40 Mahgoub Mohammed AHMED <strong>and</strong> Safaa Eid ALI Table 3. Effect <strong>of</strong> pomegranate peel ethanol extract on Fe-NTA-induced reduction in the activity <strong>of</strong> renal antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPx <strong>and</strong> GPD) <strong>and</strong> enhancement in the level <strong>of</strong> microsomal lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rats Values are Mean±SEM (n=6 animals). a p
<strong>of</strong>ten metabolized to proximate toxicants by phase I enzymes, e.g., cytochrome P450 which catalyze oxidative reactions. The oxidized metabolites <strong>of</strong> potentially toxic xenobiotics are then detoxified by Phase II metabolizing enzymes into the forms that are relatively inert <strong>and</strong> more easily excreted (Talalay et al., 1995). GSH depletion increases the sensitivity <strong>of</strong> organ to oxidative <strong>and</strong> chemical injury. Studies with a number <strong>of</strong> models show that the metabolism <strong>of</strong> xenobiotics <strong>of</strong>ten produced GSH depletion (Mitchell et al., 1973 <strong>and</strong> Ahmed <strong>and</strong> Zaki, 2009). The depletion <strong>of</strong> GSH, also, seems to be the prime factor that permits lipid peroxidation in the Fe- NTA treated group. Pretreatment <strong>of</strong> pomegranate peel extract reduced the depletion <strong>of</strong> GSH levels <strong>and</strong> provided protection to the kidney. The protection <strong>of</strong> GSH is by forming the substrate for GPx activity that can react directly with various aldehydes produced from the peroxidation <strong>of</strong> membrane lipid. Pomegranate peel extract pretreatment also reduced the elevated levels <strong>of</strong> serum urea <strong>and</strong> ceatinine that are marker parameters <strong>of</strong> kidney toxicity. In conclusion, we can say that, the high antioxidant <strong>and</strong> nephropreventive effect <strong>of</strong> the pomegranate peel extract appeared to be attributed to its high phenolics content. The mechanism <strong>of</strong> action <strong>of</strong> pomegranate peel extract may be through induction <strong>of</strong> various antioxidant <strong>and</strong> phase II enzymes, <strong>and</strong> scavenging reactive oxygen species. Thus our data suggest that pomegranate peel ethanol extract is a potent nephropreventive agent. Further work is required for the isolation <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> individual phenolic compounds present in peel ethanol extract <strong>and</strong> to determine the mechanisms involved in the nephropreventive effect <strong>of</strong> pomegranate peel extract. References Ahmed MM <strong>and</strong> Zaki NI. Assessment the ameliorative effect <strong>of</strong> pomegranate <strong>and</strong> rutin on chlorpyrifos-ethyl-induced oxidative stress in rats. Nature <strong>and</strong> Science. 7(10): 49-61, 2009. Ahmed MM. 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