nicole kotras masters thesis

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67 classified as normal. Subsequent researchers also included the neurological questionnaire in their measures used for the selection of normal children (Allan, 1988, 1992; Bhamjee, 1991). It may be stated that the development of a child's CNS thus appears to be a practical and popular indicator of normality (See Appendix D). Shipley and McAfee (1992) report a number of medical conditions associated with communicative disorders. These include, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Adenoidectomy; Allergies; Asthma; Chicken Pox; Colds; Convulsions (Seizures); Croup; Draining ear; Encephalitis; German Measles; High fever; Influenza; Measles; Meningitis; Mumps; Otitis Media; Pneumonia; Sinusitis; Tinnitus and Tonsillitis. Due to the influence of such conditions on an individuals communicative performance, children whose parents' or teachers reported them suffering from any of the above mentioned conditions at the time of testing were excluded from the study. Gender Previous research has indicated that gender does not appear to be a major confounding variable for the age group investigated in this study (Allan, 1992; Bhamjee, 1991; Hindley, 1960). Despite this statement, an attempt was made to include an equal number of boys and girls in each group. Participants The present study consisted of two sample groups, as is presented in Table 6. The children's age in both samples ranged between 60 and 83 months. Table 6 highlights the close equivalence between the two samples with regards to the cultural, socio-economic, language, gender and mean age range. Sample 1 was utilized for the 20 small revised pictures and the large South African revised picture, while sample 2 was utilized for the 20 small revised pictures and the large revised United Kingdom/European/ Australian picture.
Table 6 Demographic data for Sample 1 and Sample 2 Cultural group: W C B I SES: Upper Middle Lower Language group: E A Xh Gender: Male Female SAMPLE 1 (N=204) SAMPLE 2 (N=180) 65 (32%) 47 (23%) 64 (31%) 28 (14%) 68 (34%) 93 (47%) 43 (21%) 99 (49%) 45 (22%) 60 (29%) 113 (55%) 91 (45%) 66 (37%) 34 (19%) 54 (31%) 26 (14%) 58 (32%) 84 (48%) 38 (21%) 97 (54%) 33 (18%) 50 (28%) 106 (59%) 74 (41%) Mean age range 71 months 71 months Percentages in the table cells have been rounded off to the nearest percentage. W = White; C = Coloured; B = Black; I = Indian; E = English; A = Afrikaans; Xh = Xhosa Table 7 provides a breakdown in percentages of Sample 1 and 2's age composition in two-month ranges. The mean age for both samples is 71 months. Furthermore, the least number of participants for both samples fell in the age range 82-83 months. Keppel (1991) stated that research results can be generalized to the larger population if subjects are selected randomly from the population. However random sampling is both an expensive and time consuming process (Kerlinger, 1986). Furthermore, the practical considerations of any study need to be taken into account before a sampling procedure is chosen. Statistical generalizations, which depend on random sampling, are often not justified, but the extension of findings to a broader class of subjects is determined primarily by the appropriateness of generalizations in a particular field of research. As stated by Keppel (1991) nonstatistical generalizations depend on knowledge of a particular research area. In view of the exploratory nature of the present study and the limited availability of resources and manpower, the researcher chose not to make use of random sampling. For this reason purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling procedure, was carried out (Downie & Heath, 1974). 68
Page 1 and 2:
A REVISION OF A SECTION OF THE HEAR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ii Page ACKNOWLED
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CHAPTER FOUR METHODOLOGY Problem fo
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LIST OF FIGURES vi Page Figure 1 Po
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Table 24 The responses given to the
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The major findings of the present s
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Die hoof bevindinge van die huidige
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Holt (1979) has comprehensively sum
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Figure 1 Population of South Africa
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of disabled people increases slowly
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second language or culture. Hamblet
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ange from birth to three years of a
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Africa cannot be separated from the
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14 Hence, this study was aimed at p
Page 29 and 30: highly verbal in nature which is li
Page 31 and 32: perceptual-performance, quantitativ
Page 33 and 34: acquisition of this complex ability
Page 35 and 36: assessment of young children in Sou
Page 37 and 38: Table 1 Griffiths (1960) scoring cr
Page 39 and 40: that the two scales produced signif
Page 41 and 42: 28 (GQ) and in their performance on
Page 43 and 44: 30 British counterparts with respec
Page 45 and 46: 32 concluded that the Griffiths Sca
Page 47 and 48: 34 languages are usually successful
Page 49 and 50: individual been assessed. Hence, wh
Page 51 and 52: Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of exper
Page 53 and 54: ecome evident. Questions include th
Page 55 and 56: Plays language games (pat-a-cake, p
Page 57 and 58: 36-54 months. Grammar developmental
Page 59 and 60: understands, and, if the child appe
Page 61 and 62: 48 the child's performance on each
Page 63 and 64: 50 manipulate simple toys according
Page 65 and 66: children's verbal responses. The re
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER FOUR METHODOLOGY PROBLEM FO
Page 69 and 70: Bailey (1987) lists several advanta
Page 71 and 72: espondents, many mailed questionnai
Page 73 and 74: he studied the 2 Griffiths manuals
Page 75 and 76: 62 written responses of the complet
Page 77 and 78: Stage 5 The most frequently suggest
Page 79: 66 The subjects in the present stud
Page 83 and 84: In the present study, parents were
Page 85 and 86: Stage 6 Stage 7 For the large revis
Page 87 and 88: number of stimuli from the revised
Page 89 and 90: Table 10 The responses given to the
Page 93 and 94: 80 Table 13 indicates the responses
Page 95 and 96: Table 15 Frequency and percentages
Page 97 and 98: highest and lowest mean numbers of
Page 101 and 102: 88 Table 21 indicates the frequency
Page 103 and 104: 65 months elicited the highest mean
Page 107 and 108: Table 26 Means and Standard deviati
Page 111 and 112: impacted on the spread of obtained
Page 113 and 114: CHAPTER SIX CRITICAL EVALUATION AND
Page 115 and 116: proposed criteria. Regarding Griffi
Page 117 and 118: include: LIMITATIONS The limitation
Page 119 and 120: e included into the Hearing and Spe
Page 121 and 122: BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldridge-Smith, J., Bi
Page 123 and 124: 110 Development Bank of South Afric
Page 125 and 126: 112 Scale scores of 3-5 year old bo
Page 127 and 128: University Press. Lister, C. (1981)
Page 129 and 130: Kegan Paul. Kegan Paul. Kegan Paul.
Page 131 and 132:
Minnesota Press. Thomas, H. (1970).
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APPENDIX A Letters and questionnair
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Questionnaire attached to above let
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APPENDIX C Letter to parents for th
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Biographical questionnaire for pare
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APPENDIX E Riordan (1978). The valu
Page 143:
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