The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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Concentration (μgl -1 ) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Concentrations of PCE, TCE and Cis 1,2-DCE in groundwater discharging from the southern bank together with the ratio of TCE/DCE to indicate the degree of biodegradation. TCE/DCE PCE TCE cis-1,2-DCE 5 11 12 4 2 1 13 14 6 19 15 10 8 9 16 17 18 Riverbed profile going downstream TCE Profile 8, 62 μgl -1 TCE Profile 9, 52 μgl -1 Figure 7.24 The ratio of TCE to Cis 1,2- DCE as an indication of biodegradation. 10 1 0.1 0.01 TCE/DCE
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The groundwater/surface water interface provides an environment rich in dissolved organic carbon and other nutrients suitable for sustained microbial activity, which may lead to reducing conditions conducive to biodegradation. Previous work (Conant, 2000) has recorded dramatic reductions in PCE concentration (from 3700 μgl -1 to < 50 μgl -1 ) in a plume over a 15 cm vertical interval of riverbed in areas of low to moderate groundwater discharge rates. Biodegradation reactions themselves often occur rapidly, but time may be required for microbial activity to consume oxygen and develop a suitable anaerobic and reducing environment before the groundwater discharges to the river. Reducing conditions have been recorded at several locations within the Tame riverbed but often the oxygen content is too high and sulphate reducing conditions have not developed. Flow velocities are thought to be generally rapid (>50 cmd -1 ) through the sand and gravel of the riverbed with a limited residence time over which degradation may occur. However, considerable heterogeneity in flow exists both across the channel and along the reach and it is likely that low flow zones exist that are conducive to biodegradation. Modelling indicates that the highest flow rates occur immediately adjacent to, and through, the riverbank. Flow from these areas is derived from local shallow groundwater that flows at relatively high velocity through the drift deposits. The chance for biodegradation to occur in plumes derived from sources local to the river therefore appears to be considerably lower than for sources that are more distant. Sorption of the hydrophobic contaminants onto organic matter will retard transport rates and will increase the residence time during which microbial action can occur. The results of the fOC analyses performed on 15 riverbed core samples gave an organic carbon content ranging from 0.08% to 9.18% with a mean of 1.12% (median 0.37%). These values are similar to those found by analyses (Shepherd, 2002) of the flood plain alluvium (mean 1.2%, n=2) and 299
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THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
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ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
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5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
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6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
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6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
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APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
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1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
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4) to develop suitable monitoring m
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INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
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REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
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REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
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REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
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Abstraction For drinking water supp
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REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
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2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
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REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
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REVIEW owing to their widespread de
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REVIEW have been used to determine
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REVIEW and under conditions of non-
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(b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
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STUDY SETTING But under the General
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(a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
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(a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph o
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Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
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Table 3.1 Description of geological
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Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
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STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
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STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
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STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
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Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
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STUDY SETTING water quality through
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STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
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STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
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2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
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Water quality data were collected i
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
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4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
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K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Run
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS nex
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
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4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
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q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
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Determinands Method of analyses Ana
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
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5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
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Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
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4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
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5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
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GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
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Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
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5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
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Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
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Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
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Location Specific Discharge (md -1
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5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
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Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
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5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
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CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
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6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
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39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
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Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
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11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
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Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
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Analytical solution for the saturat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
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95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
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Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
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Specific discharge to the river fro
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
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Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
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Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
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6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
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Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
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Page 273 and 274: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
Page 275 and 276: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
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Page 279 and 280: (a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
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Page 283 and 284: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
Page 285 and 286: Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
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Page 291 and 292: 7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
Page 293 and 294: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
Page 295 and 296: 95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
Page 297 and 298: (a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
Page 299 and 300: (a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
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Page 303 and 304: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
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Page 313 and 314: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
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Page 323 and 324: Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
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Page 329 and 330: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
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Page 335 and 336: GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
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Page 341 and 342: HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
Page 343 and 344: Residential roof run-off *1 General
Page 345 and 346: GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
Page 347 and 348: Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
Page 349 and 350: (a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
Page 351 and 352: GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
Page 353 and 354: Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
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Page 367 and 368: CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
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CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
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CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
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CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
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CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
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CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
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REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
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REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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