance improvements in<br />

mobility, reliability and survivability<br />

through installation <strong>of</strong> a 275-horsepower<br />

6V53T engine with an X-200-4A transmission.<br />

Coupled with reconfiguration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> driver’s<br />

station and several o<strong>the</strong>r vehicle subsystems,<br />

<strong>the</strong>se improvements provide battlefield<br />

mobility commensurate with <strong>the</strong><br />

supported Abrams/Bradley maneuver<br />

force. Moreover, <strong>the</strong> increased performance<br />

provided by this and o<strong>the</strong>r upgrade<br />

packages permits a range <strong>of</strong> enhanced survivability<br />

options.<br />

Product Manager<br />

Fire Support Platforms<br />

Product Manager Fire Support Platforms<br />

manages approximately 3,962 platforms,<br />

including <strong>the</strong> M109A6 Paladin/M992A2<br />

FAASV System, <strong>the</strong> M707/M1200 “Knight”<br />

family <strong>of</strong> vehicles, and M981 Fire Support<br />

Team (FIST)/M3A3 Bradley Fire Support<br />

Team (BFIST) vehicles.<br />

The M109A6 Paladin 155 mm Self-Propelled<br />

Howitzer provides <strong>the</strong> primary indirect<br />

fire support to heavy divisions and<br />

armored cavalry regiments. Like <strong>the</strong> earlier<br />

M109 models, <strong>the</strong> M109A6 Paladin is a<br />

fully tracked, armored vehicle. The enhanced<br />

Paladin configuration is achieved<br />

through extensive modifications to existing<br />

M109A2/A3 vehicle hulls and <strong>the</strong> subsequent<br />

introduction <strong>of</strong> an entirely new<br />

turret structure.<br />

The Paladin includes an onboard automated<br />

fire-control system (AFCS) that provides<br />

ballistic computation, weapon control,<br />

a vehicle location/navigation system,<br />

362 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

M113<br />

secure radio communications systems, an<br />

improved M284 cannon and M182A1 gun<br />

mount, automotive improvements, improved<br />

ballistic and nuclear-biologicalchemical<br />

(NBC) protection, driver’s nightvision<br />

capability and built-in test equipment.<br />

Additional chassis upgrades include<br />

a remotely actuated travel lock (for quicker<br />

emplacement and displacement), longer<br />

torsion bars (to help support <strong>the</strong> new turret)<br />

and a low-heat rejection engine with an<br />

improved cooling system.<br />

Described as <strong>the</strong> first digitized combat<br />

vehicle in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s inventory, <strong>the</strong> Paladin<br />

has improved responsiveness, survivability,<br />

lethality and reliability compared<br />

to <strong>the</strong> earlier M109s.<br />

A parallel U.S. <strong>Army</strong> recapitalization<br />

effort can be seen in <strong>the</strong> M992A2 Field<br />

Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle<br />

(FAASV).<br />

The basic M992A0 FAASV<br />

emerged from an industry research<br />

and development project<br />

designed to provide selfpropelled<br />

field artillery units<br />

with a ballistically protected<br />

vehicle capable <strong>of</strong> performing<br />

critical resupply and support<br />

functions. The FAASV system<br />

was type classified and entered<br />

production in 1983. It was<br />

based on an M109 howitzer<br />

chassis that provided <strong>the</strong> resupply<br />

asset with mobility and<br />

survivability characteristics commensurate<br />

with <strong>the</strong> supported cannon element. The<br />

system is paired on a one-for-one basis<br />

with <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s M109A6 Paladin self-propelled<br />

howitzer.<br />

The M707 Knight was developed and<br />

fielded during <strong>the</strong> late 1990s. Based on <strong>the</strong><br />

M1025A2 Humvee chassis, <strong>the</strong> M707 fea-<br />

Paladin/FAASV<br />

tures a mission equipment package fully<br />

adapted to support <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Field<br />

Artillery Combat Observation Lasing<br />

Team (COLT) mission with GVLLD and<br />

ANTAS-4.<br />

In 2003, <strong>the</strong> M707 was enhanced with a<br />

Fire Support Sensor System (FS3) 2nd Generation<br />

FLIR based on <strong>the</strong> LRAS3 [Long<br />

Range Advanced Scout Surveillance System].<br />

The U.S. <strong>Army</strong> is currently fielding <strong>the</strong><br />

M1200 Armored Knight to provide improved<br />

survivability over <strong>the</strong> Humveebased<br />

M707. Intended for use by COLTs in<br />

both heavy and infantry brigade combat<br />

teams, <strong>the</strong> M1200 integrates <strong>the</strong> M707 mission<br />

equipment package into an M1117 Armored<br />

Security Vehicle (see M1117 listing<br />

under Combat Support and Combat Service<br />

Support).<br />

The resultant M1200 Armored Knight<br />

will provide COLTs with increased armor<br />

protection, payload and agility.<br />

PM Joint Lightweight Howitzer<br />

The Project Manager for <strong>the</strong> Joint Lightweight<br />

Howitzer takes a Joint (<strong>Army</strong> &<br />

Marine) perspective in managing <strong>the</strong> development,<br />

acquisition, testing, systems<br />

integration, product improvement and<br />

fielding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M777A1/M777A2 155 mm<br />

Joint Lightweight Howitzer system, designed<br />

to enhance strategic mobility and<br />

provide <strong>the</strong> infantryman and marine with<br />

effective and responsive fire support. Their<br />

task is to provide a world-class, supportable<br />

howitzer system to <strong>the</strong> artillery cannoneer<br />

permitting him to accomplish his<br />

mission.<br />

The M777/M777A1/M777A2 Lightweight<br />

155 mm Howitzer (LW155) is a Joint Marine<br />

Corps and <strong>Army</strong> program to replace<br />

<strong>the</strong> M198 155 mm towed howitzer. The<br />

LW155 is a general support system for <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong>’s light units and direct-support cannon<br />

fire-support system for <strong>the</strong> Stryker<br />

brigade combat team and designed to be<br />

<strong>the</strong> sole howitzer in <strong>the</strong> Marine Corps.<br />

Its primary performance parameters are a<br />

BAE Systems


howitzer weight <strong>of</strong> less than 10,000 pounds,<br />

emplacement time <strong>of</strong> two to three minutes<br />

and a displacement time <strong>of</strong> one to two minutes.<br />

The LW155 uses <strong>the</strong> M776 155 mm<br />

cannon, giving it a maximum firing range <strong>of</strong><br />

approximately 30 kilometers with rocket-assisted<br />

projectiles and 24.7 kilometers with<br />

standard rounds. It has a maximum firing<br />

rate <strong>of</strong> four rounds per minute and a sustained<br />

rate <strong>of</strong> two rounds per minute.<br />

The M777A1 is a version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M777 fitted<br />

with onboard electronics, giving it selflocating,<br />

self-laying and digital communications<br />

similar to <strong>the</strong> M109A6 Paladin. The<br />

M777A1 was unconditionally approved<br />

for use by <strong>Army</strong> units in January 2007. The<br />

USMC began fielding <strong>the</strong> M777 in January<br />

2007 with <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s 2-11 Field Artillery,<br />

becoming operational with <strong>the</strong> M777A1 in<br />

January 2007. The new M777A2 adds <strong>the</strong><br />

ability to fire <strong>the</strong> Excalibur precisionguided<br />

munition.<br />

In addition to <strong>the</strong> M777 series howitzer,<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r towed artillery systems being supported<br />

in U.S. <strong>Army</strong> inventories include<br />

<strong>the</strong> M102 and M119A1 105 mm howitzers<br />

as well as <strong>the</strong> M198 155 mm howitzer.<br />

Designed for conditions encountered<br />

during <strong>the</strong> Vietnam conflict, <strong>the</strong> M102 105<br />

mm Towed Howitzer was first fielded to<br />

1-21 Field Artillery, 9th Light Infantry Division,<br />

in Vietnam in 1966. It is a highly<br />

versatile weapon system with a maximum<br />

range <strong>of</strong> 11,500 meters. Nearly one ton<br />

lighter than <strong>the</strong> World War II-era M101A1<br />

105 mm towed howitzer (4,980 pounds)<br />

that it replaced, <strong>the</strong> M102 (3,338 pounds)<br />

proved to be a highly versatile weapon.<br />

Most M102 systems have been replaced<br />

by <strong>the</strong> M119A1/A2 105 mm towed howitzer.<br />

More than 200 remain in service with<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> National Guard (ARNG). In<br />

M-777A2 lightweight 155 mm howitzer<br />

2004, ARNG M102s were deployed to Iraq.<br />

There are 10 <strong>Army</strong> National Guard battalions<br />

that field <strong>the</strong> M102. Currently <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong> is considering equipping active<br />

duty units with <strong>the</strong> M102.<br />

The M119A1 105 mm Towed Howitzer<br />

was first issued to <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong>’s 7th Infantry<br />

Division (Light) in December 1989.<br />

Transportable by UH-60 helicopters, <strong>the</strong><br />

lightweight, towed field artillery system<br />

(4,520 pounds including BII, 4,100 without)<br />

provided significantly greater range (14,000<br />

meters standard, 19,500 high-explosive<br />

rocket-assisted) and lethality than <strong>the</strong><br />

M101A1/M102 105 mm towed howitzers<br />

that it replaced in a variety <strong>of</strong> light units.<br />

Based on <strong>the</strong> L118 British light gun, <strong>the</strong><br />

M119A1s provided to U.S. units were<br />

modified with U.S. fire control, a cannon<br />

assembly able to fire U.S. 105 mm ammunition<br />

(vice <strong>the</strong> British electrically fired<br />

Abbot ammunition) and <strong>the</strong> addition <strong>of</strong><br />

brackets to incorporate a chronograph and<br />

battery computer system. A series <strong>of</strong> upgrades<br />

to <strong>the</strong> basic M119A1 has resulted in<br />

a redesignation <strong>of</strong> M119A2 for <strong>the</strong>se modernized<br />

howitzers.<br />

To provide even greater range and lethality<br />

for light-unit fire-support elements, <strong>the</strong>


Mine resistant ambush protected vehicles<br />

<strong>Army</strong> began fielding <strong>the</strong> M198 155 mm<br />

Towed Howitzer in early 1979. As a successor<br />

to <strong>the</strong> older M114A1 155 mm towed<br />

system, <strong>the</strong> 15,750-pound (original fielded<br />

weight) M198 provided a maximum range<br />

<strong>of</strong> 30 kilometers (with rocket-assisted projectiles)<br />

and <strong>the</strong> capability to fire a broader<br />

range <strong>of</strong> ammunition options than those<br />

available for 105 mm units.<br />

Normally towed by a 5-ton truck, <strong>the</strong><br />

M198 can also be moved by a CH-47D Chinook<br />

helicopter or Air Force assets, C-130<br />

and larger.<br />

Project Manager MRAP<br />

The Project Manager for Mine Resistant<br />

Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles<br />

program will rapidly field highly survivable,<br />

mobile, multimission vehicles to <strong>the</strong><br />

Joint Force to meet urgent operational requirements.<br />

MRAP vehicles are commercial <strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>shelf<br />

(COTS) vehicles designed from <strong>the</strong><br />

ground up to reduce casualties and increase<br />

survivability for personnel subjected<br />

to mine explosions, improvised explosive<br />

device (IED) detonations and small-arms<br />

fire. Multiple missions will be supported<br />

by <strong>the</strong> MRAP fleet, including recon, convoy<br />

operations, troop transport, ambulance,<br />

combat engineer and EOD missions<br />

for maneuver units. The Pentagon has approved<br />

<strong>the</strong> expansion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MRAP program<br />

to more than 20,000 vehicles, with <strong>the</strong><br />

U.S. <strong>Army</strong> increasing its fleet <strong>of</strong> MRAP vehicles<br />

from <strong>the</strong> planned 2,300 to 17,700.<br />

In September 2005, Project Manager for<br />

Modular Brigade Enhancements (PM<br />

MBE) was established and chartered to be<br />

<strong>the</strong> centralized manager for enhancements<br />

to <strong>the</strong> modular brigade combat teams<br />

(MBCT). PM MBE focus is on <strong>the</strong> Joint<br />

management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spin-out program with<br />

PM Future Combat Systems (Brigade<br />

Combat Team) (FCS(BCT)). Specific PM<br />

MBE responsibilities are to manage <strong>the</strong><br />

post-Milestone C program and lead <strong>the</strong> effort<br />

to field <strong>the</strong> FCS technologies into selected<br />

MBCTs in a consistent and synchronized<br />

manner.<br />

The Project Manager for Stryker<br />

Brigade Combat Team (PM SBCT) develops,<br />

produces and sustains <strong>the</strong> full range<br />

<strong>of</strong> safe, reliable, supportable and effective<br />

Stryker vehicle systems, a diverse fleet <strong>of</strong><br />

medium-weight vehicles capable <strong>of</strong> being<br />

rapidly deployed to trouble spots around<br />

<strong>the</strong> world. These vehicles leverage existing<br />

military “state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> art” technologies in<br />

order to provide world-class equipment to<br />

<strong>the</strong> soldier in record time.<br />

Stryker Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles. “We must<br />

provide early entry forces that can operate<br />

364 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

Jointly, without access to fixed forward<br />

bases, but we still need <strong>the</strong> power to slug it<br />

out and win decisively.” This was <strong>the</strong> challenge<br />

in 1999 given by <strong>the</strong>n-<strong>Army</strong> Chief <strong>of</strong><br />

Staff Gen. Eric K. Shinseki. The response<br />

was brigade combat teams and <strong>the</strong> Stryker<br />

family <strong>of</strong> vehicles, <strong>the</strong> “vanguard for <strong>Army</strong><br />

transformation.”<br />

The <strong>Army</strong>’s responsibility to satisfy<br />

21st-century requirements for effective full<br />

spectrum operations requires an improved<br />

capability for <strong>the</strong> rapid deployment <strong>of</strong><br />

highly integrated, combined arms forces<br />

possessing overmatching capabilities, exploiting<br />

<strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> information and human<br />

potential, and combining <strong>the</strong> advantages<br />

<strong>of</strong> both light and mechanized forces<br />

across <strong>the</strong> full range <strong>of</strong> military and nonmilitary<br />

operations.<br />

The Stryker was <strong>the</strong> first new combat vehicle<br />

to be acquired by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> for more<br />

than 20 years. The primary design has two<br />

variants: <strong>the</strong> M1126 infantry carrier vehicle<br />

(ICV) and <strong>the</strong> XM1128 mobile gun system<br />

(MGS). The ICV is a troop transport vehicle<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> carrying nine infantry soldiers<br />

and <strong>the</strong>ir equipment and requires a crew <strong>of</strong><br />

two, a driver and a vehicle commander.<br />

There are eight o<strong>the</strong>r ICV configurations<br />

with combat service and combat support<br />

roles. Those configurations include <strong>the</strong><br />

M1130 commander’s vehicle, <strong>the</strong> M1127 reconnaissance<br />

vehicle, <strong>the</strong> M1131 fire-support<br />

vehicle, <strong>the</strong> M1129 mortar carrier/<br />

XM1129A1 mounted mortar carrier, <strong>the</strong><br />

M1134 antitank guided missile vehicle, <strong>the</strong><br />

M1132 engineer squad vehicle, <strong>the</strong> M1133<br />

medical evacuation vehicle and <strong>the</strong> XM1135<br />

nuclear-biological-chemical reconnaissance<br />

vehicle. The Stryker brigade combat team<br />

(SBCT) will also be furnished with <strong>the</strong> mo-<br />

bile gun system. The MGS, now under development,<br />

will be based on <strong>the</strong> ICV but<br />

modified to incorporate a 105 mm turreted<br />

gun, an autoloader system and a crew <strong>of</strong><br />

three.<br />

The ICV is armed with a remote weapons<br />

station that supports <strong>the</strong> M2 .50-caliber machine<br />

gun or <strong>the</strong> Mk 19 automatic grenade<br />

launcher, <strong>the</strong> M6 countermeasure device<br />

(smoke grenade launcher) and an integrated<br />

<strong>the</strong>rmal weapon sight. The Stryker<br />

supports communications suites that integrate<br />

<strong>the</strong> single-channel ground-and-air radio<br />

system radio family (SINCGARS); enhanced<br />

position location reporting system<br />

(EPLRS); Force XXI Battle Command<br />

Brigade and Below (FBCB 2 ); global positioning<br />

system (GPS); and high-frequency<br />

and near-term data radio systems. The<br />

Stryker provides up to 14.5 mm <strong>of</strong> ballistic<br />

protection.<br />

General Dynamics Land Systems produces<br />

<strong>the</strong> Stryker, which is powered by a<br />

350-hp diesel engine, runs on eight wheels<br />

that possess a run-flat capability and has a<br />

central tire inflation system. It also incorporates<br />

a vehicle height management system.<br />

Finally, <strong>the</strong> PEO GCS Robotics Systems<br />

Joint Project Office takes a Joint (<strong>Army</strong> &<br />

Marine) perspective in managing <strong>the</strong> development,<br />

acquisition, testing, systems integration,<br />

product improvement and fielding<br />

<strong>of</strong> robotic systems that will form <strong>the</strong><br />

backbone <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future. We are<br />

spearheading development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first generation<br />

system employing <strong>the</strong> latest sensor,<br />

remote navigation, and command and control<br />

technologies to integrate robotics into<br />

<strong>the</strong> battlefield. Speeding <strong>the</strong>se technologies<br />

to <strong>the</strong> battlefield has potential to revolutionize<br />

combat operations.


COMBAT SUPPORT AND<br />

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT<br />

Under <strong>the</strong> Program Executive Office for<br />

Combat Support & Combat Service Support<br />

(PEO CS&CSS), project managers, toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />

with <strong>the</strong>ir reporting product managers and<br />

product directors, are responsible for <strong>Army</strong><br />

systems and some Joint service programs<br />

across all phases <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir life cycle.<br />

Program phases fall into <strong>the</strong> areas <strong>of</strong>:<br />

pre-systems acquisition (concept refinement<br />

or technology development), generally<br />

consisting <strong>of</strong> R&D programs and are<br />

prior to a Milestone B; systems acquisition<br />

(between Milestone B and full materiel release);<br />

systems after full materiel release<br />

(in production and fielding phases); and<br />

two types <strong>of</strong> sustainment (operations &<br />

support): systems that have completed<br />

fielding, are no longer in production and<br />

are managed directly by <strong>the</strong> PM and systems<br />

that have completed fielding, are no<br />

longer in production and are managed by<br />

an AMC commodity command, but for<br />

which <strong>the</strong> PM is <strong>the</strong> life-cycle manager.<br />

PEO CS&CSS Project Managers include<br />

Project Manager Joint Combat Support<br />

Systems, Project Manager Force Projection<br />

and Project Manager Tactical Vehicles. A<br />

representative sampling <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir programs<br />

follows.<br />

The <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> Project Manager Joint Combat<br />

Support Systems (PM JCSS), for example,<br />

includes both <strong>the</strong> Product Manager<br />

Joint Light Tactical Vehicles (PM JLTV) and<br />

Product Manager Sets, Kits, Outfits and<br />

Tools (PM SKOT), as well as Product Director<br />

Test, Measurement and Diagnostic<br />

Equipment (PD TMDE) and Product Director<br />

Horizontal Technology Insertion<br />

(PD HTI).<br />

Product Manager Joint Light Tactical Vehicles<br />

(PM JLTV) is responsible for <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong>’s participation in <strong>the</strong> Joint Light<br />

Tactical Vehicle (JLTV). The <strong>Army</strong> is <strong>the</strong><br />

lead service in <strong>the</strong> Joint <strong>Army</strong>/Marine<br />

Corps program, which consists <strong>of</strong> a family<br />

<strong>of</strong> vehicles (FoV) with companion trailers<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> performing multiple mission<br />

roles that will be designed to provide protected,<br />

sustained, networked mobility for<br />

personnel and payloads across <strong>the</strong> full<br />

range <strong>of</strong> military operations (traditional to<br />

irregular).<br />

JLTV has been approved at Milestone A<br />

and is currently in <strong>the</strong> technology development<br />

phase. Industry proposals were<br />

submitted in mid-April <strong>2008</strong> for evaluation<br />

by <strong>the</strong> Source Selection Evaluation<br />

Board.<br />

Product Manager Sets, Kits, Outfits and<br />

Tools (PM SKOT) responsibilities include<br />

diving equipment, sets, kits and outfits<br />

(stand-alone, shelter-mounted and mobile),<br />

and shop sets/support equipment.<br />

Product Director Test, Measurement and<br />

Diagnostic Equipment (PD TMDE) is re-<br />

sponsible for calibration sets (CALSETS),<br />

integrated family <strong>of</strong> test equipment (IFTE)<br />

at-platform automatic test systems (AP-<br />

ATS) and <strong>of</strong>f-platform automatic test sets<br />

(OPATS), and test equipment modernization<br />

(TEMOD).<br />

The Product Director Horizontal Technology<br />

Insertion (PD HTI) is responsible<br />

for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s Expedited Modernization<br />

Initiative Procedure (EMIP). As a “process”<br />

ra<strong>the</strong>r than a “product,” EMIP represents<br />

a multiphased and continuous market<br />

research process. EMIP is primarily<br />

intended to suggest improvements to <strong>the</strong><br />

current and future fleet <strong>of</strong> CS&CSS vehicles<br />

and o<strong>the</strong>r systems. The process seeks<br />

to identify industry’s investments in<br />

proven, advanced, commercial technologies<br />

at <strong>the</strong> component and subsystem levels,<br />

at a technology readiness level (TRL) 7<br />

or better, with <strong>the</strong> goal <strong>of</strong> EMIP to educate<br />

government representatives about <strong>the</strong>se<br />

technologies. Information developed as<br />

part <strong>of</strong> this market research will be shared<br />

within <strong>the</strong> PEO CS&CSS, o<strong>the</strong>r program<br />

executive <strong>of</strong>fices and o<strong>the</strong>r services.<br />

The Project Manager Force Projection<br />

(PM FP) encompasses Product Manager Assured<br />

Mobility Systems (PM AMS), Product<br />

Director <strong>Army</strong> Watercraft Systems (PD<br />

AWS), Product Manager Bridging, Product<br />

Manager Combat Engineer/Material Handling<br />

Equipment (PM CE/MHE), Product<br />

Manager Force Sustainment Systems (PM<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 365


FSS), and Product Manager Petroleum and<br />

Water Systems (PM PAWS).<br />

The Product Manager Assured Mobility<br />

Systems (PM AMS) is responsible for<br />

mine protected route clearance vehicles<br />

like <strong>the</strong> Buffalo mine protected clearance<br />

vehicle, Joint EOD rapid response vehicle<br />

(JERRV), medium mine protected vehicle<br />

(RG-31), vehicle mounted mine detector<br />

(VMMD) and medium mine protected vehicle<br />

(MMPV) program <strong>of</strong> record.<br />

The Buffalo Mine Protected Clearance<br />

Vehicle, for example, is a six-wheeled vehicle<br />

specifically designed to withstand<br />

encounters with mines/IEDs while protecting<br />

up to six soldiers inside. The Buffalo<br />

is used by engineer units during area<br />

and route clearance operations. It is blastprotected<br />

up to 30 pounds TNT for each<br />

wheel and 15 pounds TNT along <strong>the</strong> centerline.<br />

Armor provides ballistic protection<br />

against 7.62 mm ball. It has an arm that enables<br />

<strong>the</strong> operator to safely investigate suspicious<br />

locations.<br />

Ano<strong>the</strong>r representative example is <strong>the</strong><br />

Medium Mine Protected Vehicle (RG-31<br />

MK3). The RG-31 MK3 APC is a four-wheel<br />

drive, armored personnel carrier intended<br />

for on- and <strong>of</strong>f-road use. The vehicle is designed<br />

and constructed to protect occupants<br />

from small-arms fire and antitank<br />

mine detonations. Access to <strong>the</strong> vehicle is<br />

via a rear door. The vehicle is powered by a<br />

turbocharged six-cylinder, in-line, watercooled<br />

diesel engine. The engine is directly<br />

coupled to an automatic gearbox, which is<br />

coupled directly to a transfer gearbox, with<br />

propeller shafts to <strong>the</strong> front and rear driving<br />

axles. The vehicle is equipped with<br />

conventional suspension but has sufficient<br />

ground clearance to negotiate rough roads<br />

and obstacles.<br />

Product Director <strong>Army</strong> Watercraft<br />

Systems (PD AWS)<br />

With an understated motto <strong>of</strong> “Sail <strong>Army</strong>,”<br />

<strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Program Manager for <strong>Army</strong><br />

Watercraft Systems (PM AWS) is working<br />

to provide “a flexible and responsive fleet,<br />

projecting and sustaining America’s forces<br />

through <strong>the</strong> 21st century.” Responsibilities<br />

include <strong>the</strong> engineering, production, fielding,<br />

initial logistics support and modernization/modification<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong><br />

fleet <strong>of</strong> watercraft and associated support<br />

equipment, which enable <strong>the</strong> warfighter to<br />

rapidly project <strong>the</strong> nation’s armed forces.<br />

The Containerized Maintenance Facility<br />

(CMF) is a transportable maintenance<br />

complex that is made up <strong>of</strong> a combination<br />

366 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

The Buffalo mine protected<br />

clearance vehicle (MPCV)<br />

<strong>of</strong> five tactical rigid-wall expandable International<br />

Standards Organization (ISO)<br />

shelters and two ISO containers. The system<br />

is designed to be stand-alone and is<br />

equipped to provide intermediate support<br />

for deployment and sustainment <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> full spectrum <strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong> watercraft in<br />

ei<strong>the</strong>r a fixed port or Joint logistics over<strong>the</strong>-shore<br />

environment.<br />

The Large Tug (LT) 128' is used for transocean/coastal<br />

towing operations and for<br />

assisting with <strong>the</strong> docking/undocking <strong>of</strong><br />

large ships. The LT 128' is outfitted to provide<br />

salvage, rescue and firefighting assistance<br />

to o<strong>the</strong>r vessels and shore installations<br />

on a limited basis.<br />

The Landing Craft Utility (LCU) 2000<br />

provides worldwide transport <strong>of</strong> combat<br />

vehicles and sustainment cargo. It also<br />

supports intra<strong>the</strong>ater and tactical resupply.<br />

The Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM8)<br />

is used in lighter and utility work. The<br />

Mod 2 program enhances vessel capabilities<br />

including command and control, personnel<br />

transfer and light salvage.<br />

The Theater Support Vessel (TSV)-Interim<br />

is a critical step toward <strong>the</strong> definition<br />

and acquisition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future TSV. There was<br />

a fiscal year 2001 contract award for an<br />

<strong>Army</strong>/Navy Joint lease <strong>of</strong> HSV-X1 (Joint<br />

Venture) high-speed vessel. Toge<strong>the</strong>r with<br />

TSV-1X (Spearhead), <strong>the</strong> platforms are part <strong>of</strong><br />

a TSV interim program/investigations/experimentation<br />

and Office <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Secretary <strong>of</strong><br />

Defense-approved advanced concepts technology<br />

demonstration.<br />

The Modular Causeway System provides<br />

a means to move cargo from ship to<br />

shore across unimproved beaches in areas<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world where fixed port facilities are<br />

unavailable, denied or o<strong>the</strong>rwise unacceptable.<br />

The sections are made up <strong>of</strong> modular,<br />

International Standards Organization (ISO)<br />

compatible modules. The four systems are<br />

configured from basic modules in various<br />

configurations: roll-on/roll-<strong>of</strong>f discharge<br />

facility (RRDF); causeway ferry (CF);<br />

floating causeway (FC); and warping tug<br />

(WT).<br />

The Command, Control, Communications,<br />

Computers and Intelligence (C 4 I)<br />

Installation Package provides state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>art<br />

communication (secure/nonsecure)<br />

equipment, navigational equipment and<br />

safety <strong>of</strong> life at sea electronics.<br />

The Barge Derrick (BD) Crane 115 ton is<br />

used primarily in discharging heavy loads<br />

beyond <strong>the</strong> capacity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ship’s gear and<br />

assisting in salvage operations. The crane<br />

provides <strong>the</strong> lift and reach needed to discharge<br />

<strong>the</strong> heaviest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> projected <strong>Army</strong><br />

cargo—<strong>the</strong> M1A2 main battle tank—from<br />

<strong>the</strong> centerline <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large, medium speed<br />

roll-on, roll-<strong>of</strong>f (LMSR) ships.<br />

The Logistics Support Vessel (LSV)<br />

provides worldwide transportation <strong>of</strong><br />

combat vehicles and sustainment cargo.<br />

The 313-foot LSV class vessel, designed to<br />

carry more than 2,000 tons <strong>of</strong> deck cargo,<br />

has a beam <strong>of</strong> 60 feet and a molded depth<br />

<strong>of</strong> 19 feet. It provides intra<strong>the</strong>ater movement<br />

to remote underdeveloped coastlines<br />

and inland waterways. The LSV is <strong>the</strong> primary<br />

logistics over-<strong>the</strong>-shore (LOTS)/<br />

JLOTS vessel. It also assists in unit deployment<br />

and relocation.<br />

The 900 Class Small Tug mission is moving<br />

logistical supplies and equipment in<br />

harbor and inland waterways. The small<br />

tug also provides <strong>the</strong> capability to assist<br />

larger tugs in docking and undocking all<br />

types <strong>of</strong> ships and watercraft and can be<br />

used in routine harbor utility work.


Future <strong>Army</strong> Watercraft Systems<br />

<strong>Army</strong> future watercraft programs include<br />

Theater Support Vessel (TSV)-Objective,<br />

rapidly installed breakwater system,<br />

Harbormaster command and control center<br />

and vessel bridge simulator.<br />

The Theater Support Vessel-Objective<br />

will provide high-speed intra<strong>the</strong>ater transport<br />

<strong>of</strong> troops and cargo and represents<br />

<strong>the</strong> next-generation <strong>Army</strong> watercraft to<br />

support <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s doctrinal intra<strong>the</strong>ater<br />

lift mission.<br />

Using commercial <strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf technology,<br />

it will deploy to <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater <strong>of</strong> operations<br />

at speeds greater than 40 knots<br />

through sea state 5+ (winds <strong>of</strong> 21 knots or<br />

greater), while being capable <strong>of</strong> transporting<br />

more than 350 soldiers plus gear and<br />

up to 1,250 short tons <strong>of</strong> cargo.<br />

Capable <strong>of</strong> operational maneuver from<br />

stand<strong>of</strong>f distances and into five times as<br />

many ports, <strong>the</strong> TSV will provide rapid,<br />

intra<strong>the</strong>ater lift for ready-to-fight combat<br />

forces toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong>ir equipment. As a<br />

Theater support vessels<br />

result, <strong>the</strong> TSV will minimize <strong>the</strong> need for<br />

large-scale reception, staging, onward<br />

movement and integration <strong>of</strong> soldiers, vehicles<br />

and equipment within <strong>the</strong> battlespace.<br />

It <strong>of</strong>fers <strong>the</strong> Joint force commander<br />

a multimodal and multipurpose platform<br />

to support Joint operations that complement<br />

C-17 and C-130 airlift capabilities.<br />

Advantages <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> TSV-Objective include:<br />

operational movement and repositioning;<br />

personnel and equipment moving toge<strong>the</strong>r;<br />

en route mission planning and rehearsal;<br />

reduced AO LOG infrastructure;<br />

ability to bypass <strong>the</strong>ater choke points; access<br />

to austere shallow draft ports; ability<br />

to perform multiple point entry; <strong>of</strong>fset airlift<br />

shortages; and reduction <strong>of</strong> asymmetric<br />

threats.<br />

The Rapidly Installed Breakwater System<br />

(RIBS) is a LOTS (logistics over-<strong>the</strong>shore)<br />

enabler used in all phases <strong>of</strong> force<br />

projection including early entry and follow-on<br />

sustainment. The RIBS augments<br />

existing port facilities to enable greater<br />

throughput <strong>of</strong> equipment and supplies.<br />

The RIBS is designed to support discharge<br />

or retrograde LOTS operations by reduc-<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 367


Dry support bridge<br />

(DSB)<br />

ing sea state 3 conditions to sea state 2 or<br />

below.<br />

The Harbormaster Command and Control<br />

Center (HCCC) will provide 24-hour<br />

real-time vessel tracking, in-transit visibility,<br />

movement tracking, full Joint interoperability,<br />

secure and nonsecure communications,<br />

and real-time meteorological and<br />

bathymetric data. It will be fully digitized<br />

to support <strong>the</strong> Future Force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21st century.<br />

The Vessel Bridge Simulator will provide<br />

<strong>the</strong> mariner an advanced, interactive,<br />

full mission trainer that uses state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong><br />

art computer-generated imagery. This<br />

trainer will replicate all <strong>Army</strong> watercraft<br />

and include vessel maneuvering and navigation<br />

as well as rehearsing missions in<br />

worldwide seaports to prepare for realworld<br />

deployments in any wea<strong>the</strong>r or<br />

lighting conditions.<br />

Product Manager Bridging<br />

Product Manager Bridging interfaces<br />

with o<strong>the</strong>r defense organizations on a range<br />

<strong>of</strong> existing and emerging bridging systems<br />

including <strong>the</strong> Armored Vehicle Launched<br />

Bridge (AVLB), Improved Ribbon Bridge<br />

(IRB), Standard Ribbon Bridge (SRB), MK<br />

II-S Bridge Erection Boat Service Life Extension<br />

Program, Common Bridge Transporter<br />

(HEMTT), Rapidly Emplaced Bridge System<br />

(REBS), M18 Dry Support Bridge System<br />

(DSB), M3 Medium Girder Bridge<br />

The heavy<br />

expanded-mobility<br />

tactical truck<br />

(HEMTT)<br />

368 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

(MGB), Joint Assault Bridge (JAB), Assault<br />

Breacher Vehicle (ABV), Bailey Bridge, Improved<br />

Boat Cradle (IBC), Bridge Adapter<br />

Pallet (BAP) and Maybey Johnson Bridge.<br />

The M18 Dry Support Bridge (DSB)<br />

System and <strong>the</strong> Improved Ribbon Bridge<br />

(IRB) provide representative examples.<br />

The M18 Dry Support Bridge (DSB)<br />

provides <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> with assault and support<br />

bridging for gaps <strong>of</strong> up to 40 meters.<br />

The DSB replaces <strong>the</strong> outdated, manpowerand<br />

time-intensive medium girder bridge<br />

(MGB) with a mechanical system capable<br />

<strong>of</strong> emplacing a 40-meter bridge with 14<br />

soldiers in 90 minutes or less. In addition,<br />

<strong>the</strong> DSB will improve current bridge loadcarrying<br />

capacity, moving it up to military<br />

load classification (MLC) 96 for wheeled<br />

traffic, such as an M1 tank uploaded on a<br />

heavy equipment transporter (HET). The<br />

DSB is designed for transportation as a<br />

palletized load by <strong>the</strong> CBT, PLS trailers or<br />

by service support units equipped with PLS<br />

trucks.<br />

The Improved Ribbon Bridge (IRB), which<br />

was fielded beginning in 2004, improves<br />

mobility by providing a continuous roadway<br />

or raft capable <strong>of</strong> crossing military<br />

load classification (MLC) 96 (wheeled)/80<br />

(tracked) vehicles over nonfordable wet<br />

gaps.<br />

The product <strong>of</strong>fice also has responsibility<br />

for <strong>the</strong> M9 Armored Combat Earthmover<br />

(ACE), a highly mobile armored ve-<br />

Oshkosh Truck Corporation<br />

hicle capable <strong>of</strong> performing mobility,<br />

countermobility and survivability tasks in<br />

support <strong>of</strong> light, medium or heavy forces<br />

on <strong>the</strong> integrated battlefield. First fielded<br />

in 1986, this multipurpose engineer vehicle<br />

provides <strong>the</strong> operator with armor protection<br />

for operation in <strong>the</strong> forward portion<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combat area. By raising <strong>the</strong><br />

dozer blade and using its scraper blade,<br />

<strong>the</strong> M9 ACE can fill itself with ballast to<br />

improve dozing efficiency.<br />

The Product Manager Combat Engineer/Material<br />

Handling Equipment (PM<br />

CE/MHE) coordinates and supports a wide<br />

range <strong>of</strong> compactors and rollers, construction<br />

plants and equipment, container handlers,<br />

cranes, dozers and combat earthmovers,<br />

excavators, forklifts, graders and<br />

scrapers, loaders and sectionalized equipment.<br />

Program examples include systems like<br />

<strong>the</strong> High-Mobility Engineer Excavator and<br />

Engineer Mission Modules.<br />

The High-Mobility Engineer Excavator<br />

(HMEE) replaces <strong>the</strong> small emplacement<br />

excavator (SEE), whose life cycle ended in<br />

FY 2005. Current plans are to replace <strong>the</strong><br />

SEE with Type I (heavy) and Type II (light)<br />

vehicles for heavy and medium/light engineer<br />

units.<br />

The Interim High-Mobility Engineer<br />

Excavator (IHMEE) is a self-deployable<br />

excavator system that fills <strong>the</strong> immediate<br />

and critical excavation needs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Stryker<br />

brigades.<br />

With its attachments, <strong>the</strong> IHMEE is capable<br />

<strong>of</strong> executing a variety <strong>of</strong> mobility,<br />

survivability and countermobility missions,<br />

maintaining convoy speed, performing<br />

rapid excavation tasks and quickly<br />

self-deploying to <strong>the</strong> next mission site.<br />

Weighing approximately 24,000 pounds,<br />

it can attain speeds exceeding 50 mph. The<br />

IHMEE can be transported by <strong>the</strong> C-130<br />

and is one <strong>of</strong> two engineering construction<br />

systems in <strong>the</strong> Stryker brigade. The system<br />

chosen to fill this need is ADI’s high-speed<br />

engineer vehicle (HSEV). Up to 62 IHMEEs<br />

are being procured to support all Stryker<br />

brigades. The IHMEE began fielding to <strong>the</strong><br />

Stryker brigades in <strong>the</strong> third quarter <strong>of</strong> FY<br />

2003.<br />

Ano<strong>the</strong>r recently emerging activity with<br />

a broad range <strong>of</strong> engineering applications<br />

involves <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> Engineer<br />

Mission Modules. Permanently mounted<br />

on standard logistics flatracks, <strong>the</strong> modules<br />

are loaded via truck load-handling<br />

equipment, which allows drivers to configure<br />

<strong>the</strong>ir systems for a specific mission.<br />

By using fewer trucks and more modules,<br />

<strong>the</strong> concept provides a cost-effective<br />

means <strong>of</strong> modernizing <strong>the</strong> fleet <strong>of</strong> engineer<br />

construction equipment. PLS flatrack configurations<br />

in production include <strong>the</strong> M5<br />

bituminous distributor, which has a capacity<br />

<strong>of</strong> 2,800 gallons; <strong>the</strong> M6 concrete mobile<br />

mixer, which has a capacity <strong>of</strong> 5 cubic


yards when used on <strong>the</strong> PLS truck or<br />

trailer and 8 cubic yards when used on <strong>the</strong><br />

ground as a batch plant; and <strong>the</strong> M6 dump<br />

body, which has a capacity <strong>of</strong> 12 to 14 cubic<br />

yards. Currently under development<br />

are <strong>the</strong> XM9 2,000-gallon water distributor<br />

for use with <strong>the</strong> HEMTT-LHS truck and<br />

<strong>the</strong> XM10 3,000-gallon water distributor<br />

for use with <strong>the</strong> PLS truck.<br />

O<strong>the</strong>r modules being considered include<br />

a fuel module, a well-drilling system<br />

and a chemical decontamination unit.<br />

PM Force Sustainment Systems<br />

The Product Manager Force Sustainment<br />

Systems (PM FSS) coordinates aerial<br />

delivery equipment, containerized systems,<br />

field feeding systems, field services<br />

products, force provider, heaters and environmental<br />

control, shelter systems and<br />

camouflage.<br />

The Joint Precision Air Drop System<br />

(JPADS), for example, is a family <strong>of</strong> systems—Joint<br />

Precision Airdrop System<br />

2,400 pounds (JPADS 2K), Joint Precision<br />

Airdrop System 10,000 pounds (JPADS<br />

10K) and Joint Precision Airdrop System<br />

30,000 pounds (JPADS 30K)—that will allow<br />

conventional military aircraft to accurately<br />

drop sensors, munitions, and/or a<br />

huge range <strong>of</strong> supplies onto <strong>the</strong> battlefield<br />

while minimizing <strong>the</strong> risk to aircraft and<br />

<strong>the</strong> possibility <strong>of</strong> enemy detection <strong>of</strong> air-<br />

craft drop zones. The systems will use<br />

gliding parachute decelerators, GPS-based<br />

guidance, navigation and control, wea<strong>the</strong>r<br />

data assimilation and an airdrop mission<br />

planning tool to deliver cargo with near<br />

pinpoint accuracy. The first combat JPADS<br />

cargo airdrop took place at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> August<br />

2006.<br />

An example <strong>of</strong> recently fielded shelter<br />

systems can be found in <strong>the</strong> Soldier Crew<br />

Tent (SCT). Originally developed to provide<br />

environmental protection for <strong>the</strong> billeting<br />

<strong>of</strong> combat vehicle crews, <strong>the</strong> SCT is a<br />

lightweight, durable, single frame, single<br />

hub tent. The tent body is suspended from<br />

<strong>the</strong> frame in a canopy style. An over-cover<br />

lies on top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> frame to provide an air<br />

gap for added insulation. Two reversible<br />

over-covers are available in ei<strong>the</strong>r a green/<br />

tan or green/white configuration. A cold<br />

wea<strong>the</strong>r cotton liner is also provided. The<br />

SCT is 53 inches high, weighs 75 pounds,<br />

and houses five soldiers in 120 square feet<br />

floor space. Erect/strike is accomplished in<br />

less than five minutes. A mesh gear l<strong>of</strong>t for<br />

storage is suspended over <strong>the</strong> sleeping<br />

area. A storage/transport cover is included<br />

as well as a field repair kit. A 4-inch stove<br />

pipe opening is included for use with a<br />

standard military heater.<br />

The Product Manager Petroleum and<br />

Water Systems (PAWS) is responsible for a<br />

range <strong>of</strong> petroleum laboratories, petro-<br />

leum storage and distribution systems,<br />

water purification and treatment systems,<br />

and water storage and distribution systems.<br />

Offices within <strong>the</strong> Project Manager Tactical<br />

Vehicles (PM TV) include: Product<br />

Manager Light Tactical Vehicles (PM LTV),<br />

Product Manager Medium Tactical Vehicles<br />

(PM MTV) and Product Manager<br />

Heavy Tactical Vehicles (PM HTV).<br />

The Product Manager Light Tactical Vehicles<br />

(PM LTV) is responsible for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />

High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles<br />

(Humvee) family and light tactical<br />

trailers (LTT).<br />

The versatile High-Mobility, Multipurpose<br />

Wheeled Vehicle (Humvee) provides<br />

a common, light tactical vehicle capability.<br />

The Humvee is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s primary<br />

light wheeled vehicle for combat<br />

support and combat service support missions.<br />

The Humvee replaced <strong>the</strong> quarterton<br />

jeep, M718A1 ambulance, half-ton<br />

Mule, 1.25-ton Gamma Goat and M792<br />

ambulance when it began fielding in 1985.<br />

Humvees <strong>of</strong> all variants (including most<br />

up-armored Humvees) are currently deployed<br />

in support <strong>of</strong> operations in Iraq<br />

and Afghanistan.<br />

The Humvee family <strong>of</strong> vehicles consists<br />

<strong>of</strong> multiple configurations built on a common<br />

chassis to support weapon systems,<br />

command and control systems and field<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 369


ambulances and to provide ammunition,<br />

troop and general cargo transport. It is<br />

equipped with a high-performance diesel<br />

engine, automatic transmission and fourwheel<br />

drive. It is air transportable and<br />

low-velocity air drop (LVAD) certified (except<br />

for <strong>the</strong> maxi ambulance variants). The<br />

Humvee can be equipped with a self-recovery<br />

hydraulic winch capable <strong>of</strong> up to<br />

10,500-pound 1:1 ratio line pull capacity,<br />

and it can support payloads from 2,500 to<br />

5,100 pounds (including crew and pintle<br />

loads), depending on <strong>the</strong> model.<br />

The A1 model, which entered production<br />

in 1992, introduced upgraded driveline<br />

components, heavy-duty rear springs, an<br />

improved brake system, a high-ratio transfer<br />

and 2.73:1 front and rear differentials.<br />

The subsequent introduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> A2<br />

configuration brought with it a new 6.5liter,<br />

naturally aspirated diesel engine; an<br />

electronically controlled, four-speed automatic<br />

transmission; and a redesigned emissions<br />

system that met 1995 U.S. Environmental<br />

Protection Agency (EPA) standards.<br />

O<strong>the</strong>r features focused on user comfort, vehicle<br />

maintainability and performance.<br />

Fur<strong>the</strong>r expansion <strong>of</strong> Humvee payload<br />

capacity has led to <strong>the</strong> development and<br />

introduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expanded capacity vehicle<br />

(ECV), M1113 and <strong>the</strong> M1114 up-armor<br />

Humvee (UAH). The ECV was produced<br />

in 1995 as a shelter carrier providing<br />

up to 5,100 pounds <strong>of</strong> payload. The<br />

M1114 UAH configuration provides protection<br />

for <strong>the</strong> driver and three crew members<br />

from small-arms fire, overhead fragmentation<br />

from artillery and mortar shells<br />

and underbody from antipersonnel/antitank<br />

mines. It has a ro<strong>of</strong>top weapon station<br />

which can accommodate an M60 machine<br />

gun, M2 machine gun, Mk 19 grenade<br />

launcher or <strong>the</strong> M240/M249 weapon.<br />

Kits are available to enhance internal survivability<br />

for <strong>the</strong> crew and gunner.<br />

The newest variants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Humvee<br />

family include <strong>the</strong> M1151, M1152 and<br />

M1165 series vehicles. Unlike some earlier<br />

models, <strong>the</strong> latest versions are designed<br />

for <strong>the</strong> application <strong>of</strong> additional armor<br />

packages over <strong>the</strong>ir base protection levels.<br />

The Light Tactical Trailer (LTT) is <strong>the</strong><br />

Humvee trailer. It has been tested and approved<br />

(materiel released) for use in accordance<br />

with <strong>the</strong> Humvee mission pr<strong>of</strong>ile.<br />

370 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

High-mobility, multipurpose<br />

wheeled vehicle (Humvee)<br />

M984 heavy expanded-mobility tactical truck<br />

The LTT comes in three variants: M1101<br />

(LTT-L), M1102 (LLT-H) and heavy chassis<br />

(LTT-HC).<br />

PM Family <strong>of</strong> Medium<br />

Tactical Vehicles<br />

The Product Manager Medium Tactical<br />

Vehicles (PM MTV) is responsible for <strong>the</strong><br />

Family <strong>of</strong> Medium Tactical Vehicles<br />

(FMTV), including light medium tactical<br />

vehicles, medium tactical vehicles, FMTV<br />

specialty vehicles and FMTV trailers.<br />

The medium truck fleet has historically<br />

accounted for more than half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />

single-lift payload capacity. In redefining<br />

this vital fleet, <strong>Army</strong> planners<br />

took <strong>the</strong> opportunity to focus on a family<br />

approach; that is, to combine both 2.5-ton<br />

and 5-ton payload classes into a single acquisition<br />

program that would yield a logistically<br />

significant degree <strong>of</strong> component<br />

commonality across all medium fleet variants.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong>’s requirement for medium<br />

trucks now is more than 83,000 vehicles.<br />

These vehicles are required across <strong>the</strong> entire<br />

spectrum <strong>of</strong> combat, combat support and<br />

combat service support units. They must<br />

perform roles such as unit mobility, field<br />

feeding, water distribution, local and linehaul<br />

transportation, maintenance platforms,<br />

engineer operations, communication systems,<br />

medical support and towing artillery<br />

pieces. All medium vehicles must be capable<br />

<strong>of</strong> operating worldwide on primary and secondary<br />

roads, as well as on trails, and crosscountry<br />

in wea<strong>the</strong>r extremes from minus 50<br />

to 120 degrees Farenheit.<br />

The FMTV achieves extraordinary commonality<br />

by sharing many subsystems and<br />

components in <strong>the</strong> 4x4 (LMTV), 6x6 (MTV)<br />

and companion trailer configurations. The<br />

trucks share, for example, common engine<br />

assemblies (with different horsepower ratings),<br />

cooling systems, transmissions, intake<br />

and exhaust systems, front axles and<br />

suspension systems, tires and wheels, cab<br />

assembly, vehicle control gauges, self-recovery<br />

winches and much more. They differ<br />

primarily in number <strong>of</strong> axles (two versus<br />

three) and standard cargo bed size (12<br />

feet versus 14 feet) to accommodate differ-


ent payload ratings (2.5 tons versus 5 tons)<br />

and body styles.<br />

The FMTV deviates from predecessor<br />

vehicle designs by having its tilt cab over<br />

<strong>the</strong> engine. This design approach contributes<br />

to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s goal <strong>of</strong> significantly<br />

improving <strong>the</strong> deployability <strong>of</strong> units, since<br />

a typical FMTV vehicle is some 40 inches<br />

shorter than <strong>the</strong> vehicle it replaces, requiring<br />

less space aboard deploying aircraft or<br />

surface shipping. This reduced length also<br />

contributes to a shorter turning radius and<br />

better <strong>of</strong>f-road mobility. Off-road mobility<br />

is fur<strong>the</strong>r enhanced by a standard central<br />

tire inflation system (CTIS) and state-<strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong>-art<br />

suspension.<br />

Light medium tactical vehicles (LMTV)<br />

systems include <strong>the</strong> M1078/A1 2.5-ton<br />

standard cargo, M1079/A1 2.5-ton van,<br />

M1080/A1 2.5-ton chassis, and M1081 2.5ton<br />

standard cargo (LVAD) [low-velocity<br />

air drop capable].<br />

Medium tactical vehicles (MTV) systems<br />

include <strong>the</strong> M1083/A1 5-ton standard<br />

cargo, M1084/A1 5-ton standard cargo<br />

with MHE, M1085/A1 5-ton long cargo,<br />

M1086/A1 5-ton long cargo with MHE<br />

(crane), M1088/A1 5-ton tractor, M1089/<br />

A1 5-ton wrecker, M1090/A1 5-ton dump,<br />

M1092/A1 5-ton chassis, M1093 5-ton standard<br />

cargo (LVAD), M1094 5-ton dump<br />

(LVAD) and M1096/A1 5-ton long chassis.<br />

FMTV special vehicles include <strong>the</strong> M-<br />

1087A1 expandable van, XM1140 high-mobility<br />

artillery rocket system (HIMARS) carrier,<br />

XM1147 FMTV load handling system<br />

(LHS) trailer, XM1148 FMTV load handling<br />

system (LHS) truck, XM1157 10-ton dump<br />

and XM 1160 medium extended air defense<br />

system (MEADS) carrier.<br />

FMTV trailers include <strong>the</strong> M1082 trailer<br />

cargo 2.5 ton and M1095 trailer cargo 5<br />

ton.<br />

In addition, <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice helps coordinate<br />

activities on M900 series 5-ton trucks, as<br />

well as <strong>the</strong> M200 and M1061 special cargo<br />

trailers.<br />

The Product Manager Heavy Tactical<br />

Vehicles (PM HTV) addresses programs<br />

including <strong>the</strong> heavy equipment transporter<br />

system, heavy expanded mobility<br />

tactical truck, palletized load system, flatracks,<br />

container handling and mission<br />

modules, M915 family <strong>of</strong> vehicles, fifth<br />

wheel trailers and special trailers.<br />

The M1070/M1000 Heavy Equipment<br />

Transporter System (HETS) deploys,<br />

transports, recovers and evacuates combat-loaded<br />

M1 tanks and o<strong>the</strong>r vehicles <strong>of</strong><br />

similar weight to and from <strong>the</strong> battlefield.<br />

More than 2,300 have been deployed in<br />

Operation Iraqi Freedom. The M1070 tractor<br />

and M1000 semitrailer replace <strong>the</strong><br />

M911/M747 as <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s latest model<br />

HETS.<br />

The M1070/M1000 HETS was devel-<br />

oped to accommodate <strong>the</strong> increased weight<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M1 Abrams family <strong>of</strong> main battle<br />

tanks. The M1070 provides line-haul, localhaul<br />

and maintenance evacuation on and<br />

<strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> road during tactical operations<br />

worldwide. Unlike previous HETS, <strong>the</strong><br />

M1070 is designed to carry both <strong>the</strong> tank<br />

and its crew. Approximately 2,311 HETS<br />

have been fielded to date. Development<br />

design <strong>of</strong> full up-armored cabs for <strong>the</strong><br />

HEMTT, PLS and HETS tractor is in progress.<br />

The Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical<br />

Truck (HEMTT) is <strong>the</strong> workhorse <strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />

combat divisions. C-130 transportable, it is<br />

<strong>the</strong> key combat service support enabler for<br />

<strong>the</strong> SBCT. The 11-ton, eight-wheel drive<br />

family <strong>of</strong> vehicles is designed to operate in<br />

any climatic condition.<br />

There are six basic configurations <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> HEMTT-series trucks: <strong>the</strong> M977 cargo<br />

truck; M985 cargo truck with materiel-handling<br />

crane; <strong>the</strong> M978 2,500-gallon fuel<br />

tanker; <strong>the</strong> M983 tractor; <strong>the</strong> M984 wrecker;<br />

and <strong>the</strong> M1120 load-handling system<br />

(LHS). The HEMTT is used as a prime<br />

mover for <strong>the</strong> Patriot missile system, M7<br />

forward repair system (FRS) and tactical<br />

water purification system (TWPS) and<br />

as <strong>the</strong> chassis for <strong>the</strong> M1977 common<br />

bridge transporter (CBT), M11428 tactical<br />

firefighting truck (TFFT) and XM1158<br />

HEMTT-based water tender (HEWATT).<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 371


The HEMTT is also compatible with <strong>the</strong><br />

PLS trailer. A self-recovery winch is available<br />

on all models. An electronic controller<br />

for <strong>the</strong> engine and a new electronic transmission<br />

were put into production in April<br />

2002.<br />

The HEMTT is augmented by <strong>the</strong> M989-<br />

A1 heavy expanded munitions ammunition<br />

trailer (HEMAT) in <strong>the</strong> transport <strong>of</strong><br />

multiple-launch rocket system family <strong>of</strong><br />

munitions (MFOM). The HEMAT can<br />

transport four MFOM pods, each weighing<br />

approximately 5,400 pounds. The <strong>of</strong>f-road<br />

capability <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> HEMTT and HEMAT<br />

combination can transport eight MFOM<br />

pods. The M989A1 HEMAT is also required<br />

to transport six standard ammunition<br />

pallets (single stacked), two 600-gallon<br />

fuel pods or two 500-gallon fuel bladders.<br />

Approximately 13,000 HEMTTs have<br />

been fielded to date. Of <strong>the</strong> total fleet size,<br />

approximately 2,150 are currently in OIF.<br />

HEMTT production is funded through fiscal<br />

year (FY) 2011.<br />

The HEMTT was designated as one <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> 10 original <strong>Army</strong> life-cycle pilot programs<br />

under Section 912c <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> FY 1998<br />

National Defense Authorization Act, intended<br />

to demonstrate reduced life-cycle<br />

costs through greater innovation throughout<br />

<strong>the</strong> product’s life cycle. The <strong>Army</strong> approved<br />

<strong>the</strong> HEMTT recap program baseline<br />

in <strong>October</strong> 2001. The goal <strong>of</strong> recapitalization<br />

is <strong>the</strong> insertion <strong>of</strong> modern commercial<br />

technology to reduce operational and<br />

support costs, increase fleet readiness and<br />

meet regulatory requirements. As <strong>the</strong> benefits<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se improvements are verified,<br />

<strong>the</strong>y were phased into production and recap<br />

vehicles. The HEMTT recap program<br />

will recapitalize HEMTT vehicles to 0<br />

miles/0 hours and to <strong>the</strong> A2 configuration,<br />

which consists <strong>of</strong> bumper-to-bumper recap<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire truck with <strong>the</strong> following<br />

technology insertions: electronic engine,<br />

electronic transmission, air-ride seats,<br />

four-point seatbelts, bolt-toge<strong>the</strong>r wheels,<br />

increased corrosion protection and an enhanced<br />

electrical package. The HEMTT recap<br />

program is also capable <strong>of</strong> converting<br />

excess M977 cargo versions into M1120<br />

HEMTT-LHS versions to address current<br />

shortfalls. The HEMTT recap program is<br />

currently funded through FY 2020.<br />

HEMTT A3 is an advanced technology<br />

insertion into <strong>the</strong> HEMTT vehicle that is<br />

under evaluation to optimize compatibility<br />

with C-130 aircraft capabilities and constraints.<br />

Current HEMTT programs and activities<br />

include: M977/M985 HEMTT cargo truck,<br />

with materiel-handling crane, M978 HEMTT<br />

372 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

Palletized load system<br />

fuel tanker, 2500-gallon M983 HEMTT tractor,<br />

M984 HEMTT wrecker, M1120 HEMTT<br />

load handling system (LHS) (mounts on<br />

standard M977/M978 or M985 chassis),<br />

M1977 common bridge transporter (CBT),<br />

tactical firefighting truck (TFFT), HEMTT recapitalization<br />

program and HEMTT A3.<br />

The Palletized Load System (PLS) is <strong>the</strong><br />

primary component <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> maneuver-oriented<br />

ammunition distribution system.<br />

Roughly 1,000 PLSs are being used in OIF.<br />

It also performs local-haul, line-haul, unit<br />

resupply and o<strong>the</strong>r transportation missions<br />

in <strong>the</strong> tactical environment. In addition,<br />

it is used as <strong>the</strong> prime mover for <strong>the</strong><br />

M7 forward repair system (FRS) and various<br />

engineer mission modules (M917<br />

dump truck, M918 bituminous spreader<br />

and M919 concrete mixer). The PLS is also<br />

<strong>the</strong> host chassis for <strong>the</strong> dry support bridge<br />

(DSB) launcher vehicle (M1975).<br />

The PLS consists <strong>of</strong> a 16.5-ton payload<br />

tactical truck with a flatrack. It is a fiveaxle,<br />

10-wheel drive vehicle with a 500horsepower<br />

Detroit Diesel engine, an Allison<br />

automatic transmission and a CTIS.<br />

This combination provides a highly mobile<br />

system able to transport its payload in virtually<br />

any type <strong>of</strong> terrain or wea<strong>the</strong>r and<br />

maintain pace with <strong>the</strong> self-propelled artillery<br />

systems that it supports. The PLS<br />

comes in two mission-oriented configurations:<br />

<strong>the</strong> M1074 and <strong>the</strong> M1075.<br />

The M1074 is equipped with a variablereach<br />

materiel-handling crane (MHC) to<br />

support forward-deployed field artillery<br />

units. The M1075, without MHC, is used<br />

in conjunction with <strong>the</strong> M1076 trailer to<br />

support transportation line-haul missions.<br />

Of <strong>the</strong> 3,500 PLS trucks that have been<br />

fielded to date, approximately 1,000 are in<br />

OIF.<br />

The M1076 PLS trailer is a three-axle,<br />

wagon-style trailer with a 16.5-ton payload<br />

capacity that is equipped with a flatrack<br />

that is interchangeable between truck and<br />

trailer. The combination <strong>of</strong> truck and trailer<br />

provides <strong>the</strong> combined payload capacity <strong>of</strong><br />

33 tons. The flatracks are lifted on and <strong>of</strong>f<br />

<strong>the</strong> truck and trailer by a hydraulic-powered<br />

arm mounted on <strong>the</strong> truck, eliminating<br />

<strong>the</strong> need for additional materiel-handling<br />

equipment. The controls for <strong>the</strong> arm<br />

are located inside <strong>the</strong> cab, allowing <strong>the</strong> operator<br />

to load or unload <strong>the</strong> truck in less<br />

than one minute without leaving <strong>the</strong> cab <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> truck. The trailer can be loaded or unloaded<br />

in less than five minutes using <strong>the</strong><br />

remote-control arm.<br />

The PLS can transport multiple cargo<br />

configurations by using a variety <strong>of</strong><br />

flatracks. The M1077 and M1077A1 flatracks<br />

are sideless and used to transport pallets <strong>of</strong><br />

ammunition and o<strong>the</strong>r classes <strong>of</strong> supplies.<br />

The M1 flatrack carries identical classes <strong>of</strong><br />

supplies. It is ISO/CSC certified and suitable<br />

for intermodal transport, including<br />

transport on container ships.<br />

Ammunition can be loaded on <strong>the</strong> M1 at<br />

depots, transported via container ship to<br />

<strong>the</strong>ater, picked up by <strong>the</strong> PLS truck and<br />

carried forward without using any materiel-handling<br />

equipment. The walls fold<br />

inward when empty to facilitate stacking<br />

for retrograde. The M3/M3A1 container<br />

roll-in/out platform (CROP) is a flatrack<br />

that fits inside a 20-foot ISO container. The<br />

container-handling unit (CHU) is a kit installed<br />

on <strong>the</strong> PLS that allows <strong>the</strong> direct<br />

load, transport and unload <strong>of</strong> 20-foot ISO<br />

containers without an external flatrack.<br />

The M915 Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles<br />

The <strong>Army</strong>’s M915-Series Line-Haul<br />

Tractors operate on highways and secondary<br />

roads to transport bulk supplies<br />

and fuel to U.S. forces. The <strong>Army</strong>’s linehaul<br />

fleet consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M915, M915A1,<br />

M915A2, M915A3 and M915A4 vehicles.<br />

The latter three are based upon Freightliner’s<br />

commercial FLD120 tractors and incorporate<br />

transport industry technologies<br />

for safety, fuel efficiency and low operating<br />

costs per mile.<br />

The M915-series fleet <strong>of</strong> vehicles is found<br />

primarily in active and reserve component


transportation units that are responsible<br />

for <strong>the</strong> rapid, efficient transport <strong>of</strong> bulk<br />

supplies from ocean ports to division support<br />

areas within a <strong>the</strong>ater <strong>of</strong> operation.<br />

They are used primarily to transport <strong>the</strong><br />

M871 semitrailer (flatbed, 22.5 tons), M872<br />

semitrailer (flatbed, 34 tons), M967/M969<br />

semitrailer (5,000-gallon tanker) and<br />

M1062 semitrailer (7,500-gallon tanker).<br />

The M915-series has a maximum gross<br />

combined vehicle weight (GCVW) <strong>of</strong><br />

105,000 pounds when operating with <strong>the</strong><br />

M872 semitrailer.<br />

Current program activities include:<br />

M915A3 tractor, line haul, M915A4 tractor,<br />

line haul upgrade (glider), M916A3 truck<br />

tractor, light equipment transport (LET),<br />

M917A2 dump truck 20-ton, and M915 logistics<br />

handling system.<br />

The Product Director Armored Security<br />

Vehicle (PD ASV) has <strong>the</strong> mission to develop,<br />

produce, field and sustain <strong>the</strong> M1117<br />

M1117 armored security vehicle<br />

Armored Security Vehicle to an expeditionary<br />

force.<br />

The M1117 armored security vehicle<br />

(ASV) is a turreted, armored, all-wheel<br />

drive vehicle that supports military police<br />

missions, such as rear area security, law<br />

and order operations, convoy protection,<br />

battlefield circulation and enemy prisoner<br />

<strong>of</strong> war operations, over <strong>the</strong> entire spectrum<br />

<strong>of</strong> war and operations o<strong>the</strong>r than<br />

war.<br />

The ASV provides protection to <strong>the</strong> crew<br />

compartment, gunner’s station and <strong>the</strong><br />

ammunition storage area. The turret is<br />

fully enclosed, with both an MK-19 40 mm<br />

grenade machine gun and a .50-caliber<br />

machine gun, and a multisalvo smoke<br />

grenade launcher. The ASV provides ballistic,<br />

blast and overhead protection for its<br />

four-person crew. With a payload <strong>of</strong> 3,600<br />

pounds, its 400 miles-plus range, top speed<br />

<strong>of</strong> nearly 70 miles per hour and C-130 deployability<br />

ensure its value to <strong>the</strong> warfighter.<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 373


Additionally on <strong>the</strong> ASV chassis, <strong>the</strong><br />

U.S. <strong>Army</strong> is developing <strong>the</strong> M1200 Armored<br />

Knight to provide improved survivability<br />

over <strong>the</strong> current M707 Knight<br />

(Humvee-based Knight). Used by U.S.<br />

<strong>Army</strong> field artillery combat observation<br />

lasing teams (COLTs) in both heavy and<br />

infantry brigade combat teams, <strong>the</strong> Armored<br />

Knight will combine <strong>the</strong> proven armored<br />

security vehicle (ASV) with <strong>the</strong><br />

M707 Knight mission equipment package<br />

(MEP).<br />

The resultant M1200 Armored Knight<br />

will provide COLTs with increased armor<br />

protection, payload and agility. Textron<br />

Marine & Land Systems is presently under<br />

contract with <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> for 107 modified<br />

ASVs to be used as <strong>the</strong> base vehicle<br />

for <strong>the</strong> M1200 Armored Knight production.<br />

AMMUNITION<br />

The Program Executive Office for Ammunition<br />

(PEO Ammo) has <strong>the</strong> mission to<br />

develop and procure conventional leapahead<br />

munitions to increase combat power<br />

to warfighters. Project managers within<br />

<strong>the</strong> PEO include: Combat Ammunition<br />

Systems (CAS), Close Combat Systems<br />

Maneuver Ammunition Systems and Joint<br />

Services.<br />

Project Manager Combat Ammunition<br />

Systems (PM CAS), for example, is responsible<br />

for equipping soldiers with all tubelaunched,<br />

indirect fire munitions and mortar<br />

weapons systems for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s current,<br />

Stryker and Future Forces. Under <strong>the</strong><br />

Single Manager for Conventional Ammunition<br />

(SMCA) responsibilities, PM CAS procures<br />

ammunition for o<strong>the</strong>r services. The<br />

PM does this through life-cycle program<br />

management <strong>of</strong> artillery and mortar products<br />

in precision-guided munitions, smart<br />

munitions, conventional munitions, mortar<br />

weapons systems, mortar fire-control<br />

systems and fuzes/fuze setters.<br />

Organizations within PM CAS include<br />

Product Manager Excalibur, Product Manager<br />

Mortars Systems, Conventional Ammunition<br />

Division and Business Management<br />

Division.<br />

The Product Manager Excalibur (PM<br />

Excalibur) is developing <strong>the</strong> Excalibur, a<br />

precision, autonomously guided, longrange<br />

artillery system.<br />

The XM982 Excalibur is a 155 mm precision-guided<br />

artillery round with extended<br />

range. Already being fielded to warfight-<br />

374 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

M252 81 mm mortar system<br />

ers and successfully employed in combat<br />

operations, Excalibur uses GPS precision<br />

guidance technology to provide accurate,<br />

first round fire-for-effect capability in an<br />

urban setting. Additionally, Excalibur has<br />

very accurate terminal guidance resulting<br />

in low collateral damage and <strong>the</strong> capability<br />

to be employed in very close proximity<br />

to friendly troops. Ano<strong>the</strong>r feature allowing<br />

Excalibur to be employed in close terrain<br />

is <strong>the</strong> steep terminal trajectory. The<br />

trajectory will ensure <strong>the</strong> desired impact in<br />

cluttered, highly obstructed battlefields.<br />

Approximately 1 meter in length and<br />

weighing 106 pounds, Excalibur’s 40-km<br />

range and high accuracy result in increased<br />

lethality through a decrease in required<br />

volume <strong>of</strong> fire per engagement.<br />

The Product Manager Mortars Systems<br />

(PM Mortars) is responsible for weapon<br />

and fire-control systems and for <strong>the</strong> development<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> precision-guided mortar<br />

munition (PGMM), a new precision mortar<br />

round currently under development. Mortar<br />

weapon systems include <strong>the</strong> 60 mm, 81<br />

mm and 120 mm mortars and related<br />

equipment. Fire-control systems, used to<br />

calculate mortar missions, include new, improved<br />

systems like <strong>the</strong> mortar fire control<br />

system-heavy (MFCS-H) and <strong>the</strong> lightweight<br />

handheld mortar ballistic computer<br />

(LHMBC).<br />

The M224 60 mm mortar weapon system<br />

is a lightweight, high angle <strong>of</strong> fire,<br />

smooth-bore, manportable, muzzle-loaded<br />

mortar with improved rate-<strong>of</strong>-fire capabilities.<br />

The M224 consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> following<br />

components: M225 cannon (tube), M170<br />

bipod assembly, M7 baseplate, M8 auxiliary<br />

baseplate and <strong>the</strong> M64A1 sight unit.<br />

The M225 cannon is a smooth-bore mortar<br />

barrel 40 inches long with external<br />

cooling fins on <strong>the</strong> basecap end. Attached<br />

to <strong>the</strong> basecap end is a combination carrying<br />

handle and firing mechanism. The car-<br />

rying handle has a trigger, firing selector<br />

and a range indicator assembly. On <strong>the</strong><br />

muzzle end <strong>the</strong>re are both upper and<br />

lower firing saddles. The lower is used<br />

when firing at elevations <strong>of</strong> 1101 to 1511<br />

mils and <strong>the</strong> upper at 800 to 1100 mils. The<br />

cannon assembly weighs 14.4 pounds. The<br />

M170 bipod assembly consists <strong>of</strong> a collar,<br />

two shock absorbers, a traversing mechanism<br />

and cable assembly. The bipod assembly<br />

weighs 15.2 pounds. The M7 baseplate<br />

is a circular one-piece aluminum<br />

forging 19.24 inches in diameter; it weighs<br />

14.4 pounds. The M8 auxiliary baseplate is<br />

a rectangular one-piece aluminum forging<br />

8 by 10 inches, 3.6 pounds, and is used<br />

when <strong>the</strong> mortar is fired from <strong>the</strong> handheld<br />

mode. The M64A1 sight data is <strong>the</strong><br />

same as for <strong>the</strong> 81 mm mortar system.<br />

The M224 fires <strong>the</strong> complete family <strong>of</strong> 60<br />

mm ammunition, such as high explosive,<br />

smoke, illumination, infrared illumination<br />

and practice cartridges. With ranges from<br />

70 meters to 3500 meters, <strong>the</strong> M224 meets<br />

lethality, range and weight requirements<br />

for light forces without an additional transportation<br />

requirement.<br />

The M252 81 mm mortar system is a<br />

smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded weapon that<br />

replaced <strong>the</strong> M29A1 mortar. It features a<br />

high rate <strong>of</strong> fire, extended range, improved<br />

lethality and improved overall system<br />

characteristics. The entire family <strong>of</strong> 81 mm<br />

ammunition can be fired by <strong>the</strong> M252. The<br />

M252 consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> following components:<br />

M253 cannon (tube), M177 bipod,<br />

M3A1 baseplate and <strong>the</strong> M64A1 sight unit.<br />

The M177 bipod mount consists <strong>of</strong> a barrel<br />

clamp, two buffers, a traversing mechanism,<br />

a cross-leveling mechanism, an elevating<br />

mechanism and two legs. The bipod<br />

is capable <strong>of</strong> elevating <strong>the</strong> mortar<br />

barrel in a full range <strong>of</strong> 45 degrees to 85<br />

degrees (800 to 1,511 mils) and traversing<br />

100 mils left and right <strong>of</strong> center at a 45 de-


gree elevation. A special adapter for <strong>the</strong><br />

M64A1 sight is provided with each mount.<br />

The M3A1 baseplate is NATO standard<br />

and is an improved high-strength version<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> previous M3 baseplate. The M64A1<br />

sight unit is a streng<strong>the</strong>ned version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

sight used on <strong>the</strong> M224 60 mm lightweight<br />

company mortar system and consists <strong>of</strong> a<br />

1.5 power elbow telescope with illuminated<br />

level and translucent plastic scales.<br />

The telescope mount includes a 6400-mil<br />

azimuth mechanism with one set <strong>of</strong> coarse<br />

and fine deflection scales. Day and night<br />

operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M252 weapon system is<br />

enhanced by incorporating backlit scales<br />

on <strong>the</strong> sight unit and use <strong>of</strong> aiming post<br />

lights. With a range <strong>of</strong> 80 meters to 5,900<br />

meters, <strong>the</strong> M252 provides long-range indirect<br />

fire support to light infantry, air assault<br />

and airborne units across an entire<br />

battalion front.<br />

The M120/M121 120 mm Battalion Mortar<br />

System is a smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded,<br />

high-angle <strong>of</strong> fire weapon that replaced<br />

<strong>the</strong> M30 4.2-inch mortar, providing increased<br />

range, lethality, illumination and<br />

smoke screening effectiveness over <strong>the</strong><br />

previous system. It consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M298<br />

barrel assembly, M190/M191 bipod assembly,<br />

<strong>the</strong> M9 baseplate and <strong>the</strong> M67 sight.<br />

The 120 mm battalion mortar system provides<br />

close-in and continuous indirect fire<br />

support to maneuver forces and can rap-<br />

idly respond to threats. The battalion mortar<br />

platoon must move frequently to avoid<br />

counterfire and maintain continuous fire<br />

support to advancing friendly forces.<br />

This mortar system has been fielded for<br />

use in mechanized infantry, armor and cavalry<br />

units with <strong>the</strong> M1064A3 tracked mortar<br />

carrier (M121). Light units use a towed<br />

version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mortar, which is transported<br />

by <strong>the</strong> M1101 trailer (M120), and will<br />

mount on <strong>the</strong> QuickStowTM device for<br />

easy emplacement and displacement.<br />

A carrier-mounted<br />

120 mm mortar<br />

system<br />

The M120 towed system consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

following components: M298 cannon<br />

(tube), M190 bipod, M9 baseplate and <strong>the</strong><br />

M67 sight unit. The M120, when transported<br />

on <strong>the</strong> M1100 trailer, is primarily<br />

towed by a high-mobility, multipurpose<br />

wheeled vehicle (Humvee).<br />

The M121 carrier-mounted mortar system<br />

consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M298 cannon, M9 baseplate<br />

(for ground mount mode), M191 bipod,<br />

an adapter kit for mounting in <strong>the</strong><br />

M1064A3 and <strong>the</strong> M67 sight unit with an<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 375


extension assembly. The turntable provides<br />

a 90 degree area <strong>of</strong> fire. The adaptation<br />

kit has a breech piece socket, bipod<br />

support, travel clamp assembly, step assembly<br />

and brackets to mount <strong>the</strong> mortar<br />

into <strong>the</strong> M1064A3.<br />

Both 120 mm mortar system configurations<br />

use graphic scales, M16 and M19<br />

plotting boards, firing tables and <strong>the</strong> M23<br />

mortar ballistic computer. The system is<br />

compatible with <strong>the</strong> M2 aiming circle, M45<br />

series boresight equipment, M14 aiming<br />

posts and <strong>the</strong> M58/59 aiming post lights.<br />

The mortar fire-control system (MFCS) is<br />

currently being fielded (see below), which<br />

will vastly improve all fire-control aspects<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system.<br />

The XM326 Stowage Kit (Quick Stow)<br />

is a 120 mm mortar improvement. The<br />

powered device will allow a 120 mm mortar<br />

to be carried as a single unit. The device<br />

uses a mortar support strut to hold <strong>the</strong><br />

mortar tube, base plate and bipod solidly<br />

toge<strong>the</strong>r. This assembly is emplaced or recovered<br />

by a hydraulic driven winch. A<br />

manual lift winch and strap are also available<br />

for use as a manual backup. Once <strong>the</strong><br />

120 mm mortar is emplaced, <strong>the</strong> support<br />

strut is disengaged and <strong>the</strong> hauling platform<br />

is moved before mortar firing begins.<br />

The M313 training insert is a subcaliber<br />

insert used to reduce <strong>the</strong> life-cycle training<br />

costs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M120/M121 battalion mortar<br />

376 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

system by approximately $33 million per<br />

year. The M313 will replace <strong>the</strong> M303 insert.<br />

The M313 is capable <strong>of</strong> firing <strong>the</strong> 300<br />

series and newer 800 series 81 mm ammunition.<br />

The M303 is restricted from firing<br />

<strong>the</strong> 800 series ammunition due to higher<br />

pressures generated during firing.<br />

The M313 consists <strong>of</strong> an 81 mm mortar<br />

tube similar to <strong>the</strong> current M253 tube, a<br />

spacer and a mock 120 mm tube which allows<br />

access to <strong>the</strong> 81 mm tube’s firing pin.<br />

The system uses <strong>the</strong> breech cap from <strong>the</strong><br />

tactical 120 mm tube to provide more realism<br />

in training.<br />

The M313 retains all <strong>the</strong> performance<br />

characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M253 81 mm mortar<br />

tube used with <strong>the</strong> M252 mortar system.<br />

The M313 is approximately half <strong>the</strong> cost <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> M253, weighs 4.5 pounds less, and incorporates<br />

an internal blast attenuation<br />

device, reducing <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> parts and<br />

simplifying maintenance and operation.<br />

The M95/M96 Mortar Fire-Control System<br />

(MFCS) is a revolutionary improvement<br />

in mortar fire-control capability, linking<br />

mortar fires with <strong>the</strong> digital battlefield.<br />

MFCS provides digital fire-control capability<br />

for mortar carrier vehicles. It also provides<br />

digital connectivity with AFATDS, 3<br />

mil azimuth and 1 mil elevation pointing<br />

accuracy, no crew dismount and ballistic<br />

calculations within 10 seconds. MFCS<br />

combines a highly accurate weapon point-<br />

ing device, an inertial navigation/position<br />

system and a digital communications capability<br />

embedded in <strong>the</strong> fire-control computer<br />

to create a highly responsive and accurate<br />

fire-control system. The system<br />

allows mortar crews to send and receive<br />

digital call for fire messages, determine <strong>the</strong><br />

pointing and position <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> weapon, and<br />

calculate ballistic solutions. The mortar<br />

fire-control system is made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> following<br />

hardware that is ruggedized for<br />

use in combat, in all types <strong>of</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r, and<br />

in military vehicles: pointing device<br />

(TALIN Datasheet), commander’s interface,<br />

gunner’s display, driver’s display,<br />

GPS PLGR, power distribution assembly<br />

and cables. Mortar fire-control system capabilities<br />

provide significant enhancements<br />

in survivability, accuracy and responsiveness,<br />

while providing a link to<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r digital fire-control network assets.<br />

Most notably, since <strong>the</strong> system can receive<br />

a fire mission on <strong>the</strong> move, MFCS allows<br />

mortars to stop, fire and move in less than<br />

one minute—down from <strong>the</strong> current 8/12<br />

minute (day/night) standard. A mortar<br />

section can utilize split operations without<br />

a crew dismount, allowing for dispersed<br />

operations. Accuracy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mortar is also<br />

increased by a factor <strong>of</strong> three. All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />

advantages increase <strong>the</strong> survivability and<br />

responsiveness for mortars on <strong>the</strong> future<br />

battlefield.<br />

A planned improvement for <strong>the</strong> MFCS is<br />

<strong>the</strong> XM150 Dismounted Mortar System.<br />

The XM150 dismounted mortar system is<br />

similar to <strong>the</strong> M95 120 mm, M121 carrier<br />

mounted mortar system in that it will be<br />

an add-on system to an already fielded<br />

mortar system: <strong>the</strong> 120 mm M120 towed<br />

mortar system with <strong>the</strong> Humvee fire direction<br />

center (FDC) vehicles. It will also<br />

serve as a platoon-level digitally integrated<br />

fire-control system consisting <strong>of</strong> position/navigation,<br />

weapon pointing and<br />

ballistic computation. The primary differences<br />

between <strong>the</strong> dismounted MFCS and<br />

<strong>the</strong> heavy MFCS are <strong>the</strong>ir base vehicle<br />

platforms, power requirements and need<br />

for certain components to be manportable.<br />

The M32 Lightweight Handheld Mortar<br />

Ballistic Computer (LHMBC) is a Joint<br />

service Marine Corps/<strong>Army</strong> system that<br />

calculates <strong>the</strong> ballistic solution for <strong>the</strong> entire<br />

family <strong>of</strong> fielded U.S. mortars and<br />

<strong>the</strong>ir complete inventory <strong>of</strong> ammunition.<br />

With <strong>the</strong> M23 mortar ballistic computer<br />

currently being phased out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />

<strong>Army</strong> inventory, <strong>the</strong> LHMBC has been developed<br />

to meet U.S. <strong>Army</strong> and U.S. Marine<br />

Corps requirements for a lightweight<br />

handheld ballistic computer to support<br />

dismounted operations.<br />

The Precision Guided Mortar Munition<br />

(PGMM) is a laser-guided 120 mm mortar<br />

cartridge, capable <strong>of</strong> defeating personnel<br />

under protective cover (bunkers, buildings)<br />

or lightly armored vehicles with low


collateral damage. It is a leap-ahead lethality<br />

improvement for tomorrow’s maneuver<br />

commander. Mortars have always<br />

been a significant combat multiplier for<br />

forces in <strong>the</strong> close fight. PGMM will give<br />

<strong>the</strong> maneuver commander a precisionstrike<br />

capability from his own, organic<br />

weapon system. It will significantly increase<br />

our forces’ lethality and survivability<br />

by allowing highly responsive defeat <strong>of</strong><br />

hardened targets. It will reduce <strong>the</strong> logistics<br />

burden by destroying a target with<br />

fewer rounds, versus <strong>the</strong> need to fire many<br />

rounds to suppress it. PGMM is drop fired<br />

(like all o<strong>the</strong>r U.S. <strong>Army</strong> 120 mm mortar<br />

munitions). Once in flight, onboard sensors<br />

and processors calculate <strong>the</strong> munition’s<br />

position. Several seconds prior to<br />

impact, <strong>the</strong> munition initiates its laser<br />

seeker, searches for laser energy provided<br />

by forward observer or air asset, locks on<br />

target, and maneuvers to hit and destroy<br />

<strong>the</strong> target.<br />

PGMM will be fired from <strong>the</strong> M120 and<br />

M121 120 mm battalion mortar systems,<br />

Stryker mortar carrier, and Future Combat<br />

System non-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight mortar. It will interface<br />

with <strong>the</strong> M95 mortar fire-control<br />

system (MFCS), receiving its critical mission<br />

input information automatically from<br />

this digital fire-support system. It will be<br />

compatible with all Department <strong>of</strong> Defense<br />

laser designation devices including manportable,<br />

vehicle- and aircraft-mounted<br />

systems.<br />

The 120 mm Family <strong>of</strong> Extended Range<br />

Ammunition (FERA) is an upgraded set <strong>of</strong><br />

ammunition for all U.S. 120 mm systems,<br />

providing advancements in range and capabilities<br />

(new & improved payloads). The<br />

FERA will support future automation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Future Combat System (FCS) non-line-<strong>of</strong>sight<br />

mortar (NLOS-M) and be compatible<br />

with <strong>the</strong> Stryker-mortar carrier and M120<br />

battalion mortar system (BMS). 120 mm<br />

FERA mission: The family <strong>of</strong> extendedrange<br />

ammunition will support <strong>the</strong> close<br />

fight in all environments by providing<br />

highly responsive, reliable, timely, accurate<br />

and sustained rates <strong>of</strong> fire and rates <strong>of</strong> kill<br />

with 24/7 availability in all wea<strong>the</strong>r and<br />

terrain conditions at extended range (12–15<br />

km). The FERA will also provide capabilities<br />

that are currently unavailable to <strong>the</strong><br />

battalion mortar organization. These capabilities<br />

will include <strong>the</strong> ability to deliver<br />

high explosive, visible light illumination,<br />

infrared (IR) illumination, nonlethal, dualpurpose<br />

improved conventional munition<br />

(DPICM) submunitions, nontoxic smoke<br />

and training rounds. These munitions will<br />

allow <strong>the</strong> mortar units to assist <strong>the</strong> maneuver<br />

units in achieving dominance across <strong>the</strong><br />

full scale <strong>of</strong> contingencies from full spectrum<br />

stability and support operations to<br />

major combat operations. The combat developer<br />

is now developing <strong>the</strong> key performance<br />

parameters for <strong>the</strong> FERA program.<br />

They are subject to change until <strong>of</strong>ficially<br />

approved by higher headquarters.<br />

The Project Manager Close Combat<br />

Systems includes Product Managers for<br />

Intelligent Munitions systems (IMS),<br />

Countermine and EOD, IED Defeat/Protect<br />

Force, Networked Munitions, Force<br />

Application, Special Projects & Shoulder<br />

Launched Munitions and Pyrotechnics.<br />

Representative program examples from<br />

Product Manager Special Projects & Shoulder<br />

Launched Munitions include <strong>the</strong> M136/<br />

AT-4, AT4-CS, M141, UAW and M72 series.<br />

The M136 AT4 Light Anti-Armor Weapon<br />

(AT4) is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s primary light antitank<br />

weapon. It is a recoilless rifle used<br />

primarily by infantry forces for engagement<br />

and defeat <strong>of</strong> armor threats. The rifle’s<br />

design permits accurate delivery <strong>of</strong> an<br />

84 mm high-explosive antitank (HEAT)<br />

warhead providing excellent penetration<br />

capability and lethal after-armor effects.<br />

The system weighs approximately 15<br />

pounds and is manportable. The AT4 system<br />

consists <strong>of</strong> a free flight, fin-stabilized<br />

rocket packed in an expendable, one-piece,<br />

fiberglass-wrapped tube. The launcher is<br />

watertight for ease <strong>of</strong> transportation and<br />

storage.<br />

The M136 AT4’s warhead uses an extremely<br />

destructive, 440-gram shapedcharge<br />

explosive that can penetrate more<br />

than 14 inches (35.6 cm) <strong>of</strong> armor. PM CCS<br />

discontinued purchase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AT4 in favor<br />

<strong>of</strong> its newest iteration, <strong>the</strong> AT4 confined<br />

space (CS) system.<br />

The AT4 Confined Space (AT4-CS) is a<br />

manportable, single shot, disposable antiarmor<br />

shoulder-fired munition that can be<br />

fired from a confined space. It significantly<br />

increases <strong>the</strong> soldier’s ability to fight in an<br />

urban environment. The AT4-CS consists<br />

<strong>of</strong> a fiberglass-reinforced launching tube<br />

fitted with a firing mechanism, pop-up<br />

sights, a carrying sling, protective covers<br />

and bumpers. The recoilless design is superior<br />

to that <strong>of</strong> rocket-type weapons for<br />

confined space applications. Resistance to<br />

shock damage contributes to <strong>the</strong> weapon’s<br />

high reliability.<br />

The system weighs 7.5 kg and has an effective<br />

range <strong>of</strong> 300 meters. The AT4-CS is<br />

a self-contained weapon consisting <strong>of</strong> a<br />

free flight, fin-stabilized, rocket-type cartridge<br />

packed in an expendable, one-piece,<br />

fiberglass-wrapped tube. There are two<br />

versions: high penetration (HP) and reduced<br />

sensitivity (RS).<br />

The M141 Bunker Defeat Munition<br />

(BDM)/SMAW-D is a shoulder-launched<br />

munition that meets an urgent FORSCOM<br />

requirement to fill <strong>the</strong> “Bunker Buster”<br />

void in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> inventory. The manportable<br />

system is highly effective against<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 377


targets including fortified positions (earth<br />

and timber bunkers) and is also capable <strong>of</strong><br />

breaching masonry walls and neutralizing<br />

light armored vehicles at ranges <strong>of</strong> 15 to<br />

500 meters.<br />

The SMAW-D system is fully operational<br />

at 11 meters, making it an optimum<br />

weapon for military operations in urban<br />

terrain.<br />

The Urban Assault Weapon (UAW) is<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s next-generation shoulderlaunched<br />

munition. It is designed for use<br />

by <strong>the</strong> objective force warrior to dominate<br />

complex and urban terrain in order to<br />

fight and finish <strong>the</strong> enemy. UAW will also<br />

contribute to survivability by enabling <strong>the</strong><br />

soldier to engage targets from protected<br />

positions without exposing himself to enemy<br />

fires and effects.<br />

The UAW will be a disposable, shoulder-fired<br />

weapon capable <strong>of</strong> defeating<br />

light armored vehicles and personnel<br />

within bunkers or behind masonry and<br />

brick walls. It will not require any maintenance<br />

or a dedicated gunner, and will use<br />

existing or future night sights. The UAW<br />

will replace <strong>the</strong> M72A3 LAW, M136 AT-4<br />

and XM141 bunker defeat munition.<br />

The M72 Light Anti-Armor Weapon<br />

(LAW) is a lightweight, self-contained,<br />

antiarmor system consisting <strong>of</strong> a 66 mm<br />

rocket packed in a compact, disposable<br />

launcher. It is manportable and may be<br />

fired from ei<strong>the</strong>r shoulder. The launcher,<br />

which consists <strong>of</strong> two tubes, serves as a<br />

watertight packing container for <strong>the</strong> rocket<br />

and houses a percussion-type firing mechanism<br />

that activates it. The M72 LAW is<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> penetrating half a foot <strong>of</strong> armor,<br />

with an effective range <strong>of</strong> up to 220 meters.<br />

The Product Manager Countermine<br />

and EOD focuses on <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s ability to<br />

detect, mark and neutralize mines, including<br />

planning and executing minefield<br />

clearance. Developed products integrate<br />

state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art technologies into handheld,<br />

ground and airborne detection systems<br />

as well as breaching, neutralization<br />

and clearing systems to assure soldier mobility<br />

and provide force protection.<br />

One example, <strong>the</strong> AN/PSS-14 Mine Detecting<br />

Set (formerly known as HSTA-<br />

MIDS [Handheld Stand<strong>of</strong>f Mine Detection<br />

System]) is a vast improvement over today’s<br />

metallic handheld mine detectors. It<br />

employs a state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art metal detector<br />

and ground penetrating radar (GPR),<br />

which are coupled with an advanced microprocessor<br />

array and s<strong>of</strong>tware to achieve<br />

a high probability <strong>of</strong> detection (in excess <strong>of</strong><br />

95 percent) for both large and small metallic<br />

and low-metallic antitank and antipersonnel<br />

mines. It also significantly reduces<br />

<strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> false targets or alarms. If a<br />

mine is detected, audio cues alert <strong>the</strong> operator.<br />

Built-in warning and test equipment<br />

also alerts <strong>the</strong> operator <strong>of</strong> potential system<br />

malfunctions and assists maintenance personnel<br />

in fault identification. The result is<br />

a greatly improved system that protects<br />

<strong>the</strong> soldier and enhances his/her ability to<br />

detect land mines. The AN/PSS-14 weighs<br />

approximately 8 pounds, uses standard<br />

batteries and can be operated by a single<br />

soldier. The AN/PSS-14 is also being procured<br />

by <strong>the</strong> U.S. Marine Corps as <strong>the</strong>ir<br />

advance mine detector.<br />

The Ground Stand<strong>of</strong>f Mine Detection<br />

System (GSTAMIDS) Block 0 is an upgrade<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> current IVMMD system. Its primary<br />

mission is route clearance. The detection<br />

vehicle is teleoperated from a mine-protected<br />

control/clearance vehicle (MPCV),<br />

which automatically detects and marks all<br />

metallic and nonmetallic antitank mines.<br />

Antitank mine detection capability is enhanced<br />

through maturing ground penetrating<br />

radar, enhanced metal detection and infrared<br />

camera subsystems. The edges <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

swept path are also marked.<br />

With <strong>the</strong> advent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s objective<br />

force transformation, <strong>the</strong> Ground Stand<strong>of</strong>f<br />

Mine Detection System (GSTAMIDS)<br />

Block 1 Program, built on GSTAMIDS<br />

Block 0, was restructured to meet <strong>the</strong><br />

countermine requirements for <strong>the</strong> FCS.<br />

GSTAMIDS FCS entered <strong>the</strong> system development<br />

and demonstration acquisition<br />

phase in July 2004 and is an FCS comple-


mentary system that will be fielded as part<br />

<strong>of</strong> FCS Increment I.<br />

In support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Engineer School’s assured<br />

mobility concept in forward areas,<br />

<strong>the</strong> unit <strong>of</strong> action (UA) will need to conduct<br />

countermine operations. GSTAMIDS<br />

FCS will be installed on two multifunction<br />

utility/logistics equipment (MULE) countermine<br />

(CM) vehicles. GSTAMIDS FCS<br />

will detect and mark mines, temporarily<br />

mark <strong>the</strong> lane and bypass or neutralize<br />

antitank mines along a 4-meter path on primary<br />

and secondary roads at a speed <strong>of</strong> 5<br />

to 15 kph. Each MULE-CM contains a complete<br />

set <strong>of</strong> detection, marking and neutralization<br />

capabilities. The two MULEs will<br />

be controlled by a manned ground vehicle.<br />

The MULEs will proceed forward at maximum<br />

speed to a region <strong>of</strong> interest (ROI) as<br />

defined by situational awareness. The<br />

GSTAMIDS FCS will perform its mission,<br />

<strong>the</strong>n proceed to <strong>the</strong> next ROI.<br />

The Airborne Surveillance, Target Acquisition<br />

and Minefield Detection System<br />

(ASTAMIDS) detects, locates and<br />

identifies ground targets, minefields and<br />

obstacles; determines ranges to ground<br />

targets and designates for attack by laser<br />

guided munitions.<br />

ASTAMIDS provides support to <strong>the</strong> FCS<br />

brigade combat team (FBCT) and <strong>the</strong> modular<br />

BCT force on a single UAV payload.<br />

When integrated on <strong>the</strong> FCS unmanned<br />

aerial vehicle (UAV), ASTAMIDS will provide<br />

<strong>the</strong> capability to conduct reconnaissance,<br />

surveillance and target acquisition<br />

(RSTA), target designation, and minefield<br />

and obstacle detection.<br />

This multifunction capability is made<br />

possible by a multispectral payload <strong>of</strong><br />

daylight TV, mid-wave infrared (MWIR)<br />

and multispectral imaging (MSI) sensors<br />

operating in <strong>the</strong> visible and infrared spectrums.<br />

This multifunctionality is augmented<br />

even fur<strong>the</strong>r by an eye-safe laser<br />

range finder (LRF), laser illuminator and<br />

laser designator (LD). The hardware is integrated<br />

into a highly stabilized gimbal<br />

that uses advanced “step and stare” technologies<br />

to scan <strong>the</strong> ground in nadir or <strong>of</strong>fnadir<br />

modes.<br />

Advanced automatic detection s<strong>of</strong>tware<br />

processing <strong>of</strong> ASTAMIDS imagery allows<br />

for near-real-time (NRT) operations in various<br />

worldwide environments, day or night,<br />

by exploiting fused multispectral images<br />

and o<strong>the</strong>r advanced concepts. This development<br />

will provide a combined minefield<br />

detection and an enhanced RSTA/LD capability<br />

that does not currently exist.<br />

The Husky Mounted Detection System<br />

(HMDS) provides <strong>the</strong> warfighter with enhanced<br />

capabilities to detect IEDs and antitank<br />

mines along roads with increased operations<br />

tempo.<br />

The IED Interrogation Arm provides<br />

stand<strong>of</strong>f detection <strong>of</strong> IEDs using a probing/digging<br />

tool to expose objects and a<br />

metal detector/visible camera to identify<br />

targets. It has a working range <strong>of</strong> more<br />

than 26 feet and is capable <strong>of</strong> moving objects<br />

up to 200 pounds. This arm can be<br />

used on both <strong>the</strong> RG-31 and Husky<br />

counter-IED vehicles, having <strong>the</strong> same capabilities<br />

for each platform.<br />

Attached to ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> RG-31 or JERRV<br />

mine clearance vehicles, <strong>the</strong> Vehicle Optics<br />

Sensor System (VOSS) is a powerful<br />

network <strong>of</strong> daytime TV, night vision and<br />

<strong>the</strong>rmal capabilities that is able to locate<br />

IEDs, snipers and o<strong>the</strong>r threats at greater<br />

stand-<strong>of</strong>f distances. A stabilized camera allows<br />

for <strong>the</strong> detection <strong>of</strong> IEDs while mobile,<br />

in day or nighttime conditions. The<br />

camera’s ability to record video <strong>of</strong> operations<br />

allows for after action review, training<br />

and mission briefing for route clearance<br />

operations.<br />

INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT<br />

AND WEAPONS<br />

The soldier is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s most deployed<br />

combat system and <strong>the</strong> most essential<br />

weapon in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s arsenal. Activated<br />

in <strong>October</strong> 2001, Program Executive Office<br />

(PEO) Soldier equips <strong>the</strong> soldier as a system<br />

through centralized development, acquisition,<br />

fielding and sustainment <strong>of</strong> virtually<br />

everything <strong>the</strong> soldier wears or<br />

carries. The mission <strong>of</strong> PEO Soldier is to<br />

increase soldiers’ combat effectiveness,<br />

save soldiers’ lives and improve soldiers’<br />

quality <strong>of</strong> life.<br />

As <strong>the</strong> demands <strong>of</strong> warfighting change<br />

and new technologies evolve in response,<br />

PEO Soldier stands ready to equip soldiers<br />

with <strong>the</strong> best gear, in <strong>the</strong> shortest time, to<br />

support <strong>the</strong> deployment <strong>of</strong> soldiers wherever<br />

our global interests dictate. The technologies<br />

PEO Soldier develops and <strong>the</strong><br />

equipment PEO Soldier fields are crucial<br />

components in meeting <strong>the</strong> strategic, operational<br />

and tactical challenges <strong>of</strong> today’s<br />

soldier and <strong>the</strong> soldier <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future. PEO<br />

Soldier products are used by every American<br />

soldier, every day, everywhere in <strong>the</strong><br />

world.<br />

Project Manager Soldier Warrior<br />

Project Manager Soldier Warrior supports<br />

soldiers through <strong>the</strong> acquisition <strong>of</strong><br />

integrated soldier systems. Current systems<br />

include Land Warrior, Ground Soldier,<br />

Mounted Soldier and Air Warrior.<br />

Project Manager Soldier Warrior product<br />

managers develop and integrate components<br />

into complete systems designed to<br />

increase combat effectiveness, decrease<br />

combat load and improve mission flexibility.<br />

Land Warrior is a first-generation, integrated,<br />

modular fighting system for soldiers<br />

engaged in close combat operations.<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 379


Land Warrior combines computers, lasers,<br />

navigation technology and radios with<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r mission equipment to substantially<br />

improve individual situational awareness.<br />

The systems approach optimizes and integrates<br />

multiple capabilities with minimal<br />

impact on combat load and logistical footprint.<br />

During <strong>the</strong> surge phase <strong>of</strong> Operation<br />

Iraqi Freedom (OIF), <strong>the</strong> 4th Battalion, 9th<br />

Infantry Regiment (4-9 IN) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4th Brigade,<br />

2nd Infantry Division, was equipped<br />

with 229 Land Warrior ensembles, which<br />

are worn by <strong>the</strong> unit’s leadership down to<br />

<strong>the</strong> team-leader level, and 133 Mounted<br />

Warrior ensembles for Stryker crewmen.<br />

The 4-9 IN became <strong>the</strong> first unit in <strong>the</strong> history<br />

<strong>of</strong> warfare to employ a digitally networked<br />

combat soldier in <strong>the</strong>ater. The soldiers<br />

who used <strong>the</strong> system from May 2007<br />

to June <strong>2008</strong> reported that <strong>the</strong> reliability in<br />

combat situations surpassed all expectations<br />

and that <strong>the</strong> added capabilities are<br />

invaluable. As a result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers’ experience<br />

with Land Warrior in combat, <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong> requested supplemental funds for<br />

an approved operational needs statement<br />

to equip a full Stryker brigade combat<br />

team in fiscal year (FY) 2009.<br />

380 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

U.S. soldier equipped with<br />

<strong>the</strong> Land Warrior ensemble<br />

The Ground Soldier Ensemble (GSE)<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground soldier system builds upon<br />

Land Warrior and is an integrated dismounted<br />

soldier situational awareness<br />

system for use during combat operations.<br />

The system provides unparalleled situational<br />

awareness and understanding to <strong>the</strong><br />

dismounted soldier, allowing for faster<br />

and more accurate decisions in <strong>the</strong> tactical<br />

fight. This translates into soldiers being at<br />

<strong>the</strong> right place at <strong>the</strong> right time with <strong>the</strong><br />

right equipment, making <strong>the</strong>m more effective<br />

and more lethal in <strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong>ir combat mission.<br />

The centerpiece capability <strong>of</strong> GSE is <strong>the</strong><br />

ability to graphically display <strong>the</strong> individual<br />

soldier location on a digital medium<br />

against a geo-referenced image as <strong>the</strong><br />

background. Additional soldier locations<br />

will also be graphically displayed through<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> battle command system connected<br />

through a radio that will send and<br />

receive information from one to ano<strong>the</strong>r,<br />

thus connecting <strong>the</strong> soldier to <strong>the</strong> network.<br />

These radios will also connect <strong>the</strong> combat<br />

soldier to higher-echelon data and information<br />

products to assist <strong>the</strong> combat soldier<br />

in decision making and situational<br />

understanding. All <strong>of</strong> this will be integrated<br />

on a graphic user interface that is<br />

user defined, allowing soldiers to easily<br />

see, understand and interact in <strong>the</strong> method<br />

that best suits <strong>the</strong> user and his particular<br />

mission.<br />

The physical subcomponents <strong>of</strong> GSE include<br />

a display to see <strong>the</strong> soldier’s information,<br />

a computer to process and populate<br />

<strong>the</strong> information on <strong>the</strong> screen, an<br />

interface device that allows user interaction<br />

with <strong>the</strong> screen, a power source to<br />

power <strong>the</strong> system, an operating system to<br />

provide <strong>the</strong> system functionality and run<br />

tactical applications and battle command,<br />

and a networked radio transmitter/receiver<br />

device to send and receive information.<br />

As a system worn by <strong>the</strong> combat<br />

soldier, size and weight must be kept to a<br />

minimum, with ruggedness required for<br />

combat operations including water immersion.<br />

The GSE must be a slim and<br />

flexible form factor that can accommodate<br />

<strong>the</strong> “shooter’s preference” method <strong>of</strong> employing<br />

<strong>the</strong> system in accordance with <strong>the</strong><br />

variety <strong>of</strong> different mission pr<strong>of</strong>iles and<br />

soldier personnel equipment configurations.<br />

GSE will enter <strong>the</strong> technology development<br />

phase in FY 2009.<br />

The Mounted Soldier System (MSS) is<br />

<strong>the</strong> next generation <strong>of</strong> Mounted Warrior. It<br />

will provide combat vehicle crew members<br />

and platform commanders with increased<br />

mission effectiveness on <strong>the</strong> network-centric<br />

battlefield in <strong>the</strong> areas <strong>of</strong> command and<br />

control, situational awareness, communications,<br />

force protection, survivability, mobility<br />

and sustainability. The MSS provides<br />

<strong>the</strong> combat vehicle commander increased<br />

capabilities to conduct <strong>of</strong>fensive and defensive<br />

operations. The system equips all combat<br />

vehicle crewmen (including Abrams,<br />

Stryker, Bradley, Paladin and FCS platforms)<br />

and selected maneuver-support and<br />

maneuver-sustainment soldiers who perform<br />

mounted missions.<br />

Air Warrior (AW) is a modular, integrated,<br />

rapidly reconfigurable combat air-


crew ensemble that saves lives and maximizes<br />

<strong>Army</strong> aircrew mission performance.<br />

Air Warrior takes a systems approach to<br />

equipping <strong>the</strong> soldier that operates <strong>the</strong> aircraft<br />

and closes <strong>the</strong> capability gap between<br />

human and machine. More than 16,000<br />

<strong>Army</strong> aircrew members deploying in support<br />

<strong>of</strong> Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF)<br />

and Enduring Freedom (OEF) have been<br />

equipped with <strong>the</strong> system. Air Warrior increases<br />

personal protection and mission<br />

performance while decreasing weight and<br />

bulk. The system consists <strong>of</strong>:<br />

■ A primary survival gear carrier that<br />

includes first aid, survival, signaling and<br />

communications equipment.<br />

■ Body armor.<br />

■ The microclimate cooling system,<br />

which includes a cooling garment worn<br />

under chemical protective and duty uniforms<br />

that increases mission endurance<br />

under extreme heat by more than 350 percent.<br />

■ The aircrew integrated helmet system.<br />

■ Over-water survival equipment, including<br />

an underwater breathing device<br />

and life raft.<br />

The Electronic Data Manager (EDM), a<br />

user-friendly kneeboard computer, enables<br />

<strong>the</strong> aircrew member to quickly plan missions<br />

and react to mission changes in flight.<br />

The EDM, compatible with night-vision<br />

goggles and readable in direct sunlight,<br />

features a moving map via global positioning<br />

system (GPS), Blue Force Tracking-Aviation<br />

capability, and Windows-compatible<br />

s<strong>of</strong>tware. EDM has been fielded to units in<br />

Afghanistan and Iraq. More than 1,500 systems<br />

have been fielded to <strong>Army</strong> aviators,<br />

and more than 100 have been bought for<br />

Navy and Marine Corps use.<br />

The Aircraft Wireless Intercom System<br />

‘While we both identified a high-level mission need, Sir Reginald,<br />

I more clearly defined my requirements.’<br />

Air Warrior<br />

(AWIS) provides wireless communication<br />

between medical evacuation helicopter<br />

crewmembers and medical personnel during<br />

rescue hoist and dismounted patient<br />

recovery missions in close proximity to <strong>the</strong><br />

aircraft. AWIS consists <strong>of</strong> one aircraft interface<br />

unit, up to six mobile equipment<br />

units, and one support station including<br />

battery charger. It provides full duplex,<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 381


Improved outer<br />

tactical vest<br />

voice-activated, hands-free mode and a<br />

push-to-talk mode. AWIS enables omnidirectional<br />

simultaneous communications<br />

among all users within <strong>the</strong> aircraft network<br />

out to approximately 200 feet <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

center <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> aircraft.<br />

Project Manager Soldier Equipment<br />

(PM SEQ) provides technical solutions that<br />

enhance soldier lethality, survivability and<br />

mobility on <strong>the</strong> battlefield. It supports <strong>the</strong><br />

soldier with a variety <strong>of</strong> equipment, from<br />

highly advanced night-vision technology<br />

to individual survival gear. Products include<br />

manportable laser technologies for illuminating,<br />

pointing, rangefinding and<br />

designating targets; ballistic and fragmentation<br />

protection; and technologically advanced<br />

tactical and environmental protective<br />

clothing that enhances survivability.<br />

PM SEQ also procures individual airdrop<br />

equipment and individual chemical protective<br />

gear. Representative focus areas within<br />

each product manager within PM SEQ are<br />

listed below.<br />

Product Manager Soldier Survivability<br />

develops and fields state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art force<br />

protection equipment that defeats ballistic<br />

and fragmentation threats in <strong>the</strong>ater. Superior<br />

body armor, helmets and o<strong>the</strong>r gear<br />

greatly reduce <strong>the</strong> threat <strong>of</strong> serious injury.<br />

Interceptor Body Armor is a Joint service<br />

item designed and developed to incorporate<br />

<strong>the</strong> requirements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />

and Marine Corps. Interceptor is <strong>the</strong><br />

model name for modular, multiple-threat<br />

body armor, and it has gone through eight<br />

improvements since it was introduced.<br />

The Outer Tactical Vest (OTV) and <strong>the</strong><br />

streamlined and lighter-weight quick-release<br />

Improved Outer Tactical Vest<br />

(IOTV) protect against fragmentation and<br />

9 mm rounds. There are attachable throat<br />

and groin pieces that provide ballistic protection,<br />

along with webbing attachment<br />

Modular lightweight load-carrying equipment<br />

382 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

loops across <strong>the</strong> front and back <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vest<br />

that accommodate modular lightweight<br />

load-carrying equipment pouches.<br />

The Deltoid and Axillary Protector<br />

(DAP) is a component <strong>of</strong> IBA that provides<br />

additional protection from fragmentary<br />

and 9 mm projectiles to <strong>the</strong> upper arm and<br />

underarm areas. DAP was developed as<br />

an add-on to <strong>the</strong> OTV to protect soldiers<br />

from <strong>the</strong> threat <strong>of</strong> improvised explosive<br />

devices in current operations. This axillary<br />

protection capability is integrated into <strong>the</strong><br />

IOTV.<br />

The Enhanced Small Arms Protective<br />

Insert (ESAPI) plates provide multiple hit<br />

protection to <strong>the</strong> chest and back against<br />

various small-arms threats, including armor-piercing<br />

rounds.<br />

The Enhanced Side Ballistic Insert<br />

(ESBI) provides additional ballistic protection<br />

to counter <strong>the</strong> vulnerability <strong>of</strong> side<br />

and underarm areas not covered by<br />

ESAPI. The ESBI can withstand a smallarms<br />

hit, including armor-piercing rounds.<br />

ESBI plates are attached to <strong>the</strong> OTV with a<br />

carrier assembly by using <strong>the</strong> webbing on<br />

both <strong>the</strong> front and back <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> carrier and<br />

can be fur<strong>the</strong>r secured through incorporation<br />

with <strong>the</strong> DAP. The IOTV includes integrated<br />

ESBI plate carriers.<br />

The Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH)<br />

comes in five shell sizes and has been upgraded<br />

with padding that protects against<br />

fragmentation threats to <strong>the</strong> nape area <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> neck. The modular pad suspension<br />

system improves blunt force impact protection,<br />

stability and comfort. The edge <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> ACH shell is finished with a rubber<br />

trim. The cotton/polyester chin strap, a<br />

four-point design, allows for quick adjustment<br />

for head size and includes a neck<br />

cushion for improved comfort and stability.<br />

ACH weighs 3 to 3.8 pounds, depending<br />

upon size. The helmet cover is available<br />

in <strong>the</strong> universal camouflage pattern.<br />

The Helmet Sensor is a small, lightweight,<br />

low-power sensor suite that mounts<br />

to <strong>the</strong> advanced combat helmet or <strong>the</strong> combat<br />

vehicle crewman helmet. The helmet<br />

sensor detects, measures and records impact<br />

and blast overpressure associated with improvised<br />

explosive devices and o<strong>the</strong>r events<br />

that may cause concussions in an operational<br />

environment. The <strong>Army</strong> is using two<br />

versions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> helmet sensor, one that<br />

mounts externally to <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> a helmet<br />

and one that mounts internally under <strong>the</strong><br />

padding in <strong>the</strong> crown <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> helmet. Both<br />

sensors continuously and automatically collect<br />

data, recording peak overpressure from<br />

IED blasts, crashes, blunt impact and ballistic<br />

events, while discriminating such events<br />

from insignificant events such as dropping a<br />

helmet.<br />

Product Manager Clothing and Individual<br />

Equipment (PM CIE) supports soldiers<br />

in operational environments and improves<br />

<strong>the</strong>ir lethality, survivability, situational<br />

awareness, health, safety, mobility and sustainability<br />

by providing safe, durable and<br />

operationally effective individual and unit<br />

equipment. PM CIE enhances survivability<br />

through technologically advanced tactical<br />

and environmental protective clothing, individual<br />

chemical protective gear, and personnel<br />

parachutes and o<strong>the</strong>r airdrop equipment.<br />

Modular Lightweight Load-Carrying<br />

Equipment (MOLLE) provides today’s<br />

soldier with modular, flexible, load-carrying<br />

equipment that can be tailored to meet<br />

mission needs. MOLLE consists <strong>of</strong> a modular<br />

rucksack with removable compartments,<br />

components and a fighting load<br />

carrier that can accept removable pouches<br />

for <strong>the</strong> rifleman, pistol and squad automatic<br />

weapon. It also has medic and<br />

grenadier configurations. For short-duration<br />

missions, <strong>the</strong>re is an assault pack and


a waist pack. The modularity allows individuals<br />

to tailor <strong>the</strong> load to meet mission<br />

needs.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong> Service Uniform (ASU) provides<br />

a basic set <strong>of</strong> components that allows<br />

soldiers to dress from <strong>the</strong> lowest to <strong>the</strong><br />

highest end <strong>of</strong> service uniforms with little<br />

variation required, thus reducing <strong>the</strong> need<br />

for numerous uniforms and reducing <strong>the</strong><br />

burden on soldiers to have multiple service<br />

uniforms. The ASU is based on <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong> blue uniform, and <strong>the</strong> men’s and<br />

women’s coats from that uniform are unchanged.<br />

The belted trousers and slacks with a traditional<br />

low waistline will be available for<br />

daily wear. The high-waist men’s trousers<br />

traditionally worn with suspenders will be<br />

retained for wear with <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> blue mess<br />

uniform. The fabric <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> coat, trousers,<br />

slacks and skirt is a 55 percent polyester<br />

and 45 percent wool blend that does not require<br />

special care. A new white herringbone<br />

shirt will be for daily wear, and a<br />

commercial white will be worn for ceremonial<br />

and formal occasions. Officers and<br />

noncommissioned <strong>of</strong>ficers will wear gold<br />

stripes on <strong>the</strong> trouser/slacks. Junior enlisted<br />

soldiers (specialist and below) will<br />

have trousers/slacks without stripes on <strong>the</strong><br />

legs. The beret will be <strong>the</strong> standard headwear<br />

worn with <strong>the</strong> ASU. Officers and<br />

noncommissioned <strong>of</strong>ficers (corporal and<br />

above) may wear <strong>the</strong> service cap as an optional<br />

item. Officers and enlisted soldiers<br />

will be authorized to wear overseas stripes<br />

on <strong>the</strong> right sleeve. Enlisted service stripes<br />

have been reduced in size and will be worn<br />

on <strong>the</strong> left sleeve. The new Combat Service<br />

Badge will be worn in place <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Former<br />

Wartime Service Shoulder Sleeve Insignia<br />

to represent combat service.<br />

The Non-Maneuverable Canopy (T-11)<br />

Personnel Parachute System represents<br />

<strong>the</strong> next-generation personnel parachute<br />

system and provides <strong>the</strong> airborne soldier<br />

with <strong>the</strong> first complete modernization <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> tactical parachute system since <strong>the</strong><br />

early 1950s. The T-11 parachute system includes<br />

a completely redesigned main and<br />

reserve parachute and an integrated harness<br />

assembly. It is designed to have a<br />

safer rate <strong>of</strong> descent and reduced opening<br />

shock, both <strong>of</strong> which will reduce soldier<br />

injury rates. The T-11 can accommodate a<br />

Help AUSA continue to be<br />

<strong>the</strong> Voice for America’s <strong>Army</strong><br />

The Institute <strong>of</strong> Land Warfare (ILW), <strong>the</strong> educational arm <strong>of</strong> AUSA,<br />

publishes papers and Torchbearers that educate <strong>the</strong> Administration,<br />

Congress and <strong>the</strong> general public on issues directly affecting<br />

America’s <strong>Army</strong> and our Soldiers.<br />

The printing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se papers costs money and ILW, as a non-pr<strong>of</strong>it, must<br />

depend on contributions. Help ILW continue to ensure that America has<br />

<strong>the</strong> strongest <strong>Army</strong> possible and that our Soldiers are taken care <strong>of</strong>.<br />

For more information, please contact Millie Hurlbut at<br />

703-907-2679 or mhurlbut@ausa.org.<br />

The Generation III<br />

extended cold<br />

wea<strong>the</strong>r clothing<br />

system<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 383


Non-maneuverable canopy (T-11)<br />

personnel parachute system<br />

higher jumper weight than <strong>the</strong> T-10D it is<br />

designed to replace.<br />

The Maneuverable Canopy 6 (MC6)<br />

provides <strong>the</strong> airborne soldier with a new<br />

tactical static line-deployed, steerable parachute.<br />

It has a lower opening shock, safer<br />

rate <strong>of</strong> descent and better turn ratio than<br />

<strong>the</strong> MC1-1C.<br />

The Generation III Extended Cold<br />

Wea<strong>the</strong>r Clothing System (GEN III<br />

ECWCS) is a 12-component, versatile,<br />

multilayered insulating system that provides<br />

soldiers <strong>the</strong> capability to tailor to<br />

mission and environmental requirements.<br />

The GEN III ECWCS system consists <strong>of</strong><br />

lightweight undershirt and drawers; midweight<br />

shirt and drawers; fleece cold<br />

wea<strong>the</strong>r jacket; wind cold wea<strong>the</strong>r jacket;<br />

s<strong>of</strong>t shell jacket and trousers; extreme<br />

cold/wet wea<strong>the</strong>r jacket and trousers; and<br />

extreme cold wea<strong>the</strong>r parka and trousers.<br />

The new materials <strong>of</strong>fer a greater range <strong>of</strong><br />

performance and environmental protection<br />

and reduce overall bulk and weight,<br />

providing greater versatility in meeting<br />

soldiers’ needs. GEN III ECWCS has proven<br />

itself as a combat enabler in Afghanistan.<br />

The Fire Resistant Environmental Ensemble<br />

(FREE) is a multilayered, versatile<br />

all-climate system that allows combat vehicle<br />

and aircrew members to adapt to varying<br />

mission requirements and environmental<br />

conditions. The FREE is comfortable<br />

and ergonomically efficient for wear in <strong>the</strong><br />

confines <strong>of</strong> aircraft and armored vehicles.<br />

The system consists <strong>of</strong> male and female undergarments,<br />

base layer, midweight under<br />

layer, light wea<strong>the</strong>r outer layer, intermediate<br />

wea<strong>the</strong>r outer layer; cold wea<strong>the</strong>r<br />

gloves, extreme/wet wea<strong>the</strong>r layer, rigger<br />

belt and wool socks. It will replace <strong>the</strong><br />

aviation cold wea<strong>the</strong>r clothing system<br />

(ACWCS). The FREE is color-compatible<br />

(universal camouflage pattern and foliage<br />

green) with ground soldier uniforms. New<br />

materials <strong>of</strong>fer a greater range <strong>of</strong> breathability<br />

and environmental protection, providing<br />

greater versatility in meeting soldiers’<br />

needs. FREE is a comprehensive<br />

clothing system from skin to outerwear,<br />

and from head to toe.<br />

AN/PVS-14 monocular night-vision device<br />

384 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

Product Manager Soldier Sensors<br />

and Lasers (PM SSL)<br />

PM SSL provides soldiers with improved<br />

lethality, mobility and survivability<br />

in all wea<strong>the</strong>r and visibility conditions.<br />

Soldier-borne sensors and lasers enhance<br />

<strong>the</strong> soldier’s ability to see in all battlefield<br />

and lighting conditions, to acquire objects<br />

<strong>of</strong> military significance before <strong>the</strong> soldier<br />

is detected and to target threat objects accurately<br />

for engagement by soldiers or<br />

guided munitions. These systems provide<br />

critical, on-<strong>the</strong>-ground direct support to<br />

U.S. forces deployed in OEF and OIF.<br />

The AN/AVS-6 Aviator’s Night-Vision<br />

Imaging System (ANVIS) is a helmetmounted,<br />

direct-view, third-generation image-intensification<br />

piloting device that enables<br />

flight operations under very low<br />

ambient light conditions. The latest version,<br />

AN/AVS-6(V)3, incorporates im-<br />

proved tubes capable <strong>of</strong> operating down<br />

to near-starlight conditions, 25 mm eye relief,<br />

dual-span adjustment knobs, gated<br />

power supply, ei<strong>the</strong>r filmless or thin-film<br />

tube designs, fine-focus objective lens and<br />

a low-pr<strong>of</strong>ile battery pack. The low-light<br />

sensitivity is a 10 percent improvement<br />

over its predecessor and a 35 to 40 percent<br />

improvement over <strong>the</strong> earliest ANVIS.<br />

The AN/PVS-14 Monocular Night-Vision<br />

Device (MNVD) is a lightweight<br />

head- or helmet-mounted image-intensification<br />

device that can also be mounted to<br />

<strong>the</strong> M16/M4 receiver rail. It is designed to<br />

be used in conjunction with rifle-mounted<br />

aiming lights. The AN/PVS-14 provides<br />

soldiers with <strong>the</strong> ability to conduct nighttime<br />

operations including driving, maneuvering,<br />

administering first aid, map reading<br />

and performing maintenance. The latest<br />

AN/PVS-14 operates on a single AA cell.<br />

Multifunctional Aiming Lights (MFAL),<br />

including AN/PEQ-2A, AN/PEQ-14, AN/<br />

PEQ-15 and AN/PEQ-15A, are used in conjunction<br />

with night-vision goggles to engage<br />

targets. MFAL devices contain infrared<br />

(IR) aiming lights and illuminators,<br />

as well as visible pointers in a single lightweight,<br />

compact package. When zeroed to<br />

<strong>the</strong> weapon, <strong>the</strong>se devices provide an invisible<br />

continuous infrared beam along <strong>the</strong><br />

weapon’s line <strong>of</strong> fire that is effective to <strong>the</strong><br />

maximum firing range <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> weapon.<br />

The AN/PEQ-14 Integrated Laser/White<br />

Light Pointer adds <strong>the</strong> functions <strong>of</strong> a flashlight<br />

into a MFAL device for an effective<br />

small-arms lightweight integrated targeting<br />

system.<br />

The AN/PVS-10 Night-Vision Sniper<br />

Night Sight (SNS) is a lightweight, weapon-mounted,<br />

image-intensification passive<br />

device designed primarily for use by<br />

snipers for day and night operations. A select<br />

lever permits <strong>the</strong> user to change <strong>the</strong><br />

mode <strong>of</strong> operation between day and night.<br />

The SNS employs a black-line reticule that<br />

can be illuminated for night operation. A


ail-mounting interface allows quick mounting<br />

or dismounting from <strong>the</strong> weapon.<br />

The AN/PVS-26 Clip-On Sniper Night<br />

Sight is a lightweight, clip-on, image intensified<br />

night sight for <strong>the</strong> M110 semiautomatic<br />

sniper system that mounts in front<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day optic sight. The AN/PVS-26<br />

employs a variable gain image tube that<br />

can be adjusted by <strong>the</strong> sniper depending<br />

on ambient light levels. The AN/PVS-26<br />

provides <strong>the</strong> sniper <strong>the</strong> capability to accurately<br />

acquire and engage targets at low<br />

light levels without needing to remove <strong>the</strong><br />

day optic.<br />

The AN/PSQ-23 Small Tactical Optical<br />

Rifle Mounted (STORM) Micro-Laser<br />

Rangefinder (MLRF) is a lightweight, multifunctional<br />

laser system designed to operate<br />

on a variety <strong>of</strong> individual, crew-served<br />

weapons and weapons platforms to include<br />

<strong>the</strong> M-4/M16, <strong>the</strong> M107 sniper rifle, <strong>the</strong><br />

M110 sniper rifle, <strong>the</strong> sniper tripod and <strong>the</strong><br />

Stryker remote weapons station. It combines<br />

<strong>the</strong> functionality <strong>of</strong> a laser rangefinder,<br />

infrared aiming laser, infrared laser<br />

illuminator, digital compass and visible<br />

pointer into one package. On individual<br />

weapons STORM is used to determine far<br />

target locations when connected to a military<br />

GPS or when used with a military<br />

map. On crew-served weapons STORM<br />

provides <strong>the</strong> critical range component to<br />

<strong>the</strong> fire control for achieving high probabili-<br />

ties <strong>of</strong> first shot kills. The visible laser has<br />

been used for crowd control/warning functions<br />

as well.<br />

The Lightweight Laser Designator<br />

Rangefinder (LLDR AN/PED-1) enables<br />

fire-support teams and forward observers to<br />

accurately locate targets, digitally transmit<br />

target location data to <strong>the</strong> tactical network<br />

and laser-designate high-priority targets for<br />

destruction by precision munitions. The two<br />

primary components are <strong>the</strong> Target Locator<br />

Module (TLM) and <strong>the</strong> Laser Designator<br />

Module (LDM). The TLM can be used as a<br />

stand-alone device or in conjunction with<br />

<strong>the</strong> LDM and incorporates a <strong>the</strong>rmal imager,<br />

day camera, electronic display, eye-<br />

Lightweight laser<br />

designator<br />

rangefinder<br />

safe laser rangefinder, digital magnetic compass,<br />

selective availability/antispo<strong>of</strong>ing<br />

module, GPS electronics and digital export<br />

capability.<br />

The Enhanced Night-Vision Goggle<br />

(ENVG) provides <strong>the</strong> soldier with enhanced<br />

mobility and situational awareness<br />

in all wea<strong>the</strong>r and battlefield obscurant<br />

conditions. ENVG is a helmet-mounted<br />

passive device that combines long-wave<br />

infrared sensor data with image-intensification<br />

low-light level sensor data into an<br />

integrated display for soldier viewing. The<br />

resultant image takes advantage <strong>of</strong> each<br />

sensor’s strengths while minimizing individual<br />

sensor limitations.<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 385


AN/PAS-13 <strong>the</strong>rmal weapon sight<br />

The AN/PAS-13 Family <strong>of</strong> Thermal<br />

Weapon Sights (TWS) enables soldiers<br />

with individual and crew-served weapons<br />

to see deep into <strong>the</strong> battlefield, increase<br />

surveillance and target acquisition range,<br />

and penetrate obscurants day or night.<br />

The TWS uses forward-looking infrared<br />

technology and provides a standard video<br />

output for training, image transfer or remote<br />

viewing. Light, medium and heavy<br />

variants provide viewing to <strong>the</strong> maximum<br />

effective range <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> designated weapon.<br />

The TWS Head Mounted Display<br />

(HMD) integrates with <strong>the</strong> AN/PAS-13<br />

<strong>the</strong>rmal weapon sight (TWS) to provide a<br />

remote viewing capability for TWS imagery.<br />

It provides a more comfortable firing<br />

position <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> TWS on <strong>the</strong> M2/MK19<br />

weapon systems and also provides remote<br />

viewing capability for TWS in vehiclemounted<br />

applications. The HMD operates<br />

on four AA batteries, weighs less than 8<br />

ounces and is designed to operate with<br />

<strong>Army</strong> standard-issue protective eyewear<br />

providing a minimal visual obscuration,<br />

thus maintaining or enabling <strong>the</strong> soldier’s<br />

overall situational awareness.<br />

The Laser Targeting Systems, Mark VII,<br />

Mark VII E and Viper, provide fire-support<br />

teams and forward observers with<br />

daylight and limited night capability to observe<br />

and accurately locate targets for<br />

voice transmission <strong>of</strong> target data to <strong>the</strong> firesupport<br />

command, control, communications,<br />

computers and intelligence system.<br />

They are handheld or tripod-mounted.<br />

Mark VII incorporates an eye-safe laser<br />

rangefinder and a digital magnetic compass<br />

to determine range, azimuth and vertical<br />

angle from <strong>the</strong> observer to targets <strong>of</strong><br />

interest. When targeting data is sent to a<br />

precision lightweight GPS receiver (PLGR),<br />

<strong>the</strong> system can compute and display target<br />

location.<br />

386 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

Soldier-borne Sense Through <strong>the</strong> Wall<br />

(STTW) provides soldiers with <strong>the</strong> capability<br />

to detect, locate and “sense” personnel<br />

with concealed weapons/explosives behind<br />

obstructions from a stand-<strong>of</strong>f distance.<br />

Currently in development, STTW will be<br />

employed by soldiers in military operations<br />

on urban terrain and subterranean environments<br />

to locate and classify threats.<br />

Gunfire Detection Systems (GFDS) are<br />

lightweight soldier-wearable sensors that<br />

provide a visual or audio alert <strong>of</strong> sniper<br />

rounds directed at <strong>the</strong> soldier and <strong>the</strong> ability<br />

to accurately locate and engage enemy<br />

snipers. The sensor locates <strong>the</strong> enemy gunfire<br />

through <strong>the</strong> acoustic signatures associated<br />

with <strong>the</strong> fired round to produce a<br />

range and bearing back to <strong>the</strong> threat. This<br />

information allows <strong>the</strong> soldier to conduct<br />

battle drills in response to <strong>the</strong> sniper’s actual<br />

location.<br />

The family <strong>of</strong> flashlights (FoF) Weapons<br />

Mounted Light (WML) is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> four<br />

components <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> FoF that include <strong>the</strong><br />

WML, <strong>the</strong> tactical handheld light, <strong>the</strong><br />

hands-free helmet light and <strong>the</strong> crewserved<br />

weapons light. The WML is a small<br />

(7 inches or less), lightweight (10 ounces or<br />

less with batteries) white light that can be<br />

weapon-mounted or handheld. The WML<br />

is employed on small arms including <strong>the</strong><br />

M16A4 modular weapons, M4/M4A1,<br />

M249 and M240B. The WML has dual activation<br />

controls, includes an infrared (IR)<br />

capability and is designed to operate on<br />

two DL123 batteries.<br />

Project Manager Soldier Weapons<br />

(PM SW)<br />

PM SW supports soldiers through enhancement<br />

<strong>of</strong> current systems and development<br />

<strong>of</strong> next-generation weapons technology.<br />

It focuses on ensuring that soldiers<br />

are equipped with world-class weapon<br />

systems, ammunition and associated target<br />

acquisition and fire-control products<br />

today and in <strong>the</strong> future.<br />

Current-Generation Soldier<br />

Weapons Systems<br />

The <strong>Army</strong>’s M9 9 mm Pistol is a semiautomatic,<br />

double-action pistol that is<br />

more lethal, lighter and safer than its predecessors.<br />

It is <strong>the</strong> primary sidearm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

crew-served weapon crewmen and o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />

who have a personal defense requirement,


such as law enforcement personnel, unit<br />

leaders and aviators.<br />

The M16A4 5.56 mm Rifle is a flattopped<br />

M16A2 that incorporates a military<br />

standard (MILSTD) 1913 rail on top<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> weapon’s receiver, adding operational<br />

flexibility.<br />

The M4 5.56 mm Carbine replaces <strong>the</strong><br />

M3 submachine gun, select M9 pistols and<br />

M16A2 rifles for unit leaders, crew-served<br />

gunners, vehicle crews, radio operators,<br />

light infantry, airborne (air assault), combat<br />

engineers and o<strong>the</strong>rs. It provides improved<br />

firepower compared with <strong>the</strong> M3<br />

and M9 and allows mounting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latest<br />

generation <strong>of</strong> fire-control accessories without<br />

tools. It is 1 pound lighter than and <strong>of</strong>fers<br />

improved portability over <strong>the</strong> M16.<br />

The M107 .50-caliber Semi-Automatic<br />

Long-Range Sniper Rifle (LRSR) is a commercial<br />

<strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf, antimateriel, countersniper<br />

semiautomatic, direct-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />

.50-caliber rifle. It can complete missions<br />

that cannot be accomplished with current<br />

sniper rifles. It supplements a sniper role<br />

by supporting combat operations by precisely<br />

engaging high-value targets, especially<br />

in military operations in urban terrain<br />

engagements, with greater firepower<br />

and stand<strong>of</strong>f ranges to improve sniper survivability.<br />

The XM150 Rifle Combat Optic increases<br />

<strong>the</strong> probability <strong>of</strong> a first-round hit<br />

at distances to 600 meters with <strong>the</strong> M4 carbine,<br />

M16 rifle and <strong>the</strong> M249 squad automatic<br />

weapon. The optic allows soldiers to<br />

rapidly make <strong>the</strong> transition between longrange<br />

and close-quarters engagements<br />

without degrading <strong>the</strong> ability to conduct<br />

reflexive fire techniques.<br />

The XM320 Grenade Launcher Module<br />

(GLM) is a 40 mm low-velocity grenade<br />

launcher weapon module that will replace<br />

all M203 series grenade launchers mounted<br />

on <strong>the</strong> M16/M4 series <strong>of</strong> rifles and carbines.<br />

The XM320 is intended to be lighter, safer<br />

and more reliable than current manportable<br />

grenade-launching systems, and will provide<br />

day and night firing capability.<br />

The M26 12-Gauge Modular Accessory<br />

Shotgun System (MASS) provides warfighters<br />

with a lethal, nonlethal and doorbreaching<br />

capability through a 12-gauge<br />

accessory shotgun attached to <strong>the</strong> primary/host<br />

weapon. The system attaches<br />

underneath <strong>the</strong> barrel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M4 modular<br />

weapon systems and provides a capability<br />

equivalent to a stand-alone shotgun without<br />

carrying a second weapon.<br />

Job Fair<br />

At AUSA<br />

• Wounded Warriors<br />

• Former Military Members<br />

• Military Spouses<br />

• O<strong>the</strong>r Quality Candidates<br />

Bring Your Resume!<br />

• Global Job Opportunities<br />

• Competitive Salaries<br />

• Job Satisfaction<br />

• Solid Future<br />

• Diverse Work Assignments<br />

• Career Advancement<br />

• Flexible Work Environment<br />

Visit Exhibit Hall C Booth #4154<br />

M107 .50-caliber semi-automatic<br />

long-range sniper rifle<br />

The M249 5.56 mm Squad Automatic<br />

Weapon (SAW) is a lightweight, gas-operated,<br />

manportable, automatic weapon that<br />

serves as automatic rifle and light machine<br />

gun to infantry squads. The M249 weighs<br />

22 pounds with 200 rounds <strong>of</strong> ammunition<br />

and has a maximum effective range <strong>of</strong><br />

1,000 meters against area targets. It replaced<br />

<strong>the</strong> M6A1 automatic rifle at <strong>the</strong><br />

squad level and some M60 multipurpose<br />

machine guns in noninfantry units.<br />

The MK19 40 mm Grenade Machine<br />

Gun (GMG) is an air-cooled, belt-fed, blowback-operated,<br />

fully automatic weapon system.<br />

It has a maximum effective range <strong>of</strong><br />

2,200 meters for area targets and 1,500 meters<br />

for point targets. It fires standard highvelocity<br />

40 mm grenade cartridges, including<br />

M383 high-explosive antipersonnel<br />

rounds, high-explosive dual-purpose (antipersonnel<br />

and armor-piercing) rounds and<br />

training practice rounds. The MK19 supports<br />

<strong>the</strong> soldier in <strong>of</strong>fensive and defensive<br />

roles by delivering a heavy volume <strong>of</strong> close,<br />

accurate and continuous firepower against<br />

enemy personnel and lightly armored vehicles.<br />

It can be mounted on a tripod or on<br />

Assistant G-1<br />

(Civilian Personnel)<br />

“<strong>ARMY</strong> CIVILIANS–Support<br />

<strong>the</strong> Strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nation”<br />

Serve Your Country!<br />

6–8 <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

9:00 AM–5:00 PM<br />

Walter E. Washington<br />

Convention Center<br />

Washington D.C.<br />

www.cpol.army.mil<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 387


XM25 individual airburst weapon system<br />

multiple vehicle platforms and is <strong>the</strong> primary<br />

suppressive weapon for combat support<br />

and combat service support units.<br />

The M240B 7.62 mm Medium Machine<br />

Gun is a ground-mounted, gas-operated,<br />

crew-served machine gun. It is a variant <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> M240 mounted on Bradley fighting vehicles<br />

and Abrams tanks, reconfigured for<br />

ground applications with buttstock, bipod,<br />

iron sights and forward rail assemblies.<br />

The M240B delivers more energy to <strong>the</strong><br />

target than <strong>the</strong> smaller caliber M249 SAW.<br />

The cyclic rate is 650 to 950 rounds per<br />

minute, and <strong>the</strong> weapon’s maximum effective<br />

range against area targets is 1,800 meters.<br />

It comes with an accessory rail integrated<br />

with <strong>the</strong> top cover that is used to<br />

attach sighting devices. It is issued to infantry,<br />

armor, field artillery and combat<br />

engineer units that require medium-support<br />

fire; it replaces <strong>the</strong> ground-mounted<br />

M60 machine gun. The <strong>Army</strong> is also<br />

adding forward accessory rails alongside<br />

<strong>the</strong> gas tube.<br />

The M240H 7.62 mm Machine Gun<br />

(Aviation Version) is designed for aviation<br />

application and demonstrates reliability<br />

equal to that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M240B. It delivers two<br />

minutes <strong>of</strong> continuous suppressive fire<br />

and is removable for use in a ground role.<br />

It is replacing <strong>the</strong> M60D machine gun for<br />

<strong>the</strong> UH-60 Black Hawk and CH-47 Chinook<br />

helicopters as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir defensive<br />

armament systems.<br />

The M2 Heavy Barrel (HB) (Enhanced)<br />

.50-caliber Machine Gun (M2E2) is a<br />

modification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> standard M2 that is<br />

easier and safer to use and eliminates <strong>the</strong><br />

need for headspace and timing. Upgrades<br />

such as <strong>the</strong> quick change barrel (QCB) system,<br />

flash hider and carrying handle will<br />

increase <strong>the</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battleproven<br />

M2 and can be fitted to existing<br />

M2HB weapons. The QCB system speeds<br />

target engagement and improves survivability<br />

and safety because <strong>of</strong> reduced time<br />

in changing <strong>the</strong> barrel. The flash hider reduces<br />

muzzle flash, making <strong>the</strong> M2 nightvision<br />

friendly. All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se capabilities ensure<br />

that <strong>the</strong> commander has constant<br />

firepower and less downtime.<br />

Next-Generation Soldier<br />

Weapons Technology<br />

In addition to systems now in <strong>the</strong> field,<br />

PM SW is also developing <strong>the</strong> next generation<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong> weapon systems.<br />

The XM25 Individual Airburst Weapon<br />

System will fire 25 mm munitions including<br />

high-explosive airburst (HEAB), armor-piercing,<br />

antipersonnel, nonlethal,<br />

training and breaching rounds. The XM25<br />

388 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

incorporates full-solution target acquisition/fire<br />

control that integrates a <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />

sight, 2x direct-view optics, a laser rangefinder,<br />

compass, fuze setter, ballistic computer<br />

and internal display. The XM25 has a<br />

500-meter range against point targets and<br />

500- to 700-meter range against area targets<br />

and is capable <strong>of</strong> defeating hidden<br />

targets.<br />

The Lightweight .50 (LW50) Caliber<br />

Machine Gun is capable <strong>of</strong> firing all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

current .50-caliber ammunition in <strong>the</strong> inventory.<br />

This includes, but is not limited<br />

to, <strong>the</strong> standard M33 ball round, <strong>the</strong> M8<br />

armor-piercing incendiary, <strong>the</strong> M903<br />

saboted light-armor penetrator, and <strong>the</strong><br />

MK211 multipurpose round that penetrates,<br />

fragments and starts fires. The<br />

LW50 caliber weapon can replace some <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> currently fielded M2 .50-caliber machine<br />

guns. The LW50 weapon system is<br />

half <strong>the</strong> weight and has one-quarter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

recoil <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M2 and provides soldiers with<br />

<strong>the</strong> punch <strong>of</strong> a .50-caliber machine gun in<br />

<strong>the</strong> footprint <strong>of</strong> a 7.62 mm weapon system.<br />

Soldier-as-a-System Unit Set<br />

Fielding (SaaS USF)<br />

SaaS USF reflects <strong>the</strong> natural evolution<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s commitment to modernizing<br />

soldier equipment initiated under <strong>the</strong><br />

rapid fielding initiative in late 2003, and<br />

ensures that our soldiers in <strong>the</strong> active<br />

<strong>Army</strong>, Reserve and National Guard continue<br />

to receive <strong>the</strong> finest individual and<br />

small-unit equipment <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> can provide<br />

as rapidly as it can be procured and<br />

fielded.<br />

SaaS USF synchronizes <strong>the</strong> requirements<br />

<strong>of</strong> units deploying to and from <strong>the</strong>ater<br />

with <strong>the</strong> overarching equipping schedule<br />

dictated by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> Force Generation<br />

(ARFORGEN) operating cycle and focuses<br />

<strong>the</strong> long-term efforts <strong>of</strong> PEO Soldier on<br />

continuous modernization to ensure <strong>the</strong><br />

lethality, combat effectiveness and safety<br />

<strong>of</strong> our soldiers on <strong>the</strong> modern battlefield.<br />

In addition, SaaS USF synchronizes <strong>the</strong> efforts<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> project managers within PEO<br />

Soldier to ensure <strong>the</strong> fully coordinated<br />

projection <strong>of</strong> requirements and subsequent<br />

procurement and fielding <strong>of</strong> equipment to<br />

maximize acquisition efficiencies and to<br />

minimize disruption to training schedules<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gaining commands.<br />

SaaS USF encompasses <strong>the</strong> fielding <strong>of</strong><br />

specific items within <strong>the</strong> PEO Soldier portfolio<br />

on a role-based basis <strong>of</strong> issue plan<br />

that provide warfighting capabilities enhancements<br />

essential to fighting <strong>the</strong> global<br />

war on terrorism.<br />

By early FY <strong>2008</strong>, PEO Soldier achieved<br />

<strong>the</strong> milestone <strong>of</strong> fielding this equipment 1<br />

million times since December 2003. Items<br />

currently approved for fielding include individual<br />

soldier mission-essential equipment,<br />

such as <strong>the</strong> advanced combat helmet;<br />

<strong>the</strong> improved first aid kit; ballistic eye<br />

protection; organizational force protection/mobility<br />

items, such as infrared<br />

strobes and urban terrain equipment; and<br />

critical unit lethality items, such as improved<br />

ammunition packs, small binoculars<br />

and advanced weapons optics.<br />

Individual testimony <strong>of</strong> soldiers underscores<br />

<strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> PEO Soldier’s<br />

contribution to readiness and tactical success<br />

as operations continue in Iraq and<br />

Afghanistan. Because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fielding initiatives<br />

undertaken by PEO Soldier, <strong>the</strong> turnaround<br />

time for getting equipment into<br />

soldiers’ hands has improved significantly.<br />

What used to take months or even years<br />

now takes as little as days or weeks from<br />

date <strong>of</strong> order to date <strong>of</strong> delivery to <strong>the</strong> soldier.<br />

The development and fielding <strong>of</strong> soldier<br />

equipment reflect <strong>the</strong> core focus <strong>of</strong> PEO<br />

soldier’s mission and commitment to saving<br />

soldiers’ lives, increasing <strong>the</strong>ir combat<br />

effectiveness and improving <strong>the</strong>ir quality<br />

<strong>of</strong> life.


NUCLEAR-BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL<br />

(NBC) DEFENSE SYSTEMS<br />

A wide range <strong>of</strong> items and systems provide<br />

today’s warfighter with contamination<br />

avoidance, protection, decontamination<br />

and obscuration capabilities. Several<br />

representative examples are provided below.<br />

Contamination Avoidance<br />

The <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> has fielded several<br />

types <strong>of</strong> nuclear detection and monitoring<br />

systems to assist in contamination avoidance.<br />

A family <strong>of</strong> radiological detection indication<br />

and computation (Radiac) equipment<br />

is being fielded to U.S. forces to upgrade<br />

30-year-old technology with digital<br />

equipment that incorporates advances in<br />

modern electronics.<br />

Radiac provides soldiers and commanders<br />

with nuclear radiation detection<br />

equipment, allowing <strong>the</strong>m to fight effectively<br />

and survive on <strong>the</strong> nuclear battlefield.<br />

It also minimizes nuclear radiation<br />

exposure <strong>of</strong> troops during such peacetime<br />

missions as peacekeeping, nuclear-accident<br />

response, and recovery <strong>of</strong> vehicles<br />

and equipment containing radioactive material.<br />

The AN/UDR-13 Radiac Set is a compact,<br />

handheld, pocket-size tactical radiation<br />

meter. It measures and displays<br />

gamma dose rate and total gamma/neutron<br />

cumulative dose in a battlefield environment.<br />

A push-button pad enables mode selection,<br />

functional control and <strong>the</strong> setting <strong>of</strong><br />

audio and visual alarm thresholds for both<br />

dose rate and mission dose. A “sleep”<br />

mode with automatic wake-up enhances<br />

battery life. A liquid crystal display provides<br />

data readout and warning-mode<br />

messages. As a replacement for <strong>the</strong> older<br />

IM-93/PP-1578, UDR-13 improvements include<br />

prompt dose measurement, including<br />

neutrons, alarms and rate measurement;<br />

backlit display; and stable readings<br />

and calibration. It does not need a separate<br />

charger.<br />

(703) 236-2929<br />

INSTITUTE OF LAND<br />

WARFARE,<br />

SENIOR FELLOWS<br />

(703) 243-2589<br />

INDUSTRY AFFAIRS<br />

(703) 841-3505<br />

<strong>ARMY</strong> MAGAZINE,<br />

AUSA NEWS,<br />

COMMUNICATIONS<br />

The AN/VDR-2 Radiac Set detects and<br />

measures nuclear radiation from fallout<br />

and radioisotopes. The system replaces <strong>the</strong><br />

older IM-174 and AN/PDR-27. It performs<br />

ground radiological surveys from vehicles<br />

or, in <strong>the</strong> dismounted mode, as a handheld<br />

instrument. The set can also provide a quantitative<br />

measure <strong>of</strong> radiation to help personnel,<br />

equipment and supply decontamination<br />

operations.<br />

Components <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Radiac set include<br />

<strong>the</strong> Radiac meter IM-243, probe DT-616<br />

and a pouch with strap. Kits are available<br />

as common table <strong>of</strong> allowances items for<br />

installation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Radiac set in various<br />

military vehicles.<br />

The set includes an audible and/or visual<br />

alarm that is compatible with vehicular<br />

nuclear-biological-chemical (NBC) protective<br />

systems in armored vehicles, and it<br />

also interfaces with vehicular power systems<br />

and intercoms.<br />

The AN/PDR-75 Radiac Set measures<br />

<strong>the</strong> prompt and residual gamma doses and<br />

neutron doses stored on <strong>the</strong> DT-236 individual<br />

dosimeter from 1 to 1,000 centigray<br />

(cGy). The system provides a new operational<br />

capability to monitor and record <strong>the</strong><br />

total dose exposure <strong>of</strong> individual personnel<br />

to gamma and neutron radiation. It<br />

measures total neutron and gamma doses<br />

from 0 to 1,000 cGy, and it responds to and<br />

measures prompt radiation from nuclear<br />

bursts. It will be used to calculate unit radiation<br />

status and to perform medical<br />

triage and assist in unit reconstitution.<br />

The AN/PDR-77 Radiac Set detects and<br />

measures alpha, beta, gamma and X-ray<br />

AUSA FAX NUMBERS<br />

(703) 841-1442<br />

ADMINISTRATIVE<br />

SERVICES, INSURANCE,<br />

INFORMATION SYSTEMS<br />

(703) 841-1050<br />

EXECUTIVE OFFICE<br />

AN/UDR-13 Radiac set<br />

radiation. The system replaces <strong>the</strong> older<br />

AN/PDR-56F and AN/PDR-60, which relied<br />

on aging technology and were not<br />

sensitive enough to accomplish <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />

alpha detection mission.<br />

The AN/PDR-77 is based on <strong>the</strong> AN/<br />

VDR-2. It includes an alpha probe, beta<br />

gamma probe and X-ray probe. The set has<br />

a digital liquid crystal display, is autoranging<br />

and has settable audio and/or visual<br />

alarm thresholds. This is <strong>the</strong> primary<br />

Radiac device to respond to nuclear accidents<br />

and maintain <strong>Army</strong> equipment containing<br />

radioactive materials.<br />

Chemical Detection<br />

The M21 Automatic Chemical Agent<br />

Alarm is <strong>the</strong> first stand<strong>of</strong>f chemical agent<br />

detector approved for fielding to <strong>the</strong> soldier.<br />

It gives early warning <strong>of</strong> blister and<br />

(703) 236-2927<br />

REGIONAL ACTIVITIES,<br />

NCO/SOLDIER PROGRAMS<br />

(703) 525-9039<br />

FINANCE, ACCOUNTING,<br />

GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS<br />

M21 automatic chemical agent alarm<br />

(703) 236-2926<br />

EDUCATION,<br />

FAMILY PROGRAMS<br />

(703) 841-7570<br />

MARKETING,<br />

ADVERTISING<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 389


FREE TO<br />

AUSA<br />

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390 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

nerve agents up to 5 kilometers, thus allowing<br />

field commanders to identify and<br />

maneuver around contaminated areas. An<br />

automatic scanning, passive infrared sensor,<br />

it detects agent vapor clouds by<br />

changes that <strong>the</strong> vapor causes in <strong>the</strong> background<br />

infrared spectra. Scanning a 60-degree<br />

arc, <strong>the</strong> M21 sounds a horn and illuminates<br />

ei<strong>the</strong>r a blister or nerve light. It is<br />

currently being fielded. In addition to tripod-mounted<br />

configurations, <strong>the</strong> M21 is<br />

mounted on a mast on <strong>the</strong> M93A1 Fox<br />

NBC reconnaissance system.<br />

The M22 Chemical Agent Alarm is an<br />

<strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf alarm system capable <strong>of</strong> detecting<br />

and identifying standard blister<br />

and nerve agents. The M22 used <strong>the</strong> foreign<br />

comparative testing program for<br />

down-selection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>United</strong> Kingdom’s<br />

GID-3. The M22 system is manportable,<br />

operates independently after system startup,<br />

and provides an audible and visual<br />

alarm.<br />

The M22 system also provides a communications<br />

interface for automatic battlefield<br />

warning and reporting. The M22 is an<br />

improvement over <strong>the</strong> M8A1 automatic<br />

chemical agent alarm system in four major<br />

areas: it provides simultaneous detection<br />

and warning <strong>of</strong> nerve and blister agents; it<br />

is significantly more sensitive than <strong>the</strong><br />

M8A1; it can operate in a collective protection<br />

environment; and it is much less responsive<br />

to interference, thus reducing<br />

false alarms. The M22 is currently fielded<br />

to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>, Navy, Air Force and Marine<br />

Corps.<br />

The Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM)<br />

and <strong>the</strong> Improved CAM (ICAM) provide<br />

a means <strong>of</strong> quickly locating <strong>the</strong> presence or<br />

absence <strong>of</strong> nerve- and mustard-agent contamination<br />

on personnel and equipment.<br />

CAM is a handheld device used by<br />

troops in full protective clothing after an<br />

attack or exposure to a contaminated area.<br />

It provides fast low-level detection <strong>of</strong><br />

nerve and mustard vapors, differentiates<br />

between nerve and mustard agents, provides<br />

an indication <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relative magnitude<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hazard present and is not af-<br />

fected by most common forms <strong>of</strong> battlefield<br />

interference.<br />

The use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> CAM on a chemical battlefield<br />

lowers <strong>the</strong> risk commanders may<br />

have to take when reducing <strong>the</strong> level <strong>of</strong><br />

mission-oriented protection posture in a<br />

combat situation. CAM gives commanders<br />

<strong>the</strong> ability to quickly monitor for contamination,<br />

<strong>the</strong>reby allowing soldiers and<br />

equipment to remain engaged in <strong>the</strong>ir<br />

combat missions. CAM is also used to<br />

check <strong>the</strong> effectiveness <strong>of</strong> decontamination<br />

operations.<br />

Like CAM, ICAM is a handheld, soldieroperated,<br />

post-attack device for monitoring<br />

chemical agent contamination. It detects<br />

chemical agent vapors by sensing<br />

molecular ions <strong>of</strong> specific motilities (time<br />

<strong>of</strong> flight), and uses timing and microprocessor<br />

techniques to reject interference.<br />

The monitor detects and discriminates<br />

among nerve and mustard agent vapors.<br />

ICAM consists <strong>of</strong> a drift tube, signal<br />

processor, molecular sieve, membrane,<br />

confidence tester, dust filters, buzzer and<br />

battery pack. The monitor measures 4<br />

inches by 7 inches by 15 inches and weighs<br />

approximately 5 pounds. ICAM differs<br />

from CAM in its greater reliability (an estimated<br />

300 percent improvement), faster<br />

start-up time (one-tenth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time) and<br />

significantly reduced maintenance costs<br />

(an estimated $135 million cost savings<br />

over <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system).<br />

The Joint Service Lightweight Stand<strong>of</strong>f<br />

Chemical Agent Detector (JSLSCAD) is a<br />

new detection system designed to provide<br />

American 21st-century warfighters with<br />

state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art capability in detecting<br />

nerve, blister and blood agent vapor<br />

clouds. JSLSCAD is a fully automatic detection<br />

system that searches <strong>the</strong> surrounding<br />

atmosphere for chemical agent vapor<br />

clouds. It is <strong>the</strong> first chemical detection<br />

system to furnish 360-degree on-<strong>the</strong>-move<br />

coverage from ground-, air- and sea-based<br />

platforms at distances <strong>of</strong> up to 5 kilometers.<br />

JSLSCAD will provide warfighters <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> four armed services with early warning<br />

to avoid contaminated battlespaces or,<br />

Chemical agent monitor


if avoidance is not possible, time to don<br />

protective masks and clothing.<br />

JSLSCAD is a passive infrared (IR) system<br />

that detects <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> chemical<br />

agent vapors by processing energy collected<br />

in <strong>the</strong> 8- to 12-micron region <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

electromagnetic spectrum. It compares <strong>the</strong><br />

collected IR spectra against a library <strong>of</strong><br />

known agent spectra. When detection is<br />

made, JSLSCAD identifies <strong>the</strong> agent cloud<br />

and alerts <strong>the</strong> warfighter with audible and<br />

visual alarms.<br />

Intended JSLSCAD applications include<br />

various ground vehicle, aerial, shipboard<br />

and fixed-emplacement platforms, including<br />

<strong>the</strong> following: M93A1 Fox vehicle;<br />

Joint service light NBC reconnaissance system<br />

(JSLNBCRS); interim armored vehicle<br />

NBC reconnaissance system; Humvee; C-<br />

130 aircraft; CH-53 helicopter; unmanned<br />

aerial vehicles; ships; and fixed-site installations.<br />

The design <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> JSLSCAD provides<br />

for communication with <strong>the</strong> NBC<br />

Joint warning and reporting network<br />

(JWARN) and <strong>the</strong> multipurpose integrated<br />

chemical agent detector (MICAD).<br />

Biological Detection<br />

The M31/M31A1 Biological Integrated<br />

Detection System (BIDS) mitigates <strong>the</strong> effects<br />

<strong>of</strong> biological warfare attacks during<br />

all phases <strong>of</strong> a campaign. As a corps-level<br />

asset, it is employed by a dedicated biological<br />

defense company to detect large-area<br />

biological attacks. The BIDS network provides<br />

<strong>the</strong> basis for warning and confirming<br />

that a biological attack has occurred.<br />

The system provides presumptive identification<br />

and produces a safety-configured<br />

sample for later laboratory analysis.<br />

The M31/M31A1 detection system is<br />

made up <strong>of</strong> a shelter (S788 lightweight<br />

multipurpose shelter) mounted on a dedicated<br />

vehicle (M1097 heavy Humvee) and<br />

equipped with a biological detection suite.<br />

The systems include a trailer-mounted 15kilowatt<br />

generator (PU-801) to provide<br />

electrical power, a global positioning system<br />

(GPS) receiver (AN/PSN-11 PLGR),<br />

tactical and long-range communications<br />

equipment (SINCGARS and Harris HF radios)<br />

and a meteorological sensor.<br />

The BIDS program development was<br />

initiated following <strong>the</strong> Persian Gulf War.<br />

To fill <strong>the</strong> urgent need for a biological detection<br />

system while at <strong>the</strong> same time<br />

fielding mature technologies, an evolutionary<br />

acquisition strategy was developed.<br />

Initially a nondevelopmental item<br />

(NDI), BIDS (M31), consisting primarily <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf instrumentation, provided a<br />

limited manual detection and identification<br />

capability. This was followed by a preplanned<br />

product improvement (P 3 I) BIDS<br />

M93 Fox vehicle<br />

(M31A1) with an expanded and semiautomated<br />

detection and identification capability.<br />

NDI BIDS was fielded in 1996 and <strong>the</strong><br />

P 3 I BIDS in 1999 to reserve and active component<br />

units, respectively.<br />

BIDS uses multiple complementary technologies<br />

to detect various characteristics <strong>of</strong><br />

a biological aerosol attack. BIDS integrates<br />

aerodynamic particle sizing, luminescence,<br />

fluorescence, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry<br />

and immunoassay technologies<br />

in a hierarchical, layered manner to increase<br />

detection confidence and system reliability.<br />

BIDS detects all types <strong>of</strong> biological<br />

agents and identifies specific agents <strong>of</strong> interest.<br />

The system can be easily upgraded<br />

or modified to identify o<strong>the</strong>r additional<br />

agents, based on changes in threat conditions.<br />

NDI BIDS will detect biological warfare<br />

agents in less than 15 minutes and<br />

identify any four agents, simultaneously,<br />

in less than 45 minutes. P 3 I BIDS will detect<br />

any eight agents in less than 10 minutes<br />

and identify <strong>the</strong>m, simultaneously, in<br />

less than 30 minutes. Both systems collect<br />

a sample for confirmatory analysis and report<br />

detection and identification results by<br />

voice transmission.<br />

The M93/M93A1 Fox Nuclear-Biological-Chemical<br />

Reconnaissance System<br />

(NBCRS), an upgrade to <strong>the</strong> existing M93<br />

vehicle, detects, identifies and marks areas<br />

<strong>of</strong> nuclear and chemical contamination<br />

and reports accurate information to supported<br />

commanders in real time.<br />

The M93 NBCRS is an <strong>Army</strong>-improved<br />

version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> German TPZ1 Fuchs wheeled<br />

armored vehicle. It is equipped with a fully<br />

integrated nuclear and chemical detection<br />

system, warning and communications capability,<br />

and it can also sample NBC contamination<br />

for future analysis. The system<br />

can collect soil, water and vegetation samples<br />

for later analysis; mark areas <strong>of</strong> nu-<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 391


clear and chemical contamination; and<br />

transmit, in real time, NBC information to<br />

unit commanders in <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> operation.<br />

The hazards to <strong>the</strong> NBCRS crew are minimized<br />

through <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> vehicle<br />

NBC collective protection and by providing<br />

positive overpressure with heating and<br />

cooling for crew members.<br />

The M93A1 Block I modification lets soldiers<br />

detect chemical contamination at a<br />

distance through <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> a stand<strong>of</strong>f detector<br />

(M21 RSCAAL). The onboard computer’s<br />

multipurpose integrated chemical<br />

agent alarm (MICAD) automatically integrates<br />

contamination information from<br />

sensors with input from onboard navigation<br />

and meteorological systems, and it<br />

392 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

rapidly transmits it to <strong>the</strong> maneuver control<br />

system. The M93A1 also reduces <strong>the</strong><br />

crew size from four to three soldiers.<br />

The Block II modification NBCRS incorporates<br />

enhanced chemical and biological<br />

detectors that will allow on-<strong>the</strong>-move<br />

stand<strong>of</strong>f chemical agent detection. New<br />

subsystems, such as <strong>the</strong> chemical and biological<br />

mass spectrometer, will improve<br />

<strong>the</strong> detection and identification <strong>of</strong> liquid<br />

chemical agents while providing a firsttime<br />

biological agent detection capability<br />

to <strong>the</strong> reconnaissance platform. There is<br />

also a 32 to 57 percent reduction in route<br />

reconnaissance mission time. Integration<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common digitized division/corps<br />

NBC technical architecture will allow for<br />

AUSA Annual Meeting &<br />

Winter Symposium Future Dates<br />

Annual Meeting Future Dates<br />

All dates are subject to change.<br />

5–7 <strong>October</strong> 2009 10–12 <strong>October</strong> 2016<br />

25–27 <strong>October</strong> 2010 9–11 <strong>October</strong> 2017<br />

10–12 <strong>October</strong> 2011 8–10 <strong>October</strong> 2018<br />

22–24 <strong>October</strong> 2012 14–16 <strong>October</strong> 2019<br />

21–23 <strong>October</strong> 2013 12–14 <strong>October</strong> 2020<br />

13–15 <strong>October</strong> 2014 11–13 <strong>October</strong> 2021<br />

12–14 <strong>October</strong> 2015<br />

Winter Symposium Future Dates<br />

All dates are subject to change.<br />

25–27 February 2009 20–22 February 2013<br />

24–26 February 2010 26–28 February 2014<br />

23–25 February 2011 25–27 February 2015<br />

22–24 February 2012<br />

expanding and upgrading <strong>the</strong> onboard<br />

computers at minimal cost.<br />

The Joint Services Lightweight NBC<br />

Reconnaissance System (JSLNBCRS) will<br />

provide point and stand<strong>of</strong>f intelligence for<br />

real-time field assessment <strong>of</strong> NBC hazards.<br />

The Joint Biological Point Detection<br />

System (JBPDS) is <strong>the</strong> first fully automated<br />

biological threat agent detection,<br />

collection and identification suite designed<br />

for employment by all four services.<br />

JBPDS is a modular system that provides<br />

both continuous and real-time aerosol detection<br />

with presumptive identification for<br />

up to 10 agents simultaneously within 18<br />

minutes. Upon positive identification, <strong>the</strong><br />

user is alerted by both an audible and visual<br />

alarm. Each identified sample is safely<br />

collected and packaged for laboratory<br />

analysis. Both remote and local monitoring<br />

is available.<br />

The modular design <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> JBPDS provides<br />

not only an open architecture for upgrade<br />

insertion, but also <strong>the</strong> capability to<br />

remain in operation even if one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

components fails.<br />

The JBPDS is available in four different<br />

configurations (portable, shelter, shipboard<br />

and trailer) to provide a common<br />

detection and identification capability for<br />

Joint interoperability and supportability.<br />

JBPDS integrated platforms include biological<br />

integrated detection system (BIDS),<br />

Stryker reconnaissance vehicle (RV), surface<br />

ships and Joint service lightweight<br />

nuclear biological and chemical reconnaissance<br />

system (JSLNBCRS).<br />

JBPDS also supports homeland defense<br />

operations.<br />

The M31E2 JBPDS-BIDS is an <strong>Army</strong><br />

variant composed <strong>of</strong> an S788 lightweight<br />

multipurpose shelter mounted on a dedicated<br />

vehicle M1097 or M1113 Humvee<br />

with digital communication (FBCB2) and<br />

an onboard generator. It is a corps-level asset<br />

employed by a dedicated biological defense<br />

company to detect large-area biological<br />

attacks.<br />

The BIDS network provides <strong>the</strong> basis for<br />

warning and confirming that a biological<br />

attack has occurred.<br />

The JBPDS has undergone numerous developmental<br />

tests and operational trials. In<br />

<strong>the</strong> end, <strong>the</strong> JBPDS still remains <strong>the</strong> top<br />

performer for biological detection.<br />

NBC Protection<br />

The M40/42-Series Protective Masks, a<br />

family <strong>of</strong> chemical-biological (CB) protective<br />

masks, provide respiratory, eye and<br />

face protection against chemical and biological<br />

agents, toxins, radioactive particles<br />

and battlefield contaminants. The M40/42<br />

series replaces <strong>the</strong> M17, M25 and M9<br />

masks. Features include an improved face<br />

seal for better protection and vision, flexibility<br />

at temperature extremes, increased<br />

useful life, wea<strong>the</strong>r and ozone resistance,


improved soldier comfort, and ease <strong>of</strong><br />

cleaning and maintenance.<br />

M40/42-series masks are issued to soldiers,<br />

sailors and marines—<strong>the</strong> M42A2 to<br />

armored crews and <strong>the</strong> M40A1 to <strong>the</strong> balance<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> force and U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Materiel<br />

Command surety sites.<br />

The M40A1 and M42A2 masks have a<br />

silicone rubber face piece with an inturned<br />

peripheral face seal and binocular<br />

rigid-lens system. The basic mask, <strong>the</strong><br />

M40A1, includes a face-mounted canister<br />

with NATO standard threads (gas and<br />

aerosol filter) that can be worn on ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />

<strong>the</strong> left or right side; a drinking tube; and<br />

clear and tinted lens “outserts.” When <strong>the</strong><br />

canister is attached to a connection hose<br />

and equipped with a canister carrier,<br />

larger mask carrier and detachable microphone,<br />

<strong>the</strong> mask becomes <strong>the</strong> M42A2,<br />

which is used by all combat-vehicle crew<br />

personnel. The interchangeability also allows<br />

<strong>the</strong> repair <strong>of</strong> masks using a face piece<br />

assembly while retaining o<strong>the</strong>r existing,<br />

undamaged parts instead <strong>of</strong> a total replacement.<br />

This advance saves significant<br />

money and time.<br />

The M45 Chemical-Biological Protective<br />

Mask replaces <strong>the</strong> M24 and M49 mask<br />

systems. The M45 mask supports <strong>the</strong> Land<br />

Warrior program, as well as Joint Special<br />

Operations Command requirements, and<br />

serves as <strong>the</strong> mask for <strong>Army</strong>, Navy, Air<br />

Force and Marine personnel who cannot<br />

be fitted with <strong>the</strong> standard M40/M40A1,<br />

M42/M42A2 or MCU-2A/P protective<br />

masks.<br />

The M45 mask provides protection to<br />

face, eyes, head, neck and respiratory tract<br />

from chemical-biological (CB) agents and<br />

radioactive particles without <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong><br />

forced ventilation air, while maintaining<br />

compatibility with rotary-wing aircraftsighting<br />

systems and night-vision devices.<br />

The M45 mask consists <strong>of</strong> close-fitting eye<br />

lenses, front and side voice-mitter for faceto-face<br />

and telephone communication,<br />

a microphone pass-through for aircraft<br />

communications, a drinking tube passthrough,<br />

a low-pr<strong>of</strong>ile canister interopera-<br />

ble hose assembly to allow both hose and<br />

face-mounted configurations, interchangeable<br />

nose cups, a rubber face piece with an<br />

in-turned peripheral seal, and a second<br />

skin and hood.<br />

Protection is provided by <strong>the</strong> agent-resistant<br />

face piece and second skin and<br />

hood.<br />

Although all three components protect<br />

<strong>the</strong> soldier against CB agents in gaseous<br />

form, <strong>the</strong> second skin and hood provide<br />

increased liquid agent protection. The<br />

Land Warrior configuration does not include<br />

<strong>the</strong> hose assembly, hood, canister<br />

baffle, microphone or microphone cable.<br />

The mask is available in four sizes, and<br />

<strong>the</strong> interchangeable nose cups come in five<br />

different sizes to improve fit, comfort and<br />

vision. A different nose cup configuration<br />

is available for left-hand firing. Vision-corrective<br />

inserts can be fitted inside <strong>the</strong> face<br />

piece.<br />

Close-fitting eye lenses are shaped to<br />

improve peripheral vision and are compatible<br />

with most optical sighting and nightvision<br />

devices. Easy use <strong>of</strong> a drinking system<br />

permits intake <strong>of</strong> liquids.<br />

XM50 Joint<br />

service general<br />

purpose chemicalbiological<br />

protective<br />

mask<br />

The XM50 Joint Service General Purpose<br />

Chemical-Biological Protective Mask<br />

(JSGPM) program will provide <strong>the</strong> nextgeneration<br />

mask for all U.S.-Joint service<br />

ground forces.<br />

The JSGPM requirements include meeting<br />

existing and new threats posed by both<br />

chemical and biological agents and selected<br />

toxic industrial materials/chemicals that<br />

American forces may face in <strong>the</strong> future.<br />

O<strong>the</strong>r key performance parameters include<br />

a focus on reduced weight and bulk<br />

(smaller logistical footprint), compatibility<br />

with current and emerging equipment, improved<br />

reliability and an overall improved<br />

mission performance for soldiers, aircrews,<br />

marines and sailors. The cradle-tograve<br />

acquisition approach will also focus<br />

on reducing <strong>the</strong> total ownership cost for all<br />

services by replacing <strong>the</strong> five existing general-purpose<br />

protective masks with this<br />

one item.<br />

The system design goals call for significant<br />

improvement (50 percent) over <strong>the</strong><br />

M40 in <strong>the</strong> areas <strong>of</strong> breathing resistance,<br />

weight and bulk, compatibility with current<br />

and future systems, maintenance (50<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 393


Chemical-biological<br />

protective shelter<br />

percent fewer parts), and agent and toxic<br />

industrial chemical filtration included in<br />

<strong>the</strong> filter design. Production is planned to<br />

run through fiscal year (FY) 2015 for a U.S.<br />

acquisition objective <strong>of</strong> approximately 2.2<br />

million masks.<br />

The M43/M48 Chemical-Biological Aircraft<br />

Protective Mask provides CB protection<br />

for Apache aviators and was designed<br />

for compatibility with <strong>the</strong> AH-64 Apache<br />

helicopter’s integrated helmet and display<br />

sighting system (IHADSS) and optical relay<br />

tube.<br />

The M43 mask has a form-fitting butyl<br />

rubber face piece with lenses that mount<br />

close to <strong>the</strong> eyes; an integrally attached CB<br />

394 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

hood and a skull-type suspension system;<br />

an inhalation air distribution system for<br />

regulating <strong>the</strong> flow <strong>of</strong> air to <strong>the</strong> oronasal<br />

cavity; lenses and hood; and a pressurecompensated<br />

exhalation valve assembly<br />

for maintaining overpressure in <strong>the</strong> mask<br />

and hood. The overpressure is maintained<br />

by a portable blower/filter system that operates<br />

on battery or aircraft power and<br />

which filters air through a pair <strong>of</strong> C2 canisters.<br />

The M43-type I mask has a notched<br />

right eye lens to allow interface with <strong>the</strong><br />

helmet display unit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> IHADSS equipment.<br />

The mask was specifically designed<br />

for compatibility with <strong>the</strong> subsystems <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> AH-64, and it provides protection for<br />

<strong>the</strong> head, face, eyes and respiratory systems<br />

against field concentrations <strong>of</strong> all<br />

chemical and biological agents in liquid<br />

and aerosol forms, and against toxins and<br />

radioactive fallout particles. Vision correction<br />

is accomplished via contact lenses. In<br />

addition, <strong>the</strong> mask provides external voice<br />

communications and a drinking tube assembly.<br />

M43 is type-classified limited productionurgent<br />

and is currently fielded to all Apache<br />

pilots.<br />

The M48 mask, chemical-biological<br />

Apache aviator, is an improved M43A1-series<br />

mask (M43-type I) that is used by<br />

Apache helicopter pilots.<br />

The M48 mask replaces <strong>the</strong> existing M43<br />

blower with a portable lightweight motor<br />

blower (LWMB) that provides blown and<br />

filtered air for breathing, lens defogging<br />

and head cooling, thus enabling <strong>the</strong> aircrew<br />

to perform its mission in a CB environment<br />

both inside and outside <strong>the</strong> aircraft.<br />

During flight operations, <strong>the</strong> LWMB will<br />

be mounted in <strong>the</strong> Apache cockpit in <strong>the</strong><br />

same location as <strong>the</strong> M43 blower and can<br />

be quickly removed during an emergency<br />

egress procedure. The M48 was type-classified<br />

Standard A in June 1996.<br />

The Chemical-Biological Protective<br />

Shelter (CBPS) replaces <strong>the</strong> M51 collective<br />

protection shelter. It consists <strong>of</strong> a light-


weight multipurpose shelter mounted on<br />

an expanded-capacity variant Humvee<br />

and a 300-square-foot airbeam supported<br />

s<strong>of</strong>t shelter.<br />

The CBPS provides 72 hours <strong>of</strong> contamination-free,<br />

environmentally controlled<br />

working area for medical, combat service<br />

and combat service support personnel to<br />

obtain relief from <strong>the</strong> need to continuously<br />

wear chemical-biological individual protective<br />

clothing. Medical equipment and<br />

crew gear are transported inside <strong>the</strong> LMS<br />

and additional medical equipment is carried<br />

on a towed high-mobility trailer.<br />

An engineering change (EC) is being implemented<br />

to replace <strong>the</strong> hydraulic powered<br />

environmental support systems (Model 1)<br />

components and eliminate <strong>the</strong> need to use<br />

<strong>the</strong> Humvee engine. The EC will incorporate<br />

a self-powered electro-mechanical environmental<br />

support system (Model 2). A contract<br />

option has been exercised to procure 26<br />

CBPS (Model 2) systems.<br />

Chemically Protected Deployable Medical<br />

Support (CP DEPMEDS) is a containerized<br />

set that provides <strong>Army</strong> DEP-<br />

MEDS combat support hospitals with a capability<br />

to sustain operations in an NBC<br />

environment.<br />

This modular system integrates environmentally<br />

controlled collective protection<br />

elements into <strong>the</strong> hospital to reduce casualties<br />

and enhance combat effectiveness.<br />

CP DEPMEDS uses M28 collective protection<br />

(CP) equipment, power, waste and latrine<br />

management assets to provide an extended<br />

hospital capability.<br />

The M20A1 Simplified Collective Protection<br />

Equipment (SCPE) provides a<br />

clean-air shelter for use against chemical<br />

and biological warfare agents and radioactive<br />

particles. The SCPE is an inflatable<br />

shelter which allows personnel to perform<br />

duties without wearing individual protection<br />

equipment. It can be used as a command,<br />

control, communication and intelligence<br />

shelter or as a soldier rest and relief<br />

facility.<br />

Decontamination<br />

The M291 Skin Decontamination Kit<br />

consists <strong>of</strong> a wallet-like carrying pouch<br />

containing six individual decontamination<br />

packets, enough to do three complete skin<br />

decontaminations. Each packet contains an<br />

applicator pad filled with decontamination<br />

powder.<br />

Operating temperatures range from minus<br />

50 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit, and storage<br />

temperatures are from minus 60 to 160<br />

degrees Fahrenheit. Users can decontaminate<br />

<strong>the</strong>ir skin completely through removal,<br />

absorption and neutralization <strong>of</strong><br />

toxic agents with no long-term harmful effects.<br />

It is for external use only and may<br />

slightly irritate eyes or skin.<br />

Decontamination is accomplished by<br />

applying a black decontamination powder<br />

contained in <strong>the</strong> applicator pad. Application<br />

to skin exposed to contamination is<br />

explained in <strong>the</strong> technical manual. The<br />

M291 is a fielded item and replaces <strong>the</strong><br />

M258A1 skin decontamination kit.<br />

The M100 Sorbent Decontamination<br />

System (SDS) is ano<strong>the</strong>r decontaminating<br />

agent. It is a free-flowing, reactive, highly<br />

absorptive powder manufactured from<br />

aluminum oxide. The sorbent system was<br />

adopted in April 1999 after passing a rigorous<br />

peer review by a team <strong>of</strong> independent<br />

nongovernment evaluators and representatives<br />

from <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>, Navy and Air<br />

Force.<br />

The M100 SDS replaces <strong>the</strong> M11s and<br />

M13s currently used in spray-down operations<br />

associated with immediate decontamination.<br />

Each SDS consists <strong>of</strong> two 0.7pound<br />

packs <strong>of</strong> powdered reactive sorbent,<br />

two wash-mitt-type sorbent applicators,<br />

a case, straps and detailed instructions.<br />

An additional chemical-resistant<br />

mounting bracket is available. The system<br />

uses powdered sorbent to remove chemical<br />

agents from surfaces. Using <strong>the</strong> SDS<br />

decreases decontamination time and eliminates<br />

<strong>the</strong> need for water. Each SDS weighs<br />

4.2 pounds and fits into a 3 1 ⁄4-inch by 6inch<br />

by 14 1 ⁄2-inch space. The SDS mounting<br />

bracket is designed to fit M11 mount-<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 395


ing holes, allowing easy replacement <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> M11.<br />

Future developments include toxicology<br />

testing on <strong>the</strong> sorbent system to assess its<br />

acceptability to <strong>the</strong> Food and Drug Administration<br />

for use in skin decontamination<br />

and on open wounds. In addition, <strong>the</strong> SDS<br />

program will consider providing capability<br />

for contamination avoidance by providing<br />

protection <strong>of</strong> sensitive equipment. The sorbent<br />

system will also be tested against biological<br />

contaminants.<br />

DF200 Foam is a nontoxic, noncorrosive<br />

aqueous solution with enhanced physical<br />

stability for <strong>the</strong> rapid mitigation and decontamination<br />

<strong>of</strong> chemical and biological<br />

warfare (CBW) agents and toxic hazardous<br />

materials. DF200 foam is primarily designed<br />

for suited personnel and <strong>the</strong>ir<br />

equipment. The foam formulation is based<br />

on a surfactant system to solubolize sparingly<br />

soluble agents and increase rates <strong>of</strong><br />

reaction with nucleophilic reagents and<br />

mild oxidizing agents. The formulation<br />

also includes water-soluble polymers to<br />

enhance <strong>the</strong> physical stability <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foam.<br />

DF200 was developed at Sandia National<br />

Laboratories.<br />

DF200 can be deployed as a foam or liquid<br />

spray, with foam application being<br />

preferable in most instances. Foam application<br />

provides an easy visual reference<br />

for application coverage, an expansion <strong>of</strong><br />

formulation to enhance area coverage per<br />

gallon, and allows <strong>the</strong> formulation to adhere<br />

to surfaces and maintain required wet<br />

contact time with <strong>the</strong> agents being decontaminated.<br />

Components for <strong>the</strong> DF200 foam are<br />

mixed in a 5-gallon bucket prior to use,<br />

<strong>the</strong>n poured into <strong>the</strong> tanks and applied.<br />

The way <strong>the</strong> foam is applied can be modified<br />

by changing <strong>the</strong> tips on <strong>the</strong> 20-foot application<br />

hose. Once mixed, <strong>the</strong> foam solution<br />

has an eight-hour shelf life. The unmixed<br />

components for <strong>the</strong> foam solution<br />

have a two- to five-year shelf life.<br />

DF200 is attractive for civilian and military<br />

applications for <strong>the</strong> following reasons:<br />

It can be used for both chemical and biological<br />

toxicants; it can be rapidly deployed;<br />

mitigation <strong>of</strong> agents can be accomplished<br />

in bulk, aerosol and vapor phases;<br />

<strong>the</strong>re is minimal health and collateral damage;<br />

it requires minimal logistics support;<br />

it has minimal run-<strong>of</strong>f <strong>of</strong> fluids and no<br />

lasting environmental impact; and is relatively<br />

inexpensive.<br />

The Fixed-Site Decontamination System<br />

(FSDS) is a truck mounted, slip-on<br />

compressed air foam (CAF) unit. It features<br />

an advanced, modular-designed<br />

component compartment with control<br />

panel and a self-contained rotary screw air<br />

compressor. Also known as <strong>the</strong> Falcon,<br />

<strong>the</strong> FSDS is designed for durability, multiple<br />

use and low maintenance. The FSDS<br />

will fit in <strong>the</strong> standard bed <strong>of</strong> a pickup<br />

truck. A foam concentrate tank is built into<br />

<strong>the</strong> water tank, allowing for quick system<br />

activation and accurate foam application.<br />

Foam cell capacity is adjustable to fit speci-<br />

‘They have better tanks but we have better meetings.’<br />

396 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

fications. Foam streams can be projected to<br />

110 feet (34 meters) with a 1 1 ⁄2-inch hand<br />

line and optional compressor. The FSDS is<br />

compressor-driven, with choice <strong>of</strong> gas or<br />

diesel engine.<br />

The Multipurpose Decontamination<br />

System (MPDS) module is a follow-on development<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> NATO high-pressure<br />

cleaning and decontamination system,<br />

Kärcher HDS 1200 BK, which is being used<br />

worldwide by more than 40 armed forces.<br />

Because <strong>of</strong> its modular construction, <strong>the</strong><br />

MPDS is <strong>of</strong> universal use, ei<strong>the</strong>r as an independent<br />

single unit or incorporated in a<br />

more complex system. The main components<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> module are integrated in an<br />

aluminum frame. These are: engine drive,<br />

high-pressure pump and heat exchange<br />

unit.<br />

The MPDS module operates at temperatures<br />

from minus 30 to 60 degrees Celsius.<br />

For optimal functioning under arctic conditions,<br />

oil and air are preheated. Water is<br />

supplied through a self-suction siphon to a<br />

height <strong>of</strong> 4 meters from creeks, rivers, hydrants<br />

or water tanks. The supply with<br />

chemicals via <strong>the</strong> high-pressure pump is<br />

variable up to 60 liters per hour (16 gallons<br />

per hour). All functions are controlled by a<br />

central control panel. Temperature is variable<br />

from 0 to 210 degrees Celsius, and <strong>the</strong><br />

unit can produce cold water, hot water and<br />

wet or dry steam.<br />

An air-cooled diesel 4.2-kilowatt engine<br />

drives <strong>the</strong> high-pressure pump, supplying<br />

<strong>the</strong> module with electric energy via a<br />

topped generator. The engine is automatically<br />

started by a maintenance-free battery.<br />

If necessary, it can also be started manually.<br />

The fully automatic burner system<br />

operates at reverse current and is heated<br />

by diesel fuel. The temperature control<br />

regulates <strong>the</strong> burner.<br />

The Joint Service Sensitive Equipment<br />

Decontamination (JSSED) System will<br />

provide <strong>the</strong> ability to decontaminate<br />

chemical and biological agents from sensitive<br />

equipment (avionics, electronics, electrical)<br />

and environmental systems and<br />

equipment, aircraft and vehicle interiors<br />

(during flight/ground/shipboard operations)<br />

and associated cargo.<br />

NBC Integration Into <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />

Battle Command System (ABCS)<br />

As part <strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong> transformation, <strong>the</strong><br />

U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Soldier and Biological Chemical<br />

Command (SBCCOM) develops capabilities<br />

and products for <strong>the</strong> ABCS to ensure<br />

soldier survivability, force protection and<br />

weapons <strong>of</strong> mass destruction situational<br />

awareness. The goal is to network all battlefield<br />

NBC sensors and instantly transmit<br />

NBC warnings and reports through<br />

<strong>the</strong> ABCS to minimize <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> hostile<br />

NBC attacks or incidents on U.S. forces.<br />

To accomplish this goal <strong>the</strong> project manager<br />

for nuclear, biological and chemical


defense systems has two working projects:<br />

multipurpose integrated chemical agent<br />

alarm (MICAD) and <strong>the</strong> Joint warning and<br />

reporting network (JWARN) system.<br />

MICAD interfaces with battlefield NBC<br />

sensors, such as <strong>the</strong> advanced chemical<br />

agent detection alarms and <strong>the</strong> M93A1<br />

NBCRS (Fox). It remotely collects data<br />

from <strong>the</strong>se sensors and automatically generates<br />

NBC messages that are <strong>the</strong>n transmitted<br />

to <strong>the</strong> Force XXI Battle Command<br />

Brigade and Below (FBCB 2 ) and maneuver<br />

control systems.<br />

The second system, JWARN, is a s<strong>of</strong>tware<br />

application that resides on <strong>the</strong> maneuver<br />

control system (MCS). This computer<br />

program receives NBC sensor data<br />

from <strong>the</strong> battlefield and allows <strong>the</strong> user to<br />

conduct detailed NBC analysis quickly<br />

and send this information out through <strong>the</strong><br />

MCS to <strong>Army</strong> commanders and o<strong>the</strong>r service<br />

components, providing decisive information<br />

to maintain information superiority<br />

and maneuver dominance.<br />

To enhance NBC integration in <strong>the</strong> future,<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> has initiated a project<br />

called <strong>the</strong> embedded common technical<br />

architecture, which will integrate <strong>the</strong> capabilities<br />

<strong>of</strong> MICAD and JWARN into a single-board<br />

computer at a significantly reduced<br />

cost. This effort is currently targeted<br />

to support <strong>the</strong> Stryker brigade combat<br />

teams and will communicate through<br />

FBCB 2 .<br />

The Multipurpose Integrated Chemical<br />

Agent Alarm (MICAD) is an integrated<br />

nuclear, biological and chemical detection<br />

warning and reporting system to be used<br />

in area warning, combat and armored vehicles,<br />

and tactical van and shelter mission<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>iles. MICAD automates <strong>the</strong> currently<br />

laborious NBC warning and reporting<br />

process throughout <strong>the</strong> battlefield. It automates<br />

<strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>ring <strong>of</strong> NBC contamination<br />

data from fielded NBC detectors and sensors<br />

and automatically formats and transmits<br />

alarms and reports up <strong>the</strong> chain <strong>of</strong><br />

command throughout <strong>the</strong> battlefield.<br />

MICAD provides a communications interface<br />

to NBC sensors, provides warnings<br />

<strong>of</strong> chemical and nuclear attacks throughout<br />

<strong>the</strong> battlefield and automatically generates<br />

NBC-1/NBC-4 reports over existing<br />

tactical communications. It operates with<br />

<strong>the</strong> M22 and an AN/VDR-2 Radiac set. It<br />

interfaces with GPS vehicle navigation<br />

systems and modular collective protection<br />

equipment; it automates NBC report preparation<br />

(NBC-1/NBC-4) and transmission;<br />

and it communicates via single-channel<br />

ground and air radio system, FBCB 2 or<br />

JWARN. Its flexible design allows its use<br />

in an area warning role with telemetry link<br />

radio.<br />

The Joint Warning and Reporting Network<br />

(JWARN) is based on a commercial<br />

<strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf s<strong>of</strong>tware package developed<br />

by Bruhn New Tech. JWARN hazard pre-<br />

diction warning and reporting procedures<br />

for NBC attacks are based on standard<br />

NATO Allied Technical Publication (ATP)-45<br />

procedures. JWARN was designed to allow<br />

warfighters to determine and display<br />

NBC hazard areas resulting from <strong>the</strong> use<br />

<strong>of</strong> NBC weapon systems and dissemination<br />

devices. JWARN has <strong>the</strong> ability to provide<br />

hazard estimates <strong>of</strong> onset times and<br />

duration <strong>of</strong> hazard. JWARN also provides<br />

database management to store information<br />

used to warn units and can generate <strong>the</strong><br />

standard ATP-45 message set and overlays.<br />

The program operates in exercise and<br />

operational modes.<br />

Obscuration<br />

Smoke and o<strong>the</strong>r obscurants have been<br />

used in wars dating back to <strong>the</strong> ancient<br />

Greeks. On today’s battlefield, smoke can<br />

counter new generations <strong>of</strong> smart weapons.<br />

Smoke is used as camouflage, as<br />

blinding smoke laid directly on enemy positions<br />

and as a decoy to confuse and mislead<br />

enemy forces. These basic smoke applications<br />

are used to increase survivability,<br />

buy maneuver time for <strong>the</strong> attacker<br />

and protect forward-assembly areas and<br />

high-priority rear areas for <strong>the</strong> defense.<br />

Smoke particles scatter or absorb radiant<br />

energy used by troops and smart weapons<br />

for target acquisition and for weapon<br />

guidance and control. Smart weapon sensors<br />

operate in three main parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> elec-<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 397


tromagnetic spectrum: visible; near-, midand<br />

far-infrared wavelengths; and millimeter<br />

wavelengths.<br />

The most effective scattering smokes are<br />

aerosols that are <strong>the</strong> same size as <strong>the</strong> operating<br />

wavelengths <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sensor to be defeated.<br />

The best smoke for <strong>the</strong> visible spectrum<br />

may be transparent in <strong>the</strong> far-infrared<br />

area. The entire chain <strong>of</strong> electro-optical,<br />

infrared and millimeter-wave devices<br />

linking a smart weapon to a target is susceptible<br />

to smoke and o<strong>the</strong>r obscurants. In<br />

addition to absorbing light, some smokes<br />

emit heat, which can cover or clutter <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong>rmal images <strong>of</strong> targets.<br />

The reflection <strong>of</strong> laser or radar beams<br />

from smoke clouds can produce false targeting<br />

information for smart weapons,<br />

which can be blinded and defeated by<br />

smoke. Battlefield obscurants allow combatants<br />

to take advantage <strong>of</strong> technology<br />

overmatch. In Operation Desert Storm, U.S.<br />

ground forces used infrared-viewer technology<br />

at night to achieve dramatic results.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong> uses several models <strong>of</strong> smokegeneration<br />

systems, including: <strong>the</strong> M56<br />

Coyote, <strong>the</strong> M58 Wolf, <strong>the</strong> M157A2 Lynx<br />

and <strong>the</strong> M1059/M1059A3 Lynx. In addition,<br />

<strong>the</strong> M6 countermeasure discharger<br />

provides self-screening protection to individual<br />

combat vehicles.<br />

The M56 Coyote Smoke-Generation<br />

System (SGS) provides large-area obscuration<br />

in <strong>the</strong> visual and infrared spectra. It<br />

is a Humvee-mounted, large-area, smokegenerator<br />

system. In addition to providing<br />

enhanced spectrum coverage, <strong>the</strong> M56 system<br />

provides smoke generators with a<br />

new wheeled-vehicle platform. The system<br />

is mounted on <strong>the</strong> new expanded-capacity<br />

M113 Humvee and provides greater<br />

payload capacity and higher mobility for<br />

supporting smoke units.<br />

Six M56 Coyotes form a smoke platoon.<br />

They support light and airborne maneuver<br />

units by disseminating smoke on <strong>the</strong> move<br />

or from stationary positions to defeat enemy<br />

sensors and smart munitions, such as<br />

tank <strong>the</strong>rmal sights, guided munitions, directed<br />

energy weapons and o<strong>the</strong>r systems<br />

operating in <strong>the</strong> visible through far-infrared<br />

regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> electromagnetic spectrum.<br />

The system is modular and uses a gas turbine<br />

engine to disseminate obscurants. The<br />

visual screening module is capable <strong>of</strong> vaporizing<br />

fog oil at a rate equal to <strong>the</strong> M157<br />

smoke generator for up to 90 minutes.<br />

The infrared screening module can dis-<br />

‘The bean counters say we’re a relic <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cold War.’<br />

398 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

seminate particulate material to provide 30<br />

minutes <strong>of</strong> screening. M56 program planners<br />

cite <strong>the</strong> expanding global use <strong>of</strong> infrared<br />

targeting and sighting devices for<br />

prompting development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M56 Coyote,<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s first large-area smoke system<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> generating visible and infrared<br />

blocking screens.<br />

The M56 Coyote was type-classified<br />

“standard” in September 1994 and was followed<br />

by an initial production contract<br />

award for 296 systems in March 1995.<br />

First-article and production verification<br />

testing were successfully completed in<br />

September 1996.<br />

By <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> February 2000, 231 systems<br />

had been fielded to U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Training<br />

and Doctrine Command (TRADOC),<br />

U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Forces Command (FORSCOM)<br />

and U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Reserve Command (US-<br />

ARC). Fielding continues to FORSCOM<br />

and USARC.<br />

A materiel change program to add a millimeter-wave<br />

module began in FY 2001 to<br />

provide extended spectral coverage to defeat<br />

threat weapon systems operating in<br />

<strong>the</strong> millimeter regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> electromagnetic<br />

spectrum.<br />

The fielding <strong>of</strong> new M56 Coyotes<br />

pushed older M157 SGSs down to lower<br />

priority units. The last chemical unit with<br />

<strong>the</strong> aging M3A4 smoke-generation systems<br />

received M56 Coyotes in <strong>the</strong> first<br />

quarter <strong>of</strong> FY 2002.<br />

The M58 Wolf Smoke-Generation System<br />

places <strong>the</strong> capabilities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M56 on a<br />

derivative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tracked M113 armored<br />

personnel family. In addition to its current<br />

multispectral obscurant screening capabilities,<br />

planned materiel changes will allow<br />

<strong>the</strong> addition <strong>of</strong> a millimeter-wave (MMW)<br />

obscuration module, providing <strong>the</strong> capability<br />

to counter <strong>the</strong> threat arising from <strong>the</strong><br />

wide proliferation <strong>of</strong> advanced visual and<br />

infrared sensors and future MMW sensors.<br />

The chemical smoke platoon consists <strong>of</strong><br />

seven M58 vehicles. Six <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se are organized<br />

into two squads <strong>of</strong> three and <strong>the</strong><br />

smoke platoon leader leads in <strong>the</strong> seventh<br />

vehicle.<br />

Missions include providing static and<br />

mobile visual and/or infrared screening<br />

(haze, blanket and curtain) to conceal<br />

ground maneuver forces, and supporting<br />

breaching and recovery operations.<br />

The M58 Wolf was type-classified in August<br />

1995. Following a successful production<br />

verification test, <strong>the</strong> Wolf received materiel<br />

release approval in <strong>the</strong> first quarter<br />

<strong>of</strong> FY 1998 and has since been successfully<br />

fielded. It was fielded to <strong>Army</strong> Reserve<br />

units, along with training, late in FY 2000.<br />

The M157A2 Lynx Smoke-Generation<br />

System lets <strong>Army</strong> forces on <strong>the</strong> move produce<br />

large-area visual smoke screens. The<br />

system uses dual-pulse engines operating<br />

on standard <strong>Army</strong> fuels to produce large<br />

clouds <strong>of</strong> fog-oil vapor to defeat visual


ange observation and tracking methods,<br />

including lasers.<br />

Its major components are two M54A2<br />

smoke generators, an air compressor assembly,<br />

a 120-gallon fog-oil tank, a fog-oil<br />

pump assembly and a remote-control<br />

panel. The entire package is mounted on<br />

<strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> an M1037/M1097 Humvee with<br />

an M284A1 mounting kit.<br />

The M157A2 effort emerged through a<br />

post-Operation Desert Storm integrated<br />

product team approach that targeted <strong>the</strong><br />

earlier M54 engine on <strong>the</strong> M157 system for<br />

both operational cost reduction and simplified<br />

logistics.<br />

Although <strong>the</strong> earlier M54 engines relied<br />

on unleaded gasoline only, <strong>the</strong> new<br />

M54A2 pulse jet engines burn any midviscosity<br />

<strong>Army</strong> fuel—including diesel, JP4,<br />

JP8 and motor gasoline—to produce a<br />

thick white smoke cloud. Each engine is<br />

capable <strong>of</strong> vaporizing 40 gallons <strong>of</strong> fog oil<br />

in a one-hour mission.<br />

The M1059/M1059A3 Lynx Smoke-Generator<br />

Carrier is an M113A2 armored personnel<br />

carrier modified to transport a single<br />

M157 smoke-generating set. The two<br />

generators, mounted on <strong>the</strong> ro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vehicle<br />

under armor, are remotely controlled<br />

from inside <strong>the</strong> vehicle. A 120-gallon fogoil<br />

tank located within <strong>the</strong> vehicle can generate<br />

smoke for approximately one hour<br />

without refueling. The <strong>Army</strong> initially<br />

fielded approximately 200 M1059 systems<br />

between 1988 and 1990. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se vehicle<br />

systems have now been converted to<br />

<strong>the</strong> M1059A3 configuration with <strong>the</strong> reliability<br />

improvement for selected equipment<br />

power upgrade.<br />

The M6 Countermeasure Discharger is<br />

a four-tube smoke grenade launcher that<br />

enables combat vehicles to conceal <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />

from hostile surveillance, target acquisition<br />

and weapon guidance systems.<br />

The M6 can fire all Q-STAG 401 conforming<br />

grenades (66 mm) and interfaces with<br />

vehicle integrated defense systems.<br />

FUTURE COMBAT SYSTEMS<br />

The Future Combat Systems (FCS) is <strong>the</strong><br />

cornerstone <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s full spectrum<br />

modernization effort. FCS is not just a<br />

technology development program—it is<br />

<strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> new brigade combat<br />

teams (BCT). These new brigades—with<br />

more infantry, better equipment, improved<br />

communications and unmatched situational<br />

awareness—will change <strong>the</strong> way <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Army</strong> fights wars. These BCTs will prove<br />

invaluable during asymmetric <strong>of</strong>fense, defense<br />

and stability operations, allowing for<br />

precision targeted fires (keeps civilians out<br />

<strong>of</strong> harm’s way) and more infantry on <strong>the</strong><br />

ground (to patrol civilian populations).<br />

Sensors connected to <strong>the</strong> brigade combat<br />

team’s network <strong>of</strong>fer real-time situational<br />

updates allowing <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> to engage <strong>the</strong><br />

enemy before <strong>the</strong>y strike military or civilian<br />

targets.<br />

The FCS brigade combat team will use<br />

eight different variants <strong>of</strong> technologically<br />

advanced manned ground vehicles, families<br />

<strong>of</strong> unmanned munitions, air and<br />

ground vehicles, advanced tactical and urban<br />

sensors all connected by a state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>art<br />

network. Through this state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art<br />

network, <strong>the</strong> FCS brigade will have vastly<br />

increased situational awareness, survivability<br />

and lethality—ensuring that our<br />

soldiers can take <strong>the</strong> fight to <strong>the</strong> enemy before<br />

he knows we are <strong>the</strong>re and has time to<br />

react. By reducing vehicle crew sizes, logistics<br />

and maintenance burdens, <strong>the</strong> FCS<br />

brigade combat team [FCS (BCT)] will<br />

have nearly 50 percent more infantry Soldiers<br />

in <strong>the</strong> fight. When fully operational,<br />

<strong>the</strong> FCS (BCT) will provide <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> and<br />

<strong>the</strong> Joint force with unprecedented capability<br />

to see <strong>the</strong> enemy, engage him on our<br />

terms and defeat him on <strong>the</strong> 21st-century<br />

battlefield.<br />

FCS (BCT) is <strong>the</strong> fastest and surest way<br />

to modernize <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>. The FCS (BCT)<br />

is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s future tactical warfighting<br />

echelon; a ground combat force that complements<br />

<strong>the</strong> Joint team. Although optimized<br />

for <strong>of</strong>fensive operations, <strong>the</strong> FCS<br />

(BCT) will be capable <strong>of</strong> executing full<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 399


Unattended ground<br />

sensor<br />

spectrum operations. The FCS (BCT) will<br />

consist <strong>of</strong> three FCS-equipped combined<br />

arms battalions, a non-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight cannon<br />

battalion, a reconnaissance surveillance and<br />

target acquisition squadron, a brigade support<br />

battalion, a brigade intelligence and<br />

communications company, and a headquarters<br />

company. The FCS (BCT) will improve<br />

<strong>the</strong> strategic deployability and operational<br />

maneuver capability <strong>of</strong> ground combat formations<br />

without sacrificing lethality or survivability.<br />

Spin Outs & <strong>Army</strong> Evaluation<br />

Task Force (AETF)<br />

FCS (BCT) is using evolutionary acquisition<br />

to develop, field and upgrade FCS<br />

(BCT) throughout its life cycle. Since 2004,<br />

FCS has been working an accelerated de-<br />

400 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

livery schedule <strong>of</strong> selected hardware and<br />

s<strong>of</strong>tware to <strong>the</strong> current force. The <strong>Army</strong> is<br />

accelerating fielding <strong>of</strong> select FCS (BCT)<br />

capabilities (called spin outs) to reduce operational<br />

risk to <strong>the</strong> current force. Spin<br />

outs are providing early capability in force<br />

protection, networked fires, expanded battlespace<br />

and battle command and have begun<br />

testing in <strong>2008</strong>. Just as <strong>the</strong> emerging<br />

FCS (BCT) capabilities enhance <strong>the</strong> current<br />

force, <strong>the</strong> current force’s operational experience<br />

informs <strong>the</strong> FCS (BCT) program,<br />

fur<strong>the</strong>r mitigating future development<br />

challenges, force management and institutional<br />

risks. In addition to <strong>the</strong> current spin<br />

outs, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> is accelerating fielding <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> small unmanned ground vehicle robot<br />

and <strong>the</strong> Class 1 unmanned aerial vehicle.<br />

The <strong>Army</strong>’s Evaluation Task Force (AETF)<br />

(5th Brigade, 1st Armored Division) is a<br />

U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Training and Doctrine Command<br />

(TRADOC) tactical unit organized<br />

and structured to support <strong>the</strong> evaluation <strong>of</strong><br />

FCS. AETF is currently testing/evaluating<br />

FCS equipment, allowing soldier feedback<br />

to take place early in <strong>the</strong> development<br />

process. This helps developers make adjustments<br />

that soldiers want and helps to mitigate<br />

potential costly and timely changes<br />

that typically occur late in <strong>the</strong> development<br />

cycle. AETF soldiers began training with<br />

FCS hardware and s<strong>of</strong>tware in January <strong>2008</strong><br />

and are currently undergoing evaluations<br />

<strong>of</strong> Spin Out 1 equipment.<br />

Spin Out 1 consists <strong>of</strong> B-kits for<br />

Abrams, Bradley and Humvee platforms,<br />

tactical and urban sensors and non-line<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />

launch systems (NLOS-LS). B-kits<br />

provide increased situational awareness<br />

and communications through advanced<br />

network and communication settings.<br />

Spin Out 1 B-Kits include Joint Tactical<br />

Radio System Ground Mobile Radio<br />

(JTRS-GMR), Integrated Computer System<br />

(ICS), and System <strong>of</strong> Systems Common<br />

Operating System (SoSCOE). Tactical<br />

and urban sensors placed in urban settings<br />

(by soldiers) and in tactical environments<br />

will increase situational awareness<br />

by providing real-time battlespace information<br />

over <strong>the</strong> network. These act as<br />

Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine<br />

“eyes and ears” on <strong>the</strong> battlefield—allowing<br />

more soldiers in <strong>the</strong> fight—with better<br />

situational awareness. NLOS-LS provides<br />

rapidly deployable and network-linked<br />

stand<strong>of</strong>f munitions launch capability that<br />

is currently not available within <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>.<br />

FCS spin-out technology will reach operational<br />

brigades in <strong>the</strong> 2011 time frame.<br />

The FCS (BCT) Network<br />

The FCS (BCT) Network is a layered system<br />

<strong>of</strong> computers, s<strong>of</strong>tware, radios and<br />

sensors all interconnected with each variant<br />

in <strong>the</strong> FCS (BCT). Why is this network<br />

important? Currently, <strong>the</strong>re are many radio<br />

and computer systems all using various<br />

different s<strong>of</strong>tware. The problem with<br />

this is that makes it difficult to communicate.<br />

The FCS network mitigates <strong>the</strong> effects<br />

<strong>of</strong> using various systems. The FCS network<br />

enables leaders at all levels to see<br />

first, understand first, act first and finish<br />

decisively. The network connects platforms<br />

to <strong>the</strong> soldier at every echelon, from<br />

brigade to squad. The network also gives<br />

<strong>the</strong> ability to integrate our communications<br />

with o<strong>the</strong>r Department <strong>of</strong> Defense<br />

agencies and with our allies.<br />

There are five layers in <strong>the</strong> network: sensor/platform<br />

layer, application layer, services<br />

layer, transport layer and standards<br />

layer. These layers provide diversity in<br />

waveform, frequency and environment to<br />

ensure <strong>the</strong>re are multiple paths to transport<br />

<strong>the</strong> data. Each network is tailored to<br />

support <strong>the</strong> specific needs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> end users.<br />

Depending upon <strong>the</strong> communication configuration,<br />

most users will be provided<br />

with multiple layers <strong>of</strong> access. Since <strong>the</strong><br />

FCS communication environments are not<br />

forgiving, when a layer <strong>of</strong> communication<br />

becomes unavailable (due to increased<br />

range, obstructions and so on) to a node,<br />

<strong>the</strong> next best layer will be selected (with<br />

impacts to <strong>the</strong> performance) to support <strong>the</strong><br />

node’s connectivity. Toge<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong>se layers<br />

provide seamless delivery <strong>of</strong> information.<br />

Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS)<br />

The FCS (BCT) Unattended Ground Sensors<br />

(UGS) program is divided into two<br />

major subgroups <strong>of</strong> sensing systems: tactical-UGS<br />

(T-UGS) and urban-UGS (U-UGS).<br />

U-UGS provide a low-cost, network-enabled<br />

reporting system for situational<br />

awareness and force protection in an urban<br />

setting, as well as residual protection<br />

for cleared areas <strong>of</strong> military operations in<br />

urban terrain (MOUT) environments. They<br />

are hand-employed by soldiers or robotic<br />

vehicles ei<strong>the</strong>r inside or outside buildings<br />

and structures. U-UGS support BCT operations<br />

by monitoring urban choke points<br />

such as corridors and stairwells, as well as<br />

sewers, culverts and tunnels. U-UGS gateways<br />

provide <strong>the</strong> urban situational awareness<br />

data interfaced to Joint tactical radio<br />

system (JTRS) networks.


An unattended ground sensors field will<br />

include multimode sensors for target detection,<br />

location and classification, and an<br />

imaging capability for target identification.<br />

A sensor field also includes a gateway node<br />

to provide sensor fusion and a long-haul interoperable<br />

communications capability for<br />

transmitting target or situational awareness<br />

information to a remote operator, or <strong>the</strong><br />

common operating picture through <strong>the</strong> FCS<br />

(BCT) JTRS network. The UGS are used to<br />

perform mission tasks such as perimeter<br />

defense, surveillance, target acquisition and<br />

situational awareness, including chemical,<br />

radiological, nuclear and early warning.<br />

Soldiers involved in <strong>the</strong> testing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> UGS<br />

during Spin Out 1 provided invaluable<br />

feedback that has been incorporated and is<br />

now in development and testing.<br />

XM501 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight<br />

Launch System (NLOS-LS)<br />

The Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Launch System<br />

(NLOS-LS) consists <strong>of</strong> a platform-independent<br />

container launch unit (CLU) with selfcontained<br />

tactical fire-control electronics<br />

and s<strong>of</strong>tware for remote and unmanned<br />

operations. Each container launch unit consists<br />

<strong>of</strong> a computer, communications system<br />

and 15 precision attack missiles (PAM).<br />

Precision attack missiles are modular,<br />

multimission, guided missiles with two<br />

trajectories—a direct-fire or fast-attack trajectory<br />

and a boost-glide trajectory. The<br />

missile receives target information prior to<br />

launch and can receive and respond to target<br />

location updates during flight. The precision<br />

attack missile supports laser-designated,<br />

laser-anointed and autonomous<br />

operation modes and is capable <strong>of</strong> transmitting<br />

near-real-time information in <strong>the</strong><br />

form <strong>of</strong> target imagery prior to impact.<br />

PAM is being designed to defeat high pay<strong>of</strong>f<br />

light and heavy armored targets, ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />

moving or stationary. The NLOS-LS, which<br />

has also successfully completed airdrops<br />

from a C-130, is part <strong>of</strong> Spin Out 1.<br />

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)<br />

The XM156 Class I Unmanned Aerial<br />

Vehicle (UAV) provides <strong>the</strong> dismounted<br />

soldier with reconnaissance, surveillance<br />

and target acquisition (RSTA). The Class I<br />

provides a hover and stare capability that is<br />

not currently available in <strong>the</strong> current <strong>Army</strong><br />

UAV inventory for urban and route surveillance.<br />

Estimated to weigh 40 pounds, <strong>the</strong><br />

air vehicle operates in complex urban and<br />

wooded terrains with a vertical take-<strong>of</strong>f and<br />

landing capability. The air vehicle also features<br />

a 10-hp heavy fuel engine and an electro-optical/infrared/laser<br />

designator/laser<br />

rangefinder payload.<br />

The Class I is interoperable with selected<br />

ground and air platforms and controlled by<br />

dismounted soldiers. It uses autonomous<br />

flight and navigation, but it will interact<br />

with <strong>the</strong> network and soldier to dynami-<br />

cally update routes and target information.<br />

It provides dedicated reconnaissance support<br />

and early warning to <strong>the</strong> lowest echelons<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brigade combat team (BCT) in<br />

environments not suited to larger assets.<br />

The system (which includes one air vehicle,<br />

a control device and ground support equipment)<br />

is transportable in two custom modular<br />

lightweight load-carrying equipment<br />

packs.<br />

Non-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />

launch system<br />

The Class I system also fills known gaps<br />

that exist in force operations, such as protect<br />

force in counterinsurgency (COIN) operations,<br />

soldier protection in COIN environment,<br />

ability to conduct Joint urban<br />

operations, enhanced ISR/RSTA capabilities,<br />

and hover and stare operations. The<br />

Class I UAV has entered accelerated evaluation<br />

by soldiers at <strong>the</strong> AETF, where soldiers<br />

have started training on <strong>the</strong> equipment.<br />

The XM157 Class IV Unmanned Aerial<br />

Vehicle (UAV) has a range and endurance<br />

appropriate for <strong>the</strong> brigade mission. It<br />

supports <strong>the</strong> brigade combat team commander<br />

with communications relay, long<br />

endurance persistent stare and wide area<br />

surveillance. Unique missions include<br />

dedicated manned and unmanned teaming<br />

with manned aviation; wide band<br />

communications relay; and stand<strong>of</strong>f chemical,<br />

biological, radiological, nuclear detection<br />

with onboard processing. Additionally,<br />

it has <strong>the</strong> payload to enhance <strong>the</strong><br />

RSTA capabilities by cross-cueing multiple<br />

sensors. The Class IV will be able to land<br />

Class I unmanned aerial vehicle<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 401


Small unmanned ground vehicle<br />

without a dedicated air field. Class IV development<br />

is shared with <strong>the</strong> Navy’s Fire<br />

Scout program.<br />

402 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine<br />

Multifunctional utility/logistics and equipment (MULE) vehicle<br />

Unmanned Ground Vehicle<br />

The Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle<br />

(SUGV) is a lightweight, manportable<br />

UGV capable <strong>of</strong> conducting military operations<br />

in urban terrain, tunnels, sewers and<br />

caves. The SUGV performs hazardous missions<br />

without directly exposing <strong>the</strong> soldier<br />

to <strong>the</strong> dangers found in manpower-intensive<br />

or high-risk missions (urban intelligence,<br />

surveillance and reconnaissance mis-<br />

sions; inspecting and evaluating suspected<br />

booby traps and improvised explosive devices<br />

and chemical/toxic industrial chemicals/toxic<br />

industrial materials/reconnaissance,<br />

and so on). The SUGV modular<br />

design allows multiple payloads to be integrated<br />

in a plug-and-play fashion. Weighing<br />

less than 30 pounds, it is capable <strong>of</strong> carrying<br />

up to 6 pounds <strong>of</strong> payload weight.<br />

The SUGV has entered accelerated evaluation<br />

by soldiers at <strong>the</strong> AETF, where soldiers<br />

have started training on <strong>the</strong> equipment.<br />

The Multifunctional Utility/Logistics<br />

and Equipment (MULE) Vehicle is a 3.5ton<br />

unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) that<br />

will support mounted, dismounted and air<br />

assault operations. The MULE common<br />

mobility platform (CMP) is <strong>the</strong> program’s<br />

centerpiece, providing superior mobility<br />

built around <strong>the</strong> propulsion and articulated<br />

suspension system to negotiate complex<br />

terrain, obstacles and gaps that a dismounted<br />

squad will encounter. In addition,<br />

<strong>the</strong> MULE vehicles are sling-loadable under<br />

military rotorcraft.<br />

The MULE vehicle has three variants<br />

sharing a common chassis: transport<br />

(MULE-T), countermine (MULE-CM) and<br />

<strong>the</strong> armed robotic vehicle (ARV)-assaultlight<br />

(ARV-A-L). The transport MULE vehicle,<br />

XM1217, carries 1,900-2,400 pounds<br />

<strong>of</strong> equipment and rucksacks for dismounted<br />

infantry squads. The rugged vehicle<br />

relieves soldiers <strong>of</strong> heavy equipment<br />

and packs while following <strong>the</strong>m through<br />

complex terrain. The countermine MULE<br />

vehicle, XM 1218, will provide <strong>the</strong> capability<br />

to detect, mark and neutralize antitank<br />

mines by integrating a mine detection mission<br />

equipment package from <strong>the</strong> ground<br />

stand<strong>of</strong>f mine detection system (GSTA-<br />

MIDS) FCS (BCT) program. The ARV-A-L<br />

MULE vehicle, XM1219, is a mobility platform<br />

with an integrated weapons and


RSTA package to support <strong>the</strong> dismounted<br />

infantry’s efforts to locate and destroy enemy<br />

platforms and positions.<br />

Manned Ground Vehicles (MGV)<br />

The XM1201 Reconnaissance and Surveillance<br />

Vehicle (RSV) is part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

manned ground vehicle (MGV) family and<br />

is <strong>the</strong> eyes and ears <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlefield. It features<br />

a suite <strong>of</strong> advanced sensors to detect,<br />

locate, track, classify and automatically<br />

identify targets from increased stand<strong>of</strong>f<br />

ranges under all climatic conditions, day or<br />

night. Included in this suite are a mastmounted,<br />

long-range electro-optic infrared<br />

sensor, an emitter mapping sensor for radio<br />

frequency intercept and direction finding,<br />

remote chemical detection and a multifunction<br />

radio frequency sensor. The RSV also<br />

features <strong>the</strong> onboard capability to conduct<br />

automatic target detection, aided target<br />

recognition and level-one sensor fusion. To<br />

fur<strong>the</strong>r enhance <strong>the</strong> scout’s capabilities, <strong>the</strong><br />

RSV is equipped with unattended ground<br />

Mounted combat system<br />

sensors (UGS), a small unmanned ground<br />

vehicle (SUGV) and a Class I unmanned<br />

aerial vehicle (UAV) system.<br />

The XM1202 Mounted Combat System<br />

(MCS) is part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> manned ground vehicle<br />

(MGV) family that provides line-<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />

and beyond-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight <strong>of</strong>fensive firepower<br />

capability, allowing BCTs to close<br />

with and destroy enemy forces. The MCS<br />

delivers precision fires at a rapid rate to destroy<br />

multiple targets at stand<strong>of</strong>f ranges<br />

quickly and complements <strong>the</strong> fires <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

systems in <strong>the</strong> BCT. It is capable <strong>of</strong> providing<br />

direct support to <strong>the</strong> dismounted infantry<br />

in an assault, defeating bunkers and<br />

breaching walls during <strong>the</strong> tactical assault.<br />

When employing <strong>the</strong> mid-range munition<br />

(MRM), <strong>the</strong> MCS also provides beyondline-<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />

fires to destroy point targets<br />

through <strong>the</strong> integrated sensor network.<br />

This capability enhances system-<strong>of</strong>-systems<br />

lethality and significantly increases <strong>the</strong> options<br />

available to <strong>the</strong> BCT commander for<br />

<strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> point targets through <strong>the</strong><br />

integrated fires network. MCS shares a<br />

‘Okay, you walk up and tell<br />

him it’s a stupid looking hat.’<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 403


common chassis with <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r FCS MGVs<br />

and consists <strong>of</strong> a lightweight 120 mm cannon<br />

and an ammunition handling system.<br />

The XM1203 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Cannon<br />

(NLOS-C) is an indirect fire support component<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> manned ground vehicle<br />

(MGV) family. The NLOS-C is a self-propelled<br />

howitzer with a two-man crew. It<br />

will provide networked, extended-range,<br />

responsive and sustained precision attack<br />

<strong>of</strong> point and area targets in support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

FCS (BCT). It fires a suite <strong>of</strong> munitions to<br />

provide a variety <strong>of</strong> effects on demand including<br />

precision-guided munitions such<br />

as <strong>the</strong> XM982 Excalibur. NLOS-C provides<br />

close support and destructive fires for tactical<br />

stand<strong>of</strong>f engagement during both <strong>of</strong>fensive<br />

and defensive operations in concert<br />

with line-<strong>of</strong>-sight, beyond-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight,<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r NLOS, external and Joint capabilities<br />

in combat scenarios spanning <strong>the</strong> spectrum<br />

<strong>of</strong> ground combat and threats. It has a 155<br />

mm, Zone 4, 38-caliber cannon, fully automated<br />

armament system and a high level<br />

<strong>of</strong> commonality with o<strong>the</strong>r MGV variants.<br />

It incorporates a suite <strong>of</strong> protection measures<br />

to enhance crew and platform survivability.<br />

The NLOS-C is deployable worldwide<br />

and can operate in a wide range <strong>of</strong> natural<br />

environmental conditions. The cannon can<br />

move rapidly, stop quickly and deliver<br />

lethal first-round effects on target in record<br />

time. NLOS-C’s multiple round simultaneous<br />

impact capability, coupled with <strong>the</strong><br />

NLOS-C superior sustained rate <strong>of</strong> fire,<br />

will provide record effects on target from a<br />

smaller number <strong>of</strong> systems. The cannon,<br />

like all MGV variants, can rapidly rearm<br />

and refuel, and its system weight makes it<br />

uniquely deployable. Fully automated handling,<br />

loading and firing is a centerpiece <strong>of</strong><br />

‘Then I told <strong>the</strong><br />

king <strong>the</strong> cost to<br />

migrate from<br />

traditional,<br />

land-based<br />

networks to a<br />

satellite-based<br />

internet<br />

protocol.’<br />

FCS non-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight cannon<br />

404 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> NLOS-C. It balances deployability and<br />

sustainability with responsiveness, lethality,<br />

survivability, agility and versatility. The<br />

NLOS-C is designed to minimize its logistic<br />

and maintenance footprint in <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater<br />

<strong>of</strong> operation and to employ advanced<br />

maintenance approaches to increase availability<br />

and to support sustainability.<br />

The XM1204 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Mortar<br />

(NLOS-M) is <strong>the</strong> short- to-mid-range indirect<br />

fire support component <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> manned<br />

ground vehicle (MGV) family. It provides<br />

networked, responsive and sustained indirect<br />

fire support to <strong>the</strong> combined arms battalion<br />

in <strong>the</strong> FCS (BCT). It fires a suite <strong>of</strong><br />

120 mm munitions that provide a variety <strong>of</strong><br />

fires on demand including precisionguided<br />

munitions. NLOS-M provides close<br />

support and destructive fires for tactical<br />

stand<strong>of</strong>f engagement during both <strong>of</strong>fensive<br />

and defensive operations in concert with<br />

line-<strong>of</strong>-sight, beyond-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight, o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

NLOS, external and Joint capabilities in<br />

combat scenarios spanning <strong>the</strong> spectrum <strong>of</strong><br />

ground combat and threats.<br />

The NLOS-M mounts a secondary armament<br />

and will incorporate a suite <strong>of</strong> protection<br />

measures to enhance <strong>the</strong> three-person<br />

crew’s survivability. The semiautomated<br />

ammunition handling on <strong>the</strong> NLOS-M will<br />

present <strong>the</strong> proper round from <strong>the</strong> magazines<br />

to <strong>the</strong> crewman. After <strong>the</strong> crewman<br />

has prepared <strong>the</strong> ammunition for firing, <strong>the</strong><br />

system will load and fire <strong>the</strong> round. The automated<br />

fire control will compute firing<br />

data and point <strong>the</strong> tube. It will be deployable<br />

worldwide and will operate in a wide<br />

range <strong>of</strong> climatic conditions. The NLOS-M<br />

will have a high level <strong>of</strong> commonality with<br />

o<strong>the</strong>r MGV variants and will be designed to<br />

minimize its logistic and maintenance footprint<br />

in <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater <strong>of</strong> operation. The NLOS-<br />

M will employ advanced maintenance approaches<br />

to increase availability and<br />

support sustainability.<br />

The XM1205 Field Recovery and Maintenance<br />

Vehicle (FRMV) is a maneuver<br />

sustainment system, providing recovery<br />

and maintenance support within <strong>the</strong> BCT.<br />

The brigade support battalion’s (BSB)<br />

maintenance company will have several<br />

combat repair teams (CRTs) in support <strong>of</strong><br />

each battalion-sized element in <strong>the</strong> BCT.<br />

The CRTs perform field maintenance repairs<br />

beyond <strong>the</strong> capabilities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> crew<br />

Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine


chief/crew, more in-depth battle damage<br />

assessment and repair (BDAR), and recovery<br />

and limited towing operations utilizing<br />

<strong>the</strong> FRMV. The soldier-centric design<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> FRMV makes <strong>the</strong> CRT mechanics<br />

more combat-effective and allows <strong>the</strong>m to<br />

get disabled vehicles back into <strong>the</strong> fight<br />

sooner. Recovery <strong>of</strong> overturned or mired<br />

vehicles and maintenance lift will be accomplished<br />

using <strong>the</strong> FRMV crane and recovery<br />

winch. The FRMV will have a crew<br />

<strong>of</strong> three with additional space for two recovered<br />

crew members and carry equipment<br />

and spare parts to conduct on-site<br />

vehicle repairs. The weapon system on <strong>the</strong><br />

FRMV is <strong>the</strong> common remotely operated<br />

weapon station (CROWS).<br />

The XM1206 Infantry Combat Vehicle<br />

(ICV) is <strong>the</strong> first networked combat vehicle<br />

centered around <strong>the</strong> nine-man infantry<br />

squad. The ICV carries <strong>the</strong> base crew <strong>of</strong><br />

two plus <strong>the</strong> nine-man squad with associated<br />

combat equipment. The ICV supports<br />

<strong>the</strong> rifle squad, weapons squad, platoon<br />

leader and company commander mission<br />

roles. Regardless <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mission role, <strong>the</strong><br />

ICV appears identical from <strong>the</strong> exterior to<br />

prevent targeting <strong>of</strong> a specific ICV (for example,<br />

platoon leader). The ICV delivers<br />

<strong>the</strong> rifle squad or weapons squad to a location<br />

from which <strong>the</strong>y will conduct a close<br />

assault and provides supporting fires.<br />

The ICV will effectively employ weapon<br />

systems and rapidly maneuver during<br />

blackout, day and night operations, inclement<br />

wea<strong>the</strong>r and limited visibility periods.<br />

The squad will have access to <strong>Army</strong><br />

and Joint fire delivery systems from external<br />

sources to provide extended range,<br />

networked responsive precision or volume<br />

fires on demand in support <strong>of</strong> tactical maneuvers.<br />

The ICV can move, shoot, communicate,<br />

detect threats, and protect crew<br />

and critical components under most landsurface<br />

environments, making <strong>the</strong> infantry<br />

soldier more combat effective. Data transfer<br />

with o<strong>the</strong>r components <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> BCT permits<br />

constant update <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common operational<br />

picture and rapid identification <strong>of</strong><br />

targets. The ICV features <strong>the</strong> MK44 30 mm<br />

cannon as its primary armament, plus a<br />

7.62 machine gun.<br />

The XM1207 & XM1208 Medical Vehicles<br />

are designed around <strong>the</strong> medical<br />

physicians providing advanced trauma<br />

life support within one hour to critically<br />

injured soldiers. The medical vehicles<br />

serve as <strong>the</strong> primary medical system<br />

within <strong>the</strong> BCT and have two variants:<br />

evacuation and treatment. The time-sensitive<br />

nature <strong>of</strong> treating critically injured soldiers<br />

requires an immediately responsive<br />

force health protection system with an expedient<br />

field evacuation system. The medical<br />

vehicle-evacuation (MV-E) provides<br />

ground medical evacuation for up to four<br />

litter patients, six ambulatory patients or a<br />

combination <strong>of</strong> three litter and three ambulatory<br />

patients as it maneuvers with<br />

combat units. The medical vehicle–treatment<br />

(MV-T) vehicle provides advanced<br />

trauma management (ATM)/advanced<br />

trauma life support (ATLS) forward on <strong>the</strong><br />

battlefield for more rapid casualty interventions<br />

and clearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlespace.<br />

Both medical vehicle versions will be capable<br />

<strong>of</strong> conducting medical procedures and<br />

treatments using installed networked<br />

medical information interfaces, with <strong>the</strong><br />

ability to interface with medical communi-<br />

Non-line-<strong>of</strong>sight<br />

mortar<br />

cations for combat casualty care (MC 4 ) and<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater medical information program<br />

(TMIP). Real-time monitoring/reporting<br />

<strong>of</strong> medical status during medical sustainment<br />

operations will be achieved.<br />

The XM1209 Command and Control Vehicle<br />

(C 2 V) is part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> manned ground<br />

vehicle (MGV) family and <strong>the</strong> hub <strong>of</strong> battlefield<br />

command and control. The C 2 V platform<br />

provides <strong>the</strong> tools for commanders to<br />

synchronize <strong>the</strong>ir knowledge <strong>of</strong> combat<br />

power with <strong>the</strong> human dimension <strong>of</strong> leadership.<br />

It is located within <strong>the</strong> headquarters<br />

sections at each echelon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> BCT (down<br />

to <strong>the</strong> company level) and contains <strong>the</strong><br />

warfighter machine interface that allows<br />

commanders and <strong>the</strong>ir staffs to access battle<br />

command applications. These applications<br />

enable commanders and <strong>the</strong>ir staffs to perform<br />

tasks such as fusing friendly, enemy,<br />

civilian, wea<strong>the</strong>r and terrain situations and<br />

distributing this information via a common<br />

operating picture. Commanders also utilize<br />

<strong>the</strong> C 2 V’s integrated C 4 ISR suite to receive,<br />

analyze and transmit tactical information<br />

both inside and outside <strong>the</strong> BCT.<br />

The command and control vehicle (C 2 V)<br />

can also employ unmanned systems, such as<br />

unmanned aerial vehicles, to enhance situational<br />

awareness throughout <strong>the</strong> BCT. ✭<br />

<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 405

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