The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS anthropogenic sources. Variations in upstream discharges cause large temporal fluctuations (>20 mgl -1 in 1.5 hours, 11/5/01) in surface water calcium concentrations that mask any change that may occur due to groundwater discharge, either from the Triassic Sandstone aquifer, or from the Carboniferous strata. The quality of waters discharging from opposite banks of the river may differ markedly, as in the case of Profile 5 (at 0 km, Figure 7.11a) located in parkland on the Carboniferous-aquifer boundary. High levels of calcium were detected discharging from the northern bank and low calcium concentrations from the south. The high calcium levels were associated with elevated levels of trichloroethene (TCE) that were unexpected in the park land. An industrial site thought to be the source was located from aerial photographs
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the upstream flux. Magnesium and potassium (Figure 7.11c) display a similar increasing trend across the aquifer. Good evidence of the imported origin of the surface water is seen by the contrast with the groundwater for the Na, Ca, Cl and SO4 data (Figure 7.12a and b). A relationship is apparent in all the types of urban groundwater sampled between the concentrations of sodium and calcium in the approximate milli-equivalent ratio 1:4 (Figure 7.12a). This may be due to the fact that contamination by both NaCl and CaSO4 often occur together at a site and therefore higher levels of contamination have a proportionate increase in both Na and Ca concentrations. The ratio of chloride to sulphate shows a similar relationship (Figure 7.12b) but with a higher degree of scatter between the points. The closer grouping of data points for the calcium/sodium relationship may indicate that additional controls such as ion-exchange are taking place. The Na:Ca ratios show a fairly distinct divide between samples of groundwater and surface water with little overlap, implying a limited extent to the groundwater/surface water mixing zone. A greater overlap is observed between groundwater and surface water concentrations for chloride and sulphate. This may be coincidental, or it may imply that surface water influent to the groundwater system has undergone a decrease of the Na/Ca ratio via ionic exchange, with the relatively conservative Cl/SO4 ratio remaining unchanged. However, the large heterogeneity in the system, and in the sample types and depths, introduces a high degree of uncertainty and makes it difficult to draw any valid conclusions on this. 269
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THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
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ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
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5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
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6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
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6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
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APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
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1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
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4) to develop suitable monitoring m
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INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
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REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
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REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
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REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
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Abstraction For drinking water supp
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REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
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2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
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REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
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REVIEW owing to their widespread de
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REVIEW have been used to determine
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REVIEW and under conditions of non-
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(b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
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STUDY SETTING But under the General
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(a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
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(a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph o
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Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
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Table 3.1 Description of geological
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Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
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STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
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STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
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STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
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Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
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STUDY SETTING water quality through
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STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
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STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
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2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
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Water quality data were collected i
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
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4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
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K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Run
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS nex
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
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4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
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q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
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Determinands Method of analyses Ana
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
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5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
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Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
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4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
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5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
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GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
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Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
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5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
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Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
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Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
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Location Specific Discharge (md -1
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5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
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Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
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5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
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CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
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6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
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39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
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Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
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11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
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Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
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Analytical solution for the saturat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
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95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
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Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
Page 237 and 238: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
Page 239 and 240: Specific discharge to the river fro
Page 241 and 242: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
Page 243 and 244: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
Page 245 and 246: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
Page 247 and 248: Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
Page 249 and 250: Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
Page 251 and 252: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
Page 253 and 254: 6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
Page 255 and 256: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
Page 257 and 258: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
Page 259 and 260: Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
Page 261 and 262: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
Page 263 and 264: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
Page 265 and 266: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
Page 267 and 268: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
Page 269 and 270: (a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
Page 271 and 272: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
Page 273 and 274: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
Page 275 and 276: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
Page 277 and 278: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
Page 279 and 280: (a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
Page 281 and 282: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
Page 283 and 284: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
Page 285 and 286: Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
Page 287: (a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
Page 291 and 292: 7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
Page 293 and 294: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
Page 295 and 296: 95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
Page 297 and 298: (a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
Page 299 and 300: (a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
Page 301 and 302: (a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
Page 303 and 304: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
Page 305 and 306: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
Page 307 and 308: Number of samples greater than dete
Page 309 and 310: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The only
Page 311 and 312: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS source f
Page 313 and 314: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
Page 315 and 316: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The Envi
Page 317 and 318: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
Page 319 and 320: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grou
Page 321 and 322: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS value of
Page 323 and 324: Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
Page 325 and 326: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
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Page 329 and 330: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
Page 331 and 332: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
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Page 335 and 336: GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
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GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
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HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
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Residential roof run-off *1 General
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GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
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Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
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(a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
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GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
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Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
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GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
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Maximum concentration in the plume
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GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
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Estimate of mass flux from the plum
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GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
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GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
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CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
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CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
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CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
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CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
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CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
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CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
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REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
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REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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