Part I (Paras 1-7)

Unit 4: America as a Collage

UNIT 4: AMERICA AS A
COLLAGE
CULTURAL BACKGROUND
PRE-READING
DETAILED-READING
AFTER-READING

Cultural Background:
Map of the U.S.A.
Pluralism
Multiculturalism
A nation of immigration

Map of the USA (50 states)

pluralism
Pluralism refers to the acceptance of many different groups in
society or many different schools of thought in an intellectual or
cultural discipline.
Although America’s culture is becoming more uniform, its
society remains a diverse mix of ethnic, racial, and religious
groups. The US is a pluralistic society, meaning it is composed
of many nationalities, races, religions, and creeds. Some of the
people who immigrated to America embraced the opportunity to
leave old cultures behind and to remake themselves
unencumbered by past traditions and and loyalties. Others found
that the liberties promised under the Bill of Rights allowed for
distinctiveness rather than uniformity, and they have taken pride
in preserving and celebrating their origins. Many Americans find
that pluralism adds to the richness and strength of the nation’s
culture.

Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism is a concept with many
meanings. But it often refers to acceptance
of immigrant and minority groups as
distinct communities, distinguishable from
the majority population. Like bilingualism,
multiculturalism provokes debate.
Advocated of multiculturalism believe that
members of minority groups should enjoy
equal rights in American society without
giving up their diverse ethnic cultures.

A nation of immigration
Although the US has been shaped by successive waves
of immigrants, Americans have often viewed
immigration as a problem. Established Americans
often look down on new immigrants. The cultural
habits of immigrants are frequently targets of
established community. Despite such
tensions,economic needs have always forced
Americans to seek immigrants as laborers and settlers,
and economic opportunities have beckoned foreigners.
The vast majority of immigrants to the US have come
in search of jobs and the chance to create a better life
for themselves and their families. In all of American
history, less than 10 percent of immigrants have come
for political or religious reasons.

I. Pre-reading
Pre reading
1) Listen to the recording 2 or 3 times and then think over the
questions on Page 108.
2) Some questions on the text to check their comprehension.
Q1: According to the author, why is America not in
decline?
Q2: Who bring such a culture to America?
Q3: What attracts them to America?
3) Do Cloze A on P126 to get the main idea of the text.
4) Divide the text into several parts.

II. Detailed Reading
Part 1 paras 1-5
Part 2 paras 6-21
Part 3 paras 22-24

Part 1 paras 1-5
L2 in decline
L4 characteristic
L5 dynamism
L8 paralyze
L12 precedent
L14 sense
L25 pluralism
L26 leave behind
L27 mentality

Questions for Part 1:
Why is it hard to think of America in
decline?
What thesis does Paul Kennedy advance in
his book? Does the author agree with him?
Why does the author think that America
will not follow historical precedent that all
powerful nations declined?
What is the main idea of Part1?

L2 in decline
in decline / on the decline: losing strength
e.g. The working population is in decline.
the death rate of heart disease is on the decline.
In our town, interest in sports is on the decline.
decline n.
e.g. There is a sharp decline in prices / birth rate /
his health / his influence / power
decline v. move from a better to a worse position, or
from higher to lower
e.g. His power / health / influence has begun to decline now that he is old.
The old man declined rapidly and soon died.
to refuse, usu. politely; be unwilling
e.g. We decline their invitation to go to the party / offer of a lift.
The minister declined to make a statement to the newspapers.

L4 characteristic
characteristic n. a special and easily recognized quality of sb. or sth.
e.g. A useful characteristic of the cat is its ability to catch and kill mice.
Genes determine the characteristics of every living thing.
The capacity to think is the distinctive characteristic of human beings.
character n. the combination of qualities which makes a thing,
event, place, etc. different from another
e.g. The furniture in his apartment was pretentious and without character.
This town isn’t interesting. Let’s go somewhere else with more character.
feature n. a (typical or noticeable) part or quality
e.g. Wet weather is a feature of life in Scotland.
The island’s chief feature was its beauty.

L5 dynamism
dynamism n. (in a person) the quality of being
dynamic
dynamic a. (of people, ideas,etc.) full of or
producing power and activity
e.g. a dynamic person / a dynamic
period in history
dynamics n. the science that deals with matter
in movement

L8 paralyze
paralyze / se v. to cause (some or all of the body
muscles) to become uncontrollable
e.g. A stroke paralyzed half his face.
He is paralyzed from the waist down.
v. to make ineffective; cause to stop working
e.g. The electricity failure paralyzed the train service.
The city was paralyzed by general strikes.
paralysis / ses n.
e.g. He is suffering from paralysis of the lower limbs /
the arm.
paralysis of industry by strikes

L12 precedent
precedent n. earlier happening, decisions or customs
used as a guide / an example or rule; present / future actions
e.g. The Supreme Court has already set a precedent for dealing with
similar cases.
Don’t take / use this as a precedent for disobeying me again.
The appointment of female CEO in the company is without
precedent.
precede v.
e.g. A precedes B in the alphabet.
She preceded him across the street.
The eldest prince precedes all men except the King.
precedence/cy n.
e.g. Ladies shall have the precedence.
A recent poll reported that people gave precedence to the control
of inflation.

L14 have a sense
have a / the sense that feel /believe/ realize that
e.g. I have a sense that something is wrong with my car.
to bring sb. to his senses
e.g. They threw cold water on his face to bring him to senses.
Time will bring you to your senses. (understand)
to come to one’s senses
e.g. She soon came to her senses in hospital.
Don’t act so foolishly. Come to your senses.
in all senses / in every sense
e.g. The election was in every sense fair.
in no sense
e.g. His mind is in no sense brilliant.
make sense
e.g. A sentence must make sense.
What he said doesn’t make sense.

L25 pluralism
pluralism n. the principle that people of different races,
religions, and political beliefs can live together peacefully in the
same society
e.g. political pluralism / ideological pluralism
plural a. involving more than one person or thing
e.g. a plural ending / citizenship / system of
education
singular opp.
e.g. “Electronics” is plural in form but takes a
singular verb.

L26 leave behind
leave behind fail or forget to take or bring
e.g. It’s a fine day. You can leave your umbrella behind.
He went off in a hurry and left behind his key.
abandon, discard
e.g. In their withdrawal, much of the heavy equipment had to be left behind.
leave about / around
e.g. The child left toys about.
leave alone
e.g. He is busy. We’d better leave him alone. / Leave the puppy alone.
leave go / hold of
e.g. Leave go of my hair. (stop holding)
leave off e.g. It’s time to leave off work.
leave out e.g. Nobody speaks to him; he’s always left out.
leave over e.g. We’ll leave this pie over for tomorrow.

L27 mentality
mentality the abilities and powers of the mind
e.g. a man of average / high / weak mentality
She was so paralyzed with fear that her
mentality went to pieces.
characteristic attitude of mind; way
of thinking
e.g. I can’t understand the mentality of
anyone who likes to watch.
Don’t have the try-your-luck mentality.

Part 2 paras 6-21 21
Section 1 Paras 6 – 10
L37 facility
Section 2 Paras 11 –14
L56 ultra
Section 3 Paras 15 –16
L76 constructive
Section 4 Paras 17 – 21
L86 possibility L86 conception
L95 offend L100 sense
L102 prospective L102 submerge

Questions for part 2
What is the characteristic of the city Los Angeles? / In
what way is the city Los Angeles different from other
cities? (Section1)
What can you infer from the example of a PC company in
Orange County? (Section2)
What is the difference in the relations between developed
and underdeveloped worlds now and before? (Section3)
Who was Jose Vasconcelos? What did he write about in
the book mentioned in this section? (Section4)

L37 facility
facility ability to do or perform sth. easily
e.g. He has great facility in learning
languages.
She plays the piano with facility.
Practice gives a wonderful facility.

L56 ultra
ultra- prefix beyond; very
e.g. ultra clean / cold / critical / fashionable / fast /
high / modern
an ultrafast computer / ultrahigh skyscrapers /
an ultramodern automobile
ultraconservatism / ultraism / ultraist / ultra
rightist (leftist) / ultranationalist
super- greater or more than usual
e.g. the superpowers / market / man / nature / speed /
star

L76 constructive
constructive a. serving a useful purposes; helping to improve
or develop sth; helpful
e.g. John made a number of very constructive suggestions at the
meeting.
Criticism is welcome only when it is constructive criticism.
constructive response / use of one’s leisure time
construct v.
e.g. construct a ship / a road / a bridge / a budget
construction n.
e.g. a construction site / ship construction / capital construction /
socialist construction

L86 possibility
possibility (often pl.)
power of developing, growing, or being useful in the future
e.g. He is a man of possibilities. (prospective)
The house is in bad condition, but it has
possibilities if it’s properly repaired.

L86 conception
conception general understanding, idea
e.g. Different people have different conceptions of what love is.
Having studied history, I have some / a / a clear conception of what
life was like in the past.
I have no conception (of) what he means / why he left home.
the act of forming an idea, plan, etc.
e.g. At the moment of its conception, every detail of a great musical
work would become clear in Mozart’s mind.
concept a general idea, thought, or understanding
e.g. He speaks in concepts rather than specifics.
new concept furniture / a concept car

L95 offend
offend v. hurt the feelings of
e.g. His words/ rudeness offended many people.
He was deeply offended at their refusal to come / that
they refused to come.
cause displeasure
e.g. The smell offended him.
Cruelty offends many people.
Some music offends, rather than pleases the ear.
offence / se n.
e.g. One cannot hear such a remark without offence.
offensive a.
e.g. offensive behavior / remarks / sight / odour
The advertisements were offensive to women.

L100 sense
in the sense as far as … is concerned
e.g. In the academic sense, this article
is not well written.
In the environmental sense, the plan to
build a chemical factory is a disaster.
in a / one sense in one way of speaking, partly
e.g. You are right in a sense, but you don’t
know all the facts.

L102 perspective
perspective n. the way in which a
matter is judged, view
e.g. He tends to view most issues from
a religious perspective.
The novel Harry Potter is written
from the perspective of a child.
This report may have given me a
distorted perspective.

L102 submerge
submerge v.
to (cause to) go under the surface of water
e.g. The ship / submarine submerged, then rose to the
surface.
The stream overflowed and submerged the farmland.
to cover or completely hide
e.g. Her happiness at seeing him submerged her former worries.
His talent was submerged by his shyness.
She was eager to submerge herself in the feminist movement.
sub- prefix under; below
e.g.subzero, submarine, subsoil, subway, subaverage

Part 3 paras. paras.
22-24 22 24
L108 combination
L112 stagnant

Questions for Part 3
Questions for Part 3:
Q1:What makes the diverse races and
cultures exist in America harmoniously?
Q2:In what way is the combination of
culture and space important to immigrants
to America?

L108 combination
combination the act of combining;
the state of being combined
e.g. The color purple is a combination of red and blue.
The combination of flour and water makes paste.
combine v. to (cause to) come together, untie,
act together, or join together
e.g. They combined their efforts to a common end.
They combine theory with practice.
The two countries combined together against their enemy.
combined a.
e.g. His talents and sense of responsibility combined got him
the job.

L112 stagnant
stagnant a. (as of water) not flowing or moving,
and often bad-smelling
e.g. a stagnant pool of water
They tried to drain stagnant pools where mosquitoes breed.
not developing or growing; inactive
e.g. a stagnant economy / society / mind
During the summer, business is often stagnant.
We have to combine our efforts to put some life back into our industry.
stagnate v.
e.g. The economy stagnated as a result of these tax measures.
The negotiations stagnated.
stagnation n.
e.g. Industrial stagnation inevitably leads to the loss of jobs.

AFTER READING Vocabulary Exercises
1. Charles Darwin, the famous biologist, was deeply interested in the
_____ of animals and plants.
A) specific B) characteristic C) peculiar D) particular
2. Many of the earliest _____ into the United States established large
plantations.
A) emigrants B) emigrations C) immigrants D) migrants
3. These goods are _____ for export, though a few of them may be
sold on the home market.
A) essentially B) completely C) necessarily D)remarkably
4. Failure usually comes in _____ with misfortunes.
A) combination B) relation C) connection D) association
5. High interest rates _____ people from borrowing money.
A) dissuade B) disturb C) distract D) discourage

Vocabulary Exercises
6. A _____ speaker, the senator often persuades her colleagues to
change their votes.
A) energetic B) dynamic C) vigorous D) lively
7. The new government follows a(an) foreign policy.
A) bellicose B) pugnacious C) contentious D) aggressive
8. The climber was _____.
A) paralyzed B) numbed C) deadened D) desensitized
9. He finished his _____for master’s degree last month.
A) thesis B) treatise C) discourse D) disquisition
10. Mr. Thompson gave all the _____ papers of his grandfather to the
public library according to this grandfather’s will.
A) history B) historic C) historical D) historically

Vocabulary Exercises
11. He cannot go for he has a _____ engagement.
A) previous B) prior C) preceding D) foregoing
12. It’s very difficult to understand the _____of people who say such
things.
A) heart B)mind C) head D) mentality
13. The day before her accident, she had a(an) _____ of something
horrible.
A) auspice B) boding C) premonition D) portent
14. We should _____ every opportunity to learn more.
A) use B) grasp C) exploit D) make
15. He has given us lots of ______ suggestions,from which we
benefited a lot.
A) helpful B) useful C) destructive D) constructive

Vocabulary Exercises
Vocabulary Exercises
16. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their _____ power lies in the
physical damage they can do.
A. cumulative B. destructive C. turbulent D. prevalent
17. They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still
could not make _____ of them.
A. impression B. comprehension C. meaning D. sense
18. Someday software will translate both written and spoken language
so well that the need for any common second language could
_____ .
A. descend B. decline C. deteriorate D. depress
19. We must learn to see things in their right _____ and avoid making
mistakes.
A. prospective B. prosperity C. perspective D. permissive
20. The talk dwells too much _____ the economic aspects of the
problem.
A. on B. in C. to D. for

Vocabulary Exercises
21. _____ popular belief that classical music is too complex, it
achieves a simplicity that only a genius can create.
A. Subject to B. Contrary to C. Familiar to D. Similar to
22. They’re being very _____ about their holiday plans.
A. mysterious B. ethnic C. arbitrary D. obvious
23. The residents in the neighborhood all _____ the council’s decision
to close the small dye factory.
A. certified B. accredited C. applauded D. ratified
24. My memory of the devastating earthquake is only a _____.
A. shady B. shadowy C. obscure D. blur
25. I don’t want to lend any money to him; he’s already in debt
_____ me.
A. to B. for C. of D. with

Vocabulary Exercises
26. He _____ other dramatists.
A. shortens B. dwarfs C. smalls D. fights
27. The use of steam _____ many other reforms.
A. originate B. originate in C. originate from D. originate to
28. Many English words are _____ from Latin.
A. got B. obtained C. acquired D. derived
29. There is a _____ of cruelty in his character.
A. characteristic B. quality C. feature D. streak
30. I don’t think it is wise of you to _____ your greater knowledge in
front of the director, for it may offend him.
A. show up B. show out C.show off D. show in

Key to vocabulary exercise:
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. D
6. B 7. D 8. A 9. A 10.C
11. A 12.D 13.C 14.C 15.C
16. B 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.A
21. B 22.A 23.C 24.D 25.A
26. B 27.A 28.D 29.D 30.C

Topic: What do you think will make
Shanghai a more cosmopolitan
city in the world?
Discuss the city in terms of her historical, cultural and
economic developments as well as her geographical
location, population and educational institutions.
What else do you think will contribute to the
development of Shanghai into a more cosmopolitan
city?
Compared with other cosmopolitan cities in the world,
Shanghai needs to improve in certain areas so as to
become an international center of finance and
commerce in the new century. What are these areas?

Unit Unit 55 Cruelty

Pre-reading Task
(P.331 for script)
• Why do some people tend to be heartless
and cruel? Were they born that way or did
circumstances harden them?
• Do some people care too much for people
in general and forget the needs of their
closest friends?
• Ranking activity (see next page)

Easy to Be Hard
by Three Dog Night
The name came from an Australian
expression referring to it being so
cold that one would need three dogs
for warmth.
In the years 1969 through
1974, no other group had
more top 10 hits, moved
more records or sold more
concert tickets
- www.threedognight.com.

Text A A Friend in Deed
• Ranking activity -- the determining forces
in shaping human nature:
Nature
– Genes;
–Family; Vs.
– Parenting; Nurture
– Schooling;
–Peers;
– Socioeconomic factors;
–…
?

Maugham, W. Somerset
(1874-1965)
• British novelist, playwright, shortstory
writer, highest paid author in
the world in the 1930s.
• Despite his popularity, Maugham
did not gain serious recognition –
he stood “in the very first row of
the second-raters”.
• Maugham's skill in handling plot
has been compared by critics in
the manner of Guy de Maupassant.

Maugham, W. Somerset
(1874-1965)
• "I have never pretended to be
anything but a story teller. It has
amused me to tell stories and I
have told a great many. It is a
misfortune for me that the
telling of a story just for the
sake of the story is not an
activity that is in favor with the
intelligentsia."
(Creatures of Circumstance, 1947)

Maugham, W. Somerset
(1874-1965)
• He was born in Paris as the youngest
son of the solicitor to the British
embassy. He learned French as his
native tongue. At the age of 10
Maugham was orphaned.
• Maugham studied medicine at
Heidelberg University and in London. He
qualified in 1897 as doctor from St.
Thomas' medical school but abandoned
medicine after the success of his first
novels and plays.

威廉· 萨默塞特· 毛姆
OF HUMAN BONDAGE (1915)
《人性的枷锁》
THE MOON AND SIXPENCE (1919)
《月亮和六便士》
THE TREMBLING OF A LEAF (1921)
《叶之颤抖》
ON CHINESE SCREEN (1922)
《中国见闻录》
THE PAINTED VEIL (1925)
《彩色的面纱》
CAKES AND ALE (1925)
《寻欢作乐》
…

Text A A Friend in Deed
The author shows us how powerful contrast
is in delineating a person’ character.
What are your first impressions of
– the title?
– Edward Burton?
How are they changed while you are reading
on?

Text A A Friend in Deed
Text Organization (P.169)
Text analysis and language study
Exercises

Text analysis and language study I
Part I (Para. 1)
It is no easy job to judge people, for they
aren’t always what they appear to be.
1. deceptive (p.160)
2. to shrug (one’s) shoulders (L.2)

Text analysis and language study II
Part II (Paras. 2-3)
Kind and gentle, Edward Burton, a wealthy
merchant, appeared as if he could not bear to hurt
a fly.
3. merchant (L. 7) 4. in business (L. 8 )
5. definite (L.12) 6. station (L. 16 )
7. dry (L. 22)
9. benign ( L. 29)
8.affectionate (L. 26)

Text analysis and language study III
Part III (Para3. 4-51)
As it turned out, Burton was cold-blooded
enough to send a friend to certain death.
• the story can be subdivided into 3 sections:
Section 1: Para3. 4-16
Section 2: Para3. 17-31
Section 3: Para3. 32-51

Text analysis and language study IV
Section 1 (Para3. 4-16)
What Edward knew about Lenny
10 . frail ( L. 35)
11. lounge (L. 37)

Text analysis and language study V
Section 2 (Para3. 17-31)
How Edward respond to Lenny’s request
12. …he was all to pieces ( L. 85)

Text analysis and language study VI
Section 3 (Para3. 32-51)
How Edward, a “kind” gentleman, handled
a friend in desperate need of help
13. on account of (L. 105)
14. creek (L116)
15. “ Done!” ( L.118)
16. dissipation (L.124)

1. deceptive (p.160)’
adj. deceiving or intend to deceive
n. deception
v. deceive

1. deceptive (p.160)’’
Deceive implies imposing a false idea or belief that
causes confusion, bewilderment, or helplessness
< The salesman tried to deceive me about the
car.> ant. Undeceive, enlighten
Mislead implies a leading astray from the truth that
may or may not be intentional
< I was misled by the confusing sign >
Delude implies deceiving so thoroughly as to make
one a fool or to make one unable to distinguish the
false from the truth
< We were deluded into thinking we were
safe> ant enlighten
Beguile stress the use of charm and persuasion to
deceive
< His ingratiating ways beguiled us all >

2. to shrug (one’s) shoulders (L.2)
to raise (one’s shoulder) esp. as an
expression of doubt or lack of interest
He shrugged ( his shoulder) saying he didn’t
know and didn’t care.

3. merchant (L. 7)
merchant n. a person who buys and sells goods,
esp. in large amounts in foreign countries
businessman n. a man in business, esp. as an
owner or executive
merchantman n. also merchant ship 1) a ship
carrying goods for trade 2) {Archaic} a merchant
merchant adj. of or used in trade; commercial
merchant fleet
merchant town

4. in business (L. 8 )
1) 经商, 经营
He is in business himself.
2) 开始工作
The 15-member committee is expected to
be in business by early June.
on business
visit Africa on official business
No admittance except on business

5. definite (L.12)
Definite stresses precise, clear statement or
arrangement that leaves no uncertainty or
indecision < The law is definite regarding such
cases> ant indefinite, equivocal
Explicit implies such verbal plainness and
distinctness that there is no need for inference and
no reason for ambiguity or difficulty in
understanding < The dress code is explicit> ant.
Ambiguous
Express implies both explicitness and direct and
forceful utterance < Her express wish was to be
cremated>
Specific applies to what is precisely and fully
referred to or treated in detail or particular < Two
specific criticisms of the proposal > ant vague

6. station (L. 16 )
n. [of + U] (lit.) one’s position in life;
social rank:
She married beneath her station
(= someone of lower rank)
people in humble stations
地位低下的人们
all stations of life社会各阶层

7. dry (L. 22)
amusing without appearing to be so;
quietly ironic
I like his dry humor.
dry wit

affectation.
8.affectionate (L. 26)’
full of affection, tender and loving
She was very affectionate to / with him
affectation n.
1) behavior which is not one’s natural manner:
She is sincere and quite without
2) a feeling or manner that is pretended

8.affectionate (L. 26)’’
affection suggests warm, tender feelings,
usually not as powerful or deep as those implied by
love
< He has no affection for children>
love implies intense fondness or deep
devotion and may apply to various relationships or
objects
< sexual love, brotherly love,
love of one’s work, etc.>

adj:
9. benign ( L. 29)’
1) having or showing a kind or gentle nature:
a benign teacher/ expression
2) med. (of disease) not dangerous to life, not
malignant:
A benign tumor can usually be cured.
3) favorable, beneficial:
a benign effect a benign influence

9. benign ( L. 29)’’
benign suggests a mild or kindly nature and is
applied especially to a gracious superior rather
than an equal
< a benign employer> ant: malign
kind implies the possession of sympathetic or
generous qualities, either habitually or
specifically, or is applied to actions manifesting
these
< he is kind only to his mother, your kind
remarks > ant: unkind
kindly stresses more the expression of
sympathetic nature, mood, or impulse
< take a kindly interest in the poor of the
community> ant: unkindly

10 . frail ( L. 35)
adj. Slenderer and delicate; not robust;
frail suggests an inherent or constitutional
delicacy or weakness, so as to be easily broken or
shattered < a ~ body, conscience, etc >
weak the broadest in application of these words,
basically implied a lack of inferiority of physical,
mental or moral strength
feeble suggests a pitiable weakness or
ineffectiveness
< a ~ old man, a feeble joke>
infirm suggests a loss of strength or soundness,
as through illness or age
< his infirm old grandfather>

11. lounge (L. 37)
n. a comfortable room for sitting in, as in a house, hotel,
or inn:
arrivals lounges in principal airports
v. 1) to stand or sit in a leaning lazy manner :
lounge against the wall;
lounge on a sofa
2) to pass (time) in a lazy manner, doing nothing:
She lounged the afternoon away at the beach.
He lounged away the day reading

12. …he was all to pieces ( L. 85)
1) to break into pieces; fall apart
The ship went to pieces on the rock.
The economy of that country went to pieces.
2) to lose all-self-control, morally or emotionally
She went to pieces when her husband died.
of a (one) piece (with)
pick up the pieces
pick ( pull) to pieces

13. on account of (L. 105)
- because of
resign on account of age
on account - on a charge account:
He owed $50 and sent me $10 on account.
on no account -also not on any account not
under any circumstances:
On no account should you go.
on/for someone’s account - for someone’s sake
I hope you didn’t bring beer to the picnic just
on my account.

14. creek (L116)
n. a small stream , somewhat larger
than a brook
brook,< creek,< stream.

=“Agreed!”; “I accept”!
- “I ‘ll give you $5 for it”
-“Done!”
15. “ Done!” ( L.118)

16. dissipation (L.124)
n. the continual search for
foolish or dangerous pleasure
a life of dissipation
放荡生活
dissipations of life
生活里种种无意义的消遣

Exercises
1. To be _____, I don’t think you have the talent
to be a great violinist.
A.open B.plain C.general D.candid
2. They have _____ many horrible crimes against
the Chinese people.
A.done B.made C.took D.committed
3. The _____ of thought in the country has turned
against war.
A.tide B.flood C.current D.currency

Exercises
4. An _____woman came to consult him about
her throat.
A.older B.elder C.elderly D.eldest
5. Seeing a plain roared towards him, Tom was in
a blue _____.
A.frank B.funk C.funeral D.furnace
6. It’s _____ to fly in this weather.
A.mad B.crazy C.crazed D.insane

Exercises
7. She has too _____a nature to get angry, even
if he has good cause.
A.bland B.mild C.militant D.middling
8. Take a _____ of my drink and see if you like it
or not.
A.suck B.sip C.lick D.lap
9. Don’t bother to look for my umbrella, it will
_____ some day.
A.turn over B.turn up C.turn out D.turn on

Exercises
10. _____, we were just talking about the same
thing.
A.Too oddly B.Too strange
C.Oddly enough D.Strength enough
11. If trade’s no better next month, we shall go
_____ and then what will you do for jobs?.
A.stuck B.blocked C.broke D.blank
12. His actions and principles are all _____ a
piece.
A.to B.in C.by D.of

Thank You!

The Pace of Life

• Discussion:
Brainstorming
- What did we use to expect from technology?
Has technology made our lives easier or
more burdensome?
- Do you agree with the author that all timeliberating
techniques in relieving the
widespread sense of time famine are
doomed to failure?

Unit Six Text A
Text Organization
• Part One—(Paras One (Paras 1-11) 1 11)
• Part Two—(Paras Two (Paras 12-18) 12 18)
• Part Three—(Paras Three (Paras 19-23) 19 23)
• Part Four —(Paras (Paras 24-28) 24 28)

Preface
• on the go: (infml infml) ) very active or busy.
- I was on the go all day and went home at about 10
o’clock clock in the evening.
• go: go:
(n.)
1. an attempt or trial at sth. sth.
- I thought I’d I d give it a go. go
2. a person’s person s turn to use sth. sth.
or to move or act in a game
- Come on Tony, it’s it s your go.
3. a project or undertaking which has been proved
- Tell them the project is a go.
4. being successful in sth. sth
- He’s He s determined to make a go of his marriage.

Preface
Cf. on the move: move:
in the process of moving (from one place
or job to another); making progress
- It’s It s difficult to contact her because she’s she s always on the
move.
- The economy appeared to be on the move. move.
- Science is always on the move. move.
(发展 ( 发展)
- It was vacation time, and the highways were full of
families on the move. move.
(驾车出游的家庭往来不绝
( 驾车出游的家庭往来不绝)
- As it was a very cold day, I kept on the move to stay
warm.

Preface
• cope: cope:
deal successfully (often followed by with )
- People who attempt suicide usually suffer from
extreme emotional distress and feel unable to cope
with the stress and their problems.
- The task looks a formidable one, but I think we can
cope.
- In their crazy search for fulfillment, they’ve they ve gotten
themselves into situations in which they are not able
to cope.
cope

Preface
• set about sth. / doing sth.: start doing sth, with vigor or
determination
- After breakfast, she set about her household duties.
- The school authorities must set about finding solutions
to the campus security problems.
• set sb. off : cause someone to start doing sth., esp.
laughing or talking
• set sth. off: set off a bomb; cause an alarm to go off;
cause a series of things to occur; set off a chain reaction
in other financial markets.
• set out to do: aim at intend to do sth.
• set to: begin doing sth. vigorously

Preface
• tangle: v. twist together into a confused mass; become
involved in a conflict or fight with
- Long hair tangles easily.
- The wind tangled my hair.
- I tangled with him over politics bitterly.
- be tangled in a controversy卷入
controversy卷入
- The power failure had tangled traffic in the city. (陷入 ( 陷入
混乱)
混乱

Preface
• n.
- a tangle of ropes / people
- diplomatic tangles (外交纠纷 外交纠纷)
- His thoughts were in a tangle. tangle.
(陷入混乱 ( 陷入混乱) )
- have a tangle with sb. sb.
over sth. sth
• untangle: untangle:
free from a tangled or twisted state;
make sth. sth.
complicated easier to deal with
- untangle the problem / a cable /the traffic jam (解 (
开缠结的电缆/整顿交通堵塞
开缠结的电缆 整顿交通堵塞)

Part I (Paras 1-11) 1 11)
• Main Idea:
The author gives three reasons why we feel so
time-pressed time pressed today.

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• eat into (Line 6): use up (profits, resources, or time),
especially when they are intended for other purposes;
gradually reduce the amount of (sth ( sth. . valuable);
damage or destroy
- His extravagances ate into his inheritances.
- Responsibilities at home and work eat into his time.
- Sales were hard hit by high interest rates eating into
disposal income.
- The fear has eaten into my bones. (感到极为恐惧
( 感到极为恐惧)

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• eat sth. sth.
away or eat away at sth. sth.
(syn ( syn.) .)
- Rust was eating away the pipe.
- Inflation has eaten away at the value of some of their
assets.(使财产价值下跌
assets.( 使财产价值下跌)
- I never did understand what was eating away at her.
(烦扰 烦扰)

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• eat sth. sth.
up: up:
use resources or time in very large
quantities
- an operating system that eats up 200 Mb of disk space
- He ate up valuable minutes with long, dull answers.
(浪费 浪费)
- Extravagant spending ate up his savings. (花完 ( 花完)
- She is eating up the course in algebra.如饥似渴地学
algebra. 如饥似渴地学.

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• Promise (Line 11): give good grounds for expecting
(a particular occurrence or situation)
- The clear sky promises fine weather.
- It promised to be a night that all present would long
remember.
• promising: promising:
giving hope of success or good result
- a promising future / boy (有出息 ( 有出息)
- The weather is promising. promising.
(is likely to be fine)

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• Deliver (Line 11): bring or hand over (a letter,
parcel, or ordered goods); provide sth. sth.
promised or
expected
- struggle to deliver election commitments.
- She’s She s waiting for him to deliver on his promise.

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• toil at / on / over / through (Line 18): work
extremely hard or incessantly; move slowly and
with difficulty
- toil at one’s one s task (辛苦工作 ( 辛苦工作) )
- toil through the night (彻夜辛劳 ( 彻夜辛劳) )
- toil with one’s one s hands for a living
- toil up a hill / along the path
• n.
- a life of toil: toil:
a hard life
- succeed only after years of toil

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• multiply (Line 21): increase in number or quantity;
add a number to itself a particular number of times
- The weeds just multiplied, multiplied,
and before long the garden
was a jungle.
- Fear multiplies the difficulties of life.
- Multiply 16 by 4, to make 64. (用16 ( 16乘以 乘以4, 4, 得64 64。) )
- 6 multiplied by 3 is 18. (6 x 3 = 18)
- multiply the height with the width to determine the
area
• multiplication sign / table乘号 table乘号/乘法表
乘法表

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• multi- multi : (pref ( pref) ) having many of
- a multipolar world multiprocessing (多重处理 ( 多重处理) )
- a multipurpose computer (多功能的 ( 多功能的)
- a multistage rocket (多节火箭 ( 多节火箭) )
- multi-racial
multi racial country

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• burden (Line 24): a load, typically a heavy one; a duty or
misfortune that causes hardship, anxiety
- share the burden with sb. sb.
- burden sb. sb.
with questions/ worries / a large family
- impose / lay the burden on sb. sb
- shift the burden to sb. sb.
- alleviate / lessen / lighten the burden
- relieve sb. sb.
of the burden
- The room was burdened with flowers. (摆满了花 ( 摆满了花) )
- The economy was further burdened by a flood of refugees.

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• time-pressed
time pressed (Line 28): be pressed: have barely
enough of sth., sth.,
esp. time
- I’m m terribly pressed for time. / I’m I m time-pressed
time pressed. .
• be pressed to do sth.: sth.:
have difficulty doing or
achieving sth. sth.
- They may be hard pressed to keep their promise.
• press sb. sb.
to do sth / for sth. sth.
催促,敦促;逼迫
• press sb. sb.
into doing sth. sth.
/ press sb. sb.
with questions
• a world pressed by / burdened with mushrooming
populations.

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• accommodate (Line 31): provide lodging or
sufficient space for;
- Each flat can accommodate up to six people.
- Even the most prestigious universities, such as
Oxford and Harvard, are making their efforts to
make their graduates accommodate to the realities
of the job market.
• accommodate to: to:
adapt to

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• proliferate (Line 35): increase rapidly in number;
produce in large quantities; multiply
- With the development of science, the science-
fiction magazines proliferated in the 1920s.
- The promise of new technology proliferates
options on every hand.

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• amount to (Line 41): add up to; be equal to
- Losses amounted to over 100 million dollars.
- In 1959 the combined value of U.S. imports and exports
amounted to less than 9 percent of the country’s gross
domestic products.
- Their actions amounted to a conspiracy.
- Her standards amounted to perfection. (她简直要求事事
十全十美。)

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• frontier (Line 41): part of a country bordering on
another country; (fig / usu pl) extreme limit of an
area of knowledge or a particular activity
- armed clashes on the frontier between the two
countries
- Our passports were inspected at the Czech frontier. frontier
- To open up the space frontier, frontier,
NASA will try to
lower the cost of access to Earth orbit.
- The frontiers of medical knowledge are being pushed
farther outwards every year. (开拓扩大 ( 开拓扩大) )
adj. adj.
a frontier zone / town / dispute / trade

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• border: border:
(land near the) line dividing two states or countries;
- a border town / incident
- As the river changed its course, the border changed.
• v.
- The park borders on the shores of the lake. ( be next to)
• boundary: boundary:
line that marks a limit; dividing line; (fig)
- This river forms a boundary between China and DPRK.
- A boundary dispute is a quarrel about where a boundary
should be.
- If something is beyond the boundary of human knowledge,
man can know nothing about it

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• stress (Line 42): pressure or worry resulting from
mental or physical distress, difficult circumstances
- Not all of us can cope with the stresses of modern life.
- Population growth and pollution place enormous stress
on the world’s world s supply of usable water.
• v.: .:
- A person who is stressed typically has anxious
thoughts and difficulty concentrating or remembering.
• stress the point / need for sth. sth.
: attach importance to
sth. sth
• stress / tension / nervousness: see Page 210 Ex. II

Part I (Paras 1-7) 1 7)
• drive (Line 44): urge or force sb. sb.
to move in a
specified direction or act in a particular way
• be driven: driven:
(of a fact or feeling) compel (someone)
to act in a particular way.
- You’re You re driving yourself too hard. (You are
pressing too hard.)
- He drove himself working until late at night.
- He was driven by ambition.

Part I. (Paras 1-11) 1 11)
• abundance (Line 46): quantity that is more than
enough; plenty
- Most milk consists of an abundance of the
major nutrients needed by the body for good
health.
- She was blessed with talent and charm in
abundance.
- food and drink in abundance
- live in abundance

Part I (Paras 1-11) 1 11)
• oblige (Line 45): do sth. sth.
for sb. sb.
as a favor or a small
service (oblige sb. sb.
with sth. sth.
/ by doing sth.) sth.)
- Will you oblige me by closing the windows?
- Tell me what you want to know and I’ll I ll see if I can
oblige. oblige
- If you can give me a few minutes of your time I’ll I ll be
much obliged. obliged.
(grateful)
repay an obligation n. 还人情債

• Main Idea:
Part II (Paras 12-18) 12 18)
Not every one is time-stressed, time stressed, and in the case of
Americans they have actually gained more free
time in the past decade.

Part II (Paras 12-18) 12 18)
• shorthand (Line 48): a short or simple way of
expressing or referring to sth. sth.
- Poetry for him is simply a shorthand for literature.

Part II (Paras 12-18) 12 18)
• (Line 53) peripherally involved in the economy:
not fully involved in … / not fully employed
- a peripheral member of a group外围成
group外围成
- peripheral provinces边缘省份
provinces边缘省份

Part II (Paras 12-18) 12 18)
• perception (Line 67): ability to notice and
understand things; way of seeing or
understanding sth.; sth.;
intuitive understanding or
insight
- color perception
- a vague perception of …模糊的认识
模糊的认识/看法 看法
- a man of perception有洞察力的
perception有洞察力的
• v. perceive
- Do you perceive what I mean?

Part II (Paras 12-18) 12 18)
• nurture (Line 76): care for and encourage the growth
and development of; cherish (a hope, belief, or
ambition); nourish
- His father nurtured his love of art.
- For a long time she has nurtured the dream of
buying a shop.
- nurture resentment 滋生不满情绪
- nurture connections with sb. sb.
同某人拉关系
• n. (often contrasted with nature) nature and nurture: nurture
本性和教养

• Main Idea:
Part III (Paras 19-23) 19 23)
The perception of time-famine time famine has triggered
a variety of reactions.

Part III (Paras 19-23) 19 23)
• Inequalities inequalities
apart (Line 84): apart from
- See Page 213 Structure Ex. I

Part III (Paras 19-23) 19 23)
• famine (Line 84): extreme scarcity of food; a
shortage
- a severe famine / reduce the threat of famine
/ die of famine
- a water famine / the cotton famine of the
1860s
- Drought could result in famine throughout
the region.

Part III (Paras 19-23) 19 23)
• starve: starve:
suffer severely or die from hunger
- They got lost in the desert and starved to death.
- starve sb. sb.
out (of a place) / into a specified state
- I don’t don t know about you, but I’m I m starving. starving.
(be
eager to do …)
- The plant was starved of light. (be in need of light)
- The motherless children are starving for affection.
- The patient’s patient s brain was starved for oxygen.
• n. starvation

Part III (Paras 19-23) 19 23)
• provoke (Line 85): stimulate or give rise to (a
reaction or emotion, typically a strong or unwelcome
one); deliberately make (sb ( sb.) .) annoyed or angry
- provoke general rage / press interest / a storm of
protest
- They argued that NATO enlargement could provoke
Russian hostility and lead to regional instability.
- His rudeness provoked me to strike him.
- He tried to provoke them into fight.

Part III (Paras 19-23) 19 23)
• adj. provoking
- anxiety-provoking anxiety provoking situations
- a thought-provoking thought provoking question
• n. provocation

Part III (Paras 19-23) 19 23)
• gratify (Line 87): give pleasure or satisfaction
- Beauty gratifies the eye.美能悦目。
eye. 美能悦目。
- I was gratified to see the result.
- The result is gratifying to me. (gratifying result)
- It was gratifying to know of the success of our
efforts.
• n. gratification
- It was a gratification to know that …

Part III (Paras 19-23) 19 23)
• streamline (Line 94): design or provide with a form
that presents very little resistance to a flow of air or
water, increasing speed and ease of movement;
make (an organization or system) more efficient by
employing faster or simpler working methods.
- streamline the finance department
- streamline the decision-making decision making process
- Passenger trains are streamlined for speed.
- Corporate mergers can result in job losses because
management combines and streamlines departments
within the newly merged companies.

Part III (Paras 19-23)
• growth market (Line 95): 越做越大的/迅速发展的市
越做越大的 迅速发展的市
场
- growth shares/ company/ industry / area增长股 area增长股
/迅
速发展的公司 / 行业 / 区域

Part III (Paras 19-23)
• domestic (Line 96): of the home, household of family; (of a
person) fond of family life; (of a animal) tame and kept by
humans; of or in side a particular country
- domestic appliances / chores / dogs / affairs / science = home
economics
- Her second marriage has made her very domestic
• n. domestics
- After China’s China s entry into WTO, the competition between
domestics and foreign imports has been growing increasingly
fierce.

Part III (Paras 19-23)
• spring up (Line 101): appear, develop, grow, etc.
quickly or suddenly
- New professional training schools sprang up all
over the country.
- Madness and creativity could spring from the
same source. (originate / arise from)

Part III (Paras 19-23)
• futile (Line 106): incapable of producing any
useful result; pointless
- a futile / vain attempt to keep fans from
mounting the stage
- It was futile / useless / pointless to continue the
negotiations.

Part III (Paras 19-23)
• divert (Line 106): cause sb. sb.
or sth. sth.
to change;
turn from one direction to another; distract
sb.’s sb. attention from sth. sth.
- The dam will divert the flow of river water into
the canal.
- Money set aside for development was being
diverted to finance the famine relief operations.
- divert one’s one s interest from sth. sth.
• n. diversion

• Main Idea:
Part IV (Paras 24-28)
The author pins down the crux of the problem
and puts forward a remedy for the stress we feel.

Part IV (Paras 24-28)
• cram (Line 108): completely fill a place or a container;
enter a place or space that seems too small
- They all crammed into the car.
- The restaurant was crammed with people. (crowded)
- He is cramming facts and dates for his history exam.
- cram the clothes into a suitcase
- cram one pupils填鸭式教学
pupils填鸭式教学

Part IV (Paras 24-28)
• evade (Line 113): escape or avoid, especially by
guile or trickery 强调机智巧妙不诚实得逃避
- evade military service / an attack / (paying)
taxes
- Tom tried to catch her arm but she evaded him.
- Evade the question by changing the subject
• Adj. be accused of being evasive

Part IV (Paras 24-28)
• avoid: avoid:
语意较弱,try 语意较弱, try not to get close to sth. sth.
/ sb. sb.
dangerous or sth. sth.
/ sb. sb.
you don’t don t want to meet
• escape: escape:
逃走,逃过,有时可能不是有意识的
- I have to avoid the landlady until I pay the rent
for the house.
- Nothing escaped her sharp eyes.

Part IV (Paras 24-28)
• confine (Line 115): n. (confines) the borders or
boundaries of a place, especially with regard to their
restricting freedom or movement.
- the confines of a country 国家的疆界
- Within the confines of the hall escape was impossible.
- This is outside the confines of the human knowledge.
(figurative)
• V.
- be confined to one’s one s bed / a wheelchair
- confine oneself to the topic / the subject
- They succeeded in confining the fire to a small area.

Part IV (Paras 24-28)
• doom (Line 129): n. death, destruction and some other
terrible fate
- His doom was to be poverty. 注定受穷
- He met (went to) his doom in the battle. 在战斗中阵亡
• v. be doomed to sth / to do sth.: (sth.) be certain to
happen, and you can do nothing to prevent it.
- The whole project was doomed to failure / fail.
- His crippled leg doomed him to unemployment.
- He was doomed to spend the rest of his life in a
wheelchair.

Part IV (Paras 24-28)
• Cf. destiny: destiny:
n. the events that will necessarily happen
to a person or thing in the future ;the hidden power
believed to control what will happen in the future
用得很广泛,倾向于指较好的命运安排,至少不指可
怕的命运, 常指尚未实现的
- believe in destiny
• V. be destined for sth. sth.
/ to sth. sth.
/ to do sth.: sth.:
- She could see that she was destined for stardom / great
things.
- The land is destined for a new hospital. (intended for a
particular use)

Part IV (Paras 24-28)
• Cf. fate: fate:
强调人所不能改变的命运,常指不尽
如人意的命运或已经产生结果的注定命运
- It was the great man’s man s destiny to lead his
country to freedom.
- He expected to spend his life in Italy but fate
had decided otherwise. (unchangeable)

EXERCISE
• I’ve ve been _____________since eight o’clock o clock this
morning, preparing my presentation for tomorrow’s tomorrow s
class. (on the go)
• It would be better to admit the problem openly and
______________ tackling it. (set about)
• The boys got into a ____________ over the rules of
the games. (tangle)
• All these car expenses are _____________our savings.
(eating into)
• The forthcoming concerts _____________ a feast of
music from around the world. (promise)

EXERCISE
• Some famous private schools are theoretically open to
the public, but _____________ are attended by those
who can afford the fees. (in reality)
• The wealth of industrial society could only come from
the ___________ of the masses (toil)
• Cigarette smoking combining with irregular life will
______________the risks of lung cancer. (multiply)
• Some people argue that globalization will bring the
________________so far enjoyed only by wealthy
industrialized nations to the developing countries.
(prosperity )

EXERCISE
• The black miners in South African used to earn only
_____________ the wages paid to white miners doing
the equivalent work. (a fraction of)
• These tropical islands boast a(n) ____________ of
wildlife, so they are always the zoologists’ zoologists first choice.
(abundance)
• Parents want to know the best way to __________ and
raise their child to adulthood. (nurture)
• We need to find ways to ____________ the office
routine. (streamlining)
• People’s People s concern over generically modified food has
_____________ a global debate that shows no ending
soon. (provoked)

EXERCISE
• Police and hospital records indicate that the majority
of victims of __________violence are women.
(domestic)
• The would is facing the prospect of water
_________caused by population growth, uneven
distribution of water, pollution, and other factors.
(shortages)
• The tour group is _____________ to the planned
activity. (confined)
• People are now ordering and purchasing virtually
anything over the Internet. Books, compact disks,
even sticks are available from websites that seem to
_______ almost daily. (spring up)

Unit 7(Vocabulary Exercises)
1.I don’t know why you like this boy so
much;somehow he gets my back up.
a.he makes me sick
b.he frightens me
c.he makes me annoyed
d.he cheats me
2.I won’t stand your nonsense any more.
It’s the last straw!

a.It’s the final warning
b.It’s more than I can bear
c.It’s sickening
d.It’s too much of a joke.
3.Be kind to him; after all, his days are
numbered.
a.he will soon be leaving
b.he is very ill

c.his death is near
d.he is getting old
4.He has to reflect on the direct conse-
quences of his resignation.
a.capitulate b.articulate
c.contemplate d.manipulate
5.He assumed that the train would be on
time.

a.argued b.knew
c.declared d.supposed
6. I think his argument is really pertinent
to our present situation.
a.related b.saucy
c.excited d.impatient
7.He pondered the problem for many hours
a.scolded b.considered
c.condemned d.viewed

8.People weave thread into cloth, straw
into hats, and reeds into baskets.
a.cross b.knit c.net d.fold
9.In some libraries young people can
check out ten juvenile books at one time.
a.adventure b.hardcover
c.adolescent d.large-print
10.He was asked to give his legal opinion,
not to make a moral judgment.

a.ethical b.esthetical
c.ethnic d.etherial
11.The floor collapsed on account of a big
fire.
a.gave off b.gave out
c.gave in d.gave way
12.My friend has the most beautiful
garden_____ in front of his house.
a.imaginable b.imaginary

c.imagined d.imaginative
13.He’s been talking about his new play
for months. I wonder when its first
performance is coming_____.
a.on b.out c.off d.forward
14.Prairie,woodland and mountains are
popular_____ of South America.
a.scenes b.landscapes
c.sights d.views

15.My political views_____ with his.
a.concur b.recur c.occur d.cur
16.Albert Einstein had a _____ mind.
a.brilliant b.delicate
c.sensible d.harmonious
17.He told us an amusing _____ of the
President’s childhood.
a.anecdote b.legend
c.saga d.fairy story

18.A big national flag ____ the wall of the
reception room.
a.postered b.spanned
c.hung d.suspended
19.The _____ in Japanese economy
started to slump.
a.augmentation b.depression
c.boom d.slackage

20.A government collects taxes to pay for
its_____.
a.maintenance b.retainment
c.preservation d.conservation
21.He has been _____ with the flu.
a.laid off b.laid up
c.laid out d.laid down
22.She _____ in embarrassment.
a.looked up b.looked round

c.looked in d.looked away
23.I expect my son to _____ the family
tradition.
a.carry forward b.carry on
c.carry back d.carry out
24.She was not prepared to ______being
an ordinary housewife.
a.settle for b.settle down
c.settle on d.settle up

25.If we’ve got to_____your relatives for a
week, we shall need a month’s holiday
afterwards.
a.contend for b.content with
c.content of d.contend with
26.The evidence all _____ a case of
murder.
a.adds up to b.adds to
c.adds in d.adds on

27.The swimmer_____towards the shore.
a.struck off b.struck out
c.struck up d.struck in
28.The thieves _____ a van carrying a
factory payroll, and escaped with the
money.
a.held up b.held together
c.held out d.held on

29.The bomb _____, killing three people.
a.went in b.went forth
c.went off d.went out
30.Nobody_____her_____when she
protested against the decision.
a.backed…away b.backed…down
c.backed…out d.backed…up
Answers: c b c c d a b b c a d a a b a
a a b c a b d b a d a b a c d

Unit 7 (Language Study)
1.(L3, Notes) reflect on/upon:think
seriously;contemplate 思考;沉思,
细想 He reflected upon the likely
consequences of this course of action.
2.(L7)span vt.:extend, vt.:extend,
stretch, reach or
pass over or across
The bridge that spans the river is
very beautiful.

3.(L7) 3.( L7) landscape n.
1)an expanse of natural scenery
considered in terms of the visual
impression it makes 景观;陆上风景
He was watching the landscape from
the train window.
2)a picture representing a section of
natural inland scenery风景画;山水
scenery风景画;山水
画

Huan Binhong is a very famous
landscape painter in China.
Cf.landscape陆上风景或风景画
Cf.landscape 陆上风景或风景画
景色
片
scenery某地总体的自然风景或
scenery 某地总体的自然风景或
scene某地局部的风景或景色
scene 某地局部的风景或景色
sight
sight< pl.>景物,名胜,风景
景物,名胜,风景
view景色,风光;风景画或照
view 景色,风光;风景画或照

Prairie, woodland and mountains are
popular landscapes of South America.
The scenery as one travels by boat
along the Changjiang Gorges is
marvelous.
Peak Tiandu is one of the most
beautiful scenes of Huang Shan.
Come and see the sights of London.

There’s There s a view of the river from my
window.
That is an oil painting of a landscape
in spring.//We took some views of the
village.
4.(L12) be struck with:be impressed
by
I was struck with Mary’s Mary s suggestion
at the meeting.

All were struck with terror at her
wild cry.
Everyone was struck with the beauty
of the West Lake.
5.(L16)jog vi.:give a slight knock or
push to; run slowly for physical
exercise
He jogged my elbow, touched it to
attract my attention.

I have a habit of jogging before
breakfast every day.
6.(L17)for nothing:free, nothing free, at no cost;
in vain,uselessly;without reason
They sent me a book for nothing.
He has all his trouble for nothing.
They quarreled for nothing.

7.(L18) 7.( L18) in the form of; in the mode or
shape of以。。。的形式
of以。。。的形式
Water vapour is water in the form of
gas.
They showed us politeness in the
shape of a banquet.
8.(L20)add to: increase
I don’t don t want to add to your troubles.

Cf.add up to: amount to;signify,
indicate
The money he spent added up to
more than $1,000.
The evidence all adds up to a case of
murder.
9.(L33)contend vi. struggle or
compete(+with/for)

He’s He s contending with problems of all
kinds.
How many teams are contending for
the Cup this year?
10.(L35)pertinent a.: relevant; to the
point (+to)中肯的,适当的
(+to) 中肯的,适当的
Your remarks are not pertinent to the
matter.
Thank you for your pertinent advice.

11.(L41)settle 11.( L41)settle for: accept sth. sth.
that is
taken as not satisfactory
The plaintiff(原告)
plaintiff( 原告)settled settled his
claim for a thousand dollars.
12.(L43)come out:emerge,appear;
show;publish
Some flowers have begun to come
out.

His kindness comes out when he
speaks.
His novel will come out in
September.
13.(L54)ponder vt./vi.: vt./vi.:
weigh
mentally; think deeply about;consider
carefully(+on/over)
carefully(+on/over)
These are minor problems over
which you needn’t needn t ponder too long.

He pondered (over) his future.
I’ll ll ponder how to get out of the
difficulties.
14.(L74)boom n. swift, vigorous
growth or development; a sudden
favorable turn in business or political
prospects
Our country is having a great boom
in every fileld.
fileld

The “do do-it it-yourself yourself” boom has
exerted great influence on youngsters
today.
15.(L75)be rocked:be upset emotion-
ally
People were rocked by the serious
unemployment situation of the
country.

16.(L79)back
16.( L79)back up:support
I hope you will back me up in this
argument.
17.(L82)carry on: hold; hold on to
握,抱;紧抓
He carried on my hands softly.
The mother carried on the baby and
sang it to sleep.

Cf.carry on; continue
Despite all the noise, he carried on
reading.
18.(L84)care vt./vi. vt./vi.
1)feel concern
about or interest in
I don’t don t care what you did.
2)feel love or a liking(+for) liking(+for
What music do you care for best?

3)take 3) take charge of;look after(+for) after(+for
Nobody will care for you so long as
you remain selfish.
4)wish for, want(+for) want(+for
Do you care for more pie?
5)feel concern or interest(+about)
interest(+about
I don’t don t care about the matter.

6)wish,desire
6) wish,desire(+ (+ to do)
Do you care to eat now?
19.(L92)envelop vt. vt.
wrap up; cover
completely
Fog enveloped the valley.
The building was enveloped in
flames.
The aircraft was enveloped in thick
fog.

20.(L93)sweep 20.( L93)sweep vi.: move, pass
steadily or smoothly,esp.with speed or
force(+away/across/to/through/off,etc.)
force(+away/across/to/through/off,etc.)
Newspaper editorials spoke of the
need to sweep away corrupt practices
in local government.
Planes sweep across the sky.
The music swept to a climax.
Her hand through the hair.

21.(L97)look 21.( L97)look away: turn one’s one s eyes
away, avert one’s one s gaze
The sunlight on the water was so
dazzling that one had to look away.
She looked away in embarrassment.
22.(L111)send in: submit,mail,deliver
The correspondent sent in his
dispatches regularly.

He sent in his application
immediately.
23.(L111)recur vi.: occur again(as in
talk or memory); happen again after
some lapse of time; appear at
intervals 从头来,回头讲(思
考);
复发,再发生
The terrible experiences recurred to

That thought keeps recurring to me.
24.(L113)weave vt./vi.: vt./vi.:
form threads
into a fabric, make a fabric on a loom
by interlacing threads or yarns;
construct in the mind or
imagination机织,编织
imagination机织,编织
The material is woven of/from cotton.
The writer wove an interesting story
out of the event.

Unit 7(Paraphrases)
1.(L9)As I rounded the entrance to the
bridge on the Brooklyn side,… side,
When I made a turn to the bridge
from Brooklyn side,… side,
2.(L46)This is the land dreams are
made of.
This is the land on which one can
come true his dreams.

3.(L55)I 3.( L55)I mean aside from the obvious.
I indicate the implications excluding
the meaning on surface.
4.(L63) I am known to others in my
workplace.
Others know my identity in my
workplace.

5.(L64) 5.( L64) I’m I m integrated into it.
I become an essential member of the
life I’m I m leading.
6.(L72) Otherwise you could be
pretty obscure.
In other circumstances you could
conceal your identity very effectively.

Pre-Reading Task

Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of
Pre-Reading Task
Nature
1. The song you are about to hear is based on a true
story, the tale of the sinking of a ship called The
Edmund Fitzgerald that was caught in a storm
on Lake Superior back in November 1975, with
the loss of all on board.
2. Additional information
3. Additional useful words and expressions

Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of
Nature
Pre-Reading Task
4. Questions on the recording:
• Where and when did the storm occur?
Lake Superior, November 1975
• Why did the crew fear the worst would
happen to them?
They all knew the dangers of November
storms.

Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of
Nature

The Edmund Fitzgerald is about to be
launched at the Great Lakes
Engineering Shipyard in River Rouge
just prior to her launching in June
1958.

The fateful voyage of the Edmund
Fierce autumn storms on the Great Lakes
have claimed their victims for centuries.
Thousands of vessels have sunk and
countless lives have been lost. Native
Americans and the French voyageurs in
turn mourned their dead.

Sensitive MAP of RUSSIA

Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of
tsunami 海啸
natural disaster 自然灾害
tidal waves 潮汐波,浪潮
epicenter 震中
temblor 地震
aftershock 余震
magnitude 震级
tragedy 灾难
wreckage 残骸
Nature

Hurricanes
Hurricanes are one of the most awesome
expressions of power that nature can create.
With sustained wind speeds of 74 mph or more,
they can rip a house from its foundation and
even wipe out entire cities. Hurricanes are
truly remarkable, and extremely dangerous.
But where and how are they created? When during
the year will they most likely form? How are
hurricanes tracked and monitored? And what can
we do if we are caught in one?

Since 1990, there have been 82 tsunamis, out of
which 10 have claimed more than 4,000 lives.
According to researchers, there is a significant
rise both in numbers of waves and in death
tolls over the century. Up until the now - the
average per decade has been 57. The increase in
tsunamis reported is due to improved global
communications; the high death are partly due
to increases in coastal populations.

The word Tsunami comes from the Japanese tsu
(harbor) and nami (wave). Appropriate naming,
as some 80 percent of all tsunamis occur in the
Pacific Ocean and Japan has suffered many, some
coming from as far away as South America.
Tsunamis are often incorrectly called tidal
waves, but tides have nothing to do with them
(though the damage may be worse if a tsunami
hits at high tide).

Tsunamis ~ Tidal Waves ~ Flooding
Tsunamis are tidal waves formed by underwater
earthquakes or, much less frequently, by
volcanic eruptions - meteor impacts - or
underwater landslides. They that can exceed 400
miles per hours in the deep ocean.
In deep water a tsunami may only be inches - or
a few feet high. But when it reaches a
shoreline that energy becomes a wall of water
that can be a mile high.

Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of
Nature
death toll 死亡人数
survivors 幸存者
victims 受灾者
tsunami warning system 海啸预警系统
earthquake monitoring 地震监控
international contributions 国际援助
evacuation team 撤运小组
smaller tremors 小震动,小地震

Text A
Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of
The Icy Defender
Nature

Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of
Nature
Text Analysis and Language Study
1. Cultural Notes
2. Comparison and contrast between
Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and
Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union
3. Text Orgination
4. Exercises

Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of Nature
Invading country France Germany
Country invaded Russia Soviet Union
Starter of war Napoleon Hitler
Spring, 1812 6/22/1941
Starting time of
invasion
Strength of
invading force
prediction
600,000
Quick victory,
conquest of
Russia in 5 weeks
The largest land
campaign in
history
Blitzkrieg(lightin
g war), lasting no
longer than 3
months

Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of Nature
Invading country France Germany
Initial resistance
strategy
Capture of the
Russian capital
Refusing to stand
and fight;
retreating
eastwards,
burning crops and
homes
yes no
Major battles Smolensk,
Borodino, the
Berezina River
Truce offer By Napoleon,
rejected by the
Czar
“scorch the earth”,
fierce fight to
defend major
cities
Leningrad,
stalingrad
no

Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of Nature
Invading country France Germany
Biggest enemy
for the invading
force
Snow, freezing
temperature
Turning point October 1812,
when Napoleon
ordered a retreat
Fate of the
invading force
Only 100,000
survived
War-starter’s fate Napoleon abdicated
and went into exile,
his empire at an end
Heavy rain,
“general mud”,
snow, freezing
temperature
1943, when the
Soviet troops
pushed the
Berman forces
back
Heavy losses
Hitler committed
suicide, his
empire collapsing

Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of Nature
• Culture notes

Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of Nature
• Culture notes

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part One (Paras 1--2)
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
Part Four (Paras 21)

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part One (Paras 1--2)
• Main idea
• Language Study

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
• Main idea
• Language Study

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
• Main idea
• Language Study

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Four (Paras 21)
• Main idea
• Language Study

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part One (Paras 1--2)
Main idea
Introduction—Both Napoleon’s and
Hitler’s military campaigns failed because
of the severity of the Russian winter

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part One (Paras 1--2)
Language Study
devastating (L.5)
raw (L. 5)
bleak (L. 5)
launch (L.7)
might (L. 8)
campaign (L.10)

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
• Main idea
Napoleon’s military campaign against
Russia

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
Language Study
conquest (L. 16) flee (L. 37)
be/get bogged down (L. 22) bide one’s time (L. 39)
engage (L. 24) quarter (L. 41)
take a gamble (L. 30) drag on (L. 50)
press on/ahead (L. 30) stroke (L. 54)
limp (56)

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
Language Study
Main idea
Hitler’s military campaign against the Soviet
Union

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
Language Study
catch sb off guard (L. 71) bring to a halt (L. 91)
render (L. 73) offensive (L. 92)
casualty (L. 75) turn the tide against (L.102)
close in (L. 76)
desperate (L. 78) reckon (L. 114)
siege (L.81) toll (L. 116)

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Four (Paras 21)
Main idea
Conclusion—The elements of nature must
be reckoned with in any military campaign

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Four (Paras 21)
Language Study
reckon (L. 114)
toll (L. 116)

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part One (Paras 1--2)
• devastating (L.5)
1) completely destructive:
devastating storm/ tsunami/war/hurricane
2) infml very good; able to obtain the desired
result:
You look devastating tonight, my dear.
His jokes were completely devastating (=very
funny).

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part One (Paras 1--2)
• devastate
to destroy completely; make impossible to
live in
towns and villages devastated by a long
war

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part One (Paras 1--2)
2. raw (L. 5)
(of weather) cold and wet
a raw winter day
(of food) not cooked
raw vegetables
in the natural state; not yet treated for use
raw silk/ cotton

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part One (Paras 1--2)
2. raw (L. 5)
(of a person) not yet trained; not experienced
a raw lad; a raw recruit; raw youth; raw to the
work.
• touch/catch/get/rub/sting sb on the raw
to hurt (someone’s) feelings by mentioning a
subject on which he is sensitive (触及某人痛处)
My sarcasm seemed to have touched him on the
raw

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part One (Paras 1--2)
3. bleak (L. 5)
(of weather) cold and cheerless
bleak and unpleasant weather
(of places) without shelter from cold winds
a bleak hillside struck by the full force of the
east wind
(of future events) cold; cheerless; uninviting;
discouraging
The future of this firm will be very bleak indeed
if we keep losing money.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part One (Paras 1--2)
4. launch (L.7)
v. start; send (sth) on it’s course
launch a new passenger liner
launch a satellite / rocket
launch oneself into work (on a teaching career)
launch a new business/an enterprise
The UN was launched in 1945 with 51 member countries.
launch a new journal
launch a strike/ an attack
launch an investigation

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part One (Paras 1--2)
4. launch (L.7)
n.
The launch of the new campaign
the launch of the movie

Text Analysis and Language Study
5. might (L. 8)
n. power; strength; force
The army fought bravely, but it was crushed by the
might of its powerful enemy.
He tried with all his might to move the heavy rock from
the road.
work with all one’s might
military might
the might of RAF
a man of might
beyond one’s might
with/by (all one’s) might and main (竭尽全力)

Text Analysis and Language Study
5. might (L. 8)
• mighty
adj. having great power or strength; very great
a mighty blow
a mighty king
A pen is mightier than a sword.

Text Analysis and Language Study
6. mow down (L. 9)
to kill, destroy, or knock down, esp. in
great numbers
The soldiers were mown down by fie from
the enemy’s guns.

Text Analysis and Language Study
7. campaign (L.10)
n. a connected set of military actions with a
particular purpose
The campaign to seize Moscow was a complete
failure.
a connected set of actions intended to obtain a
particular result in politics or business
The Leader of the Oppositions is on campaign in
Scotland.
The campaign succeeded and he won the
election.

Text Analysis and Language Study
7. campaign (L.10)
v. to lead, take part in, or go on a
campaign
Joan is campaigning for equal rights for
women.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
8. conquest (L. 16)
n. the act of conquering
The year 2003 witnessed the conquest of Iraq by the
USA.
something conquered, esp. land gained in war
British conquests in Asia
a person whose favor or love has been won
He’s one of pretty Jane’s many conquests.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
8. conquest (L. 16)
make a conquest (of)
to win the love or favor of (someone)
John seems to have made a real conquest of
Janet. They’re always together.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
9. be/get bogged down (L. 22)
bog down
to (cause to) sink (as if) into a BOG; be unable to make
progress
The car (got) bogged down in the mud.
We were bogged down with a lot of work.
be bogged down in/ by difficulties
The talks with the men (got) bugged down on the
questions of working hours.
Industrial production has bogged down

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
10 engage (L. 24)
v. attack; begin fighting with sb.
They engaged the enemy (in battle).
• engage a new secretary (employ)
I’ve engaged a room in the hotel. (reserve)
He engaged (himself) to pay back the money. (promise)
The spots of blood on the floor engaged the attention of
the police. (take up attention, time, thought)
She engages everyone with her pretty girlish ways.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
10 engage (L. 24)
• The engaged him in a new project.(be busy with)
The old lady engaged herself in making clothes for her
neighbours’ children.
Pat engaged her mother-in-law in conversation.
engage for take responsibility for
I will engage for John’s good behaviour should you
decide to employ him.
engage in
to make oneself busy in; to (start to) spend one’s time in
to engage in politics/trade

Text Analysis and Language Study
11 take a gamble (L. 30) take a risk
He took a gamble on a legacy of a thousand pounds and
used it to start a factory.
Laid off, she took a gamble investing all her in stocks.
He gambled his savings to start a small store.
I’ll gamble my life on his honesty.
• gamble at cards
• gamble on the result of a race
• gamble in stocks/ on the stock exchange
• gamble with one’s life
• I wouldn’t gamble on Jame’s footing the bill, if I were
you.
• He’s gambled away all his money, and now has nothing
left.

Text Analysis and Language Study
12 press on/ahead/ forward (with sth.) (L. 30)
continue doing sth. in a determined way; advance with courage or
without delay
Let’s press on with our work.
The new president of our university seems to be keen to press on
with educational reform.
Though faced with great difficulties, he is determined to press on .
• I don’t understand why you press that particular point which seems
to me unimportant.
• He was so detrmined to win the game that he pressed too hard and
made some silly mistakes
• He pressed his way through the crowd.
• So many people pressed round the famous actress that she couldn’t
get to her car.
• Pressing business matters prevented him from taking a holiday.
• My friends gave me a pressing invitation. They were so pressing
that I couldn’t refuse them.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
13 flee (fled) (L. 37)
to escape (from) by hurrying away
They all fled (from) the burning ship.
The enemy troops fled in utter confusion.
He fled the kidnappers and phoned the police.
flee starvation
flee for neutral ports
flee to Europe
flee from responsibility
flee the country
• Mists fled before the rising sun.
• fleeone’s country into exile

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
14 quarter (L. 41)
provide lodgings for (esp. soldiers)
That night, together with a high official, I was
quartered with a peasant.
He quartered his men on the inhabitants.
The were quartered throughout the war in
Smith’s hotel.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
15 drag on (L. 50)
move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and
tediously
Time flies in holidays, but when school begins the days
drag on.
The meeting just seems to drag on and on.
• He dragged out his words as if he had all day to say a
sentence. (拖延)
• He dragged out the meeting with long speeches.
• He dragged out an unhappy existence in prison for many
years. (忧郁地度过)

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
16. stroke (L. 54)
any of a series of repeated movements; single successful
or effective action or occurrence; blow
She can’t swim yet but has made a few strokes with her
arms.
With a stroke of its wings the birds flew away
She drew his face with a few strokes
He’s really competent, solving all the problems at a
stroke.
an unexpected piece (of luck)
by some stroke of fate (由于命运的某种安排)
have a stroke of good (bad) luck
That was his first stroke of good fortune.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
16. stroke (L. 54)
• He arrived on the stroke of 12. (=exactly at 12)
• arrive on the stroke (on time)
• At the twelfth stroke, we welcomed the new year
• He had a stroke and was unable to walk for the rest of
his life,
• be killed by a stroke of lightning
• A backhand stroke in tennis (反手击球)
• The minimum wage would be raised by 20% at a stroke.
• With a stroke of the president’s pen, I was out of college.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Two (Paras 3--11)
17 limp (56)
walk with an uneven step, one foot or leg moving less
well than the other
When getting off the bus, I slipped and hurt my ankle
and had to limp.
• He walks with a limp.
• The heat was too much for her; she went limp and fell to
the ground. (lacking strength or stiffness)
• stagger
have trouble standing or walking; move unsteadily on
one’s feet
I was so tired I could hardly stagger to my feet.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
18 catch sb off guard (L. 71) take sb by surprise
His proposal at the subway station caught her off guard
and she was at a loss, too embarrassed to say anything.
Eisenhower’s troops were caught off guard and badly
defeated by Rommel in the first days of the fighting in
February 1943.
• on/ off one’s guard
• ready/ not ready to deal with a possible sudden trick or
attack
Be on your guard against thieves.
• guard against (try to) prevent by special care
You must wash your hands when preparing food to
guard against spreading infection.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
19 render (L. 73)
cause to be (same as make)
His fatness renders him unable to touch his toes.
Millions of people were rendered homeless and destitute
by the recent tsunami.
to give (esp. help/advice)
You have rendered me a service.
render aid/ assistance
She needed him to hear her out and render advice.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
20 casualty (L. 75)
a person who is killed or injured in war or in an
accident
There were more than 100 casualties in the train crash.
The first reports of the tsunami told of more than one
100,000 casualties but the precise number is not known.
• casual
a person employed for a short period of time
John’s a casual, he can’t find a proper job anywhere.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
21 close in (on/upon) (L. 76)
to surround gradually and usu. from all sides
The people ran away when the enemy army began to
close in.
Night is closing in
to have fewer hours of daylight
The days are beginning to close in now that it’s autumn.

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
22 desperate (L. 78)
(of a state of affairs) very difficult and dangerous
Our country was once in a desperate state due to the
wrong policy of Great Leap.
(of a person) ready for any wild act because of loss of
hope
a desperate criminal
He was desperate for work to provide food for his
children.
(of an action) wild or dangerous; done as a last attempt
a last desperate effort to win

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
23 siege (L.81)
an operation by an army surrounding a defended place
to force it to yield, by repeated attacks, blocking of its
supplies, etc.
siege warfare (围攻战)
be in/ under a state of siege (处于被围状态)
stand/ withstand a siege (抵住围攻)
lift a state of siege (解除围困状态)
The terrorists gave themselves up after a 24-hour siege
lay siege to (围攻)
raise a siege
to cease to surround a fort or city
to drive away the enemy surrounding a fort or city

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
24 bring to a halt / bring a halt to (L. 91)
stop completely
We were brought to a halt by a storm.
bring a halt to the nuclear arms race
• come to a halt
The car came to a halt just in time to prevent an accident.
come to the aid (L.11)
go into exile (L. 61)

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
25 offensive (L. 92)
a continued attack, usu. with large military forces
launch an all-out offensive against the enemy
a propaganda offensive against the government
causing offence; unpleasant
offensive remarks
offensive advertisements to women
a sight to offensive to look at
offensive weapons
• take the offensive begin to attack
defensive

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Three (Paras 12--20)
26 turn the tide (L.102)
change what looks like defeat into victory (over)
The appearance of Joan of Arc turned the tide of war.
(圣女贞德的出现使战争的形势急转直下)
swim/ go with/against the tide
to act in accordance with/ opposition to a general current
of thought, custom, or what most other people are doing

Text Analysis and Language Study
Part Four (Paras 21)
27 reckon (L. 114)
to consider; regard
Yao ming is reckoned (to be) the number one center in
NBA.
The foundation of P.R. China is reckoned from Oct. 1 st
1949.
• be reckoned with
to be taken into account seriously as a possible opponent,
competitor, danger, etc.
George W. Bush is surely the one who has to be
reckoned with when people are trying to maintain world
peace.

Text Analysis and Language Study
reckon in
to include in; take (an amount) into account in a
(sum)
Have you reckoned the cost of the postage in the
total.
Have you reckoned in the cost of postage?

Text Analysis and Language Study
• reckon with
to be faced with or opposed by; have to deal with
If you hit the child again you’ll have me to reckon with.
• reckon without to fail to consider
When he decided to go he reckoned without Mary, who
refused to let him.
reckon on
trust; count on
You can always reckon on me (to help you).
expect; depend on (something happening or getting
something)
We’re reckoning on a large profit/ being half an hour
late.
You can’t reckon on seeing him.

Text Analysis and Language Study
28 toll (L. 116)
the number of people or animals killed or injured in
particular circumstances; money paid for the use of a
bridge or road
The death and injury toll in the tsunami is on the rise.
The village is allowed to charge tolls for the use of
the bridge.
take its/ a toll
cause damage, injuries or deaths (often followed by
of/on)
The flood took a toll of 2 million lives.
His hard work has taken its toll on his health.

Text Analysis and Language Study
29 bide one’s time (L. 39)
wait usually for a long time, until the right moment;
wait patiently for a chance
He seems to be doing nothing, but really he’s just
biding his time.
He bided his time until Harvard University offered
him a professorship.

Exercise 1: complete the following sentences with proper
words or expressions:
1. As the manager of the company, you should not
______ your responsibility in the affair.
retreat from
2. The girl’s attention was _____ by the display of the
new shoes in the shop windows and
has no time to _____ in our talk.
engaged/ engage
3. The talk between the two countries was _____ in
political and economic issues because of the great
difference.
bogged down

4. We are unwilling to _____ opening a restaurant in this
part of the city.
take a gamble
5. It is believed that illegal search is a(n)_____of people’s
civil rights.
invasion
6. The criminal who was still drinking in a pub was _____
when the policemen rushed in and arrested him.
caught off guard

7. Time seems to ______ when you have nothing to do.
drag on
8. Tom always daydreams that he could make a
fortune_____.
at a stroke
9. He succeeded in _____ of the public opinion against the
war.
turning the tide

10. The old engineer _____ the young workers not only in
words , but also by deeds.
instructed
11. The soldiers launched the long prepared _____against
the enemy position in the Middle of March.
offensive
12. His behavior was so _____ to the public morality that no
body in the class wanted to make friends with him.
offensive

13. The war between the two countries produced many
_____ in both sides.
casualties
14. In order to finish the task in time, we have to ------------in
the face of difficulties.
press on
15. It is _____ today. Put on your scarf and gloves before
you go out.
raw

1. 就这次交通事故而言, 驾驶员粗心大意是造成事故的
主要原因.
The carelessness of the driver is the main cause in the
case of this traffic accident.
2. 人们终于明白以牺牲环境来发展经济是多么愚蠢.
It is finally realized how foolish it is to develop our
economy at the cost of environment.
3. 由于质量低劣,这项工程被停了下来.
The project was brought to a halt because of its poor
quality.

4. 由于他在战斗中的英雄行为, 他被人们认为是最勇敢的战士之
一.
Because of (thanks to) his heroic deeds in the war, he was reckoned
as one of the bravest soldiers.
5. 在处理这些问题时,必须考虑时间,天气以及资金等因素.
The factors such as time, weather and funds must be reckoned with
when we deal with these problems.

Job Interview
百万年薪 北京举行春节首场招聘会 用人单位开出
百万年薪
Leping
“耐寒”人才挤爆招聘会 参加招聘会的应聘者达万人

Contents
Free Talk
Practice: Mock interviews
Language Study: 1----23
Text Analysis
Writing Strategy: How to write job
application letters
Exercise: Multiple Choice

Free Talk
How to prepare for the job interview?
What questions do you expect to be asked?
What responses do you make?
What questions might you ask?
Some “DOs” and “DON’Ts”
Traps in the job market

Job Interview-related
Vocabulary
Applicant
Candidate
Job hunter
Interviewee
Resume
Reference
Recommendation
Job interview
Application
Vacancy/opening
Minimum salary
Starting salary
Benefits
Promotion mechanism

Language Study
1. applicant: n.
~ (for sth) a person who applies for sth,
esp. a post
One available vacancy may draw dozens of applicants.
-apply (to sb / sth) (for sth) apply for membership
-apply( to sb/sth)
The principle applies to everyone.
-applicable (to sb/sth)
-application, -applied

Language Study
2. interview: vt.
1)~ sb(for sth): question to decide if sb is right for the job
They interviewed 20 candidates for the opening but discovered
none suitable.
2) ~ sb (about sth):( of a reporter, etc.) ask sb questions to seek
information for a news story, broadcast, etc.
Journalists from both at home and abroad interviewed our
premier about the government policies for the years to come.
-interview -interviewer -interviewee

Language Study
3. grill:
1) vt. (infml) question intensely;
2) vt.vi. cook under or over direct heat
When the policeman grilled the two drivers involved in a car
accident, a large crowd of passers-by clustered.
They grilled lamb, beef and fish at the barbecue party.
4. chuckle:vi. 1) laugh quietly or to oneself
n. 2) quiet or partly suppressed laugh
Do you chuckle to yourself when reading something amusing?
The baby gave a chuckle of delight at sight of sweets.
-giggle: (at sb or sth) laugh lightly in a nervous or silly way

Language Study
5. endeavor:
1).vi. try ( to do sth )
Our central government has endeavored to increase farmers’
income by exempting tax.
The possession of natural resources per capita is low in China, so
it’s urgent that we endeavor to build a conservation-oriented
society for sustainable development.
2). n. an effort or attempt to do sth
Schools should make every endeavor to relieve students of their
burden and pressure.
-attempt -strain -strive -exert

Language Study
6. blurt: vt. utter abruptly and thoughtlessly
If you blurt your secrets (out),you may regret some time.
Before the correspondent completed his first word, the woman
blurted her complaints (out).
7. sparkle: vi. ~( with sth): shine brightly with flashes of light
Her eyes sparkled with excitement in our exclusive interview.
Her diamond necklace sparkled in the candle-light, which made her
even more attractive.
-glitter -glimmer -shimmer -twinkle -flash

Language Study
8.clip: vt. cut (sth) with scissors, esp. in order to shorten it; trim
clip one’s finger, clip a sheep
-clip sth out of sth
Do you often clip articles out of newspapers?
9. pry: ~( into sth) try to look into private facts about a person
It’s rude to pry into one’s privacy.
I know this is prying,but how much do you spend traveling?
10. bracket: n. a group or a category that has a particular range
The occupation requires pretty girls in the 18-25 age bracket.
They are in the average income bracket.

Language Study
11.deadline: n. a time limit by which sth must be done
Next Monday is the deadline for your essay.
In order to meet the deadline, the employees worked extra hours
for days on end.
12.prospective: adj. (esp. attrib) likely to become or be
The chief function of direct-mail advertising is to familiarize
prospective buyers with goods.
College students are prospective house buyers.
-perspective

Language Study
13. courteous: adj. polite and respectful, well-mannered
The guides’ being courteous, sincere and helpful has earned their
travel agency a good name.
-courtesy -courteously
14. mock: 1) adj (attrib) not real; substitute
a mock exam , a mock interview
2)vt. vi.~(at sb /sth) make fun of(sb/sth)
It’s wrong to mock (at) the disadvantaged.

Language Study
15. incidentally: adv. 1) by the way
2) in an incidental way
Some people, and incidentally that includes you and me,
dream about a villa.
Some inventions are said to have been made incidentally.
16. as I see it: in my opinion
As I see it, a wider gap between the poor and the rich is sort of
attributed to corruption.
17.(as) the saying goes, as the proverb runs
As the saying goes, “Once bitten, twice shy.”

Language Study
18.follow up: 1) take further action on sth;
2) investigate sth closely
Please follow up your visit to him with frequent calls.
The local government was commanded to further up
the gas explosion.
19. do one’s homework: make preparations beforehand
Do your homework before you go for a job interview.

Language Study
20. make a/no /some difference (to sb or sth): have an effect; change
the situation or outlook
Cultural backgrounds make a difference to the way of living.
-make a /no/some difference between
Few factories make no difference between local workers and
migrant ones.
21. In the neighborhood of: about
The young couple anticipate buying a house in the neighborhood of
600,000 yuan,.
Some people choose to live in the neighborhood of Shanghai.

Language Study
22. beyond anyone’s/one’s wildest dreams:
more than anyone/one can ever imagine
It’s beyond anyone’s wildest dream that Weiwei’s marriage has
ended up in divorce.
23. From one’s/the standpoint (of): from one’s/the viewpoint (of)
From the standpoint of customers, the cheaper a product is, the
better.
From a historical standpoint, that might be the only solution.

Text Analysis
Part One paras1-6
A recent college graduate failed to answer the questions at an
interview because of a lack of preparation.
Part Two paras7-27
Four pieces of advice on being a successful interview
Part Three paras28-31
Everyone should make his or her own cracks in whatever he or she
does.

Writing Strategy
How to write job application letters
An application letter accompanies and introduces a
resume when the resume is being mailed to a
prospective employer. Here are some guidelines for
composing an effective application letter.
1. An application letter should always be addressed to a specific
individual.
2. In the opening paragraph of the letter, you should clarify which
specific job you want and how you learned about the job
vacancy.
3. The letter should go on to state, in summary fashion, why you
want the job and why you qualify for it.

Writing Strategy
4. End by requesting an interview. Provide a phone number so the
employer can contact you quickly. If you can be reached only at
certain times, specify them.
5. Be concise. Generally speaking, an application letter shouldn’t be
longer than one page.
6. Avoid bragging or boasting. Call attention to your most
impressive achivements relating to the job you are seeking, and
let the achievements speak for you.

Exercise
1.The _____ expressed his great disappointment with all the candidates.
A.interview B.interviewer C.interviewee D.applicant
2.The company is_____to sharpen its competitive edges for a larger
share of the market.Which of the following is not acceptable?
A.endeavoring B.straining C.striving D. exerting
3.I don’t wish to ______in any way, but may I ask if it is true that you
have sold your old house?
A.pry B.survey C.impose D.violate
4.Before I could stop her, she____her secrets out.
A.remarked B.exploded C.uttered D.blurted

Exercise
5.It’s such a fine day and the lake____in the sunshine.
A.squeezes B.sprinkles C.sprays D.sparkles
6.Salespersons often try to learn about the needs of the_____buyers
to make themselves more persuasive.
A.perspective B.prospective C.preventive D.restrictive
7.They exerted themselves day and night to meet the ____.
A.deadline B.deadlock C.death-blow D.decade
8.British gentlemen rank as the most ____men in the world.
A.compassionate B.intimate C.courteous D. sympathetic

Exercise
9.The responsible entrance guard____anyone who acts suspiciously.
A.inquires B.grills C.explores D.probes
10.I must go now. ____, if you want that book, I’ll bring it next time.
A.Accidentally B.Similarly C.Accordingly D.Incidentally
11.The businessman lives a simple life, but he makes
_____donations to the people in need.
A.generous B.genuine C.lucrative D.beneficial
12.Some young people want to_____everything new, but just can’t
afford the time and energy.
A.take away B.take a crack at C.get in D.come at

Exercise
13.An individual bird can____the call of its own species.
A.acknowledge B.check C.identify D.curb
14.Up to now, they have only discussed the issue from a western
____.Which of the following is not suitable?
A.perspective B.standpoint C.opinion D.viewpoint
15.The journalist____her interview with the victim with a donation.
A.brought up B.picked up C.followed up D.held up
16. “ Hello,” he extended his greeting with a broad____
A.laugh B. smile C.giggle D.chuckle

Exercise
17.The ancient village, picturesque beyond anyone’s____dreams,
has drawn millions of visitors from both at home and abroad
A.greatest B.wildest C.boldest D.biggest
18.When the old man____his last will,his strong accent made it
really hard for his lawyer to take down every word.
A.dictated B.devastated C.despised D.detected
19.You must________before you deliver a speech.
A.put in a word B.make plans C.cheer up D.do your homework

Exercise
20.____,“Once bitten, twice shy.”
A.As I see it B.In my opinion C.From my standpoint D.As the
saying goes
21.Once you decide to ____what you believe is right, never give up
halfway.
A.pay off B.retreat from C.go after D.press for
22.The privately-run factory endeavored to repay society by ____
laid-off workers.
A.dragging on B.pressing on C.drawing on d.taking on

Exercise
23.This new house is too expensive, quite out of my price_____.
A.list B.offer C.bracket D.brand
24.He is hunting for a job with a monthly salary in the neighborhood
of 5000 yuan.
A.nearby B.below C.above D.approximately
25.We’ve seen a short excerpt from the film”Central Station”.
A.plot B.outline C.abstract D.clip
26. You may make embarrassing mistakes during your contact with
your foreign business associates.
A.workmates B.colleagues C.partners D.companions

Exercise
27.Hundreds of students are fascinated by her elaborate patterns and
color schemes.
A.superficial B.obscure C.intricate D.transparent
28.Edward’s wife has found him her most benign, her best company
all these years.
A.considerate B.kindly C.optimistic D.caring
29.The management of the enterprise failed to communicate with
the workforce, causing a decline in the productivity.
A.government B.executive C.manager D.administration

Exercise
30.The invention of the computer has made a difference to the way
of life, work and
0
entertainment.
A.obstructed B.changed C.hampered D.hindered
Answer: 1-5 BDADD 6-10 BACBD 11-15 ABCCC
16-20 BBADD 21-25CDCDD 26-30 CCBDB