csefh - Kinder-Umwelt-Gesundheit

CSEFH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1-1
1.1 PURPOSE ............................................................... 1-1
1.2 INTENDED AUDIENCE .................................................... 1-1
1.3 BACKGROUND .......................................................... 1-1
1.4 SELECTION OF STUDIES FOR THE HANDBOOK .............................. 1-3
1.4.1 General Assessment Factors ........................................... 1-4
1.4.2 Selection Criteria ................................................... 1-4
1.5 APPROACH USED TO DEVELOP RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXPOSURE
FACTORS ............................................................... 1-6
1.6 SUGGESTED REFERENCES FOR USE IN CONJUNCTION WITH THIS HANDBOOK .. 1-8
1.7 THE USE OF AGE GROUPINGS WHEN ASSESSING EXPOSURE .................. 1-9
1.8 CONSIDERING LIFESTAGE WHEN CALCULATING EXPOSURE AND RISK ....... 1-11
1.9 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ................... 1-11
1.9.1 Dose Equations .................................................... 1-12
1.9.2 Use of Exposure Factors Data in Probabilistic Analyses ..................... 1-14
1.10 CUMULATIVE EXPOSURES ............................................... 1-15
1.11 ORGANIZATION ........................................................ 1-15
1.12 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 1 ............................................ 1-16
2 VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY ................................................ 2-1
2.1 VARIABILITY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY ...................................... 2-2
2.2 TYPES OF VARIABILITY .................................................. 2-2
2.3 ADDRESSING VARIABILITY ............................................... 2-3
2.4 TYPES OF UNCERTAINTY ................................................. 2-4
2.5 REDUCING UNCERTAINTY ................................................ 2-4
2.6 ANALYZING VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY ............................. 2-4
2.7 PRESENTING RESULTS OF VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS ....... 2-5
2.8 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2 ............................................. 2-6
3 INGESTION OF WATER AND OTHER SELECT LIQUIDS ............................... 3-1
3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 3-1
3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................... 3-2
3.2.1 Water Ingestion from Consumption of Water as a Beverage and from Food
and Drink ......................................................... 3-2
3.2.2 Water Ingestion while Swimming ....................................... 3-2
3.3 DRINKING WATER INGESTION STUDIES .................................... 3-6
3.3.1 Key Drinking Water Ingestion Study .................................... 3-6
3.3.1.1 Kahn and Stralka, 2008 ....................................... 3-6
Page Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook
ii September 2008