The timing of nonmodal phonation in vowels - UCLA Department of ...

190 B. Blankenship
acoustic cues to phonation type may be produced separately or in combination;
languages do not all use the same set of cues.
Finally, this research has provided evidence for a continuum of glottal stricture.
Among the languages with a vowel phonation contrast, comparable categories did not
have the same spectral characteristics from language to language, but within each
language the categories were consistent across speakers. This fact indicates that from the
continuum of possible spectra, each language establishes its own range of spectra for
phonation categories.
This article derives from a larger research project guided by Patricia Keating, Peter Ladefoged, Sun-Ah Jun,
and Jody Kreiman. I thank them for sharing their wisdom and lavish amounts of their time. Thanks also to
Christer Gobl, Mary Beckman, and an anonymous reviewer for comments that led to substantial revision of
the analysis, and to Mary Beckman for honing the "nal draft.
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