gambling in alberta - Research Services - University of Lethbridge

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There was no significant difference in the change in consumer insolvencies following casino introduction compared to the changes observed in the control periods. In the Edmonton economic region there was a decrease in commercial insolvency of 3.3 per 1000 businesses compared to 1.2 in the control period. In the Calgary economic region there was a decrease in commercial insolvency rates of 3.2 per 1000 businesses compared to a decrease of 1.4 in the control period. In the Camrose-Drumheller economic region there was a decrease of 1.5 per 1000 businesses compared to a decrease in 2.5 per 1000 for the control period. In the Athabasca-Grande Prairie-Peace River economic region there was an increase of 0.3 compared to a decrease of 1.2 in the control period. In the Wood Buffalo-Cold Lake economic region there was an increase in commercial insolvencies of 0.3 per 1000 businesses compared to a decrease of 2.6 per 1000 businesses in the control period. The average change in commercial insolvency rates subsequent to casino introduction was a decrease of 1.0 per 1000 businesses compared to a decrease of 1.6 per 1000 businesses in the control periods. These differences were not statistically different: t (12) = .52, p = .61. Table 58: Commercial Insolvency Rates (per 1000 businesses) in Alberta Economic Regions in Relation to the Opening of New Casinos or Racing Entertainment Centres (shaded cells). Lethbridge – Medicine Hat Camrose – Drumheller Calgary Banff-Jasper-Rocky Mountain House Red Deer Edmonton Athabasca – Grande Prairie- Peace River Wood Buffalo-Cold Lake 1998 8 5.1 9.2 6.9 6.7 7.6 5.2 7.7 1999 9.6 9.2 7.2 4.1 6.9 7.5 9.7 4.7 2000 8.1 9.1 7.2 4.3 5.8 7.7 9.5 2.5 2001 7.2 6.7 7.6 4.4 7.6 7.5 8.2 2.1 2002 9.2 10.1 8.7 5.3 8.8 7.2 9.4 2.6 2003 8.5 4.2 6.7 7.0 10.0 5.9 5.2 3.6 2004 7.1 4.7 6.3 4.5 6.9 5.9 4.7 4.6 2005 5.8 2.9 4.9 4.4 6.7 4.7 3.5 5.3 2006 3.4 2.2 3.1 1.5 2.8 2.4 1.5 2.0 2007 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.0 2.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 2008 2.1 0.7 1.7 1.3 2.1 1.3 1.8 2.3 2009 0.5 0.8 1.6 1.0 1.9 1.2 2.5 3.6 Source: Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcies In summary, from a theoretical perspective it seems unlikely that there would be significant impacts on a region’s general economic indices as a result of casino introduction in that region. Furthermore, from an empirical perspective, no significant differences were found. There are slightly greater increases in regional employment levels subsequent to casino introduction compared to control periods (6.6% versus 5.7%), as well as in total number of businesses (5.7% 206
versus 2.2%). Commercial insolvency rates tended to decrease subsequent to casino introduction (1.0 per 1000 businesses), but the decrease was actually larger in control periods (1.6 per 1000 businesses). While some of these trends are suggestive, it is important to remember that a) these differences were not statistically significant, and b) even if these trends were ‘real’, it is quite possible that casino introduction is timed to coincide with periods of better economic growth (something the comparison periods are unable to control for). Impacts on Other Forms of Gambling The last private sector impact examined was impact on other gambling forms. It is a common belief that new forms of gambling negatively impact older forms of gambling. This belief is largely based on an observation of declining participation and revenue in certain older forms (i.e., horse racing, bingo) coincident with increased participation and revenue with new forms (i.e., lotteries, instant win, sports betting, EGMs, casinos). While there is almost certainly some truth to this belief, it is important to recognize that there is very little empirical proof of this, and there are some things that argue against it. For one, horse racing began its decline in Alberta in the early 1980s, many years before the introduction of sports betting, VLTs, slot machines, and most casinos, many years after the introduction of lotteries, and years before casinos with table games generated significant revenue competition. It is true that bingo’s decline in the late 1990s was more coincident with a significant expansion of casino and EGM type gambling and a significant increase in the revenue of the latter. However, it is important to note that bingo and horse racing have also declined in jurisdictions that do not have these newer forms of gambling. It is also worth noting that raffles, one of the oldest forms of gambling, have increased in terms of per capita licences as well as per capita revenue from the early 1980s to the present time. Lottery product revenue has also been stable for quite some time despite the introduction and subsequent expansion in casino and EGM revenue. Finally, the fact that per capita gambling expenditure has increased by a magnitude of 5 since the early 1980s (in inflation-adjusted dollars) argues against the notion that people have a fixed amount to spend and are opting to finance expenditures on new forms by using the money they would have spent on older forms. 207
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Plant fertilizer 2011 GAMBLING IN A
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Citation Williams, R.J., Belanger,
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AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
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ABSTRACT At a provincial level, the
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Alberta is estimated to have 3,755,
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than empirical in nature. Thus, the
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While the above described approach
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census. A supplemental Online Gener
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THEORETICAL APPROACH PROBLEMS WITH
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Aside from these practical issues,
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SOUND PRINCIPLES FOR CONDUCTING SOC
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Again, other ways of organizing and
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4. The transfer of wealth and chang
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Compare Changes to those Observed i
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to document prior gambling opportun
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Mid 1700s to late 1800s 1869 - 1892
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Cheating at gambling (Part XXVIII F
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1924 Criminal Code amendment to s.9
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1957 Western Canadian Racing Associ
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1980s There is a major expansion of
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1989 In June the Criminal Code of C
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1997 AGLC allows the number of slot
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2003 Federal agriculture minister m
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HISTORY OF EACH TYPE OF GAMBLING Th
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Number of Live Race Days per Year I
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Table 1: Total Raffle Licences per
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Table 2: Total Pull-Ticket Licences
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Table 3: Total Bingo Licences per Y
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Table 5: Total Bingo Events per Yea
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Table 6: Total Lottery Ticket Retai
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Video Lottery Terminals (VLTs) In A
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Table 8: Total Video Lottery Locati
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1996 Slot machines and electronic h
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The main indices that speak to chan
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Table 12: Total Charitable Casino L
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REGULATORY AND ORGANIZATIONAL HISTO
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HISTORY OF FIRST NATIONS COMMERCIAL
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CURRENT REGULATION, AVAILABILITY, A
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aggregate value of all tickets sold
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ALBERTA GOVERNMENT GAMBLING The Cri
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CASINOS Traditional Casinos Casinos
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percentage of table game revenue re
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Figure 15. Location of Current and
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HORSE RACING Horse racing is the on
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Bingo Lotteries and Instant Win (Sc
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AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
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Another way of looking at the overa
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increase has occurred since the ear
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WHERE IS THE MONEY COMING FROM? As
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Figure 20: Proportion of Alberta Ne
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Origin of Net Gambling Revenue by D
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Table 18: Past Year Gambling Partic
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EGM Players Table 20 shows reasonab
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Table 21: Percentage of Each Type o
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winsorized then 75% of reported exp
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Table 22a: Demographic Profile of t
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patronage and revenue. Attendance f
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However, less important than the ac
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Because of the paramount importance
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Actual Revenue Another source of da
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Figure 25: Average Ticket Lottery R
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WHERE IS THE MONEY GOING? The final
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industry. The proportion of gamblin
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Table 27: Grants Awarded by Alberta
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since 1999; 47% of all revenue in 2
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IMPACTS OF LEGAL GAMBLING IMPACTS O
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‘addicted to gambling revenue’.
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Several factors influence the perce
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There are also some important lesso
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Figure 30: Proportion of Total Net
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Figure 31: Number of Charities per
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IMPACTS ON SOCIETY The citizens of
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Number of Alberta Gambling Employee
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Table 34: North American Industry C
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Table 35: Importance of Gambling as
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percentage of the population (i.e.,
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Table 37: Household Past Year Repor
Page 155 and 156: 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% F
Page 157 and 158: Although Albertans are satisfied wi
Page 159 and 160: A final attitude question asked in
Page 161 and 162: Figure 41: What sort of overall imp
Page 163 and 164: Prevalence Problem Gambling and Rel
Page 165 and 166: Williams & Volberg (2010) also calc
Page 167 and 168: Features of Problem Gamblers The ty
Page 169 and 170: significant change in reported casi
Page 171 and 172: Table 43: Gambling and Problem Gamb
Page 173 and 174: their shared variance is taken into
Page 175 and 176: Treatment Numbers and Costs Treatme
Page 177 and 178: The only readily available figures
Page 179 and 180: OSB reports there were a total of 7
Page 181 and 182: Table 49: Consumer Insolvency Rates
Page 183 and 184: Another approach is to establish th
Page 185 and 186: that gambling had resulted in separ
Page 187 and 188: Applying these prevalence rates to
Page 189 and 190: gambling-related illegal acts and 8
Page 191 and 192: It is important to remember that th
Page 193 and 194: Table 52: Criminal Charges Laid by
Page 195 and 196: early 1990s, that was followed by a
Page 197 and 198: Table 54: Correlation between Crime
Page 199 and 200: Infrastructure Value The private se
Page 201 and 202: With respect to this first possibil
Page 203 and 204: increase in the comparison periods;
Page 205: Census Division Table 57: Business
Page 209 and 210: thinking in an interpretative act;
Page 211 and 212: The Edmonton mayor indicated he bel
Page 213 and 214: Several community representatives a
Page 215 and 216: daytime usage ... if it’s shoppin
Page 217 and 218: Increased crime was a related issue
Page 219 and 220: IMPACT ON FIRST NATIONS The impact
Page 221 and 222: Table 59: Use of First Nations Char
Page 223 and 224: Table 60: Distributions to Differen
Page 225 and 226: Table 60 illustrates that the large
Page 227 and 228: McKay, Heart Lake and the Athabasca
Page 229 and 230: Geographical Distribution As seen i
Page 231 and 232: Figure 51: Average Per Community FN
Page 233 and 234: Employment and Income Impacts of Fi
Page 235 and 236: etter skilled individuals in the co
Page 237 and 238: Problem Gambling A recent review of
Page 239 and 240: Table 65: Prevalence of Problem Gam
Page 241 and 242: $500 chip. One municipal official c
Page 243 and 244: Both the increased affluence and th
Page 245 and 246: The Enoch Cree Nation has to pay ba
Page 247 and 248: The fire department also represents
Page 249 and 250: chances. One official stated that t
Page 251 and 252: With the exception of 2006-2007, th
Page 253 and 254: Post-Script: Barriers to Participat
Page 255 and 256: (Indian Act, 1985). The latter coul
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SUMMARY Research Approach The prese
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1% (or less) of Alberta GDP since t
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can be said of charitable gambling
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Because revenue from charity casino
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Socioeconomic Inequality Alberta ga
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Despite the relatively low rates of
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supplies/equipment or to reinvest i
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Some of these sentiments tend to su
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communities highlight the casinos a
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ASSESSMENT OF THE OVERALL IMPACTS O
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2. The economic activity increases
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OVERALL SOCIAL IMPACTS Legalized ga
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OVERALL IMPACTS At a provincial lev
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however, that the potential for bri
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REFERENCES Abbott, M.W., Williams,
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Centre for Social and Health Outcom
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Jackson, D. (2010). VLT critic call
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Purdy, C. (2004). Band stakes its f
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Walker, D.M. (2008a). Challenges th
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2008 Survey APPENDICES Appendix A:
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General Population Targeted INELIGI
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are interested in the opinions of b
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PAST YEAR GAMBLING BEHAVIOUR GY1a.
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GY6a. In the past 12 months, how of
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Cash Casino - Red Deer (15) Jackpot
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GY10a. In the past 12 months, how o
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GY14a. In the past 12 months, what
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GP4. CPGI4/PPGM8b. In the past 12 m
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GP11b. In the past 12 months has ga
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GP16a. PPGM8c. In the past 12 month
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The following question only asked o
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TRIANGULATION (ONLINE PANEL ONLY) T
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Exact amount________________ (17) U
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2009 Survey The 2009 survey was als
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C11. Do you have pleasant memories
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SURVEY YEAR 1992 1993 1995 1996 199
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2008 2008 2009 2009 Williams, Belan
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1 Medicine Hat 2 Lethbridge 3 Fort
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8. In the past 12 months, have you
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Appendix F: Alberta’s Economic Re
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7. A thorough due diligence investi
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