tapir behavior- an examination of activity patterns, mother young ...

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE....................................................................................6 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................6 BAIRD’S TAPIR..........................................................................................................9 MALAY TAPIR.........................................................................................................20 III. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................28 STUDY AREA ..........................................................................................................28 STUDY SUBJECTS ....................................................................................................35 PILOT STUDY .........................................................................................................36 ACTIVITY PATTERNS...............................................................................................37 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS .....................................................................................41 SPATIAL USE...........................................................................................................42 MOTHER-YOUNG INTERACTIONS............................................................................48 IV. RESULTS..............................................................................................................51 ACTIVITY PATTERNS...............................................................................................51 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS .....................................................................................67 SPATIAL USE...........................................................................................................70 MOTHER-YOUNG INTERACTIONS............................................................................79 vi
V. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................82 ACTIVITY PATTERNS...............................................................................................82 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS .....................................................................................88 SPATIAL USE...........................................................................................................91 MOTHER-YOUNG INTERACTIONS............................................................................96 CONCLUSIONS.........................................................................................................97 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZOOS ..............................................................................98 LITERATURE CITED ..............................................................................................100 APPENDIX................................................................................................................120 vii
Page 1 and 2: TAPIR BEHAVIOR- AN EXAMINATION OF A
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing these ackn
Page 5: My family and friends, especially m
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Perc
Page 11 and 12: 32. pRDA displaying the relationshi
Page 13 and 14: tapir behavior will provide importa
Page 15 and 16: different species, and only general
Page 17 and 18: GENERAL CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERA
Page 19 and 20: 20-30 million years ago 21-25 milli
Page 21 and 22: Habitat loss and fragmentation is t
Page 23 and 24: occupied during the day was much la
Page 25 and 26: selection to facilitate thermoregul
Page 27 and 28: To obtain detoxifying chemicals, ta
Page 29 and 30: growth during the first year of the
Page 31 and 32: MALAY TAPIR (Tapirus indicus) Distr
Page 33 and 34: Habitat use Tapirs are nocturnal fo
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Williams and Petrides, 1980).
Page 37 and 38: Social Behavior Once thought to be
Page 39 and 40: STUDY AREA CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
Page 41 and 42: Figure 7. Schematic of the Malay ta
Page 43 and 44: Figure 8. Schematic of the Baird’
Page 45 and 46: Figure 9. Representative schematic
Page 47 and 48: PILOT STUDY In August 2005, I condu
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Individual and the dates a
Page 51 and 52: Table 4. Different groupings of beh
Page 53 and 54: SPATIAL USE Each enclosure was divi
Page 55 and 56: 7/7/2006 made up the before landsca
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 11. Baird’s tapir exhibit
Page 59 and 60:
MOTHER- YOUNG INTERACTIONS The phys
Page 61 and 62:
deviance (G 2 ) and degrees of free
Page 63 and 64:
ehaviors in the “other” categor
Page 65 and 66:
Lying Down Investigation Lying Down
Page 67 and 68:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 69 and 70:
Stationary behaviors had were low i
Page 71 and 72:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 73 and 74:
When comparing species, the Malay t
Page 75 and 76:
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Page 77 and 78:
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Page 79 and 80:
Melvin, whereas investigation was a
Page 81 and 82:
SPATIAL USE For each individual, th
Page 83 and 84:
-0.8 0.8 PCA Axis 2 Lying Down SF S
Page 85 and 86:
-0.8 PCA Axis 2 0.8 Lying Down U1 C
Page 87 and 88:
-1.0 1.0 RDA Axis 2 UL H20 Investig
Page 89 and 90:
The Redundancy Anaylsis (RDA) of be
Page 91 and 92:
Table 8. The hierarchical log-linea
Page 93 and 94:
ACTIVITY PATTERNS General Patterns
Page 95 and 96:
Swaisgood and Shepherdson, 2005). Z
Page 97 and 98:
temperature and often occurs during
Page 99 and 100:
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The RDA indic
Page 101 and 102:
while allowing tapirs to be in more
Page 103 and 104:
For Cayos, sections V and U2 were a
Page 105 and 106:
investigation can be explained by o
Page 107 and 108:
MOTHER-YOUNG INTERACTIONS Of the be
Page 109 and 110:
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZOOS The recomm
Page 111 and 112:
LITERATURE CITED Abdulali H. 1952.
Page 113 and 114:
Bodmer RE. 1995. Priorities for the
Page 115 and 116:
Downer CC. 1997. Status and Action
Page 117 and 118:
Fumagalli JRR. 2004. Relative abund
Page 119 and 120:
Janzen DH. 1982. Natural history of
Page 121 and 122:
Mallapur A, Qureshi Q, Chellam R. 2
Page 123 and 124:
Naranjo Pinera EJ. 2002. Population
Page 125 and 126:
Powell DM, Carlstead K, Tarou LR, B
Page 127 and 128:
Seitz S. 2002a. New, modernized tap
Page 129 and 130:
White BC, Houser LA, Fuller JA, Tay
Page 131 and 132:
APPENDIX 120
Page 133 and 134:
Table 11. Literature on tapirs in c
Page 135 and 136:
Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
Page 137 and 138:
Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
Page 139 and 140:
Magnoliopsida cont. 94+ Dispersed (
Page 141 and 142:
VITA Maurine Jennifer Gilmore Candi
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