The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Science - The Department ...

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Copyright © Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002 First published 2002 24681097531 Blackwell Publishers Inc. 350 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 1JF UK All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. ISBN 0-631-22107-7 (hardback); 0-631-22108-5 (paperback) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 10 on 13 pt Galliard by Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Great Britain by T.J. International, Padstow, Cornwall This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Contents Notes on Contributors vii Preface x 1 A Brief Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science 1 Peter Machamer 2 Philosophy of Science: Classic Debates, Standard Problems, Future Prospects 18 John Worrall 3 Explanation 37 Jim Woodward 4 Structures of Scientific Theories 55 Carl F. Craver 5 Reduction, Emergence and Explanation 80 Michael Silberstein 6 Models, Metaphors and Analogies 108 Daniela M. Bailer-Jones 7 Experiment and Observation 128 James Bogen 8 Induction and Probability 149 Alan Hájek and Ned Hall 9 Philosophy of Space–Time Physics 173 Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer 10 Interpreting Quantum Theories 199 Laura Ruetsche v
Page 1 and 2: The Blackwell Guide to the Philosop
Page 3: The Blackwell Guide to the Philosop
Page 7 and 8: Notes on Contributors Daniela M. Ba
Page 9 and 10: Notes on Contributors Peter Machame
Page 11 and 12: Preface of science and again about
Page 13 and 14: Peter Machamer until the present da
Page 15 and 16: So, formally, what was needed was a
Page 17 and 18: Peter Machamer work out and change
Page 19 and 20: Peter Machamer general, trans-parad
Page 21 and 22: Peter Machamer or general relativit
Page 23 and 24: Peter Machamer actually know some o
Page 25 and 26: Peter Machamer General strike and r
Page 27 and 28: Peter Machamer 1940 Journal of Unif
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Philosophy of Science: Cl
Page 31 and 32: John Worrall the view): the “revo
Page 33 and 34: John Worrall Confirmation - the att
Page 35 and 36: John Worrall Confirmation - the Bay
Page 37 and 38: John Worrall Virtues like these, co
Page 39 and 40: John Worrall Creationism (C) - say
Page 41 and 42: John Worrall Then, of course, as pa
Page 43 and 44: John Worrall and about the vibratio
Page 45 and 46: John Worrall A different view - a v
Page 47 and 48: John Worrall Lakatos, I. (1970):
Page 49 and 50: Jim Woodward account are complex, b
Page 51 and 52: Jim Woodward a DN explanation answe
Page 53 and 54: Jim Woodward plete: the occurrence
Page 55 and 56:
Jim Woodward The Causal Mechanical
Page 57 and 58:
Jim Woodward appeals to the general
Page 59 and 60:
Jim Woodward use of a single origin
Page 61 and 62:
Jim Woodward of the limitations of
Page 63 and 64:
Jim Woodward a relatively sharp dis
Page 65 and 66:
Jim Woodward Hitchcock, C. (2001):
Page 67 and 68:
Logical and extralogical vocabulary
Page 69 and 70:
Carl F. Craver world - a picture in
Page 71 and 72:
Hairpin turn Na+ 3. Hairpins bend i
Page 73 and 74:
Carl F. Craver Theories and laws A
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Carl F. Craver that the required ph
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Carl F. Craver to take on the allow
Page 79 and 80:
Carl F. Craver provides important r
Page 81 and 82:
Carl F. Craver tion that the lower-
Page 83 and 84:
Carl F. Craver attention to salient
Page 85 and 86:
Carl F. Craver 3 Classic statements
Page 87 and 88:
Carl F. Craver Bechtel, W. and Rich
Page 89 and 90:
Carl F. Craver Nagel, E. (1961): Th
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 5 Reduction, Emergence and
Page 93 and 94:
Michael Silberstein The Varieties o
Page 95 and 96:
Michael Silberstein Nomological sup
Page 97 and 98:
Michael Silberstein statistical mec
Page 99 and 100:
Michael Silberstein Semantic/model-
Page 101 and 102:
Ontological relations are objective
Page 103 and 104:
Michael Silberstein epistemological
Page 105 and 106:
Michael Silberstein Focus on actual
Page 107 and 108:
statistical mechanics. As of yet, f
Page 109 and 110:
Michael Silberstein as the quantum
Page 111 and 112:
Michael Silberstein limited to the
Page 113 and 114:
Michael Silberstein Humphreys sugge
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Michael Silberstein property with a
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Michael Silberstein Healey, R. A. (
Page 119 and 120:
Chapter 6 Models, Metaphors and Ana
Page 121 and 122:
Daniela M. Bailer-Jones Bailer-Jone
Page 123 and 124:
Daniela M. Bailer-Jones this “[a]
Page 125 and 126:
Daniela M. Bailer-Jones importance
Page 127 and 128:
Daniela M. Bailer-Jones excited sta
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones the science
Page 131 and 132:
Daniela M. Bailer-Jones Coping with
Page 133 and 134:
Daniela M. Bailer-Jones and elsewhe
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones The relatio
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones Bradie, M.
Page 139 and 140:
Chapter 7 Experiment and Observatio
Page 141 and 142:
James Bogen nected causally or only
Page 143 and 144:
James Bogen Whewell (1991) and Duhe
Page 145 and 146:
James Bogen with air pressure oscil
Page 147 and 148:
James Bogen chosen for them, I’ll
Page 149 and 150:
James Bogen 1987, pp. 180-97). Gali
Page 151 and 152:
James Bogen cal significance of Mil
Page 153 and 154:
on the treatment of a low-level pro
Page 155 and 156:
James Bogen tory system. fMRI calcu
Page 157 and 158:
James Bogen Dear, P. (1995): Discip
Page 159 and 160:
James Bogen Stuewer, R. H. (1985):
Page 161 and 162:
Alan Hájek and Ned Hall The streng
Page 163 and 164:
Alan Hájek and Ned Hall Billy.) Ra
Page 165 and 166:
Alan Hájek and Ned Hall abilistic
Page 167 and 168:
with colored balls; let the languag
Page 169 and 170:
PX ( Y) PXY ( )= PY ( ) provided P(
Page 171 and 172:
Alan Hájek and Ned Hall the only t
Page 173 and 174:
The Subjectivist Interpretation: Or
Page 175 and 176:
Unorthodox Bayesianism Each of B1-B
Page 177 and 178:
Alan Hájek and Ned Hall Non-Kolmog
Page 179 and 180:
Alan Hájek and Ned Hall for a trea
Page 181 and 182:
Alan Hájek and Ned Hall Statistics
Page 183 and 184:
Alan Hájek and Ned Hall Schervish,
Page 185 and 186:
Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer His
Page 187 and 188:
Outside the Hole: h* = Identity, no
Page 189 and 190:
Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer If
Page 191 and 192:
Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer Of
Page 193 and 194:
Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer the
Page 195 and 196:
Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer In
Page 197 and 198:
Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer its
Page 199 and 200:
Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer i.e
Page 201 and 202:
Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer is
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 9.3 Our past light cone Figu
Page 205 and 206:
Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer gen
Page 207 and 208:
Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer But
Page 209 and 210:
Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer Tel
Page 211 and 212:
Laura Ruetsche ing to it. In quantu
Page 213 and 214:
Laura Ruetsche Measuring sˆ x on s
Page 215 and 216:
For the purposes of probing localit
Page 217 and 218:
By the Spectrum rule [Î] = 1 and [
Page 219 and 220:
1989). What’s more, the assumptio
Page 221 and 222:
The revisions that require the leas
Page 223 and 224:
Laura Ruetsche 1 i x ,..., x N x˙
Page 225 and 226:
the apparatus system after measurem
Page 227 and 228:
Laura Ruetsche But the terms of rec
Page 229 and 230:
observables in {A(O)}. If it were a
Page 231 and 232:
Laura Ruetsche particle notions. Ev
Page 233 and 234:
Laura Ruetsche intrinsic angular mo
Page 235 and 236:
Laura Ruetsche Bohr, N. (1935): “
Page 237 and 238:
Laura Ruetsche Rovelli, C. (1997):
Page 239 and 240:
Roberta L. Millstein the lenses of
Page 241 and 242:
Roberta L. Millstein Second, if ran
Page 243 and 244:
Roberta L. Millstein conception of
Page 245 and 246:
Roberta L. Millstein tionary psycho
Page 247 and 248:
Roberta L. Millstein viduals. This
Page 249 and 250:
Roberta L. Millstein Recently, the
Page 251 and 252:
Roberta L. Millstein described the
Page 253 and 254:
Roberta L. Millstein However, this
Page 255 and 256:
Roberta L. Millstein heart, and yet
Page 257 and 258:
Roberta L. Millstein Pittsburgh-Kon
Page 259 and 260:
Roberta L. Millstein Harding, S. (1
Page 261 and 262:
Roberta L. Millstein of Fitness,”
Page 263 and 264:
Chapter 12 Molecular and Developmen
Page 265 and 266:
Paul Griffiths complex plus other r
Page 267 and 268:
Figure 12.1 Canalization of develop
Page 269 and 270:
Paul Griffiths Peter Godfrey-Smith
Page 271 and 272:
Paul Griffiths development in a rad
Page 273 and 274:
Paul Griffiths study of development
Page 275 and 276:
Paul Griffiths of DNA “which segr
Page 277 and 278:
Paul Griffiths empirically integrat
Page 279 and 280:
Paul Griffiths D. Mundici and J. va
Page 281 and 282:
Paul Griffiths Mitchison, J. G. (19
Page 283 and 284:
Chapter 13 Cognitive Science Rick G
Page 285 and 286:
Rick Grush The cognitive revolution
Page 287 and 288:
Rick Grush This trend in cognitive
Page 289 and 290:
Rick Grush ‘girls’. In one of t
Page 291 and 292:
Rick Grush number of incompatible y
Page 293 and 294:
Rick Grush materialism is directed
Page 295 and 296:
Rick Grush will move to as a functi
Page 297 and 298:
Rick Grush foreseeable future, the
Page 299 and 300:
Rick Grush Dretske, F. (1981): Know
Page 301 and 302:
Chapter 14 Social Sciences Harold K
Page 303 and 304:
Harold Kincaid 1 Social systems are
Page 305 and 306:
Harold Kincaid In the 1950s, philos
Page 307 and 308:
Harold Kincaid if social science cl
Page 309 and 310:
Harold Kincaid ideas, and it is hel
Page 311 and 312:
Harold Kincaid There are further on
Page 313 and 314:
Harold Kincaid made simply by sorti
Page 315 and 316:
Harold Kincaid commitment is whethe
Page 317 and 318:
Harold Kincaid Problems to Come Imp
Page 319 and 320:
Harold Kincaid Notes 1 Philosophy o
Page 321 and 322:
Harold Kincaid Kincaid, H. (2001):
Page 323 and 324:
Chapter 15 Feminist Philosophy of S
Page 325 and 326:
Lynn Hankinson Nelson aids, financi
Page 327 and 328:
Lynn Hankinson Nelson By the mid 19
Page 329 and 330:
Lynn Hankinson Nelson work for work
Page 331 and 332:
Lynn Hankinson Nelson feminist and
Page 333 and 334:
Lynn Hankinson Nelson ceptual as we
Page 335 and 336:
Lynn Hankinson Nelson As the forego
Page 337 and 338:
Lynn Hankinson Nelson tinctive phil
Page 339 and 340:
Lynn Hankinson Nelson philosophy of
Page 341 and 342:
Lynn Hankinson Nelson Keller, E. F.
Page 343 and 344:
absolute vs. relative (notions of)
Page 345 and 346:
causation cont’d Humean 40 superl
Page 347 and 348:
emergence 80, 90-3, 99, 102-3 epist
Page 349 and 350:
geometry Euclidean 1, 178, 180 non-
Page 351 and 352:
locality 202-3 Jarrett 204 logical
Page 353 and 354:
Pearl, J. 51 Penrose, Roger 186, 19
Page 355 and 356:
elativity cont’d conventionality
Page 357 and 358:
supervenience cont’d see also ont
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