- Page 1 and 2: Towards Economic Empowerment for Di
- Page 3 and 4: Abstract The social model of disabi
- Page 5 and 6: Abstract Acknowledgements Contents
- Page 7 and 8: 5. Researching Disability: Approach
- Page 9 and 10: Part Two: Research Findings 257 7.8
- Page 11 and 12: Figures Figures, Boxes and Tables F
- Page 13 and 14: Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB Asia
- Page 15 and 16: WHO World Health Organisation WPA W
- Page 17 and 18: effectively bar them from opportuni
- Page 19 and 20: NGOs and disability organisations,
- Page 21 and 22: 1.3 Disability and Impairment Histo
- Page 23 and 24: 1.4 Disability Terminology Disabili
- Page 25 and 26: conducted between 2002 and 2004) to
- Page 27 and 28: disabled people to take advantage o
- Page 29: training institutions and sheltered
- Page 33 and 34: econsideration of what is considere
- Page 35 and 36: Chapter Two Key Concepts of Disabil
- Page 37 and 38: means that disabled mothers are not
- Page 39 and 40: There is much evidence to support t
- Page 41 and 42: dangerous working and living condit
- Page 43 and 44: freedoms’. Therefore, in the lang
- Page 45 and 46: hand, is “rooted in an emphasis o
- Page 47 and 48: UPIAS viewed disability in terms of
- Page 49 and 50: “Over the last few years, a new,
- Page 51 and 52: etween persons with impairments and
- Page 53 and 54: impairment has no part at all in de
- Page 55 and 56: attributes many of the apparent cri
- Page 57 and 58: fighting poverty. She gives an exam
- Page 59 and 60: identity and life choices” (Tate
- Page 61 and 62: a cause of the other. Interestingly
- Page 63 and 64: of those for whom the promotion of
- Page 65 and 66: points out, disabled people may als
- Page 67 and 68: National governments and internatio
- Page 69 and 70: disabled persons will not be realiz
- Page 71 and 72: institutions, such as the family, t
- Page 73 and 74: tended to downplay the impact of im
- Page 75 and 76: seem insurmountable and poverty is
- Page 77 and 78: development. Gergis, for example, s
- Page 79 and 80: various international agreements, i
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accessibility. They point out, for
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“it incorporates the extreme form
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with disabilities will necessarily
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(ibid). The usual benefits of forma
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activities of each sector impact on
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The World Disability Report (WHO &
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from which he was able to train oth
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not produce results” (2008, p10).
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local community, mostly with privat
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about the effectiveness of skill de
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objectives, such as poverty-reducti
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This view of society reflects the i
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people. For example, Marks and Spen
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most of those opportunities. Strate
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Chapter Four The UNCRPD and Previou
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In the 1970s, two important UN decl
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for employers to recruit disabled p
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Lindqvist refrains from calling for
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The Declaration refers to various v
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inding UN Convention, in order to f
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Article provides a clear framework
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concerned and to the petitioner”
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Chapter Five Researching Disability
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oppressive nature of disability res
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inclusiveness promoted by social mo
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their subjects upside down. The con
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adhered, at least in part, to the e
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can also be of great value. Abberle
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people change conditions and build
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success achieved by various economi
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provide a framework for examining t
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Interview and focus group checklist
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feel are more appropriate. This cha
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Approaches Routes Inclusive schemes
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Inclusive Approaches Segregated App
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studies were conducted; Thirdly, Ch
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Although this sampling grid shows t
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imposed on participants (Copestake
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isk that, as Mangen points out, suc
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Stakeholder Group Organisation Repr
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evidence was then gathered by scrut
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were then re-examined to consider w
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5.15 Ethical Considerations Ethical
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would be regarded as confidential a
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a positive light, particularly as m
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My decision to rely on written tran
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conclude, the desire to achieve bot
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Kenya is a democracy, with multi-pa
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greater that the authorities conced
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The survey found no significant dif
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as the UN Standard Rules. Section 1
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so that all forms of discrimination
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campaign of awareness-raising, in o
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to “strengthen capacity of DPOs
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6.8 Government Perspective In addit
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economic activity. This would help
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members and developing their organi
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the Government’s list of prioriti
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“there is a chronic lack of marke
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ange of views on this issue can per
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evenly divided between those who we
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supports the observations of Torore
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Figure 8: Kenyan Wall of Barriers P
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individuals, in 2005. This improvem
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various impairments and their paren
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impassioned plea to the parents pre
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a huge scale, including some who ar
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Nairobi’s central bus stations, w
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“the project is not just about en
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At the time of research, PWDSTO had
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eneficiaries can make to their fami
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enrolled should be able-bodied. Abl
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None of the participants, however,
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few formal jobs, and was not sure h
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and regional branches of the Kenya
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and hospitals. The project also has
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Although the workshops are all long
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Project Administrator claimed that
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Case Study Table 11: Summary of Ken
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odds with the social model. They si
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frequently by staff and organisatio
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where service providers were trying
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the schemes, and each of these sche
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the study included some family memb
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fully commit themselves to the grou
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support such projects. It is intere
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models, rather than depending too h
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typically comprising two or three v
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has led to the under-reporting of d
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are rarely accessible, and that tra
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India has signed up to the Agenda f
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10 multinationals - revealed that t
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example, included a new section on
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While the majority of State disabil
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working together and sometimes inde
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the kind of disability movement tha
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At the time of research, the Govern
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25% for general categories). Accord
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comments suggest that at least some
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These views were endorsed by one Ch
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A range of views were expressed on
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vulnerable to exploitation, which c
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“there has been a sea-change in a
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approach Government offices to ask
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Scheme activities are not limited t
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young people from poor economic bac
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The training centres receive some G
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Rozgaar beneficiary revealed that
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which their families started to see
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Perhaps the major activity of the E
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widows and orphans. Beneficiaries a
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understand the member’s views on
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example, a mother, whose husband ha
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career guidance, job placement and
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The interpreter explained that by
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This case study represents another
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Although the groups had not been fo
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mainstreaming and advocacy. When di
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According to project documents, APD
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The Technical Training Institute, e
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eflected, and they were working har
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The job placements that had been es
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One organisation representative exp
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that are being developed on the tra
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their support when faced with new p
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At the time of my visit, there were
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considered suitable for mainstream
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courses, as this was needed in the
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influence. In terms of both success
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to the social model are shown in ye
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stated that “we don’t look for
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With lack of motivation, on the par
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placed to assist them. The Leonard
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disability in India. LCD’s Region
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participants felt that this approac
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elated factors. In fact, over half
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The task of empowering those with i
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Chapter Eight Kenya and India: Comp
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visited, in both countries, incorpo
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obstacle to self-directed employmen
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An interesting comparison can be ma
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Governments have been faced with a
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case studies, selected for the stud
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Many of the inclusive schemes inclu
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The sugggested association between
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success factors relate closely to t
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tended to emphasise the importance
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8.5 Conclusions This comparative an
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Chapter Nine Final Conclusions The
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Vidya Sagar scheme in Chennai and t
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Several other contextual difference
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If services are going to continue t
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empirical evidence gathered in Keny
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Appendix I Participant Information
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Appendix III Semi-Structured Interv
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Appendix V Semi-Structured Intervie
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Appendix VII Semi-Structured Interv
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24 24/06/10 NCPWDS Director Governm
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72 12/07/11 73 12/07/11 74 13/07/11
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Appendix IX Kenya: Occupational Rol
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Appendix X India: Occupational Role
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Arunim Representative 47 15/02/11 M
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96 11/03/11 Royal Gardenia Human Re
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4 08/02/11 SSK Bangalore 5 10/02/11
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India Ability Foundation Action on
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Albu, M. (2005) ‘Economic Empower
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Controller and Auditors General (20
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Government of India (2007) Report o
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ILO (1983) C159 Vocational Rehabili
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Lund, F. & Skinner, C (2005) The In
- Page 421 and 422:
NCAPD (2008) Kenya National Survey
- Page 423 and 424:
Sen, A. (2004) Disability and Justi
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UNDP (1993) Human Development Repor
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Zarb, G. (1992) ‘On the road to D