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UFES / CCHN / DLL – CURSOS DE LÍNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL CERTIFICAÇÃO DE PROFICIÊNCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL INSCRIÇÃO Nº XXXXXX HABILIDADE: LEITURA De acordo com as informações dos textos, responda as perguntas seguintes: TEXTO 1 EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON GROUNDWATER A popular misconception is that all water that moves through the soil will be purified “naturally” and will emerge from the ground in a pristine condition. Unfortunately, there are limits to what soil can remove, and groundwater pollution is becoming an increasing concern throughout the world. The agricultural community is becoming more aware of the connection between agricultural practices and groundwater pollution. Many states have begun working with dairy owners and farmers to develop farm management plans that restrict fertilizer applications to periods of active plant growth, which helps prevent groundwater pollution by sequestering nitrate into growing vegetation. These farm plans also include surface water pollution prevention techniques such as restricting animal access to stream banks, setting maximum animal density goals, requiring manure-holding ponds, and revegetating riparian (stream side) areas. Other potential sources of groundwater pollution include leaking underground storage tanks, solid waste landfills, improperly stored hazardous waste, careless disposal of solvents and hazardous chemicals on ground surfaces, and road salts and deicing compounds. Many of the current U.S. Superfund sites (see Chap. 17, “Solid and Hazardous Waste Law”) are concerned with the cleanup of materials that have contaminated, or have the potential to contaminate, groundwater. QUESTÃO 1 Que ideia popular e errônea é mencionada no primeiro parágrafo? QUESTÃO 2 O que o Estado e os agricultores vêm fazendo para combater a poluição das águas subterrâneas? QUESTÃO 3 Quais são as fontes potenciais de poluição das águas subterrâneas? TEXTO 2 WASTE PROCESSING AND HANDLING Waste processing and handling are key concerns as a hazardous waste begins its journey from the generator site to a secure long-term storage facility. Ideally, the waste can be stabilized, detoxified, or somehow rendered harmless in a treatment process similar to the following: Chemical Stabilization. In this process, chemicals are mixed with waste sludge, the mixture is pumped onto land, and solidification occurs in several days or weeks. The result is a chemical nest that entraps the waste, and pollutants such as heavy metals may be chemically bound in insoluble complexes. Asphalt-like compounds form “cages” around the waste molecules, while grout and cement form actual chemical bonds with the trapped substances. Chemical stabilization offers an alternative to digging up and moving large quantities of hazardous waste, and is particularly suitable for treating large volumes of dilute waste. Proponents of these processes have argued for 2
UFES / CCHN / DLL – CURSOS DE LÍNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL CERTIFICAÇÃO DE PROFICIÊNCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL INSCRIÇÃO Nº XXXXXX building roadways, dams, and bridges with a selected cement as the fixing agent. The adequacy of the containment offered by these processes has not been documented, however, as long-term leaching and defixation potentials are not well understood. Volume Reduction. Volume reduction is usually achieved by incineration, which takes advantage of the large organic fraction of waste being generated by many industries, but may lead to secondary problems for hazardous waste engineers: air emissions in the stack of the incinerator and ash production in the base of the incinerator. Both by-products of incineration must be addressed in terms of risk, as well as legal and economic constraints (as must all hazardous waste treatment, for that matter). Because incineration is often considered a very good method for the ultimate disposal of hazardous waste, we discuss it in some detail later in this chapter. Degradation. Methods that chemically degrade some hazardous wastes and render them less hazardous exist. Chemical degradation is a form of chemical detoxification. Waste-specific degradation processes include hydrolysis, which destroys organophosphorus and carbonate pesticides, and chemical dechlorination, which destroys some polychlorinated pesticides. Biological degradation generally involves incorporating the waste into the soil. Landfarming, as it has been termed, relies on healthy soil microorganisms to metabolize the waste components. Landfarming sites must be strictly controlled for possible water and air pollution that results from overactive or underactive organism populations. QUESTÃO 4 Quais os problemas potenciais de cada um destes métodos de processamento de resíduos? TEXTO 3 PRODUCT SYSTEM LIFE EXTENSION Extending the life of a product can directly reduce environmental impact. In many cases, longerlived products save resources and generate less waste because fewer units are needed to satisfy the same need. Doubling the life of a product translates into a pollution prevention of 50% in process transportation and distribution and a waste reduction of 50% at the end of the product’s life. Understanding why products are retired helps designers to extend the product system life. Reasons why products are no longer in use include technical obsolescence, fashion obsolescence, degraded performance or structural fatigue, (caused by normal wear over repeated use), environmental or chemical degradation and damage caused by accident or inappropriate use. QUESTÃO 5 Como o sistema de extensão de vida útil de um produto pode reduzir o impacto ambiental? QUESTÃO 6 Quais são as razões apontadas para o fim da vida de um produto? TEXTO 3.1 REMANUFACTURABILITY Remanufacturing is an industrial process that restores worn products to like-new condition. In a factory, a retired product is first completely disassembled. Its usable parts are then cleaned, refurbished, and put into inventory. Finally, a new product is reassembled from both old and new parts, creating a unit equal in performance and expected life to the original or currently available alternative. In contrast, a repaired or rebuilt product usually retains its identity, and only those parts 3
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