Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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© 2004 Mustapha Masanneh Ceesay
MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS TO INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY IN THE GAMBIA, WEST AFRICA Mustapha M. Ceesay, Ph.D. Cornell University 2004 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the leading food crops of the world. Demand for rice is rapidly increasing in West Africa. The Gambia imports more than 80% of its rice requirement. Local production is low and efforts to increase production are hindered by high input costs, low prices for rice, and low yields, especially in the uplands. This is true in most West African nations. There is an urgent need for cultivars and production technologies in the both the upland and lowland ecosystems that will help increase yields at lower monetary costs. Upland rice is mainly grown under a shifting cultivation system. This involves slashing and burning of virgin forest to acquire new and more fertile lands. Environmental concerns and increasing human density are discouraging this practice and research on permanent cropping of the land is being promoted. One strategy to facilitate cultivation of the same piece of upland rice field without yield loss and without high input of human labor, fossil energy, fertilizer, and herbicide is the use of low‐ input rice varieties. These varieties present a major challenge for research because upland rice often needs a higher level of fertilization than does lowland rice. The West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) is developing low‐input varieties primarily from selections among African varieties and exotic varieties. In a 3‐year varietal screening exercise, conducted in the Gambia, cv WAB 377‐B‐16‐LB‐LB and WAB56‐125, bred by WARDA were found to be higher yielding and more stable than the commonly used Asian variety (Peking) at low fertilizer application rates. The iii
Page 1: MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
Page 5 and 6: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
Page 11 and 12: 3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
Page 13 and 14: Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
Page 15 and 16: Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
Page 17 and 18: Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
Page 19 and 20: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 21 and 22: context of food security. As there
Page 23 and 24: management of soil nutrients and so
Page 25 and 26: enough fertilizer was available to
Page 27 and 28: the importation of agricultural inp
Page 29 and 30: 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
Page 31 and 32: The reason for the decline in The G
Page 33 and 34: 2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
Page 35 and 36: tend to produce moderately higher y
Page 37 and 38: available nitrogen and phosphorus r
Page 39 and 40: Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
Page 41 and 42: flood/drought cycle, which is provi
Page 43 and 44: educed transpiration due to soil wa
Page 45 and 46: management practices (dry land/irri
Page 47 and 48: Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
Page 51 and 52: efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
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(1) Higher mineralization rate in t
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Translocation of N from the vegetat
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NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
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4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
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1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
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are averages of duplicated assays a
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show any significant differences be
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Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
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stress conditions that prevailed du
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Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
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Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
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Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
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According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
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NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
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Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
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Determining Crop N: The first step
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Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
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e able to access a value from the d
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
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season, but in the event that major
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In many cases, results did not meet
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1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
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3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
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diffusion from the soil‐water int
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and rewetting of soils as practiced
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2. SRI will increase rice yields be
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Three sets of rice nurseries were p
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Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
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tillering variety, with plant heigh
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Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
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Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
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Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
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Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
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The difference in 1000‐grain weig
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Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
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104 SRI management practice using 3
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fertilizer, but no better panicle f
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increase in fertilizer application.
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transplanting urea fertilizer was a
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112 Applying just compost alone gav
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submerging the 7‐day old seedling
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116 An increase in SRI yields in su
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4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
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practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
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application. This study has proven
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APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
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Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
Page 147 and 148:
Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
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Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
Page 151 and 152:
Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
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Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
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Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
Page 157 and 158:
Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
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Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
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Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
Page 163 and 164:
Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
Page 165 and 166:
Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
Page 167 and 168:
148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
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150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
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152 management in agricultural syst
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154 Root traits to increase drought
Page 175 and 176:
156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178:
158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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