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51 DYNAMICS OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOIL PROPERTIES Achmad Rachman 1 , I G. M. Subiksa 1 , Deddy Erfandi 1 and Peter Slavich 2 Rachman et al. 1 Indonesia Soil Research Institute, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 98 Bogor 16123 Indonesia, 2 NSW Department of Primary Industries, 1243 Bruxner Highway, Wallongbar NSW 2477 Australia Abstract Seawater inundation after the tsunami on December 26, 2004 changed the soil chemical properties of agricultural land along the coastal areas of Aceh, Indonesia. It was approximated that 90,000 ha of paddy fields, 25,000 ha of mixed gardens, and 90,000 ha of estate crops were inundated. The objective of this study was to study the changes in soil chemical properties on the selected areas affected by the tsunami and access constraints to crop performance. Twenty monitoring sites have been established to regularly assess soil chemical properties and crop performance. Crops which have been assessed include rice, corn, peanut, soybean, onion and chillies. At each site, composite soil samples were collected from 4 depths at 20 cm interval for selected soil chemical analyses. The level of soil salinity in tsunami-affected areas appears to be related to the duration of inundation by the sea water and the permeability of the soils. Soils that were inundated for up to 6 days after the tsunami appear to be more saline compared to those inundated for only 1-3 days. In most areas, soil salinity has returned to normal levels within less than one year period especially in areas with relatively high rainfall, sandy soils or peat soils. However, in areas where lateral water flows are prevented by damaged drainage systems, salinity is still too high for most crops (ECe>4 dS/m). Where farmers had access to irrigation water, the vegetative growth of rice crops established after the tsunami appeared unaffected, but grain formation has been severely affected causing up to 50% yield loss. The lack of grain formation on rice and empty pod of peanut appeared to be related to high soil salinity that cause osmotic stress and nutritional imbalance. The low Ca/Mg and K/(Ca+Mg) ratios,
INTRODUCTION 52 Rachman et al. A massive earthquake on December, 26 th 2004 followed by a tsunami in Aceh has altered the soil physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil in the affected areas. The tsunami sent not only seawater but also mud from the sea floor and coastline to as far as 3- 5 km inland. As the water receded, the materials sank and capped the soil surface with mud and debris. Shofiyati et al., (2005), based on their estimation using Landsat ETM images, reported that the total area in Aceh inundated by seawater is 120.295 ha of which Aceh Barat district had the largest affected area (18.947 ha) followed by Aceh Utara and Lhokseumawe (18.235 ha), Pidie (14.837 ha), Aceh Jaya (13.206), Aceh Besar (12.893 ha) and the smallest is Aceh Singkil (1.462 ha). The seawater composed of salt, mainly in the form of NaCl. Other forms include a combination of basic cations (K, Ca, and Mg) and sulfate, bicarbonate, and chlorine anions. The seawater that inundated the agricultural land, in some areas lasted for several days, had a chance to infiltrate into the soil profile and increased the salinity of soil. Soil salinity is an important growth-limiting factor for most nonhalophytic plants. Salts inhibit plant growth by osmotic stress, nutritional imbalance, and specific ion toxicity (Cornillon and Palloix, 1997; Gunes et al., 1996). High levels of sodium on the exchange complex as indicated by the ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage) value greater than 15 may deteriorate soil structure, which in turn reduce plant growth (Ben-Hur et al., 1998). This paper reports the changes in soil chemical properties that occurred in the 3 years that followed the 2004 tsunami in Aceh. The properties of the tsunami mud are discussed and the changes are chemical properties interpreted in relation to likely limitations to crop production. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tsunami muds were sampled on 26-29 January 2005. Samples were collected from two transects eg Darussalam and Lhok Nga to represent dry land and paddy field dominated agriculture, respectively. On each transect, 5 sampling positions were selected based on distances from shoreline. For Darussalam transect, the distance from shoreline for each sampling position were 1, 2.5, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 km, whilst for Lhok Nga transect were 1, 2, 3,5, 4, and 5 km. From each sampling position, 2 composite soil samples were removed to represent the top soil (0 – 10 cm soil depth) and sub soil (10 – 20 cm soil depth). Soil samples were analyzed at the soil laboratory of Indonesian Soils Research Institute in Bogor. Soil salinity was International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management, 1-2 July 2008 in Bogor, Indonesia
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Proceedings International Workshop
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iii FOREWORD The active subduction
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Ladies and Gentlemen, v We are situ
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Ladies and Gentlemen, vii The time
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ix sediment, soil and water salinit
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xi TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .....
Page 14 and 15: 1 Harjadi PJP INDONESIA TSUNAMI EAR
Page 16 and 17: 3 Harjadi PJP Figure 3. Site distri
Page 18 and 19: 5 Harjadi PJP The Operational compo
Page 20 and 21: 7 Harjadi PJP National Coordinating
Page 22 and 23: 9 Harjadi PJP • UNESCO, IOC, ITIC
Page 24 and 25: 2.5. Buoys (BPPT) 11 Harjadi PJP Be
Page 26 and 27: 4. Situation Center 13 Harjadi PJP
Page 28 and 29: Figure 18. The decision support sys
Page 30 and 31: Figure 20. Observation perspective
Page 32 and 33: Figure 23. Five in one information
Page 34 and 35: 21 Niino Y AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN
Page 36 and 37: 23 Niino Y rehabilitation of salt-a
Page 38 and 39: 25 Niino Y who lost their crops, li
Page 40 and 41: 27 Niino Y damage afflicting agricu
Page 42 and 43: 29 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS N
Page 44 and 45: 31 Niino Y − Income generation th
Page 46 and 47: 33 Abubakar and Basri REHABILITATIO
Page 48 and 49: 35 Abubakar and Basri Table 1. Ligh
Page 50 and 51: 37 Abubakar and Basri Table 3. Thic
Page 52 and 53: 39 Abubakar and Basri Table 5. Padd
Page 54 and 55: CONCLUSIONS 41 Abubakar and Basri R
Page 56 and 57: 43 MANAGING TSUNAMI-AFFECTED SOILS
Page 58 and 59: 45 Slavich et al. Figure 3. Tsunami
Page 60 and 61: 47 Slavich et al. they were not aff
Page 62 and 63: 49 Slavich et al. factors observed
Page 66 and 67: 53 Rachman et al. measured using th
Page 68 and 69: 55 Rachman et al. Table 2. Characte
Page 70 and 71: 57 Rachman et al. Figure 2. Distrib
Page 72 and 73: 59 Rachman et al. complex are domin
Page 74 and 75: Soil depth (cm) B Soil depth (cm) C
Page 76 and 77: 63 Rachman et al. empty pods. The f
Page 78 and 79: 65 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF FARMING O
Page 80 and 81: 67 Agus F of North America, Europe
Page 82 and 83: International Workshop on Post Tsun
Page 84 and 85: IMPLICATIONS 71 Agus F Land suitabi
Page 86 and 87: 73 Agus F Proceedings of the 12th I
Page 88 and 89: 75 POST-TSUNAMI AGRICULTURE LIVELIH
Page 90 and 91: Nagapattinam Background Geographica
Page 92 and 93: 79 Mohan GMC extensively in compari
Page 94 and 95: 81 Mohan GMC NGOs wherever there wa
Page 96 and 97: 83 Mohan GMC Between February’05
Page 98 and 99: 1.7. Constraints: 85 Mohan GMC •
Page 100 and 101: 87 Mohan GMC The successful first y
Page 102 and 103: 89 Joshi L ACCELERATING LIVELIHOOD
Page 104 and 105: POVERTY AND TREE CROPS 91 Joshi L P
Page 106 and 107: 93 Joshi L The survey conducted in
Page 108 and 109: CONCLUSIONS 95 Joshi L Aceh and Nia
Page 110 and 111: 97 Sembiring et al. IMPLICATIONS OF
Page 112 and 113: 99 Sembiring et al. level of tolera
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101 Sembiring et al. Leaching, soil
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103 Sembiring et al. Aceh Barat. Th
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105 Sembiring et al. lowland rice t
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107 Sembiring et al. and developmen
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109 Iskandar and Chairunas PALAWIJA
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111 Iskandar and Chairunas Tunong V
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113 Iskandar and Chairunas DPTPH Pr
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115 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR P
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117 Shea et al. Material support wa
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TRANSPORTATION 119 Shea et al. Duri
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121 Shea et al. As highlighted duri
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123 Shea et al. Connection Centers:
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125 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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127 Shea et al. Photographs: Left -
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MEDIA FOR WOMEN FARMERS 129 Shea et
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131 McLeod et al. SOIL SALINITY ASS
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133 Figure 1. Locations of assessme
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135 McLeod et al. fields after the
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137 Wahyunto et al. ASSESSMENT OF A
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139 Wahyunto et al. 2004 (before th
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141 Wahyunto et al. Since the major
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143 Wahyunto et al. Table 1. Existi
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145 Wahyunto et al. low fertility),
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147 Wahyunto et al. Table 2. Method
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CONCLUSIONS 149 Wahyunto et al. Lan
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151 Wahyunto et al. FAO. 1976. Fram
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153 Sammut et al. TECHNICAL CAPACIT
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155 Sammut et al. associated manage
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157 Sammut et al. Tarunamulia, 2006
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159 Sammut et al. Unfortunately, a
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161 Sammut et al. Gosavi K, Sammut
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163 Chairunas DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY
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165 Chairunas Table 1. The average
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REFERENCES 167 Chairunas BPS. 2007.
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169 List of Participants Internatio
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171 Didi Ardi S., Dr. Indonesian So
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173 Irawan, Dr. Indonesian Soil Res
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175 Mulyadi, Mr Indonesian Institut
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177 Subhan, Mr Institute for Vegeta
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179 Astu Unadi, Dr. Kepala Balitkli
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