orchids and orchidology in central america. 500 ... - lankesteriana.org

More documents

Recommendations

Info

176 the subject of the reduction of the Maya dates. In this, he gave the correlation of dates with our calendar and the Maya calendar. In 1930, John E. Teeple proved the dates to be wrong, a devastating blow to Spinden. He spent the rest of his life defending his correlation. Winslow Roper Hatch (1908- ) and Carl Louis Wilson (1897-) collected in Guatemala in 1926. We know their specimens of Habenaria quinqueseta (Michx.) Sw. (Wilson 39B), Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl. (Wilson s.n.), Pleurothallis dolichopus Schltr. (Hatch & Wilson 369), Pleurothallis glandulosa Ames (Hatch & Wilson 344) and Maxillaria purpurea (Spreng.) Ames & Correll (Hatch s.n.). Hatch collected later in Costa Rica (1937). Clayton Dissinger Mell (1875-1945), who had worked with Record on Timbers of Tropical America (1924), collected in Nicaragua and Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz and Chiapas) between 1923 and 1945. From Chiapas we have his collection of Bletia tenuifolia (Mell 2084, 1933). Duncan Stevenson collected from 1927 until 1929 together with J. N. Oliphant ( - ) in the Cayo district of Belize and in the Cockscomb Mountains. Among his collections we find Sobralia bradeorum Schltr. (Stevenson s.n.). Of much greater importance was Cyrus Longworth Lundell (1907-1994) who collected in Guatemala, Belize, Yucatán, Quintana Roo and Honduras in the years of 1928-1938. Lundell collected a large number of specimens and the plants of Belize and Guatemala constitute an important base for his numerous publications of the plants of the Maya regions, especially his monumental work The Vegetation of Peten (1937). Types of new species of Orchidaceae discovered by Lundell were: Pleurothallis yucatanensis Ames & C. Schweinf. (Lundell 912, Yucatán), and Ponthieva parviflora Ames & C. Schweinf. (Lundell 1213, Campeche). Among other collections of orchids by Lundell we find: Habenaria bractescens Lindl. (Lundell 3324, Guatemala), Dichaea muricata (Lundell 6552, Belize), Vanilla planifolia Andrews (Lundell 164, Guatemala), Sobralia decora Batem. (Lundell 2961, Guatemala), Spiranthes guyanensis (Lindl.) Cogn. (Lundell 3704, Guatemala), Spiranthes orchioides (Sw.) A. Rich. (Lundell 3484, Guatemala) and Stelis ciliaris Lindl. (Lundell 2141, Guatemala). In 1933 Lundell was in charge of supervising the LANKESTERIANA LANKESTERIANA 9(1—2), August 2009. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2009. collections of Percival Gentle in Belize (see later). Thus he became one of the foremost experts in the flora of the region. His later explorations in the region of Petén were fundamental for the completion of Ames & Correll’s work on the orchids of Guatemala and Belize. Of great importance was also the botanical expedition to Yucatán and Quintana Roo, undertaken by Lundell from May through August, 1938 (See Lundell, 1938). Conrad Vernon Morton (1905-1972), botanist and a world authority in ferns, collected during a period of time in Guatemala (1928), from where we know of his specimens of: Epidendrum chinense (Lindl.) Ames (Morton 425), and Isochilus major Cham. & Schlecht. var. amparoanus (Schltr.) Correll (Morton 263). Morton came to the Smithsonian as assistant of the Division of Plants of the U. S. National Museum. In 1948 he was appointed Curator of the newly established Division of Ferns, Department of Botany. Morton was made Senior Botanist in 1970, a position he retained until his death. During the same period (1928) Hugh Charles Sampson (1878-1953) and John Sidney Karling (1898- 1995) came to Belize, where they collected some specimens of Orchidaceae: Catasetum integerrimum Hook (Sampson s.n.), Clowesia russelliana (Hook.) Dodson (Sampson s.n.), Encyclia bractescens (Lindl.) Hoehne (Sampson s.n.), Encyclia chacaoensis (Rchb. f.) Dressler & Pollard (Sampson s.n.), and Oncidium carthagenense (Jacq.) Sw. (Karling s.n.). Avery significant series of collections of plants were made by William A. Schipp (1891-1967), beginning in 1929 and continuing for many years. Schipp, of Australian origin, came to Belize determined to make his living as a botanical explorer. His Flora of British Honduras, Price List of Seeds and Herbarium Material (1933-34) is really only a list of his collections and emphasizes items for sale (Balick et al., 2000: 18). Schipp had among his clients the main herbaria of Europe and the United States. Determinations were made by Paul C. Standley at The Field Museum in Chicago and forwarded to Schipp in exchange for a set of duplicates.He collected several orchids (all in Belize), among which we find: Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC. (Schipp 782), Brassia maculata R. Br. (Schipp S-843), Campylocentrum micranthum (Lindl.) Maury (Schipp 8-841), Campylocentrum poeppigii (Rchb.
ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchidology in Central America f.) Rolfe (Schipp S-39), Chysis laevis Lindl. (Schipp S-838), Corymborkis forcipigera (Rchb. f. & Warsz.) L. O. Williams (Schipp 8-302), Ionopsis utricularioides (Sw.) Lindl. (Schipp 917), Jacquiniella equitantifolia (Ames) Dressler (Schipp 852), Masdevallia tubuliflora Ames (Schipp S-102), Oncidium ensatum Lindl. (Schipp 780), Ornithocephalus bicornis Lindl. ex Benth. (Schipp S-839), Pleurothallis marginata Lindl. (Schipp 918), and Psygmorchis pusilla (L.) Dodson & Dressler (Schipp 879). Shipp’s collections in Belize and Guatemala were of excellent quality and as many as 154 were types for new taxa. His departure from Belize in 1937 marked the end of a golden age of sorts. During his tenure a Department of Forestry was active and numerous articles and several books were published about the flora. Joseph Charles Comeille Bequaert (1886-1982), a Belgian naturalist who would become years later the foremost expert in the freshwater mollusks of the Belgian Congo, collected in Yucatán, near the famous ruins of Chichén Itzá, during the year of 1929. Shortly thereafter he went on to Guatemala, where he collected, among others: Dichaea muricata (Sw.) Lindl. (Bequaert 47), Habenaria repens Nutt. (Bequaert 50), Spiranthes trilineata var. thelymitra (Rchb. f.) L. O. Williams (Bequaert 6), and Stelis bidentata Schltr. (Bequaert 48). The first known collection of Orchidaceae by James Beach Edwards is the type of Octomeria hondurensis Ames (Edwards 304, Lago Yojoa, Honduras), that is dated October 29, 1929. From then on and until March 1934, we find at least thirteen new species which Edwards discovered, most of them described by Ames, for whom Edwards worked: Bletia edwardsii Ames (Edwards 24), Bletia papillifera Ames (Edwards 277), Epidendrum comayaguense Ames (Edwards 333), Epidendrum cystosum Ames (Edwards 675), Epidendrum dickinsonianum Withner (Edwards 400), Epidendrum edwardesii Ames (Edwards 122), Habenaria hondurensis Ames (Edwards 267), Hexadesmia hondurensis Ames (Edwards 334), Oncidium hondurense Ames (Edwards 101), Pleurothallis comayaguensis Ames (Edwards 338), Pleurothallis oscitans Ames (Edwards 515), Sobralia 177 edwardsii Ames (Edwards 299), and Vanilla insignis Ames (Edwards 407). Edwards spent apparently a short time in Guatemala, from where we know of only one collection: Maxillaria elatior (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. (Edwards 609, November 1933). In a letter from Ames to Lankester we read: “Mr. J. B. Edwards has been finding some interesting orchids in Honduras, near Tegucigalpa, He has turned up some of the fine old things that used to appear in collections forty years ago but have given way to the unpraiseworthy craze for hybrids” (June 11, 1933). He seems to have been a discriminating and careful collector. After almost four years of collecting in Honduras, he gathered no more than 750 orchids; however, the number of new species is proportionally very high. Other collectors in Mexico during the first years of the XX century “…a good many German and Belgian collectors have been here; I would have found more plants if it was not for that”. C. A. Purpus (In a letter to Brandegee, January 1907) The botanical exploration of southern Mexico stopped almost completely for a long time, due to the chaos that reigned in the country and the perils to which naturalists (especially U. S. citizens after 1916 38 ) were exposed during the violent years of the Mexican Revolution. During a great part of the history of Mexico, a small minority had control of both power and the largest part of the country’s wealth, while the majority of the population lived in misery. As the gap between rich and poor widened during the dictatorship of General Porfirio Díaz, the low classes lost their political voice. Opposition to Díaz surged when Francisco Madero, educated in Europe and California, initiated a series of strikes throughout the country. Díaz was forced to hold elections in 1910, and although he tried to ignore the results, he was forced to resign in 1911. Madero became president but found opposition in Emiliano Zapata, who was not willing to wait for the orderly implementation of the agrarian reform that Madero proposed. Thus began a time in 38 In response to an attack by the troops of Pancho Villa to the city of Columbus (New Mexico), the United States sent troops to invade Mexico. This generated a strong anti-American feeling among the Mexican population and was often the cause for violent actions against citizens of this country. LANKESTERIANA 9(1—2), August 2009. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2009.
Page 1 and 2:
LANKESTERIANA 9(1-2): 1-268. 2009.
Page 3 and 4:
In Belize, the Botanical Station wa
Page 5 and 6:
ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchidolo
Page 7 and 8:
despotism penetrated the social sec
Page 9 and 10:
A B C ossenbaCh — Orchids and orc
Page 11 and 12:
ut we believe that they resemble th
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco (Gómez-Po
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
A ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchido
Page 21 and 22:
C ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchido
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
C ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchido
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
The expedition split in two and in
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
A C ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchi
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
A C ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchi
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
B A ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchi
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
A B ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchi
Page 75 and 76:
The German-Belgian connection ossen
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
William Walker in Central America o
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
The Mexican Empire of Maximilian of
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Other travelers in Central America
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126: ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchidolo
Page 147 and 148: A C ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchi
Page 167 and 168: A ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchido
Page 175: ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchidolo
Page 185 and 186: institution in the research of the
Page 213 and 214: A B C ossenbaCh — Orchids and orc
Page 227 and 228:
show all

orchids and orchidology in central america. 500 ... - lankesteriana.org

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?