The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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STUDY SETTING Coal Measures support some abstraction from minor aquifer units comprising highly fractured multi-layered sandstones inter-bedded with shale. Little natural connectivity is thought to exist with the overlying Triassic and the erosional surface of the Carboniferous forms the effective base of the Birmingham aquifer . The Birmingham Fault is a low permeability feature, and a significant drop in piezometric head (
STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to the underlying aquifer (Land, 1966, Jackson et al., 1983). At the present time, however, the recovery in water levels implies that the Tame is now receiving groundwater discharge over most of its length with, perhaps, the exception of localised areas adjacent to abstractions. The Birmingham Aquifer has supported substantial abstraction in the past for industrial purposes and limited public supply, reaching a peak of 60 Mld -1 (Figure 3.8) during the 1950s. This produced drawdown in some areas of up to 30m below the original postulated levels (Figure 3.9a and b). Industrial closures and changing practices has led to a decline in abstraction to approximately 13 Mld -1 (Environment Agency, 1999) and a consequent rise in the water table (Figure 3.9 c and d). An investigation was undertaken (Knipe et al., 1993) into the engineering implications of the groundwater rise because of concern about foundation stability, basement flooding and the mobilisation of contaminants from previously unsaturated waste. The limited data available from pumping tests indicate a range in transmissivities of between 150 – 300 m 2 d -1 for the Birmingham Aquifer (Knipe et al., 1993). Values of conductivity and porosity assigned to the aquifer subdivisions by Lovelock (1977) are as follows: Formation Khorizontal md -1 Kvertical md -1 Porosity Kidderminster 3.5 2.7 0.29 Wildmoor 1 0.83 0.27 Bromsgrove 0.93 0.53 0.28 Table 3.2 Hydraulic properties of the subdivisions of the Birmingham Aquifer 43
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THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
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ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
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5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
Page 11 and 12: 6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
Page 15 and 16: 6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
Page 19 and 20: APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
Page 21 and 22: 1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
Page 23 and 24: 4) to develop suitable monitoring m
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
Page 27 and 28: REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
Page 29 and 30: REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
Page 31 and 32: REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
Page 33 and 34: Abstraction For drinking water supp
Page 35 and 36: REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
Page 39 and 40: REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
Page 41 and 42: REVIEW owing to their widespread de
Page 43 and 44: REVIEW have been used to determine
Page 45 and 46: REVIEW and under conditions of non-
Page 47 and 48: (b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
Page 49 and 50: STUDY SETTING But under the General
Page 51 and 52: (a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
Page 53 and 54: (a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph o
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.1 Description of geological
Page 59 and 60: Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
Page 61: STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
Page 65 and 66: (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
Page 67 and 68: STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
Page 69 and 70: Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
Page 71 and 72: STUDY SETTING water quality through
Page 73 and 74: STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
Page 75 and 76: STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
Page 77 and 78: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
Page 79 and 80: 2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
Page 81 and 82: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
Page 83 and 84: Water quality data were collected i
Page 85 and 86: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
Page 91 and 92: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
Page 93 and 94: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the
Page 95 and 96: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
Page 97 and 98: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
Page 99 and 100: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
Page 101 and 102: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
Page 103 and 104: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
Page 105 and 106: 4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
Page 107 and 108: K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
Page 109 and 110: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Run
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS nex
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
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4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
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q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
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Determinands Method of analyses Ana
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
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5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
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Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
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4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
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5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
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GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
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Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
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5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
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Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
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Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
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Location Specific Discharge (md -1
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5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
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Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
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5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
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CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
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6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
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39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
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Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
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11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
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Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
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Analytical solution for the saturat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
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95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
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Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
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Specific discharge to the river fro
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
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Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
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Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
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6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
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Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
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(a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
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(a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
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Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
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(a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the u
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7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
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95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
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(a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
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(a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
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(a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
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Number of samples greater than dete
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The only
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS source f
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The Envi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grou
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS value of
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Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Standard
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS these fa
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GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
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GROUNDWATER FLUX solution then the
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GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
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HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
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Residential roof run-off *1 General
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GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
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Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
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(a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
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GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
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Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
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GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
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Maximum concentration in the plume
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GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
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Estimate of mass flux from the plum
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GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
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GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
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CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
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CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
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CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
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CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
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CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
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CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
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REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
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REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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