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14 A CLINICIAN’S GUIDE TO DERMATOLOGIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, VOLUME 1<br />

Hypereosinophilic syndrome – Raynaud’s phenomenon BJD<br />

143:641–644, 2000<br />

Kawasaki’s disease<br />

Mitochondrial DNA syndrome Pediatrics 103:428–433, 1999;<br />

JAAD 39:819–823, 1998<br />

POEMS syndrome – Raynaud’s phenomenon Cutis<br />

61:329–334, 1998<br />

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy JAAD 35:843–845, 1996; JAAD<br />

22:513–520, 1990; Arch Neurol 44:555–561, 1987<br />

ROMBO syndrome – peripheral vasodilatation and cyanosis<br />

BJD 144:1215–1218, 2001; Acta DV 61:497–503, 1981<br />

Rowell’s syndrome – chilblains JAAD 21:374–377, 1989<br />

Thoracic outlet obstruction AD 138:1296–1298, 2002<br />

XXYY syndrome – features of Klinefelter’s; sparse body hair;<br />

also multiple angiomas, acrocyanosis, and premature peripheral<br />

vascular disease AD 94:695–698, 1966<br />

TOXINS<br />

Heavy metal intoxication<br />

Methemoglobinemia<br />

Perchlorethylene (dry-cleaning) – Raynaud’s phenomenon<br />

Polyvinyl chloride exposure – Raynaud’s phenomenon Ghatan<br />

p.202, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Toxic oil syndrome, acute phase JAAD 18:313–324, 1988<br />

TRAUMA<br />

Blunt trauma – repetitive blunt trauma AD 138:1296–1298, 2002<br />

Chilblains (chronic pernio) JAAD 23:257–262, 1990; chilblains in<br />

patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia Ped Derm 11:1–5, 1994<br />

Cold weather immersion foot Dermatol Clin 17:1–17, 1999<br />

Crush injury AD 138:1296–1298, 2002<br />

Electric shock AD 138:1296–1298, 2002<br />

Frostbite Rook p.958–959, 1998, Sixth Edition<br />

Hypothenar hammer syndrome AD 138:1296–1298, 2002<br />

Invasive angiography<br />

Neonatal cold injury – facial erythema or cyanosis; firm pitting<br />

edema of extremities spreads centrally; cold skin; mortality of<br />

25% Rook p.482, 1998, Sixth Edition; Br Med J 1:303–309, 1960<br />

Radial or ulnar artery cannulation AD 138:1296–1298, 2002;<br />

NY State J Med 90:375–376, 1990; radial or ulnar artery<br />

catherization Hand Surg 4:151–157, 1999<br />

Spinal cord injury Phys Ther 70:45–49, 1990<br />

Vibration – tools, pneumatic, typing, piano – erythrocyanosis,<br />

pain and swelling Occup Med 1:515–550, 1946<br />

VASCULAR DISEASES<br />

Acrocyanosis of newborn – of perioral region and palms and<br />

soles Rook p.451, 1998, Sixth Edition<br />

Aneurysmal disease – femoropopliteal arteries<br />

Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia AD 138:1296–1298, 2002<br />

Arteriovenous fistulae – vascular steal syndrome in hemodialysis<br />

patients with arteriovenous fistulae AD 138:1296–1298, 2002;<br />

Rook p.2731, 1998, Sixth Edition; acrocyanosis and/or<br />

Raynaud’s phenomenon Ghatan p.263, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Atherosclerosis AD 138:1296–1298, 2002; Caputo p.186, 2000;<br />

Rook p.2231, 1998, Sixth Edition<br />

Buerger’s disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) – acrocyanosis<br />

and/or Raynaud’s phenomenon Ghatan p.263, 2002, Second<br />

Edition<br />

Embolic arterial occlusion – acrocyanosis and/or Raynaud’s<br />

phenomenon Ghatan p.263, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Atrial myxoma – Raynaud’s phenomenon, digital cyanosis<br />

BJD 147:379–382, 2002<br />

Cholesterol emboli BJD 146:1107–1108, 2002; BJD<br />

146:511–517, 2002; Medicine 74:350–358, 1995; Angiology<br />

38:769–784, 1987; AD 122:1194–1198, 1986<br />

Mural thrombus<br />

Paradoxic emboli<br />

Subacute bacterial endocarditis<br />

Erythrocyanosis – may have ulceration, erythema, keratosis<br />

pilaris, desquamation, nodular lesions, edema and fibrosis Rook<br />

p.962–963, 1998, Sixth Edition<br />

Erythrocyanosis with nodules (nodular vasculitis)<br />

Glomus tumor with pressure and occlusion Ghatan p.99, 2002,<br />

Second Edition<br />

Henoch–Schönlein purpura – with antiphospholipid antibodies<br />

Arch Dis Child 86:132–133, 2002<br />

Hypertensive ulcer (Martorell’s ulcer) – starts as area of<br />

cyanosis with progression to ulcer of lower lateral leg with livedo<br />

at edges Phlebology 3:139–142, 1988<br />

Peripheral digital ischemia – thrombotic microangiopathy<br />

(thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic<br />

syndrome) J Invest Med 50:201–206, 2002<br />

Polyarteritis nodosa – acrocyanosis and/or Raynaud’s<br />

phenomenon Ghatan p.263, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Pseudo-Kaposi’s sarcoma due to arteriovenous fistula AD<br />

121:1038–1040, 1985<br />

Radial artery removal for coronary bypass grafting AD<br />

138:1296–1298, 2002<br />

Raynaud’s disease or phenomenon – primary or secondary<br />

NEJM 347:1001–1008, 2002; Rook p.969, 1998,<br />

Sixth Edition<br />

Trauma or vibration<br />

Arteriovenous fistula<br />

Hypothenar hammer syndrome (ulnar artery thrombosis)<br />

Intra-arterial drug administration<br />

Jackhammering Ghatan p.263, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Meat cutting Ghatan p.263, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Piano playing Ghatan p.263, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Post-surgical<br />

Post-traumatic with or without Sudeck’s atrophy<br />

(post-trauma osteoporosis) Ghatan p.263, 2002,<br />

Second Edition<br />

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy<br />

Typewriting Ghatan p.263, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Vibratory tools Ghatan p.263, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Collagen vascular diseases<br />

Dermatomyositis<br />

Hepatitis B antigen vasculitis<br />

Lupus erythematosus, systemic<br />

Mixed connective tissue disease<br />

Polyarteritis nodosa Ghatan p.263, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Rheumatoid arthritis Ghatan p.264, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Scleroderma<br />

Sjögren’s syndrome<br />

Temporal arteritis<br />

Wegener’s granulomatosis Ghatan p.263, 2002, Second<br />

Edition<br />

Obstructive arterial disease<br />

Arterial embolism<br />

Atherosclerosis<br />

Hypothenar hammer syndrome (ulnar artery thrombosis)

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