The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Conceptual model of groundwater flows to a river 8
2.2 Schematic section through a riverbed, (a) longitudinal (b) lateral. 10
2.3 Conceptual model of contaminant inputs to a river. 13
3.1 (a) Catchment map of the Upper Tame (b) Topography of the study reach (c) Regional Setting. 27
3.2 (a) Land use map within 1 km of the River Tame, (b) Categorisation of land use 31
3.3 (a) Photograph of the River Tame by the M6 Motorway, (b) Installation of riverbed piezometers. 33
3.4 Schematic geology of the study area. 35
3.5 Schematic geological cross of the study area. 35
3.6 Solid geology of the Tame catchment. 36
3.7 Drift and solid geology across the unconfined Birmingham Aquifer. 36
3.8 Historical abstraction from the Birmingham Aquifer and its effect on water level. 44
3.9 Water table in the Birmingham Aquifer from (a) pre-abstraction times (b) 1966 (c) 1976 (d) 1988/89. 45
3.10 Schematic cross section showing groundwater age groups within the Birmingham aquifer. 49
4.1 Location of the Surface Water Sampling and Flow Gauging Sites on the River Tame. 59
4.2 Location of the Riverbed Piezometers, Shallow Piezometers and Agency Monitoring Wells. 60
4.3 Water quality sample locations for the survey of Sutton Park. 62
4.4 Construction of Mini Drive-point Piezometer. 72
4.5 Pressure Logging System. 80
4.6 Schematic diagram representing variables in the steady state temperature calculation. 91
4.7 Construction of seepage meter. 100
4.8 Schematic diagram for radial flow calculation. 101