On the non-Aryan languages of India

ON THE NON-AETAN LANGUAGES OF INDIA. 5
of the plural of the pronoun of the first person, one including,
the other excluding, the person addressed. As regards the
verbs, there is a negative voice, but no passive voice, and there
is a causal form. Grammatical categories and relations are
sometimes expressed by a modification of the root, instead of
by affixes ; for instance, in Tamil, as pointed out by Caldwell,
the final sonant is changed into a surd, and doubled, to con-
vert an intransitive into a transitive verb, to form the
preterite tense, to form derivative nouns from verbal themes,
and to change a substantive into an adjective. Similar
changes also take place in the other languages, though not
quite to the same extent. Then there are changes of the
initial consonant of the second of two nouns in juxtaposition,
showing their relations, some of which resemble the mutation
of consonants in Keltic grammar. Thus, in Canarese and
Telugu, as in Welsh, an initial surd is changed into a sonant
to show that the preceding noun is in the genitive relation ;
as in Telugu -poetry, pnll doka 'a tiger's tail,' which trans-
lated literally into Welsh would be feigr-gi/njfon ; the radical
forms being toJia and cyvffon, both signifying 'a tail.' Nor
are root-vowels unchangeable. There are instances of the
lengthening of the root- vowel to convert a verb into a noun,
without any extraneous addition ; of the shortening of the
root-vowels of the pronouns of the first and second person in
the oblique form ; and there is the Tamil and Canarese
shortening of the root-vowel in the preterite tense.
Next to the Dravidian, and also south of the Vindhya, we
have the Kolarian, a much smaller group, which probably
does not include more than two millions of people, though
ethnologically the group is very much larger. The principal
members of this group appear to be the Santali, Mundari,
Ho, Bhumij, Korwa, Kharria, Juang, Kurku, and probably
Savara ; some of these are not distinguished from each other
by more than dialectal differences. The Juangs are isolated
amidst an Uriya-speaking Aryan population ; they disclaim
all connexion with the Hos or other Kolarians ; and yet they
have preserved a remarkable number of common words. The
Kurkus of the Central Provinces are separated by a distance