Livestock Services and the Poor: A global initiative - IFAD

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Livestock can help cement social networks 16 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR Table 1.3: Place of livestock in income of the rich and poor Country Ethiopia Egypt Kenya Pakistan Philippines Wealth/Poverty Indicator household income landholdings household income from dairy business household income household income Stratum very poor poor landless largest landholding lowest 1/5 highest 1/5 lowest 1/5 highest 1/5 lowest 1/5 highest 1/5 Household Income from Livestock (%) 6 24 A study by Woodcock and Narayan (2000) classifies social capital into three types: bonding, bridging and linking. Bonding social capital is the tie among immediate family members, while bridging social capital refers to the weaker relationships among persons of differing geographic location, ethnicity, or occupation. Linking social capital describes the relationships between poor people and formal institutions such as NGOs or governments. For example, in many poor households, livestock is shared or loaned among relatives and friends or reared for absentee owners (Beck, 1994; Heffernan and Misturelli, 2000). These arrangements can vary widely, from straightforward rental agreements to more complex loan arrangements in which the duration of the payback may be intergenerational. Animals may also be given as gifts, and, in this manner, livestock can help cement social networks and community-level obligations among households (Lesorogol, forthcoming). However, not all livestock-share arrangements are based purely on social networks. For example, poor farmers in Bolivia often participate in Al-Partido, a commercially based livestock share-rearing arrangement. Most livestock ‘credit-in-kind’ 63 14 63 38 25 9 23 10 Delgado et al (1999).
CHAPTER 1: POOR LIVESTOCK KEEPERS programmes (de Haan et al., 2001) are based on a commercial principle of “passing on” one or more animal offspring to other members of the community. In eastern Africa pastoralist societies, livestock loans are generally less common than livestock gifts (Heffernan and Misturelli, 2000). Moreover, both loans and gifts tend to be less commercially oriented and more dependent on social capital arrangements. As such, gifts and loans are transacted both formally and informally (Heffernan and Misturelli, 2000). For example, in many societies, dowry and bride wealth are paid in livestock, and livestock is often given in direct response to the emergency needs of friends and neighbours. On the other hand, herders in Western Africa tend to spread their herds among several relatives so as to share the risks of drought and disease. In the Sahel, livestock can also be loaned for herding either on a shared-offspring basis, or on a commercial cash basis. For pastoralists in Eastern Africa, traditional restocking mechanisms occur both at the community and individual levels. For instance, wealthier individuals among the Boran tribe are expected to donate livestock to poorer tribe members on a yearly basis that is determined by sitting groups of elders, thereby contributing to the social security of community members. Likewise, land and water, as well as livestock, are traditionally part of complex common property systems among Maasai pastoralists. These systems act to assure access to important resources by all community members and thereby fulfil the important functions of social security and conflict resolution (Loft, 2002). However, the use of livestock as social capital may become less frequent as the role of livestock slowly becomes a more productive-oriented and commercial one. In a study among pastoralists in Kenya, for example, Heffernan and Misturelli (2000) found that the formal role of livestock in inheritance, bride wealth and other ceremonies is now much more important than the informal role in gift giving. Traditional livestock distribution systems can act as a form of social security The use of livestock as social capital may become less frequent 17
Page 1 and 2: Nearly one billion livestock are ke
Page 3 and 4: © 2004 International Fund for Agri
Page 5 and 6: iv Figures Figure 1.1 The poverty c
Page 8 and 9: Foreword About 900 million of the w
Page 10 and 11: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report, prepa
Page 12 and 13: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The world communi
Page 14 and 15: E XECUTIVE SUMMARY HIV/AIDS AIDS-af
Page 16 and 17: E XECUTIVE SUMMARY delivery of serv
Page 18 and 19: E XECUTIVE SUMMARY access to credit
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION The fight against pove
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTION identity. Livestock is
Page 25: INTRODUCTION adequate for livestock
Page 28 and 29: 8 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR P
Page 30 and 31: 600 million poor livestock Keepers
Page 32 and 33: 12 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR
Page 48 and 49: 28 Enhancing gender equity may redu
Page 52 and 53: The poor should define their own ne
Page 60 and 61: 40 Inappropriate livestock producti
Page 66 and 67: The public sector must provide an e
Page 68 and 69: Decentralization brings decision-ma
Page 70 and 71: 50 The interests of NGOs are not th
Page 72 and 73: Alternative models linking local pa
Page 74 and 75: Dominated by government and NGOs Th
Page 76 and 77: Producer organizations can also aim
Page 78 and 79: 58 Supply public support through or
Page 82: 62 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR
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CHAPTER 3: POVERTY FOCUS OF LIVESTO
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Box 3.2 shows five biases of livest
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Box 3.4: Livestock component in Cam
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limited, and the dependency on purc
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Box 3.6: A rabbit project in Togo C
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Table 3.1: Primary features of two
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Box 3.14: Self-help groups in the I
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Box 3.16: Loans for women dairy soc
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RECOMMENDED ACTIONS The overall con
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Focus on Key Issues CHAPTER 4: RECO
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Recommendations CHAPTER 4: RECOMMEN
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The following are required for more
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CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDED ACTIONS Init
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126 LIVESTOCK SERVICES AND THE POOR
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Livestock Services and the Poor: A global initiative - IFAD

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