Who Goes There: Friend or Foe? - Federation of American Scientists

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4 Avoiding Fratricide of Air and Sea Targets 49 Battle Management 49 Noncooperative IFF 50 Cooperative Question-and-Answer IFF Systems 56 Coordination With Civilian Air Traffic Control 62 Identification of Ships 66 A Comprehensive Identification System 67 5 Avoiding Fratricide of Land Surface Targets 69 Increasing Knowledge of the Tactical Environment 70 Identification Systems 72 Dismounted Infantry 76 Noncooperative Identification 77 Current Programs 78 Tactics, Doctrine, and Training 79 Conclusions 79 INDEX 81
— — America’s recent combat in the Persian Gulf War brought new attention to an old problem: fratricide, or ‘‘fi-iendly fire, ’ that is, casualties from U.S. or allied weapons fired at U.S. or allied military personnel. Twenty-four percent of all U.S. combat fatalities in the war were caused by friendly fire. This figure seemed much higher than in previous wars and caused a sudden focus on avoiding fratricide in future wars. The U.S. military and the American public are becoming increasingly sensitive to the human costs of military involvement, especially for contests of less than national survival. The United States has invested much in energy and equipment to keep casualties low. The high fraction of deaths in the Persian Gulf War due to fratricide was much higher than the nominal two percent rate frequently cited in the military literature. Broadbased data on fratricide rates are not available; but, a recent review of long-extant casualty surveys from World War II and the Vietnam War shows that fratricide estimates of 2 percent are unrealistic and 15 to 20 percent may be the norm, not the exception. Thus, one reason that fratricide seemed unusually high in the Persian Gulf War is that total U.S. casualties were low but another important reason is that past rates of fratricide have been systematically and substantially underestimated. If these rates are, indeed, typical, then reducing casualties from fratricide deserves the same kind of attention as reducing casualties from any other major source. Beyond numbers of killed and wounded, fratricide has a compounding effect on combat effectiveness. Weapons aimed at friends are not aimed at the enemy. Friends killed by friends are not able to fight the enemy. Moreover, the psychological effects of friendly fire are always greater than from similar enemy fire. Combatants expect to be shot at by the enemy, but being shot at 1 Introduction, Findings, Issues for Congress 1
Page 1 and 2: Who Goes There: Friend or Foe? June
Page 3 and 4: T he recent Persian Gulf War focuse
Page 5: 1 2 3 Introduction, Findings, Issue
Page 9 and 10: A [ , . I \ Figure l-l—Total Casu
Page 11 and 12: The rules of engagement strongly af
Page 13 and 14: n November 12, 1758, during the Fre
Page 15 and 16: —. — .— This chapter is organ
Page 17 and 18: .. — — .—— ..— The occasi
Page 19 and 20: The attack was delayed a week by we
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Page 23 and 24: Navigation, not identification, cle
Page 25 and 26: eventually suffer fewer casualties
Page 27 and 28: 20th century wars. In fact, the two
Page 29 and 30: Table 2-2—Friendly Fire Data in C
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Page 35 and 36: —. — ATwenty-four percent of al
Page 37 and 38: tanks. In World War II, the same po
Page 39 and 40: Once a target is identified as enem
Page 41 and 42: correctly calling in fire relative
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sending false communications requir
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—.—— U.S.-built F-18 from the
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Chapter 4-Avoiding Fratricide of Ai
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“Mode 2,” and 8 microseconds is
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———— — Chapter 4-Avoiding
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Also, the strength of the reply sig
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The New York City mid-air collision
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when Mode S is widespread, it doubt
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conflict like that in the Persian G
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A 11 of allowed conservative rules
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for use of positioning systems to i
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Figure 5-3-Approaches to Identifica
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the devices widely deployed. The TI
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try. Moreover, navigational and com
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TACTICS, DOCTRINE, AND TRAINING The
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. —— 82 I Who Goes There: Frien
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84 I Who Goes There: Friend or Foe?
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Who Goes There: Friend or Foe? - Federation of American Scientists

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