Etude de bruit de fond induit par les muons dans l'expérience ...

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tel-00724955, version 1 - 23 Aug 2012
tel-00724955, version 1 - 23 Aug 2012 1 The Dark Matter problem Contents 1.1 Cosmological Framework 1.2 Evidence at Scales of Galaxies 1.3 Clusters of Galaxies 1.4 Gravitational Lensing 1.5 Studies of the Early Universe 1.6 Observations of Type Ia Supernovae 1.7 Large-scale Structure Formation 1.8 Dark Matter particle candidates Make things as simple as possible, but not simpler. A. Einstein. What is the world made of? What is the Universe made of? How did the Universe evolve? These questions have always raised a great enthusiasm in science and philosophy throughout ages. Today, these questions are not going to be solved any sooner or faster, but the technology is more on our side than ever. With the most state-of-the-art telescopes, we look up at the sky watching the electromagnetic spectrum to try to understand the cosmos. And with our most powerful microscopes, i.e. particle accelerators, we look down into matter to understand how it has formed and what it is made of. Big-bang conditions are recreated in laboratory with the use of particle accelerators to search for new phenomena that will improve our understanding of particle physics, and then yield to a better understanding of the cosmos. The Dark Matter problem is a good example of the interplay between particle physics and cosmology into what has become today Astroparticle physics. California, 1933. The Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky [1] reported the observation that the galaxies of the Coma cluster move faster than expected. Taking into account the sole luminosity of the cluster, i.e. taking into account the only sort of particles we know, to deduce its mass, the cluster should have moved slower than observed. During the last 70 years, this observation has only undergone a small correction and still holds today. Vast observations from scales of galaxies ( 100 kpc) to clusters of galaxies (hundreds of Mpc), have the same problem: The mass that shines falls short in accounting for the gravitational effect. As a solution, Zwicky proposed that there should be a non-luminous matter component that was later referred to as “Dark Matter”. 3 1
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