October 2008 ARMY 327 - Association of the United States Army
October 2008 ARMY 327 - Association of the United States Army
October 2008 ARMY 327 - Association of the United States Army
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Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> <strong>327</strong>
Contents<br />
The <strong>2008</strong> <strong>ARMY</strong> Green Book Weapons and Equipment<br />
Directory continues its own transformation to provide a<br />
glimpse at some representative systems supporting today’s<br />
warfighters.<br />
Portions <strong>of</strong> this year’s directory have been reorganized<br />
to reflect Program Executive Office structures more<br />
accurately. In addition, <strong>the</strong> FCS section continues to be<br />
expanded. This directory has attempted to balance both<br />
existing and emerging systems to provide readers with a<br />
broad appreciation <strong>of</strong> warfighter systems’ capabilities.<br />
Some programs are emerging and evolving too quickly for<br />
incorporation in this directory. The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle<br />
(JLTV) program, for example, is still in source selection<br />
as <strong>the</strong>se pages go to press. O<strong>the</strong>r new program listings<br />
will have to wait until next year because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
exigencies <strong>of</strong> current <strong>Army</strong> operational tempos.<br />
The <strong>2008</strong> Weapons Directory remains a work in progress.<br />
Comments and suggestions regarding <strong>the</strong> ongoing<br />
transformation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se reference pages are always appreciated.<br />
I. AIRCRAFT<br />
Rotary Wing<br />
AH-6/MH-6 Little Bird (Cayuse) Helicopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332<br />
AH-64A Apache Helicopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332<br />
AH-64D Longbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333<br />
CH-47D Chinook Helicopter . . . . . . . . . . . . .333<br />
CH-47F Improved Cargo Helicopter (ICH) . . .333<br />
MH-47G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333<br />
OH-58D Kiowa Warrior Helicopter . . . . . . . .334<br />
ARH-70A Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter<br />
334<br />
(ARH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334<br />
TH-67 Creek Helicopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334<br />
UH-60 Black Hawk Helicopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334<br />
UH-72A Lakota Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335<br />
Fixed Wing<br />
C-12 King Air/RC-12 Guardrail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335<br />
EO-5 Airborne Reconnaissance Low (ARL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />
C-20 and C-37 Citation Long-Range/Executive Transport Jets . . . . . . . . .336<br />
C-23 Sherpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />
UC-35A Cessna Citation Ultra/UC-35B Encore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />
C-26 Fairchild Metro Liner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />
Future Cargo Aircraft (FCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)<br />
337 RQ-5A Hunter UAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336<br />
RQ-7A Shadow Tactical UAS . . . . . . . . .336<br />
RQ-11B Raven Small UAS . . . . . . . . . . .337<br />
Improved-Gnat (I-GNAT-ER)<br />
[Extended Range] . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337<br />
Sky Warrior Extended Range/<br />
Multi-Purpose (ER/MP) UAS . . . . . .337<br />
328 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
Air Traffic Control Systems<br />
Tactical Systems<br />
AN/TPN-31 Air Traffic Navigation, Integration, Coordination System<br />
(ATNAVICS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337<br />
AN/TSQ-221 Tactical Airspace Integration System (TAIS) . . . . . . . . . . . .337<br />
AN/MSQ-135 Mobile Tower System (MOTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338<br />
AN/TSQ 198 Tactical Terminal Control System (TTCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338<br />
Fixed-Base Programs<br />
AN/FPN 67 Digital Airspace Surveillance Radar (DASR) . . . . . . . . . . . . .338<br />
DoD Digital Advanced Automation System (DAAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338<br />
Voice Communications Switching System (VCSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338<br />
AN/FPN-67 Fixed-Base Precision Approach Radar (FBPAR) System . . . . .338<br />
II. MISSILES AND SPACE PROGRAMS<br />
Aircraft Rockets<br />
2.75-inch (70 mm) Hydra 70 Rocket Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339<br />
AGM-114 Hellfire Missile Family/Hellfire II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339<br />
Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339<br />
Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340<br />
Cruise Missile Defense Systems (CMDS)<br />
Stinger-based Avenger and MANPADS . . .340<br />
340<br />
Surface-Launched Advanced Medium Range<br />
Air-to-Air Missile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340<br />
AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340<br />
Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense<br />
Elevated Netted Sensor (JLENS) . . . . .340<br />
Medium Extended Air Defense System<br />
(MEADS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340<br />
Patriot Missile System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340<br />
Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) . . .340<br />
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense<br />
(THAAD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341<br />
Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS) . . . .342<br />
Close Combat Weapon Systems<br />
BGM-71 Tube-Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire-guided (TOW) Missile System .342<br />
Javelin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343<br />
Precision Fires Rocket and Missile Systems<br />
M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344<br />
M270A1 MLRS Launcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344<br />
M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) Launcher . . . . . .344<br />
ATACMS Blocks I and IA Missiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344<br />
ATACMS Unitary Missile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344<br />
<strong>Army</strong> TACMS Quick-Reaction Unitary (QRU) Missile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345<br />
Extended-Range Multiple Launch Rocket System (ER-MLRS) . . . . . . . . . .345<br />
Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345<br />
GMLRS Unitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345<br />
III. COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS,<br />
COMPUTERS AND INTELLIGENCE (C4I) SYSTEMS<br />
Digital Battle Command<br />
Project Manager (PM) Battle Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346<br />
Platforms and Hardware Support<br />
Standardized Integrated Command Post System (SICPS) . . . . .346<br />
<strong>Army</strong> Airborne Command and Control System (A2C2S) . . . . . .346<br />
Mounted Battle Command on <strong>the</strong> Move (MBCOTM) . . . . . . . .346<br />
Network Operations Center-Vehicle (NOC-V) . . . . . . . . . . . . .346<br />
C4 Support to Air and Missile Defense<br />
Air and Missile Defense Workstation (AMDWS) . . . . . . . . . . .348<br />
Forward Area Air Defense Command and Control (FAAD C2 346<br />
) . .348<br />
Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System (AMDPCS) . . .348
354<br />
C4 Support to Network Operations<br />
Joint Network Management System (JNMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348<br />
Integrated System Control (ISYSCON) V(1), V(2), V(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348<br />
Information Dissemination Management-Tactical (IDM-T) . . . . . . . . . . . .349<br />
Joint Network Node (JNN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349<br />
C4 Support to Intelligence Operations<br />
Common Ground Station (CGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349<br />
All-Source Analysis System (ASAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350<br />
C4 Support to Fires and Effects<br />
Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . .350<br />
AN/TPQ-36(V)8 Electronics Upgrade . . .350<br />
AN/TPQ-37(V)8 Firefinder . . . . . . . . . .350<br />
AN/TPQ-48 Lightweight Counter-Mortar<br />
Radar (LCMR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350<br />
AN/TMQ-41 and AN/TMQ-41A Meteorological<br />
Measuring Set (MMS) . . . . . .350<br />
350 AN/TMQ-52 Meteorological Measure Set-<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>iler (MMS-P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351<br />
Initial Fire-Support Automated System (IFSAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351<br />
Battery Computer System (BCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351<br />
Sensors and Sensor Systems<br />
Guardrail Common Sensor (GRCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351<br />
351<br />
Prophet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351<br />
Current Force Unattended Sensors<br />
Family <strong>of</strong> Integrated Rapid Response Equipment (FIRRE) . . . . . . . . . . . .353<br />
AN/PPS-5D Ground Surveillance Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353<br />
AN/GSR-8 Remotely Monitored Battlefield<br />
Sensor System-II (REMBASS-II) . . . . . .354<br />
OmniSense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354<br />
Unattended Transient Acoustic Measurement<br />
and Signature Intelligence (MASINT)<br />
System (UTAMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354<br />
Persistent Threat Detection System (PTDS) . .354<br />
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Payloads . .354<br />
Persistent Surveillance and Dissemination System <strong>of</strong> Systems (PSDS 2 ) . . . .355<br />
Night-Vision Sensors<br />
First-Generation Forward-Looking Infrared Systems (FLIR) . . . . . . . . . . .355<br />
Second-Generation Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355<br />
AN/VAS-5 Driver’s Vision Enhancer (DVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />
Long-Range Advanced Scout Surveillance System (LRAS3) . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />
Radios & Communications Systems<br />
Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />
Joint Tactical Terminal (JTT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />
Enhanced Position Location Reporting System (EPLRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />
Near-Term Data Radio (NTDR) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />
AN/AYD-1 Personnel Locator System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356<br />
AN/GRC-240 Have Quick (HQ) II UHF-AM Radio Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />
AN/VRC-83 Radio Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />
AN/TRC-170 (V)2 and (V)3 Troposcatter Radio Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />
AN/PRC-126 Radio Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />
AB-1386/U Quick-Erect Antenna Mast (QEAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />
AN/USC-28(V) Satellite Communications Set (Ground) . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />
AN/TSC-85B&C and AN/TSC-93B&C Tactical Satellite Communications<br />
Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />
AN/GSC-52(V) Satellite Communications Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357<br />
AN/PSN-13 Defense Advanced Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver<br />
(DAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />
High-Capacity Communications Capability (HC3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />
AN/TSC-156 Phoenix Superhigh Frequency (SHF) Terminal . . . . . . . . . .358<br />
Lightweight High-Gain X-Band Antenna (LHGXA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />
Lightweight Multiband Satellite Terminal (LMST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />
Secure Enroute Communications Package-Improved (SECOMP-I) . . . . . . .358<br />
AN/PSQ-17 Communication Planning System (CPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />
Secure Mobile Anti-jam Reliable Tactical Terminal (SMART-T) . . . . . . . . .358<br />
Deployable Ku-Band Earth Terminal (DKET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />
Joint Network Terminal Communications (JNTC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358<br />
Flyaway Tri-Band Satellite Terminal (FTSAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359<br />
National Guard Bureau Tri-Band HUB Terminal (NGB-THT) . . . . . . . . . . .359<br />
USARPAC Tri-Band Satellite Terminal (U-TST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359<br />
Mobile Deployable Ku-Band Earth Terminal (DKET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359<br />
Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359<br />
IV. GROUND COMBAT SYSTEMS<br />
Project Manager for <strong>the</strong> Heavy Brigade Combat Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360<br />
M1A1, M1A1 AIM and M1A2 SEP tanks<br />
M1 Series Abrams Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360<br />
360<br />
Abrams Integrated Management Program (AIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360<br />
The M88A2 Heavy Equipment Recovery Combat Utility<br />
Lift and Evacuation System (HERCULES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360<br />
M104 Wolverine Heavy Assault Bridge (HAB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361<br />
Project Manager Bradley<br />
Bradley M2A3 Infantry/M3A3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (IFV/CFV) . . . . .361<br />
M4 Command and Control Vehicle (C 2 V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361<br />
M113 Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles (FOV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361<br />
Project Manager Fire Support Platforms<br />
M109A6 Paladin / M992A2 FAASV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362<br />
M109A6 Paladin 155 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362<br />
M992A2 Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle (FAASV) . . . . . . . . . .362<br />
M707 Knight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362<br />
M1200 Armored Knight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362<br />
Project Manager Joint Lightweight Howitzer<br />
M777A1/M777A2 155 mm Joint Lightweight Howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . .362<br />
M777/M777A1/M777A2 Lightweight 155 mm Howitzer (LW155) . . . . .362<br />
M102 105 mm Towed Howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363<br />
M119A1 105 mm Towed Howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363<br />
M198 155 mm Towed Howitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364<br />
Project Manager Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP)<br />
Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364<br />
Project Manager for Modular Brigade Enhancements (PMMBE) . . . . . . . .364<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 329<br />
Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine
Project Manager for Stryker Brigade Combat Team (PM SBCT) . . . . . . . .364<br />
Stryker Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364<br />
V. COMBAT SUPPORT & COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT<br />
Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365<br />
Expedited Modernization Initiative Procedure (EMIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365<br />
Project Manager Force Projection (PM FP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365<br />
Project Manager Assured Mobility Systems (PM AMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
Buffalo Mine Protected Clearance Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
366<br />
368<br />
Medium Mine Protected Vehicle (RG-31 MK3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
Product Director <strong>Army</strong> Watercraft Systems (PD AWS)<br />
Containerized Maintenance Facility (CMF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
Large Tug (LT) 128’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
Landing Craft Utility (LCU) 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
Theater Support Vessel (TSV)-Interim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
Modular Causeway System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C 4 I)<br />
Installation Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
Barge Derrick (BD) Crane 115 ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
Logistics Support Vessel (LSV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
900 Class Small Tug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366<br />
Future <strong>Army</strong> Watercraft Systems<br />
Theater Support Vessel (TSV)-Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367<br />
Rapidly Installed Breakwater System (RIBS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367<br />
Harbormaster Command and Control Center (HCCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368<br />
Vessel Bridge Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368<br />
Product Manager Bridging<br />
M18 Dry Support Bridge (DSB) . .368<br />
Improved Ribbon Bridge (IRB) . .368<br />
M9 Armored Combat Earthmover<br />
(ACE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368<br />
High Mobility Engineer Excavator<br />
(HMEE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368<br />
Interim High-Mobility Engineer<br />
Excavator (IHMEE) . . . . . . . . .368<br />
Engineer Mission Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368<br />
Product Manager Force Sustainment Systems<br />
Joint Precision Air Drop System (JPADS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369<br />
Soldier Crew Tent (SCT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369<br />
High-Mobility, Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (Humvee) . . . . . . . . . . . . .369<br />
Light Tactical Trailer (LTT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370<br />
Product Manager Family <strong>of</strong> Medium Tactical Vehicles<br />
Family <strong>of</strong> Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370<br />
Heavy Equipment Transporter System (HETS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371<br />
Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371<br />
Palletized Load System (PLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372<br />
The M915 Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles<br />
M915-Series Line-Haul Tractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372<br />
M1117 Armored Security Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373<br />
330 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
VI. AMMUNITION<br />
Product Manager Excalibur (PM Excalibur)<br />
XM982 Excalibur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374<br />
Product Manager Mortars Systems (PM Mortars)<br />
M224 60 mm mortar weapon system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374<br />
M252 81 mm mortar system . . . . . . . .374<br />
374<br />
M120/M121 120 mm Battalion Mortar<br />
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375<br />
XM326 Stowage Kit (Quick Stow) . . . . .376<br />
M313 training insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376<br />
M95/M96 Mortar Fire-Control System<br />
(MFCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376<br />
XM150 Dismounted Mortar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376<br />
M32 Lightweight Handheld Mortar Ballistic Computer (LHMBC) . . . . . . .376<br />
Precision Guided Mortar Munition (PGMM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376<br />
120 mm Family <strong>of</strong> Extended Range Ammunition (FERA) . . . . . . . . . . . .377<br />
Project Manager Close Combat Systems<br />
M136 AT4 Light Anti-Armor Weapon (AT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377<br />
AT4 Confined Space (AT4-CS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377<br />
M141 Bunker Defeat Munition (BDM)/SMAW-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377<br />
Urban Assault Weapon (UAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378<br />
M72 Light Anti-Armor Weapon (LAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378<br />
Project Manager Countermine and EOD<br />
AN/PSS-14 Mine Detecting Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378<br />
Ground Stand<strong>of</strong>f Mine Detection System (GSTAMIDS) Block 0 . . . . . . . . .378<br />
Ground Stand<strong>of</strong>f Mine Detection System (GSTAMIDS) Block 1 Program . .378<br />
Airborne Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Minefield Detection System<br />
(ASTAMIDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379<br />
Husky Mounted Detection System (HMDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379<br />
IED Interrogation Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379<br />
Vehicle Optics Sensor System (VOSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379<br />
VII. INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT AND WEAPONS<br />
Project Manager Soldier Warrior<br />
Land Warrior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379<br />
379<br />
The Ground Soldier Ensemble (GSE) . . . . . . . . . . . .380<br />
Mounted Soldier System (MSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380<br />
Air Warrior (AW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380<br />
Electronic Data Manager (EDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381<br />
Aircraft Wireless Intercom System (AWIS) . . . . . . . .381<br />
Project Manager Soldier Equipment (PM SEQ)<br />
Product Manager Soldier Survivability . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />
Interceptor Body Armor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />
Outer Tactical Vest (OTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />
Improved Outer Tactical Vest (IOTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />
Deltoid and Axillary Protector (DAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />
Enhanced Small Arms Protective Insert (ESAPI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />
382<br />
Enhanced Side Ballistic Insert (ESBI) . . . .382<br />
Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) . . . . . . .382<br />
Helmet Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />
Product Manager Clothing and Individual<br />
Equipment (PM CIE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />
Modular Lightweight Load-Carrying<br />
Equipment (MOLLE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382<br />
<strong>Army</strong> Service Uniform (ASU) . . . . . . . . . .383<br />
Non-Maneuverable Canopy (T-11)<br />
Personnel Parachute System . . . . . . . .383<br />
Maneuverable Canopy 6 (MC6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384<br />
Generation III Extended Cold Wea<strong>the</strong>r Clothing System (GEN III ECWCS) . .384<br />
Fire Resistant Environmental Ensemble (FREE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
384<br />
387<br />
Product Manager Soldier Sensors and Lasers (PM SSL)<br />
AN/AVS-6 Aviator’s Night-Vision Imaging System (ANVIS) . . . . . . . . . . .384<br />
AN/PVS-14 Monocular Night-Vision Device (MNVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384<br />
Multifunctional Aiming Lights (MFAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . .384<br />
AN/PEQ-14 Integrated Laser/White Light Pointer . . .384<br />
AN/PVS-10 Night-Vision Sniper Night Sight (SNS) . . .384<br />
AN/PVS-26 Clip-On Sniper Night Sight . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />
AN/PSQ-23 Small Tactical Optical Rifle Mounted (STORM)<br />
Micro-Laser Rangefinder (MLRF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />
Lightweight Laser Designator Rangefinder<br />
(LLDR AN/PED-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />
Target Locator Module (TLM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />
Laser Designator Module (LDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />
Enhanced Night-Vision Goggle (ENVG) . . . . . . . . . . . .385<br />
AN/PAS-13 Family <strong>of</strong> Thermal Weapon Sights (TWS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />
TWS Head Mounted Display (HMD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />
Laser Targeting Systems (Mark VII, Mark VII E, Viper) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />
Soldier-borne Sense Through <strong>the</strong> Wall (STTW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />
Gunfire Detection Systems (GFDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />
Weapons Mounted Light (WML) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />
Project Manager Soldier Weapons (PM SW)<br />
Current-Generation Soldier Weapons Systems<br />
M9 9 mm Pistol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386<br />
M16A4 5.56 mm Rifle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387<br />
M4 5.56 mm Carbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387<br />
M107 .50-caliber Semi-Automatic Long-Range Sniper Rifle (LRSR) . . . . .387<br />
XM150 Rifle Combat Optic . . . . . .387<br />
XM320 Grenade Launcher Module<br />
(GLM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387<br />
M26 12-Gauge Modular Accessory<br />
Shotgun System (MASS) . . . . .387<br />
M249 5.56 mm Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387<br />
MK19 40 mm Grenade Machine Gun (GMG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387<br />
M240B 7.62 mm Medium Machine Gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388<br />
M240H 7.62 mm Machine Gun (Aviation Version) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388<br />
M2 Heavy Barrel (HB) (Enhanced) .50-caliber Machine Gun (M2E2) . . .388<br />
388 Next-Generation Soldier<br />
Weapons Technology<br />
XM25 Individual Airburst Weapon<br />
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388<br />
Lightweight .50 (LW50) Caliber<br />
Machine Gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388<br />
Soldier-as-a-System Unit Set Fielding (SaaS USF) . . . . . . . . .388<br />
VIII. NUCLEAR-BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL (NBC) DEFENSE SYSTEMS<br />
Contamination Avoidance<br />
AN/UDR-13 Radiac Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389<br />
AN/VDR-2 Radiac Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389<br />
AN/PDR-75 Radiac Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389<br />
AN/PDR-77 Radiac Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389<br />
Chemical Detection<br />
M21 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389<br />
M22 Chemical Agent Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390<br />
Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM) and <strong>the</strong> Improved<br />
389<br />
CAM (ICAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390<br />
Joint Service Lightweight Stand<strong>of</strong>f Chemical Agent<br />
Detector (JSLSCAD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390<br />
Biological Detection<br />
M31/M31A1 Biological Integrated Detection System<br />
(BIDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391<br />
393<br />
391<br />
M93/M93A1 Fox Nuclear-Biological-Chemical Reconnaissance System<br />
(NBCRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391<br />
Joint Services Lightweight NBC Reconnaissance System (JSLNBCRS) . . . .392<br />
Joint Biological Point Detection System (JBPDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392<br />
NBC Protection<br />
M40/42-Series Protective Masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392<br />
M45 Chemical-Biological Protective Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393<br />
XM50 Joint Service General Purpose Chemical-<br />
Biological Protective Mask (JSGPM) . . . . .393<br />
M43/M48 Chemical-Biological Aircraft Protective<br />
Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394<br />
Chemical-Biological Protective Shelter (CBPS) .394<br />
Chemically Protected Deployable Medical Support<br />
(CP DEPMEDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395<br />
M20A1 Simplified Collective Protection Equipment<br />
(SCPE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395<br />
Decontamination<br />
M291 Skin Decontamination Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395<br />
M100 Sorbent Decontamination System (SDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395<br />
DF200 Foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396<br />
Fixed-Site Decontamination System (FSDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396<br />
Multipurpose Decontamination System (MPDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396<br />
Joint Service Sensitive Equipment Decontamination (JSSED) System . . . .396<br />
NBC Integration Into <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> Battle Command System (ABCS)<br />
Multipurpose Integrated Chemical Agent Alarm (MICAD) . . . . . . . . . . . .397<br />
Joint Warning and Reporting Network (JWARN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397<br />
Obscuration<br />
M56 Coyote Smoke-Generation System (SGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398<br />
M58 Wolf Smoke-Generation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398<br />
M157A2 Lynx Smoke-Generation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398<br />
M1059/M1059A3 Lynx Smoke-Generator Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399<br />
M6 Countermeasure Discharger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399<br />
IX. FUTURE COMBAT SYSTEMS (FCS)<br />
Spin Outs & <strong>Army</strong> Evaluation Task Force (AETF) . . . . . . . . . . .400<br />
The FCS (BCT) Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400<br />
Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400<br />
XM501 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Launch System (NLOS-LS) . . . . . .401<br />
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)<br />
XM156 Class I Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401<br />
XM157 Class IV Unmanned Aerial<br />
Vehicle (UAV) . . . . . . . . . . . .401<br />
Unmanned Ground Vehicle<br />
Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle<br />
(SUGV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402<br />
Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and<br />
Equipment (MULE) Vehicle . .402<br />
Manned Ground Vehicles (MGV)<br />
XM1201 Reconnaissance and Surveillance Vehicle (RSV) . . . . . . . . . . . .403<br />
XM1202 Mounted Combat System (MCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403<br />
XM1203 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404<br />
XM1204 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Mortar (NLOS-M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404<br />
XM1205 Field Recovery and Maintenance Vehicle (FRMV) . . . . . . . . . . .404<br />
XM1206 Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405<br />
XM1207 & XM1208 Medical Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405<br />
XM1209 Command and Control Vehicle (C2 402<br />
V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 331
AIRCRAFT<br />
Rotary Wing<br />
The AH-6/MH-6 Little Bird (Cayuse)<br />
Helicopter is in service with <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment<br />
(Airborne) (SOAR). Following service<br />
in Vietnam, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s fleet <strong>of</strong> OH-6<br />
light observation and command helicopters<br />
(LOACH) was reassigned to <strong>Army</strong><br />
National Guard units. With <strong>the</strong>ir excellent<br />
roll-on/roll-<strong>of</strong>f mobility and extremely<br />
high power-to-weight ratios, however, <strong>the</strong><br />
aircraft subsequently were tapped for special<br />
operations applications in 1980.<br />
Capability upgrades include performance,<br />
avionics, navigation, communications,<br />
targeting, weapons and night operations.<br />
Although primarily equipped with<br />
<strong>the</strong> 7.62 mm minigun or Hydra 70 (2.75inch)<br />
rocket system, <strong>the</strong> AH-6/MH-6 can<br />
accommodate a range <strong>of</strong> gun and rocket<br />
options.<br />
The AH-6J/MH-6J mission-enhanced Little<br />
Bird (MELB) program is a major modification<br />
to <strong>the</strong> existing AH-6/MH-6 fleet. The<br />
modification is packaged as a kit that replaces<br />
existing components on <strong>the</strong> aircraft.<br />
The new MELB aircraft has a six-blade<br />
main rotor system, a four-blade tail rotor,<br />
an improved drive train and <strong>the</strong> Allison<br />
250-C30R3 full-authority, digital-engine<br />
control (FADEC). The MELB also incorpo-<br />
332 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
rates an improved landing gear, crashworthy<br />
fuel cells, enlarged rear doors and external<br />
extended-range fuel tanks.<br />
The AH-64A Apache Helicopter provides<br />
day, night and adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r attack<br />
helicopter capability. The Apache is<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s primary attack helicopter. It is<br />
a quick-reacting, airborne weapon system<br />
that can fight both close and deep to destroy,<br />
disrupt or delay enemy forces. The<br />
Apache first entered service inventories in<br />
1984.<br />
The aircraft is designed to fight and survive<br />
throughout <strong>the</strong> world. It is equipped<br />
with a target acquisition designation sight<br />
AH-64D Apache<br />
helicopters<br />
and a pilot night-vision sensor that permit<br />
its two-man crew to navigate and attack<br />
in darkness and adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r. The<br />
Apache’s principal mission is to destroy<br />
high-value targets with <strong>the</strong> Hellfire missile.<br />
It also is capable <strong>of</strong> employing a 30<br />
mm M230 chin-mounted automatic cannon<br />
and Hydra 70 rockets that are lethal<br />
against a variety <strong>of</strong> targets.<br />
The Apache has a maximum speed <strong>of</strong><br />
145 knots. It has a maximum gross weight<br />
range <strong>of</strong> 240 nautical miles (A model) and<br />
230 nautical miles (D model) with range<br />
extension capability using internal and external<br />
tanks. The Apache has a full range
<strong>of</strong> aircraft survivability equipment and <strong>the</strong><br />
ability to withstand hits from rounds up to<br />
23 millimeters in critical areas. Apache<br />
ordnance consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hellfire Missile<br />
(RF/SAL versions), 2.75-inch rockets (all<br />
versions) and 30 mm HEI rounds.<br />
The AH-64D Longbow is being fielded<br />
through a combination <strong>of</strong> new production<br />
and remanufacture <strong>of</strong> AH-64A aircraft. The<br />
AH-64D incorporates <strong>the</strong> Longbow firecontrol<br />
radar (FCR), capable <strong>of</strong> being used<br />
day or night, in adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r and<br />
through battlefield obscurants. The AH-<br />
64D consists primarily <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> integration <strong>of</strong><br />
a mast-mounted millimeter-wave fire-control<br />
radar, a radar frequency interferometer<br />
and a radar frequency fire-and-forget Hellfire<br />
missile.<br />
The Longbow’s digitized target acquisition<br />
system provides automatic detection,<br />
location, classification, prioritizing and<br />
target handover. The AH-64D cockpit is redesigned<br />
to digitize and multiplex all systems.<br />
The manpower and personnel integration<br />
program (MANPRINT) crew stations<br />
have multifunction displays to reduce<br />
crew workload and increase effectiveness.<br />
The AH-64D provides a truly coordinated<br />
rapid-fire (16 separate targets within one<br />
minute) capability to <strong>the</strong> maneuver force<br />
commander on a 24-hour basis and in any<br />
conditions.<br />
July <strong>2008</strong> saw <strong>the</strong> first flight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Apache Longbow Block III prototype aircraft.<br />
Slated for fielding beginning in 2011,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Block III will feature: Future Force connectivity–seamless<br />
global information grid<br />
communications; Level IV unmanned aerial<br />
vehicle control; increased survivability–extended<br />
range sensors and weapons;<br />
cognitive decision aiding system; improved<br />
aircraft performance; and reduced<br />
operations and support cost and logistics<br />
footprint.<br />
The mission <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s CH-47D Chinook<br />
Helicopter, a tandem-rotor heavylift<br />
helicopter, is to transport weapons, ammunition,<br />
equipment, troops and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
cargo in general support <strong>of</strong> combat units<br />
and in operations o<strong>the</strong>r than war. The D<br />
model <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> aircraft is <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> refurbishment<br />
and conversion from previous<br />
models. It has become <strong>the</strong> assault aircraft<br />
<strong>of</strong> choice in <strong>the</strong> high-altitude battlefields <strong>of</strong><br />
Afghanistan during <strong>the</strong> global war on terrorism.<br />
In peacetime <strong>the</strong> aircraft provides<br />
critical disaster relief by supporting firefighting,<br />
rescue and supply efforts.<br />
Ongoing modifications to <strong>the</strong> CH-47D<br />
fleet include a powerplant upgrade to T55-<br />
GA-714A engines, crashworthy extendedrange<br />
fuel system II (ERFS II), engine air<br />
particle separators (EAPS) and ALE-47<br />
countermeasure dispensing system.<br />
A special operations variant, <strong>the</strong> MH-47E,<br />
features added fuel capacity, an air-to-air refueling<br />
probe and specialized communications,<br />
navigation, avionics and night-vision<br />
subsystems.<br />
The CH-47F Improved Cargo Helicopter<br />
(ICH) is being procured through both new<br />
build and remanufactured processes. The<br />
Boeing Company’s CH-47F helicopter features<br />
a newly designed, modernized airframe,<br />
a Rockwell Collins common avionics<br />
architecture system cockpit and a BAE digital<br />
advanced flight control system. The advanced<br />
avionics provide improved situational<br />
awareness for flight crews with an<br />
advanced digital map display and a data<br />
transfer system that allows storing <strong>of</strong> preflight<br />
and mission data. Improved survivability<br />
features include common missile<br />
warning and improved countermeasure<br />
dispenser systems.<br />
Powered by two 4,868-horsepower Honeywell<br />
engines, <strong>the</strong> new CH-47F can reach<br />
speeds greater than 175 mph and transport<br />
payloads weighing more than 21,000 pounds.<br />
The CH-47F, with <strong>the</strong> Robertson Aviation<br />
extended-range fuel system, has a mission<br />
radius greater than 400 miles.<br />
First unit fielding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> CH-47F began in<br />
July 2007.<br />
The MH-47G is <strong>the</strong> latest special operations<br />
variant, building on <strong>the</strong> capabilities<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MH-47E and adding a digital Common<br />
Avionics Architecture System (CAAS)<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 333
cockpit as well as enhanced aircraft survivability<br />
equipment. The first MH-47G<br />
aircraft were deployed to Afghanistan in<br />
February 2007.<br />
The OH-58D Kiowa Warrior Helicopter<br />
fills <strong>the</strong> armed reconnaissance role for attack<br />
helicopter and air cavalry units. It was<br />
<strong>the</strong> only practical armed reconnaissance<br />
aircraft in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> inventory until <strong>the</strong><br />
armed reconnaissance helicopter (ARH)<br />
fielding began in fiscal year 2007. It is capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> performing reconnaissance, security,<br />
command and control, target acquisition/<br />
designation and defensive air combat missions.<br />
The Kiowa Warrior adds armed reconnaissance,<br />
light-attack and multipurpose<br />
334 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
OH-58 Kiowa Warrior<br />
helicopter<br />
light helicopter (MPLH) capabilities that<br />
permit rapid deployment to <strong>the</strong> basic OH-<br />
58D Kiowa mission capabilities. The OH-<br />
58D has a mast-mounted sight that houses<br />
a <strong>the</strong>rmal-imaging system, low-light television<br />
and a laser range finder/designator.<br />
A highly accurate navigation system permits<br />
precise target location that can be<br />
handed over to o<strong>the</strong>r engagement systems<br />
via <strong>the</strong> airborne target handover system.<br />
The laser designator can provide autonomous<br />
designation for <strong>the</strong> laser Hellfire<br />
missile or remote designation for o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
laser-guided precision weapons.<br />
The ARH-70A Armed Reconnaissance<br />
Helicopter (ARH) program will eventually<br />
replace approximately 375 OH-58D<br />
Kiowa Warriors and fill <strong>the</strong> role initially<br />
proposed for <strong>the</strong> RAH-66 Comanche (cancelled<br />
in 2004). Bell Helicopter Textron<br />
Inc. is developing <strong>the</strong> ARH-70A as a militarized<br />
version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> company’s model<br />
407 single engine light helicopter.<br />
The TH-67 Creek Helicopter is <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong>’s primary platform for initial rotarywing<br />
training at <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Aviation<br />
Center. Based on a commercial Bell Jet<br />
Ranger design, <strong>the</strong> TH-67 replaced <strong>the</strong> OH-<br />
58C previously used for <strong>the</strong> training mission.<br />
The TH-67 comes in three variants:<br />
TH-67 VFR, TH-67 IFR and TH-67A+. It<br />
has dual-control front seats for <strong>the</strong> instructor<br />
pilot and one student plus a rear seat<br />
for a second student.<br />
The UH-60 Black Hawk Helicopter is<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s assault and utility helicopter.<br />
Three major variants exist. The UH or utility<br />
version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> helicopter provides general<br />
air assault and utility support. The<br />
MH version supports Special Forces roles<br />
and missions including a gunship variant<br />
identified as <strong>the</strong> MH-60 direct action penetrator<br />
(DAP). While <strong>the</strong> medical evacuation<br />
(MEDEVAC) mission is conducted<br />
currently on UH-60A model aircraft outfitted<br />
with mission kits, future MEDEVAC<br />
Black Hawks will have medical equipment<br />
integrated into <strong>the</strong> aircraft and will be designated<br />
HH series aircraft.<br />
The Black Hawk is <strong>the</strong> primary helicopter<br />
for air assault, general support and<br />
Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine
aeromedical evacuation units. It has enhanced<br />
<strong>the</strong> overall mobility <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />
through its dramatic improvements in<br />
troop capacity and cargo-lift capability<br />
over <strong>the</strong> UH-1H Huey, which it replaced.<br />
An entire fully equipped, 11-man infantry<br />
squad can be lifted in one aircraft, faster<br />
and in more inclement wea<strong>the</strong>r conditions<br />
than in <strong>the</strong> Huey, allowing ground commanders<br />
to quickly shift forces to increase<br />
battlefield operational tempo to overmatch<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy’s. The Black Hawk can also<br />
reposition a 105 mm howitzer, its crew <strong>of</strong><br />
six and up to 30 rounds <strong>of</strong> ammunition in<br />
a single lift, allowing <strong>the</strong> rapid massing <strong>of</strong><br />
overwhelming combat power.<br />
The Black Hawk was designed with ease<br />
<strong>of</strong> maintenance and survivability in mind.<br />
The aircraft’s critical components and systems<br />
are armored or redundant so that it<br />
can withstand multiple small-arms hits. In<br />
<strong>the</strong> event <strong>of</strong> a crash, its airframe progressively<br />
crushes on impact to protect <strong>the</strong><br />
passengers and crew.<br />
The UH-72A Lakota Light Utility Helicopter<br />
(LUH) provides general aviation<br />
support for active TDA units in <strong>the</strong> mission<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> training, testing and MEDE-<br />
VAC support. The LUH also provides <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong> National Guard a platform to provide<br />
general aviation support in <strong>the</strong> mission<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> homeland security and gener-<br />
Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine<br />
UH-72A Lakota light utility helicopter (LUH)<br />
ating force MEDEVAC. The LUH does not<br />
deploy into hostile combat environments.<br />
Following full materiel release authorization,<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> equipped its first UH-<br />
72A operational unit in June 2007.<br />
Fixed Wing<br />
In addition to <strong>the</strong> helicopter resources<br />
noted previously, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> uses a variety<br />
<strong>of</strong> fixed-wing assets, including <strong>the</strong> C-12<br />
King Air, which serves as <strong>the</strong> service’s<br />
current short-range utility aircraft designed<br />
to fill air transportation requirements<br />
out to 800 nautical miles (NM). The<br />
nondevelopmental aircraft platform provides<br />
an efficient all-wea<strong>the</strong>r transport for<br />
commanders and staff, and low-volume,<br />
high-priority parts and equipment. The<br />
largest modification program now under<br />
way involves <strong>the</strong> upgrade <strong>of</strong> 27 C-12F<br />
cockpits with newly digitized capabilities.<br />
The C-12 King Air/RC-12 Guardrail<br />
configuration carries <strong>the</strong> Guardrail common<br />
sensor system and provides stand<strong>of</strong>f<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 335
Sky Warrior unmanned aircraft system (UAS)<br />
communications intelligence (COMINT),<br />
electronics intelligence (ELINT), and intercept<br />
and location targeting to enhance<br />
corps commanders’ warfighting capability.<br />
In addition, <strong>the</strong> RC-12 provides nationallevel<br />
targeting information.<br />
The EO-5 Airborne Reconnaissance Low<br />
(ARL) is based on a modified DeHavilland-7<br />
aircraft. The system comes in two<br />
configurations: ARL-C (COMINT) with a<br />
complete COMINT sensor package, and<br />
ARL-M (Multi-INT) that combines both<br />
COMINT and imagery capability.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong>’s C-20 and C-37 Citation<br />
Long-Range/Executive Transport Jets provide<br />
global transport and command and<br />
control support to senior executives from<br />
<strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> staff, commanders<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r high-ranking government<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials for flights up to 4,200 NM.<br />
The C-23 Sherpa aircraft provides troop<br />
and equipment transport, airdrop and<br />
medical evacuation for cargo weighing up<br />
to 7,820 pounds. Eight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se aircraft are<br />
authorized per <strong>the</strong>ater aviation battalion<br />
to provide <strong>the</strong> commander with <strong>the</strong> essential<br />
ability to move troops and equipment<br />
rapidly within <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater <strong>of</strong> operations.<br />
The C-23 can also operate from short, unpaved<br />
airfields.<br />
The UC-35A Cessna Citation Ultra/UC-<br />
35B Encore is an efficient, medium-range<br />
(800-1,800 NM), all-wea<strong>the</strong>r airplane that<br />
transports commanders and staffs so that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y can perform command, liaison, administration<br />
and inspection duties. This<br />
aircraft is also used for <strong>the</strong> movement <strong>of</strong><br />
high-priority personnel and cargo. Eight<br />
UC-35s are authorized per <strong>the</strong>ater aviation<br />
company.<br />
The C-26 Fairchild Metro Liner was<br />
procured as a cost-effective carrier for<br />
high-volume travel routes. The aircraft can<br />
carry up to 20 passengers or be used for<br />
cargo movement.<br />
The Future Cargo Aircraft (FCA) is a<br />
new start initiative to replace <strong>the</strong> C-23.<br />
FCA will be a nondevelopmental, strictly<br />
commercial <strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf program. The<br />
FCA will provide rapid-response cargo<br />
transport <strong>of</strong> soldiers and equipment, airdrop<br />
and medical evacuation for cargo<br />
weighing up to 18,000 pounds. The FCA<br />
will be capable <strong>of</strong> short take-<strong>of</strong>f and landing<br />
(STOL) and also able to operate from<br />
unimproved runways.<br />
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)<br />
<strong>Army</strong> Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)<br />
support land warfare operations across <strong>the</strong><br />
spectrum <strong>of</strong> conflict. Infantry, scout, intelligence,<br />
aviation, artillery, maneuver and<br />
even medical units benefit from <strong>the</strong> avail-<br />
336 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
ability <strong>of</strong> UAS. Typical missions include intelligence,<br />
surveillance and reconnaissance<br />
(ISR), battle damage assessment, targeting,<br />
persistent stare for continued operations,<br />
convoy protection and antiambush (improvised<br />
explosive device or IED).<br />
The RQ-5A Hunter UAS, manufactured<br />
by Northrop Grumman, is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />
longest-serving UAS, having seen action<br />
in Operation Iraqi Freedom and in Kosovo.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong> has installed, demonstrated<br />
or tested 23 different payloads on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Hunter, making it one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most versatile<br />
UAS in <strong>the</strong> world. The Hunter air vehicle<br />
is a fixed-wing, twin-tail boom aircraft<br />
with a dual rudder. The Hunter is<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> 18-hour flight duration with an<br />
electro-optic/infrared (EO/IR) sensor or<br />
eight hours with a 250-pound payload.<br />
The EO/IR—<strong>the</strong> main payload for <strong>the</strong><br />
Hunter—is available in both 280 mm and<br />
770 mm focal lengths. Hunter is <strong>the</strong> only<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Defense UAS to use a dualengine<br />
system. The MotoGuzzi gasoline<br />
engines are being replaced with threecylinder<br />
commercial JP-8 fuel engines.<br />
A wet center-wing capability has been<br />
added to <strong>the</strong> Hunter air vehicle, extending<br />
<strong>the</strong> base Hunter wingspan by approximately<br />
60 inches, thus increasing lift, rate<br />
<strong>of</strong> climb and service ceiling from 15,000<br />
feet to 18,000 feet mean sea level. The wet<br />
wing is equipped with hard points with<br />
<strong>the</strong> capability to carry 130 pounds each, facilitating<br />
Hunter weaponization. When <strong>the</strong><br />
wet wing is not used to carry weapons, it<br />
can be loaded with 110 liters <strong>of</strong> fuel to increase<br />
air vehicle endurance by six hours.<br />
The RQ-7A Shadow Tactical UAS is a<br />
DoD acquisition success story. The <strong>Army</strong><br />
reduced <strong>the</strong> period for system design and<br />
development to full-rate production decision,<br />
including a successful initial operational<br />
test and evaluation, Office <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Secretary <strong>of</strong> Defense test and evaluation<br />
report, and Joint interoperability certification<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> communications in <strong>the</strong> “one<br />
system” ground control station, to just 33<br />
months. The <strong>Army</strong>’s deputy chief <strong>of</strong> staff<br />
G-3 has directed that every maneuver<br />
brigade in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)<br />
and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)<br />
will be equipped with <strong>the</strong> tactical UAS<br />
(TUAS) system. The Shadow is manufactured<br />
by AAI Inc.<br />
The Shadow system consists <strong>of</strong> four air<br />
vehicles (AV) with day/night payloads,<br />
two ground control stations (GCS) with<br />
ground data terminals (GDT), one portable<br />
ground control station (PGCS) with portable<br />
ground data terminal (PGDT), two<br />
tactical automated landing systems,<br />
launcher, air vehicle transport (AVT), and<br />
additional ground support equipment and<br />
vehicles for personnel transport. The<br />
TUAS platoon consists <strong>of</strong> 22 personnel<br />
with <strong>the</strong> ability to sustain flight operations<br />
on a 24-hour basis. The AV takes <strong>of</strong>f from a<br />
launcher and lands autonomously in an<br />
area slightly longer than a soccer field. Annotated<br />
imagery can be transmitted in<br />
near-real time to support <strong>the</strong> commander’s<br />
missions. The system is transported in<br />
three Humvees with shelters, one AVT,<br />
two troop-carrying Humvees and three<br />
trailers, and can be deployed in three C-<br />
130s. A contractor logistics support team,<br />
transported in a mobile maintenance facility<br />
within a sheltered Humvee and trailer,<br />
supports <strong>the</strong> system.<br />
General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc.
The RQ-11B Raven Small UAS is ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
example <strong>of</strong> rapid acquisition in support<br />
<strong>of</strong> OIF and OEF forces. In just 20 weeks<br />
from funding, <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se battery-operated,<br />
4.5-pound UAS was deployed to<br />
forces in Afghanistan. Each combat battalion<br />
in OIF and OEF will have small UAS.<br />
The Raven system consists <strong>of</strong> three aircraft,<br />
one ground control station, batteries<br />
and three sets <strong>of</strong> sensors: high-resolution<br />
day camera, high-resolution night imager<br />
and a side-view <strong>the</strong>rmal imager. The aircraft<br />
are hand-launched and use autoland<br />
recovery.<br />
The system is transported in two suitcase-size<br />
carrying cases. The system provides<br />
company- and platoon-level reconnaissance,<br />
surveillance, target acquisition<br />
and battle damage assessment.<br />
The Improved-GNAT (I-GNAT-ER) [Extended<br />
Range] is a General Atomics Aeronautical<br />
Systems product <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> procured<br />
in 2003. The <strong>Army</strong> I-GNAT system<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> three modified I-GNAT aerial vehicles<br />
(AVs), one modified I-GNAT shelter,<br />
two portable ground data terminals (PGDTs)<br />
and associated ground support equipment.<br />
The system can provide up to 25 hours <strong>of</strong><br />
operations, carry up to 450 pounds <strong>of</strong> payload,<br />
has a service ceiling <strong>of</strong> 25,000 feet mean<br />
sea level and is controlled by a C-band data<br />
link. The <strong>Army</strong> I-GNAT was deployed to<br />
OIF just 10 months after contract award.<br />
The Sky Warrior Extended Range/Multi-<br />
Purpose (ER/MP) UAS will replace and<br />
improve upon <strong>the</strong> Hunter. Sky Warrior, a<br />
derivative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combat-proven Predator,<br />
will be a mainstay <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> division/corps<br />
commander’s battle-set for land warfare<br />
operations. Although <strong>the</strong> program is still<br />
in system development and demonstration<br />
(SDD) phase, <strong>the</strong> first two Sky Warrior<br />
“Block 0” UAVs became operational in Iraq<br />
in late spring <strong>2008</strong>.<br />
Air Traffic Control Systems<br />
<strong>Army</strong> air traffic services provide <strong>Army</strong><br />
aviation <strong>the</strong> assets required to ensure<br />
safety and survivability on <strong>the</strong> modern<br />
battlefield. Tactical air traffic control (ATC)<br />
supports air and land component commanders’<br />
automated airspace command<br />
and control requirements and ATC for aircraft<br />
operating in terminal and rear operation<br />
areas. In turn, air traffic services support<br />
is critical to fixed-base force projection<br />
platforms, a function that mitigates<br />
risks to <strong>Army</strong> aircraft operating from<br />
<strong>Army</strong> airfields worldwide.<br />
To meet <strong>the</strong>se needs, <strong>the</strong> Office <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Product Manager for Air Traffic Control<br />
Systems (PM ATC), assigned to <strong>the</strong> Aviation<br />
and Missile Command at Redstone<br />
Arsenal, Ala., manages <strong>the</strong> modernization<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tactical and nontactical ATC equipment.<br />
Tactical Systems<br />
Major tactical ATC programs include <strong>the</strong><br />
air traffic navigation, integration and control<br />
system (ATNAVICS), tactical airspace<br />
integration system (TAIS) and <strong>the</strong> mobile<br />
tower system (MOTS).<br />
The AN/TPN-31 Air Traffic Navigation,<br />
Integration, Coordination System (AT-<br />
NAVICS) is a Humvee-mounted, survivable<br />
radar system that will support a<br />
highly mobile tactical area surveillance<br />
and precision approach air traffic control<br />
system. It will replace <strong>the</strong> technologically<br />
obsolete and unsupportable landing control<br />
central (AN/TSQ-71B). The system<br />
will provide expeditious air traffic flow,<br />
permitting continuous unimpeded operations<br />
and will provide area navigational<br />
assistance, integrate air traffic during<br />
Joint/combined operations and coordinate<br />
air movement within <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> airspace<br />
command and control (A 2 C 2 ) system. The<br />
ATNAVICS will facilitate <strong>the</strong> safe handling<br />
<strong>of</strong> air traffic at <strong>Army</strong> terminal airfields,<br />
landing sites or zones at division, corps<br />
and echelons above corps. All components<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system can be loaded onto a single<br />
C-130 aircraft for deployment to any location.<br />
In addition, <strong>the</strong> system can be slingloaded<br />
by a CH-47.<br />
The AN/TSQ-221 Tactical Airspace Integration<br />
System (TAIS) is <strong>the</strong> most recently<br />
fielded modern tactical ATC system.<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 337
<strong>Army</strong> Battle Command System (ABCS) 6.4<br />
In addition to being an ATC system, <strong>the</strong><br />
TAIS is also <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> battle command system<br />
(ABCS) that will perform <strong>the</strong> A 2 C 2<br />
function. The TAIS will provide <strong>the</strong> commander<br />
with an automated capability to<br />
effectively, efficiently and safely manage<br />
<strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> airspace over <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> operations<br />
for which he is responsible. TAIS will<br />
be located at division, corps and echelons<br />
above corps, integrating ATC and A 2 C 2 capabilities<br />
between ATC systems and <strong>the</strong><br />
ABCS.<br />
TAIS is currently fielded at Fort Hood,<br />
Texas, and Fort Bragg, N.C., and replaces<br />
<strong>the</strong> AN/TSC-61B flight control central system.<br />
The AN/MSQ-135 Mobile Tower System<br />
(MOTS) will be a highly mobile tactical<br />
air traffic control system designed to be<br />
rapidly set up and to quickly establish air<br />
traffic services during <strong>the</strong> initial phases <strong>of</strong><br />
deployment and sustain those services<br />
throughout operations and redeployment.<br />
The system replaces <strong>the</strong> AN/TSW-7A and<br />
AN/TSQ-70A.<br />
The AN/MSQ-135 MOTS system will be<br />
mounted on a Humvee and be C-130-deployable<br />
and helicopter sling-loadable,<br />
with digital jam-resistant communications.<br />
The MOTS will provide air traffic services<br />
in airspace designed for air traffic movement<br />
at terminal areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> division,<br />
corps and echelons above corps during<br />
wartime and stability and support operations.<br />
MOTS will provide numerous services,<br />
including sequencing and separating<br />
arriving and departing aircraft,<br />
coordinating instrument meteorological<br />
condition recovery <strong>of</strong> aircraft, coordinating<br />
in-flight emergencies, search and rescue<br />
(including combat missions).<br />
In peacetime, <strong>the</strong> MOTS will support<br />
<strong>Army</strong> air traffic services training requirements<br />
and aviation units during tactical<br />
field training exercises, along with supporting<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r agencies, host nations, Joint<br />
services and o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>Army</strong> missions. The tactical<br />
ATC systems are derivatives <strong>of</strong> commercial<br />
<strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf technologies or derivatives<br />
<strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r military systems. By using<br />
this approach, <strong>the</strong> PM ATC has maximized<br />
<strong>the</strong> effectiveness and efficiency <strong>of</strong> funding<br />
allocated to <strong>the</strong> air traffic equipment inventory<br />
modernization.<br />
The AN/TSQ 198 Tactical Terminal<br />
Control System (TTCS) enhances aircrew<br />
safety by providing initial air traffic services<br />
at remote landing sites and drop<br />
zones. The system includes secure communications<br />
equipment for aircraft separation<br />
and ground control, a meteorological<br />
measuring system for basic wea<strong>the</strong>r information<br />
and a precision location capability.<br />
It is a retr<strong>of</strong>it to <strong>the</strong> ARC-220.<br />
338 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
Fixed-Base Programs<br />
The major fixed-base ATC programs include<br />
<strong>the</strong> national airspace system (NAS)<br />
modernization programs: <strong>the</strong> digital airspace<br />
surveillance radar (DASR), <strong>the</strong> DoD<br />
advanced automation system (DAAS), <strong>the</strong><br />
voice communications switching system<br />
(VCSS) and <strong>the</strong> fixed-base precision approach<br />
radar (FBPAR).<br />
The AN/FPN 67 Digital Airspace Surveillance<br />
Radar (DASR), or GPN-30, is a<br />
new terminal air traffic control radar system<br />
that replaces current analog systems<br />
with new digital technology. DASR will replace<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s AN/FPN-66A on a onefor-one<br />
basis and it is also being considered<br />
for use at o<strong>the</strong>r locations where<br />
airport surveillance radar capability will<br />
be lost when <strong>the</strong> AN/FPN-40s are decommissioned.<br />
These older radars, some as old<br />
as 20 years, are being replaced to improve<br />
reliability, provide additional wea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
data, reduce maintenance cost, improve<br />
performance and provide digital data to<br />
new digital automation systems for presentation<br />
on air traffic controller displays.<br />
Also under <strong>the</strong> DoD NAS procurement<br />
effort is <strong>the</strong> DoD Digital Advanced Automation<br />
System (DAAS). DAAS is DoD’s<br />
version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> FAA’s standard terminal automation<br />
replacement system (STARS).<br />
DAAS/STARS replaces <strong>the</strong> automated<br />
radar terminal system and o<strong>the</strong>r capacityconstrained,<br />
older terminal automation systems<br />
in approach control facilities and associated<br />
towers. Controllers providing ATC<br />
services to aircraft in <strong>the</strong> terminal areas will<br />
use DAAS. Typical terminal ATC services<br />
include separating and sequencing air traffic,<br />
disseminating traffic alerts and wea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
advisories, and radar vectoring arriving<br />
and departing air traffic. Product Manager<br />
for Air Traffic Control plans to acquire 38<br />
systems for installation at <strong>Army</strong> airfields<br />
worldwide.<br />
The Voice Communications Switching<br />
System (VCSS) is an integrated voice<br />
switching system designed for installation<br />
at 48 <strong>Army</strong> sites under <strong>the</strong> national airspace<br />
system (NAS) acquisition program.<br />
VCSS is being procured to replace existing<br />
analog voice systems that are approaching<br />
<strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir economic and<br />
technical life cycles. VCSS is designed to<br />
provide highly reliable, state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art airto-ground,<br />
ground-to-ground and intercom<br />
communications for controllers <strong>of</strong><br />
military and civil air traffic. The VCSS is<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> interfacing with legal voice<br />
recorders for recording controller-pilot<br />
communications. The interface with voice<br />
recorders provides a way to chronicle <strong>the</strong><br />
voice communications into and out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
VCSS for analysis, training, and accident<br />
and incident investigation. VCSS has four<br />
configurations to accommodate a range <strong>of</strong><br />
facility sizes.<br />
In addition to <strong>the</strong> NAS upgrade efforts,<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> AN/FPN-67 Fixed-Base Precision<br />
Approach Radar (FBPAR) System<br />
will provide capabilities for air traffic separation,<br />
final approach course monitoring,<br />
precision and nonprecision approach guidance,<br />
and instrument meteorological conditions<br />
recovery operations for aircraft operating<br />
in <strong>Army</strong>-controlled airspace and/or<br />
at <strong>Army</strong> terminal airfields.<br />
The FBPAR will replace <strong>the</strong> AN/FPN-40<br />
fixed-base radar being used by fixed-base<br />
ATC facilities worldwide. This radar is a<br />
modification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> precision approach<br />
radar portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tactical radar system,<br />
ATNAVICS (AN/TPN-31). Once installed,<br />
FBPAR will become a permanent component<br />
<strong>of</strong> nontactical <strong>Army</strong> airfields throughout<br />
<strong>the</strong> world.<br />
For <strong>the</strong> past several years, U.S. <strong>Army</strong>,<br />
PM ATC has made significant contributions<br />
toward <strong>the</strong> modernization <strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />
air traffic control systems and air traffic<br />
General Dynamics
control equipment. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
continues to be a significant amount <strong>of</strong> aging<br />
air traffic services and ATC equipment<br />
in <strong>the</strong> inventory.<br />
MISSILES AND SPACE PROGRAMS<br />
PEO Missiles and Space was created<br />
through <strong>the</strong> January 2005 merger <strong>of</strong> PEO<br />
Air, Space and Missile Defense with PEO<br />
Tactical Missiles.<br />
Within PEO Missiles and Space, <strong>the</strong><br />
Joint Attack Munitions Systems (JAMS)<br />
Project Office was established in June 2005<br />
with <strong>the</strong> merger <strong>of</strong> two project <strong>of</strong>fices: Aviation<br />
Rockets and Missiles and Joint Common<br />
Missile. JAMS manages all aviation<br />
rockets and missiles within <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong>.<br />
Aircraft Rockets<br />
The 2.75-inch (70 mm) Hydra 70 Rocket<br />
Family encompasses variants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> freeflight<br />
rocket that has become <strong>the</strong> standard<br />
ground-attack rocket. The design includes<br />
multiple warheads that can be used on <strong>the</strong><br />
rocket motor.<br />
Rockets equipped with various fuzes<br />
and warhead options include: M261 tactical;<br />
M267 practice; M151 (10 pound) antipersonnel<br />
or canopy/s<strong>of</strong>t bunker; M229<br />
antipersonnel (17 pound); M274 smoke<br />
signature; M257 illumination; M264 smoke;<br />
M255A1 flechette; and M278 infrared illuminating.<br />
The Hydra 70 was used extensively in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Korean War, Vietnam War and Operation<br />
Desert Storm. It is also being used in<br />
current combat operations. It is a conventional<br />
ammunition item used by all U.S.<br />
services and many foreign countries. Both<br />
<strong>the</strong> 70 mm rockets and <strong>the</strong> Hellfire missiles<br />
are <strong>the</strong> primary armament for <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
<strong>Army</strong>’s AH-64 Apache, OH-58D Kiowa<br />
Warrior and <strong>the</strong> U.S. Marine Corps’ AH-<br />
1W Super Cobra helicopters.<br />
The AGM-114 Hellfire Missile Family<br />
includes <strong>the</strong> Hellfire II and Longbow Hellfire<br />
missiles. Hellfire II is a precisionstrike,<br />
semi-active laser (SAL)-guided missile,<br />
and is <strong>the</strong> principal air-to-ground<br />
weapon for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> AH-64 Apache, <strong>the</strong><br />
U.S. Marine Corps AH-1W Super Cobra<br />
and <strong>the</strong> U.S. Air Force Predator unmanned<br />
aircraft system (UAS).<br />
The SAL Hellfire II guides using laser<br />
energy reflected <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> target. It has three<br />
warhead variants: a dual warhead, shapedcharge<br />
high-explosive antitank (HEAT) for<br />
armored threats (AGM-114K); a blast-fragmentation<br />
warhead (BFWH) for urban, patrol<br />
boat and o<strong>the</strong>r “s<strong>of</strong>t” targets (AGM-<br />
114M); and a metal augmented charge<br />
(MAC) warhead (AGM-114N) for urban<br />
structures, bunkers, radar and communications<br />
installations, and bridges.<br />
The Longbow Hellfire (AGM-114L) is<br />
also a precision-strike missile, but uses<br />
millimeter wave (MMW) radar guidance<br />
instead <strong>of</strong> Hellfire II’s SAL. It is <strong>the</strong> principal<br />
antitank system for <strong>the</strong> AH-64D Longbow<br />
Apache and uses <strong>the</strong> same antiarmor<br />
warhead as Hellfire II. The MMW seeker<br />
provides beyond-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight (BLOS) fireand-forget<br />
capability as well as <strong>the</strong> ability<br />
to operate in adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r and battlefield<br />
obscurants.<br />
During Operation Desert Storm, Hellfire<br />
earned a reputation for being one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
military’s most formidable tank killers. Its<br />
multimission capabilities were successfully<br />
demonstrated in combat against a<br />
wide variety <strong>of</strong> targets, including radar installations,<br />
communications posts, bunkers,<br />
buildings, antiaircraft emplacements,<br />
oil rigs and bridges. Hellfire missiles are<br />
being used extensively in Operation Iraqi<br />
Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring<br />
Freedom (OEF). The Longbow Hellfire<br />
missile was used successfully in combat<br />
for <strong>the</strong> first time during OIF.<br />
The Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM)<br />
program will provide a fixed-wing and<br />
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-launched<br />
missile system that provides line-<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />
(LOS) capabilities, including precision<br />
point targeting (both active and passive)<br />
and fire-and-forget seeker technologies; increased<br />
range; and increased lethality against<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t and hardened moving and stationary<br />
targets. When fielded, <strong>the</strong> JAGM will replace<br />
aviation-launched TOW, <strong>the</strong> Hellfire<br />
family <strong>of</strong> missiles and Navy’s Maverick<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 339
family <strong>of</strong> missiles. The JAGM will increase<br />
<strong>the</strong> warfighter’s operational flexibility by<br />
effectively engaging a variety <strong>of</strong> stationary<br />
and mobile targets on <strong>the</strong> battlefield, including<br />
advanced heavy/light armored<br />
vehicles, bunkers, buildings, patrol craft,<br />
command and control vehicles, transporter/erector<br />
launchers, artillery systems<br />
and radar/air defense systems. Its multimode<br />
seeker will provide robust capability in adverse<br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r, day or night, and in an obscured/countermeasure<br />
environment, against<br />
both stationary and moving targets.<br />
The Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS) is an<br />
adaptation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> manportable Stinger system<br />
that is designed to engage low-altitude<br />
targets.<br />
Cruise Missile Defense Systems<br />
(CMDS)<br />
The CMDS Project Office is equipping<br />
<strong>the</strong> transformation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> current force maneuver<br />
air and missile defense capability<br />
into an integrated air and missile defense<br />
capability.<br />
Programs include Stinger-based Avenger<br />
and manportable air defense system (MAN-<br />
PADS), surface launched AMRAAM, <strong>the</strong><br />
Sentinel radar, Joint land attack cruise missile<br />
defense elevated netted sensor (JLENS)<br />
and directed energy applications (DEA).<br />
Stinger-based Avenger and MANPADS<br />
provide high mobility and shoot-on-<strong>the</strong>-<br />
The Stinger-based<br />
Avenger<br />
move capabilities through Stinger, a fireand-forget<br />
infrared/ultraviolet (IR/UV)<br />
missile system. Stinger is currently <strong>the</strong><br />
only air defense weapon in <strong>the</strong> forward<br />
area.<br />
Surface-Launched Advanced Medium<br />
Range Air-to-Air Missile (SLAMRAAM) is<br />
a net-centric Block I <strong>of</strong> EAADS extendedrange<br />
capability in support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Future<br />
Force. Critical initial EAADS Block I capabilities<br />
will be achieved with <strong>the</strong> SLAM-<br />
RAAM system <strong>of</strong> systems through <strong>the</strong><br />
development <strong>of</strong> a fire unit and Battle Management<br />
Command, Control, Communications,<br />
Computers and Intelligence (BMC 4 I)/<br />
integrated fire-control station (IFCS); integration<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sentinel enhanced target range<br />
and classification (ETRAC) and Joint land<br />
attack cruise missile defense elevated net-<br />
340 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
work sensor (JLENS); and AMRAAM missile.<br />
The SLAMRAAM BMC 4 I will be fully<br />
integrated and compatible with <strong>Army</strong> AMD<br />
and <strong>the</strong> Future Combat System (FCS) networks.<br />
SLAMRAAM provides a critical<br />
overmatch capability against <strong>the</strong> rapidly<br />
evolving cruise missile, unmanned aerial<br />
systems, fixed wing and rotary wing.<br />
The AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel is an advanced,<br />
three dimensional, battlefield Xband<br />
air defense phased-array radar with<br />
an acquisition range <strong>of</strong> 40 km. Sentinel<br />
transmits its radar imagery to <strong>the</strong> forward<br />
area air defense command and control<br />
(FAAD C 2 ) via radio frequency link. Sentinel<br />
is being upgraded to <strong>the</strong> ETRAC configuration<br />
that doubles its range and will integrate<br />
with future AMD BMC 4 I via SLAMRAAM.<br />
The Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile<br />
Defense Elevated Netted Sensor (JLENS)<br />
uses advanced sensor and networking<br />
technologies to provide 360-degree, wide<br />
area surveillance and precision tracking <strong>of</strong><br />
land attack cruise missiles. JLENS detects<br />
stressing, terrain-masked cruise missiles<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r air-breathing threats, permitting<br />
extended engagement ranges for current<br />
air defense systems.<br />
The Lower Tier Project Office consists <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Patriot, MEADS, PAC-3 and Joint tactical<br />
ground station (JTAGS). The MEADS air<br />
defense system, an international program<br />
with Germany and Italy, will eventually re-<br />
place <strong>the</strong> Patriot with a system that expands<br />
<strong>the</strong> battlespace, is more durable and<br />
maneuverable, and provides 360-degree<br />
force protection. During MEADS development,<br />
key capability improvements will be<br />
incorporated into <strong>the</strong> Patriot systems.<br />
The Medium Extended Air Defense<br />
System (MEADS) will provide Joint lowertier<br />
air defense, missile defense and cruise<br />
missile defense for maneuver forces and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r critical forward-deployed assets<br />
throughout all phases <strong>of</strong> tactical operations.<br />
MEADS will operate in an enclave<br />
with upper-tier systems in areas <strong>of</strong> debarkation<br />
and assembly. It will also provide<br />
continuous coverage alone or with<br />
forward area air defense systems in <strong>the</strong> division<br />
area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlefield during movement<br />
to contact and decisive operations.<br />
The system will provide air and missile<br />
defense <strong>of</strong> vital corps and division assets<br />
associated with <strong>Army</strong> and Marine Corps<br />
maneuver forces. It will use a combination<br />
<strong>of</strong> netted and distributed architecture with<br />
modular configurable battle elements, interoperability<br />
with o<strong>the</strong>r airborne and<br />
ground-based sensors and improved seeker/sensor<br />
components to provide a strong<br />
360-degree defense against <strong>the</strong> full spectrum<br />
<strong>of</strong> tactical ballistic missile, cruise missile,<br />
unmanned aerial vehicle and rotarywing<br />
and fixed-wing threats.<br />
MEADS will provide future <strong>Army</strong> forces<br />
with a defense against multiple and simultaneous<br />
attacks by short-range ballistic<br />
missiles—especially cruise missiles—and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r air-breathing threats to <strong>the</strong> force; immediate<br />
deployment for early entry operations<br />
with C-130 deployability; mobility to<br />
move rapidly and protect maneuver force<br />
assets during <strong>of</strong>fensive operations; a distributed<br />
architecture and modular components<br />
to increase survivability and flexibility<br />
<strong>of</strong> employment in a number <strong>of</strong> operational<br />
configurations; and significantly<br />
increased firepower with greatly reduced<br />
personnel and logistics requirements.<br />
A tri-national source selection committee,<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> representatives from <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong>, Germany and Italy, chose<br />
MEADS International <strong>of</strong> Orlando, Fla., as<br />
<strong>the</strong> prime contractor for this air defense<br />
system in May 1999.<br />
The Patriot Missile System provides defense<br />
<strong>of</strong> critical assets and maneuver forces<br />
belonging to corps and to echelons above<br />
corps against aircraft, cruise missiles and<br />
tactical ballistic missiles (TBMs). The PAC-<br />
2 system upgrade, modified PAC-2 guidance<br />
enhancement missiles (GEM) and <strong>the</strong><br />
PAC-3 missile provide <strong>the</strong> Patriot missile<br />
system with an advanced antitactical missile<br />
capability. The combat element <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Patriot missile system is <strong>the</strong> fire unit,<br />
which consists <strong>of</strong> a phased-array radar set<br />
(RS), an engagement control station (ECS),<br />
an electric power plant, an antenna mast<br />
group, a communications relay group and<br />
eight remotely located launching stations<br />
(LSs).<br />
The RS provides all tactical functions <strong>of</strong><br />
airspace surveillance, target detection and<br />
tracking, and missile guidance and engagement<br />
support. The ECS provides <strong>the</strong> human<br />
interface for command and control <strong>of</strong><br />
operations. Each LS contains four ready-t<strong>of</strong>ire<br />
missiles sealed in canisters that serve as<br />
both shipping containers and launch tubes.<br />
The Patriot’s fast-reaction capability, high<br />
firepower and ability to track numerous<br />
targets simultaneously and operate in a severe<br />
electronic countermeasures environment<br />
are significant improvements over<br />
previous air defense systems.<br />
The Patriot Advanced Capability-3<br />
(PAC-3) missile program incorporates significant<br />
upgrades to <strong>the</strong> RS and ECS and
<strong>the</strong> battle-proven PAC-3 missile, which<br />
uses hit-to-kill technology for greater<br />
lethality against tactical ballistic missiles<br />
(TBMs) armed with weapons <strong>of</strong> mass destruction.<br />
The PAC-3 missile is <strong>the</strong> first operationally<br />
deployed hit-to-kill weapon<br />
system capable <strong>of</strong> defeating all known air<br />
and missile defense threats. In addition, it<br />
is possible to have up to 16 PAC-3 missiles<br />
per launcher, <strong>the</strong>reby increasing firepower<br />
and missile defense capabilities. The PAC-<br />
3 missile’s primary mission is to kill maneuvering<br />
and nonmaneuvering TBMs<br />
while remaining able to counter advanced<br />
cruise missiles and aircraft. The PAC-3<br />
missile upgrade program adds system improvements<br />
to increase performance against<br />
an evolving threat, meets user needs and<br />
enhances Joint interoperability.<br />
In April 2003 <strong>the</strong> Defense Acquisition<br />
Board (DAB) convened to review <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong>’s proposed plan for combined management,<br />
development and fielding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Patriot and MEADS systems within <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong>. The DAB approved <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s plan<br />
to evolve <strong>the</strong> Patriot PAC-2/GEM configuration<br />
into an integrated PAC-3/MEADS<br />
full capability.<br />
A July 2004 DAB for <strong>the</strong> Patriot/MEADS<br />
combined aggregate program approved<br />
entry into system development and demonstration<br />
(SDD) with first unit equipped<br />
by fiscal year (FY) 2015.<br />
Lockheed Martin<br />
The PAC-3 missile<br />
The Missile Defense Agency-managed<br />
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense<br />
(THAAD) system, a critical element <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ballistic missile defense system (BMDS),<br />
will provide rapidly deployable groundbased<br />
missile defense components that<br />
deepen, extend and complement <strong>the</strong> BMDS<br />
to any combatant commander to defeat<br />
ballistic missiles <strong>of</strong> all types and ranges<br />
while in all phases <strong>of</strong> flight.<br />
THAAD’s combination <strong>of</strong> high-altitude,<br />
long-range capability and hit-to-kill lethality<br />
enables it to negate <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> weapons<br />
<strong>of</strong> mass destruction at intercept ranges<br />
well beyond <strong>the</strong> defended area. These attributes,<br />
along with THAAD’s unique endoand<br />
exo-atmospheric capability, enlarge <strong>the</strong><br />
battlespace to allow multiple intercept opportunities<br />
in both <strong>the</strong> late-midcourse and<br />
terminal phases <strong>of</strong> ballistic missile trajectories.<br />
THAAD can accept cues from Aegis,<br />
satellites and o<strong>the</strong>r external sensors to fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
extend <strong>the</strong> battlespace and defended<br />
area coverage. THAAD will operate in con-<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 341
Joint Tactical<br />
Ground Station<br />
(JTAGS)<br />
cert with <strong>the</strong> lower-tier Patriot/PAC-3 missile<br />
system to provide increased levels <strong>of</strong> effectiveness.<br />
THAAD is a rapid-response weapon<br />
system that can be deployed quickly to<br />
protect critical assets worldwide. The<br />
THAAD element consists <strong>of</strong> five major<br />
components: missiles; launchers; radars;<br />
command, control, battle management and<br />
communications (C 2 BMC); and THAADspecific<br />
support equipment. All components<br />
have been successfully integrated,<br />
342 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
tested and demonstrated during <strong>the</strong> first<br />
program phase that concluded in 2000.<br />
The THAAD development program<br />
flight testing resumed in 2005 with <strong>the</strong> first<br />
15 flight tests. In May 2006 Lockheed Martin<br />
and <strong>the</strong> U.S. Missile Defense Agency<br />
successfully conducted <strong>the</strong> first developmental<br />
flight test to engage <strong>the</strong> entire<br />
THAAD weapon system, including THAAD<br />
interceptor, launcher, radar and fire-control<br />
system. Following repeated flight test<br />
successes, <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> “stood up” <strong>the</strong><br />
first <strong>of</strong> four planned THAAD firing batteries<br />
at Fort Bliss, Texas, in mid-<strong>2008</strong>.<br />
The Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS)<br />
is a transportable information processing<br />
system that supports combatant commanders<br />
and forward-deployed forces with<br />
early warning data on ballistic missile<br />
launches.<br />
Close Combat Weapon Systems<br />
The Close Combat Weapon System<br />
(CCWS) Project Office manages a range <strong>of</strong><br />
antiarmor missile and target acquisition<br />
systems. Current programs include tubelaunched,<br />
optically tracked, wire-guided<br />
(TOW 2)/TOW 2A/TOW 2B, Javelin, improved<br />
target acquisition system (ITAS)<br />
and improved Bradley acquisition system<br />
(IBAS). The <strong>of</strong>fice is also coordinating preliminary<br />
work on future TOW missile improvements.<br />
The BGM-71 Tube-launched, Optically<br />
Tracked, Wire-guided Missile System,<br />
with <strong>the</strong> multimission TOW 2A, TOW 2B,<br />
TOW 2B Aero and TOW bunker buster<br />
missile, is a long-range, multimission, precision-attack<br />
weapon system used throughout<br />
<strong>the</strong> world today. TOW is in service in<br />
more than 40 international armed forces<br />
and integrated on more than 15,000 ground,<br />
vehicle and helicopter platforms worldwide.<br />
TOW is also <strong>the</strong> preferred heavy assault<br />
weapon system for NATO, Coalition,<br />
2009 <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine Photo Contest<br />
Sponsored by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Association</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong><br />
The <strong>Association</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> is pleased to announce its fourteenth <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine photo contest. Amateur<br />
and pr<strong>of</strong>essional photographers are invited to enter.<br />
The winning photographs will be published in <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine, and <strong>the</strong> photographers will be awarded cash<br />
prizes. First prize is $500; second prize is $300; third prize is $200. Those who are awarded an honorable mention will<br />
each receive $100.<br />
Entry Rules:<br />
1. Each photograph must have a U.S. <strong>Army</strong>-related subject and must have been taken on or after July 1, <strong>2008</strong>.<br />
2. Entries must not have been published elsewhere. Evidence <strong>of</strong> prior publication <strong>of</strong> any entry will disqualify it.<br />
3. Each contestant is limited to three entries.<br />
4. Entries may be 300 dpi digital photos, black-and-white prints, color prints or color slides. Photographs must not<br />
be tinted or altered. (Send digital photos to jdow@ausa.org.)<br />
5. The minimum size for prints is 5x7 inches; <strong>the</strong> maximum is 8x10 inches (no mats or frames).<br />
6. The smallest format for slides is 35mm, and slides must be in plastic or paper mounts.<br />
7. A sheet <strong>of</strong> paper must be taped to <strong>the</strong> back <strong>of</strong> each entry with <strong>the</strong> following information:<br />
<strong>the</strong> photographer’s name, Social Security number (for identification and tax purposes), address and telephone<br />
number, and caption information.<br />
8. Entries must be mailed to: Editor in Chief, <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine, 2425 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201-3385,<br />
ATTN: Photo Contest.<br />
9. Entries must be postmarked by June 30, 2009. Letters notifying <strong>the</strong> winners will be mailed in September.<br />
10. Entries will not be returned.<br />
11. Employees <strong>of</strong> AUSA and <strong>the</strong>ir family members are not eligible.<br />
12. Prize-winning photographs may be published in <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine and o<strong>the</strong>r AUSA publications three times.<br />
13. Photographic quality and subject matter will be <strong>the</strong> primary considerations in judging.<br />
For fur<strong>the</strong>r information, contact Jeremy Dow (jdow@ausa.org), <strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine,<br />
2425 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201; (703) 841-4300, ext. 204.
<strong>United</strong> Nations and peacekeeping operations<br />
worldwide. The TOW 2A, TOW 2B,<br />
TOW 2B Aero and TOW bunker buster missiles<br />
can be fired from all TOW launchers,<br />
including <strong>the</strong> improved target acquisition<br />
systems (ITAS), Stryker antitank guided<br />
missile (ATGM) vehicle (modified ITAS),<br />
and Bradley fighting vehicles (improved<br />
Bradley acquisition subsystem).<br />
The improved target acquisition system<br />
(ITAS) includes a second-generation FLIR<br />
that uses standard advanced dewar assembly<br />
(SADA II) technology, an eyesafe laser<br />
rangefinder. The TOW ITAS provides a<br />
highly mobile, adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r, day-ornight<br />
capability needed by early entry<br />
forces to destroy advanced threat armor at<br />
greater stand<strong>of</strong>f ranges in <strong>the</strong> main battle<br />
area. The ITAS features an automatic boresighting<br />
capability, aided target tracking,<br />
embedded training, BIT/BITE and traversing<br />
unit modifications. These features ensure<br />
crew survivability through increased<br />
stand<strong>of</strong>f range and improved performance<br />
in <strong>the</strong> battlefield environment.<br />
The TOW weapon system, with its extended-range<br />
performance, is <strong>the</strong> longrange<br />
precision heavy antitank/assault<br />
missile <strong>of</strong> choice for <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Stryker,<br />
Bradley, ITAS-Humvee platforms and <strong>the</strong><br />
U.S. Marine Corps Humvee, light armored<br />
vehicle and AH-1W Cobra platforms. In addition<br />
it can be operated in a dismounted<br />
ground mode.<br />
The TOW weapon system entered its production<br />
and deployment phase in 1970.<br />
Since <strong>the</strong>n, multiple variations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> missile<br />
and launcher systems have been fielded.<br />
Recent developments include <strong>the</strong> development<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bunker buster missile for<br />
use by <strong>the</strong> Stryker brigade combat teams<br />
and <strong>the</strong> introduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> TOW 2B Aero,<br />
an extended-range (4.5 kilometer) version<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> TOW 2B missile. Future improvements<br />
will include replacing <strong>the</strong> wire<br />
guidance system with a wireless radio frequency<br />
(RF) guidance system.<br />
The Javelin is a shoulder-launched, fireand-forget,<br />
manportable, antiarmor and assault<br />
weapon system optimized for attacking<br />
and destroying armored tank targets, as<br />
well as buildings, bunkers and hovering helicopters.<br />
It replaces <strong>the</strong> Dragon antiarmor<br />
missile system, providing a medium-range<br />
multipurpose capability for infantry, scouts<br />
and combat engineers. The system is lethal<br />
against tanks with conventional and reactive<br />
armor and against a variety <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r targets.<br />
Javelin has been used very successfully<br />
in Iraq to defeat armored targets, bunkers<br />
and hard-to-reach targets in urban terrain,<br />
without endangering friendly forces or<br />
noncombatants.<br />
Javelin has two major tactical components:<br />
a reusable command launch unit<br />
(CLU) and a missile sealed in a disposable<br />
launch tube assembly.<br />
The CLU is a compact, lightweight target-acquisition<br />
device incorporating an integrated<br />
day/second-generation <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />
sight, launch controls and a gunner’s eyepiece<br />
display. It provides target engagement<br />
capability in adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r and<br />
countermeasure environments. The CLU<br />
may also be used in <strong>the</strong> stand-alone mode<br />
for battlefield surveillance and target detection;<br />
this has proven effective both in<br />
Afghanistan and Iraq.<br />
The missile is 127 millimeters in diame-<br />
TOW missile system<br />
ter with a staring, imaging infrared seeker;<br />
a feature-based tracker; a lethal warhead;<br />
dual in-line eject; a solid-propellant flight<br />
motor; gunner-selected direct-attack or<br />
top-attack engagement guidance options;<br />
and <strong>the</strong> Javelin launch tube assembly<br />
(LTA), an expendable handling launch tube<br />
to house <strong>the</strong> missile, power pack attachment<br />
and CLU interface. The complete<br />
round is described as “wooden,” as it requires<br />
no pre-use testing or maintenance.<br />
Its shelf life is 10 years.<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 343
The Javelin system weighs 49 pounds,<br />
and its maximum range is more than 2,500<br />
meters (minimum operational range is 65<br />
meters). Javelin’s key technical feature is<br />
<strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> fire-and-forget technology that<br />
allows <strong>the</strong> gunner to fire and immediately<br />
take cover. Additional special features are<br />
<strong>the</strong> top-attack and direct-fire modes (for<br />
targets under cover), advanced tandem<br />
warhead, imaging infrared seeker, target<br />
lock-on before launch and s<strong>of</strong>t launch. S<strong>of</strong>t<br />
launch allows Javelin to be fired safely<br />
from enclosures and covered fighting positions,<br />
increasing gunner survivability. The<br />
time required to prepare Javelin for firing<br />
is less than 30 seconds, with a reload time<br />
<strong>of</strong> less than 20 seconds.<br />
Javelin is a primary weapon in <strong>the</strong> current<br />
and Future Force. Plans are<br />
in development for integration<br />
onto <strong>the</strong> Land Warrior, <strong>the</strong> armed<br />
robotic vehicle (assault) light<br />
member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Future Combat<br />
Systems (FCS) and numerous<br />
variants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Stryker family <strong>of</strong><br />
vehicles. Infantry and reconnaissance,<br />
surveillance and target<br />
acquisition (RSTA) units <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Stryker brigade combat teams<br />
depend on Javelin as <strong>the</strong>ir principal<br />
tank killer. The Javelin system<br />
is undergoing a series <strong>of</strong><br />
block improvements to maintain<br />
<strong>the</strong> weapon’s pr<strong>of</strong>iciency in <strong>the</strong><br />
face <strong>of</strong> evolving threats.<br />
Precision Fires Rocket<br />
And Missile Systems<br />
The Precision Fires Rocket<br />
and Missile Systems (PFRMS)<br />
Project Office manages <strong>the</strong> multiple<br />
launch rocket system (MLRS)<br />
family <strong>of</strong> launchers, including<br />
<strong>the</strong> M270, M270A1 and highmobility<br />
artillery rocket system<br />
(HIMARS), as well as <strong>the</strong> entire<br />
suite <strong>of</strong> rockets and missiles for<br />
those launchers. The MLRS family<br />
<strong>of</strong> munitions (MFOM) includes <strong>the</strong> basic,<br />
extended-range and guided MLRS rockets<br />
as well as <strong>the</strong> Block I/IA and unitary <strong>Army</strong><br />
tactical missile system (ATACMS).<br />
The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System<br />
(MLRS) is a highly mobile, automated<br />
system that fires surface-to-surface rockets<br />
and missiles from a tracked platform derived<br />
from <strong>the</strong> same chassis used by <strong>the</strong><br />
Bradley fighting vehicle. The MLRS delivers<br />
large volumes <strong>of</strong> firepower in a short<br />
time against critical, time-sensitive targets.<br />
From inside <strong>the</strong> cab, <strong>the</strong> crew <strong>of</strong> three can<br />
fire up to 12 MLRS rockets. The basic<br />
rocket warhead carries dual-purpose, improved<br />
conventional munition (DPICM)<br />
submunitions. MLRS, however, is capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> supporting and delivering all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
MLRS family <strong>of</strong> munitions (MFOM), including<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> tactical missile system<br />
344 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
(ATACMS) variants. Growth programs are<br />
under way to extend <strong>the</strong> range and accuracy<br />
<strong>of</strong> rockets and missiles and to upgrade<br />
<strong>the</strong> launcher fire control and mechanical<br />
systems.<br />
The new M270A1 MLRS Launcher appears<br />
identical to existing M270s while incorporating<br />
an improved fire-control system<br />
(IFCS) and an improved launcher<br />
mechanical system (ILMS).<br />
The IFCS allows for more sophisticated<br />
munitions and reduces operating costs. The<br />
IFCS upgrade includes a new fire-control<br />
panel with video, a full keyboard and GPS<br />
navigation.<br />
With distributed multiprocessor technology,<br />
<strong>the</strong> IFCS is able to process large<br />
blocks <strong>of</strong> data from new smart munitions<br />
Guided multiple launch rocket system unitary<br />
within tactical time lines. Operating and<br />
maintenance costs are reduced significantly<br />
because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> greater reliability and<br />
ease <strong>of</strong> repair on IFCS parts. The new system<br />
meets requirements for <strong>the</strong> first digitized<br />
corps and allows for future growth,<br />
being capable <strong>of</strong> firing future munitions<br />
and having a greater capacity to expand<br />
situational awareness.<br />
The ILMS dramatically reduces <strong>the</strong> time<br />
needed to aim and reload <strong>the</strong> launcher. In<br />
a typical fire mission, <strong>the</strong> ILMS-equipped<br />
launcher is six times faster than <strong>the</strong> current<br />
M270 launcher, with reload time decreased<br />
by more than 38 percent.<br />
Crew and launcher survivability are<br />
greatly enhanced by decreasing total exposure<br />
time on <strong>the</strong> battlefield. The new system<br />
reduces operations and support (O&S) costs<br />
by 38 percent while incorporating state-<strong>of</strong>-<br />
<strong>the</strong>-art electronics and embedded global positioning<br />
and inertial navigation systems.<br />
The M142 High Mobility Artillery<br />
Rocket System (HIMARS) Launcher is <strong>the</strong><br />
newest launcher variant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MLRS family.<br />
HIMARS is a highly mobile artillery<br />
rocket system <strong>of</strong>fering MLRS firepower on<br />
a wheeled chassis and is C-130 transportable.<br />
HIMARS carries a single six-pack <strong>of</strong><br />
MLRS rockets, or one <strong>Army</strong> tactical missile<br />
system (ATACMS) missile, on <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />
new family <strong>of</strong> medium tactical vehicles<br />
(FMTV) 5-ton truck. HIMARS is designed to<br />
launch <strong>the</strong> entire MLRS family <strong>of</strong> munitions.<br />
HIMARS was part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rapid force projection<br />
initiative, an advanced concept technology<br />
demonstration (ACTD)<br />
program.<br />
In May 1998, HIMARS successfully<br />
fired <strong>the</strong> first MLRS rockets<br />
from a prototype launcher at<br />
White Sands Missile Range, N.M.<br />
This was <strong>the</strong> first in a firing<br />
program that included both rockets<br />
and ATACMS Blocks I and IA<br />
missiles. A platoon <strong>of</strong> HIMARS<br />
ACTD prototypes were successfully<br />
used during OIF, exclusively<br />
firing ATACMS missiles in<br />
support <strong>of</strong> ground forces.<br />
The system has proven to be<br />
highly effective and reliable during<br />
combat operations associated<br />
with Operation Iraqi Freedom.<br />
The ATACMS Blocks I and IA<br />
Missiles provide long-range, surface-to-surface<br />
fire support for<br />
<strong>Army</strong> corps and division operations.<br />
Both ATACMS Blocks I and IA<br />
are surface-to-surface guided missile<br />
systems with antipersonnel/<br />
antimateriel (APAM) warheads.<br />
The ATACMS with an APAM<br />
warhead attacks s<strong>of</strong>t area targets<br />
at ranges well beyond <strong>the</strong> capability<br />
<strong>of</strong> existing cannons and rockets.<br />
Targets include surface-to-surface missile<br />
and multiple rocket launcher units; air<br />
defense systems; logistics elements; and<br />
command, control and communications<br />
complexes.<br />
The ATACMS Block IA, with enhanced<br />
accuracy enabled by GPS augmentation to<br />
its inertial guidance capability, has a 300kilometer<br />
reach.<br />
Block IA began fielding in FY 1998, and<br />
retr<strong>of</strong>it <strong>of</strong> selected launchers to Block IA capability<br />
occurred simultaneously with missile<br />
fielding. Fired from M270A1 and HI-<br />
MARS launchers, it has proven to be<br />
highly effective in OIF.<br />
The ATACMS Unitary Missile is a U.S.<br />
<strong>Army</strong> requirement developed from lessons<br />
learned in Kosovo. It was clear that battlefield<br />
commanders needed a weapon with
precise guidance and lower lethal radii to<br />
minimize collateral damage.<br />
Future military operations will require<br />
<strong>the</strong> need for precision attacks on critical<br />
point targets, including those in urban environments<br />
or restrictive terrain, under all<br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r conditions, while minimizing collateral<br />
damage.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong> TACMS Quick-Reaction Unitary<br />
(QRU) Missile is a responsive allwea<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
long-range missile with a high-explosive,<br />
single-burst warhead fired from <strong>the</strong><br />
multiple-launch rocket system family <strong>of</strong><br />
launchers.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong> TACMS QRU is converted to<br />
<strong>the</strong> unitary configuration by replacing <strong>the</strong><br />
antipersonnel/antimateriel (APAM) submunitions<br />
in Block IA missiles and integrating<br />
a proven government-furnished unitary<br />
warhead (470-pound SLAM/HARPOON)<br />
and fuse into <strong>the</strong> warhead section.<br />
The missile has a range <strong>of</strong> 270 kilometers<br />
and provides <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> <strong>the</strong> interim capability<br />
to attack high-pay<strong>of</strong>f, time-sensitive targets<br />
without placing combat or support aircraft<br />
and crews at risk.<br />
Its precision accuracy, <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> potential<br />
submunition duds and reduced<br />
lethal radii overcome collateral damage concerns.<br />
First delivery <strong>of</strong> an <strong>Army</strong> TACMS QRU<br />
was completed within four months <strong>of</strong> contract<br />
award, and <strong>the</strong> flight test was success-<br />
fully conducted in April 2001 at White<br />
Sands Missile Range, N.M.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong> TACMS unitary missile was<br />
launched from an MLRS IPDS launcher<br />
and flew 139 kilometers to <strong>the</strong> target impact<br />
site. The target array was constructed<br />
to obtain a qualitative measurement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
warhead effects via indicators placed in <strong>the</strong><br />
impact area.<br />
The results <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flight test indicate that<br />
<strong>the</strong> warhead effects were fairly concentrated,<br />
dissipating within 100 meters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
impact area with no duds or unexploded<br />
ordnance.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong> TACMS QRU was used in<br />
OIF and was highly effective in destroying<br />
high-pay<strong>of</strong>f targets at <strong>the</strong> outset <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> operation.<br />
The Extended-Range Multiple Launch<br />
Rocket System (ER-MLRS) provides<br />
longer range rocket capability. The program<br />
emerged from lessons learned during<br />
Operation Desert Storm, in which senior-level<br />
commanders, while applauding<br />
<strong>the</strong> effectiveness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> basic rocket, stated<br />
a requirement for greater range. The ER-<br />
MLRS is a free-flight, area-fire artillery<br />
rocket designed to enhance <strong>the</strong> capabilities<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MLRS.<br />
The ER-MLRS extends <strong>the</strong> 31.8-kilometer<br />
range <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> basic rocket to approximately<br />
45 kilometers. The extended-range<br />
variant has <strong>the</strong> same diameter and length<br />
as <strong>the</strong> basic rocket, but it has been modified<br />
to include a leng<strong>the</strong>ned motor and a<br />
shorter warhead section with fewer dualpurpose<br />
improved conventional munition<br />
(DPICM) grenades.<br />
The launch pod for <strong>the</strong> ER-MLRS incorporates<br />
a new no-load detent (s<strong>of</strong>t launch)<br />
system and is similar in appearance to <strong>the</strong><br />
existing M26 LPC.<br />
The Guided Multiple Launch Rocket<br />
System (GMLRS) supports <strong>Army</strong> transformation<br />
with increased overmatch capabilities<br />
and a reduced logistics footprint<br />
over current free-flight rockets. GMLRS is<br />
used with <strong>the</strong> M270A1 and <strong>the</strong> HIMARS<br />
launchers.<br />
The rockets incorporate GPS-aided inertial<br />
navigation systems.<br />
A second GMLRS variant is <strong>the</strong> GMLRS<br />
Unitary. GMLRS unitary integrates a 200pound<br />
class unitary warhead into <strong>the</strong><br />
GMLRS. Like its predecessor, its range exceeds<br />
60 kilometers. This munition is used<br />
when terrain conditions and/or rules <strong>of</strong><br />
engagement would o<strong>the</strong>rwise preclude using<br />
<strong>the</strong> DPICM variant. Its multimode warhead<br />
fuze (impact, delay and airburst)<br />
greatly enhances its employment options<br />
against many types <strong>of</strong> targets in various<br />
combat environments.<br />
The GMLRS unitary has proven its effectiveness<br />
in OIF and has become <strong>the</strong> indirect-fire<br />
weapon <strong>of</strong> choice in urban areas.<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 345
COMMAND, CONTROL,<br />
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS<br />
AND INTELLIGENCE (C 4 I) SYSTEMS<br />
U.S. <strong>Army</strong> C 4 I programs and activities<br />
are <strong>the</strong> foundation for tactical digitization<br />
and service operations in <strong>the</strong> 21st century.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong> organizations with responsibilities<br />
to acquire, develop and sustain C 4 I<br />
systems include <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Communications-Electronics<br />
Command, <strong>the</strong> Communications<br />
Electronics Research, Development<br />
and Engineering Center and <strong>the</strong> following<br />
program executive <strong>of</strong>fices (PEOs):<br />
PEO Command, Control and Communications-Tactical;<br />
PEO Intelligence, Electronic<br />
Warfare and Sensors; and PEO Enterprise<br />
Information Systems.<br />
These organizations provide and sustain<br />
advanced digital and electronic systems<br />
that support various mission areas in<br />
<strong>the</strong> tactical environment, including digital<br />
battle command, platforms and hardware<br />
support, C 4 support to air and missile defense,<br />
C 4 support to network operations,<br />
C 4 support to intelligence operations, C 4<br />
support to fires and effects, sensors and<br />
sensor systems, current force unattended<br />
sensors, night-vision sensors, radios and<br />
communications systems.<br />
Digital Battle Command<br />
Project Manager (PM) Battle Command<br />
produces, deploys and sustains current<br />
and future <strong>Army</strong> battle command system<br />
(ABCS) s<strong>of</strong>tware.<br />
PM Battle Command provides integrated<br />
command and control (C 2 ) s<strong>of</strong>tware,<br />
training and support to <strong>the</strong> Joint<br />
land component warfighter.<br />
Fire-support command and control includes<br />
advanced field artillery tactical data<br />
system (AFATDS), Centaur, fire-support<br />
terminal unit (FSTU), forward entry device<br />
(FED), gun display unit replacement<br />
(GDU-R), Joint automated deep operations<br />
coordination system (JADOCS), light-<br />
The <strong>Army</strong> airborne<br />
command and<br />
control system<br />
(A 2 C 2 S)<br />
346 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
weight forward entry device (LFED) and<br />
pocket-sized forward entry device (PFED).<br />
Battle command sustainment support<br />
system (BCS 3 ) fuses sustainment information<br />
from multiple sources into a single<br />
mission-focused and tailored, map-centric<br />
visual display.<br />
Strategic battle command is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />
battle command system component that<br />
provides <strong>Army</strong>, Joint and Coalition commanders<br />
with readiness reporting, force<br />
projection and situational awareness<br />
through <strong>the</strong> Global Command and Control<br />
System <strong>Army</strong> (GCCS-A) and <strong>the</strong> Defense<br />
Readiness Reporting System-<strong>Army</strong> (DRRS-<br />
A). It is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s component program <strong>of</strong>fice<br />
for Net-Enabled Command Capability<br />
(NECC).<br />
Tactical battle command combines multiple<br />
complex capabilities into an integrated<br />
tool set allowing warfighters to visualize<br />
<strong>the</strong> battlespace and synchronize <strong>the</strong> elements<br />
<strong>of</strong> combat power while simultaneously<br />
collaborating and sharing data in<br />
near-real time. MCS 6.4 provides maneuver<br />
functional and battle staff tools to commanders<br />
and staffs from battalion to <strong>Army</strong><br />
service component command (ASCC). The<br />
command post <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future (CPOF) serves<br />
as a decision support system, providing<br />
real-time situational awareness and collaborative<br />
tools for tactical decision making,<br />
planning, rehearsal and execution management<br />
for commanders and staffs from battalion<br />
to ASCC. Battle command common<br />
services (BCCS) provides <strong>the</strong> tactical<br />
server/service infrastructure in support<br />
<strong>of</strong> network-enabled systems from battalion<br />
to ASCC.<br />
Battle command also includes <strong>the</strong>ater effect-based<br />
operations (TEBO) advanced<br />
concept technology demonstration (ACTD)<br />
and common s<strong>of</strong>tware.<br />
Battle command delivers high-quality<br />
capability, enhances warfighter performance<br />
and reduces system complexity.<br />
Battle command rapidly adapts and<br />
fields capabilities in a dynamic environment.<br />
In designing hardware and s<strong>of</strong>tware<br />
strategies to best support tactical, operational<br />
and strategic applications, battle<br />
command uses cutting-edge capabilities<br />
and adapts technology for <strong>the</strong> current<br />
wartime environment.<br />
Information is a significant source <strong>of</strong><br />
combat power. Battle command is leading<br />
change and integrating current capabilities<br />
into future innovations.<br />
Platforms and Hardware Support<br />
The Standardized Integrated Command<br />
Post System (SICPS) provides modular,<br />
interoperable and fully integrated, campaign-quality<br />
command post platforms<br />
and <strong>the</strong> C 4 I physical infrastructure, with<br />
Joint capabilities, to commanders and<br />
staffs—from brigade combat teams to divisions<br />
and corps. SICPS consists <strong>of</strong> various<br />
systems, specifically <strong>the</strong> SICPS command<br />
post platform (CPP), which includes <strong>the</strong><br />
command post local area network (CP<br />
LAN) and command post communications<br />
system (CPCS); <strong>the</strong> command center system<br />
(CCS); and <strong>the</strong> trailer-mounted support<br />
system (TMSS).<br />
The <strong>Army</strong> Airborne Command and<br />
Control System (A 2 C 2 S) provides <strong>the</strong> maneuver<br />
commander and his staff with a<br />
highly mobile, self-contained and reliable<br />
airborne digital command post. This<br />
highly mobile system allows <strong>the</strong> commanders<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> units <strong>of</strong> employment and units<br />
<strong>of</strong> action to maintain situational awareness<br />
(SA) and exercise command and control,<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r from a temporary remote site or<br />
while on <strong>the</strong> move through <strong>the</strong> battlespace.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong>’s current utility helicopter, <strong>the</strong><br />
UH-60L Black Hawk (and newer models),<br />
will host <strong>the</strong> A 2 C 2 S.<br />
The Mounted Battle Command on <strong>the</strong><br />
Move (MBCOTM) provides maneuver<br />
commanders and staffs with a highly mobile,<br />
self-contained and reliable combat vehicle-based<br />
digital command post. The<br />
MBCOTM mission equipment platform<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> a suite <strong>of</strong> communication and<br />
digital equipment/s<strong>of</strong>tware integrated on<br />
a combat platform to enable commanders<br />
to influence <strong>the</strong> battle while maneuvering<br />
across <strong>the</strong> battlefield. The MBCOTM provides<br />
maneuver commanders situational<br />
awareness and a common operational picture,<br />
which allows commanders to maintain<br />
situational understanding while on<br />
<strong>the</strong> move and physically separated from a<br />
fixed command post.<br />
The Network Operations Center-Vehicle<br />
(NOC-V) gives signal <strong>of</strong>ficers with<br />
Stryker brigade combat teams (SBCTs) <strong>the</strong><br />
means to plan, manage, monitor and control<br />
tactical systems and networks in battlefield<br />
environments. It can carry and encrypt<br />
voice and data traffic, provide radio<br />
links with various tactical radio systems<br />
and connect to a mobile subscriber equip-
ment system, which acts as <strong>the</strong> battlefield’s<br />
communications network.<br />
C 4 Support to Air and Missile Defense<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r representative ABCS component<br />
is <strong>the</strong> Air and Missile Defense Workstation<br />
(AMDWS), <strong>the</strong> air and missile defense<br />
component <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> battle command<br />
system (ABCS). AMDWS serves as a<br />
battlespace awareness information management<br />
system that contributes to combat<br />
effectiveness by retrieving, fusing and distributing<br />
time-sensitive information necessary<br />
to achieve decision-cycle dominance.<br />
AMDWS retrieves battlespace awareness<br />
information from many sources, including<br />
Joint headquarters, <strong>the</strong> ABCS network, national<br />
intelligence assets, all-source centers,<br />
and tactical and strategic sensors.<br />
AMDWS uses this information to provide<br />
an area-complete, combat-operations display<br />
that combines ground-, air- and<br />
space-based sensor inputs and command<br />
and staff data with automated planning<br />
tools. Distribution is accomplished over<br />
tactical and special purpose communications<br />
in near-real time, while supporting<br />
concurrent interaction with Joint command<br />
and control (C 2 ) networks, sensor<br />
sources and ABCS systems.<br />
The Forward Area Air Defense Command<br />
and Control (FAAD C 2 ) is <strong>the</strong> engagement<br />
operations piece <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AMD-<br />
348 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
CCS. FAAD C 2 collects, stores, digitally<br />
processes, displays and disseminates realtime<br />
tactical cueing and tracking information,<br />
<strong>the</strong> common tactical air picture, and<br />
command, control and intelligence information<br />
to all short-range air defense<br />
weapons. FAAD C 2 also provides <strong>the</strong> local<br />
air picture to Joint and multinational forces<br />
to protect friendly aircraft and facilitate<br />
management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air battle. Interoperability<br />
and horizontal integration are maintained<br />
with all <strong>Army</strong> air defense systems,<br />
including Patriot, <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater high altitude<br />
area air defense (THAAD) and <strong>the</strong> medium<br />
extended area air defense system (MEADS).<br />
Distribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local air picture is with<br />
tactical and special purpose radios, and includes<br />
integration with <strong>the</strong> airborne warning<br />
and control system (AWACS), <strong>the</strong> ABCS<br />
and Joint and multinational air and missile<br />
defense command and control systems<br />
FAAD C 2 , which currently support several<br />
global war on terrorism operations, including<br />
homeland defense.<br />
The Air and Missile Defense Planning<br />
and Control System (AMDPCS) is <strong>the</strong><br />
hardware component <strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s air and<br />
missile C 2 system. It consists <strong>of</strong> an assemblage<br />
<strong>of</strong> modular and reconfigurable shelters,<br />
unique air and missile defense hardware/s<strong>of</strong>tware,<br />
standardized automated<br />
data processing equipment and communications<br />
suites.<br />
<strong>Association</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> US <strong>Army</strong> | 2425 Wilson Boulevard | Arlington, VA 22201<br />
C 4 Support to Network Operations<br />
The Joint Network Management System<br />
(JNMS) is a s<strong>of</strong>tware system consisting<br />
<strong>of</strong> modules for planning and engineering,<br />
monitoring, control and reconfiguration,<br />
spectrum management and security<br />
(information assurance/communication<br />
security). It provides <strong>the</strong> commanders,<br />
combatant commands, Joint task forces<br />
and service component headquarters a<br />
common, automated planning and management<br />
tool that will plan, monitor and<br />
control <strong>the</strong> Joint communications and data<br />
backbone associated with a JTF/JSOTF.<br />
The Integrated System Control (ISYS-<br />
CON) V(1), V(2) provides <strong>the</strong> signal commander<br />
and staff with a centralized automated<br />
planning and control capability to<br />
assist in managing tactical communication<br />
systems in support <strong>of</strong> combat forces,<br />
weapons systems and battlefield automated<br />
systems. It functions as <strong>the</strong> battlefield<br />
signal command and control management<br />
system at division through <strong>the</strong>ater<br />
echelons or in support <strong>of</strong> independent task<br />
force operations. The ISYSCON V(4) is <strong>the</strong><br />
S6’s tool to provide network management<br />
to <strong>the</strong> local area network (LAN) at division,<br />
brigade and battalion tactical operation<br />
centers (TOCs) and command posts<br />
(CPs). The ISYSCON V(4) gives <strong>the</strong> signal<br />
soldier <strong>the</strong> capability to manage <strong>the</strong> Tactical<br />
Internet (TI), perform Force XXI Battle<br />
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Command Brigade and Below (FBCB 2 )<br />
network and security administration functions,<br />
and monitor <strong>the</strong> enhanced position<br />
location reporting system (EPLRS) network.<br />
Information Dissemination Management-Tactical<br />
(IDM-T) is a suite <strong>of</strong> tools<br />
that enables tactical users to distribute<br />
mission-critical information to commanders,<br />
allowing <strong>the</strong>m to streamline <strong>the</strong> decision-making<br />
process on <strong>the</strong> battlefield.<br />
Joint Network Node (JNN) network<br />
commercial technology insertion will provide<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> with a high-speed and<br />
high-capacity backbone communications<br />
network focused on rapidly moving information<br />
in a manner that supports commanders,<br />
staffs, functional units and capabilities-based<br />
formations. JNN is now<br />
WIN-T Increment 1, a Joint compatible<br />
communications package that allows <strong>the</strong><br />
warfighter to use advanced networking<br />
capabilities, retain interoperability with<br />
current force systems, and keep in step<br />
with future increments <strong>of</strong> WIN-T. It is a<br />
rapidly deployable, early entry system<br />
housed in an S-250 shelter and mounted<br />
on a Humvee expanded capacity vehicle.<br />
C 4 Support to Intelligence Operations<br />
The Common Ground Station (CGS) is<br />
a rapidly deployable and mobile tactical<br />
data processing and evaluation center that<br />
integrates imagery and signals intelligence,<br />
surveillance and reconnaissance<br />
data products into a single visual presentation<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlefield, providing commanders<br />
with near-real-time situational awareness<br />
and enhanced battle management<br />
and targeting capabilities. CGS links multiple<br />
air and ground sensors, including <strong>the</strong><br />
Joint surveillance/target attack radar sys-<br />
Joint network node (JNN)<br />
tem (JSTARS) aircraft, to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> battle<br />
command system at various nodes, such<br />
as echelons above corps, corps, division<br />
and brigade. JSTARS is a multiservice battle<br />
management and targeting system with<br />
an airborne multimodal radar incorporating<br />
an electronically scanned antenna. The<br />
radar combines moving-target indicator<br />
(MTI) and fixed-target indicator and syn<strong>the</strong>tic<br />
aperture radar (SAR) functions and<br />
is carried aboard an E-8 (militarized Boeing<br />
707) aircraft. Radar data are broadcast<br />
to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> CGS through an omnidirectional<br />
data link and over ultrahigh frequency<br />
(UHF) satellite communications,<br />
which can also be received from o<strong>the</strong>r air<br />
platforms, such as unmanned aerial vehicles<br />
(UAVs). In addition to being <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong>’s premier radar MTI ground station,<br />
CGS has evolved into a multisensor<br />
ground station that receives, processes and<br />
displays sensor data from <strong>the</strong> Predator<br />
UAV, tactical UAV (TUAV), airborne reconnaissance<br />
low, U-2, Guardrail common<br />
sensor and <strong>the</strong> integrated broadcast service,<br />
while maintaining a small footprint.<br />
CGS capabilities are being channeled into<br />
a distributed common ground system-A<br />
(DCGS-A) through preplanned product<br />
improvements, which will be disseminated<br />
in a network-centric environment.<br />
CGS, with its JSTARS and o<strong>the</strong>r sensor<br />
feeds, fulfills an urgent AirLand battlefield<br />
requirement by providing an <strong>Army</strong>/Air<br />
Force sensor and attack control capability<br />
designed to locate, track, classify and assist<br />
in attacking moving and stationary<br />
targets beyond <strong>the</strong> forward line <strong>of</strong> troops.<br />
CGS is <strong>the</strong> only wide-area surveillance<br />
system that has <strong>the</strong> resolution and realtime<br />
capability to provide <strong>the</strong> commander<br />
with <strong>the</strong> data necessary to be effective in<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 349
The Enhanced AN/TPQ-36 (EQ-36)<br />
radar system<br />
<strong>the</strong> future sensor-oriented battle management<br />
process.<br />
The All-Source Analysis System (ASAS)<br />
provides combat leaders with <strong>the</strong> fused intelligence<br />
needed to view <strong>the</strong> battlefield<br />
and more effectively conduct <strong>the</strong> land battle<br />
from battalion to echelons above corps.<br />
ASAS encompasses a family <strong>of</strong> systems<br />
that includes <strong>the</strong> compartmented allsource<br />
workstation in <strong>the</strong> analysis control<br />
element (ACE) found at division, corps<br />
and echelons above corps (EAC); <strong>the</strong> collateral<br />
laptop configuration called ASAS-<br />
Light, issued down to <strong>the</strong> battalion level;<br />
<strong>the</strong> Humvee-mounted intelligence fusion<br />
station (IFS) with integrated communications<br />
called <strong>the</strong> analysis control team-enclave<br />
(ACT-E), which is found at brigade<br />
level; and <strong>the</strong> communications control set<br />
(CCS) found at division, corps and EAC.<br />
C 4 Support to Fires and Effects<br />
The Advanced Field Artillery Tactical<br />
Data System (AFATDS) provides automated<br />
fire-support command, control and<br />
communications for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>, Navy and<br />
Marine Corps including target-weapon<br />
pairing for optimum use <strong>of</strong> fire-support<br />
assets and automated planning, coordination<br />
and control <strong>of</strong> all fire-support assets.<br />
AFATDS performs <strong>the</strong> attack analysis necessary<br />
to determine <strong>the</strong> optimal weapontarget<br />
pairing to provide maximum use <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> fire-support assets (field artillery, mortars,<br />
close air support, naval gunfire, attack<br />
helicopters and <strong>of</strong>fensive electronic<br />
warfare). AFATDS automatically implements<br />
detailed commander’s guidance in<br />
<strong>the</strong> automation <strong>of</strong> operational planning,<br />
movement control, targeting, target value<br />
analysis and fire-support planning.<br />
A critical capability for <strong>the</strong> warfighter is<br />
battlefield radar that can detect, classify<br />
and locate enemy mortar, artillery, rocket<br />
and missile systems within seconds <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir firing, allowing immediate and overwhelming<br />
responses. The AN/TPQ-36 and<br />
AN/TPQ-37 are mortar and artillery locating<br />
systems that have been used extensively<br />
in OEF and OIF with great success<br />
and are credited with forcing <strong>the</strong> enemy to<br />
radically change its tactics. The AN/TPQ-<br />
36(V)8 Electronics Upgrade to <strong>the</strong> mortar-,<br />
artillery- and rocket-locating Firefinder<br />
radar improves <strong>the</strong> operations control<br />
group (OCG) through <strong>the</strong> installation <strong>of</strong><br />
state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art electronics and common<br />
hardware/s<strong>of</strong>tware (CHS) in <strong>the</strong> lightweight<br />
multipurpose shelter (LMS). The<br />
upgrade is an open architecture design,<br />
and it allows Firefinder to communicate<br />
350 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
on <strong>the</strong> digitized battlefield. The operations<br />
central (OC) (previously <strong>the</strong> OCG) is<br />
mounted on an Ml097 heavy Humvee,<br />
which tows <strong>the</strong> antenna-transceiver group<br />
(ATG) on a modified M116A3 trailer. A<br />
second Ml097 Humvee carries a palletized<br />
MEP-112A generator and tows an M116A2El<br />
cargo trailer. A Humvee reconnaissance<br />
vehicle (M998 or Ml038) tows a second<br />
(backup) MEP-112A generator mounted<br />
on an M116A2El trailer.<br />
The AN/TPQ-37(V)8 Firefinder is a mobile,<br />
phased-array, artillery-locating radar<br />
system. It is larger than <strong>the</strong> AN/TPQ-36,<br />
and its target acquisition range is greater.<br />
The operations shelter is identical to that<br />
used with <strong>the</strong> AN/TPQ-36(V)5 and consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> an operations control group<br />
mounted on an M-35-series truck, and <strong>the</strong><br />
MEP-115A, 60-kilowatt, 400-hertz generator<br />
set mounted on a 5-ton truck. This<br />
truck also tows <strong>the</strong> antenna transceiver<br />
group consisting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> phased-array antenna,<br />
transmitter, receiver and associated<br />
electronics mounted on <strong>the</strong> M-1048 trailer,<br />
a 6-ton four-wheel flatbed cargo trailer.<br />
The system uses a combination <strong>of</strong> radar<br />
techniques and computer-controlled functions<br />
to detect and accurately locate enemy<br />
artillery and rocket weapons to permit<br />
rapid engagement with counterfire.<br />
The AN/TPQ-37(V)8 upgrade program<br />
incorporates mechanical enhancements to<br />
improve reliability, availability and maintainability<br />
(RAM). It improves transportability,<br />
mobility, survivability and commonality<br />
with <strong>the</strong> AN/TPQ-36. S<strong>of</strong>tware improvements<br />
include reduced false locations<br />
and incorporation <strong>of</strong> a long-range<br />
mode. Special features include a new, improved<br />
cooler, C-130 transportability kit,<br />
MAPS self-survey, and a separate tape for<br />
long-range missile detection s<strong>of</strong>tware. The<br />
system is designed to be strategically deployable<br />
and operable at all levels <strong>of</strong> conflict.<br />
Two AN/TPQ-37s are assigned to <strong>the</strong><br />
target acquisition battery <strong>of</strong> each division<br />
and used with <strong>the</strong> AN/TPQ-36. Both <strong>the</strong><br />
AN/TPQ-36 and AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder<br />
radars were a success in Operation Iraqi<br />
Freedom. They were lauded for <strong>the</strong>ir ability<br />
to acquire enemy mortars and artillery,<br />
allowing quick and effective counter-battery<br />
fire.<br />
The AN/TPQ-48 Lightweight Counter-<br />
Mortar Radar (LCMR) fills a critical gap in<br />
<strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> ground-based forces. It<br />
addresses indirect-fire threats, automatically<br />
locating mortar weapons in a 360-degree<br />
area <strong>of</strong> cover. The system can rapidly<br />
detect, track and locate mortar rounds at<br />
ranges out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> effective range <strong>of</strong> most<br />
mortar weapons, which allows <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
to be neutralized through combat air support<br />
or counterfire. These systems have<br />
been deployed with <strong>Army</strong> Special Forces,<br />
conventional <strong>Army</strong> and Marine units and<br />
as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> counterrocket, artillery and<br />
mortars (C-RAM) system <strong>of</strong> systems in Iraq<br />
and Afghanistan.<br />
The AN/TMQ-41 and AN/TMQ-41A<br />
Meteorological Measuring Set (MMS) is<br />
an upper air meteorological system that<br />
uses state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art technology to make<br />
vertical pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Earth’s atmosphere.<br />
The MMS sounds <strong>the</strong> atmosphere with a<br />
balloon-borne radiosonde, which measures<br />
<strong>the</strong> meteorological (MET) parameters<br />
<strong>of</strong> temperature, pressure, relative humidity,<br />
wind speed and wind direction.<br />
This information is processed by <strong>the</strong> MMS<br />
computer and is available in STANAG,<br />
WMO and FATDS formats. Typical users<br />
include: Field Artillery, Corps <strong>of</strong> Engineers,<br />
Chemical Corps, target acquisition<br />
elements, NATO and USAF wea<strong>the</strong>r forecasters.<br />
Messages may be disseminated by<br />
radio (voice or digital), landline (telephone<br />
or teletype) or by hand-delivered, hardcopy<br />
printouts.<br />
The MMS has <strong>the</strong> flexibility to operate<br />
anywhere in <strong>the</strong> world and allows <strong>the</strong> user<br />
to select <strong>the</strong> mode <strong>of</strong> operation most suitable<br />
for his situation. Multiple methods <strong>of</strong><br />
determining winds are available through<br />
<strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> radio direction-finding (RDF)<br />
techniques or navigational aids (NAVAID),<br />
such as LORAN or GPS.
The AN/TMQ-52 Meteorological Measure<br />
Set-Pr<strong>of</strong>iler (MMS-P) is a replacement<br />
for <strong>the</strong> meteorological measuring set<br />
(MMS). Pr<strong>of</strong>iler uses a suite <strong>of</strong> meteorological<br />
(MET) sensors and MET data from communications<br />
satellites along with an advanced<br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r model to provide highly<br />
accurate MET data out to a range <strong>of</strong> 500 km.<br />
The current MMS relies on a balloonborne<br />
radiosonde to measure and transmit<br />
MET conditions such as wind speed, wind<br />
direction, temperature, pressure and humidity.<br />
It is considered accurate only to 20<br />
km from <strong>the</strong> balloon launch site and cannot<br />
provide target-area MET data. Pr<strong>of</strong>iler<br />
provides <strong>the</strong> same MET information that<br />
MMS does and adds rate <strong>of</strong> precipitation,<br />
visibility, cloud height and cloud ceiling.<br />
All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se are required for precise targeting<br />
and terminal guidance.<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>iler uses this information to build a<br />
four-dimensional MET model (height,<br />
width, depth and time) that includes terrain<br />
effects. This gridded MET (METGM)<br />
output can <strong>the</strong>n be used to literally fly projectiles<br />
through a virtual space and apply<br />
MET effect along <strong>the</strong> entire trajectory and<br />
refine <strong>the</strong> technical fire solution.<br />
By providing accurate MET messages,<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>iler will enable <strong>the</strong> artillery to have a<br />
greater probability <strong>of</strong> first-round hit with<br />
indirect fire. This new capability will increase<br />
<strong>the</strong> lethality <strong>of</strong> all field artillery platforms<br />
such as <strong>the</strong> multiple launch rocket<br />
system (MLRS), Paladin, and self-propelled<br />
or towed howitzers, and will produce<br />
significant savings for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>.<br />
The Initial Fire-Support Automated<br />
System (IFSAS) is an automated fire-support<br />
command and control system located<br />
at <strong>the</strong> corps fire-support element, division<br />
artillery fire-support element, field artillery<br />
brigade fire-support element and<br />
field artillery battalion echelons. IFSAS<br />
provides <strong>the</strong> commander with an automated<br />
command and control decisionmaking<br />
capability for using cannon, rocket<br />
and missile delivery systems. IFSAS performs<br />
automated fire mission, artillery target<br />
intelligence, fire planning, fire unit status,<br />
ammunition accounting and meteorological<br />
and geometry processing in support<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> field artillery mission.<br />
The Battery Computer System (BCS) is<br />
an automated fire-support command and<br />
control system located at field artillery battery<br />
echelons. BCS provides <strong>the</strong> commander<br />
with an automated command and control<br />
decision-making capability for using<br />
cannon delivery systems. BCS performs<br />
automated fire missions, fire planning, fire<br />
unit status, ammunition accounting and<br />
meteorological and geometry processing<br />
in support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> field artillery missions.<br />
Sensors and Sensor Systems<br />
The Guardrail Common Sensor (GRCS)<br />
system is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s corps-level airborne<br />
signal intelligence (SIGINT) collection,<br />
location and dissemination system providing<br />
tactical commanders near-real-time<br />
targeting information. There are currently<br />
four GRCS systems fielded worldwide,<br />
providing support to U.S. Forces Korea,<br />
U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Europe and supporting Operations<br />
Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.<br />
The GRCS systems consist <strong>of</strong> seven<br />
to 12 aircraft, depending on <strong>the</strong> system,<br />
that normally fly operational missions in<br />
sets <strong>of</strong> two or three aircraft providing<br />
near-real-time SIGINT and targeting to tactical<br />
commanders with emphasis on deep<br />
battle and follow-on forces attack support.<br />
Key features include integrated communications<br />
intelligence (COMINT) and elec-<br />
tronic intelligence (ELINT) reporting, enhanced<br />
signal classification and recognition,<br />
near-real-time direction finding, precision<br />
emitter location and an advanced<br />
integrated cockpit. Primary capabilities include<br />
integrated signals exploitation, enhanced<br />
signal classification and recognition,<br />
fast direction finding, precision emitter<br />
location and advanced integrated<br />
avionics. Interoperable data links provide<br />
microwave connectivity between <strong>the</strong> aircraft<br />
and <strong>the</strong> integrated processing facility<br />
(IPF).<br />
The Prophet system (three-block acquisition<br />
approach: Blocks I, II and III) is <strong>the</strong> division,<br />
brigade combat team (BCT), Stryker<br />
brigade combat team (SBCT) and armored<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 351
cavalry regiment (ACR) principal ground<br />
tactical signals intelligence (SIGINT) and<br />
electronic warfare (EW) system that has<br />
been designed to support <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> vision,<br />
transformation and unit <strong>of</strong> action battlespace.<br />
Prophet detects, identifies and locates<br />
enemy electronic emitters and provides enhanced<br />
situational awareness and actionable<br />
24-hour information for <strong>the</strong> warfighter<br />
throughout <strong>the</strong> division, ACR and BCT areas<br />
<strong>of</strong> operations. Prophet is made up <strong>of</strong> a<br />
vehicular SIGINT receiver mounted on a<br />
Humvee on <strong>the</strong> battlefield, plus a dismounted<br />
manpack SIGINT version for airborne<br />
insertion or early entry into <strong>the</strong> battlespace<br />
to support rapid reaction contingency<br />
and antiterrorist operations. Prophet<br />
Block I is already fielded to <strong>the</strong> active <strong>Army</strong><br />
and several <strong>Army</strong> Reserve and National<br />
Guard military intelligence (MI) UAs.<br />
The initial six Prophet Block I systems<br />
were rolled out in June 2002, and underwent<br />
accelerated production, immediate<br />
technology insertion (upgrade) and fielding<br />
to provide vital and responsive support<br />
to all MI units deployed to support<br />
Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and<br />
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). The Prophet<br />
after action reports indicated that <strong>the</strong><br />
rapidly deployed Prophets provided valuable<br />
and timely support to <strong>the</strong> OEF/OIF<br />
military operations.<br />
The Block II/III Prophet is vehiclemounted<br />
on <strong>the</strong> heavy Humvee, with electronic<br />
attack (EA), is manportable and will<br />
also provide on-<strong>the</strong>-move (OTM) lines <strong>of</strong><br />
bearing and reporting capabilities. This<br />
OTM capability is a first for tactical SIGINT<br />
operations at <strong>the</strong> brigade level and will<br />
provide on-demand actionable information<br />
(or force protection) to <strong>the</strong> commander.<br />
Current Force Unattended Sensors<br />
The uses <strong>of</strong> multiple mission sensor capabilities<br />
have proven to be significant factors<br />
in operations; however, managing<br />
Prophet systems<br />
<strong>the</strong>se numerous sensors can be challenging.<br />
Efforts are ongoing in <strong>the</strong> development<br />
and enhancement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se capabilities,<br />
specifically in networking unmanned<br />
aerial vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles<br />
and unattended battlefield sensors.<br />
The Family <strong>of</strong> Integrated Rapid Response<br />
Equipment (FIRRE) program reduces<br />
manpower requirements, enhances<br />
force protection capabilities and reduces<br />
casualties through <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> unmanned<br />
systems. It consists <strong>of</strong> a wide range <strong>of</strong> unmanned<br />
ground vehicles (UGV) and associated<br />
unattended ground sensors (UGS) to<br />
counter terrorist actions in lieu <strong>of</strong> manned<br />
operations. FIRRE’s near-term objective<br />
will be to provide an integrated network <strong>of</strong><br />
unmanned systems and sensors to support<br />
<strong>the</strong> physical security <strong>of</strong> high-value areas <strong>of</strong><br />
interest. The major parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system are<br />
<strong>the</strong> FIRRE radar system, <strong>the</strong> FIRRE surveillance<br />
system, <strong>the</strong> remotely monitored battlefield<br />
sensor system-II (REMBASS-II/<br />
BAIS) and a stand-alone ground surveillance<br />
radar (AN/PPS-5D). The FIRRE radar<br />
system (FRS) is composed <strong>of</strong> a surveillance<br />
radar (AN/PPS-5D) mounted on a tactical<br />
amphibious ground support system (TAGS)<br />
UGV. The FIRRE surveillance system (FSS)<br />
is composed <strong>of</strong> an electro-optic/infrared/<br />
laser pointer sensor mounted on a TAGS<br />
UGV. The REMBASS-II/BAIS is <strong>the</strong> UGS<br />
and <strong>the</strong> AN/PPS-5D is ground surveillance<br />
detection radar. The overarching long-term<br />
goal is to develop a fully integrated, layered<br />
force protection system <strong>of</strong> systems for our<br />
forward-deployed forces that is networked<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Future Force C 4 ISR systems architecture.<br />
The AN/PPS-5D Ground Surveillance<br />
Radar is manportable and capable <strong>of</strong> being<br />
used for force protection, fire support, intelligence<br />
operations, and cordon search<br />
and raid operations. It is currently being<br />
used for detecting and audio classifying<br />
personnel and wheeled and tracked vehicles.<br />
Dramatic improvements have been<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 353
Remotely monitored battlefield sensor<br />
system, version II (REMBASS-II)<br />
achieved in performance, reliability and<br />
maintainability while reducing size, weight<br />
and power consumption.<br />
The AN/GSR-8 Remotely Monitored<br />
Battlefield Sensor System-II (REMBASS-<br />
II) is <strong>the</strong> only fully militarized unattended<br />
ground sensor (UGS) system in <strong>the</strong> world<br />
that detects, classifies and provides direction<br />
<strong>of</strong> travel <strong>of</strong> targets. This worldwide<br />
deployable, all wea<strong>the</strong>r, day/night, line-<strong>of</strong>sight<br />
system provides early warning, surveillance<br />
and force protection capability in<br />
support <strong>of</strong> battlefield commanders in all<br />
types <strong>of</strong> terrain. It is half <strong>the</strong> weight and<br />
volume <strong>of</strong> its predecessor, REMBASS-I,<br />
with equivalent classification, detection<br />
and low false-alarm performance.<br />
REMBASS-II systems are being fielded<br />
to Stryker brigade combat teams in support<br />
<strong>of</strong> ongoing intelligence, security, surveillance<br />
and force protection operations<br />
around <strong>the</strong> globe. This tamper-pro<strong>of</strong>,<br />
ESM/ECM-resistant system is <strong>the</strong> leading<br />
U.S. <strong>Army</strong> remotely controlled, unattended<br />
ground sensor system.<br />
OmniSense is a UGS system that provides<br />
all-wea<strong>the</strong>r, 24-hour, area surveillance,<br />
force protection and remote intrusion<br />
detection to support <strong>the</strong> battlefield<br />
commander. OmniSense provides target<br />
classification, recognition, identification<br />
‘Yeah, with this baby, I can acquire<br />
targets outside <strong>the</strong> solar system.’<br />
354 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
and target location, direction and speed.<br />
OmniSense consists <strong>of</strong> an activity detection<br />
unit (seismic-acoustic, magnetic and<br />
passive infrared sensors), an imager and a<br />
handheld programmer monitor.<br />
The Unattended Transient Acoustic<br />
Measurement and Signature Intelligence<br />
(MASINT) System (UTAMS) is an acoustic<br />
sensor consisting <strong>of</strong> sensor stations<br />
linked via radio to a base station. In its current<br />
configuration, UTAMS detects and locates<br />
any loud event such as mortar or<br />
rocket firings, munitions impacts and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
explosive events. UTAMS is a classic sound<br />
ranging system, but it uses advanced processing<br />
techniques to quickly and independently<br />
locate <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> fire. The signal<br />
processor uses statistics from <strong>the</strong> signal<br />
content to identify <strong>the</strong> source weapon type.<br />
The system concept is for three to five<br />
acoustic arrays to be set up in a roughly<br />
equilateral configuration several hundred<br />
meters from each o<strong>the</strong>r. Each array detects<br />
an event and determines <strong>the</strong> line <strong>of</strong> bearing<br />
from <strong>the</strong> array to <strong>the</strong> launch site. The lines<br />
<strong>of</strong> bearing are transmitted via a radio link<br />
to a central point where <strong>the</strong> results are<br />
combined to establish <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
firing point. UTAMS is used to locate<br />
sources <strong>of</strong> hostile artillery, mortars and<br />
rockets. Presently <strong>the</strong>re are operational<br />
UTAMS sites, and an operational needs<br />
statement (ONS) has been revalidated for<br />
additional systems.<br />
The Persistent Threat Detection System<br />
(PTDS) is a deployed, quick-reaction capability<br />
that was designed to meet <strong>the</strong> urgent<br />
surveillance needs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> warfighter. The<br />
system is composed <strong>of</strong> a te<strong>the</strong>red aerostat<br />
equipped with a high-resolution electrooptic/infrared<br />
(EO/IR) payload that provides<br />
a cue to slew capability. PTDS is integrated<br />
with existing IR and radar sensors<br />
that cue <strong>the</strong> aerostat camera to provide<br />
near-real-time “eyes on target.” PTDS uses<br />
<strong>the</strong> interbrigade communication system<br />
(IBCS), which provides <strong>the</strong> communication<br />
backbone and networking capabilities<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system. It will be integrated into <strong>the</strong><br />
persistent surveillance and dissemination<br />
system-<strong>of</strong>-systems (PSDS 2 ).<br />
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Payloads<br />
are essential in many areas <strong>of</strong> operation<br />
and have proven to be key combat<br />
multipliers in military operations. In support<br />
<strong>of</strong> Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), <strong>the</strong><br />
AN/APY-8 Lynx I radar was installed in<br />
deployed I-GNAT unmanned air vehicles<br />
(UAVs) to augment EO/IR payload capabilities.<br />
Three Lynx I radars were installed<br />
in three I-GNAT UAVs. The Lynx I is a<br />
multifunction radar that operates in syn<strong>the</strong>tic<br />
aperture radar (SAR) and ground<br />
moving-target indicator (GMTI) modes.<br />
SAR modes consist <strong>of</strong> a spotlight mode<br />
and two strip-map modes. High-resolution<br />
SAR and GMTI data is processed on board<br />
and is data-linked to a ground station for<br />
exploitation. The data obtained can be used<br />
for coherent change detection (CCD) and<br />
amplitude change detection (ACD), both<br />
post-processing capabilities. CCD provides<br />
<strong>the</strong> ability to discern extremely small<br />
changes in scenery over time. Lynx I/I-<br />
GNAT systems completed more than 2,000<br />
hours <strong>of</strong> operation supporting OIF. The<br />
Lynx I deployment has showcased potential<br />
FCS capabilities that will be available in<br />
<strong>the</strong> AN/DPY-1 Lynx II SAR/GMTI.<br />
The AN/DPY-1 Lynx II is also a multifunction<br />
SAR/GMTI radar that has <strong>the</strong><br />
same performance as <strong>the</strong> Lynx I, but in a<br />
smaller, lighter package. High-resolution<br />
SAR and GMTI data is processed on board<br />
a UAV and is data-linked to a ground station<br />
for exploitation. The Lynx II consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> a radar electronics assembly (REA) and<br />
an antenna/gimbal assembly. SAR modes
operate in less than 0.3 meters to 3.0 meters<br />
resolution. In <strong>the</strong> GMTI mode, <strong>the</strong><br />
radar detects moving targets at speeds <strong>of</strong><br />
10-70 kph and overlays <strong>the</strong>ir locations on a<br />
digital map. The Lynx II is sized for operations<br />
on <strong>the</strong> FCS Class IV, ER/MP and<br />
Hunter UAVs. It enhances survivability<br />
and improves situational awareness for<br />
<strong>the</strong> UA and brigade/division.<br />
The airborne surveillance, target acquisition<br />
and minefield detection system (AS-<br />
TAMIDS) is being developed to fly on <strong>the</strong><br />
Class IV RQ-8B Firescout UAV. ASTA-<br />
MIDS will combine both countermine and<br />
RSTA functions in one 75-pound turret so<br />
that retasking can be accomplished in<br />
flight without having to land and swap<br />
out payloads. ASTAMIDS sensors include<br />
a MWIR FLIR, a color EO camera, a multispectral<br />
imager (MSI) that divides <strong>the</strong> vis-<br />
NIR band into four sub-bands, an 808-nm<br />
laser illuminator that provides night capability<br />
for <strong>the</strong> MSI sensor, and a lightweight<br />
laser designator that also has eyesafe<br />
rangefinding capability. The sensors will<br />
be housed in a gimbaled turret that has<br />
step-stare technology to allow rapid search<br />
<strong>of</strong> wide areas.<br />
The Persistent Surveillance and Dissemination<br />
System <strong>of</strong> Systems (PSDS 2 ) is<br />
a system <strong>of</strong> systems to provide persistent<br />
surveillance and rapid dissemination <strong>of</strong><br />
actionable intelligence. Its purpose is to<br />
catch enemy activity in a timelier manner<br />
by having sensors cue o<strong>the</strong>r sensors and<br />
disseminate target location and description<br />
data to <strong>the</strong> appropriate response elements.<br />
PSDS 2 integrates numerous sensor<br />
inputs (video, radar, etc.) onto a terrain<br />
model allowing <strong>the</strong> commander to see enemy<br />
actions in perspective to sensor location<br />
and orientation. It improves reaction<br />
times from detection <strong>of</strong> activity through<br />
corroboration to dissemination <strong>of</strong> actionable<br />
information. Its centralized collection<br />
<strong>of</strong> imagery/sensor inputs provides unprecedented<br />
coordination <strong>of</strong> sensor information.<br />
PSDS 2 ’s persistence <strong>of</strong> collected<br />
imagery/information supports forensics<br />
capability in near-real time and/or <strong>of</strong>fline.<br />
Its shelterized concept supports quick relocation<br />
<strong>of</strong> assets, and its flexible architecture<br />
allows for incorporation <strong>of</strong> additional<br />
interfaces/capabilities. PSDS 2 is successfully<br />
supporting operations in Iraq.<br />
Night-Vision Sensors<br />
U.S. <strong>Army</strong> night-vision and sensor programs<br />
and activities include day/night, allwea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
mobility and engagement sensors;<br />
all-wea<strong>the</strong>r imagery; passive and radar target<br />
acquisition sensors; artillery and mortar-locating<br />
radars; and advanced sensors<br />
for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s Future Force. These systems<br />
provide critical, on-<strong>the</strong>-ground, direct support<br />
to U.S. forces deployed in Operation<br />
Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi<br />
Freedom. One key area is <strong>the</strong>rmal sensors,<br />
which dramatically increase <strong>the</strong> lethality<br />
and survivability <strong>of</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> soldiers.<br />
These sensors read <strong>the</strong> heat signature from<br />
distant objects, such as personnel or vehicles,<br />
day or night, penetrating smoke, fog<br />
and obscurants.<br />
The First-Generation Forward-Looking<br />
Infrared Systems (FLIR) are currently<br />
used in <strong>the</strong> pilotage and targeting <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />
imaging systems in <strong>the</strong> AH-64A attack helicopter,<br />
M1A1 and M60 tanks, Bradley<br />
fighting vehicles and TOW and TOW II<br />
missile systems. The systems <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
are supported by <strong>the</strong>rmal-imaging common<br />
modules, a series <strong>of</strong> subcomponents<br />
that perform <strong>the</strong> function <strong>of</strong> optical to electrical<br />
conversion, thus allowing <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>r-<br />
mal battlefield to be converted into a visual<br />
image. The <strong>the</strong>rmal-imaging common<br />
modules are made up <strong>of</strong> detector dewars,<br />
cryogenic coolers, light-emitting diode arrays,<br />
mechanical scanners, optical imagers<br />
and collimators, and electronic circuit cards.<br />
The Second-Generation Forward-Looking<br />
Infrared (FLIR) provides an integrated<br />
high-performance second-generation <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />
sensor to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s premier groundbased<br />
battlefield platforms. The secondgeneration<br />
FLIR is a long-wavelength scanning<br />
system with advanced digital image<br />
processing. The detector for this assembly<br />
is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s standard advanced dewar assembly,<br />
type II, using a cryogenically<br />
cooled mercury cadmium telluride focal<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 355
plane array. The program produces a common<br />
FLIR sensor (<strong>the</strong> B-kit), which is integrated<br />
into each specific platform application<br />
through <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> a unique A-kit.<br />
The second-generation FLIR has been<br />
successfully integrated and tested in <strong>the</strong><br />
Abrams M1A2 systems enhancement package<br />
(SEP) gunner’s primary sight; <strong>the</strong><br />
M1A2 SEP commander’s independent<br />
<strong>the</strong>rmal viewer; <strong>the</strong> M2A3 improved Bradley<br />
acquisition system; <strong>the</strong> M2A3 commander’s<br />
independent viewer; and <strong>the</strong><br />
long-range advanced scout surveillance<br />
system (LRAS3).<br />
Second-generation FLIRs are currently<br />
supporting operations in Iraq and Afghanistan<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Abrams SEP tank, Bradley<br />
A3, LRAS3 Scout Humvees, Stryker reconnaissance<br />
vehicle systems and in <strong>the</strong> family<br />
<strong>of</strong> AN/PAS-13 <strong>the</strong>rmal weapon sights<br />
(heavy and light).<br />
The AN/VAS-5 Driver’s Vision Enhancer<br />
(DVE) is a passive, uncooled <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />
imaging system for drivers <strong>of</strong> combat<br />
and tactical wheeled vehicles. It allows<br />
continuous vehicle operations by day or<br />
night and in <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> natural and<br />
man-made obscurants, such as smoke, fog<br />
and dust. The DVE’s sensor module contains<br />
a second-generation <strong>the</strong>rmal imager<br />
that provides standard analog video to a<br />
high-quality flat-panel display and control<br />
module (a militarized commercial active<br />
matrix liquid crystal display).<br />
The DVE video imagery can also be distributed<br />
to o<strong>the</strong>r vehicle crew displays.<br />
The display provides an additional input<br />
port for display maps and digitized battlefield<br />
information. The DVE can easily be<br />
adapted to any current or future U.S. or<br />
NATO combat and/or tactical wheeled vehicles.<br />
The Long-Range Advanced Scout Surveillance<br />
System (LRAS3) provides <strong>the</strong><br />
U.S. <strong>Army</strong> with real-time acquisition, target<br />
detection, recognition, identification<br />
and far-target location information. LRAS3<br />
provides scout forces with a sensor<br />
system that operates outside <strong>the</strong><br />
range <strong>of</strong> currently fielded threat direct<br />
fire and sensor systems. This<br />
long-range target acquisition capability<br />
will improve <strong>the</strong> survivability <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> scout force and increase <strong>the</strong><br />
lethality and force effectiveness <strong>of</strong><br />
combat units.<br />
The LRAS3 sensor can be operated<br />
in both mounted and dismounted<br />
configurations, providing 24-hour<br />
and adverse wea<strong>the</strong>r target acquisi-<br />
356 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
DRS Technologies<br />
Driver’s vision enhancer display control module<br />
tion capability. The system is composed <strong>of</strong><br />
a second-generation horizontal technology<br />
integration (HTI) forward-looking infrared<br />
(FLIR) <strong>the</strong>rmal imager, a day video camera,<br />
an eye-safe laser range finder, longrange<br />
common aperture reflective optics<br />
and a GPS interferometer subsystem. The<br />
LRAS3 design also includes a digital port,<br />
which allows it to interface with battlefield<br />
command and control.<br />
Radios & Communications Systems<br />
The Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS)<br />
was initiated in early 1997 in response to<br />
<strong>the</strong> services’ pursuit <strong>of</strong> separate solutions<br />
to a programmable, modular, multimode,<br />
multiband radio to replace existing legacy<br />
radios in <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Defense (DoD)<br />
inventory. Over time, <strong>the</strong> JTRS program<br />
evolved from a radio replacement program<br />
to a mobile ad hoc networking program<br />
designed to support <strong>the</strong> Global Information<br />
Grid.<br />
The Joint Tactical Terminal (JTT) provides<br />
<strong>the</strong> Joint warfighter with seamless,<br />
near-real-time tactical intelligence, targeting<br />
and situational awareness information.<br />
It provides <strong>the</strong> critical data link to battle<br />
managers, intelligence centers, air defense,<br />
fire support and aviation nodes across all<br />
services. JTT allows <strong>Army</strong>, Air Force,<br />
Navy, Marine Corps and o<strong>the</strong>r agency<br />
users to exploit current intelligence broadcast<br />
networks, including <strong>the</strong> tactical reconnaissance<br />
intelligence exchange system,<br />
tactical information broadcast system, tactical<br />
related applications data dissemination<br />
system, tactical data information exchange<br />
system-B, secondary imagery dissemination<br />
system and <strong>the</strong> evolving integrated<br />
broadcast service architecture.<br />
PEO Command, Control and Communications-Tactical<br />
(C 3 T) also coordinates development<br />
and fielding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> radio products<br />
that form <strong>the</strong> heart <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tactical Internet.<br />
The Enhanced Position Location<br />
Reporting System (EPLRS) provides data<br />
distribution and position/navigation services<br />
in near-real time for <strong>the</strong> warfighter at<br />
brigade and below in support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlefield<br />
functional areas and <strong>the</strong> FBCB 2 program.<br />
Manufactured by Ray<strong>the</strong>on Systems<br />
Company, <strong>the</strong> EPLRS system consists <strong>of</strong> a<br />
net control station and EPLRS user units<br />
that can be variously configured for manpack,<br />
vehicular or airborne platforms. The<br />
EPLRS net control station is undergoing a<br />
configuration and performance upgrade<br />
that converts <strong>the</strong> network management<br />
scheme from a centralized mode to a decentralized<br />
mode and increases <strong>the</strong><br />
throughput capability. The new net control<br />
station is called <strong>the</strong> EPLRS net manager<br />
(ENM).<br />
The Near-Term Data Radio (NTDR) System<br />
supports <strong>the</strong> upper portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tactical<br />
Internet by providing <strong>the</strong> commandcenter-to-command-center<br />
data communications<br />
backbone for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s digitized<br />
division. The NTDR is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> data communication<br />
backbone for platoon to brigade.<br />
It is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> five major elements<br />
that provide a seamless digital communication<br />
capability throughout <strong>the</strong> fighting<br />
force for <strong>the</strong> digital battlefield <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21st<br />
century.<br />
The appliqué used with <strong>the</strong> NTDR supports<br />
battle command information requirements.<br />
The NTDR interface, with routing<br />
devices such as <strong>the</strong> Internet controller<br />
(INC) and tactical multinet gateway (TMG)<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r devices, supports routing. It interfaces<br />
with o<strong>the</strong>r networks, such as<br />
SINCGARS, EPLRS and MSE TPN, as well<br />
as mobile platforms, and interoperates<br />
with external command and control systems<br />
through routers. NTDR satisfies <strong>the</strong><br />
future digital radio (FDR) requirement.<br />
The NTDR system consists <strong>of</strong> a radio<br />
with ancillary support items, including antennas,<br />
an installation kit and a network<br />
management terminal, if required. NTDR is<br />
an information system that is <strong>the</strong> data<br />
transport communications system serving<br />
data terminals resident at brigade and<br />
below, but also has application at<br />
higher echelon units operating within<br />
<strong>the</strong> brigade area. The NTDR can support<br />
a brigade community <strong>of</strong> computers<br />
and networks that communicate using<br />
<strong>the</strong> Internet protocol suite (IPS).<br />
The AN/AYD-1 Personnel Locator<br />
System consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> PRC-112 radio<br />
(General Dynamics Decision Systems),<br />
ARS-6 personnel locator (Cubic Corp.)<br />
and KY-913 program loader (General<br />
Dynamics Decision Systems). The<br />
ARS-6 sends out interrogation bursts<br />
during combat search-and-rescue missions<br />
looking for PRC-112 radios. If<br />
<strong>the</strong> frequency and ID code <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ARS-<br />
6 burst is correct, <strong>the</strong> PRC-112 sends<br />
back a 0.4-second reply to <strong>the</strong> ARS-6<br />
that provides range and steering information<br />
to <strong>the</strong> pilot. The PRC-112 uses
unencrypted voice, beacon and transponder<br />
modes, but <strong>the</strong>re is also a PRC-112A<br />
used by <strong>the</strong> “black world” that has built-in<br />
COMSEC.<br />
The AN/GRC-240 Have Quick (HQ) II<br />
UHF-AM Radio Set is an M998/M1038<br />
Humvee vehicle-mounted radio system<br />
providing antijam electronic counter-countermeasures<br />
(ECCM) UHF-AM voice communications.<br />
The radio can operate on single-channel<br />
normal mode or in <strong>the</strong> frequency-hopping<br />
active mode. Transmitting<br />
output power is selectable at 2, 10 or<br />
30 watts. All U.S. armed forces have HQ<br />
capability.<br />
The AN/VRC-83 Radio Set is tunable in<br />
25-kilohertz steps in <strong>the</strong> UHF band (225.000<br />
to 399.975 megahertz [Mhz], equaling 7,000<br />
UHF channels). The application <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
VHF/UHF antenna relay kit permits VHF<br />
AM communications (116.000 MHz to<br />
149.975 MHz, 1,360 VHF channels). VHF<br />
operation is limited to single-channel, non-<br />
HQ communications. The operator can simultaneously<br />
monitor guard frequency<br />
243.000 MHz while operating in singlechannel<br />
or HQ mode. Certain applications<br />
require improved precise lightweight global<br />
positioning system receiver (PLGR) satellite<br />
reception; a PLGR remote antenna kit is<br />
available.<br />
The AN/TRC-170 (V)2 and (V)3 Troposcatter<br />
Radio Terminals are air or ground<br />
transportable radio terminals. They provide<br />
secure digital long-haul radio trunking<br />
among major nodes <strong>of</strong> area common<br />
user system (ACUS) communications networks<br />
and interface with o<strong>the</strong>r ACUS systems,<br />
such as digital group multiplexers or<br />
various switching facilities. The terminals<br />
may be used in stand-alone applications as<br />
transmission links not associated with<br />
switching facilities. The terminals transmit<br />
and receive digital voice and o<strong>the</strong>r data<br />
over a nominal 150-mile path for <strong>the</strong> (V)2<br />
radio and a nominal 100-mile path for <strong>the</strong><br />
(V)3 radio by means <strong>of</strong> troposcatter.<br />
The AN/PRC-126 Radio Set is a shortrange,<br />
handheld tactical radio for use primarily<br />
at <strong>the</strong> squad and platoon levels.<br />
The AN/PRC-126 is a lightweight militarized<br />
transceiver that provides two-way<br />
voice communications. The radio covers<br />
<strong>the</strong> frequency range <strong>of</strong> 30 MHz to 87.975<br />
MHz. Its nominal range for reliable communications<br />
over rolling, slightly wooded<br />
terrain is 3,000 meters. The radio is capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> interoperating with <strong>the</strong> AN/VRC-12,<br />
AN/PRC-77 and SINCGARS families <strong>of</strong><br />
radios in <strong>the</strong> fixed frequency mode. The<br />
AN/PRC-126 enables small-unit leaders to<br />
control <strong>the</strong> activities <strong>of</strong> subordinate elements<br />
during operations.<br />
The AB-1386/U Quick-Erect Antenna<br />
Mast (QEAM) is designed to accommodate<br />
<strong>the</strong> AS-3166/GRC, AS-4292, AS-4225<br />
and A30045068 VHF antennas and a wide<br />
range <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r antennas in o<strong>the</strong>r frequency<br />
bands.<br />
The AN/USC-28(V) Satellite Communications<br />
Set (Ground) is an advanced<br />
spread-spectrum modulation system that<br />
operates with defense satellite communications<br />
system (DSCS) terminals to provide<br />
jam-resistant satellite communication<br />
(SATCOM) network control and digital<br />
user communications.<br />
The AN/TSC-85B&C and AN/TSC-<br />
93B&C Tactical Satellite Communications<br />
Terminals are superhigh frequency<br />
(SHF) systems that provide reliable multichannel<br />
satellite communications. The Cmodel<br />
terminal contains new modems and<br />
converters. All <strong>Army</strong> terminals have been<br />
upgraded to <strong>the</strong> C-model.<br />
The AN/GSC-52(V) Satellite Communications<br />
Terminal is a high-capacity,<br />
medium-size, superhigh frequency satellite<br />
communications terminal designed to<br />
operate in <strong>the</strong> DSCS satellite network.<br />
While not an <strong>Army</strong> system per se, <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong> has been assigned <strong>the</strong> acquisition<br />
and sustainment mission for <strong>the</strong> equipment.<br />
The terminals are operated by <strong>the</strong><br />
various services under <strong>the</strong> operational<br />
control <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Defense Information Systems<br />
Agency. The AN/GSC-52(V) modernization<br />
program upgrades aging electronics<br />
and provides a new control moni-<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 357
tor alarm subsystem for all <strong>the</strong> DSCS terminals<br />
(including <strong>the</strong> AN/FSC-78 and<br />
AN/GSC-39). The AN/GSC-52 (V) includes<br />
a 38-foot OE-371/G antenna.<br />
The AN/PSN-13 Defense Advanced<br />
Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver<br />
(DAGR) began fielding in November 2004.<br />
It is a handheld, pocket-stored Navstar<br />
GPS receiver, incorporating selective availability<br />
antispo<strong>of</strong>ing module (SAASM), and<br />
supports military combat operations as<br />
well as military and civilian use for operations<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r than war. DAGR is <strong>the</strong> followon<br />
to <strong>the</strong> currently fielded AN/PSM-11<br />
PLGR and provides an enhanced graphical<br />
user interface (GUI), decreased size and<br />
weight, and can acquire and provide continuous<br />
“P” (Y) code tracking <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> GPS<br />
L1 and L2 frequencies transmitted from all<br />
satellites in view.<br />
The High-Capacity Communications<br />
Capability (HC3) is a Joint above-2 GHz<br />
high-capacity communications capability<br />
for <strong>the</strong> Joint tactical ground domain. It provides<br />
secure ground-to-ground, ground-toairborne<br />
and ground-to-satellite communications<br />
for Joint on-<strong>the</strong>-move and at-<strong>the</strong>halt<br />
platforms and it uses wideband space<br />
architecture in a single common architecture<br />
and multiband and network (IP) capable<br />
terminals.<br />
The AN/TSC-156 Phoenix Superhigh<br />
Frequency (SHF) Terminal provides multiband<br />
capability in <strong>the</strong> SHF range and operates<br />
over commercial and military SHF<br />
satellites. The terminal provides high capacity<br />
inter- and intra<strong>the</strong>ater range extension<br />
support at selected EAC and corps<br />
signal units and is designed to be <strong>the</strong><br />
warfighter’s primary means <strong>of</strong> reach-back<br />
communication. The tri-band Phoenix terminal<br />
operates in <strong>the</strong> military X- and commercial<br />
C- and Ku-bands. The terminal is<br />
‘We can never<br />
become a great<br />
power until we<br />
develop an effective<br />
set <strong>of</strong> acronyms.’<br />
358 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
1-800-336-4570<br />
That’s <strong>the</strong> toll-free number to call AUSA na-<br />
tional headquarters. The AUSA Action Line<br />
is open 8:30–5:00, Monday through Friday,<br />
except holidays. If you have a question<br />
about AUSA, give us a call.<br />
being upgraded to Ka-band capability to<br />
support wideband gapfiller satellite (WGS)<br />
interoperability.<br />
The Lightweight High-Gain X-Band<br />
Antenna (LHGXA) is an X-Band-only antenna,<br />
consisting <strong>of</strong> a 16-foot reflector<br />
mounted on a reinforced trailer. The efficient<br />
reflector design results in an RF gain<br />
that exceeds <strong>the</strong> gain <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20-foot quickreaction<br />
satellite antenna (QRSA). The<br />
LHGXA is designed to work with <strong>the</strong> GMF<br />
AN/TSC-85/93 B, C, D.<br />
It also interfaces with <strong>the</strong> U.S. Air Force<br />
and U.S. Marine Corps lightweight multiband<br />
satellite terminal (LMST), Trojan<br />
Spirit II and USC-60A.<br />
The Lightweight Multiband Satellite<br />
Terminal (LMST) is a tri-band superhigh<br />
frequency terminal available in various<br />
trailer and transit case configurations. The<br />
terminal is contained on a single trailer or<br />
in transit case enclosures and operates full<br />
duplex over C-, X-, Ku- and Ka-bands (receive<br />
only).<br />
The Secure Enroute Communications<br />
Package-Improved (SECOMP-I) system is<br />
a standardized, secure, interoperable and<br />
integrated command, control, communications,<br />
computers and intelligence (C 4 I) information<br />
system to support force projection<br />
operations. The SECOMP-I system<br />
provides VHF/UHF line-<strong>of</strong>-sight (LOS)<br />
and UHF single-channel tactical satellite<br />
(SCTACSAT), beyond-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight (BLOS)<br />
data and voice capabilities to <strong>the</strong> mission<br />
commander and staff while deploying to<br />
an area <strong>of</strong> operations aboard U.S. Air Force<br />
C-130 and C-17 aircraft.<br />
The AN/PSQ-17 Communication Planning<br />
System (CPS) provides communications<br />
and management <strong>of</strong> MILSTAR EHF<br />
satellite resources at all echelons. It provides<br />
<strong>the</strong> capability for EHF network planning,<br />
EHF terminal image generation, resource<br />
monitoring, network operations<br />
and terminal support. It supports real-time<br />
mission planning and management <strong>of</strong> all<br />
EHF resources in support <strong>of</strong> Joint-service<br />
EHF terminal deployment and resides<br />
within <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s SYSCON environment<br />
to facilitate centralized planning and management<br />
functionality.<br />
The Secure Mobile Anti-jam Reliable<br />
Tactical Terminal (SMART-T) will provide<br />
tactical users with secure, mobile, survivable,<br />
anti-jam satellite communications in a<br />
Humvee configuration. This equipment<br />
will communicate/process data and voice<br />
communications at both low and medium<br />
extremely high frequency (EHF) data rates.<br />
The Deployable Ku-Band Earth Terminal<br />
(DKET) is an INTELSAT E2 designator<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> supporting 24 T1 data rate 4.6meter<br />
tracking antenna with 125 mph<br />
wind survivability, redundant RF electronics<br />
and auto uplink power control. It is an<br />
environmentally controlled shelter with<br />
redundant HVACs; a remote monitor and<br />
control system with pager notification;<br />
and redundant generators for critical components.<br />
A digital fiber-optic interface system<br />
(FOIS) connects to a user baseband up<br />
to 2 kilometers. It has a commercial oneyear<br />
warranty.<br />
DKET provides Ku-band satellite communications<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> supporting a variety<br />
<strong>of</strong> worldwide missions and is interoperable<br />
with all tri-band satellite terminals<br />
and teleport earth terminals in commercial<br />
bands. Setup/teardown time is three to<br />
five days.<br />
The Joint Network Terminal Communications<br />
(JNTC) consists <strong>of</strong> a 3.6-meter satellite<br />
antenna with satellite and baseband<br />
equipment housed in an enclosure mounted<br />
on a prime mover. The hub terminal is capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> supporting 24 T1 data rate circuits<br />
through <strong>the</strong> 3.6-meter tracking antenna with<br />
125 mph wind survivability, redundant electronics<br />
remote monitor and control; auto<br />
uplink power control is contained in <strong>the</strong> environmentally<br />
controlled shelter. Both terminals<br />
are Ka-band upgradable. A commercial<br />
one-year warranty is provided.<br />
JNTC provides Ku-band satellite communications<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> supporting a variety<br />
<strong>of</strong> worldwide missions. It is interoperable<br />
with all tri-band and Ku-band (only)<br />
satellite terminals and teleport earth termi-
nals. Setup/teardown time is 30 minutes<br />
for both <strong>the</strong> prime mover hub and STT<br />
trailer configurations.<br />
The Flyaway Tri-Band Satellite Terminal<br />
(FTSAT) is a commercial <strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf<br />
(COTS) nondevelopmental item (NDI).<br />
The highly transportable, tri-band, transitcase-packaged<br />
satellite communications<br />
terminal is capable <strong>of</strong> supporting a variety<br />
<strong>of</strong> worldwide missions. The FTSAT operates<br />
over DSCS III, NATO III/IV, INTEL-<br />
SAT, EUTELSAT, PANAMSAT and DOM-<br />
SAT satellite systems. The terminal modem<br />
is interoperable with <strong>the</strong> GMF, MCIS<br />
(AN/TSC-85/93/94/100) and <strong>the</strong> DSCS<br />
Gateway modems and baseband subsystems,<br />
and is available in point-point, GMF<br />
spoke and GMF hub variants.<br />
Terminals are currently available under<br />
a five-year blanket purchase agreement<br />
awarded in March 2004.<br />
FTSAT provides X-, C- and Ku-band<br />
satellite communications with local and remote<br />
operations. Setup/teardown time is<br />
30 minutes.<br />
The National Guard Bureau Tri-Band<br />
HUB Terminal (NGB-THT) is a transitcased<br />
transportable flyaway satellite terminal<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> supporting C-, X- and<br />
Ku-band frequencies. The THT is capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> using <strong>the</strong> lightweight high-gain X-band<br />
antenna (LHGXA), commercial 2.4-meter<br />
or 3.7-meter gigaSAT tracking antenna;<br />
supports FDMA and TDMA satellite network<br />
topologies; is ground mobile force<br />
(GMF) and Joint network transformational<br />
communications (JNTC) interoperable; and<br />
includes remote monitor and control system.<br />
A commercial two-year warranty is<br />
provided.<br />
THT provides tri-band satellite communications<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> supporting a variety<br />
<strong>of</strong> worldwide missions and is interoperable<br />
with all tri-band satellite terminals and<br />
teleport earth terminals. Setup/teardown<br />
time is 30 minutes.<br />
The USARPAC Tri-Band Satellite Terminal<br />
(U-TST) is a Humvee (M1113)<br />
prime mover-mounted satellite terminal<br />
hub, capable <strong>of</strong> supporting C-, X- and Kuband<br />
frequencies. The U-TST is capable <strong>of</strong><br />
using <strong>the</strong> lightweight high-gain X-band<br />
antenna (LHGXA) tracking antenna and<br />
tows a tactical quiet generator (TQG), and<br />
supports ground mobile force (GMF) as<br />
well as C 4 ISR communications when operating<br />
with <strong>the</strong> single shelter switch baseband<br />
suite <strong>of</strong> equipment.<br />
The Mobile Deployable Ku-Band Earth<br />
Terminal (DKET) is a commercial <strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>shelf<br />
(COTS) nondevelopmental item (NDI)<br />
Ku-band prime mover-mounted satellite<br />
communications terminal capable <strong>of</strong> supporting<br />
a variety <strong>of</strong> worldwide missions.<br />
The DKET operates with INTELSAT, EU-<br />
TELSAT, PANAMSAT and DOMSAT.<br />
DKETs provide high-bandwidth inter/<br />
intra<strong>the</strong>ater links over commercial satellites,<br />
appropriate for camp, base or station<br />
where heavy use <strong>of</strong> voice, data and video<br />
services is required.<br />
Warfighter Information Network-Tactical<br />
(WIN-T) is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s communications<br />
system for reliable, secure and seamless<br />
video, data, imagery and voice services<br />
that enables decisive combat actions. It is<br />
focused on moving information in a manner<br />
that supports commanders, staffs,<br />
functional units and capabilities-based formations.<br />
It is optimized for <strong>of</strong>fensive and<br />
Joint operations so that <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater combatant<br />
commander will have <strong>the</strong> capability to<br />
perform multiple missions simultaneously<br />
with campaign quality.<br />
GROUND COMBAT SYSTEMS<br />
The Program Executive Office – Ground<br />
Combat System (PEO GCS) serves as <strong>the</strong><br />
“System <strong>of</strong> Systems Integrator” <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ground combat systems for <strong>the</strong> armed<br />
forces and leads <strong>Army</strong> transformation efforts<br />
toward future systems while maintaining<br />
a current combat-ready force. PEO<br />
GCS is a command partner in <strong>the</strong> TACOM<br />
Life Cycle Management Command.<br />
PEO GCS Project Management Offices<br />
include Heavy Brigade Combat Team,<br />
Joint Lightweight Howitzer, Mine Resis-<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 359
tant Ambush Protected Vehicles, Modular<br />
Brigade Enhancements, Stryker Brigade<br />
Combat Team and Robotics Systems Joint<br />
Project Office.<br />
As an example, <strong>the</strong> Project Manager for<br />
<strong>the</strong> Heavy Brigade Combat Team serves as<br />
<strong>the</strong> life-cycle manager for <strong>the</strong> major combat<br />
vehicles in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s heavy forces, including<br />
<strong>the</strong> Abrams, M88, Bradley, M113,<br />
M109 and Knight family <strong>of</strong> vehicles. Combined,<br />
<strong>the</strong>se fleets total 32,682 platforms in<br />
various stages <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir life cycles under PM<br />
HBCT’s management purview, and total<br />
program funding through fiscal year 2013<br />
<strong>of</strong> approximately $36.8 billion. PM HBCT’s<br />
responsibilities include <strong>the</strong> design, development,<br />
production, fielding and sustainment<br />
(reset, recap & upgrade) <strong>of</strong> safe, reliable<br />
and lethal ground combat systems.<br />
Product Manager Abrams manages approximately<br />
8,325 platforms within <strong>the</strong><br />
Abrams family <strong>of</strong> vehicles, including<br />
M1A1, M1A1 AIM and M1A2 SEP tanks,<br />
M88A1/A2 recovery vehicles and M104<br />
Wolverine assault bridge.<br />
M1A1, M1A1 AIM<br />
And M1A2 SEP Tanks<br />
The M1 Series Abrams Tank provides<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> with mobile, protected firepower<br />
and will remain <strong>the</strong> cornerstone <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s counterattack and containment<br />
forces as <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> transforms to <strong>the</strong> Future<br />
Force. The Abrams tank provides soldiers<br />
with <strong>the</strong> lethality, survivability and<br />
staying power to successfully close with<br />
and destroy enemy forces on <strong>the</strong> integrated<br />
battlefield. The 120 mm main gun<br />
on <strong>the</strong> M1A1 and M1A2, combined with<br />
<strong>the</strong> powerful 1,500-hp turbine engine and<br />
special armor, make <strong>the</strong> Abrams tank particularly<br />
suitable for attacking or defending<br />
against large concentrations <strong>of</strong> heavy<br />
armor forces on a highly lethal battlefield<br />
and for o<strong>the</strong>r roles that require shock effect<br />
and mobile direct firepower to support<br />
<strong>Army</strong> mission requirements.<br />
Two major programs maintain and recapitalize<br />
<strong>the</strong> Abrams fleet: <strong>the</strong> M1A2 systems<br />
enhancement program (SEP) and <strong>the</strong><br />
M1A1 Abrams integrated management<br />
(AIM) program.<br />
The M1A2 program provides <strong>the</strong> Abrams<br />
with <strong>the</strong> necessary improvements in<br />
lethality, survivability and fighting ability<br />
required to defeat advanced threats. It is<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s first digitized, direct-fire combat<br />
vehicle.<br />
The M1A2 has a digital command and<br />
control system that provides situational<br />
awareness updates to all <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r tanks in<br />
a unit. Vetronics architecture ties all electronic<br />
components in <strong>the</strong> tank toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
360 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
and provides increased survivability and<br />
supportability. The commander’s independent<br />
<strong>the</strong>rmal viewer gives it a hunter-killer<br />
capacity. The M1A2 also has improved onboard<br />
diagnostics that allow <strong>the</strong> tank to<br />
troubleshoot itself without any additional<br />
special tools or equipment.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r M1A2 improvements, through<br />
<strong>the</strong> SEP, are under way. The M1A2 SEP is<br />
<strong>the</strong> backbone <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s first digitized<br />
division and <strong>the</strong> counterattack corps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong>’s current force. It is <strong>the</strong> only weapon<br />
system that can withstand <strong>the</strong> impact <strong>of</strong><br />
high-energy warheads and remain lethal<br />
in high-mobility and sustained operations.<br />
It has integrated combat command and<br />
control (IC 3 ), which incorporates Force XXI<br />
Battle Command Brigade and Below<br />
(FBCB 2 ) to provide command and control<br />
and situational awareness.<br />
Its sights use <strong>the</strong> latest <strong>the</strong>rmal-imaging<br />
system (second-generation forward-looking<br />
infrared or FLIR) for increased lethality<br />
and survivability. The M1A2 SEP tank<br />
takes advantage <strong>of</strong> computer/electronic<br />
industry advances by including improved<br />
electronics developed since <strong>the</strong> introduction<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M1A2.<br />
The SEP package includes a new computerized<br />
mass-memory unit and color<br />
maps and displays. A <strong>the</strong>rmal management<br />
system increases electronic reliability<br />
and decreases crew fatigue.<br />
Production deliveries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M1A2 SEP<br />
tank began in September 1999. These vehicles<br />
were used extensively during OIF.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong> must sustain <strong>the</strong> readiness<br />
and reduce <strong>the</strong> operations and support<br />
costs <strong>of</strong> approximately 4,300 older M1A1<br />
Abrams main battle tanks in its active and<br />
reserve component units.<br />
The Abrams Integrated Management<br />
Program (AIM) is <strong>the</strong> recapitalization program<br />
for <strong>the</strong> M1A1 tank. Under AIM,<br />
M1A1 tanks are completely disassembled<br />
at Anniston <strong>Army</strong> Depot, Ala. The depot<br />
refurbishes many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tank’s components.<br />
The assemblies are <strong>the</strong>n shipped to <strong>the</strong><br />
Joint Systems Manufacturing Center (JSMC)<br />
in Ohio, where General Dynamics Land<br />
Systems reassembles <strong>the</strong> tanks to a zero<br />
time/zero miles standard.<br />
The AIM program has fielded tanks to<br />
units at Fort Hood, Texas, and in Germany.<br />
Annual production now stands at 135 tanks<br />
per year and will continue until 2012.<br />
AIM also serves as <strong>the</strong> venue to apply<br />
modifications and upgrades to <strong>the</strong> tank,<br />
including embedded diagnostics. AIM also<br />
serves as a means to combat electronic obsolescence<br />
by introducing improved linereplaceable<br />
units (LRUs) for those that face<br />
technical obsolescence. The AIM process<br />
also incorporates redesigned hull and turret<br />
network boxes.<br />
The M88A2 Heavy Equipment Recovery<br />
Combat Utility Lift and Evacuation<br />
System (Hercules) is a full-tracked, heavy<br />
armored vehicle developed to accomplish<br />
safe, effective and independent battlefield<br />
recovery operations.<br />
It implements swift and effective combat<br />
evacuations through <strong>the</strong> battlefield recovery<br />
operations <strong>of</strong> towing, winching<br />
and lifting.<br />
The Hercules uses <strong>the</strong> M88A1 chassis<br />
modified to significantly improve towing,<br />
winching, lifting and braking characteristics.<br />
It is <strong>the</strong> primary recovery support for<br />
<strong>the</strong> 70-ton M1 Abrams tank, <strong>the</strong> Wolverine<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r heavy combat vehicles.<br />
The M88A2 includes a 1,050-hp engine;<br />
a 35-ton boom; overlay armor; a 140,000pound,<br />
single-line, constant-pull main<br />
winch; and a 3-ton auxiliary winch for deploying<br />
<strong>the</strong> main winch cable. When compared<br />
to <strong>the</strong> M88A1, <strong>the</strong>se upgrades improve<br />
towing power by 25 percent, lifting<br />
capability by 40 percent and winching ability<br />
by 55 percent.<br />
The system is in full-rate production and<br />
deployment. Fielding began in July 1997,<br />
and it achieved first unit equipped in July<br />
1997.<br />
M1 series Abrams tank Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine
The M104 Wolverine Heavy Assault<br />
Bridge (HAB) is an M1A2 Abrams SEP<br />
variant and is operated by a two-man crew.<br />
The 26-meter bridge can span gaps <strong>of</strong> up to<br />
24 meters to support heavy maneuver operations<br />
at 16 kph.<br />
The bridge is computer-controlled and<br />
automatically compensates for minor deviations<br />
in launch site elevation and terrain<br />
rack and cant. The crew can launch <strong>the</strong><br />
bridge under armor in five minutes and retrieve<br />
it in less than 10 minutes.<br />
The M104 Wolverine enables decisive<br />
maneuver by allowing units to span tank<br />
ditches, road craters and partially damaged<br />
bridge sections up to 24 meters wide at<br />
combat speeds.<br />
Product Manager Bradley<br />
Product Manager Bradley manages approximately<br />
6,452 M2/3A2, M2/3 A2 ODS<br />
and M2/3A3 Bradleys and approximately<br />
13.943 M113 series platforms.<br />
The Bradley M2A3 Infantry/M3A3 Cavalry<br />
Fighting Vehicle (IFV/CFV) facilitates<br />
enhanced command and control capabilities,<br />
provides mobile protected<br />
transport <strong>of</strong> an infantry squad to critical<br />
points on <strong>the</strong> battlefield and performs cavalry<br />
scout and o<strong>the</strong>r essential (Bradleyequipped<br />
fire-support and Stinger teams)<br />
missions in <strong>the</strong> 21st century. Upgrades in<br />
this program include advanced technology<br />
in <strong>the</strong> areas <strong>of</strong> command and control,<br />
lethality, survivability, mobility and sustainability,<br />
required to defeat current and<br />
future threat forces while remaining operationally<br />
compatible with <strong>the</strong> main battle<br />
tank.<br />
The M2/M3 vehicle armament includes<br />
<strong>the</strong> 25 mm M242 Bushmaster cannon, <strong>the</strong><br />
TOW II missile system and a 7.62 mm<br />
M240C machine gun.<br />
The M2A3/M3A3 provides overwatching<br />
fires to support dismounted infantry and to<br />
suppress and defeat enemy tanks, reconnaissance<br />
vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles<br />
(IFVs), armored personnel carriers, bunkers,<br />
dismounted infantry and attack helicopters.<br />
The infantry version (M2) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> A3 Bradley<br />
fighting vehicle is used most <strong>of</strong>ten to close<br />
with <strong>the</strong> enemy by means <strong>of</strong> fire and maneuver.<br />
The primary tasks performed by <strong>the</strong><br />
cavalry version (M3) as part <strong>of</strong> a troop<br />
and/or squadron are reconnaissance, security<br />
and flank guard missions.<br />
The A3 is <strong>the</strong> consummate digitized<br />
platform, with a core electronics architecture<br />
on a 1553 data bus and an improved<br />
target acquisition system that includes a<br />
full ballistic fire-control package with<br />
hunter-killer functionality via a commander’s<br />
independent viewer (CIV). Optical<br />
improvements also include two secondgeneration<br />
FLIRs and day television cameras,<br />
which can be displayed to <strong>the</strong> squad<br />
members in <strong>the</strong> back <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vehicle via <strong>the</strong><br />
rear-mounted squad leader’s display. This<br />
feature significantly improves <strong>the</strong> realtime<br />
situational awareness for <strong>the</strong> entire<br />
dismounted or mounted crew.<br />
The A3 integrated combat command and<br />
control (IC 3 ) package incorporates <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong>’s digital command and control suite<br />
<strong>of</strong> automated messages, overlays and<br />
friend or foe graphics that meet <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />
objectives for a fully digitized force. This<br />
same digital command and control capability<br />
was incorporated into <strong>the</strong> A2 Operation<br />
Desert Storm (ODS), including a squad<br />
leader’s display for messages and graphics.<br />
The A3 variants reflect <strong>the</strong> latest iterations<br />
<strong>of</strong> a fighting vehicle family that includes<br />
<strong>the</strong> Bradley M2/M3A0, A1, A2, A2<br />
ODS, IFV/cavalry fighting vehicle (CFV),<br />
Bradley fire-support team (BFIST) vehicle<br />
and M2A2 ODS engineer vehicle. Additional<br />
Bradley variants, based on <strong>the</strong> associated<br />
tracked M270 multiple-launch<br />
rocket system (MLRS) chassis, range from<br />
command and control systems to armored<br />
medical treatment vehicles.<br />
The M4 Command and Control Vehicle<br />
(C 2 V) program emerged from lessons<br />
learned during Operation Desert Storm.<br />
Based on <strong>the</strong> Bradley family’s MLRS chassis,<br />
<strong>the</strong> M4 C 2 V is a self-contained platform<br />
with onboard support subsystems capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> providing adequate power for mission<br />
equipment and NBC protection and environmental<br />
control.<br />
Platform components include a primary<br />
power unit that can provide 21,000 watts<br />
<strong>of</strong> AC and 4,600 watts <strong>of</strong> DC power, an antenna<br />
compartment that supports a 10-meter<br />
nesting mast, a 579-cubic-foot crew/<br />
mission equipment compartment, a biochem<br />
system (100/200 cubic foot per<br />
minute with 1.5 inches <strong>of</strong> water overpressure)<br />
and an environmental cooling unit<br />
(40,000 BTU per hour cooling).<br />
A March 1994 engineering and manufacturing<br />
development contract was followed<br />
by three low-rate initial production awards<br />
that covered a total <strong>of</strong> 25 vehicles. The final<br />
vehicles covered under that contract<br />
were delivered in June 2001.<br />
Although <strong>the</strong> M4 C 2 V program was terminated<br />
in December 1999 to provide<br />
funding for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s new Stryker armored<br />
vehicle acquisition, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />
pulled <strong>the</strong> systems out <strong>of</strong> storage and issued<br />
most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m for combat use during<br />
Operation Iraqi Freedom.<br />
The M113 Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles (FOV) provides<br />
a highly mobile, survivable and reliable<br />
tracked-vehicle platform that, with upgrades,<br />
is able to keep pace with Abramsand<br />
Bradley-equipped units and is adaptable<br />
to a wide range <strong>of</strong> current and future<br />
battlefield tasks through <strong>the</strong> integration <strong>of</strong><br />
specialized mission modules. Although not<br />
presently in new production, <strong>the</strong> 14,795<br />
M113 FOV systems now in <strong>Army</strong> vehicle<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 361
inventories constitute a significant percentage<br />
<strong>of</strong> present and future heavy division assets.<br />
Recent activities within <strong>the</strong> M113 FOV<br />
focused on upgrading several models <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> vehicles to meet or exceed <strong>the</strong> mobility<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> supported maneuver<br />
force. The most recent upgrade to see wide<br />
fielding is <strong>the</strong> A3 reliability improvement<br />
for selected equipment (RISE). RISE provides<br />
various derivatives within <strong>the</strong> FOV<br />
with major performance improvements in<br />
mobility, reliability and survivability<br />
through installation <strong>of</strong> a 275-horsepower<br />
6V53T engine with an X-200-4A transmission.<br />
Coupled with reconfiguration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> driver’s<br />
station and several o<strong>the</strong>r vehicle subsystems,<br />
<strong>the</strong>se improvements provide battlefield<br />
mobility commensurate with <strong>the</strong><br />
supported Abrams/Bradley maneuver<br />
force. Moreover, <strong>the</strong> increased performance<br />
provided by this and o<strong>the</strong>r upgrade<br />
packages permits a range <strong>of</strong> enhanced survivability<br />
options.<br />
Product Manager<br />
Fire Support Platforms<br />
Product Manager Fire Support Platforms<br />
manages approximately 3,962 platforms,<br />
including <strong>the</strong> M109A6 Paladin/M992A2<br />
FAASV System, <strong>the</strong> M707/M1200 “Knight”<br />
family <strong>of</strong> vehicles, and M981 Fire Support<br />
Team (FIST)/M3A3 Bradley Fire Support<br />
Team (BFIST) vehicles.<br />
The M109A6 Paladin 155 mm Self-Propelled<br />
Howitzer provides <strong>the</strong> primary indirect<br />
fire support to heavy divisions and<br />
armored cavalry regiments. Like <strong>the</strong> earlier<br />
M109 models, <strong>the</strong> M109A6 Paladin is a<br />
fully tracked, armored vehicle. The enhanced<br />
Paladin configuration is achieved<br />
through extensive modifications to existing<br />
M109A2/A3 vehicle hulls and <strong>the</strong> subsequent<br />
introduction <strong>of</strong> an entirely new<br />
turret structure.<br />
The Paladin includes an onboard automated<br />
fire-control system (AFCS) that provides<br />
ballistic computation, weapon control,<br />
a vehicle location/navigation system,<br />
362 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
M113<br />
secure radio communications systems, an<br />
improved M284 cannon and M182A1 gun<br />
mount, automotive improvements, improved<br />
ballistic and nuclear-biologicalchemical<br />
(NBC) protection, driver’s nightvision<br />
capability and built-in test equipment.<br />
Additional chassis upgrades include<br />
a remotely actuated travel lock (for quicker<br />
emplacement and displacement), longer<br />
torsion bars (to help support <strong>the</strong> new turret)<br />
and a low-heat rejection engine with an<br />
improved cooling system.<br />
Described as <strong>the</strong> first digitized combat<br />
vehicle in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s inventory, <strong>the</strong> Paladin<br />
has improved responsiveness, survivability,<br />
lethality and reliability compared<br />
to <strong>the</strong> earlier M109s.<br />
A parallel U.S. <strong>Army</strong> recapitalization<br />
effort can be seen in <strong>the</strong> M992A2 Field<br />
Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle<br />
(FAASV).<br />
The basic M992A0 FAASV<br />
emerged from an industry research<br />
and development project<br />
designed to provide selfpropelled<br />
field artillery units<br />
with a ballistically protected<br />
vehicle capable <strong>of</strong> performing<br />
critical resupply and support<br />
functions. The FAASV system<br />
was type classified and entered<br />
production in 1983. It was<br />
based on an M109 howitzer<br />
chassis that provided <strong>the</strong> resupply<br />
asset with mobility and<br />
survivability characteristics commensurate<br />
with <strong>the</strong> supported cannon element. The<br />
system is paired on a one-for-one basis<br />
with <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s M109A6 Paladin self-propelled<br />
howitzer.<br />
The M707 Knight was developed and<br />
fielded during <strong>the</strong> late 1990s. Based on <strong>the</strong><br />
M1025A2 Humvee chassis, <strong>the</strong> M707 fea-<br />
Paladin/FAASV<br />
tures a mission equipment package fully<br />
adapted to support <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Field<br />
Artillery Combat Observation Lasing<br />
Team (COLT) mission with GVLLD and<br />
ANTAS-4.<br />
In 2003, <strong>the</strong> M707 was enhanced with a<br />
Fire Support Sensor System (FS3) 2nd Generation<br />
FLIR based on <strong>the</strong> LRAS3 [Long<br />
Range Advanced Scout Surveillance System].<br />
The U.S. <strong>Army</strong> is currently fielding <strong>the</strong><br />
M1200 Armored Knight to provide improved<br />
survivability over <strong>the</strong> Humveebased<br />
M707. Intended for use by COLTs in<br />
both heavy and infantry brigade combat<br />
teams, <strong>the</strong> M1200 integrates <strong>the</strong> M707 mission<br />
equipment package into an M1117 Armored<br />
Security Vehicle (see M1117 listing<br />
under Combat Support and Combat Service<br />
Support).<br />
The resultant M1200 Armored Knight<br />
will provide COLTs with increased armor<br />
protection, payload and agility.<br />
PM Joint Lightweight Howitzer<br />
The Project Manager for <strong>the</strong> Joint Lightweight<br />
Howitzer takes a Joint (<strong>Army</strong> &<br />
Marine) perspective in managing <strong>the</strong> development,<br />
acquisition, testing, systems<br />
integration, product improvement and<br />
fielding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M777A1/M777A2 155 mm<br />
Joint Lightweight Howitzer system, designed<br />
to enhance strategic mobility and<br />
provide <strong>the</strong> infantryman and marine with<br />
effective and responsive fire support. Their<br />
task is to provide a world-class, supportable<br />
howitzer system to <strong>the</strong> artillery cannoneer<br />
permitting him to accomplish his<br />
mission.<br />
The M777/M777A1/M777A2 Lightweight<br />
155 mm Howitzer (LW155) is a Joint Marine<br />
Corps and <strong>Army</strong> program to replace<br />
<strong>the</strong> M198 155 mm towed howitzer. The<br />
LW155 is a general support system for <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong>’s light units and direct-support cannon<br />
fire-support system for <strong>the</strong> Stryker<br />
brigade combat team and designed to be<br />
<strong>the</strong> sole howitzer in <strong>the</strong> Marine Corps.<br />
Its primary performance parameters are a<br />
BAE Systems
howitzer weight <strong>of</strong> less than 10,000 pounds,<br />
emplacement time <strong>of</strong> two to three minutes<br />
and a displacement time <strong>of</strong> one to two minutes.<br />
The LW155 uses <strong>the</strong> M776 155 mm<br />
cannon, giving it a maximum firing range <strong>of</strong><br />
approximately 30 kilometers with rocket-assisted<br />
projectiles and 24.7 kilometers with<br />
standard rounds. It has a maximum firing<br />
rate <strong>of</strong> four rounds per minute and a sustained<br />
rate <strong>of</strong> two rounds per minute.<br />
The M777A1 is a version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M777 fitted<br />
with onboard electronics, giving it selflocating,<br />
self-laying and digital communications<br />
similar to <strong>the</strong> M109A6 Paladin. The<br />
M777A1 was unconditionally approved<br />
for use by <strong>Army</strong> units in January 2007. The<br />
USMC began fielding <strong>the</strong> M777 in January<br />
2007 with <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s 2-11 Field Artillery,<br />
becoming operational with <strong>the</strong> M777A1 in<br />
January 2007. The new M777A2 adds <strong>the</strong><br />
ability to fire <strong>the</strong> Excalibur precisionguided<br />
munition.<br />
In addition to <strong>the</strong> M777 series howitzer,<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r towed artillery systems being supported<br />
in U.S. <strong>Army</strong> inventories include<br />
<strong>the</strong> M102 and M119A1 105 mm howitzers<br />
as well as <strong>the</strong> M198 155 mm howitzer.<br />
Designed for conditions encountered<br />
during <strong>the</strong> Vietnam conflict, <strong>the</strong> M102 105<br />
mm Towed Howitzer was first fielded to<br />
1-21 Field Artillery, 9th Light Infantry Division,<br />
in Vietnam in 1966. It is a highly<br />
versatile weapon system with a maximum<br />
range <strong>of</strong> 11,500 meters. Nearly one ton<br />
lighter than <strong>the</strong> World War II-era M101A1<br />
105 mm towed howitzer (4,980 pounds)<br />
that it replaced, <strong>the</strong> M102 (3,338 pounds)<br />
proved to be a highly versatile weapon.<br />
Most M102 systems have been replaced<br />
by <strong>the</strong> M119A1/A2 105 mm towed howitzer.<br />
More than 200 remain in service with<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> National Guard (ARNG). In<br />
M-777A2 lightweight 155 mm howitzer<br />
2004, ARNG M102s were deployed to Iraq.<br />
There are 10 <strong>Army</strong> National Guard battalions<br />
that field <strong>the</strong> M102. Currently <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong> is considering equipping active<br />
duty units with <strong>the</strong> M102.<br />
The M119A1 105 mm Towed Howitzer<br />
was first issued to <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong>’s 7th Infantry<br />
Division (Light) in December 1989.<br />
Transportable by UH-60 helicopters, <strong>the</strong><br />
lightweight, towed field artillery system<br />
(4,520 pounds including BII, 4,100 without)<br />
provided significantly greater range (14,000<br />
meters standard, 19,500 high-explosive<br />
rocket-assisted) and lethality than <strong>the</strong><br />
M101A1/M102 105 mm towed howitzers<br />
that it replaced in a variety <strong>of</strong> light units.<br />
Based on <strong>the</strong> L118 British light gun, <strong>the</strong><br />
M119A1s provided to U.S. units were<br />
modified with U.S. fire control, a cannon<br />
assembly able to fire U.S. 105 mm ammunition<br />
(vice <strong>the</strong> British electrically fired<br />
Abbot ammunition) and <strong>the</strong> addition <strong>of</strong><br />
brackets to incorporate a chronograph and<br />
battery computer system. A series <strong>of</strong> upgrades<br />
to <strong>the</strong> basic M119A1 has resulted in<br />
a redesignation <strong>of</strong> M119A2 for <strong>the</strong>se modernized<br />
howitzers.<br />
To provide even greater range and lethality<br />
for light-unit fire-support elements, <strong>the</strong>
Mine resistant ambush protected vehicles<br />
<strong>Army</strong> began fielding <strong>the</strong> M198 155 mm<br />
Towed Howitzer in early 1979. As a successor<br />
to <strong>the</strong> older M114A1 155 mm towed<br />
system, <strong>the</strong> 15,750-pound (original fielded<br />
weight) M198 provided a maximum range<br />
<strong>of</strong> 30 kilometers (with rocket-assisted projectiles)<br />
and <strong>the</strong> capability to fire a broader<br />
range <strong>of</strong> ammunition options than those<br />
available for 105 mm units.<br />
Normally towed by a 5-ton truck, <strong>the</strong><br />
M198 can also be moved by a CH-47D Chinook<br />
helicopter or Air Force assets, C-130<br />
and larger.<br />
Project Manager MRAP<br />
The Project Manager for Mine Resistant<br />
Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles<br />
program will rapidly field highly survivable,<br />
mobile, multimission vehicles to <strong>the</strong><br />
Joint Force to meet urgent operational requirements.<br />
MRAP vehicles are commercial <strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>shelf<br />
(COTS) vehicles designed from <strong>the</strong><br />
ground up to reduce casualties and increase<br />
survivability for personnel subjected<br />
to mine explosions, improvised explosive<br />
device (IED) detonations and small-arms<br />
fire. Multiple missions will be supported<br />
by <strong>the</strong> MRAP fleet, including recon, convoy<br />
operations, troop transport, ambulance,<br />
combat engineer and EOD missions<br />
for maneuver units. The Pentagon has approved<br />
<strong>the</strong> expansion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MRAP program<br />
to more than 20,000 vehicles, with <strong>the</strong><br />
U.S. <strong>Army</strong> increasing its fleet <strong>of</strong> MRAP vehicles<br />
from <strong>the</strong> planned 2,300 to 17,700.<br />
In September 2005, Project Manager for<br />
Modular Brigade Enhancements (PM<br />
MBE) was established and chartered to be<br />
<strong>the</strong> centralized manager for enhancements<br />
to <strong>the</strong> modular brigade combat teams<br />
(MBCT). PM MBE focus is on <strong>the</strong> Joint<br />
management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spin-out program with<br />
PM Future Combat Systems (Brigade<br />
Combat Team) (FCS(BCT)). Specific PM<br />
MBE responsibilities are to manage <strong>the</strong><br />
post-Milestone C program and lead <strong>the</strong> effort<br />
to field <strong>the</strong> FCS technologies into selected<br />
MBCTs in a consistent and synchronized<br />
manner.<br />
The Project Manager for Stryker<br />
Brigade Combat Team (PM SBCT) develops,<br />
produces and sustains <strong>the</strong> full range<br />
<strong>of</strong> safe, reliable, supportable and effective<br />
Stryker vehicle systems, a diverse fleet <strong>of</strong><br />
medium-weight vehicles capable <strong>of</strong> being<br />
rapidly deployed to trouble spots around<br />
<strong>the</strong> world. These vehicles leverage existing<br />
military “state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> art” technologies in<br />
order to provide world-class equipment to<br />
<strong>the</strong> soldier in record time.<br />
Stryker Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles. “We must<br />
provide early entry forces that can operate<br />
364 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
Jointly, without access to fixed forward<br />
bases, but we still need <strong>the</strong> power to slug it<br />
out and win decisively.” This was <strong>the</strong> challenge<br />
in 1999 given by <strong>the</strong>n-<strong>Army</strong> Chief <strong>of</strong><br />
Staff Gen. Eric K. Shinseki. The response<br />
was brigade combat teams and <strong>the</strong> Stryker<br />
family <strong>of</strong> vehicles, <strong>the</strong> “vanguard for <strong>Army</strong><br />
transformation.”<br />
The <strong>Army</strong>’s responsibility to satisfy<br />
21st-century requirements for effective full<br />
spectrum operations requires an improved<br />
capability for <strong>the</strong> rapid deployment <strong>of</strong><br />
highly integrated, combined arms forces<br />
possessing overmatching capabilities, exploiting<br />
<strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> information and human<br />
potential, and combining <strong>the</strong> advantages<br />
<strong>of</strong> both light and mechanized forces<br />
across <strong>the</strong> full range <strong>of</strong> military and nonmilitary<br />
operations.<br />
The Stryker was <strong>the</strong> first new combat vehicle<br />
to be acquired by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> for more<br />
than 20 years. The primary design has two<br />
variants: <strong>the</strong> M1126 infantry carrier vehicle<br />
(ICV) and <strong>the</strong> XM1128 mobile gun system<br />
(MGS). The ICV is a troop transport vehicle<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> carrying nine infantry soldiers<br />
and <strong>the</strong>ir equipment and requires a crew <strong>of</strong><br />
two, a driver and a vehicle commander.<br />
There are eight o<strong>the</strong>r ICV configurations<br />
with combat service and combat support<br />
roles. Those configurations include <strong>the</strong><br />
M1130 commander’s vehicle, <strong>the</strong> M1127 reconnaissance<br />
vehicle, <strong>the</strong> M1131 fire-support<br />
vehicle, <strong>the</strong> M1129 mortar carrier/<br />
XM1129A1 mounted mortar carrier, <strong>the</strong><br />
M1134 antitank guided missile vehicle, <strong>the</strong><br />
M1132 engineer squad vehicle, <strong>the</strong> M1133<br />
medical evacuation vehicle and <strong>the</strong> XM1135<br />
nuclear-biological-chemical reconnaissance<br />
vehicle. The Stryker brigade combat team<br />
(SBCT) will also be furnished with <strong>the</strong> mo-<br />
bile gun system. The MGS, now under development,<br />
will be based on <strong>the</strong> ICV but<br />
modified to incorporate a 105 mm turreted<br />
gun, an autoloader system and a crew <strong>of</strong><br />
three.<br />
The ICV is armed with a remote weapons<br />
station that supports <strong>the</strong> M2 .50-caliber machine<br />
gun or <strong>the</strong> Mk 19 automatic grenade<br />
launcher, <strong>the</strong> M6 countermeasure device<br />
(smoke grenade launcher) and an integrated<br />
<strong>the</strong>rmal weapon sight. The Stryker<br />
supports communications suites that integrate<br />
<strong>the</strong> single-channel ground-and-air radio<br />
system radio family (SINCGARS); enhanced<br />
position location reporting system<br />
(EPLRS); Force XXI Battle Command<br />
Brigade and Below (FBCB 2 ); global positioning<br />
system (GPS); and high-frequency<br />
and near-term data radio systems. The<br />
Stryker provides up to 14.5 mm <strong>of</strong> ballistic<br />
protection.<br />
General Dynamics Land Systems produces<br />
<strong>the</strong> Stryker, which is powered by a<br />
350-hp diesel engine, runs on eight wheels<br />
that possess a run-flat capability and has a<br />
central tire inflation system. It also incorporates<br />
a vehicle height management system.<br />
Finally, <strong>the</strong> PEO GCS Robotics Systems<br />
Joint Project Office takes a Joint (<strong>Army</strong> &<br />
Marine) perspective in managing <strong>the</strong> development,<br />
acquisition, testing, systems integration,<br />
product improvement and fielding<br />
<strong>of</strong> robotic systems that will form <strong>the</strong><br />
backbone <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future. We are<br />
spearheading development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first generation<br />
system employing <strong>the</strong> latest sensor,<br />
remote navigation, and command and control<br />
technologies to integrate robotics into<br />
<strong>the</strong> battlefield. Speeding <strong>the</strong>se technologies<br />
to <strong>the</strong> battlefield has potential to revolutionize<br />
combat operations.
COMBAT SUPPORT AND<br />
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT<br />
Under <strong>the</strong> Program Executive Office for<br />
Combat Support & Combat Service Support<br />
(PEO CS&CSS), project managers, toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with <strong>the</strong>ir reporting product managers and<br />
product directors, are responsible for <strong>Army</strong><br />
systems and some Joint service programs<br />
across all phases <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir life cycle.<br />
Program phases fall into <strong>the</strong> areas <strong>of</strong>:<br />
pre-systems acquisition (concept refinement<br />
or technology development), generally<br />
consisting <strong>of</strong> R&D programs and are<br />
prior to a Milestone B; systems acquisition<br />
(between Milestone B and full materiel release);<br />
systems after full materiel release<br />
(in production and fielding phases); and<br />
two types <strong>of</strong> sustainment (operations &<br />
support): systems that have completed<br />
fielding, are no longer in production and<br />
are managed directly by <strong>the</strong> PM and systems<br />
that have completed fielding, are no<br />
longer in production and are managed by<br />
an AMC commodity command, but for<br />
which <strong>the</strong> PM is <strong>the</strong> life-cycle manager.<br />
PEO CS&CSS Project Managers include<br />
Project Manager Joint Combat Support<br />
Systems, Project Manager Force Projection<br />
and Project Manager Tactical Vehicles. A<br />
representative sampling <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir programs<br />
follows.<br />
The <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> Project Manager Joint Combat<br />
Support Systems (PM JCSS), for example,<br />
includes both <strong>the</strong> Product Manager<br />
Joint Light Tactical Vehicles (PM JLTV) and<br />
Product Manager Sets, Kits, Outfits and<br />
Tools (PM SKOT), as well as Product Director<br />
Test, Measurement and Diagnostic<br />
Equipment (PD TMDE) and Product Director<br />
Horizontal Technology Insertion<br />
(PD HTI).<br />
Product Manager Joint Light Tactical Vehicles<br />
(PM JLTV) is responsible for <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong>’s participation in <strong>the</strong> Joint Light<br />
Tactical Vehicle (JLTV). The <strong>Army</strong> is <strong>the</strong><br />
lead service in <strong>the</strong> Joint <strong>Army</strong>/Marine<br />
Corps program, which consists <strong>of</strong> a family<br />
<strong>of</strong> vehicles (FoV) with companion trailers<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> performing multiple mission<br />
roles that will be designed to provide protected,<br />
sustained, networked mobility for<br />
personnel and payloads across <strong>the</strong> full<br />
range <strong>of</strong> military operations (traditional to<br />
irregular).<br />
JLTV has been approved at Milestone A<br />
and is currently in <strong>the</strong> technology development<br />
phase. Industry proposals were<br />
submitted in mid-April <strong>2008</strong> for evaluation<br />
by <strong>the</strong> Source Selection Evaluation<br />
Board.<br />
Product Manager Sets, Kits, Outfits and<br />
Tools (PM SKOT) responsibilities include<br />
diving equipment, sets, kits and outfits<br />
(stand-alone, shelter-mounted and mobile),<br />
and shop sets/support equipment.<br />
Product Director Test, Measurement and<br />
Diagnostic Equipment (PD TMDE) is re-<br />
sponsible for calibration sets (CALSETS),<br />
integrated family <strong>of</strong> test equipment (IFTE)<br />
at-platform automatic test systems (AP-<br />
ATS) and <strong>of</strong>f-platform automatic test sets<br />
(OPATS), and test equipment modernization<br />
(TEMOD).<br />
The Product Director Horizontal Technology<br />
Insertion (PD HTI) is responsible<br />
for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s Expedited Modernization<br />
Initiative Procedure (EMIP). As a “process”<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r than a “product,” EMIP represents<br />
a multiphased and continuous market<br />
research process. EMIP is primarily<br />
intended to suggest improvements to <strong>the</strong><br />
current and future fleet <strong>of</strong> CS&CSS vehicles<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r systems. The process seeks<br />
to identify industry’s investments in<br />
proven, advanced, commercial technologies<br />
at <strong>the</strong> component and subsystem levels,<br />
at a technology readiness level (TRL) 7<br />
or better, with <strong>the</strong> goal <strong>of</strong> EMIP to educate<br />
government representatives about <strong>the</strong>se<br />
technologies. Information developed as<br />
part <strong>of</strong> this market research will be shared<br />
within <strong>the</strong> PEO CS&CSS, o<strong>the</strong>r program<br />
executive <strong>of</strong>fices and o<strong>the</strong>r services.<br />
The Project Manager Force Projection<br />
(PM FP) encompasses Product Manager Assured<br />
Mobility Systems (PM AMS), Product<br />
Director <strong>Army</strong> Watercraft Systems (PD<br />
AWS), Product Manager Bridging, Product<br />
Manager Combat Engineer/Material Handling<br />
Equipment (PM CE/MHE), Product<br />
Manager Force Sustainment Systems (PM<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 365
FSS), and Product Manager Petroleum and<br />
Water Systems (PM PAWS).<br />
The Product Manager Assured Mobility<br />
Systems (PM AMS) is responsible for<br />
mine protected route clearance vehicles<br />
like <strong>the</strong> Buffalo mine protected clearance<br />
vehicle, Joint EOD rapid response vehicle<br />
(JERRV), medium mine protected vehicle<br />
(RG-31), vehicle mounted mine detector<br />
(VMMD) and medium mine protected vehicle<br />
(MMPV) program <strong>of</strong> record.<br />
The Buffalo Mine Protected Clearance<br />
Vehicle, for example, is a six-wheeled vehicle<br />
specifically designed to withstand<br />
encounters with mines/IEDs while protecting<br />
up to six soldiers inside. The Buffalo<br />
is used by engineer units during area<br />
and route clearance operations. It is blastprotected<br />
up to 30 pounds TNT for each<br />
wheel and 15 pounds TNT along <strong>the</strong> centerline.<br />
Armor provides ballistic protection<br />
against 7.62 mm ball. It has an arm that enables<br />
<strong>the</strong> operator to safely investigate suspicious<br />
locations.<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r representative example is <strong>the</strong><br />
Medium Mine Protected Vehicle (RG-31<br />
MK3). The RG-31 MK3 APC is a four-wheel<br />
drive, armored personnel carrier intended<br />
for on- and <strong>of</strong>f-road use. The vehicle is designed<br />
and constructed to protect occupants<br />
from small-arms fire and antitank<br />
mine detonations. Access to <strong>the</strong> vehicle is<br />
via a rear door. The vehicle is powered by a<br />
turbocharged six-cylinder, in-line, watercooled<br />
diesel engine. The engine is directly<br />
coupled to an automatic gearbox, which is<br />
coupled directly to a transfer gearbox, with<br />
propeller shafts to <strong>the</strong> front and rear driving<br />
axles. The vehicle is equipped with<br />
conventional suspension but has sufficient<br />
ground clearance to negotiate rough roads<br />
and obstacles.<br />
Product Director <strong>Army</strong> Watercraft<br />
Systems (PD AWS)<br />
With an understated motto <strong>of</strong> “Sail <strong>Army</strong>,”<br />
<strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Program Manager for <strong>Army</strong><br />
Watercraft Systems (PM AWS) is working<br />
to provide “a flexible and responsive fleet,<br />
projecting and sustaining America’s forces<br />
through <strong>the</strong> 21st century.” Responsibilities<br />
include <strong>the</strong> engineering, production, fielding,<br />
initial logistics support and modernization/modification<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong><br />
fleet <strong>of</strong> watercraft and associated support<br />
equipment, which enable <strong>the</strong> warfighter to<br />
rapidly project <strong>the</strong> nation’s armed forces.<br />
The Containerized Maintenance Facility<br />
(CMF) is a transportable maintenance<br />
complex that is made up <strong>of</strong> a combination<br />
366 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
The Buffalo mine protected<br />
clearance vehicle (MPCV)<br />
<strong>of</strong> five tactical rigid-wall expandable International<br />
Standards Organization (ISO)<br />
shelters and two ISO containers. The system<br />
is designed to be stand-alone and is<br />
equipped to provide intermediate support<br />
for deployment and sustainment <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> full spectrum <strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong> watercraft in<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r a fixed port or Joint logistics over<strong>the</strong>-shore<br />
environment.<br />
The Large Tug (LT) 128' is used for transocean/coastal<br />
towing operations and for<br />
assisting with <strong>the</strong> docking/undocking <strong>of</strong><br />
large ships. The LT 128' is outfitted to provide<br />
salvage, rescue and firefighting assistance<br />
to o<strong>the</strong>r vessels and shore installations<br />
on a limited basis.<br />
The Landing Craft Utility (LCU) 2000<br />
provides worldwide transport <strong>of</strong> combat<br />
vehicles and sustainment cargo. It also<br />
supports intra<strong>the</strong>ater and tactical resupply.<br />
The Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM8)<br />
is used in lighter and utility work. The<br />
Mod 2 program enhances vessel capabilities<br />
including command and control, personnel<br />
transfer and light salvage.<br />
The Theater Support Vessel (TSV)-Interim<br />
is a critical step toward <strong>the</strong> definition<br />
and acquisition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future TSV. There was<br />
a fiscal year 2001 contract award for an<br />
<strong>Army</strong>/Navy Joint lease <strong>of</strong> HSV-X1 (Joint<br />
Venture) high-speed vessel. Toge<strong>the</strong>r with<br />
TSV-1X (Spearhead), <strong>the</strong> platforms are part <strong>of</strong><br />
a TSV interim program/investigations/experimentation<br />
and Office <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Secretary <strong>of</strong><br />
Defense-approved advanced concepts technology<br />
demonstration.<br />
The Modular Causeway System provides<br />
a means to move cargo from ship to<br />
shore across unimproved beaches in areas<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world where fixed port facilities are<br />
unavailable, denied or o<strong>the</strong>rwise unacceptable.<br />
The sections are made up <strong>of</strong> modular,<br />
International Standards Organization (ISO)<br />
compatible modules. The four systems are<br />
configured from basic modules in various<br />
configurations: roll-on/roll-<strong>of</strong>f discharge<br />
facility (RRDF); causeway ferry (CF);<br />
floating causeway (FC); and warping tug<br />
(WT).<br />
The Command, Control, Communications,<br />
Computers and Intelligence (C 4 I)<br />
Installation Package provides state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>art<br />
communication (secure/nonsecure)<br />
equipment, navigational equipment and<br />
safety <strong>of</strong> life at sea electronics.<br />
The Barge Derrick (BD) Crane 115 ton is<br />
used primarily in discharging heavy loads<br />
beyond <strong>the</strong> capacity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ship’s gear and<br />
assisting in salvage operations. The crane<br />
provides <strong>the</strong> lift and reach needed to discharge<br />
<strong>the</strong> heaviest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> projected <strong>Army</strong><br />
cargo—<strong>the</strong> M1A2 main battle tank—from<br />
<strong>the</strong> centerline <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large, medium speed<br />
roll-on, roll-<strong>of</strong>f (LMSR) ships.<br />
The Logistics Support Vessel (LSV)<br />
provides worldwide transportation <strong>of</strong><br />
combat vehicles and sustainment cargo.<br />
The 313-foot LSV class vessel, designed to<br />
carry more than 2,000 tons <strong>of</strong> deck cargo,<br />
has a beam <strong>of</strong> 60 feet and a molded depth<br />
<strong>of</strong> 19 feet. It provides intra<strong>the</strong>ater movement<br />
to remote underdeveloped coastlines<br />
and inland waterways. The LSV is <strong>the</strong> primary<br />
logistics over-<strong>the</strong>-shore (LOTS)/<br />
JLOTS vessel. It also assists in unit deployment<br />
and relocation.<br />
The 900 Class Small Tug mission is moving<br />
logistical supplies and equipment in<br />
harbor and inland waterways. The small<br />
tug also provides <strong>the</strong> capability to assist<br />
larger tugs in docking and undocking all<br />
types <strong>of</strong> ships and watercraft and can be<br />
used in routine harbor utility work.
Future <strong>Army</strong> Watercraft Systems<br />
<strong>Army</strong> future watercraft programs include<br />
Theater Support Vessel (TSV)-Objective,<br />
rapidly installed breakwater system,<br />
Harbormaster command and control center<br />
and vessel bridge simulator.<br />
The Theater Support Vessel-Objective<br />
will provide high-speed intra<strong>the</strong>ater transport<br />
<strong>of</strong> troops and cargo and represents<br />
<strong>the</strong> next-generation <strong>Army</strong> watercraft to<br />
support <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s doctrinal intra<strong>the</strong>ater<br />
lift mission.<br />
Using commercial <strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf technology,<br />
it will deploy to <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater <strong>of</strong> operations<br />
at speeds greater than 40 knots<br />
through sea state 5+ (winds <strong>of</strong> 21 knots or<br />
greater), while being capable <strong>of</strong> transporting<br />
more than 350 soldiers plus gear and<br />
up to 1,250 short tons <strong>of</strong> cargo.<br />
Capable <strong>of</strong> operational maneuver from<br />
stand<strong>of</strong>f distances and into five times as<br />
many ports, <strong>the</strong> TSV will provide rapid,<br />
intra<strong>the</strong>ater lift for ready-to-fight combat<br />
forces toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong>ir equipment. As a<br />
Theater support vessels<br />
result, <strong>the</strong> TSV will minimize <strong>the</strong> need for<br />
large-scale reception, staging, onward<br />
movement and integration <strong>of</strong> soldiers, vehicles<br />
and equipment within <strong>the</strong> battlespace.<br />
It <strong>of</strong>fers <strong>the</strong> Joint force commander<br />
a multimodal and multipurpose platform<br />
to support Joint operations that complement<br />
C-17 and C-130 airlift capabilities.<br />
Advantages <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> TSV-Objective include:<br />
operational movement and repositioning;<br />
personnel and equipment moving toge<strong>the</strong>r;<br />
en route mission planning and rehearsal;<br />
reduced AO LOG infrastructure;<br />
ability to bypass <strong>the</strong>ater choke points; access<br />
to austere shallow draft ports; ability<br />
to perform multiple point entry; <strong>of</strong>fset airlift<br />
shortages; and reduction <strong>of</strong> asymmetric<br />
threats.<br />
The Rapidly Installed Breakwater System<br />
(RIBS) is a LOTS (logistics over-<strong>the</strong>shore)<br />
enabler used in all phases <strong>of</strong> force<br />
projection including early entry and follow-on<br />
sustainment. The RIBS augments<br />
existing port facilities to enable greater<br />
throughput <strong>of</strong> equipment and supplies.<br />
The RIBS is designed to support discharge<br />
or retrograde LOTS operations by reduc-<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 367
Dry support bridge<br />
(DSB)<br />
ing sea state 3 conditions to sea state 2 or<br />
below.<br />
The Harbormaster Command and Control<br />
Center (HCCC) will provide 24-hour<br />
real-time vessel tracking, in-transit visibility,<br />
movement tracking, full Joint interoperability,<br />
secure and nonsecure communications,<br />
and real-time meteorological and<br />
bathymetric data. It will be fully digitized<br />
to support <strong>the</strong> Future Force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21st century.<br />
The Vessel Bridge Simulator will provide<br />
<strong>the</strong> mariner an advanced, interactive,<br />
full mission trainer that uses state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong><br />
art computer-generated imagery. This<br />
trainer will replicate all <strong>Army</strong> watercraft<br />
and include vessel maneuvering and navigation<br />
as well as rehearsing missions in<br />
worldwide seaports to prepare for realworld<br />
deployments in any wea<strong>the</strong>r or<br />
lighting conditions.<br />
Product Manager Bridging<br />
Product Manager Bridging interfaces<br />
with o<strong>the</strong>r defense organizations on a range<br />
<strong>of</strong> existing and emerging bridging systems<br />
including <strong>the</strong> Armored Vehicle Launched<br />
Bridge (AVLB), Improved Ribbon Bridge<br />
(IRB), Standard Ribbon Bridge (SRB), MK<br />
II-S Bridge Erection Boat Service Life Extension<br />
Program, Common Bridge Transporter<br />
(HEMTT), Rapidly Emplaced Bridge System<br />
(REBS), M18 Dry Support Bridge System<br />
(DSB), M3 Medium Girder Bridge<br />
The heavy<br />
expanded-mobility<br />
tactical truck<br />
(HEMTT)<br />
368 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
(MGB), Joint Assault Bridge (JAB), Assault<br />
Breacher Vehicle (ABV), Bailey Bridge, Improved<br />
Boat Cradle (IBC), Bridge Adapter<br />
Pallet (BAP) and Maybey Johnson Bridge.<br />
The M18 Dry Support Bridge (DSB)<br />
System and <strong>the</strong> Improved Ribbon Bridge<br />
(IRB) provide representative examples.<br />
The M18 Dry Support Bridge (DSB)<br />
provides <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> with assault and support<br />
bridging for gaps <strong>of</strong> up to 40 meters.<br />
The DSB replaces <strong>the</strong> outdated, manpowerand<br />
time-intensive medium girder bridge<br />
(MGB) with a mechanical system capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> emplacing a 40-meter bridge with 14<br />
soldiers in 90 minutes or less. In addition,<br />
<strong>the</strong> DSB will improve current bridge loadcarrying<br />
capacity, moving it up to military<br />
load classification (MLC) 96 for wheeled<br />
traffic, such as an M1 tank uploaded on a<br />
heavy equipment transporter (HET). The<br />
DSB is designed for transportation as a<br />
palletized load by <strong>the</strong> CBT, PLS trailers or<br />
by service support units equipped with PLS<br />
trucks.<br />
The Improved Ribbon Bridge (IRB), which<br />
was fielded beginning in 2004, improves<br />
mobility by providing a continuous roadway<br />
or raft capable <strong>of</strong> crossing military<br />
load classification (MLC) 96 (wheeled)/80<br />
(tracked) vehicles over nonfordable wet<br />
gaps.<br />
The product <strong>of</strong>fice also has responsibility<br />
for <strong>the</strong> M9 Armored Combat Earthmover<br />
(ACE), a highly mobile armored ve-<br />
Oshkosh Truck Corporation<br />
hicle capable <strong>of</strong> performing mobility,<br />
countermobility and survivability tasks in<br />
support <strong>of</strong> light, medium or heavy forces<br />
on <strong>the</strong> integrated battlefield. First fielded<br />
in 1986, this multipurpose engineer vehicle<br />
provides <strong>the</strong> operator with armor protection<br />
for operation in <strong>the</strong> forward portion<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combat area. By raising <strong>the</strong><br />
dozer blade and using its scraper blade,<br />
<strong>the</strong> M9 ACE can fill itself with ballast to<br />
improve dozing efficiency.<br />
The Product Manager Combat Engineer/Material<br />
Handling Equipment (PM<br />
CE/MHE) coordinates and supports a wide<br />
range <strong>of</strong> compactors and rollers, construction<br />
plants and equipment, container handlers,<br />
cranes, dozers and combat earthmovers,<br />
excavators, forklifts, graders and<br />
scrapers, loaders and sectionalized equipment.<br />
Program examples include systems like<br />
<strong>the</strong> High-Mobility Engineer Excavator and<br />
Engineer Mission Modules.<br />
The High-Mobility Engineer Excavator<br />
(HMEE) replaces <strong>the</strong> small emplacement<br />
excavator (SEE), whose life cycle ended in<br />
FY 2005. Current plans are to replace <strong>the</strong><br />
SEE with Type I (heavy) and Type II (light)<br />
vehicles for heavy and medium/light engineer<br />
units.<br />
The Interim High-Mobility Engineer<br />
Excavator (IHMEE) is a self-deployable<br />
excavator system that fills <strong>the</strong> immediate<br />
and critical excavation needs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Stryker<br />
brigades.<br />
With its attachments, <strong>the</strong> IHMEE is capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> executing a variety <strong>of</strong> mobility,<br />
survivability and countermobility missions,<br />
maintaining convoy speed, performing<br />
rapid excavation tasks and quickly<br />
self-deploying to <strong>the</strong> next mission site.<br />
Weighing approximately 24,000 pounds,<br />
it can attain speeds exceeding 50 mph. The<br />
IHMEE can be transported by <strong>the</strong> C-130<br />
and is one <strong>of</strong> two engineering construction<br />
systems in <strong>the</strong> Stryker brigade. The system<br />
chosen to fill this need is ADI’s high-speed<br />
engineer vehicle (HSEV). Up to 62 IHMEEs<br />
are being procured to support all Stryker<br />
brigades. The IHMEE began fielding to <strong>the</strong><br />
Stryker brigades in <strong>the</strong> third quarter <strong>of</strong> FY<br />
2003.<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r recently emerging activity with<br />
a broad range <strong>of</strong> engineering applications<br />
involves <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> Engineer<br />
Mission Modules. Permanently mounted<br />
on standard logistics flatracks, <strong>the</strong> modules<br />
are loaded via truck load-handling<br />
equipment, which allows drivers to configure<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir systems for a specific mission.<br />
By using fewer trucks and more modules,<br />
<strong>the</strong> concept provides a cost-effective<br />
means <strong>of</strong> modernizing <strong>the</strong> fleet <strong>of</strong> engineer<br />
construction equipment. PLS flatrack configurations<br />
in production include <strong>the</strong> M5<br />
bituminous distributor, which has a capacity<br />
<strong>of</strong> 2,800 gallons; <strong>the</strong> M6 concrete mobile<br />
mixer, which has a capacity <strong>of</strong> 5 cubic
yards when used on <strong>the</strong> PLS truck or<br />
trailer and 8 cubic yards when used on <strong>the</strong><br />
ground as a batch plant; and <strong>the</strong> M6 dump<br />
body, which has a capacity <strong>of</strong> 12 to 14 cubic<br />
yards. Currently under development<br />
are <strong>the</strong> XM9 2,000-gallon water distributor<br />
for use with <strong>the</strong> HEMTT-LHS truck and<br />
<strong>the</strong> XM10 3,000-gallon water distributor<br />
for use with <strong>the</strong> PLS truck.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r modules being considered include<br />
a fuel module, a well-drilling system<br />
and a chemical decontamination unit.<br />
PM Force Sustainment Systems<br />
The Product Manager Force Sustainment<br />
Systems (PM FSS) coordinates aerial<br />
delivery equipment, containerized systems,<br />
field feeding systems, field services<br />
products, force provider, heaters and environmental<br />
control, shelter systems and<br />
camouflage.<br />
The Joint Precision Air Drop System<br />
(JPADS), for example, is a family <strong>of</strong> systems—Joint<br />
Precision Airdrop System<br />
2,400 pounds (JPADS 2K), Joint Precision<br />
Airdrop System 10,000 pounds (JPADS<br />
10K) and Joint Precision Airdrop System<br />
30,000 pounds (JPADS 30K)—that will allow<br />
conventional military aircraft to accurately<br />
drop sensors, munitions, and/or a<br />
huge range <strong>of</strong> supplies onto <strong>the</strong> battlefield<br />
while minimizing <strong>the</strong> risk to aircraft and<br />
<strong>the</strong> possibility <strong>of</strong> enemy detection <strong>of</strong> air-<br />
craft drop zones. The systems will use<br />
gliding parachute decelerators, GPS-based<br />
guidance, navigation and control, wea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
data assimilation and an airdrop mission<br />
planning tool to deliver cargo with near<br />
pinpoint accuracy. The first combat JPADS<br />
cargo airdrop took place at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> August<br />
2006.<br />
An example <strong>of</strong> recently fielded shelter<br />
systems can be found in <strong>the</strong> Soldier Crew<br />
Tent (SCT). Originally developed to provide<br />
environmental protection for <strong>the</strong> billeting<br />
<strong>of</strong> combat vehicle crews, <strong>the</strong> SCT is a<br />
lightweight, durable, single frame, single<br />
hub tent. The tent body is suspended from<br />
<strong>the</strong> frame in a canopy style. An over-cover<br />
lies on top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> frame to provide an air<br />
gap for added insulation. Two reversible<br />
over-covers are available in ei<strong>the</strong>r a green/<br />
tan or green/white configuration. A cold<br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r cotton liner is also provided. The<br />
SCT is 53 inches high, weighs 75 pounds,<br />
and houses five soldiers in 120 square feet<br />
floor space. Erect/strike is accomplished in<br />
less than five minutes. A mesh gear l<strong>of</strong>t for<br />
storage is suspended over <strong>the</strong> sleeping<br />
area. A storage/transport cover is included<br />
as well as a field repair kit. A 4-inch stove<br />
pipe opening is included for use with a<br />
standard military heater.<br />
The Product Manager Petroleum and<br />
Water Systems (PAWS) is responsible for a<br />
range <strong>of</strong> petroleum laboratories, petro-<br />
leum storage and distribution systems,<br />
water purification and treatment systems,<br />
and water storage and distribution systems.<br />
Offices within <strong>the</strong> Project Manager Tactical<br />
Vehicles (PM TV) include: Product<br />
Manager Light Tactical Vehicles (PM LTV),<br />
Product Manager Medium Tactical Vehicles<br />
(PM MTV) and Product Manager<br />
Heavy Tactical Vehicles (PM HTV).<br />
The Product Manager Light Tactical Vehicles<br />
(PM LTV) is responsible for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />
High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles<br />
(Humvee) family and light tactical<br />
trailers (LTT).<br />
The versatile High-Mobility, Multipurpose<br />
Wheeled Vehicle (Humvee) provides<br />
a common, light tactical vehicle capability.<br />
The Humvee is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s primary<br />
light wheeled vehicle for combat<br />
support and combat service support missions.<br />
The Humvee replaced <strong>the</strong> quarterton<br />
jeep, M718A1 ambulance, half-ton<br />
Mule, 1.25-ton Gamma Goat and M792<br />
ambulance when it began fielding in 1985.<br />
Humvees <strong>of</strong> all variants (including most<br />
up-armored Humvees) are currently deployed<br />
in support <strong>of</strong> operations in Iraq<br />
and Afghanistan.<br />
The Humvee family <strong>of</strong> vehicles consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> multiple configurations built on a common<br />
chassis to support weapon systems,<br />
command and control systems and field<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 369
ambulances and to provide ammunition,<br />
troop and general cargo transport. It is<br />
equipped with a high-performance diesel<br />
engine, automatic transmission and fourwheel<br />
drive. It is air transportable and<br />
low-velocity air drop (LVAD) certified (except<br />
for <strong>the</strong> maxi ambulance variants). The<br />
Humvee can be equipped with a self-recovery<br />
hydraulic winch capable <strong>of</strong> up to<br />
10,500-pound 1:1 ratio line pull capacity,<br />
and it can support payloads from 2,500 to<br />
5,100 pounds (including crew and pintle<br />
loads), depending on <strong>the</strong> model.<br />
The A1 model, which entered production<br />
in 1992, introduced upgraded driveline<br />
components, heavy-duty rear springs, an<br />
improved brake system, a high-ratio transfer<br />
and 2.73:1 front and rear differentials.<br />
The subsequent introduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> A2<br />
configuration brought with it a new 6.5liter,<br />
naturally aspirated diesel engine; an<br />
electronically controlled, four-speed automatic<br />
transmission; and a redesigned emissions<br />
system that met 1995 U.S. Environmental<br />
Protection Agency (EPA) standards.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r features focused on user comfort, vehicle<br />
maintainability and performance.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r expansion <strong>of</strong> Humvee payload<br />
capacity has led to <strong>the</strong> development and<br />
introduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expanded capacity vehicle<br />
(ECV), M1113 and <strong>the</strong> M1114 up-armor<br />
Humvee (UAH). The ECV was produced<br />
in 1995 as a shelter carrier providing<br />
up to 5,100 pounds <strong>of</strong> payload. The<br />
M1114 UAH configuration provides protection<br />
for <strong>the</strong> driver and three crew members<br />
from small-arms fire, overhead fragmentation<br />
from artillery and mortar shells<br />
and underbody from antipersonnel/antitank<br />
mines. It has a ro<strong>of</strong>top weapon station<br />
which can accommodate an M60 machine<br />
gun, M2 machine gun, Mk 19 grenade<br />
launcher or <strong>the</strong> M240/M249 weapon.<br />
Kits are available to enhance internal survivability<br />
for <strong>the</strong> crew and gunner.<br />
The newest variants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Humvee<br />
family include <strong>the</strong> M1151, M1152 and<br />
M1165 series vehicles. Unlike some earlier<br />
models, <strong>the</strong> latest versions are designed<br />
for <strong>the</strong> application <strong>of</strong> additional armor<br />
packages over <strong>the</strong>ir base protection levels.<br />
The Light Tactical Trailer (LTT) is <strong>the</strong><br />
Humvee trailer. It has been tested and approved<br />
(materiel released) for use in accordance<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Humvee mission pr<strong>of</strong>ile.<br />
370 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
High-mobility, multipurpose<br />
wheeled vehicle (Humvee)<br />
M984 heavy expanded-mobility tactical truck<br />
The LTT comes in three variants: M1101<br />
(LTT-L), M1102 (LLT-H) and heavy chassis<br />
(LTT-HC).<br />
PM Family <strong>of</strong> Medium<br />
Tactical Vehicles<br />
The Product Manager Medium Tactical<br />
Vehicles (PM MTV) is responsible for <strong>the</strong><br />
Family <strong>of</strong> Medium Tactical Vehicles<br />
(FMTV), including light medium tactical<br />
vehicles, medium tactical vehicles, FMTV<br />
specialty vehicles and FMTV trailers.<br />
The medium truck fleet has historically<br />
accounted for more than half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />
single-lift payload capacity. In redefining<br />
this vital fleet, <strong>Army</strong> planners<br />
took <strong>the</strong> opportunity to focus on a family<br />
approach; that is, to combine both 2.5-ton<br />
and 5-ton payload classes into a single acquisition<br />
program that would yield a logistically<br />
significant degree <strong>of</strong> component<br />
commonality across all medium fleet variants.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong>’s requirement for medium<br />
trucks now is more than 83,000 vehicles.<br />
These vehicles are required across <strong>the</strong> entire<br />
spectrum <strong>of</strong> combat, combat support and<br />
combat service support units. They must<br />
perform roles such as unit mobility, field<br />
feeding, water distribution, local and linehaul<br />
transportation, maintenance platforms,<br />
engineer operations, communication systems,<br />
medical support and towing artillery<br />
pieces. All medium vehicles must be capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> operating worldwide on primary and secondary<br />
roads, as well as on trails, and crosscountry<br />
in wea<strong>the</strong>r extremes from minus 50<br />
to 120 degrees Farenheit.<br />
The FMTV achieves extraordinary commonality<br />
by sharing many subsystems and<br />
components in <strong>the</strong> 4x4 (LMTV), 6x6 (MTV)<br />
and companion trailer configurations. The<br />
trucks share, for example, common engine<br />
assemblies (with different horsepower ratings),<br />
cooling systems, transmissions, intake<br />
and exhaust systems, front axles and<br />
suspension systems, tires and wheels, cab<br />
assembly, vehicle control gauges, self-recovery<br />
winches and much more. They differ<br />
primarily in number <strong>of</strong> axles (two versus<br />
three) and standard cargo bed size (12<br />
feet versus 14 feet) to accommodate differ-
ent payload ratings (2.5 tons versus 5 tons)<br />
and body styles.<br />
The FMTV deviates from predecessor<br />
vehicle designs by having its tilt cab over<br />
<strong>the</strong> engine. This design approach contributes<br />
to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s goal <strong>of</strong> significantly<br />
improving <strong>the</strong> deployability <strong>of</strong> units, since<br />
a typical FMTV vehicle is some 40 inches<br />
shorter than <strong>the</strong> vehicle it replaces, requiring<br />
less space aboard deploying aircraft or<br />
surface shipping. This reduced length also<br />
contributes to a shorter turning radius and<br />
better <strong>of</strong>f-road mobility. Off-road mobility<br />
is fur<strong>the</strong>r enhanced by a standard central<br />
tire inflation system (CTIS) and state-<strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong>-art<br />
suspension.<br />
Light medium tactical vehicles (LMTV)<br />
systems include <strong>the</strong> M1078/A1 2.5-ton<br />
standard cargo, M1079/A1 2.5-ton van,<br />
M1080/A1 2.5-ton chassis, and M1081 2.5ton<br />
standard cargo (LVAD) [low-velocity<br />
air drop capable].<br />
Medium tactical vehicles (MTV) systems<br />
include <strong>the</strong> M1083/A1 5-ton standard<br />
cargo, M1084/A1 5-ton standard cargo<br />
with MHE, M1085/A1 5-ton long cargo,<br />
M1086/A1 5-ton long cargo with MHE<br />
(crane), M1088/A1 5-ton tractor, M1089/<br />
A1 5-ton wrecker, M1090/A1 5-ton dump,<br />
M1092/A1 5-ton chassis, M1093 5-ton standard<br />
cargo (LVAD), M1094 5-ton dump<br />
(LVAD) and M1096/A1 5-ton long chassis.<br />
FMTV special vehicles include <strong>the</strong> M-<br />
1087A1 expandable van, XM1140 high-mobility<br />
artillery rocket system (HIMARS) carrier,<br />
XM1147 FMTV load handling system<br />
(LHS) trailer, XM1148 FMTV load handling<br />
system (LHS) truck, XM1157 10-ton dump<br />
and XM 1160 medium extended air defense<br />
system (MEADS) carrier.<br />
FMTV trailers include <strong>the</strong> M1082 trailer<br />
cargo 2.5 ton and M1095 trailer cargo 5<br />
ton.<br />
In addition, <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice helps coordinate<br />
activities on M900 series 5-ton trucks, as<br />
well as <strong>the</strong> M200 and M1061 special cargo<br />
trailers.<br />
The Product Manager Heavy Tactical<br />
Vehicles (PM HTV) addresses programs<br />
including <strong>the</strong> heavy equipment transporter<br />
system, heavy expanded mobility<br />
tactical truck, palletized load system, flatracks,<br />
container handling and mission<br />
modules, M915 family <strong>of</strong> vehicles, fifth<br />
wheel trailers and special trailers.<br />
The M1070/M1000 Heavy Equipment<br />
Transporter System (HETS) deploys,<br />
transports, recovers and evacuates combat-loaded<br />
M1 tanks and o<strong>the</strong>r vehicles <strong>of</strong><br />
similar weight to and from <strong>the</strong> battlefield.<br />
More than 2,300 have been deployed in<br />
Operation Iraqi Freedom. The M1070 tractor<br />
and M1000 semitrailer replace <strong>the</strong><br />
M911/M747 as <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s latest model<br />
HETS.<br />
The M1070/M1000 HETS was devel-<br />
oped to accommodate <strong>the</strong> increased weight<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M1 Abrams family <strong>of</strong> main battle<br />
tanks. The M1070 provides line-haul, localhaul<br />
and maintenance evacuation on and<br />
<strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> road during tactical operations<br />
worldwide. Unlike previous HETS, <strong>the</strong><br />
M1070 is designed to carry both <strong>the</strong> tank<br />
and its crew. Approximately 2,311 HETS<br />
have been fielded to date. Development<br />
design <strong>of</strong> full up-armored cabs for <strong>the</strong><br />
HEMTT, PLS and HETS tractor is in progress.<br />
The Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical<br />
Truck (HEMTT) is <strong>the</strong> workhorse <strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />
combat divisions. C-130 transportable, it is<br />
<strong>the</strong> key combat service support enabler for<br />
<strong>the</strong> SBCT. The 11-ton, eight-wheel drive<br />
family <strong>of</strong> vehicles is designed to operate in<br />
any climatic condition.<br />
There are six basic configurations <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> HEMTT-series trucks: <strong>the</strong> M977 cargo<br />
truck; M985 cargo truck with materiel-handling<br />
crane; <strong>the</strong> M978 2,500-gallon fuel<br />
tanker; <strong>the</strong> M983 tractor; <strong>the</strong> M984 wrecker;<br />
and <strong>the</strong> M1120 load-handling system<br />
(LHS). The HEMTT is used as a prime<br />
mover for <strong>the</strong> Patriot missile system, M7<br />
forward repair system (FRS) and tactical<br />
water purification system (TWPS) and<br />
as <strong>the</strong> chassis for <strong>the</strong> M1977 common<br />
bridge transporter (CBT), M11428 tactical<br />
firefighting truck (TFFT) and XM1158<br />
HEMTT-based water tender (HEWATT).<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 371
The HEMTT is also compatible with <strong>the</strong><br />
PLS trailer. A self-recovery winch is available<br />
on all models. An electronic controller<br />
for <strong>the</strong> engine and a new electronic transmission<br />
were put into production in April<br />
2002.<br />
The HEMTT is augmented by <strong>the</strong> M989-<br />
A1 heavy expanded munitions ammunition<br />
trailer (HEMAT) in <strong>the</strong> transport <strong>of</strong><br />
multiple-launch rocket system family <strong>of</strong><br />
munitions (MFOM). The HEMAT can<br />
transport four MFOM pods, each weighing<br />
approximately 5,400 pounds. The <strong>of</strong>f-road<br />
capability <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> HEMTT and HEMAT<br />
combination can transport eight MFOM<br />
pods. The M989A1 HEMAT is also required<br />
to transport six standard ammunition<br />
pallets (single stacked), two 600-gallon<br />
fuel pods or two 500-gallon fuel bladders.<br />
Approximately 13,000 HEMTTs have<br />
been fielded to date. Of <strong>the</strong> total fleet size,<br />
approximately 2,150 are currently in OIF.<br />
HEMTT production is funded through fiscal<br />
year (FY) 2011.<br />
The HEMTT was designated as one <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 10 original <strong>Army</strong> life-cycle pilot programs<br />
under Section 912c <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> FY 1998<br />
National Defense Authorization Act, intended<br />
to demonstrate reduced life-cycle<br />
costs through greater innovation throughout<br />
<strong>the</strong> product’s life cycle. The <strong>Army</strong> approved<br />
<strong>the</strong> HEMTT recap program baseline<br />
in <strong>October</strong> 2001. The goal <strong>of</strong> recapitalization<br />
is <strong>the</strong> insertion <strong>of</strong> modern commercial<br />
technology to reduce operational and<br />
support costs, increase fleet readiness and<br />
meet regulatory requirements. As <strong>the</strong> benefits<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se improvements are verified,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were phased into production and recap<br />
vehicles. The HEMTT recap program<br />
will recapitalize HEMTT vehicles to 0<br />
miles/0 hours and to <strong>the</strong> A2 configuration,<br />
which consists <strong>of</strong> bumper-to-bumper recap<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire truck with <strong>the</strong> following<br />
technology insertions: electronic engine,<br />
electronic transmission, air-ride seats,<br />
four-point seatbelts, bolt-toge<strong>the</strong>r wheels,<br />
increased corrosion protection and an enhanced<br />
electrical package. The HEMTT recap<br />
program is also capable <strong>of</strong> converting<br />
excess M977 cargo versions into M1120<br />
HEMTT-LHS versions to address current<br />
shortfalls. The HEMTT recap program is<br />
currently funded through FY 2020.<br />
HEMTT A3 is an advanced technology<br />
insertion into <strong>the</strong> HEMTT vehicle that is<br />
under evaluation to optimize compatibility<br />
with C-130 aircraft capabilities and constraints.<br />
Current HEMTT programs and activities<br />
include: M977/M985 HEMTT cargo truck,<br />
with materiel-handling crane, M978 HEMTT<br />
372 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
Palletized load system<br />
fuel tanker, 2500-gallon M983 HEMTT tractor,<br />
M984 HEMTT wrecker, M1120 HEMTT<br />
load handling system (LHS) (mounts on<br />
standard M977/M978 or M985 chassis),<br />
M1977 common bridge transporter (CBT),<br />
tactical firefighting truck (TFFT), HEMTT recapitalization<br />
program and HEMTT A3.<br />
The Palletized Load System (PLS) is <strong>the</strong><br />
primary component <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> maneuver-oriented<br />
ammunition distribution system.<br />
Roughly 1,000 PLSs are being used in OIF.<br />
It also performs local-haul, line-haul, unit<br />
resupply and o<strong>the</strong>r transportation missions<br />
in <strong>the</strong> tactical environment. In addition,<br />
it is used as <strong>the</strong> prime mover for <strong>the</strong><br />
M7 forward repair system (FRS) and various<br />
engineer mission modules (M917<br />
dump truck, M918 bituminous spreader<br />
and M919 concrete mixer). The PLS is also<br />
<strong>the</strong> host chassis for <strong>the</strong> dry support bridge<br />
(DSB) launcher vehicle (M1975).<br />
The PLS consists <strong>of</strong> a 16.5-ton payload<br />
tactical truck with a flatrack. It is a fiveaxle,<br />
10-wheel drive vehicle with a 500horsepower<br />
Detroit Diesel engine, an Allison<br />
automatic transmission and a CTIS.<br />
This combination provides a highly mobile<br />
system able to transport its payload in virtually<br />
any type <strong>of</strong> terrain or wea<strong>the</strong>r and<br />
maintain pace with <strong>the</strong> self-propelled artillery<br />
systems that it supports. The PLS<br />
comes in two mission-oriented configurations:<br />
<strong>the</strong> M1074 and <strong>the</strong> M1075.<br />
The M1074 is equipped with a variablereach<br />
materiel-handling crane (MHC) to<br />
support forward-deployed field artillery<br />
units. The M1075, without MHC, is used<br />
in conjunction with <strong>the</strong> M1076 trailer to<br />
support transportation line-haul missions.<br />
Of <strong>the</strong> 3,500 PLS trucks that have been<br />
fielded to date, approximately 1,000 are in<br />
OIF.<br />
The M1076 PLS trailer is a three-axle,<br />
wagon-style trailer with a 16.5-ton payload<br />
capacity that is equipped with a flatrack<br />
that is interchangeable between truck and<br />
trailer. The combination <strong>of</strong> truck and trailer<br />
provides <strong>the</strong> combined payload capacity <strong>of</strong><br />
33 tons. The flatracks are lifted on and <strong>of</strong>f<br />
<strong>the</strong> truck and trailer by a hydraulic-powered<br />
arm mounted on <strong>the</strong> truck, eliminating<br />
<strong>the</strong> need for additional materiel-handling<br />
equipment. The controls for <strong>the</strong> arm<br />
are located inside <strong>the</strong> cab, allowing <strong>the</strong> operator<br />
to load or unload <strong>the</strong> truck in less<br />
than one minute without leaving <strong>the</strong> cab <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> truck. The trailer can be loaded or unloaded<br />
in less than five minutes using <strong>the</strong><br />
remote-control arm.<br />
The PLS can transport multiple cargo<br />
configurations by using a variety <strong>of</strong><br />
flatracks. The M1077 and M1077A1 flatracks<br />
are sideless and used to transport pallets <strong>of</strong><br />
ammunition and o<strong>the</strong>r classes <strong>of</strong> supplies.<br />
The M1 flatrack carries identical classes <strong>of</strong><br />
supplies. It is ISO/CSC certified and suitable<br />
for intermodal transport, including<br />
transport on container ships.<br />
Ammunition can be loaded on <strong>the</strong> M1 at<br />
depots, transported via container ship to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ater, picked up by <strong>the</strong> PLS truck and<br />
carried forward without using any materiel-handling<br />
equipment. The walls fold<br />
inward when empty to facilitate stacking<br />
for retrograde. The M3/M3A1 container<br />
roll-in/out platform (CROP) is a flatrack<br />
that fits inside a 20-foot ISO container. The<br />
container-handling unit (CHU) is a kit installed<br />
on <strong>the</strong> PLS that allows <strong>the</strong> direct<br />
load, transport and unload <strong>of</strong> 20-foot ISO<br />
containers without an external flatrack.<br />
The M915 Family <strong>of</strong> Vehicles<br />
The <strong>Army</strong>’s M915-Series Line-Haul<br />
Tractors operate on highways and secondary<br />
roads to transport bulk supplies<br />
and fuel to U.S. forces. The <strong>Army</strong>’s linehaul<br />
fleet consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M915, M915A1,<br />
M915A2, M915A3 and M915A4 vehicles.<br />
The latter three are based upon Freightliner’s<br />
commercial FLD120 tractors and incorporate<br />
transport industry technologies<br />
for safety, fuel efficiency and low operating<br />
costs per mile.<br />
The M915-series fleet <strong>of</strong> vehicles is found<br />
primarily in active and reserve component
transportation units that are responsible<br />
for <strong>the</strong> rapid, efficient transport <strong>of</strong> bulk<br />
supplies from ocean ports to division support<br />
areas within a <strong>the</strong>ater <strong>of</strong> operation.<br />
They are used primarily to transport <strong>the</strong><br />
M871 semitrailer (flatbed, 22.5 tons), M872<br />
semitrailer (flatbed, 34 tons), M967/M969<br />
semitrailer (5,000-gallon tanker) and<br />
M1062 semitrailer (7,500-gallon tanker).<br />
The M915-series has a maximum gross<br />
combined vehicle weight (GCVW) <strong>of</strong><br />
105,000 pounds when operating with <strong>the</strong><br />
M872 semitrailer.<br />
Current program activities include:<br />
M915A3 tractor, line haul, M915A4 tractor,<br />
line haul upgrade (glider), M916A3 truck<br />
tractor, light equipment transport (LET),<br />
M917A2 dump truck 20-ton, and M915 logistics<br />
handling system.<br />
The Product Director Armored Security<br />
Vehicle (PD ASV) has <strong>the</strong> mission to develop,<br />
produce, field and sustain <strong>the</strong> M1117<br />
M1117 armored security vehicle<br />
Armored Security Vehicle to an expeditionary<br />
force.<br />
The M1117 armored security vehicle<br />
(ASV) is a turreted, armored, all-wheel<br />
drive vehicle that supports military police<br />
missions, such as rear area security, law<br />
and order operations, convoy protection,<br />
battlefield circulation and enemy prisoner<br />
<strong>of</strong> war operations, over <strong>the</strong> entire spectrum<br />
<strong>of</strong> war and operations o<strong>the</strong>r than<br />
war.<br />
The ASV provides protection to <strong>the</strong> crew<br />
compartment, gunner’s station and <strong>the</strong><br />
ammunition storage area. The turret is<br />
fully enclosed, with both an MK-19 40 mm<br />
grenade machine gun and a .50-caliber<br />
machine gun, and a multisalvo smoke<br />
grenade launcher. The ASV provides ballistic,<br />
blast and overhead protection for its<br />
four-person crew. With a payload <strong>of</strong> 3,600<br />
pounds, its 400 miles-plus range, top speed<br />
<strong>of</strong> nearly 70 miles per hour and C-130 deployability<br />
ensure its value to <strong>the</strong> warfighter.<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 373
Additionally on <strong>the</strong> ASV chassis, <strong>the</strong><br />
U.S. <strong>Army</strong> is developing <strong>the</strong> M1200 Armored<br />
Knight to provide improved survivability<br />
over <strong>the</strong> current M707 Knight<br />
(Humvee-based Knight). Used by U.S.<br />
<strong>Army</strong> field artillery combat observation<br />
lasing teams (COLTs) in both heavy and<br />
infantry brigade combat teams, <strong>the</strong> Armored<br />
Knight will combine <strong>the</strong> proven armored<br />
security vehicle (ASV) with <strong>the</strong><br />
M707 Knight mission equipment package<br />
(MEP).<br />
The resultant M1200 Armored Knight<br />
will provide COLTs with increased armor<br />
protection, payload and agility. Textron<br />
Marine & Land Systems is presently under<br />
contract with <strong>the</strong> U.S. <strong>Army</strong> for 107 modified<br />
ASVs to be used as <strong>the</strong> base vehicle<br />
for <strong>the</strong> M1200 Armored Knight production.<br />
AMMUNITION<br />
The Program Executive Office for Ammunition<br />
(PEO Ammo) has <strong>the</strong> mission to<br />
develop and procure conventional leapahead<br />
munitions to increase combat power<br />
to warfighters. Project managers within<br />
<strong>the</strong> PEO include: Combat Ammunition<br />
Systems (CAS), Close Combat Systems<br />
Maneuver Ammunition Systems and Joint<br />
Services.<br />
Project Manager Combat Ammunition<br />
Systems (PM CAS), for example, is responsible<br />
for equipping soldiers with all tubelaunched,<br />
indirect fire munitions and mortar<br />
weapons systems for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s current,<br />
Stryker and Future Forces. Under <strong>the</strong><br />
Single Manager for Conventional Ammunition<br />
(SMCA) responsibilities, PM CAS procures<br />
ammunition for o<strong>the</strong>r services. The<br />
PM does this through life-cycle program<br />
management <strong>of</strong> artillery and mortar products<br />
in precision-guided munitions, smart<br />
munitions, conventional munitions, mortar<br />
weapons systems, mortar fire-control<br />
systems and fuzes/fuze setters.<br />
Organizations within PM CAS include<br />
Product Manager Excalibur, Product Manager<br />
Mortars Systems, Conventional Ammunition<br />
Division and Business Management<br />
Division.<br />
The Product Manager Excalibur (PM<br />
Excalibur) is developing <strong>the</strong> Excalibur, a<br />
precision, autonomously guided, longrange<br />
artillery system.<br />
The XM982 Excalibur is a 155 mm precision-guided<br />
artillery round with extended<br />
range. Already being fielded to warfight-<br />
374 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
M252 81 mm mortar system<br />
ers and successfully employed in combat<br />
operations, Excalibur uses GPS precision<br />
guidance technology to provide accurate,<br />
first round fire-for-effect capability in an<br />
urban setting. Additionally, Excalibur has<br />
very accurate terminal guidance resulting<br />
in low collateral damage and <strong>the</strong> capability<br />
to be employed in very close proximity<br />
to friendly troops. Ano<strong>the</strong>r feature allowing<br />
Excalibur to be employed in close terrain<br />
is <strong>the</strong> steep terminal trajectory. The<br />
trajectory will ensure <strong>the</strong> desired impact in<br />
cluttered, highly obstructed battlefields.<br />
Approximately 1 meter in length and<br />
weighing 106 pounds, Excalibur’s 40-km<br />
range and high accuracy result in increased<br />
lethality through a decrease in required<br />
volume <strong>of</strong> fire per engagement.<br />
The Product Manager Mortars Systems<br />
(PM Mortars) is responsible for weapon<br />
and fire-control systems and for <strong>the</strong> development<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> precision-guided mortar<br />
munition (PGMM), a new precision mortar<br />
round currently under development. Mortar<br />
weapon systems include <strong>the</strong> 60 mm, 81<br />
mm and 120 mm mortars and related<br />
equipment. Fire-control systems, used to<br />
calculate mortar missions, include new, improved<br />
systems like <strong>the</strong> mortar fire control<br />
system-heavy (MFCS-H) and <strong>the</strong> lightweight<br />
handheld mortar ballistic computer<br />
(LHMBC).<br />
The M224 60 mm mortar weapon system<br />
is a lightweight, high angle <strong>of</strong> fire,<br />
smooth-bore, manportable, muzzle-loaded<br />
mortar with improved rate-<strong>of</strong>-fire capabilities.<br />
The M224 consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> following<br />
components: M225 cannon (tube), M170<br />
bipod assembly, M7 baseplate, M8 auxiliary<br />
baseplate and <strong>the</strong> M64A1 sight unit.<br />
The M225 cannon is a smooth-bore mortar<br />
barrel 40 inches long with external<br />
cooling fins on <strong>the</strong> basecap end. Attached<br />
to <strong>the</strong> basecap end is a combination carrying<br />
handle and firing mechanism. The car-<br />
rying handle has a trigger, firing selector<br />
and a range indicator assembly. On <strong>the</strong><br />
muzzle end <strong>the</strong>re are both upper and<br />
lower firing saddles. The lower is used<br />
when firing at elevations <strong>of</strong> 1101 to 1511<br />
mils and <strong>the</strong> upper at 800 to 1100 mils. The<br />
cannon assembly weighs 14.4 pounds. The<br />
M170 bipod assembly consists <strong>of</strong> a collar,<br />
two shock absorbers, a traversing mechanism<br />
and cable assembly. The bipod assembly<br />
weighs 15.2 pounds. The M7 baseplate<br />
is a circular one-piece aluminum<br />
forging 19.24 inches in diameter; it weighs<br />
14.4 pounds. The M8 auxiliary baseplate is<br />
a rectangular one-piece aluminum forging<br />
8 by 10 inches, 3.6 pounds, and is used<br />
when <strong>the</strong> mortar is fired from <strong>the</strong> handheld<br />
mode. The M64A1 sight data is <strong>the</strong><br />
same as for <strong>the</strong> 81 mm mortar system.<br />
The M224 fires <strong>the</strong> complete family <strong>of</strong> 60<br />
mm ammunition, such as high explosive,<br />
smoke, illumination, infrared illumination<br />
and practice cartridges. With ranges from<br />
70 meters to 3500 meters, <strong>the</strong> M224 meets<br />
lethality, range and weight requirements<br />
for light forces without an additional transportation<br />
requirement.<br />
The M252 81 mm mortar system is a<br />
smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded weapon that<br />
replaced <strong>the</strong> M29A1 mortar. It features a<br />
high rate <strong>of</strong> fire, extended range, improved<br />
lethality and improved overall system<br />
characteristics. The entire family <strong>of</strong> 81 mm<br />
ammunition can be fired by <strong>the</strong> M252. The<br />
M252 consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> following components:<br />
M253 cannon (tube), M177 bipod,<br />
M3A1 baseplate and <strong>the</strong> M64A1 sight unit.<br />
The M177 bipod mount consists <strong>of</strong> a barrel<br />
clamp, two buffers, a traversing mechanism,<br />
a cross-leveling mechanism, an elevating<br />
mechanism and two legs. The bipod<br />
is capable <strong>of</strong> elevating <strong>the</strong> mortar<br />
barrel in a full range <strong>of</strong> 45 degrees to 85<br />
degrees (800 to 1,511 mils) and traversing<br />
100 mils left and right <strong>of</strong> center at a 45 de-
gree elevation. A special adapter for <strong>the</strong><br />
M64A1 sight is provided with each mount.<br />
The M3A1 baseplate is NATO standard<br />
and is an improved high-strength version<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> previous M3 baseplate. The M64A1<br />
sight unit is a streng<strong>the</strong>ned version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sight used on <strong>the</strong> M224 60 mm lightweight<br />
company mortar system and consists <strong>of</strong> a<br />
1.5 power elbow telescope with illuminated<br />
level and translucent plastic scales.<br />
The telescope mount includes a 6400-mil<br />
azimuth mechanism with one set <strong>of</strong> coarse<br />
and fine deflection scales. Day and night<br />
operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M252 weapon system is<br />
enhanced by incorporating backlit scales<br />
on <strong>the</strong> sight unit and use <strong>of</strong> aiming post<br />
lights. With a range <strong>of</strong> 80 meters to 5,900<br />
meters, <strong>the</strong> M252 provides long-range indirect<br />
fire support to light infantry, air assault<br />
and airborne units across an entire<br />
battalion front.<br />
The M120/M121 120 mm Battalion Mortar<br />
System is a smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded,<br />
high-angle <strong>of</strong> fire weapon that replaced<br />
<strong>the</strong> M30 4.2-inch mortar, providing increased<br />
range, lethality, illumination and<br />
smoke screening effectiveness over <strong>the</strong><br />
previous system. It consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M298<br />
barrel assembly, M190/M191 bipod assembly,<br />
<strong>the</strong> M9 baseplate and <strong>the</strong> M67 sight.<br />
The 120 mm battalion mortar system provides<br />
close-in and continuous indirect fire<br />
support to maneuver forces and can rap-<br />
idly respond to threats. The battalion mortar<br />
platoon must move frequently to avoid<br />
counterfire and maintain continuous fire<br />
support to advancing friendly forces.<br />
This mortar system has been fielded for<br />
use in mechanized infantry, armor and cavalry<br />
units with <strong>the</strong> M1064A3 tracked mortar<br />
carrier (M121). Light units use a towed<br />
version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mortar, which is transported<br />
by <strong>the</strong> M1101 trailer (M120), and will<br />
mount on <strong>the</strong> QuickStowTM device for<br />
easy emplacement and displacement.<br />
A carrier-mounted<br />
120 mm mortar<br />
system<br />
The M120 towed system consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
following components: M298 cannon<br />
(tube), M190 bipod, M9 baseplate and <strong>the</strong><br />
M67 sight unit. The M120, when transported<br />
on <strong>the</strong> M1100 trailer, is primarily<br />
towed by a high-mobility, multipurpose<br />
wheeled vehicle (Humvee).<br />
The M121 carrier-mounted mortar system<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M298 cannon, M9 baseplate<br />
(for ground mount mode), M191 bipod,<br />
an adapter kit for mounting in <strong>the</strong><br />
M1064A3 and <strong>the</strong> M67 sight unit with an<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 375
extension assembly. The turntable provides<br />
a 90 degree area <strong>of</strong> fire. The adaptation<br />
kit has a breech piece socket, bipod<br />
support, travel clamp assembly, step assembly<br />
and brackets to mount <strong>the</strong> mortar<br />
into <strong>the</strong> M1064A3.<br />
Both 120 mm mortar system configurations<br />
use graphic scales, M16 and M19<br />
plotting boards, firing tables and <strong>the</strong> M23<br />
mortar ballistic computer. The system is<br />
compatible with <strong>the</strong> M2 aiming circle, M45<br />
series boresight equipment, M14 aiming<br />
posts and <strong>the</strong> M58/59 aiming post lights.<br />
The mortar fire-control system (MFCS) is<br />
currently being fielded (see below), which<br />
will vastly improve all fire-control aspects<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system.<br />
The XM326 Stowage Kit (Quick Stow)<br />
is a 120 mm mortar improvement. The<br />
powered device will allow a 120 mm mortar<br />
to be carried as a single unit. The device<br />
uses a mortar support strut to hold <strong>the</strong><br />
mortar tube, base plate and bipod solidly<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r. This assembly is emplaced or recovered<br />
by a hydraulic driven winch. A<br />
manual lift winch and strap are also available<br />
for use as a manual backup. Once <strong>the</strong><br />
120 mm mortar is emplaced, <strong>the</strong> support<br />
strut is disengaged and <strong>the</strong> hauling platform<br />
is moved before mortar firing begins.<br />
The M313 training insert is a subcaliber<br />
insert used to reduce <strong>the</strong> life-cycle training<br />
costs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M120/M121 battalion mortar<br />
376 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
system by approximately $33 million per<br />
year. The M313 will replace <strong>the</strong> M303 insert.<br />
The M313 is capable <strong>of</strong> firing <strong>the</strong> 300<br />
series and newer 800 series 81 mm ammunition.<br />
The M303 is restricted from firing<br />
<strong>the</strong> 800 series ammunition due to higher<br />
pressures generated during firing.<br />
The M313 consists <strong>of</strong> an 81 mm mortar<br />
tube similar to <strong>the</strong> current M253 tube, a<br />
spacer and a mock 120 mm tube which allows<br />
access to <strong>the</strong> 81 mm tube’s firing pin.<br />
The system uses <strong>the</strong> breech cap from <strong>the</strong><br />
tactical 120 mm tube to provide more realism<br />
in training.<br />
The M313 retains all <strong>the</strong> performance<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M253 81 mm mortar<br />
tube used with <strong>the</strong> M252 mortar system.<br />
The M313 is approximately half <strong>the</strong> cost <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> M253, weighs 4.5 pounds less, and incorporates<br />
an internal blast attenuation<br />
device, reducing <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> parts and<br />
simplifying maintenance and operation.<br />
The M95/M96 Mortar Fire-Control System<br />
(MFCS) is a revolutionary improvement<br />
in mortar fire-control capability, linking<br />
mortar fires with <strong>the</strong> digital battlefield.<br />
MFCS provides digital fire-control capability<br />
for mortar carrier vehicles. It also provides<br />
digital connectivity with AFATDS, 3<br />
mil azimuth and 1 mil elevation pointing<br />
accuracy, no crew dismount and ballistic<br />
calculations within 10 seconds. MFCS<br />
combines a highly accurate weapon point-<br />
ing device, an inertial navigation/position<br />
system and a digital communications capability<br />
embedded in <strong>the</strong> fire-control computer<br />
to create a highly responsive and accurate<br />
fire-control system. The system<br />
allows mortar crews to send and receive<br />
digital call for fire messages, determine <strong>the</strong><br />
pointing and position <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> weapon, and<br />
calculate ballistic solutions. The mortar<br />
fire-control system is made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> following<br />
hardware that is ruggedized for<br />
use in combat, in all types <strong>of</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r, and<br />
in military vehicles: pointing device<br />
(TALIN Datasheet), commander’s interface,<br />
gunner’s display, driver’s display,<br />
GPS PLGR, power distribution assembly<br />
and cables. Mortar fire-control system capabilities<br />
provide significant enhancements<br />
in survivability, accuracy and responsiveness,<br />
while providing a link to<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r digital fire-control network assets.<br />
Most notably, since <strong>the</strong> system can receive<br />
a fire mission on <strong>the</strong> move, MFCS allows<br />
mortars to stop, fire and move in less than<br />
one minute—down from <strong>the</strong> current 8/12<br />
minute (day/night) standard. A mortar<br />
section can utilize split operations without<br />
a crew dismount, allowing for dispersed<br />
operations. Accuracy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mortar is also<br />
increased by a factor <strong>of</strong> three. All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
advantages increase <strong>the</strong> survivability and<br />
responsiveness for mortars on <strong>the</strong> future<br />
battlefield.<br />
A planned improvement for <strong>the</strong> MFCS is<br />
<strong>the</strong> XM150 Dismounted Mortar System.<br />
The XM150 dismounted mortar system is<br />
similar to <strong>the</strong> M95 120 mm, M121 carrier<br />
mounted mortar system in that it will be<br />
an add-on system to an already fielded<br />
mortar system: <strong>the</strong> 120 mm M120 towed<br />
mortar system with <strong>the</strong> Humvee fire direction<br />
center (FDC) vehicles. It will also<br />
serve as a platoon-level digitally integrated<br />
fire-control system consisting <strong>of</strong> position/navigation,<br />
weapon pointing and<br />
ballistic computation. The primary differences<br />
between <strong>the</strong> dismounted MFCS and<br />
<strong>the</strong> heavy MFCS are <strong>the</strong>ir base vehicle<br />
platforms, power requirements and need<br />
for certain components to be manportable.<br />
The M32 Lightweight Handheld Mortar<br />
Ballistic Computer (LHMBC) is a Joint<br />
service Marine Corps/<strong>Army</strong> system that<br />
calculates <strong>the</strong> ballistic solution for <strong>the</strong> entire<br />
family <strong>of</strong> fielded U.S. mortars and<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir complete inventory <strong>of</strong> ammunition.<br />
With <strong>the</strong> M23 mortar ballistic computer<br />
currently being phased out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
<strong>Army</strong> inventory, <strong>the</strong> LHMBC has been developed<br />
to meet U.S. <strong>Army</strong> and U.S. Marine<br />
Corps requirements for a lightweight<br />
handheld ballistic computer to support<br />
dismounted operations.<br />
The Precision Guided Mortar Munition<br />
(PGMM) is a laser-guided 120 mm mortar<br />
cartridge, capable <strong>of</strong> defeating personnel<br />
under protective cover (bunkers, buildings)<br />
or lightly armored vehicles with low
collateral damage. It is a leap-ahead lethality<br />
improvement for tomorrow’s maneuver<br />
commander. Mortars have always<br />
been a significant combat multiplier for<br />
forces in <strong>the</strong> close fight. PGMM will give<br />
<strong>the</strong> maneuver commander a precisionstrike<br />
capability from his own, organic<br />
weapon system. It will significantly increase<br />
our forces’ lethality and survivability<br />
by allowing highly responsive defeat <strong>of</strong><br />
hardened targets. It will reduce <strong>the</strong> logistics<br />
burden by destroying a target with<br />
fewer rounds, versus <strong>the</strong> need to fire many<br />
rounds to suppress it. PGMM is drop fired<br />
(like all o<strong>the</strong>r U.S. <strong>Army</strong> 120 mm mortar<br />
munitions). Once in flight, onboard sensors<br />
and processors calculate <strong>the</strong> munition’s<br />
position. Several seconds prior to<br />
impact, <strong>the</strong> munition initiates its laser<br />
seeker, searches for laser energy provided<br />
by forward observer or air asset, locks on<br />
target, and maneuvers to hit and destroy<br />
<strong>the</strong> target.<br />
PGMM will be fired from <strong>the</strong> M120 and<br />
M121 120 mm battalion mortar systems,<br />
Stryker mortar carrier, and Future Combat<br />
System non-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight mortar. It will interface<br />
with <strong>the</strong> M95 mortar fire-control<br />
system (MFCS), receiving its critical mission<br />
input information automatically from<br />
this digital fire-support system. It will be<br />
compatible with all Department <strong>of</strong> Defense<br />
laser designation devices including manportable,<br />
vehicle- and aircraft-mounted<br />
systems.<br />
The 120 mm Family <strong>of</strong> Extended Range<br />
Ammunition (FERA) is an upgraded set <strong>of</strong><br />
ammunition for all U.S. 120 mm systems,<br />
providing advancements in range and capabilities<br />
(new & improved payloads). The<br />
FERA will support future automation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Future Combat System (FCS) non-line-<strong>of</strong>sight<br />
mortar (NLOS-M) and be compatible<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Stryker-mortar carrier and M120<br />
battalion mortar system (BMS). 120 mm<br />
FERA mission: The family <strong>of</strong> extendedrange<br />
ammunition will support <strong>the</strong> close<br />
fight in all environments by providing<br />
highly responsive, reliable, timely, accurate<br />
and sustained rates <strong>of</strong> fire and rates <strong>of</strong> kill<br />
with 24/7 availability in all wea<strong>the</strong>r and<br />
terrain conditions at extended range (12–15<br />
km). The FERA will also provide capabilities<br />
that are currently unavailable to <strong>the</strong><br />
battalion mortar organization. These capabilities<br />
will include <strong>the</strong> ability to deliver<br />
high explosive, visible light illumination,<br />
infrared (IR) illumination, nonlethal, dualpurpose<br />
improved conventional munition<br />
(DPICM) submunitions, nontoxic smoke<br />
and training rounds. These munitions will<br />
allow <strong>the</strong> mortar units to assist <strong>the</strong> maneuver<br />
units in achieving dominance across <strong>the</strong><br />
full scale <strong>of</strong> contingencies from full spectrum<br />
stability and support operations to<br />
major combat operations. The combat developer<br />
is now developing <strong>the</strong> key performance<br />
parameters for <strong>the</strong> FERA program.<br />
They are subject to change until <strong>of</strong>ficially<br />
approved by higher headquarters.<br />
The Project Manager Close Combat<br />
Systems includes Product Managers for<br />
Intelligent Munitions systems (IMS),<br />
Countermine and EOD, IED Defeat/Protect<br />
Force, Networked Munitions, Force<br />
Application, Special Projects & Shoulder<br />
Launched Munitions and Pyrotechnics.<br />
Representative program examples from<br />
Product Manager Special Projects & Shoulder<br />
Launched Munitions include <strong>the</strong> M136/<br />
AT-4, AT4-CS, M141, UAW and M72 series.<br />
The M136 AT4 Light Anti-Armor Weapon<br />
(AT4) is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s primary light antitank<br />
weapon. It is a recoilless rifle used<br />
primarily by infantry forces for engagement<br />
and defeat <strong>of</strong> armor threats. The rifle’s<br />
design permits accurate delivery <strong>of</strong> an<br />
84 mm high-explosive antitank (HEAT)<br />
warhead providing excellent penetration<br />
capability and lethal after-armor effects.<br />
The system weighs approximately 15<br />
pounds and is manportable. The AT4 system<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> a free flight, fin-stabilized<br />
rocket packed in an expendable, one-piece,<br />
fiberglass-wrapped tube. The launcher is<br />
watertight for ease <strong>of</strong> transportation and<br />
storage.<br />
The M136 AT4’s warhead uses an extremely<br />
destructive, 440-gram shapedcharge<br />
explosive that can penetrate more<br />
than 14 inches (35.6 cm) <strong>of</strong> armor. PM CCS<br />
discontinued purchase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AT4 in favor<br />
<strong>of</strong> its newest iteration, <strong>the</strong> AT4 confined<br />
space (CS) system.<br />
The AT4 Confined Space (AT4-CS) is a<br />
manportable, single shot, disposable antiarmor<br />
shoulder-fired munition that can be<br />
fired from a confined space. It significantly<br />
increases <strong>the</strong> soldier’s ability to fight in an<br />
urban environment. The AT4-CS consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> a fiberglass-reinforced launching tube<br />
fitted with a firing mechanism, pop-up<br />
sights, a carrying sling, protective covers<br />
and bumpers. The recoilless design is superior<br />
to that <strong>of</strong> rocket-type weapons for<br />
confined space applications. Resistance to<br />
shock damage contributes to <strong>the</strong> weapon’s<br />
high reliability.<br />
The system weighs 7.5 kg and has an effective<br />
range <strong>of</strong> 300 meters. The AT4-CS is<br />
a self-contained weapon consisting <strong>of</strong> a<br />
free flight, fin-stabilized, rocket-type cartridge<br />
packed in an expendable, one-piece,<br />
fiberglass-wrapped tube. There are two<br />
versions: high penetration (HP) and reduced<br />
sensitivity (RS).<br />
The M141 Bunker Defeat Munition<br />
(BDM)/SMAW-D is a shoulder-launched<br />
munition that meets an urgent FORSCOM<br />
requirement to fill <strong>the</strong> “Bunker Buster”<br />
void in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> inventory. The manportable<br />
system is highly effective against<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 377
targets including fortified positions (earth<br />
and timber bunkers) and is also capable <strong>of</strong><br />
breaching masonry walls and neutralizing<br />
light armored vehicles at ranges <strong>of</strong> 15 to<br />
500 meters.<br />
The SMAW-D system is fully operational<br />
at 11 meters, making it an optimum<br />
weapon for military operations in urban<br />
terrain.<br />
The Urban Assault Weapon (UAW) is<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s next-generation shoulderlaunched<br />
munition. It is designed for use<br />
by <strong>the</strong> objective force warrior to dominate<br />
complex and urban terrain in order to<br />
fight and finish <strong>the</strong> enemy. UAW will also<br />
contribute to survivability by enabling <strong>the</strong><br />
soldier to engage targets from protected<br />
positions without exposing himself to enemy<br />
fires and effects.<br />
The UAW will be a disposable, shoulder-fired<br />
weapon capable <strong>of</strong> defeating<br />
light armored vehicles and personnel<br />
within bunkers or behind masonry and<br />
brick walls. It will not require any maintenance<br />
or a dedicated gunner, and will use<br />
existing or future night sights. The UAW<br />
will replace <strong>the</strong> M72A3 LAW, M136 AT-4<br />
and XM141 bunker defeat munition.<br />
The M72 Light Anti-Armor Weapon<br />
(LAW) is a lightweight, self-contained,<br />
antiarmor system consisting <strong>of</strong> a 66 mm<br />
rocket packed in a compact, disposable<br />
launcher. It is manportable and may be<br />
fired from ei<strong>the</strong>r shoulder. The launcher,<br />
which consists <strong>of</strong> two tubes, serves as a<br />
watertight packing container for <strong>the</strong> rocket<br />
and houses a percussion-type firing mechanism<br />
that activates it. The M72 LAW is<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> penetrating half a foot <strong>of</strong> armor,<br />
with an effective range <strong>of</strong> up to 220 meters.<br />
The Product Manager Countermine<br />
and EOD focuses on <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s ability to<br />
detect, mark and neutralize mines, including<br />
planning and executing minefield<br />
clearance. Developed products integrate<br />
state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art technologies into handheld,<br />
ground and airborne detection systems<br />
as well as breaching, neutralization<br />
and clearing systems to assure soldier mobility<br />
and provide force protection.<br />
One example, <strong>the</strong> AN/PSS-14 Mine Detecting<br />
Set (formerly known as HSTA-<br />
MIDS [Handheld Stand<strong>of</strong>f Mine Detection<br />
System]) is a vast improvement over today’s<br />
metallic handheld mine detectors. It<br />
employs a state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art metal detector<br />
and ground penetrating radar (GPR),<br />
which are coupled with an advanced microprocessor<br />
array and s<strong>of</strong>tware to achieve<br />
a high probability <strong>of</strong> detection (in excess <strong>of</strong><br />
95 percent) for both large and small metallic<br />
and low-metallic antitank and antipersonnel<br />
mines. It also significantly reduces<br />
<strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> false targets or alarms. If a<br />
mine is detected, audio cues alert <strong>the</strong> operator.<br />
Built-in warning and test equipment<br />
also alerts <strong>the</strong> operator <strong>of</strong> potential system<br />
malfunctions and assists maintenance personnel<br />
in fault identification. The result is<br />
a greatly improved system that protects<br />
<strong>the</strong> soldier and enhances his/her ability to<br />
detect land mines. The AN/PSS-14 weighs<br />
approximately 8 pounds, uses standard<br />
batteries and can be operated by a single<br />
soldier. The AN/PSS-14 is also being procured<br />
by <strong>the</strong> U.S. Marine Corps as <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
advance mine detector.<br />
The Ground Stand<strong>of</strong>f Mine Detection<br />
System (GSTAMIDS) Block 0 is an upgrade<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> current IVMMD system. Its primary<br />
mission is route clearance. The detection<br />
vehicle is teleoperated from a mine-protected<br />
control/clearance vehicle (MPCV),<br />
which automatically detects and marks all<br />
metallic and nonmetallic antitank mines.<br />
Antitank mine detection capability is enhanced<br />
through maturing ground penetrating<br />
radar, enhanced metal detection and infrared<br />
camera subsystems. The edges <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
swept path are also marked.<br />
With <strong>the</strong> advent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s objective<br />
force transformation, <strong>the</strong> Ground Stand<strong>of</strong>f<br />
Mine Detection System (GSTAMIDS)<br />
Block 1 Program, built on GSTAMIDS<br />
Block 0, was restructured to meet <strong>the</strong><br />
countermine requirements for <strong>the</strong> FCS.<br />
GSTAMIDS FCS entered <strong>the</strong> system development<br />
and demonstration acquisition<br />
phase in July 2004 and is an FCS comple-
mentary system that will be fielded as part<br />
<strong>of</strong> FCS Increment I.<br />
In support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Engineer School’s assured<br />
mobility concept in forward areas,<br />
<strong>the</strong> unit <strong>of</strong> action (UA) will need to conduct<br />
countermine operations. GSTAMIDS<br />
FCS will be installed on two multifunction<br />
utility/logistics equipment (MULE) countermine<br />
(CM) vehicles. GSTAMIDS FCS<br />
will detect and mark mines, temporarily<br />
mark <strong>the</strong> lane and bypass or neutralize<br />
antitank mines along a 4-meter path on primary<br />
and secondary roads at a speed <strong>of</strong> 5<br />
to 15 kph. Each MULE-CM contains a complete<br />
set <strong>of</strong> detection, marking and neutralization<br />
capabilities. The two MULEs will<br />
be controlled by a manned ground vehicle.<br />
The MULEs will proceed forward at maximum<br />
speed to a region <strong>of</strong> interest (ROI) as<br />
defined by situational awareness. The<br />
GSTAMIDS FCS will perform its mission,<br />
<strong>the</strong>n proceed to <strong>the</strong> next ROI.<br />
The Airborne Surveillance, Target Acquisition<br />
and Minefield Detection System<br />
(ASTAMIDS) detects, locates and<br />
identifies ground targets, minefields and<br />
obstacles; determines ranges to ground<br />
targets and designates for attack by laser<br />
guided munitions.<br />
ASTAMIDS provides support to <strong>the</strong> FCS<br />
brigade combat team (FBCT) and <strong>the</strong> modular<br />
BCT force on a single UAV payload.<br />
When integrated on <strong>the</strong> FCS unmanned<br />
aerial vehicle (UAV), ASTAMIDS will provide<br />
<strong>the</strong> capability to conduct reconnaissance,<br />
surveillance and target acquisition<br />
(RSTA), target designation, and minefield<br />
and obstacle detection.<br />
This multifunction capability is made<br />
possible by a multispectral payload <strong>of</strong><br />
daylight TV, mid-wave infrared (MWIR)<br />
and multispectral imaging (MSI) sensors<br />
operating in <strong>the</strong> visible and infrared spectrums.<br />
This multifunctionality is augmented<br />
even fur<strong>the</strong>r by an eye-safe laser<br />
range finder (LRF), laser illuminator and<br />
laser designator (LD). The hardware is integrated<br />
into a highly stabilized gimbal<br />
that uses advanced “step and stare” technologies<br />
to scan <strong>the</strong> ground in nadir or <strong>of</strong>fnadir<br />
modes.<br />
Advanced automatic detection s<strong>of</strong>tware<br />
processing <strong>of</strong> ASTAMIDS imagery allows<br />
for near-real-time (NRT) operations in various<br />
worldwide environments, day or night,<br />
by exploiting fused multispectral images<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r advanced concepts. This development<br />
will provide a combined minefield<br />
detection and an enhanced RSTA/LD capability<br />
that does not currently exist.<br />
The Husky Mounted Detection System<br />
(HMDS) provides <strong>the</strong> warfighter with enhanced<br />
capabilities to detect IEDs and antitank<br />
mines along roads with increased operations<br />
tempo.<br />
The IED Interrogation Arm provides<br />
stand<strong>of</strong>f detection <strong>of</strong> IEDs using a probing/digging<br />
tool to expose objects and a<br />
metal detector/visible camera to identify<br />
targets. It has a working range <strong>of</strong> more<br />
than 26 feet and is capable <strong>of</strong> moving objects<br />
up to 200 pounds. This arm can be<br />
used on both <strong>the</strong> RG-31 and Husky<br />
counter-IED vehicles, having <strong>the</strong> same capabilities<br />
for each platform.<br />
Attached to ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> RG-31 or JERRV<br />
mine clearance vehicles, <strong>the</strong> Vehicle Optics<br />
Sensor System (VOSS) is a powerful<br />
network <strong>of</strong> daytime TV, night vision and<br />
<strong>the</strong>rmal capabilities that is able to locate<br />
IEDs, snipers and o<strong>the</strong>r threats at greater<br />
stand-<strong>of</strong>f distances. A stabilized camera allows<br />
for <strong>the</strong> detection <strong>of</strong> IEDs while mobile,<br />
in day or nighttime conditions. The<br />
camera’s ability to record video <strong>of</strong> operations<br />
allows for after action review, training<br />
and mission briefing for route clearance<br />
operations.<br />
INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT<br />
AND WEAPONS<br />
The soldier is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s most deployed<br />
combat system and <strong>the</strong> most essential<br />
weapon in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s arsenal. Activated<br />
in <strong>October</strong> 2001, Program Executive Office<br />
(PEO) Soldier equips <strong>the</strong> soldier as a system<br />
through centralized development, acquisition,<br />
fielding and sustainment <strong>of</strong> virtually<br />
everything <strong>the</strong> soldier wears or<br />
carries. The mission <strong>of</strong> PEO Soldier is to<br />
increase soldiers’ combat effectiveness,<br />
save soldiers’ lives and improve soldiers’<br />
quality <strong>of</strong> life.<br />
As <strong>the</strong> demands <strong>of</strong> warfighting change<br />
and new technologies evolve in response,<br />
PEO Soldier stands ready to equip soldiers<br />
with <strong>the</strong> best gear, in <strong>the</strong> shortest time, to<br />
support <strong>the</strong> deployment <strong>of</strong> soldiers wherever<br />
our global interests dictate. The technologies<br />
PEO Soldier develops and <strong>the</strong><br />
equipment PEO Soldier fields are crucial<br />
components in meeting <strong>the</strong> strategic, operational<br />
and tactical challenges <strong>of</strong> today’s<br />
soldier and <strong>the</strong> soldier <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future. PEO<br />
Soldier products are used by every American<br />
soldier, every day, everywhere in <strong>the</strong><br />
world.<br />
Project Manager Soldier Warrior<br />
Project Manager Soldier Warrior supports<br />
soldiers through <strong>the</strong> acquisition <strong>of</strong><br />
integrated soldier systems. Current systems<br />
include Land Warrior, Ground Soldier,<br />
Mounted Soldier and Air Warrior.<br />
Project Manager Soldier Warrior product<br />
managers develop and integrate components<br />
into complete systems designed to<br />
increase combat effectiveness, decrease<br />
combat load and improve mission flexibility.<br />
Land Warrior is a first-generation, integrated,<br />
modular fighting system for soldiers<br />
engaged in close combat operations.<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 379
Land Warrior combines computers, lasers,<br />
navigation technology and radios with<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r mission equipment to substantially<br />
improve individual situational awareness.<br />
The systems approach optimizes and integrates<br />
multiple capabilities with minimal<br />
impact on combat load and logistical footprint.<br />
During <strong>the</strong> surge phase <strong>of</strong> Operation<br />
Iraqi Freedom (OIF), <strong>the</strong> 4th Battalion, 9th<br />
Infantry Regiment (4-9 IN) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4th Brigade,<br />
2nd Infantry Division, was equipped<br />
with 229 Land Warrior ensembles, which<br />
are worn by <strong>the</strong> unit’s leadership down to<br />
<strong>the</strong> team-leader level, and 133 Mounted<br />
Warrior ensembles for Stryker crewmen.<br />
The 4-9 IN became <strong>the</strong> first unit in <strong>the</strong> history<br />
<strong>of</strong> warfare to employ a digitally networked<br />
combat soldier in <strong>the</strong>ater. The soldiers<br />
who used <strong>the</strong> system from May 2007<br />
to June <strong>2008</strong> reported that <strong>the</strong> reliability in<br />
combat situations surpassed all expectations<br />
and that <strong>the</strong> added capabilities are<br />
invaluable. As a result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers’ experience<br />
with Land Warrior in combat, <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong> requested supplemental funds for<br />
an approved operational needs statement<br />
to equip a full Stryker brigade combat<br />
team in fiscal year (FY) 2009.<br />
380 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
U.S. soldier equipped with<br />
<strong>the</strong> Land Warrior ensemble<br />
The Ground Soldier Ensemble (GSE)<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground soldier system builds upon<br />
Land Warrior and is an integrated dismounted<br />
soldier situational awareness<br />
system for use during combat operations.<br />
The system provides unparalleled situational<br />
awareness and understanding to <strong>the</strong><br />
dismounted soldier, allowing for faster<br />
and more accurate decisions in <strong>the</strong> tactical<br />
fight. This translates into soldiers being at<br />
<strong>the</strong> right place at <strong>the</strong> right time with <strong>the</strong><br />
right equipment, making <strong>the</strong>m more effective<br />
and more lethal in <strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir combat mission.<br />
The centerpiece capability <strong>of</strong> GSE is <strong>the</strong><br />
ability to graphically display <strong>the</strong> individual<br />
soldier location on a digital medium<br />
against a geo-referenced image as <strong>the</strong><br />
background. Additional soldier locations<br />
will also be graphically displayed through<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> battle command system connected<br />
through a radio that will send and<br />
receive information from one to ano<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
thus connecting <strong>the</strong> soldier to <strong>the</strong> network.<br />
These radios will also connect <strong>the</strong> combat<br />
soldier to higher-echelon data and information<br />
products to assist <strong>the</strong> combat soldier<br />
in decision making and situational<br />
understanding. All <strong>of</strong> this will be integrated<br />
on a graphic user interface that is<br />
user defined, allowing soldiers to easily<br />
see, understand and interact in <strong>the</strong> method<br />
that best suits <strong>the</strong> user and his particular<br />
mission.<br />
The physical subcomponents <strong>of</strong> GSE include<br />
a display to see <strong>the</strong> soldier’s information,<br />
a computer to process and populate<br />
<strong>the</strong> information on <strong>the</strong> screen, an<br />
interface device that allows user interaction<br />
with <strong>the</strong> screen, a power source to<br />
power <strong>the</strong> system, an operating system to<br />
provide <strong>the</strong> system functionality and run<br />
tactical applications and battle command,<br />
and a networked radio transmitter/receiver<br />
device to send and receive information.<br />
As a system worn by <strong>the</strong> combat<br />
soldier, size and weight must be kept to a<br />
minimum, with ruggedness required for<br />
combat operations including water immersion.<br />
The GSE must be a slim and<br />
flexible form factor that can accommodate<br />
<strong>the</strong> “shooter’s preference” method <strong>of</strong> employing<br />
<strong>the</strong> system in accordance with <strong>the</strong><br />
variety <strong>of</strong> different mission pr<strong>of</strong>iles and<br />
soldier personnel equipment configurations.<br />
GSE will enter <strong>the</strong> technology development<br />
phase in FY 2009.<br />
The Mounted Soldier System (MSS) is<br />
<strong>the</strong> next generation <strong>of</strong> Mounted Warrior. It<br />
will provide combat vehicle crew members<br />
and platform commanders with increased<br />
mission effectiveness on <strong>the</strong> network-centric<br />
battlefield in <strong>the</strong> areas <strong>of</strong> command and<br />
control, situational awareness, communications,<br />
force protection, survivability, mobility<br />
and sustainability. The MSS provides<br />
<strong>the</strong> combat vehicle commander increased<br />
capabilities to conduct <strong>of</strong>fensive and defensive<br />
operations. The system equips all combat<br />
vehicle crewmen (including Abrams,<br />
Stryker, Bradley, Paladin and FCS platforms)<br />
and selected maneuver-support and<br />
maneuver-sustainment soldiers who perform<br />
mounted missions.<br />
Air Warrior (AW) is a modular, integrated,<br />
rapidly reconfigurable combat air-
crew ensemble that saves lives and maximizes<br />
<strong>Army</strong> aircrew mission performance.<br />
Air Warrior takes a systems approach to<br />
equipping <strong>the</strong> soldier that operates <strong>the</strong> aircraft<br />
and closes <strong>the</strong> capability gap between<br />
human and machine. More than 16,000<br />
<strong>Army</strong> aircrew members deploying in support<br />
<strong>of</strong> Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF)<br />
and Enduring Freedom (OEF) have been<br />
equipped with <strong>the</strong> system. Air Warrior increases<br />
personal protection and mission<br />
performance while decreasing weight and<br />
bulk. The system consists <strong>of</strong>:<br />
■ A primary survival gear carrier that<br />
includes first aid, survival, signaling and<br />
communications equipment.<br />
■ Body armor.<br />
■ The microclimate cooling system,<br />
which includes a cooling garment worn<br />
under chemical protective and duty uniforms<br />
that increases mission endurance<br />
under extreme heat by more than 350 percent.<br />
■ The aircrew integrated helmet system.<br />
■ Over-water survival equipment, including<br />
an underwater breathing device<br />
and life raft.<br />
The Electronic Data Manager (EDM), a<br />
user-friendly kneeboard computer, enables<br />
<strong>the</strong> aircrew member to quickly plan missions<br />
and react to mission changes in flight.<br />
The EDM, compatible with night-vision<br />
goggles and readable in direct sunlight,<br />
features a moving map via global positioning<br />
system (GPS), Blue Force Tracking-Aviation<br />
capability, and Windows-compatible<br />
s<strong>of</strong>tware. EDM has been fielded to units in<br />
Afghanistan and Iraq. More than 1,500 systems<br />
have been fielded to <strong>Army</strong> aviators,<br />
and more than 100 have been bought for<br />
Navy and Marine Corps use.<br />
The Aircraft Wireless Intercom System<br />
‘While we both identified a high-level mission need, Sir Reginald,<br />
I more clearly defined my requirements.’<br />
Air Warrior<br />
(AWIS) provides wireless communication<br />
between medical evacuation helicopter<br />
crewmembers and medical personnel during<br />
rescue hoist and dismounted patient<br />
recovery missions in close proximity to <strong>the</strong><br />
aircraft. AWIS consists <strong>of</strong> one aircraft interface<br />
unit, up to six mobile equipment<br />
units, and one support station including<br />
battery charger. It provides full duplex,<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 381
Improved outer<br />
tactical vest<br />
voice-activated, hands-free mode and a<br />
push-to-talk mode. AWIS enables omnidirectional<br />
simultaneous communications<br />
among all users within <strong>the</strong> aircraft network<br />
out to approximately 200 feet <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
center <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> aircraft.<br />
Project Manager Soldier Equipment<br />
(PM SEQ) provides technical solutions that<br />
enhance soldier lethality, survivability and<br />
mobility on <strong>the</strong> battlefield. It supports <strong>the</strong><br />
soldier with a variety <strong>of</strong> equipment, from<br />
highly advanced night-vision technology<br />
to individual survival gear. Products include<br />
manportable laser technologies for illuminating,<br />
pointing, rangefinding and<br />
designating targets; ballistic and fragmentation<br />
protection; and technologically advanced<br />
tactical and environmental protective<br />
clothing that enhances survivability.<br />
PM SEQ also procures individual airdrop<br />
equipment and individual chemical protective<br />
gear. Representative focus areas within<br />
each product manager within PM SEQ are<br />
listed below.<br />
Product Manager Soldier Survivability<br />
develops and fields state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art force<br />
protection equipment that defeats ballistic<br />
and fragmentation threats in <strong>the</strong>ater. Superior<br />
body armor, helmets and o<strong>the</strong>r gear<br />
greatly reduce <strong>the</strong> threat <strong>of</strong> serious injury.<br />
Interceptor Body Armor is a Joint service<br />
item designed and developed to incorporate<br />
<strong>the</strong> requirements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />
and Marine Corps. Interceptor is <strong>the</strong><br />
model name for modular, multiple-threat<br />
body armor, and it has gone through eight<br />
improvements since it was introduced.<br />
The Outer Tactical Vest (OTV) and <strong>the</strong><br />
streamlined and lighter-weight quick-release<br />
Improved Outer Tactical Vest<br />
(IOTV) protect against fragmentation and<br />
9 mm rounds. There are attachable throat<br />
and groin pieces that provide ballistic protection,<br />
along with webbing attachment<br />
Modular lightweight load-carrying equipment<br />
382 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
loops across <strong>the</strong> front and back <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vest<br />
that accommodate modular lightweight<br />
load-carrying equipment pouches.<br />
The Deltoid and Axillary Protector<br />
(DAP) is a component <strong>of</strong> IBA that provides<br />
additional protection from fragmentary<br />
and 9 mm projectiles to <strong>the</strong> upper arm and<br />
underarm areas. DAP was developed as<br />
an add-on to <strong>the</strong> OTV to protect soldiers<br />
from <strong>the</strong> threat <strong>of</strong> improvised explosive<br />
devices in current operations. This axillary<br />
protection capability is integrated into <strong>the</strong><br />
IOTV.<br />
The Enhanced Small Arms Protective<br />
Insert (ESAPI) plates provide multiple hit<br />
protection to <strong>the</strong> chest and back against<br />
various small-arms threats, including armor-piercing<br />
rounds.<br />
The Enhanced Side Ballistic Insert<br />
(ESBI) provides additional ballistic protection<br />
to counter <strong>the</strong> vulnerability <strong>of</strong> side<br />
and underarm areas not covered by<br />
ESAPI. The ESBI can withstand a smallarms<br />
hit, including armor-piercing rounds.<br />
ESBI plates are attached to <strong>the</strong> OTV with a<br />
carrier assembly by using <strong>the</strong> webbing on<br />
both <strong>the</strong> front and back <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> carrier and<br />
can be fur<strong>the</strong>r secured through incorporation<br />
with <strong>the</strong> DAP. The IOTV includes integrated<br />
ESBI plate carriers.<br />
The Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH)<br />
comes in five shell sizes and has been upgraded<br />
with padding that protects against<br />
fragmentation threats to <strong>the</strong> nape area <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> neck. The modular pad suspension<br />
system improves blunt force impact protection,<br />
stability and comfort. The edge <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ACH shell is finished with a rubber<br />
trim. The cotton/polyester chin strap, a<br />
four-point design, allows for quick adjustment<br />
for head size and includes a neck<br />
cushion for improved comfort and stability.<br />
ACH weighs 3 to 3.8 pounds, depending<br />
upon size. The helmet cover is available<br />
in <strong>the</strong> universal camouflage pattern.<br />
The Helmet Sensor is a small, lightweight,<br />
low-power sensor suite that mounts<br />
to <strong>the</strong> advanced combat helmet or <strong>the</strong> combat<br />
vehicle crewman helmet. The helmet<br />
sensor detects, measures and records impact<br />
and blast overpressure associated with improvised<br />
explosive devices and o<strong>the</strong>r events<br />
that may cause concussions in an operational<br />
environment. The <strong>Army</strong> is using two<br />
versions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> helmet sensor, one that<br />
mounts externally to <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> a helmet<br />
and one that mounts internally under <strong>the</strong><br />
padding in <strong>the</strong> crown <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> helmet. Both<br />
sensors continuously and automatically collect<br />
data, recording peak overpressure from<br />
IED blasts, crashes, blunt impact and ballistic<br />
events, while discriminating such events<br />
from insignificant events such as dropping a<br />
helmet.<br />
Product Manager Clothing and Individual<br />
Equipment (PM CIE) supports soldiers<br />
in operational environments and improves<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir lethality, survivability, situational<br />
awareness, health, safety, mobility and sustainability<br />
by providing safe, durable and<br />
operationally effective individual and unit<br />
equipment. PM CIE enhances survivability<br />
through technologically advanced tactical<br />
and environmental protective clothing, individual<br />
chemical protective gear, and personnel<br />
parachutes and o<strong>the</strong>r airdrop equipment.<br />
Modular Lightweight Load-Carrying<br />
Equipment (MOLLE) provides today’s<br />
soldier with modular, flexible, load-carrying<br />
equipment that can be tailored to meet<br />
mission needs. MOLLE consists <strong>of</strong> a modular<br />
rucksack with removable compartments,<br />
components and a fighting load<br />
carrier that can accept removable pouches<br />
for <strong>the</strong> rifleman, pistol and squad automatic<br />
weapon. It also has medic and<br />
grenadier configurations. For short-duration<br />
missions, <strong>the</strong>re is an assault pack and
a waist pack. The modularity allows individuals<br />
to tailor <strong>the</strong> load to meet mission<br />
needs.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong> Service Uniform (ASU) provides<br />
a basic set <strong>of</strong> components that allows<br />
soldiers to dress from <strong>the</strong> lowest to <strong>the</strong><br />
highest end <strong>of</strong> service uniforms with little<br />
variation required, thus reducing <strong>the</strong> need<br />
for numerous uniforms and reducing <strong>the</strong><br />
burden on soldiers to have multiple service<br />
uniforms. The ASU is based on <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong> blue uniform, and <strong>the</strong> men’s and<br />
women’s coats from that uniform are unchanged.<br />
The belted trousers and slacks with a traditional<br />
low waistline will be available for<br />
daily wear. The high-waist men’s trousers<br />
traditionally worn with suspenders will be<br />
retained for wear with <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> blue mess<br />
uniform. The fabric <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> coat, trousers,<br />
slacks and skirt is a 55 percent polyester<br />
and 45 percent wool blend that does not require<br />
special care. A new white herringbone<br />
shirt will be for daily wear, and a<br />
commercial white will be worn for ceremonial<br />
and formal occasions. Officers and<br />
noncommissioned <strong>of</strong>ficers will wear gold<br />
stripes on <strong>the</strong> trouser/slacks. Junior enlisted<br />
soldiers (specialist and below) will<br />
have trousers/slacks without stripes on <strong>the</strong><br />
legs. The beret will be <strong>the</strong> standard headwear<br />
worn with <strong>the</strong> ASU. Officers and<br />
noncommissioned <strong>of</strong>ficers (corporal and<br />
above) may wear <strong>the</strong> service cap as an optional<br />
item. Officers and enlisted soldiers<br />
will be authorized to wear overseas stripes<br />
on <strong>the</strong> right sleeve. Enlisted service stripes<br />
have been reduced in size and will be worn<br />
on <strong>the</strong> left sleeve. The new Combat Service<br />
Badge will be worn in place <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Former<br />
Wartime Service Shoulder Sleeve Insignia<br />
to represent combat service.<br />
The Non-Maneuverable Canopy (T-11)<br />
Personnel Parachute System represents<br />
<strong>the</strong> next-generation personnel parachute<br />
system and provides <strong>the</strong> airborne soldier<br />
with <strong>the</strong> first complete modernization <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> tactical parachute system since <strong>the</strong><br />
early 1950s. The T-11 parachute system includes<br />
a completely redesigned main and<br />
reserve parachute and an integrated harness<br />
assembly. It is designed to have a<br />
safer rate <strong>of</strong> descent and reduced opening<br />
shock, both <strong>of</strong> which will reduce soldier<br />
injury rates. The T-11 can accommodate a<br />
Help AUSA continue to be<br />
<strong>the</strong> Voice for America’s <strong>Army</strong><br />
The Institute <strong>of</strong> Land Warfare (ILW), <strong>the</strong> educational arm <strong>of</strong> AUSA,<br />
publishes papers and Torchbearers that educate <strong>the</strong> Administration,<br />
Congress and <strong>the</strong> general public on issues directly affecting<br />
America’s <strong>Army</strong> and our Soldiers.<br />
The printing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se papers costs money and ILW, as a non-pr<strong>of</strong>it, must<br />
depend on contributions. Help ILW continue to ensure that America has<br />
<strong>the</strong> strongest <strong>Army</strong> possible and that our Soldiers are taken care <strong>of</strong>.<br />
For more information, please contact Millie Hurlbut at<br />
703-907-2679 or mhurlbut@ausa.org.<br />
The Generation III<br />
extended cold<br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r clothing<br />
system<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 383
Non-maneuverable canopy (T-11)<br />
personnel parachute system<br />
higher jumper weight than <strong>the</strong> T-10D it is<br />
designed to replace.<br />
The Maneuverable Canopy 6 (MC6)<br />
provides <strong>the</strong> airborne soldier with a new<br />
tactical static line-deployed, steerable parachute.<br />
It has a lower opening shock, safer<br />
rate <strong>of</strong> descent and better turn ratio than<br />
<strong>the</strong> MC1-1C.<br />
The Generation III Extended Cold<br />
Wea<strong>the</strong>r Clothing System (GEN III<br />
ECWCS) is a 12-component, versatile,<br />
multilayered insulating system that provides<br />
soldiers <strong>the</strong> capability to tailor to<br />
mission and environmental requirements.<br />
The GEN III ECWCS system consists <strong>of</strong><br />
lightweight undershirt and drawers; midweight<br />
shirt and drawers; fleece cold<br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r jacket; wind cold wea<strong>the</strong>r jacket;<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t shell jacket and trousers; extreme<br />
cold/wet wea<strong>the</strong>r jacket and trousers; and<br />
extreme cold wea<strong>the</strong>r parka and trousers.<br />
The new materials <strong>of</strong>fer a greater range <strong>of</strong><br />
performance and environmental protection<br />
and reduce overall bulk and weight,<br />
providing greater versatility in meeting<br />
soldiers’ needs. GEN III ECWCS has proven<br />
itself as a combat enabler in Afghanistan.<br />
The Fire Resistant Environmental Ensemble<br />
(FREE) is a multilayered, versatile<br />
all-climate system that allows combat vehicle<br />
and aircrew members to adapt to varying<br />
mission requirements and environmental<br />
conditions. The FREE is comfortable<br />
and ergonomically efficient for wear in <strong>the</strong><br />
confines <strong>of</strong> aircraft and armored vehicles.<br />
The system consists <strong>of</strong> male and female undergarments,<br />
base layer, midweight under<br />
layer, light wea<strong>the</strong>r outer layer, intermediate<br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r outer layer; cold wea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
gloves, extreme/wet wea<strong>the</strong>r layer, rigger<br />
belt and wool socks. It will replace <strong>the</strong><br />
aviation cold wea<strong>the</strong>r clothing system<br />
(ACWCS). The FREE is color-compatible<br />
(universal camouflage pattern and foliage<br />
green) with ground soldier uniforms. New<br />
materials <strong>of</strong>fer a greater range <strong>of</strong> breathability<br />
and environmental protection, providing<br />
greater versatility in meeting soldiers’<br />
needs. FREE is a comprehensive<br />
clothing system from skin to outerwear,<br />
and from head to toe.<br />
AN/PVS-14 monocular night-vision device<br />
384 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
Product Manager Soldier Sensors<br />
and Lasers (PM SSL)<br />
PM SSL provides soldiers with improved<br />
lethality, mobility and survivability<br />
in all wea<strong>the</strong>r and visibility conditions.<br />
Soldier-borne sensors and lasers enhance<br />
<strong>the</strong> soldier’s ability to see in all battlefield<br />
and lighting conditions, to acquire objects<br />
<strong>of</strong> military significance before <strong>the</strong> soldier<br />
is detected and to target threat objects accurately<br />
for engagement by soldiers or<br />
guided munitions. These systems provide<br />
critical, on-<strong>the</strong>-ground direct support to<br />
U.S. forces deployed in OEF and OIF.<br />
The AN/AVS-6 Aviator’s Night-Vision<br />
Imaging System (ANVIS) is a helmetmounted,<br />
direct-view, third-generation image-intensification<br />
piloting device that enables<br />
flight operations under very low<br />
ambient light conditions. The latest version,<br />
AN/AVS-6(V)3, incorporates im-<br />
proved tubes capable <strong>of</strong> operating down<br />
to near-starlight conditions, 25 mm eye relief,<br />
dual-span adjustment knobs, gated<br />
power supply, ei<strong>the</strong>r filmless or thin-film<br />
tube designs, fine-focus objective lens and<br />
a low-pr<strong>of</strong>ile battery pack. The low-light<br />
sensitivity is a 10 percent improvement<br />
over its predecessor and a 35 to 40 percent<br />
improvement over <strong>the</strong> earliest ANVIS.<br />
The AN/PVS-14 Monocular Night-Vision<br />
Device (MNVD) is a lightweight<br />
head- or helmet-mounted image-intensification<br />
device that can also be mounted to<br />
<strong>the</strong> M16/M4 receiver rail. It is designed to<br />
be used in conjunction with rifle-mounted<br />
aiming lights. The AN/PVS-14 provides<br />
soldiers with <strong>the</strong> ability to conduct nighttime<br />
operations including driving, maneuvering,<br />
administering first aid, map reading<br />
and performing maintenance. The latest<br />
AN/PVS-14 operates on a single AA cell.<br />
Multifunctional Aiming Lights (MFAL),<br />
including AN/PEQ-2A, AN/PEQ-14, AN/<br />
PEQ-15 and AN/PEQ-15A, are used in conjunction<br />
with night-vision goggles to engage<br />
targets. MFAL devices contain infrared<br />
(IR) aiming lights and illuminators,<br />
as well as visible pointers in a single lightweight,<br />
compact package. When zeroed to<br />
<strong>the</strong> weapon, <strong>the</strong>se devices provide an invisible<br />
continuous infrared beam along <strong>the</strong><br />
weapon’s line <strong>of</strong> fire that is effective to <strong>the</strong><br />
maximum firing range <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> weapon.<br />
The AN/PEQ-14 Integrated Laser/White<br />
Light Pointer adds <strong>the</strong> functions <strong>of</strong> a flashlight<br />
into a MFAL device for an effective<br />
small-arms lightweight integrated targeting<br />
system.<br />
The AN/PVS-10 Night-Vision Sniper<br />
Night Sight (SNS) is a lightweight, weapon-mounted,<br />
image-intensification passive<br />
device designed primarily for use by<br />
snipers for day and night operations. A select<br />
lever permits <strong>the</strong> user to change <strong>the</strong><br />
mode <strong>of</strong> operation between day and night.<br />
The SNS employs a black-line reticule that<br />
can be illuminated for night operation. A
ail-mounting interface allows quick mounting<br />
or dismounting from <strong>the</strong> weapon.<br />
The AN/PVS-26 Clip-On Sniper Night<br />
Sight is a lightweight, clip-on, image intensified<br />
night sight for <strong>the</strong> M110 semiautomatic<br />
sniper system that mounts in front<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day optic sight. The AN/PVS-26<br />
employs a variable gain image tube that<br />
can be adjusted by <strong>the</strong> sniper depending<br />
on ambient light levels. The AN/PVS-26<br />
provides <strong>the</strong> sniper <strong>the</strong> capability to accurately<br />
acquire and engage targets at low<br />
light levels without needing to remove <strong>the</strong><br />
day optic.<br />
The AN/PSQ-23 Small Tactical Optical<br />
Rifle Mounted (STORM) Micro-Laser<br />
Rangefinder (MLRF) is a lightweight, multifunctional<br />
laser system designed to operate<br />
on a variety <strong>of</strong> individual, crew-served<br />
weapons and weapons platforms to include<br />
<strong>the</strong> M-4/M16, <strong>the</strong> M107 sniper rifle, <strong>the</strong><br />
M110 sniper rifle, <strong>the</strong> sniper tripod and <strong>the</strong><br />
Stryker remote weapons station. It combines<br />
<strong>the</strong> functionality <strong>of</strong> a laser rangefinder,<br />
infrared aiming laser, infrared laser<br />
illuminator, digital compass and visible<br />
pointer into one package. On individual<br />
weapons STORM is used to determine far<br />
target locations when connected to a military<br />
GPS or when used with a military<br />
map. On crew-served weapons STORM<br />
provides <strong>the</strong> critical range component to<br />
<strong>the</strong> fire control for achieving high probabili-<br />
ties <strong>of</strong> first shot kills. The visible laser has<br />
been used for crowd control/warning functions<br />
as well.<br />
The Lightweight Laser Designator<br />
Rangefinder (LLDR AN/PED-1) enables<br />
fire-support teams and forward observers to<br />
accurately locate targets, digitally transmit<br />
target location data to <strong>the</strong> tactical network<br />
and laser-designate high-priority targets for<br />
destruction by precision munitions. The two<br />
primary components are <strong>the</strong> Target Locator<br />
Module (TLM) and <strong>the</strong> Laser Designator<br />
Module (LDM). The TLM can be used as a<br />
stand-alone device or in conjunction with<br />
<strong>the</strong> LDM and incorporates a <strong>the</strong>rmal imager,<br />
day camera, electronic display, eye-<br />
Lightweight laser<br />
designator<br />
rangefinder<br />
safe laser rangefinder, digital magnetic compass,<br />
selective availability/antispo<strong>of</strong>ing<br />
module, GPS electronics and digital export<br />
capability.<br />
The Enhanced Night-Vision Goggle<br />
(ENVG) provides <strong>the</strong> soldier with enhanced<br />
mobility and situational awareness<br />
in all wea<strong>the</strong>r and battlefield obscurant<br />
conditions. ENVG is a helmet-mounted<br />
passive device that combines long-wave<br />
infrared sensor data with image-intensification<br />
low-light level sensor data into an<br />
integrated display for soldier viewing. The<br />
resultant image takes advantage <strong>of</strong> each<br />
sensor’s strengths while minimizing individual<br />
sensor limitations.<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 385
AN/PAS-13 <strong>the</strong>rmal weapon sight<br />
The AN/PAS-13 Family <strong>of</strong> Thermal<br />
Weapon Sights (TWS) enables soldiers<br />
with individual and crew-served weapons<br />
to see deep into <strong>the</strong> battlefield, increase<br />
surveillance and target acquisition range,<br />
and penetrate obscurants day or night.<br />
The TWS uses forward-looking infrared<br />
technology and provides a standard video<br />
output for training, image transfer or remote<br />
viewing. Light, medium and heavy<br />
variants provide viewing to <strong>the</strong> maximum<br />
effective range <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> designated weapon.<br />
The TWS Head Mounted Display<br />
(HMD) integrates with <strong>the</strong> AN/PAS-13<br />
<strong>the</strong>rmal weapon sight (TWS) to provide a<br />
remote viewing capability for TWS imagery.<br />
It provides a more comfortable firing<br />
position <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> TWS on <strong>the</strong> M2/MK19<br />
weapon systems and also provides remote<br />
viewing capability for TWS in vehiclemounted<br />
applications. The HMD operates<br />
on four AA batteries, weighs less than 8<br />
ounces and is designed to operate with<br />
<strong>Army</strong> standard-issue protective eyewear<br />
providing a minimal visual obscuration,<br />
thus maintaining or enabling <strong>the</strong> soldier’s<br />
overall situational awareness.<br />
The Laser Targeting Systems, Mark VII,<br />
Mark VII E and Viper, provide fire-support<br />
teams and forward observers with<br />
daylight and limited night capability to observe<br />
and accurately locate targets for<br />
voice transmission <strong>of</strong> target data to <strong>the</strong> firesupport<br />
command, control, communications,<br />
computers and intelligence system.<br />
They are handheld or tripod-mounted.<br />
Mark VII incorporates an eye-safe laser<br />
rangefinder and a digital magnetic compass<br />
to determine range, azimuth and vertical<br />
angle from <strong>the</strong> observer to targets <strong>of</strong><br />
interest. When targeting data is sent to a<br />
precision lightweight GPS receiver (PLGR),<br />
<strong>the</strong> system can compute and display target<br />
location.<br />
386 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
Soldier-borne Sense Through <strong>the</strong> Wall<br />
(STTW) provides soldiers with <strong>the</strong> capability<br />
to detect, locate and “sense” personnel<br />
with concealed weapons/explosives behind<br />
obstructions from a stand-<strong>of</strong>f distance.<br />
Currently in development, STTW will be<br />
employed by soldiers in military operations<br />
on urban terrain and subterranean environments<br />
to locate and classify threats.<br />
Gunfire Detection Systems (GFDS) are<br />
lightweight soldier-wearable sensors that<br />
provide a visual or audio alert <strong>of</strong> sniper<br />
rounds directed at <strong>the</strong> soldier and <strong>the</strong> ability<br />
to accurately locate and engage enemy<br />
snipers. The sensor locates <strong>the</strong> enemy gunfire<br />
through <strong>the</strong> acoustic signatures associated<br />
with <strong>the</strong> fired round to produce a<br />
range and bearing back to <strong>the</strong> threat. This<br />
information allows <strong>the</strong> soldier to conduct<br />
battle drills in response to <strong>the</strong> sniper’s actual<br />
location.<br />
The family <strong>of</strong> flashlights (FoF) Weapons<br />
Mounted Light (WML) is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> four<br />
components <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> FoF that include <strong>the</strong><br />
WML, <strong>the</strong> tactical handheld light, <strong>the</strong><br />
hands-free helmet light and <strong>the</strong> crewserved<br />
weapons light. The WML is a small<br />
(7 inches or less), lightweight (10 ounces or<br />
less with batteries) white light that can be<br />
weapon-mounted or handheld. The WML<br />
is employed on small arms including <strong>the</strong><br />
M16A4 modular weapons, M4/M4A1,<br />
M249 and M240B. The WML has dual activation<br />
controls, includes an infrared (IR)<br />
capability and is designed to operate on<br />
two DL123 batteries.<br />
Project Manager Soldier Weapons<br />
(PM SW)<br />
PM SW supports soldiers through enhancement<br />
<strong>of</strong> current systems and development<br />
<strong>of</strong> next-generation weapons technology.<br />
It focuses on ensuring that soldiers<br />
are equipped with world-class weapon<br />
systems, ammunition and associated target<br />
acquisition and fire-control products<br />
today and in <strong>the</strong> future.<br />
Current-Generation Soldier<br />
Weapons Systems<br />
The <strong>Army</strong>’s M9 9 mm Pistol is a semiautomatic,<br />
double-action pistol that is<br />
more lethal, lighter and safer than its predecessors.<br />
It is <strong>the</strong> primary sidearm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
crew-served weapon crewmen and o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
who have a personal defense requirement,
such as law enforcement personnel, unit<br />
leaders and aviators.<br />
The M16A4 5.56 mm Rifle is a flattopped<br />
M16A2 that incorporates a military<br />
standard (MILSTD) 1913 rail on top<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> weapon’s receiver, adding operational<br />
flexibility.<br />
The M4 5.56 mm Carbine replaces <strong>the</strong><br />
M3 submachine gun, select M9 pistols and<br />
M16A2 rifles for unit leaders, crew-served<br />
gunners, vehicle crews, radio operators,<br />
light infantry, airborne (air assault), combat<br />
engineers and o<strong>the</strong>rs. It provides improved<br />
firepower compared with <strong>the</strong> M3<br />
and M9 and allows mounting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latest<br />
generation <strong>of</strong> fire-control accessories without<br />
tools. It is 1 pound lighter than and <strong>of</strong>fers<br />
improved portability over <strong>the</strong> M16.<br />
The M107 .50-caliber Semi-Automatic<br />
Long-Range Sniper Rifle (LRSR) is a commercial<br />
<strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf, antimateriel, countersniper<br />
semiautomatic, direct-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />
.50-caliber rifle. It can complete missions<br />
that cannot be accomplished with current<br />
sniper rifles. It supplements a sniper role<br />
by supporting combat operations by precisely<br />
engaging high-value targets, especially<br />
in military operations in urban terrain<br />
engagements, with greater firepower<br />
and stand<strong>of</strong>f ranges to improve sniper survivability.<br />
The XM150 Rifle Combat Optic increases<br />
<strong>the</strong> probability <strong>of</strong> a first-round hit<br />
at distances to 600 meters with <strong>the</strong> M4 carbine,<br />
M16 rifle and <strong>the</strong> M249 squad automatic<br />
weapon. The optic allows soldiers to<br />
rapidly make <strong>the</strong> transition between longrange<br />
and close-quarters engagements<br />
without degrading <strong>the</strong> ability to conduct<br />
reflexive fire techniques.<br />
The XM320 Grenade Launcher Module<br />
(GLM) is a 40 mm low-velocity grenade<br />
launcher weapon module that will replace<br />
all M203 series grenade launchers mounted<br />
on <strong>the</strong> M16/M4 series <strong>of</strong> rifles and carbines.<br />
The XM320 is intended to be lighter, safer<br />
and more reliable than current manportable<br />
grenade-launching systems, and will provide<br />
day and night firing capability.<br />
The M26 12-Gauge Modular Accessory<br />
Shotgun System (MASS) provides warfighters<br />
with a lethal, nonlethal and doorbreaching<br />
capability through a 12-gauge<br />
accessory shotgun attached to <strong>the</strong> primary/host<br />
weapon. The system attaches<br />
underneath <strong>the</strong> barrel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M4 modular<br />
weapon systems and provides a capability<br />
equivalent to a stand-alone shotgun without<br />
carrying a second weapon.<br />
Job Fair<br />
At AUSA<br />
• Wounded Warriors<br />
• Former Military Members<br />
• Military Spouses<br />
• O<strong>the</strong>r Quality Candidates<br />
Bring Your Resume!<br />
• Global Job Opportunities<br />
• Competitive Salaries<br />
• Job Satisfaction<br />
• Solid Future<br />
• Diverse Work Assignments<br />
• Career Advancement<br />
• Flexible Work Environment<br />
Visit Exhibit Hall C Booth #4154<br />
M107 .50-caliber semi-automatic<br />
long-range sniper rifle<br />
The M249 5.56 mm Squad Automatic<br />
Weapon (SAW) is a lightweight, gas-operated,<br />
manportable, automatic weapon that<br />
serves as automatic rifle and light machine<br />
gun to infantry squads. The M249 weighs<br />
22 pounds with 200 rounds <strong>of</strong> ammunition<br />
and has a maximum effective range <strong>of</strong><br />
1,000 meters against area targets. It replaced<br />
<strong>the</strong> M6A1 automatic rifle at <strong>the</strong><br />
squad level and some M60 multipurpose<br />
machine guns in noninfantry units.<br />
The MK19 40 mm Grenade Machine<br />
Gun (GMG) is an air-cooled, belt-fed, blowback-operated,<br />
fully automatic weapon system.<br />
It has a maximum effective range <strong>of</strong><br />
2,200 meters for area targets and 1,500 meters<br />
for point targets. It fires standard highvelocity<br />
40 mm grenade cartridges, including<br />
M383 high-explosive antipersonnel<br />
rounds, high-explosive dual-purpose (antipersonnel<br />
and armor-piercing) rounds and<br />
training practice rounds. The MK19 supports<br />
<strong>the</strong> soldier in <strong>of</strong>fensive and defensive<br />
roles by delivering a heavy volume <strong>of</strong> close,<br />
accurate and continuous firepower against<br />
enemy personnel and lightly armored vehicles.<br />
It can be mounted on a tripod or on<br />
Assistant G-1<br />
(Civilian Personnel)<br />
“<strong>ARMY</strong> CIVILIANS–Support<br />
<strong>the</strong> Strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nation”<br />
Serve Your Country!<br />
6–8 <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
9:00 AM–5:00 PM<br />
Walter E. Washington<br />
Convention Center<br />
Washington D.C.<br />
www.cpol.army.mil<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 387
XM25 individual airburst weapon system<br />
multiple vehicle platforms and is <strong>the</strong> primary<br />
suppressive weapon for combat support<br />
and combat service support units.<br />
The M240B 7.62 mm Medium Machine<br />
Gun is a ground-mounted, gas-operated,<br />
crew-served machine gun. It is a variant <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> M240 mounted on Bradley fighting vehicles<br />
and Abrams tanks, reconfigured for<br />
ground applications with buttstock, bipod,<br />
iron sights and forward rail assemblies.<br />
The M240B delivers more energy to <strong>the</strong><br />
target than <strong>the</strong> smaller caliber M249 SAW.<br />
The cyclic rate is 650 to 950 rounds per<br />
minute, and <strong>the</strong> weapon’s maximum effective<br />
range against area targets is 1,800 meters.<br />
It comes with an accessory rail integrated<br />
with <strong>the</strong> top cover that is used to<br />
attach sighting devices. It is issued to infantry,<br />
armor, field artillery and combat<br />
engineer units that require medium-support<br />
fire; it replaces <strong>the</strong> ground-mounted<br />
M60 machine gun. The <strong>Army</strong> is also<br />
adding forward accessory rails alongside<br />
<strong>the</strong> gas tube.<br />
The M240H 7.62 mm Machine Gun<br />
(Aviation Version) is designed for aviation<br />
application and demonstrates reliability<br />
equal to that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M240B. It delivers two<br />
minutes <strong>of</strong> continuous suppressive fire<br />
and is removable for use in a ground role.<br />
It is replacing <strong>the</strong> M60D machine gun for<br />
<strong>the</strong> UH-60 Black Hawk and CH-47 Chinook<br />
helicopters as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir defensive<br />
armament systems.<br />
The M2 Heavy Barrel (HB) (Enhanced)<br />
.50-caliber Machine Gun (M2E2) is a<br />
modification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> standard M2 that is<br />
easier and safer to use and eliminates <strong>the</strong><br />
need for headspace and timing. Upgrades<br />
such as <strong>the</strong> quick change barrel (QCB) system,<br />
flash hider and carrying handle will<br />
increase <strong>the</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battleproven<br />
M2 and can be fitted to existing<br />
M2HB weapons. The QCB system speeds<br />
target engagement and improves survivability<br />
and safety because <strong>of</strong> reduced time<br />
in changing <strong>the</strong> barrel. The flash hider reduces<br />
muzzle flash, making <strong>the</strong> M2 nightvision<br />
friendly. All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se capabilities ensure<br />
that <strong>the</strong> commander has constant<br />
firepower and less downtime.<br />
Next-Generation Soldier<br />
Weapons Technology<br />
In addition to systems now in <strong>the</strong> field,<br />
PM SW is also developing <strong>the</strong> next generation<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong> weapon systems.<br />
The XM25 Individual Airburst Weapon<br />
System will fire 25 mm munitions including<br />
high-explosive airburst (HEAB), armor-piercing,<br />
antipersonnel, nonlethal,<br />
training and breaching rounds. The XM25<br />
388 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
incorporates full-solution target acquisition/fire<br />
control that integrates a <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />
sight, 2x direct-view optics, a laser rangefinder,<br />
compass, fuze setter, ballistic computer<br />
and internal display. The XM25 has a<br />
500-meter range against point targets and<br />
500- to 700-meter range against area targets<br />
and is capable <strong>of</strong> defeating hidden<br />
targets.<br />
The Lightweight .50 (LW50) Caliber<br />
Machine Gun is capable <strong>of</strong> firing all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
current .50-caliber ammunition in <strong>the</strong> inventory.<br />
This includes, but is not limited<br />
to, <strong>the</strong> standard M33 ball round, <strong>the</strong> M8<br />
armor-piercing incendiary, <strong>the</strong> M903<br />
saboted light-armor penetrator, and <strong>the</strong><br />
MK211 multipurpose round that penetrates,<br />
fragments and starts fires. The<br />
LW50 caliber weapon can replace some <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> currently fielded M2 .50-caliber machine<br />
guns. The LW50 weapon system is<br />
half <strong>the</strong> weight and has one-quarter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
recoil <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M2 and provides soldiers with<br />
<strong>the</strong> punch <strong>of</strong> a .50-caliber machine gun in<br />
<strong>the</strong> footprint <strong>of</strong> a 7.62 mm weapon system.<br />
Soldier-as-a-System Unit Set<br />
Fielding (SaaS USF)<br />
SaaS USF reflects <strong>the</strong> natural evolution<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s commitment to modernizing<br />
soldier equipment initiated under <strong>the</strong><br />
rapid fielding initiative in late 2003, and<br />
ensures that our soldiers in <strong>the</strong> active<br />
<strong>Army</strong>, Reserve and National Guard continue<br />
to receive <strong>the</strong> finest individual and<br />
small-unit equipment <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> can provide<br />
as rapidly as it can be procured and<br />
fielded.<br />
SaaS USF synchronizes <strong>the</strong> requirements<br />
<strong>of</strong> units deploying to and from <strong>the</strong>ater<br />
with <strong>the</strong> overarching equipping schedule<br />
dictated by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> Force Generation<br />
(ARFORGEN) operating cycle and focuses<br />
<strong>the</strong> long-term efforts <strong>of</strong> PEO Soldier on<br />
continuous modernization to ensure <strong>the</strong><br />
lethality, combat effectiveness and safety<br />
<strong>of</strong> our soldiers on <strong>the</strong> modern battlefield.<br />
In addition, SaaS USF synchronizes <strong>the</strong> efforts<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> project managers within PEO<br />
Soldier to ensure <strong>the</strong> fully coordinated<br />
projection <strong>of</strong> requirements and subsequent<br />
procurement and fielding <strong>of</strong> equipment to<br />
maximize acquisition efficiencies and to<br />
minimize disruption to training schedules<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gaining commands.<br />
SaaS USF encompasses <strong>the</strong> fielding <strong>of</strong><br />
specific items within <strong>the</strong> PEO Soldier portfolio<br />
on a role-based basis <strong>of</strong> issue plan<br />
that provide warfighting capabilities enhancements<br />
essential to fighting <strong>the</strong> global<br />
war on terrorism.<br />
By early FY <strong>2008</strong>, PEO Soldier achieved<br />
<strong>the</strong> milestone <strong>of</strong> fielding this equipment 1<br />
million times since December 2003. Items<br />
currently approved for fielding include individual<br />
soldier mission-essential equipment,<br />
such as <strong>the</strong> advanced combat helmet;<br />
<strong>the</strong> improved first aid kit; ballistic eye<br />
protection; organizational force protection/mobility<br />
items, such as infrared<br />
strobes and urban terrain equipment; and<br />
critical unit lethality items, such as improved<br />
ammunition packs, small binoculars<br />
and advanced weapons optics.<br />
Individual testimony <strong>of</strong> soldiers underscores<br />
<strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> PEO Soldier’s<br />
contribution to readiness and tactical success<br />
as operations continue in Iraq and<br />
Afghanistan. Because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fielding initiatives<br />
undertaken by PEO Soldier, <strong>the</strong> turnaround<br />
time for getting equipment into<br />
soldiers’ hands has improved significantly.<br />
What used to take months or even years<br />
now takes as little as days or weeks from<br />
date <strong>of</strong> order to date <strong>of</strong> delivery to <strong>the</strong> soldier.<br />
The development and fielding <strong>of</strong> soldier<br />
equipment reflect <strong>the</strong> core focus <strong>of</strong> PEO<br />
soldier’s mission and commitment to saving<br />
soldiers’ lives, increasing <strong>the</strong>ir combat<br />
effectiveness and improving <strong>the</strong>ir quality<br />
<strong>of</strong> life.
NUCLEAR-BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL<br />
(NBC) DEFENSE SYSTEMS<br />
A wide range <strong>of</strong> items and systems provide<br />
today’s warfighter with contamination<br />
avoidance, protection, decontamination<br />
and obscuration capabilities. Several<br />
representative examples are provided below.<br />
Contamination Avoidance<br />
The <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> has fielded several<br />
types <strong>of</strong> nuclear detection and monitoring<br />
systems to assist in contamination avoidance.<br />
A family <strong>of</strong> radiological detection indication<br />
and computation (Radiac) equipment<br />
is being fielded to U.S. forces to upgrade<br />
30-year-old technology with digital<br />
equipment that incorporates advances in<br />
modern electronics.<br />
Radiac provides soldiers and commanders<br />
with nuclear radiation detection<br />
equipment, allowing <strong>the</strong>m to fight effectively<br />
and survive on <strong>the</strong> nuclear battlefield.<br />
It also minimizes nuclear radiation<br />
exposure <strong>of</strong> troops during such peacetime<br />
missions as peacekeeping, nuclear-accident<br />
response, and recovery <strong>of</strong> vehicles<br />
and equipment containing radioactive material.<br />
The AN/UDR-13 Radiac Set is a compact,<br />
handheld, pocket-size tactical radiation<br />
meter. It measures and displays<br />
gamma dose rate and total gamma/neutron<br />
cumulative dose in a battlefield environment.<br />
A push-button pad enables mode selection,<br />
functional control and <strong>the</strong> setting <strong>of</strong><br />
audio and visual alarm thresholds for both<br />
dose rate and mission dose. A “sleep”<br />
mode with automatic wake-up enhances<br />
battery life. A liquid crystal display provides<br />
data readout and warning-mode<br />
messages. As a replacement for <strong>the</strong> older<br />
IM-93/PP-1578, UDR-13 improvements include<br />
prompt dose measurement, including<br />
neutrons, alarms and rate measurement;<br />
backlit display; and stable readings<br />
and calibration. It does not need a separate<br />
charger.<br />
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The AN/VDR-2 Radiac Set detects and<br />
measures nuclear radiation from fallout<br />
and radioisotopes. The system replaces <strong>the</strong><br />
older IM-174 and AN/PDR-27. It performs<br />
ground radiological surveys from vehicles<br />
or, in <strong>the</strong> dismounted mode, as a handheld<br />
instrument. The set can also provide a quantitative<br />
measure <strong>of</strong> radiation to help personnel,<br />
equipment and supply decontamination<br />
operations.<br />
Components <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Radiac set include<br />
<strong>the</strong> Radiac meter IM-243, probe DT-616<br />
and a pouch with strap. Kits are available<br />
as common table <strong>of</strong> allowances items for<br />
installation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Radiac set in various<br />
military vehicles.<br />
The set includes an audible and/or visual<br />
alarm that is compatible with vehicular<br />
nuclear-biological-chemical (NBC) protective<br />
systems in armored vehicles, and it<br />
also interfaces with vehicular power systems<br />
and intercoms.<br />
The AN/PDR-75 Radiac Set measures<br />
<strong>the</strong> prompt and residual gamma doses and<br />
neutron doses stored on <strong>the</strong> DT-236 individual<br />
dosimeter from 1 to 1,000 centigray<br />
(cGy). The system provides a new operational<br />
capability to monitor and record <strong>the</strong><br />
total dose exposure <strong>of</strong> individual personnel<br />
to gamma and neutron radiation. It<br />
measures total neutron and gamma doses<br />
from 0 to 1,000 cGy, and it responds to and<br />
measures prompt radiation from nuclear<br />
bursts. It will be used to calculate unit radiation<br />
status and to perform medical<br />
triage and assist in unit reconstitution.<br />
The AN/PDR-77 Radiac Set detects and<br />
measures alpha, beta, gamma and X-ray<br />
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SERVICES, INSURANCE,<br />
INFORMATION SYSTEMS<br />
(703) 841-1050<br />
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AN/UDR-13 Radiac set<br />
radiation. The system replaces <strong>the</strong> older<br />
AN/PDR-56F and AN/PDR-60, which relied<br />
on aging technology and were not<br />
sensitive enough to accomplish <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s<br />
alpha detection mission.<br />
The AN/PDR-77 is based on <strong>the</strong> AN/<br />
VDR-2. It includes an alpha probe, beta<br />
gamma probe and X-ray probe. The set has<br />
a digital liquid crystal display, is autoranging<br />
and has settable audio and/or visual<br />
alarm thresholds. This is <strong>the</strong> primary<br />
Radiac device to respond to nuclear accidents<br />
and maintain <strong>Army</strong> equipment containing<br />
radioactive materials.<br />
Chemical Detection<br />
The M21 Automatic Chemical Agent<br />
Alarm is <strong>the</strong> first stand<strong>of</strong>f chemical agent<br />
detector approved for fielding to <strong>the</strong> soldier.<br />
It gives early warning <strong>of</strong> blister and<br />
(703) 236-2927<br />
REGIONAL ACTIVITIES,<br />
NCO/SOLDIER PROGRAMS<br />
(703) 525-9039<br />
FINANCE, ACCOUNTING,<br />
GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS<br />
M21 automatic chemical agent alarm<br />
(703) 236-2926<br />
EDUCATION,<br />
FAMILY PROGRAMS<br />
(703) 841-7570<br />
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<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 389
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390 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
nerve agents up to 5 kilometers, thus allowing<br />
field commanders to identify and<br />
maneuver around contaminated areas. An<br />
automatic scanning, passive infrared sensor,<br />
it detects agent vapor clouds by<br />
changes that <strong>the</strong> vapor causes in <strong>the</strong> background<br />
infrared spectra. Scanning a 60-degree<br />
arc, <strong>the</strong> M21 sounds a horn and illuminates<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r a blister or nerve light. It is<br />
currently being fielded. In addition to tripod-mounted<br />
configurations, <strong>the</strong> M21 is<br />
mounted on a mast on <strong>the</strong> M93A1 Fox<br />
NBC reconnaissance system.<br />
The M22 Chemical Agent Alarm is an<br />
<strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf alarm system capable <strong>of</strong> detecting<br />
and identifying standard blister<br />
and nerve agents. The M22 used <strong>the</strong> foreign<br />
comparative testing program for<br />
down-selection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>United</strong> Kingdom’s<br />
GID-3. The M22 system is manportable,<br />
operates independently after system startup,<br />
and provides an audible and visual<br />
alarm.<br />
The M22 system also provides a communications<br />
interface for automatic battlefield<br />
warning and reporting. The M22 is an<br />
improvement over <strong>the</strong> M8A1 automatic<br />
chemical agent alarm system in four major<br />
areas: it provides simultaneous detection<br />
and warning <strong>of</strong> nerve and blister agents; it<br />
is significantly more sensitive than <strong>the</strong><br />
M8A1; it can operate in a collective protection<br />
environment; and it is much less responsive<br />
to interference, thus reducing<br />
false alarms. The M22 is currently fielded<br />
to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>, Navy, Air Force and Marine<br />
Corps.<br />
The Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM)<br />
and <strong>the</strong> Improved CAM (ICAM) provide<br />
a means <strong>of</strong> quickly locating <strong>the</strong> presence or<br />
absence <strong>of</strong> nerve- and mustard-agent contamination<br />
on personnel and equipment.<br />
CAM is a handheld device used by<br />
troops in full protective clothing after an<br />
attack or exposure to a contaminated area.<br />
It provides fast low-level detection <strong>of</strong><br />
nerve and mustard vapors, differentiates<br />
between nerve and mustard agents, provides<br />
an indication <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relative magnitude<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hazard present and is not af-<br />
fected by most common forms <strong>of</strong> battlefield<br />
interference.<br />
The use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> CAM on a chemical battlefield<br />
lowers <strong>the</strong> risk commanders may<br />
have to take when reducing <strong>the</strong> level <strong>of</strong><br />
mission-oriented protection posture in a<br />
combat situation. CAM gives commanders<br />
<strong>the</strong> ability to quickly monitor for contamination,<br />
<strong>the</strong>reby allowing soldiers and<br />
equipment to remain engaged in <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
combat missions. CAM is also used to<br />
check <strong>the</strong> effectiveness <strong>of</strong> decontamination<br />
operations.<br />
Like CAM, ICAM is a handheld, soldieroperated,<br />
post-attack device for monitoring<br />
chemical agent contamination. It detects<br />
chemical agent vapors by sensing<br />
molecular ions <strong>of</strong> specific motilities (time<br />
<strong>of</strong> flight), and uses timing and microprocessor<br />
techniques to reject interference.<br />
The monitor detects and discriminates<br />
among nerve and mustard agent vapors.<br />
ICAM consists <strong>of</strong> a drift tube, signal<br />
processor, molecular sieve, membrane,<br />
confidence tester, dust filters, buzzer and<br />
battery pack. The monitor measures 4<br />
inches by 7 inches by 15 inches and weighs<br />
approximately 5 pounds. ICAM differs<br />
from CAM in its greater reliability (an estimated<br />
300 percent improvement), faster<br />
start-up time (one-tenth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time) and<br />
significantly reduced maintenance costs<br />
(an estimated $135 million cost savings<br />
over <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system).<br />
The Joint Service Lightweight Stand<strong>of</strong>f<br />
Chemical Agent Detector (JSLSCAD) is a<br />
new detection system designed to provide<br />
American 21st-century warfighters with<br />
state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art capability in detecting<br />
nerve, blister and blood agent vapor<br />
clouds. JSLSCAD is a fully automatic detection<br />
system that searches <strong>the</strong> surrounding<br />
atmosphere for chemical agent vapor<br />
clouds. It is <strong>the</strong> first chemical detection<br />
system to furnish 360-degree on-<strong>the</strong>-move<br />
coverage from ground-, air- and sea-based<br />
platforms at distances <strong>of</strong> up to 5 kilometers.<br />
JSLSCAD will provide warfighters <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> four armed services with early warning<br />
to avoid contaminated battlespaces or,<br />
Chemical agent monitor
if avoidance is not possible, time to don<br />
protective masks and clothing.<br />
JSLSCAD is a passive infrared (IR) system<br />
that detects <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> chemical<br />
agent vapors by processing energy collected<br />
in <strong>the</strong> 8- to 12-micron region <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
electromagnetic spectrum. It compares <strong>the</strong><br />
collected IR spectra against a library <strong>of</strong><br />
known agent spectra. When detection is<br />
made, JSLSCAD identifies <strong>the</strong> agent cloud<br />
and alerts <strong>the</strong> warfighter with audible and<br />
visual alarms.<br />
Intended JSLSCAD applications include<br />
various ground vehicle, aerial, shipboard<br />
and fixed-emplacement platforms, including<br />
<strong>the</strong> following: M93A1 Fox vehicle;<br />
Joint service light NBC reconnaissance system<br />
(JSLNBCRS); interim armored vehicle<br />
NBC reconnaissance system; Humvee; C-<br />
130 aircraft; CH-53 helicopter; unmanned<br />
aerial vehicles; ships; and fixed-site installations.<br />
The design <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> JSLSCAD provides<br />
for communication with <strong>the</strong> NBC<br />
Joint warning and reporting network<br />
(JWARN) and <strong>the</strong> multipurpose integrated<br />
chemical agent detector (MICAD).<br />
Biological Detection<br />
The M31/M31A1 Biological Integrated<br />
Detection System (BIDS) mitigates <strong>the</strong> effects<br />
<strong>of</strong> biological warfare attacks during<br />
all phases <strong>of</strong> a campaign. As a corps-level<br />
asset, it is employed by a dedicated biological<br />
defense company to detect large-area<br />
biological attacks. The BIDS network provides<br />
<strong>the</strong> basis for warning and confirming<br />
that a biological attack has occurred.<br />
The system provides presumptive identification<br />
and produces a safety-configured<br />
sample for later laboratory analysis.<br />
The M31/M31A1 detection system is<br />
made up <strong>of</strong> a shelter (S788 lightweight<br />
multipurpose shelter) mounted on a dedicated<br />
vehicle (M1097 heavy Humvee) and<br />
equipped with a biological detection suite.<br />
The systems include a trailer-mounted 15kilowatt<br />
generator (PU-801) to provide<br />
electrical power, a global positioning system<br />
(GPS) receiver (AN/PSN-11 PLGR),<br />
tactical and long-range communications<br />
equipment (SINCGARS and Harris HF radios)<br />
and a meteorological sensor.<br />
The BIDS program development was<br />
initiated following <strong>the</strong> Persian Gulf War.<br />
To fill <strong>the</strong> urgent need for a biological detection<br />
system while at <strong>the</strong> same time<br />
fielding mature technologies, an evolutionary<br />
acquisition strategy was developed.<br />
Initially a nondevelopmental item<br />
(NDI), BIDS (M31), consisting primarily <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf instrumentation, provided a<br />
limited manual detection and identification<br />
capability. This was followed by a preplanned<br />
product improvement (P 3 I) BIDS<br />
M93 Fox vehicle<br />
(M31A1) with an expanded and semiautomated<br />
detection and identification capability.<br />
NDI BIDS was fielded in 1996 and <strong>the</strong><br />
P 3 I BIDS in 1999 to reserve and active component<br />
units, respectively.<br />
BIDS uses multiple complementary technologies<br />
to detect various characteristics <strong>of</strong><br />
a biological aerosol attack. BIDS integrates<br />
aerodynamic particle sizing, luminescence,<br />
fluorescence, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry<br />
and immunoassay technologies<br />
in a hierarchical, layered manner to increase<br />
detection confidence and system reliability.<br />
BIDS detects all types <strong>of</strong> biological<br />
agents and identifies specific agents <strong>of</strong> interest.<br />
The system can be easily upgraded<br />
or modified to identify o<strong>the</strong>r additional<br />
agents, based on changes in threat conditions.<br />
NDI BIDS will detect biological warfare<br />
agents in less than 15 minutes and<br />
identify any four agents, simultaneously,<br />
in less than 45 minutes. P 3 I BIDS will detect<br />
any eight agents in less than 10 minutes<br />
and identify <strong>the</strong>m, simultaneously, in<br />
less than 30 minutes. Both systems collect<br />
a sample for confirmatory analysis and report<br />
detection and identification results by<br />
voice transmission.<br />
The M93/M93A1 Fox Nuclear-Biological-Chemical<br />
Reconnaissance System<br />
(NBCRS), an upgrade to <strong>the</strong> existing M93<br />
vehicle, detects, identifies and marks areas<br />
<strong>of</strong> nuclear and chemical contamination<br />
and reports accurate information to supported<br />
commanders in real time.<br />
The M93 NBCRS is an <strong>Army</strong>-improved<br />
version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> German TPZ1 Fuchs wheeled<br />
armored vehicle. It is equipped with a fully<br />
integrated nuclear and chemical detection<br />
system, warning and communications capability,<br />
and it can also sample NBC contamination<br />
for future analysis. The system<br />
can collect soil, water and vegetation samples<br />
for later analysis; mark areas <strong>of</strong> nu-<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 391
clear and chemical contamination; and<br />
transmit, in real time, NBC information to<br />
unit commanders in <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> operation.<br />
The hazards to <strong>the</strong> NBCRS crew are minimized<br />
through <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> vehicle<br />
NBC collective protection and by providing<br />
positive overpressure with heating and<br />
cooling for crew members.<br />
The M93A1 Block I modification lets soldiers<br />
detect chemical contamination at a<br />
distance through <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> a stand<strong>of</strong>f detector<br />
(M21 RSCAAL). The onboard computer’s<br />
multipurpose integrated chemical<br />
agent alarm (MICAD) automatically integrates<br />
contamination information from<br />
sensors with input from onboard navigation<br />
and meteorological systems, and it<br />
392 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
rapidly transmits it to <strong>the</strong> maneuver control<br />
system. The M93A1 also reduces <strong>the</strong><br />
crew size from four to three soldiers.<br />
The Block II modification NBCRS incorporates<br />
enhanced chemical and biological<br />
detectors that will allow on-<strong>the</strong>-move<br />
stand<strong>of</strong>f chemical agent detection. New<br />
subsystems, such as <strong>the</strong> chemical and biological<br />
mass spectrometer, will improve<br />
<strong>the</strong> detection and identification <strong>of</strong> liquid<br />
chemical agents while providing a firsttime<br />
biological agent detection capability<br />
to <strong>the</strong> reconnaissance platform. There is<br />
also a 32 to 57 percent reduction in route<br />
reconnaissance mission time. Integration<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common digitized division/corps<br />
NBC technical architecture will allow for<br />
AUSA Annual Meeting &<br />
Winter Symposium Future Dates<br />
Annual Meeting Future Dates<br />
All dates are subject to change.<br />
5–7 <strong>October</strong> 2009 10–12 <strong>October</strong> 2016<br />
25–27 <strong>October</strong> 2010 9–11 <strong>October</strong> 2017<br />
10–12 <strong>October</strong> 2011 8–10 <strong>October</strong> 2018<br />
22–24 <strong>October</strong> 2012 14–16 <strong>October</strong> 2019<br />
21–23 <strong>October</strong> 2013 12–14 <strong>October</strong> 2020<br />
13–15 <strong>October</strong> 2014 11–13 <strong>October</strong> 2021<br />
12–14 <strong>October</strong> 2015<br />
Winter Symposium Future Dates<br />
All dates are subject to change.<br />
25–27 February 2009 20–22 February 2013<br />
24–26 February 2010 26–28 February 2014<br />
23–25 February 2011 25–27 February 2015<br />
22–24 February 2012<br />
expanding and upgrading <strong>the</strong> onboard<br />
computers at minimal cost.<br />
The Joint Services Lightweight NBC<br />
Reconnaissance System (JSLNBCRS) will<br />
provide point and stand<strong>of</strong>f intelligence for<br />
real-time field assessment <strong>of</strong> NBC hazards.<br />
The Joint Biological Point Detection<br />
System (JBPDS) is <strong>the</strong> first fully automated<br />
biological threat agent detection,<br />
collection and identification suite designed<br />
for employment by all four services.<br />
JBPDS is a modular system that provides<br />
both continuous and real-time aerosol detection<br />
with presumptive identification for<br />
up to 10 agents simultaneously within 18<br />
minutes. Upon positive identification, <strong>the</strong><br />
user is alerted by both an audible and visual<br />
alarm. Each identified sample is safely<br />
collected and packaged for laboratory<br />
analysis. Both remote and local monitoring<br />
is available.<br />
The modular design <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> JBPDS provides<br />
not only an open architecture for upgrade<br />
insertion, but also <strong>the</strong> capability to<br />
remain in operation even if one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
components fails.<br />
The JBPDS is available in four different<br />
configurations (portable, shelter, shipboard<br />
and trailer) to provide a common<br />
detection and identification capability for<br />
Joint interoperability and supportability.<br />
JBPDS integrated platforms include biological<br />
integrated detection system (BIDS),<br />
Stryker reconnaissance vehicle (RV), surface<br />
ships and Joint service lightweight<br />
nuclear biological and chemical reconnaissance<br />
system (JSLNBCRS).<br />
JBPDS also supports homeland defense<br />
operations.<br />
The M31E2 JBPDS-BIDS is an <strong>Army</strong><br />
variant composed <strong>of</strong> an S788 lightweight<br />
multipurpose shelter mounted on a dedicated<br />
vehicle M1097 or M1113 Humvee<br />
with digital communication (FBCB2) and<br />
an onboard generator. It is a corps-level asset<br />
employed by a dedicated biological defense<br />
company to detect large-area biological<br />
attacks.<br />
The BIDS network provides <strong>the</strong> basis for<br />
warning and confirming that a biological<br />
attack has occurred.<br />
The JBPDS has undergone numerous developmental<br />
tests and operational trials. In<br />
<strong>the</strong> end, <strong>the</strong> JBPDS still remains <strong>the</strong> top<br />
performer for biological detection.<br />
NBC Protection<br />
The M40/42-Series Protective Masks, a<br />
family <strong>of</strong> chemical-biological (CB) protective<br />
masks, provide respiratory, eye and<br />
face protection against chemical and biological<br />
agents, toxins, radioactive particles<br />
and battlefield contaminants. The M40/42<br />
series replaces <strong>the</strong> M17, M25 and M9<br />
masks. Features include an improved face<br />
seal for better protection and vision, flexibility<br />
at temperature extremes, increased<br />
useful life, wea<strong>the</strong>r and ozone resistance,
improved soldier comfort, and ease <strong>of</strong><br />
cleaning and maintenance.<br />
M40/42-series masks are issued to soldiers,<br />
sailors and marines—<strong>the</strong> M42A2 to<br />
armored crews and <strong>the</strong> M40A1 to <strong>the</strong> balance<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> force and U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Materiel<br />
Command surety sites.<br />
The M40A1 and M42A2 masks have a<br />
silicone rubber face piece with an inturned<br />
peripheral face seal and binocular<br />
rigid-lens system. The basic mask, <strong>the</strong><br />
M40A1, includes a face-mounted canister<br />
with NATO standard threads (gas and<br />
aerosol filter) that can be worn on ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
<strong>the</strong> left or right side; a drinking tube; and<br />
clear and tinted lens “outserts.” When <strong>the</strong><br />
canister is attached to a connection hose<br />
and equipped with a canister carrier,<br />
larger mask carrier and detachable microphone,<br />
<strong>the</strong> mask becomes <strong>the</strong> M42A2,<br />
which is used by all combat-vehicle crew<br />
personnel. The interchangeability also allows<br />
<strong>the</strong> repair <strong>of</strong> masks using a face piece<br />
assembly while retaining o<strong>the</strong>r existing,<br />
undamaged parts instead <strong>of</strong> a total replacement.<br />
This advance saves significant<br />
money and time.<br />
The M45 Chemical-Biological Protective<br />
Mask replaces <strong>the</strong> M24 and M49 mask<br />
systems. The M45 mask supports <strong>the</strong> Land<br />
Warrior program, as well as Joint Special<br />
Operations Command requirements, and<br />
serves as <strong>the</strong> mask for <strong>Army</strong>, Navy, Air<br />
Force and Marine personnel who cannot<br />
be fitted with <strong>the</strong> standard M40/M40A1,<br />
M42/M42A2 or MCU-2A/P protective<br />
masks.<br />
The M45 mask provides protection to<br />
face, eyes, head, neck and respiratory tract<br />
from chemical-biological (CB) agents and<br />
radioactive particles without <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong><br />
forced ventilation air, while maintaining<br />
compatibility with rotary-wing aircraftsighting<br />
systems and night-vision devices.<br />
The M45 mask consists <strong>of</strong> close-fitting eye<br />
lenses, front and side voice-mitter for faceto-face<br />
and telephone communication,<br />
a microphone pass-through for aircraft<br />
communications, a drinking tube passthrough,<br />
a low-pr<strong>of</strong>ile canister interopera-<br />
ble hose assembly to allow both hose and<br />
face-mounted configurations, interchangeable<br />
nose cups, a rubber face piece with an<br />
in-turned peripheral seal, and a second<br />
skin and hood.<br />
Protection is provided by <strong>the</strong> agent-resistant<br />
face piece and second skin and<br />
hood.<br />
Although all three components protect<br />
<strong>the</strong> soldier against CB agents in gaseous<br />
form, <strong>the</strong> second skin and hood provide<br />
increased liquid agent protection. The<br />
Land Warrior configuration does not include<br />
<strong>the</strong> hose assembly, hood, canister<br />
baffle, microphone or microphone cable.<br />
The mask is available in four sizes, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> interchangeable nose cups come in five<br />
different sizes to improve fit, comfort and<br />
vision. A different nose cup configuration<br />
is available for left-hand firing. Vision-corrective<br />
inserts can be fitted inside <strong>the</strong> face<br />
piece.<br />
Close-fitting eye lenses are shaped to<br />
improve peripheral vision and are compatible<br />
with most optical sighting and nightvision<br />
devices. Easy use <strong>of</strong> a drinking system<br />
permits intake <strong>of</strong> liquids.<br />
XM50 Joint<br />
service general<br />
purpose chemicalbiological<br />
protective<br />
mask<br />
The XM50 Joint Service General Purpose<br />
Chemical-Biological Protective Mask<br />
(JSGPM) program will provide <strong>the</strong> nextgeneration<br />
mask for all U.S.-Joint service<br />
ground forces.<br />
The JSGPM requirements include meeting<br />
existing and new threats posed by both<br />
chemical and biological agents and selected<br />
toxic industrial materials/chemicals that<br />
American forces may face in <strong>the</strong> future.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r key performance parameters include<br />
a focus on reduced weight and bulk<br />
(smaller logistical footprint), compatibility<br />
with current and emerging equipment, improved<br />
reliability and an overall improved<br />
mission performance for soldiers, aircrews,<br />
marines and sailors. The cradle-tograve<br />
acquisition approach will also focus<br />
on reducing <strong>the</strong> total ownership cost for all<br />
services by replacing <strong>the</strong> five existing general-purpose<br />
protective masks with this<br />
one item.<br />
The system design goals call for significant<br />
improvement (50 percent) over <strong>the</strong><br />
M40 in <strong>the</strong> areas <strong>of</strong> breathing resistance,<br />
weight and bulk, compatibility with current<br />
and future systems, maintenance (50<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 393
Chemical-biological<br />
protective shelter<br />
percent fewer parts), and agent and toxic<br />
industrial chemical filtration included in<br />
<strong>the</strong> filter design. Production is planned to<br />
run through fiscal year (FY) 2015 for a U.S.<br />
acquisition objective <strong>of</strong> approximately 2.2<br />
million masks.<br />
The M43/M48 Chemical-Biological Aircraft<br />
Protective Mask provides CB protection<br />
for Apache aviators and was designed<br />
for compatibility with <strong>the</strong> AH-64 Apache<br />
helicopter’s integrated helmet and display<br />
sighting system (IHADSS) and optical relay<br />
tube.<br />
The M43 mask has a form-fitting butyl<br />
rubber face piece with lenses that mount<br />
close to <strong>the</strong> eyes; an integrally attached CB<br />
394 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
hood and a skull-type suspension system;<br />
an inhalation air distribution system for<br />
regulating <strong>the</strong> flow <strong>of</strong> air to <strong>the</strong> oronasal<br />
cavity; lenses and hood; and a pressurecompensated<br />
exhalation valve assembly<br />
for maintaining overpressure in <strong>the</strong> mask<br />
and hood. The overpressure is maintained<br />
by a portable blower/filter system that operates<br />
on battery or aircraft power and<br />
which filters air through a pair <strong>of</strong> C2 canisters.<br />
The M43-type I mask has a notched<br />
right eye lens to allow interface with <strong>the</strong><br />
helmet display unit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> IHADSS equipment.<br />
The mask was specifically designed<br />
for compatibility with <strong>the</strong> subsystems <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> AH-64, and it provides protection for<br />
<strong>the</strong> head, face, eyes and respiratory systems<br />
against field concentrations <strong>of</strong> all<br />
chemical and biological agents in liquid<br />
and aerosol forms, and against toxins and<br />
radioactive fallout particles. Vision correction<br />
is accomplished via contact lenses. In<br />
addition, <strong>the</strong> mask provides external voice<br />
communications and a drinking tube assembly.<br />
M43 is type-classified limited productionurgent<br />
and is currently fielded to all Apache<br />
pilots.<br />
The M48 mask, chemical-biological<br />
Apache aviator, is an improved M43A1-series<br />
mask (M43-type I) that is used by<br />
Apache helicopter pilots.<br />
The M48 mask replaces <strong>the</strong> existing M43<br />
blower with a portable lightweight motor<br />
blower (LWMB) that provides blown and<br />
filtered air for breathing, lens defogging<br />
and head cooling, thus enabling <strong>the</strong> aircrew<br />
to perform its mission in a CB environment<br />
both inside and outside <strong>the</strong> aircraft.<br />
During flight operations, <strong>the</strong> LWMB will<br />
be mounted in <strong>the</strong> Apache cockpit in <strong>the</strong><br />
same location as <strong>the</strong> M43 blower and can<br />
be quickly removed during an emergency<br />
egress procedure. The M48 was type-classified<br />
Standard A in June 1996.<br />
The Chemical-Biological Protective<br />
Shelter (CBPS) replaces <strong>the</strong> M51 collective<br />
protection shelter. It consists <strong>of</strong> a light-
weight multipurpose shelter mounted on<br />
an expanded-capacity variant Humvee<br />
and a 300-square-foot airbeam supported<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t shelter.<br />
The CBPS provides 72 hours <strong>of</strong> contamination-free,<br />
environmentally controlled<br />
working area for medical, combat service<br />
and combat service support personnel to<br />
obtain relief from <strong>the</strong> need to continuously<br />
wear chemical-biological individual protective<br />
clothing. Medical equipment and<br />
crew gear are transported inside <strong>the</strong> LMS<br />
and additional medical equipment is carried<br />
on a towed high-mobility trailer.<br />
An engineering change (EC) is being implemented<br />
to replace <strong>the</strong> hydraulic powered<br />
environmental support systems (Model 1)<br />
components and eliminate <strong>the</strong> need to use<br />
<strong>the</strong> Humvee engine. The EC will incorporate<br />
a self-powered electro-mechanical environmental<br />
support system (Model 2). A contract<br />
option has been exercised to procure 26<br />
CBPS (Model 2) systems.<br />
Chemically Protected Deployable Medical<br />
Support (CP DEPMEDS) is a containerized<br />
set that provides <strong>Army</strong> DEP-<br />
MEDS combat support hospitals with a capability<br />
to sustain operations in an NBC<br />
environment.<br />
This modular system integrates environmentally<br />
controlled collective protection<br />
elements into <strong>the</strong> hospital to reduce casualties<br />
and enhance combat effectiveness.<br />
CP DEPMEDS uses M28 collective protection<br />
(CP) equipment, power, waste and latrine<br />
management assets to provide an extended<br />
hospital capability.<br />
The M20A1 Simplified Collective Protection<br />
Equipment (SCPE) provides a<br />
clean-air shelter for use against chemical<br />
and biological warfare agents and radioactive<br />
particles. The SCPE is an inflatable<br />
shelter which allows personnel to perform<br />
duties without wearing individual protection<br />
equipment. It can be used as a command,<br />
control, communication and intelligence<br />
shelter or as a soldier rest and relief<br />
facility.<br />
Decontamination<br />
The M291 Skin Decontamination Kit<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> a wallet-like carrying pouch<br />
containing six individual decontamination<br />
packets, enough to do three complete skin<br />
decontaminations. Each packet contains an<br />
applicator pad filled with decontamination<br />
powder.<br />
Operating temperatures range from minus<br />
50 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit, and storage<br />
temperatures are from minus 60 to 160<br />
degrees Fahrenheit. Users can decontaminate<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir skin completely through removal,<br />
absorption and neutralization <strong>of</strong><br />
toxic agents with no long-term harmful effects.<br />
It is for external use only and may<br />
slightly irritate eyes or skin.<br />
Decontamination is accomplished by<br />
applying a black decontamination powder<br />
contained in <strong>the</strong> applicator pad. Application<br />
to skin exposed to contamination is<br />
explained in <strong>the</strong> technical manual. The<br />
M291 is a fielded item and replaces <strong>the</strong><br />
M258A1 skin decontamination kit.<br />
The M100 Sorbent Decontamination<br />
System (SDS) is ano<strong>the</strong>r decontaminating<br />
agent. It is a free-flowing, reactive, highly<br />
absorptive powder manufactured from<br />
aluminum oxide. The sorbent system was<br />
adopted in April 1999 after passing a rigorous<br />
peer review by a team <strong>of</strong> independent<br />
nongovernment evaluators and representatives<br />
from <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>, Navy and Air<br />
Force.<br />
The M100 SDS replaces <strong>the</strong> M11s and<br />
M13s currently used in spray-down operations<br />
associated with immediate decontamination.<br />
Each SDS consists <strong>of</strong> two 0.7pound<br />
packs <strong>of</strong> powdered reactive sorbent,<br />
two wash-mitt-type sorbent applicators,<br />
a case, straps and detailed instructions.<br />
An additional chemical-resistant<br />
mounting bracket is available. The system<br />
uses powdered sorbent to remove chemical<br />
agents from surfaces. Using <strong>the</strong> SDS<br />
decreases decontamination time and eliminates<br />
<strong>the</strong> need for water. Each SDS weighs<br />
4.2 pounds and fits into a 3 1 ⁄4-inch by 6inch<br />
by 14 1 ⁄2-inch space. The SDS mounting<br />
bracket is designed to fit M11 mount-<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 395
ing holes, allowing easy replacement <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> M11.<br />
Future developments include toxicology<br />
testing on <strong>the</strong> sorbent system to assess its<br />
acceptability to <strong>the</strong> Food and Drug Administration<br />
for use in skin decontamination<br />
and on open wounds. In addition, <strong>the</strong> SDS<br />
program will consider providing capability<br />
for contamination avoidance by providing<br />
protection <strong>of</strong> sensitive equipment. The sorbent<br />
system will also be tested against biological<br />
contaminants.<br />
DF200 Foam is a nontoxic, noncorrosive<br />
aqueous solution with enhanced physical<br />
stability for <strong>the</strong> rapid mitigation and decontamination<br />
<strong>of</strong> chemical and biological<br />
warfare (CBW) agents and toxic hazardous<br />
materials. DF200 foam is primarily designed<br />
for suited personnel and <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
equipment. The foam formulation is based<br />
on a surfactant system to solubolize sparingly<br />
soluble agents and increase rates <strong>of</strong><br />
reaction with nucleophilic reagents and<br />
mild oxidizing agents. The formulation<br />
also includes water-soluble polymers to<br />
enhance <strong>the</strong> physical stability <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foam.<br />
DF200 was developed at Sandia National<br />
Laboratories.<br />
DF200 can be deployed as a foam or liquid<br />
spray, with foam application being<br />
preferable in most instances. Foam application<br />
provides an easy visual reference<br />
for application coverage, an expansion <strong>of</strong><br />
formulation to enhance area coverage per<br />
gallon, and allows <strong>the</strong> formulation to adhere<br />
to surfaces and maintain required wet<br />
contact time with <strong>the</strong> agents being decontaminated.<br />
Components for <strong>the</strong> DF200 foam are<br />
mixed in a 5-gallon bucket prior to use,<br />
<strong>the</strong>n poured into <strong>the</strong> tanks and applied.<br />
The way <strong>the</strong> foam is applied can be modified<br />
by changing <strong>the</strong> tips on <strong>the</strong> 20-foot application<br />
hose. Once mixed, <strong>the</strong> foam solution<br />
has an eight-hour shelf life. The unmixed<br />
components for <strong>the</strong> foam solution<br />
have a two- to five-year shelf life.<br />
DF200 is attractive for civilian and military<br />
applications for <strong>the</strong> following reasons:<br />
It can be used for both chemical and biological<br />
toxicants; it can be rapidly deployed;<br />
mitigation <strong>of</strong> agents can be accomplished<br />
in bulk, aerosol and vapor phases;<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is minimal health and collateral damage;<br />
it requires minimal logistics support;<br />
it has minimal run-<strong>of</strong>f <strong>of</strong> fluids and no<br />
lasting environmental impact; and is relatively<br />
inexpensive.<br />
The Fixed-Site Decontamination System<br />
(FSDS) is a truck mounted, slip-on<br />
compressed air foam (CAF) unit. It features<br />
an advanced, modular-designed<br />
component compartment with control<br />
panel and a self-contained rotary screw air<br />
compressor. Also known as <strong>the</strong> Falcon,<br />
<strong>the</strong> FSDS is designed for durability, multiple<br />
use and low maintenance. The FSDS<br />
will fit in <strong>the</strong> standard bed <strong>of</strong> a pickup<br />
truck. A foam concentrate tank is built into<br />
<strong>the</strong> water tank, allowing for quick system<br />
activation and accurate foam application.<br />
Foam cell capacity is adjustable to fit speci-<br />
‘They have better tanks but we have better meetings.’<br />
396 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
fications. Foam streams can be projected to<br />
110 feet (34 meters) with a 1 1 ⁄2-inch hand<br />
line and optional compressor. The FSDS is<br />
compressor-driven, with choice <strong>of</strong> gas or<br />
diesel engine.<br />
The Multipurpose Decontamination<br />
System (MPDS) module is a follow-on development<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> NATO high-pressure<br />
cleaning and decontamination system,<br />
Kärcher HDS 1200 BK, which is being used<br />
worldwide by more than 40 armed forces.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> its modular construction, <strong>the</strong><br />
MPDS is <strong>of</strong> universal use, ei<strong>the</strong>r as an independent<br />
single unit or incorporated in a<br />
more complex system. The main components<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> module are integrated in an<br />
aluminum frame. These are: engine drive,<br />
high-pressure pump and heat exchange<br />
unit.<br />
The MPDS module operates at temperatures<br />
from minus 30 to 60 degrees Celsius.<br />
For optimal functioning under arctic conditions,<br />
oil and air are preheated. Water is<br />
supplied through a self-suction siphon to a<br />
height <strong>of</strong> 4 meters from creeks, rivers, hydrants<br />
or water tanks. The supply with<br />
chemicals via <strong>the</strong> high-pressure pump is<br />
variable up to 60 liters per hour (16 gallons<br />
per hour). All functions are controlled by a<br />
central control panel. Temperature is variable<br />
from 0 to 210 degrees Celsius, and <strong>the</strong><br />
unit can produce cold water, hot water and<br />
wet or dry steam.<br />
An air-cooled diesel 4.2-kilowatt engine<br />
drives <strong>the</strong> high-pressure pump, supplying<br />
<strong>the</strong> module with electric energy via a<br />
topped generator. The engine is automatically<br />
started by a maintenance-free battery.<br />
If necessary, it can also be started manually.<br />
The fully automatic burner system<br />
operates at reverse current and is heated<br />
by diesel fuel. The temperature control<br />
regulates <strong>the</strong> burner.<br />
The Joint Service Sensitive Equipment<br />
Decontamination (JSSED) System will<br />
provide <strong>the</strong> ability to decontaminate<br />
chemical and biological agents from sensitive<br />
equipment (avionics, electronics, electrical)<br />
and environmental systems and<br />
equipment, aircraft and vehicle interiors<br />
(during flight/ground/shipboard operations)<br />
and associated cargo.<br />
NBC Integration Into <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong><br />
Battle Command System (ABCS)<br />
As part <strong>of</strong> <strong>Army</strong> transformation, <strong>the</strong><br />
U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Soldier and Biological Chemical<br />
Command (SBCCOM) develops capabilities<br />
and products for <strong>the</strong> ABCS to ensure<br />
soldier survivability, force protection and<br />
weapons <strong>of</strong> mass destruction situational<br />
awareness. The goal is to network all battlefield<br />
NBC sensors and instantly transmit<br />
NBC warnings and reports through<br />
<strong>the</strong> ABCS to minimize <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> hostile<br />
NBC attacks or incidents on U.S. forces.<br />
To accomplish this goal <strong>the</strong> project manager<br />
for nuclear, biological and chemical
defense systems has two working projects:<br />
multipurpose integrated chemical agent<br />
alarm (MICAD) and <strong>the</strong> Joint warning and<br />
reporting network (JWARN) system.<br />
MICAD interfaces with battlefield NBC<br />
sensors, such as <strong>the</strong> advanced chemical<br />
agent detection alarms and <strong>the</strong> M93A1<br />
NBCRS (Fox). It remotely collects data<br />
from <strong>the</strong>se sensors and automatically generates<br />
NBC messages that are <strong>the</strong>n transmitted<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Force XXI Battle Command<br />
Brigade and Below (FBCB 2 ) and maneuver<br />
control systems.<br />
The second system, JWARN, is a s<strong>of</strong>tware<br />
application that resides on <strong>the</strong> maneuver<br />
control system (MCS). This computer<br />
program receives NBC sensor data<br />
from <strong>the</strong> battlefield and allows <strong>the</strong> user to<br />
conduct detailed NBC analysis quickly<br />
and send this information out through <strong>the</strong><br />
MCS to <strong>Army</strong> commanders and o<strong>the</strong>r service<br />
components, providing decisive information<br />
to maintain information superiority<br />
and maneuver dominance.<br />
To enhance NBC integration in <strong>the</strong> future,<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> has initiated a project<br />
called <strong>the</strong> embedded common technical<br />
architecture, which will integrate <strong>the</strong> capabilities<br />
<strong>of</strong> MICAD and JWARN into a single-board<br />
computer at a significantly reduced<br />
cost. This effort is currently targeted<br />
to support <strong>the</strong> Stryker brigade combat<br />
teams and will communicate through<br />
FBCB 2 .<br />
The Multipurpose Integrated Chemical<br />
Agent Alarm (MICAD) is an integrated<br />
nuclear, biological and chemical detection<br />
warning and reporting system to be used<br />
in area warning, combat and armored vehicles,<br />
and tactical van and shelter mission<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>iles. MICAD automates <strong>the</strong> currently<br />
laborious NBC warning and reporting<br />
process throughout <strong>the</strong> battlefield. It automates<br />
<strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>ring <strong>of</strong> NBC contamination<br />
data from fielded NBC detectors and sensors<br />
and automatically formats and transmits<br />
alarms and reports up <strong>the</strong> chain <strong>of</strong><br />
command throughout <strong>the</strong> battlefield.<br />
MICAD provides a communications interface<br />
to NBC sensors, provides warnings<br />
<strong>of</strong> chemical and nuclear attacks throughout<br />
<strong>the</strong> battlefield and automatically generates<br />
NBC-1/NBC-4 reports over existing<br />
tactical communications. It operates with<br />
<strong>the</strong> M22 and an AN/VDR-2 Radiac set. It<br />
interfaces with GPS vehicle navigation<br />
systems and modular collective protection<br />
equipment; it automates NBC report preparation<br />
(NBC-1/NBC-4) and transmission;<br />
and it communicates via single-channel<br />
ground and air radio system, FBCB 2 or<br />
JWARN. Its flexible design allows its use<br />
in an area warning role with telemetry link<br />
radio.<br />
The Joint Warning and Reporting Network<br />
(JWARN) is based on a commercial<br />
<strong>of</strong>f-<strong>the</strong>-shelf s<strong>of</strong>tware package developed<br />
by Bruhn New Tech. JWARN hazard pre-<br />
diction warning and reporting procedures<br />
for NBC attacks are based on standard<br />
NATO Allied Technical Publication (ATP)-45<br />
procedures. JWARN was designed to allow<br />
warfighters to determine and display<br />
NBC hazard areas resulting from <strong>the</strong> use<br />
<strong>of</strong> NBC weapon systems and dissemination<br />
devices. JWARN has <strong>the</strong> ability to provide<br />
hazard estimates <strong>of</strong> onset times and<br />
duration <strong>of</strong> hazard. JWARN also provides<br />
database management to store information<br />
used to warn units and can generate <strong>the</strong><br />
standard ATP-45 message set and overlays.<br />
The program operates in exercise and<br />
operational modes.<br />
Obscuration<br />
Smoke and o<strong>the</strong>r obscurants have been<br />
used in wars dating back to <strong>the</strong> ancient<br />
Greeks. On today’s battlefield, smoke can<br />
counter new generations <strong>of</strong> smart weapons.<br />
Smoke is used as camouflage, as<br />
blinding smoke laid directly on enemy positions<br />
and as a decoy to confuse and mislead<br />
enemy forces. These basic smoke applications<br />
are used to increase survivability,<br />
buy maneuver time for <strong>the</strong> attacker<br />
and protect forward-assembly areas and<br />
high-priority rear areas for <strong>the</strong> defense.<br />
Smoke particles scatter or absorb radiant<br />
energy used by troops and smart weapons<br />
for target acquisition and for weapon<br />
guidance and control. Smart weapon sensors<br />
operate in three main parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> elec-<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 397
tromagnetic spectrum: visible; near-, midand<br />
far-infrared wavelengths; and millimeter<br />
wavelengths.<br />
The most effective scattering smokes are<br />
aerosols that are <strong>the</strong> same size as <strong>the</strong> operating<br />
wavelengths <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sensor to be defeated.<br />
The best smoke for <strong>the</strong> visible spectrum<br />
may be transparent in <strong>the</strong> far-infrared<br />
area. The entire chain <strong>of</strong> electro-optical,<br />
infrared and millimeter-wave devices<br />
linking a smart weapon to a target is susceptible<br />
to smoke and o<strong>the</strong>r obscurants. In<br />
addition to absorbing light, some smokes<br />
emit heat, which can cover or clutter <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>rmal images <strong>of</strong> targets.<br />
The reflection <strong>of</strong> laser or radar beams<br />
from smoke clouds can produce false targeting<br />
information for smart weapons,<br />
which can be blinded and defeated by<br />
smoke. Battlefield obscurants allow combatants<br />
to take advantage <strong>of</strong> technology<br />
overmatch. In Operation Desert Storm, U.S.<br />
ground forces used infrared-viewer technology<br />
at night to achieve dramatic results.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong> uses several models <strong>of</strong> smokegeneration<br />
systems, including: <strong>the</strong> M56<br />
Coyote, <strong>the</strong> M58 Wolf, <strong>the</strong> M157A2 Lynx<br />
and <strong>the</strong> M1059/M1059A3 Lynx. In addition,<br />
<strong>the</strong> M6 countermeasure discharger<br />
provides self-screening protection to individual<br />
combat vehicles.<br />
The M56 Coyote Smoke-Generation<br />
System (SGS) provides large-area obscuration<br />
in <strong>the</strong> visual and infrared spectra. It<br />
is a Humvee-mounted, large-area, smokegenerator<br />
system. In addition to providing<br />
enhanced spectrum coverage, <strong>the</strong> M56 system<br />
provides smoke generators with a<br />
new wheeled-vehicle platform. The system<br />
is mounted on <strong>the</strong> new expanded-capacity<br />
M113 Humvee and provides greater<br />
payload capacity and higher mobility for<br />
supporting smoke units.<br />
Six M56 Coyotes form a smoke platoon.<br />
They support light and airborne maneuver<br />
units by disseminating smoke on <strong>the</strong> move<br />
or from stationary positions to defeat enemy<br />
sensors and smart munitions, such as<br />
tank <strong>the</strong>rmal sights, guided munitions, directed<br />
energy weapons and o<strong>the</strong>r systems<br />
operating in <strong>the</strong> visible through far-infrared<br />
regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> electromagnetic spectrum.<br />
The system is modular and uses a gas turbine<br />
engine to disseminate obscurants. The<br />
visual screening module is capable <strong>of</strong> vaporizing<br />
fog oil at a rate equal to <strong>the</strong> M157<br />
smoke generator for up to 90 minutes.<br />
The infrared screening module can dis-<br />
‘The bean counters say we’re a relic <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cold War.’<br />
398 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
seminate particulate material to provide 30<br />
minutes <strong>of</strong> screening. M56 program planners<br />
cite <strong>the</strong> expanding global use <strong>of</strong> infrared<br />
targeting and sighting devices for<br />
prompting development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M56 Coyote,<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s first large-area smoke system<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> generating visible and infrared<br />
blocking screens.<br />
The M56 Coyote was type-classified<br />
“standard” in September 1994 and was followed<br />
by an initial production contract<br />
award for 296 systems in March 1995.<br />
First-article and production verification<br />
testing were successfully completed in<br />
September 1996.<br />
By <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> February 2000, 231 systems<br />
had been fielded to U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Training<br />
and Doctrine Command (TRADOC),<br />
U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Forces Command (FORSCOM)<br />
and U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Reserve Command (US-<br />
ARC). Fielding continues to FORSCOM<br />
and USARC.<br />
A materiel change program to add a millimeter-wave<br />
module began in FY 2001 to<br />
provide extended spectral coverage to defeat<br />
threat weapon systems operating in<br />
<strong>the</strong> millimeter regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> electromagnetic<br />
spectrum.<br />
The fielding <strong>of</strong> new M56 Coyotes<br />
pushed older M157 SGSs down to lower<br />
priority units. The last chemical unit with<br />
<strong>the</strong> aging M3A4 smoke-generation systems<br />
received M56 Coyotes in <strong>the</strong> first<br />
quarter <strong>of</strong> FY 2002.<br />
The M58 Wolf Smoke-Generation System<br />
places <strong>the</strong> capabilities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M56 on a<br />
derivative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tracked M113 armored<br />
personnel family. In addition to its current<br />
multispectral obscurant screening capabilities,<br />
planned materiel changes will allow<br />
<strong>the</strong> addition <strong>of</strong> a millimeter-wave (MMW)<br />
obscuration module, providing <strong>the</strong> capability<br />
to counter <strong>the</strong> threat arising from <strong>the</strong><br />
wide proliferation <strong>of</strong> advanced visual and<br />
infrared sensors and future MMW sensors.<br />
The chemical smoke platoon consists <strong>of</strong><br />
seven M58 vehicles. Six <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se are organized<br />
into two squads <strong>of</strong> three and <strong>the</strong><br />
smoke platoon leader leads in <strong>the</strong> seventh<br />
vehicle.<br />
Missions include providing static and<br />
mobile visual and/or infrared screening<br />
(haze, blanket and curtain) to conceal<br />
ground maneuver forces, and supporting<br />
breaching and recovery operations.<br />
The M58 Wolf was type-classified in August<br />
1995. Following a successful production<br />
verification test, <strong>the</strong> Wolf received materiel<br />
release approval in <strong>the</strong> first quarter<br />
<strong>of</strong> FY 1998 and has since been successfully<br />
fielded. It was fielded to <strong>Army</strong> Reserve<br />
units, along with training, late in FY 2000.<br />
The M157A2 Lynx Smoke-Generation<br />
System lets <strong>Army</strong> forces on <strong>the</strong> move produce<br />
large-area visual smoke screens. The<br />
system uses dual-pulse engines operating<br />
on standard <strong>Army</strong> fuels to produce large<br />
clouds <strong>of</strong> fog-oil vapor to defeat visual
ange observation and tracking methods,<br />
including lasers.<br />
Its major components are two M54A2<br />
smoke generators, an air compressor assembly,<br />
a 120-gallon fog-oil tank, a fog-oil<br />
pump assembly and a remote-control<br />
panel. The entire package is mounted on<br />
<strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> an M1037/M1097 Humvee with<br />
an M284A1 mounting kit.<br />
The M157A2 effort emerged through a<br />
post-Operation Desert Storm integrated<br />
product team approach that targeted <strong>the</strong><br />
earlier M54 engine on <strong>the</strong> M157 system for<br />
both operational cost reduction and simplified<br />
logistics.<br />
Although <strong>the</strong> earlier M54 engines relied<br />
on unleaded gasoline only, <strong>the</strong> new<br />
M54A2 pulse jet engines burn any midviscosity<br />
<strong>Army</strong> fuel—including diesel, JP4,<br />
JP8 and motor gasoline—to produce a<br />
thick white smoke cloud. Each engine is<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> vaporizing 40 gallons <strong>of</strong> fog oil<br />
in a one-hour mission.<br />
The M1059/M1059A3 Lynx Smoke-Generator<br />
Carrier is an M113A2 armored personnel<br />
carrier modified to transport a single<br />
M157 smoke-generating set. The two<br />
generators, mounted on <strong>the</strong> ro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vehicle<br />
under armor, are remotely controlled<br />
from inside <strong>the</strong> vehicle. A 120-gallon fogoil<br />
tank located within <strong>the</strong> vehicle can generate<br />
smoke for approximately one hour<br />
without refueling. The <strong>Army</strong> initially<br />
fielded approximately 200 M1059 systems<br />
between 1988 and 1990. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se vehicle<br />
systems have now been converted to<br />
<strong>the</strong> M1059A3 configuration with <strong>the</strong> reliability<br />
improvement for selected equipment<br />
power upgrade.<br />
The M6 Countermeasure Discharger is<br />
a four-tube smoke grenade launcher that<br />
enables combat vehicles to conceal <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
from hostile surveillance, target acquisition<br />
and weapon guidance systems.<br />
The M6 can fire all Q-STAG 401 conforming<br />
grenades (66 mm) and interfaces with<br />
vehicle integrated defense systems.<br />
FUTURE COMBAT SYSTEMS<br />
The Future Combat Systems (FCS) is <strong>the</strong><br />
cornerstone <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s full spectrum<br />
modernization effort. FCS is not just a<br />
technology development program—it is<br />
<strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> new brigade combat<br />
teams (BCT). These new brigades—with<br />
more infantry, better equipment, improved<br />
communications and unmatched situational<br />
awareness—will change <strong>the</strong> way <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Army</strong> fights wars. These BCTs will prove<br />
invaluable during asymmetric <strong>of</strong>fense, defense<br />
and stability operations, allowing for<br />
precision targeted fires (keeps civilians out<br />
<strong>of</strong> harm’s way) and more infantry on <strong>the</strong><br />
ground (to patrol civilian populations).<br />
Sensors connected to <strong>the</strong> brigade combat<br />
team’s network <strong>of</strong>fer real-time situational<br />
updates allowing <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> to engage <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy before <strong>the</strong>y strike military or civilian<br />
targets.<br />
The FCS brigade combat team will use<br />
eight different variants <strong>of</strong> technologically<br />
advanced manned ground vehicles, families<br />
<strong>of</strong> unmanned munitions, air and<br />
ground vehicles, advanced tactical and urban<br />
sensors all connected by a state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>art<br />
network. Through this state-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-art<br />
network, <strong>the</strong> FCS brigade will have vastly<br />
increased situational awareness, survivability<br />
and lethality—ensuring that our<br />
soldiers can take <strong>the</strong> fight to <strong>the</strong> enemy before<br />
he knows we are <strong>the</strong>re and has time to<br />
react. By reducing vehicle crew sizes, logistics<br />
and maintenance burdens, <strong>the</strong> FCS<br />
brigade combat team [FCS (BCT)] will<br />
have nearly 50 percent more infantry Soldiers<br />
in <strong>the</strong> fight. When fully operational,<br />
<strong>the</strong> FCS (BCT) will provide <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Joint force with unprecedented capability<br />
to see <strong>the</strong> enemy, engage him on our<br />
terms and defeat him on <strong>the</strong> 21st-century<br />
battlefield.<br />
FCS (BCT) is <strong>the</strong> fastest and surest way<br />
to modernize <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>. The FCS (BCT)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>’s future tactical warfighting<br />
echelon; a ground combat force that complements<br />
<strong>the</strong> Joint team. Although optimized<br />
for <strong>of</strong>fensive operations, <strong>the</strong> FCS<br />
(BCT) will be capable <strong>of</strong> executing full<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 399
Unattended ground<br />
sensor<br />
spectrum operations. The FCS (BCT) will<br />
consist <strong>of</strong> three FCS-equipped combined<br />
arms battalions, a non-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight cannon<br />
battalion, a reconnaissance surveillance and<br />
target acquisition squadron, a brigade support<br />
battalion, a brigade intelligence and<br />
communications company, and a headquarters<br />
company. The FCS (BCT) will improve<br />
<strong>the</strong> strategic deployability and operational<br />
maneuver capability <strong>of</strong> ground combat formations<br />
without sacrificing lethality or survivability.<br />
Spin Outs & <strong>Army</strong> Evaluation<br />
Task Force (AETF)<br />
FCS (BCT) is using evolutionary acquisition<br />
to develop, field and upgrade FCS<br />
(BCT) throughout its life cycle. Since 2004,<br />
FCS has been working an accelerated de-<br />
400 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
livery schedule <strong>of</strong> selected hardware and<br />
s<strong>of</strong>tware to <strong>the</strong> current force. The <strong>Army</strong> is<br />
accelerating fielding <strong>of</strong> select FCS (BCT)<br />
capabilities (called spin outs) to reduce operational<br />
risk to <strong>the</strong> current force. Spin<br />
outs are providing early capability in force<br />
protection, networked fires, expanded battlespace<br />
and battle command and have begun<br />
testing in <strong>2008</strong>. Just as <strong>the</strong> emerging<br />
FCS (BCT) capabilities enhance <strong>the</strong> current<br />
force, <strong>the</strong> current force’s operational experience<br />
informs <strong>the</strong> FCS (BCT) program,<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r mitigating future development<br />
challenges, force management and institutional<br />
risks. In addition to <strong>the</strong> current spin<br />
outs, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong> is accelerating fielding <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> small unmanned ground vehicle robot<br />
and <strong>the</strong> Class 1 unmanned aerial vehicle.<br />
The <strong>Army</strong>’s Evaluation Task Force (AETF)<br />
(5th Brigade, 1st Armored Division) is a<br />
U.S. <strong>Army</strong> Training and Doctrine Command<br />
(TRADOC) tactical unit organized<br />
and structured to support <strong>the</strong> evaluation <strong>of</strong><br />
FCS. AETF is currently testing/evaluating<br />
FCS equipment, allowing soldier feedback<br />
to take place early in <strong>the</strong> development<br />
process. This helps developers make adjustments<br />
that soldiers want and helps to mitigate<br />
potential costly and timely changes<br />
that typically occur late in <strong>the</strong> development<br />
cycle. AETF soldiers began training with<br />
FCS hardware and s<strong>of</strong>tware in January <strong>2008</strong><br />
and are currently undergoing evaluations<br />
<strong>of</strong> Spin Out 1 equipment.<br />
Spin Out 1 consists <strong>of</strong> B-kits for<br />
Abrams, Bradley and Humvee platforms,<br />
tactical and urban sensors and non-line<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />
launch systems (NLOS-LS). B-kits<br />
provide increased situational awareness<br />
and communications through advanced<br />
network and communication settings.<br />
Spin Out 1 B-Kits include Joint Tactical<br />
Radio System Ground Mobile Radio<br />
(JTRS-GMR), Integrated Computer System<br />
(ICS), and System <strong>of</strong> Systems Common<br />
Operating System (SoSCOE). Tactical<br />
and urban sensors placed in urban settings<br />
(by soldiers) and in tactical environments<br />
will increase situational awareness<br />
by providing real-time battlespace information<br />
over <strong>the</strong> network. These act as<br />
Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine<br />
“eyes and ears” on <strong>the</strong> battlefield—allowing<br />
more soldiers in <strong>the</strong> fight—with better<br />
situational awareness. NLOS-LS provides<br />
rapidly deployable and network-linked<br />
stand<strong>of</strong>f munitions launch capability that<br />
is currently not available within <strong>the</strong> <strong>Army</strong>.<br />
FCS spin-out technology will reach operational<br />
brigades in <strong>the</strong> 2011 time frame.<br />
The FCS (BCT) Network<br />
The FCS (BCT) Network is a layered system<br />
<strong>of</strong> computers, s<strong>of</strong>tware, radios and<br />
sensors all interconnected with each variant<br />
in <strong>the</strong> FCS (BCT). Why is this network<br />
important? Currently, <strong>the</strong>re are many radio<br />
and computer systems all using various<br />
different s<strong>of</strong>tware. The problem with<br />
this is that makes it difficult to communicate.<br />
The FCS network mitigates <strong>the</strong> effects<br />
<strong>of</strong> using various systems. The FCS network<br />
enables leaders at all levels to see<br />
first, understand first, act first and finish<br />
decisively. The network connects platforms<br />
to <strong>the</strong> soldier at every echelon, from<br />
brigade to squad. The network also gives<br />
<strong>the</strong> ability to integrate our communications<br />
with o<strong>the</strong>r Department <strong>of</strong> Defense<br />
agencies and with our allies.<br />
There are five layers in <strong>the</strong> network: sensor/platform<br />
layer, application layer, services<br />
layer, transport layer and standards<br />
layer. These layers provide diversity in<br />
waveform, frequency and environment to<br />
ensure <strong>the</strong>re are multiple paths to transport<br />
<strong>the</strong> data. Each network is tailored to<br />
support <strong>the</strong> specific needs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> end users.<br />
Depending upon <strong>the</strong> communication configuration,<br />
most users will be provided<br />
with multiple layers <strong>of</strong> access. Since <strong>the</strong><br />
FCS communication environments are not<br />
forgiving, when a layer <strong>of</strong> communication<br />
becomes unavailable (due to increased<br />
range, obstructions and so on) to a node,<br />
<strong>the</strong> next best layer will be selected (with<br />
impacts to <strong>the</strong> performance) to support <strong>the</strong><br />
node’s connectivity. Toge<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong>se layers<br />
provide seamless delivery <strong>of</strong> information.<br />
Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS)<br />
The FCS (BCT) Unattended Ground Sensors<br />
(UGS) program is divided into two<br />
major subgroups <strong>of</strong> sensing systems: tactical-UGS<br />
(T-UGS) and urban-UGS (U-UGS).<br />
U-UGS provide a low-cost, network-enabled<br />
reporting system for situational<br />
awareness and force protection in an urban<br />
setting, as well as residual protection<br />
for cleared areas <strong>of</strong> military operations in<br />
urban terrain (MOUT) environments. They<br />
are hand-employed by soldiers or robotic<br />
vehicles ei<strong>the</strong>r inside or outside buildings<br />
and structures. U-UGS support BCT operations<br />
by monitoring urban choke points<br />
such as corridors and stairwells, as well as<br />
sewers, culverts and tunnels. U-UGS gateways<br />
provide <strong>the</strong> urban situational awareness<br />
data interfaced to Joint tactical radio<br />
system (JTRS) networks.
An unattended ground sensors field will<br />
include multimode sensors for target detection,<br />
location and classification, and an<br />
imaging capability for target identification.<br />
A sensor field also includes a gateway node<br />
to provide sensor fusion and a long-haul interoperable<br />
communications capability for<br />
transmitting target or situational awareness<br />
information to a remote operator, or <strong>the</strong><br />
common operating picture through <strong>the</strong> FCS<br />
(BCT) JTRS network. The UGS are used to<br />
perform mission tasks such as perimeter<br />
defense, surveillance, target acquisition and<br />
situational awareness, including chemical,<br />
radiological, nuclear and early warning.<br />
Soldiers involved in <strong>the</strong> testing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> UGS<br />
during Spin Out 1 provided invaluable<br />
feedback that has been incorporated and is<br />
now in development and testing.<br />
XM501 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight<br />
Launch System (NLOS-LS)<br />
The Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Launch System<br />
(NLOS-LS) consists <strong>of</strong> a platform-independent<br />
container launch unit (CLU) with selfcontained<br />
tactical fire-control electronics<br />
and s<strong>of</strong>tware for remote and unmanned<br />
operations. Each container launch unit consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> a computer, communications system<br />
and 15 precision attack missiles (PAM).<br />
Precision attack missiles are modular,<br />
multimission, guided missiles with two<br />
trajectories—a direct-fire or fast-attack trajectory<br />
and a boost-glide trajectory. The<br />
missile receives target information prior to<br />
launch and can receive and respond to target<br />
location updates during flight. The precision<br />
attack missile supports laser-designated,<br />
laser-anointed and autonomous<br />
operation modes and is capable <strong>of</strong> transmitting<br />
near-real-time information in <strong>the</strong><br />
form <strong>of</strong> target imagery prior to impact.<br />
PAM is being designed to defeat high pay<strong>of</strong>f<br />
light and heavy armored targets, ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
moving or stationary. The NLOS-LS, which<br />
has also successfully completed airdrops<br />
from a C-130, is part <strong>of</strong> Spin Out 1.<br />
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)<br />
The XM156 Class I Unmanned Aerial<br />
Vehicle (UAV) provides <strong>the</strong> dismounted<br />
soldier with reconnaissance, surveillance<br />
and target acquisition (RSTA). The Class I<br />
provides a hover and stare capability that is<br />
not currently available in <strong>the</strong> current <strong>Army</strong><br />
UAV inventory for urban and route surveillance.<br />
Estimated to weigh 40 pounds, <strong>the</strong><br />
air vehicle operates in complex urban and<br />
wooded terrains with a vertical take-<strong>of</strong>f and<br />
landing capability. The air vehicle also features<br />
a 10-hp heavy fuel engine and an electro-optical/infrared/laser<br />
designator/laser<br />
rangefinder payload.<br />
The Class I is interoperable with selected<br />
ground and air platforms and controlled by<br />
dismounted soldiers. It uses autonomous<br />
flight and navigation, but it will interact<br />
with <strong>the</strong> network and soldier to dynami-<br />
cally update routes and target information.<br />
It provides dedicated reconnaissance support<br />
and early warning to <strong>the</strong> lowest echelons<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brigade combat team (BCT) in<br />
environments not suited to larger assets.<br />
The system (which includes one air vehicle,<br />
a control device and ground support equipment)<br />
is transportable in two custom modular<br />
lightweight load-carrying equipment<br />
packs.<br />
Non-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />
launch system<br />
The Class I system also fills known gaps<br />
that exist in force operations, such as protect<br />
force in counterinsurgency (COIN) operations,<br />
soldier protection in COIN environment,<br />
ability to conduct Joint urban<br />
operations, enhanced ISR/RSTA capabilities,<br />
and hover and stare operations. The<br />
Class I UAV has entered accelerated evaluation<br />
by soldiers at <strong>the</strong> AETF, where soldiers<br />
have started training on <strong>the</strong> equipment.<br />
The XM157 Class IV Unmanned Aerial<br />
Vehicle (UAV) has a range and endurance<br />
appropriate for <strong>the</strong> brigade mission. It<br />
supports <strong>the</strong> brigade combat team commander<br />
with communications relay, long<br />
endurance persistent stare and wide area<br />
surveillance. Unique missions include<br />
dedicated manned and unmanned teaming<br />
with manned aviation; wide band<br />
communications relay; and stand<strong>of</strong>f chemical,<br />
biological, radiological, nuclear detection<br />
with onboard processing. Additionally,<br />
it has <strong>the</strong> payload to enhance <strong>the</strong><br />
RSTA capabilities by cross-cueing multiple<br />
sensors. The Class IV will be able to land<br />
Class I unmanned aerial vehicle<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 401
Small unmanned ground vehicle<br />
without a dedicated air field. Class IV development<br />
is shared with <strong>the</strong> Navy’s Fire<br />
Scout program.<br />
402 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine<br />
Multifunctional utility/logistics and equipment (MULE) vehicle<br />
Unmanned Ground Vehicle<br />
The Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle<br />
(SUGV) is a lightweight, manportable<br />
UGV capable <strong>of</strong> conducting military operations<br />
in urban terrain, tunnels, sewers and<br />
caves. The SUGV performs hazardous missions<br />
without directly exposing <strong>the</strong> soldier<br />
to <strong>the</strong> dangers found in manpower-intensive<br />
or high-risk missions (urban intelligence,<br />
surveillance and reconnaissance mis-<br />
sions; inspecting and evaluating suspected<br />
booby traps and improvised explosive devices<br />
and chemical/toxic industrial chemicals/toxic<br />
industrial materials/reconnaissance,<br />
and so on). The SUGV modular<br />
design allows multiple payloads to be integrated<br />
in a plug-and-play fashion. Weighing<br />
less than 30 pounds, it is capable <strong>of</strong> carrying<br />
up to 6 pounds <strong>of</strong> payload weight.<br />
The SUGV has entered accelerated evaluation<br />
by soldiers at <strong>the</strong> AETF, where soldiers<br />
have started training on <strong>the</strong> equipment.<br />
The Multifunctional Utility/Logistics<br />
and Equipment (MULE) Vehicle is a 3.5ton<br />
unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) that<br />
will support mounted, dismounted and air<br />
assault operations. The MULE common<br />
mobility platform (CMP) is <strong>the</strong> program’s<br />
centerpiece, providing superior mobility<br />
built around <strong>the</strong> propulsion and articulated<br />
suspension system to negotiate complex<br />
terrain, obstacles and gaps that a dismounted<br />
squad will encounter. In addition,<br />
<strong>the</strong> MULE vehicles are sling-loadable under<br />
military rotorcraft.<br />
The MULE vehicle has three variants<br />
sharing a common chassis: transport<br />
(MULE-T), countermine (MULE-CM) and<br />
<strong>the</strong> armed robotic vehicle (ARV)-assaultlight<br />
(ARV-A-L). The transport MULE vehicle,<br />
XM1217, carries 1,900-2,400 pounds<br />
<strong>of</strong> equipment and rucksacks for dismounted<br />
infantry squads. The rugged vehicle<br />
relieves soldiers <strong>of</strong> heavy equipment<br />
and packs while following <strong>the</strong>m through<br />
complex terrain. The countermine MULE<br />
vehicle, XM 1218, will provide <strong>the</strong> capability<br />
to detect, mark and neutralize antitank<br />
mines by integrating a mine detection mission<br />
equipment package from <strong>the</strong> ground<br />
stand<strong>of</strong>f mine detection system (GSTA-<br />
MIDS) FCS (BCT) program. The ARV-A-L<br />
MULE vehicle, XM1219, is a mobility platform<br />
with an integrated weapons and
RSTA package to support <strong>the</strong> dismounted<br />
infantry’s efforts to locate and destroy enemy<br />
platforms and positions.<br />
Manned Ground Vehicles (MGV)<br />
The XM1201 Reconnaissance and Surveillance<br />
Vehicle (RSV) is part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
manned ground vehicle (MGV) family and<br />
is <strong>the</strong> eyes and ears <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlefield. It features<br />
a suite <strong>of</strong> advanced sensors to detect,<br />
locate, track, classify and automatically<br />
identify targets from increased stand<strong>of</strong>f<br />
ranges under all climatic conditions, day or<br />
night. Included in this suite are a mastmounted,<br />
long-range electro-optic infrared<br />
sensor, an emitter mapping sensor for radio<br />
frequency intercept and direction finding,<br />
remote chemical detection and a multifunction<br />
radio frequency sensor. The RSV also<br />
features <strong>the</strong> onboard capability to conduct<br />
automatic target detection, aided target<br />
recognition and level-one sensor fusion. To<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r enhance <strong>the</strong> scout’s capabilities, <strong>the</strong><br />
RSV is equipped with unattended ground<br />
Mounted combat system<br />
sensors (UGS), a small unmanned ground<br />
vehicle (SUGV) and a Class I unmanned<br />
aerial vehicle (UAV) system.<br />
The XM1202 Mounted Combat System<br />
(MCS) is part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> manned ground vehicle<br />
(MGV) family that provides line-<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />
and beyond-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight <strong>of</strong>fensive firepower<br />
capability, allowing BCTs to close<br />
with and destroy enemy forces. The MCS<br />
delivers precision fires at a rapid rate to destroy<br />
multiple targets at stand<strong>of</strong>f ranges<br />
quickly and complements <strong>the</strong> fires <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
systems in <strong>the</strong> BCT. It is capable <strong>of</strong> providing<br />
direct support to <strong>the</strong> dismounted infantry<br />
in an assault, defeating bunkers and<br />
breaching walls during <strong>the</strong> tactical assault.<br />
When employing <strong>the</strong> mid-range munition<br />
(MRM), <strong>the</strong> MCS also provides beyondline-<strong>of</strong>-sight<br />
fires to destroy point targets<br />
through <strong>the</strong> integrated sensor network.<br />
This capability enhances system-<strong>of</strong>-systems<br />
lethality and significantly increases <strong>the</strong> options<br />
available to <strong>the</strong> BCT commander for<br />
<strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> point targets through <strong>the</strong><br />
integrated fires network. MCS shares a<br />
‘Okay, you walk up and tell<br />
him it’s a stupid looking hat.’<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 403
common chassis with <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r FCS MGVs<br />
and consists <strong>of</strong> a lightweight 120 mm cannon<br />
and an ammunition handling system.<br />
The XM1203 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Cannon<br />
(NLOS-C) is an indirect fire support component<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> manned ground vehicle<br />
(MGV) family. The NLOS-C is a self-propelled<br />
howitzer with a two-man crew. It<br />
will provide networked, extended-range,<br />
responsive and sustained precision attack<br />
<strong>of</strong> point and area targets in support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
FCS (BCT). It fires a suite <strong>of</strong> munitions to<br />
provide a variety <strong>of</strong> effects on demand including<br />
precision-guided munitions such<br />
as <strong>the</strong> XM982 Excalibur. NLOS-C provides<br />
close support and destructive fires for tactical<br />
stand<strong>of</strong>f engagement during both <strong>of</strong>fensive<br />
and defensive operations in concert<br />
with line-<strong>of</strong>-sight, beyond-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight,<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r NLOS, external and Joint capabilities<br />
in combat scenarios spanning <strong>the</strong> spectrum<br />
<strong>of</strong> ground combat and threats. It has a 155<br />
mm, Zone 4, 38-caliber cannon, fully automated<br />
armament system and a high level<br />
<strong>of</strong> commonality with o<strong>the</strong>r MGV variants.<br />
It incorporates a suite <strong>of</strong> protection measures<br />
to enhance crew and platform survivability.<br />
The NLOS-C is deployable worldwide<br />
and can operate in a wide range <strong>of</strong> natural<br />
environmental conditions. The cannon can<br />
move rapidly, stop quickly and deliver<br />
lethal first-round effects on target in record<br />
time. NLOS-C’s multiple round simultaneous<br />
impact capability, coupled with <strong>the</strong><br />
NLOS-C superior sustained rate <strong>of</strong> fire,<br />
will provide record effects on target from a<br />
smaller number <strong>of</strong> systems. The cannon,<br />
like all MGV variants, can rapidly rearm<br />
and refuel, and its system weight makes it<br />
uniquely deployable. Fully automated handling,<br />
loading and firing is a centerpiece <strong>of</strong><br />
‘Then I told <strong>the</strong><br />
king <strong>the</strong> cost to<br />
migrate from<br />
traditional,<br />
land-based<br />
networks to a<br />
satellite-based<br />
internet<br />
protocol.’<br />
FCS non-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight cannon<br />
404 <strong>ARMY</strong> ■ <strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> NLOS-C. It balances deployability and<br />
sustainability with responsiveness, lethality,<br />
survivability, agility and versatility. The<br />
NLOS-C is designed to minimize its logistic<br />
and maintenance footprint in <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater<br />
<strong>of</strong> operation and to employ advanced<br />
maintenance approaches to increase availability<br />
and to support sustainability.<br />
The XM1204 Non-Line-<strong>of</strong>-Sight Mortar<br />
(NLOS-M) is <strong>the</strong> short- to-mid-range indirect<br />
fire support component <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> manned<br />
ground vehicle (MGV) family. It provides<br />
networked, responsive and sustained indirect<br />
fire support to <strong>the</strong> combined arms battalion<br />
in <strong>the</strong> FCS (BCT). It fires a suite <strong>of</strong><br />
120 mm munitions that provide a variety <strong>of</strong><br />
fires on demand including precisionguided<br />
munitions. NLOS-M provides close<br />
support and destructive fires for tactical<br />
stand<strong>of</strong>f engagement during both <strong>of</strong>fensive<br />
and defensive operations in concert with<br />
line-<strong>of</strong>-sight, beyond-line-<strong>of</strong>-sight, o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
NLOS, external and Joint capabilities in<br />
combat scenarios spanning <strong>the</strong> spectrum <strong>of</strong><br />
ground combat and threats.<br />
The NLOS-M mounts a secondary armament<br />
and will incorporate a suite <strong>of</strong> protection<br />
measures to enhance <strong>the</strong> three-person<br />
crew’s survivability. The semiautomated<br />
ammunition handling on <strong>the</strong> NLOS-M will<br />
present <strong>the</strong> proper round from <strong>the</strong> magazines<br />
to <strong>the</strong> crewman. After <strong>the</strong> crewman<br />
has prepared <strong>the</strong> ammunition for firing, <strong>the</strong><br />
system will load and fire <strong>the</strong> round. The automated<br />
fire control will compute firing<br />
data and point <strong>the</strong> tube. It will be deployable<br />
worldwide and will operate in a wide<br />
range <strong>of</strong> climatic conditions. The NLOS-M<br />
will have a high level <strong>of</strong> commonality with<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r MGV variants and will be designed to<br />
minimize its logistic and maintenance footprint<br />
in <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater <strong>of</strong> operation. The NLOS-<br />
M will employ advanced maintenance approaches<br />
to increase availability and<br />
support sustainability.<br />
The XM1205 Field Recovery and Maintenance<br />
Vehicle (FRMV) is a maneuver<br />
sustainment system, providing recovery<br />
and maintenance support within <strong>the</strong> BCT.<br />
The brigade support battalion’s (BSB)<br />
maintenance company will have several<br />
combat repair teams (CRTs) in support <strong>of</strong><br />
each battalion-sized element in <strong>the</strong> BCT.<br />
The CRTs perform field maintenance repairs<br />
beyond <strong>the</strong> capabilities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> crew<br />
Dennis Steele/<strong>ARMY</strong> Magazine
chief/crew, more in-depth battle damage<br />
assessment and repair (BDAR), and recovery<br />
and limited towing operations utilizing<br />
<strong>the</strong> FRMV. The soldier-centric design<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> FRMV makes <strong>the</strong> CRT mechanics<br />
more combat-effective and allows <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
get disabled vehicles back into <strong>the</strong> fight<br />
sooner. Recovery <strong>of</strong> overturned or mired<br />
vehicles and maintenance lift will be accomplished<br />
using <strong>the</strong> FRMV crane and recovery<br />
winch. The FRMV will have a crew<br />
<strong>of</strong> three with additional space for two recovered<br />
crew members and carry equipment<br />
and spare parts to conduct on-site<br />
vehicle repairs. The weapon system on <strong>the</strong><br />
FRMV is <strong>the</strong> common remotely operated<br />
weapon station (CROWS).<br />
The XM1206 Infantry Combat Vehicle<br />
(ICV) is <strong>the</strong> first networked combat vehicle<br />
centered around <strong>the</strong> nine-man infantry<br />
squad. The ICV carries <strong>the</strong> base crew <strong>of</strong><br />
two plus <strong>the</strong> nine-man squad with associated<br />
combat equipment. The ICV supports<br />
<strong>the</strong> rifle squad, weapons squad, platoon<br />
leader and company commander mission<br />
roles. Regardless <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mission role, <strong>the</strong><br />
ICV appears identical from <strong>the</strong> exterior to<br />
prevent targeting <strong>of</strong> a specific ICV (for example,<br />
platoon leader). The ICV delivers<br />
<strong>the</strong> rifle squad or weapons squad to a location<br />
from which <strong>the</strong>y will conduct a close<br />
assault and provides supporting fires.<br />
The ICV will effectively employ weapon<br />
systems and rapidly maneuver during<br />
blackout, day and night operations, inclement<br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r and limited visibility periods.<br />
The squad will have access to <strong>Army</strong><br />
and Joint fire delivery systems from external<br />
sources to provide extended range,<br />
networked responsive precision or volume<br />
fires on demand in support <strong>of</strong> tactical maneuvers.<br />
The ICV can move, shoot, communicate,<br />
detect threats, and protect crew<br />
and critical components under most landsurface<br />
environments, making <strong>the</strong> infantry<br />
soldier more combat effective. Data transfer<br />
with o<strong>the</strong>r components <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> BCT permits<br />
constant update <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common operational<br />
picture and rapid identification <strong>of</strong><br />
targets. The ICV features <strong>the</strong> MK44 30 mm<br />
cannon as its primary armament, plus a<br />
7.62 machine gun.<br />
The XM1207 & XM1208 Medical Vehicles<br />
are designed around <strong>the</strong> medical<br />
physicians providing advanced trauma<br />
life support within one hour to critically<br />
injured soldiers. The medical vehicles<br />
serve as <strong>the</strong> primary medical system<br />
within <strong>the</strong> BCT and have two variants:<br />
evacuation and treatment. The time-sensitive<br />
nature <strong>of</strong> treating critically injured soldiers<br />
requires an immediately responsive<br />
force health protection system with an expedient<br />
field evacuation system. The medical<br />
vehicle-evacuation (MV-E) provides<br />
ground medical evacuation for up to four<br />
litter patients, six ambulatory patients or a<br />
combination <strong>of</strong> three litter and three ambulatory<br />
patients as it maneuvers with<br />
combat units. The medical vehicle–treatment<br />
(MV-T) vehicle provides advanced<br />
trauma management (ATM)/advanced<br />
trauma life support (ATLS) forward on <strong>the</strong><br />
battlefield for more rapid casualty interventions<br />
and clearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlespace.<br />
Both medical vehicle versions will be capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> conducting medical procedures and<br />
treatments using installed networked<br />
medical information interfaces, with <strong>the</strong><br />
ability to interface with medical communi-<br />
Non-line-<strong>of</strong>sight<br />
mortar<br />
cations for combat casualty care (MC 4 ) and<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater medical information program<br />
(TMIP). Real-time monitoring/reporting<br />
<strong>of</strong> medical status during medical sustainment<br />
operations will be achieved.<br />
The XM1209 Command and Control Vehicle<br />
(C 2 V) is part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> manned ground<br />
vehicle (MGV) family and <strong>the</strong> hub <strong>of</strong> battlefield<br />
command and control. The C 2 V platform<br />
provides <strong>the</strong> tools for commanders to<br />
synchronize <strong>the</strong>ir knowledge <strong>of</strong> combat<br />
power with <strong>the</strong> human dimension <strong>of</strong> leadership.<br />
It is located within <strong>the</strong> headquarters<br />
sections at each echelon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> BCT (down<br />
to <strong>the</strong> company level) and contains <strong>the</strong><br />
warfighter machine interface that allows<br />
commanders and <strong>the</strong>ir staffs to access battle<br />
command applications. These applications<br />
enable commanders and <strong>the</strong>ir staffs to perform<br />
tasks such as fusing friendly, enemy,<br />
civilian, wea<strong>the</strong>r and terrain situations and<br />
distributing this information via a common<br />
operating picture. Commanders also utilize<br />
<strong>the</strong> C 2 V’s integrated C 4 ISR suite to receive,<br />
analyze and transmit tactical information<br />
both inside and outside <strong>the</strong> BCT.<br />
The command and control vehicle (C 2 V)<br />
can also employ unmanned systems, such as<br />
unmanned aerial vehicles, to enhance situational<br />
awareness throughout <strong>the</strong> BCT. ✭<br />
<strong>October</strong> <strong>2008</strong> ■ <strong>ARMY</strong> 405