K. This is the 1st working draft of vol. VI. It still ... - From Marx to Mao

ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE ANTI-JAPANESE WAR
cottonseed oil. There are nine flour mills, two each in Ansai,
Ganquan, Yanchang, Yanchuan and one in Gulin. They employ a
total of twenty-four people and their share capital is 262,000 yuan
There are four blanket-making co-operatives, two in Yanan, one in
Qingyang, and one in Suide. They employ a total of forty-two people
and their share capital is 152,000 yuan. Each year they can produce
7,600 blankets. There is one pottery co-operative in Yanan county.
It employs seven men, its share capital is 3,000 yuan and each year
it produces six kilnloads of pottery.
The above statistics show us that both consumer and producer
co-operatives have expanded greatly in terms of membership, share
capital, profit, and undertakings. However, this development has
FROM MARX
TO MAO
been uneven. In the past five years it has gone through three stages.
⋆
Moreover, qualitative development only began to advance rapidly
during 1942. Before 1939, co-operatives everywhere were based upon
share capital from the government with the addition of some share
capital assessed from the masses. At this time their nature was basically
that of publicly owned enterprises and for the most part they
became shops publicly owned by the county and district governments.
Co-operative enterprise was not facing the masses, but was
chiefly facing the government. It was providing funds for the government
and all decisions were taken by the government. This was
the first stage. After 1939, NOT the slogan FOR “Popularize the Co-operatives”
was put forward. However, most places still used the old method of
assessing share capital from the masses to carry out this so-called
“popularization”. COMMERCIAL
Thus, the masses still regarded the co-operatives
as a burden, assessed upon them and not as something of their own.
Co-operative personnel were still the same official personnel. They
ordered the masses to do substitute farm work on their land and on
their behalf. The DISTRIBUTION
masses could not see the great benefits to the cooperatives
for themselves and, on the contrary, considered that the
co-operatives increased the labour burden they had to bear. After
1940, the duty of all the local governments to achieve self-sufficiency
in production was increased. Thereafter the large shareholders
in many co-operatives were not the people but government organs.
It was thus even more difficult for the co-operatives to give
due consideration to the interests of the masses. This was the second
stage. It was only in January 1942 that the Reconstruction Department
put forward the strategy of “overcome the desire to monopolize
everything, implement the policy of the people in control
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