Mireille Consalvey PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

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F- -0 : .......................... %E ................... EU .c .2u0 . .m .......... -0 r_ .................. Er- - IZI N Ici ce U -0 cn ý -a .............. W-d (n CM u i-.
(-Jlaptýýr j( rcllcj-ý11 ý: - oxygen. An oxygen molecule as well as four hydrogen ions are released for every tWO H20 molecules oxidised. Photon absorption initiates the transfer of another electron through phaeophytin to QA and then to QB. At the same time two protons are picked up from the surrounding medium to produce a fully reduced QBH2. This then dissociates from the membrane to transfer its electrons to the b6-f complex and during this process 4 protons are released into the lumen. An oxidised quinone becomes the new QB- Plastocyanin transfers electrons from the b6-f complex to P700, therefore is the electron donor for P700. The protons in the lumen (from the splitting of H20 and QB transfer) diffuse to the enzyme ATP synthase, and down an electrochemical energy gradient into the stroma to synthesise ATP. ATP is used in the carbon reduction reactions (Calvin cycle). Energy is being funnelled to P700 from its antennae complex and the electrons are elevated to a higher level than in photosystern 11. The electron acceptors for PSI are highly unstable and therefore have not been identified. One of the early acceptors is thought to be a chlorophyll (Ao) pnor to a quinone A series of iron-sulphur proteins (FeSx, FeSB and FeSA) (A, ). transfer energy to ferredoxin (Fd). The soluble protein ferrodoxin-NADP reductase (Fp) reduces NADP + to NADPH, which is also used in the Calvin cycle. NADP+ is the final electron acceptor in the Z scheme that started with the oxidation of H20. The accessory pigments, the carotenoids, are intimately associated with both the antennae and reaction centre chlorophylls. Whilst they rapidly transfer energy to chlorophyll, the efficiency of energy transfer from carotenold to chlorophyll is less than chlorophyll to chlorophyll. Carotenoids can therefore have protective functions regarding the photosynthetic apparatus, dissipating 12 !ý Alon
Page 1 and 2: 42 =>
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Declaration ii Ac
Page 5 and 6: 4 Laboratory investigation into mic
Page 7 and 8: temperatures on fluorescence parame
Page 9 and 10: always been real sweeties. Also tha
Page 11 and 12: Chl Chlorophyll Chl a Chlorophyll a
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION Wo
Page 15 and 16: (, 'I, I 1)CI ii I lU RH araphid (n
Page 17 and 18: dpl. II (I c I) cIq 111 I-Itro-ducJ
Page 19 and 20: c 11 cIa 11 (T-oduct-Ioll integrate
Page 21 and 22: ( lapRl Wilclul IfInOdik 11011 impo
Page 23: Chdpt(1111 1. -, -- I--, -- -- I, -
Page 27 and 28: 1.3.2. The Photosynthetic carbon re
Page 29 and 30: ( CflCI iii I TI )dU( t Zingmark 19
Page 31 and 32: ( lidptLI ( ft fln JI flU UII Di wh
Page 33 and 34: Cha ter I (iclicl-al IntroiftwOoll
Page 35 and 36: whilst cells minimise their exposur
Page 37 and 38: 1. Pigments Introduction Chlorophyl
Page 39 and 40: Spectral reflectance studies examin
Page 41 and 42: (-'Ilaptcýr J, I, -, --, --, --, -
Page 43 and 44: ( anci JII )tI( )(Jtk IO) which buf
Page 45 and 46: ( ! p1'1 -- -1 -ý T-( ý 1)era J-1
Page 47 and 48: Uh Temporal changes in the microsca
Page 49 and 50: (I (rcI IpuiE't, cells as they emer
Page 51 and 52: ( hap'wv -1 ( ýI II ntrodt 1ý t I
Page 53 and 54: ( hapi"T 1 11 1- 11 1- ---- -- -- 1
Page 55 and 56: (A lal )te II- iý; 11 11 1 1- IIIJ
Page 57 and 58: ( 1ý lv-ý ý12, -) -, - -- - -- -
Page 59 and 60: 2.1.3. The Colne Estuary "VIt"utc-1
Page 61 and 62: (I --- -- "I'l- I -11-1--l- -I--"--
Page 63 and 64: E I I Uneven surface topography ma]
Page 65 and 66: 2.4. Wet bulk density (Equation 2.2
Page 67 and 68: ('liapti 2- 2.5.4. Cell identificat
Page 69 and 70: ( hapt )- acetone and DMF do not di
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2 Materials and Nlethocts P
Page 73 and 74: Prior to a run all solvents were ge
Page 75 and 76:
(h1ft 'ý, I (I ', tý7! ýI)iI"Iý
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QLapteLi2 2.6.6. Troubleshooting th
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---- ------ at 486.5 nm on a Cecil
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Figure 2.10. A) The fibre optic mea
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tcl -1 Materials jnd 'Mclho(k attac
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Chapt r2 Materials mid Methods A hi
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2 2.9.2. Fluorescence parameters Fl
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CHAPTER THREE ! i()fi1I1I 1]lILli\L
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- -I ii-ofj) II 1- 1-() 111 llatim
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Biofilill follllýltioll ailki de,
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I Fresh sea water 0 inflow Petri di
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" V. 74ý IkIftill AV Ali 4ft llý
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CD 70 60 50 40 30 20 02468 10 12 14
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'I) 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
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Aiil- . -, ý'. 4 ý.. , lo "CJ U r
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70 65 60 55 50 -m 45 0 C) cu E 40 3
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3.1. There was a significant differ
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(F5,12ý1.48, p=O. 266). The colloi
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ý-Jofilj I I,, Corn I, atio IIoIId
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100- 80- 60- 40- 20- 01 0 100-1 80
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6) 5 4 3 2 I 01111 40 45 50 55 7- 6
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llaptýýl 3 Riof-11111 f6l matioll
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C, ý E z 6 5- 4 3- 6- 2- 5- _0 4-
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13i(, )flllll f'ormatioll alld (]C\
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Colloidal carbohydrates 13iof-11111
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- ------ J i of -11 d 11 -i dd and
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! )f]llfl 101 IfliltIoll l1l(l1l de
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The presence of grazers in the fiel
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Table 3.4: Correlative relationship
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I. ahoratory investiLalion iln-lo-
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Chapici 4 Laborator\ hivest' jgauml
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11 tei 41 ahora ao I% tigallon -- i
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"' 0 . C13 CIS m 1 1 ; -10 --1 5 -0
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u r . mu tu Q) Q) P. Q) C) 2 ý- ý
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liapiý,, i 4 iilvý: Ajt III()[) l
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. ..... ..... kihorator wo Inicrol)
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Water level 00 High tide Low 10 tid
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Chapter 4 4.2.4. Pigment determinat
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IIa lit ei--" -aborutorv II III to,
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LO (n CD 0 140 120 100 80 =3 i; --
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C: 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 .2o. o4 0 co
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0.88 0.86 LO Eý 0.84 LLý 0.82 0.8
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-C 100 200 300 400 500 PPFD (ý, mo
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( li-, tp-lci 4_-, -- -, -1, aho_r
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C: E 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 2 c:: 0.4 (D c
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0.90 E 0.88 U- Li 0.86 0.84 Low tid
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-. 1-Aho-ratory i 11-1ý1, -Clýtj
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0 CL (D Cl) 0 CL x 0 w -0 21 G) cm
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Rates of change (Eden April) 1) Ove
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liapl, cr 4 1.. ahoray III%: (, 1:
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0.82 'ý' 0.81 LL. . 2) 0.80 0.79 0
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ce Cd -a gý- -+ Um (n " -C. , m CI
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( hapt I ahorator u on ns1r / in wa
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(11ýqjtý2i 4 I. abon'tiolvimc, .
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J-1a Ii 1--c i oll Itil'o tll'! rw
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( ! q)1 II CtRdtIO(I Ito flhII 01)h
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In ýiw mw Ll->illýg CHAPTER FIVE
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%im illvestiLalion into micronfivto
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( /11 /Iu The following day the tan
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Figure 5.2: (A) Experimental set-up
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f- Ii 7-f .r- 1« Figure 5.3: (A) T
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Table 5.5: Sampling schedules in si
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Changes in Fluorescence parameters
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5.3.2. Colne Estuary (U. K. ) Day 1
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hi . ýilll jtlvý: SliLatiorl lilt
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0 0- 0- C 0) 0- 2000 1500 )6 42 c:
Page 208 and 209:
ýifu ilivcSit'. 'alion ilito 1111c
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5.3.3. Eden Estuary (U. K. ) Physic
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300- 275- 250- 225- c 200- 0 :3 = 1
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1.6 1.4 E 1.2 =3 D 0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.
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1'-1 wa 1wation 111to 1111cl YI In
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ct C) 1: 1 ý, c r- 00 kf) a c) t)b
Page 220 and 221:
( hcqici Iii situ n Ito 1 ICI Oph\
Page 222 and 223:
Cý, ýZlt]Oll 111to l! llCloDl)vLo
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n Sim Into Jlqý: loj! hyw be I Ith
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n wif Im iý ýI Im Ill to III 11ý
Page 228 and 229:
hapler 5- In sill Iin vcstjý, a Ii
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ha In ýim ilm CS11,2anorl into --p
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'hapt in I'l II cl-w II rl I,, CHAP
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(, 11 a tý-c-t -) --0 operational
Page 236 and 237:
( hdpir ( 1)ici iition in rlI]cIopl
Page 238 and 239:
(--- 1)cI \ ai 1JI? )fl fl rfliL to
Page 240 and 241:
Chapici 6 Dwl \ariatioriý, m biol-
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11c1j)ft () I )1 ai a in iiioiJIi t
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(-J Table 6.2: Sampling schedule Ye
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0 DI-cl (B) Sampling schedule March
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hajll(! l 0 \arij1jorv, -jn cc and
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CD C) CD 0 CD (D 000C, C> CD 0 LO N
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(D CD CD 000 06 0 C, C, 0 CD CD 00
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= - $: I. Ln -tj 03 9b 03 1=1 0 rq
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C> 00 (D CD- CD ci -02Q CD 2m -0 e
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0 co "' - (A) 90- 80- 70-- ý() z-
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C) (Z 0- cu to o .=Vý E5 C> 7ý 4.
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a C 0 N N >1 m R (D r _0 c cu I -X:
Page 264 and 265:
- - 7-2.1 ': --. ... .......... _t.
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ii . p. -'I;? I Sediment surfau-ý
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E 75 E =L 7ý5 .. 0 1400 - 1200- 10
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E E LLI 24- 22- 20- 18- 16- 14- 12-
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PPFD lam CD s 03 0 -1Z) N V (-) 0 4
Page 274 and 275:
0 Cl) I- 0 CD r4 cq ý2 9 CD co C)
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1'1 1' 1 1" 1" I 040 VA "0 o' U. MS
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( ldJ)t1 (I )i ii Predicted and mea
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( () primary productivity (mg C (mg
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significantly higher in the top 0-2
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Chapter 6 Diel variations in microp
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ohic hioiihn-, sediment surface, oc
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( () -I -- -- --- I---, - ---I, - -
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increasing PPFD; first an apparent
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Lj1)I ( i)icl dl ItR)fl Ii tfl)LI)J
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6---- - -- , --- -- ---- -- -Dicl h
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ý w pwr-- 111 I I- CHAPTERSEVEN k_
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vs, iioil--mi ratorv -,, bioiflins
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ato I-V Vý11,11011-111! the total
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E LZ -0 5 L4 ý7- 'ol r a- 0I 00 CM
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( hatei \1 'IcLtU1 S. iig a1or hiln
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cm E7 -*-Cover - Hole for probe Lid
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(A) rrr Uk Ilmol ms) Temperature Da
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C ulorv \ S. lloll-ml, ýrworv Nigh
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N-liý-, ralol v hiol-11111"', Tabl
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N1111 ý, ral ol-I -V--\ ". alorv -
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weeq 5upjr4es 6ulinp plalA eoueosaj
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( llaptcl- -; " -1 -I", ý -, l, '
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700 m (D ýo 0) 600 .2 03 U) 500 't
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('11a -, - Pl(ýT I--I-- ,t, III ý
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E -0 (ID 0 0 (ID 0 C 0 c-) -g H ,z
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ý'Ilap! c 7 MI oratory vs. nop-miu
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('haPltcT 7 -Migiatoiv \. -,. tion-
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( iaptl 121 alory s l1o1iiflldtory
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Hypothesis 5: NPQ will be highest a
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minimum and maximum fluorescence yi
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Cha )1(: r 'Vii--latorv ý-, -1 A I
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v vs. 11011-IT . ratory hiolilms -M
Page 340 and 341:
Chapter 7 MiLlatorv v. ". lioll-lim
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Chapt(j 7 s, non-im ratory biot-ilm
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0 E H Cl. 0 -Izý "0 $n. -0 CA 7ý
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( 'llapt c I'll" - 11 - -11,1 1111-
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( llcpk'i_ ( rencral living on, as
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cral I )isctv, -, jon Hythe showed
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ý cKS -1-la-IM, -- (lencral Di-scu
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Cha ici 8 Oencral Di-scussion large
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Chaplet 8 I- I (-. Tciwr, al may th
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( liapRi - ( icnerl I )! ', tR)II D
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hapter ( cncra I )i ii in smaller t
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8.4. Summary -( ic w ra 11, ) ISC L
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9) LTS-EM analysis provided evidenc
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9. Reference List PA , )ý ý, 1j,
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photosynthesis and chlorophyll in t
Page 371 and 372:
Fauvel, P. and Bohn, G. (1907). Le
Page 373 and 374:
Blackwell scientific publications,
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Kilhl, M., Glud, R. N., Ploug, H. a
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Palmer, J. D. and Round, F. E. (196
Page 379 and 380:
Pinckney, J., Piceno, Y. and Lovell
Page 381 and 382:
Ser6dio, J., Marques da Silva, J. a
Page 383 and 384:
Wessels, N. K. and Hopson, J. L. (1
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Mireille Consalvey PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

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