The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

6.10 Investigation of groundwater-surface water interactions during a flood event....................................... 210
6.10.1 Conceptual model ........................................................................................................................... 210
6.10.2 Application of the analytical model of transient groundwater-surface water interactions. ............. 211
6.10.3 Application of the FAT3D cross sectional model...........................................................................212
6.10.4 Results and discussion .................................................................................................................... 213
6.11 Investigate the control of unsaturated flow processes and the capillary fringe on the fluctuation
of the water table in response to changes in river stage................................................................................. 221
6.11.1 Conceptual model ........................................................................................................................... 221
6.11.2 Modelling of the unsaturated zone using the UNSAT code............................................................ 223
6.11.2.1 Boundaries and grid layout .......................................................................................................... 224
6.11.2.2 Procedure adopted, starting conditions and modelling periods.................................................... 224
6.11.2.3 Calculation of apparent and global specific yield ........................................................................ 225
6.11.2.4 Model Parameters ........................................................................................................................ 225
6.11.3 Results and discussion .................................................................................................................... 226
6.12 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................ 233
CHAPTER 7. GROUNDWATER /SURFACE WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS................... 237
7.1 Indications of water quality in the groundwater and surface water systems from electrical
conductivity measurements............................................................................................................................. 241
7.2 The pH and redox environment ................................................................................................................ 246
7.3 Anion Hydrochemistry ............................................................................................................................. 251
7.4 Major Cation Hydrochemistry .................................................................................................................. 263
7.5 Toxic Metals ............................................................................................................................................. 271
7.6 Discharge across the groundwater-surface water interface of a multi-component contaminant
plume .............................................................................................................................................................. 273
7.7 Organic Water Quality.............................................................................................................................. 284
7.8 Biodegradation and transport of chlorinated solvents across the groundwater/surface water
interface .......................................................................................................................................................... 295
7.9 Comparison of results with general toxicity standards ............................................................................. 305
7.10 Concluding Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 308