Manual Drivetrains and Axles Fourth Edition

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Automatic transmissions were first used on a large scale in the late 1940s, and now about 85% of the vehicles in North America are so equipped. Unlike manual transmissions, most automatic transmissions do not actually “shift gears” but apply clutches (or bands) to hold various sections of two or more planetary gear sets. The torque converter is attached between the engine and the transmission/ transaxle and transmits and multiplies engine torque.
TORQUE CONVERTERS The impeller, also known as the pump, is the driving member and rotates with the engine. The impeller vanes pick up fluid in the converter housing and direct it toward the turbine. Fluid flow drives the turbine, and when the flow between the impeller and turbine is adequate, the turbine rotates and turns the transmission input shaft. A torque converter contains the stator, or reactor, a reaction member mounted on a one-way clutch. The vanes used in each of the three elements of a torque converter are curved to increase the diversion angle of the fluid. This also increases the force exerted by the fluid and improves the hydraulic advantage. See Figure 100–1. Continued
Page 2 and 3: OBJECTIVES: After studying this pre
Page 4 and 5: KEY TERMS: compound planetary gear
Page 8 and 9: Figure 100-1 A cross-sectional view
Page 10 and 11: Figure 100-2 Fluid flow within a to
Page 12 and 13: Figure 100-4 The vane curvature of
Page 14 and 15: Figure 100-5 The torque converter b
Page 16 and 17: Figure 100-6 The inner oil pump gea
Page 18 and 19: Figure 100-7 The transmission input
Page 20 and 21: Figure 100-8 On a transaxle, the tu
Page 22 and 23: Figure 100-9 Torque multiplication
Page 24 and 25: Coupling Phase When the speed ratio
Page 26 and 27: Stall Speed During converter stall,
Page 28 and 29: Vehicle manufacturers select torque
Page 30 and 31: Figure 100-11 An expanded view of a
Page 32 and 33: Once lockup occurs, the clutch may
Page 34 and 35: The summary of torque converter ope
Page 36 and 37: Vehicle speed is above 35 mph (55 k
Page 38 and 39: NOTE: The application of the torque
Page 40 and 41: Automatic Transmission Fluid Cooler
Page 42 and 43: Figure 100-15 A cutaway section of
Page 44 and 45: A simple planetary gear set consist
Page 46 and 47: All gears in a planetary gear set a
Page 48 and 49: Figure 100-17 To transmit torque th
Page 50 and 51: Figure 100-18 Different modes of tr
Page 52 and 53: SIMPSON GEAR SET A compound planeta
Page 54 and 55: RAVIGNEAUX GEAR SET Another popular
Page 56 and 57:
LAPELLETIES GEAR SET The Lapelletie
Page 58 and 59:
Figure 100-21 The belt-and-pulley C
Page 60 and 61:
Parts and Operation Most CVT units
Page 62 and 63:
CAUTION: With any CVT unit, use of
Page 64 and 65:
Servicing Continuously Variable Tra
Page 66 and 67:
SUMMARY 4. A typical planetary gear
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Manual Drivetrains and Axles Fourth Edition

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