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Dermatologic Differential Diagnosis.pdf. - Famona Site

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exanthem with islands of sparing (‘white islands in a sea of red’)<br />

Clin Inf Dis 36:1004–1005,1074–1075, 2003; clinical differential<br />

diagnosis includes typhoid fever, leptospirosis, meningococcal<br />

disease, streptococcal disease, staph, rickettsial disease,<br />

malaria, arbovirus (chikungunya, o’nyon nyong fevers),<br />

Kawasaki’s disease<br />

Drug eruptions<br />

Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever – morbilliform rash MMWR<br />

44:468–469, 1995<br />

Epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazeki ) (body louse) – pink<br />

macules on sides of trunk, spreads centrifugally; flushed face<br />

with injected conjunctivae; then rash becomes deeper red,<br />

then purpuric; gangrene of finger, toes, genitalia, nose JAAD<br />

2:359–373, 1980; transient red rash of trunk and face Clin Inf<br />

Dis 32:979–982, 2001; Brill–Zinsser disease – recrudescence of<br />

epidemic typhus<br />

Filoviruses – Marburg and Ebola virus; transient morbilliform<br />

rashes, purpura, red eyes JAAD 49:979–1000, 2003<br />

Hantavirus – infected rodent waste; flulike prodrome; nausea,<br />

vomiting, shock, extensive ecchymoses; oliguria, pulmonary<br />

edema, coagulopathy AD 140:656, 2004<br />

Hemorrhagic fevers<br />

HTLV-1 infection – infective dermatitis of scalp, eyelid margins,<br />

perinasal skin, retro-auricular areas, axillae, groin; generalized<br />

papular dermatitis Lancet 336:1345–1347, 1990; BJD<br />

79:229–236, 1967; BJD 78:93–100, 1966<br />

Infectious mononucleosis<br />

Izumi fever<br />

Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption<br />

Kenya tick typhus – R. conorii<br />

Kyasanur Forest disease (Flavivirus)<br />

Lassa fever (arenavirus) – morbilliform or petechial rash with<br />

conjunctivitis J Infect Dis 155:445–455, 1985<br />

Leptospirosis<br />

Leishmaniasis – disseminated leishmaniasis JAAD 50:461–465,<br />

2004; post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis – papules of cheeks,<br />

chin, ears, extensor forearms, buttocks, lower legs; in India,<br />

hypopigmented macules; nodules develop after years; tongue,<br />

palate, genitalia Rook p.1419–1420, 1998, Sixth Edition;<br />

JAAD 34:257–272, 1996; E Afr Med J 63:365–371, 1986<br />

Leprosy – including erythema nodosum leprosum<br />

AD 111:1575–1580, 1975<br />

Leptospirosis – morbilliform J Clin Inf Dis 21:1–8, 1995; truncal<br />

red morbilliform, urticarial, pretibial, purpuric desquamative<br />

exanthem Tyring p.436, 2002; pretibial fever or canicola<br />

fever – blotchy erythema of legs Rook p.1162, 1998, Sixth<br />

Edition<br />

Malaria<br />

Marburg virus (filovirus) – maculopapular–vesicular Tyring<br />

p.423, 2002; S Afr Med J 60:751–753, 1981<br />

Marseilles fever – Rickettsia conorii<br />

Mayaro – arbovirus; Brazil and Trinidad Tyring p.399, 2002<br />

Measles<br />

Mediterranean spotted fever – Rickettsia conorii; petechiae<br />

JAAD 49:363–392, 2003<br />

Melioidosis<br />

Meningococcemia<br />

Monkeypox – exanthem indistinguishable from smallpox<br />

(papulovesiculopustular) J Infect Dis 156:293–298, 1987<br />

Murine typhus – Rickettsia typhi and ELB agent – blanching<br />

macular or morbilliform rash MMWR 52:1224–1226, 2003;<br />

J Clin Inf Dis 21:991, 1995<br />

TROPICAL FEVER AND RASH 649<br />

Mycobacterium tuberculosis – lichen scrofulosorum Ped<br />

Derm 17:373–376, 2000; AD 124:1421–1426, 1988;<br />

Clin Exp Dermatol 1:391–394, 1976<br />

North Asian tick-borne typhus – Rickettsia siberica<br />

Omsk hemorrhagic fever (Flavivirus) AD 140:656, 2004<br />

Onchocerciasis – acute papular onchodermatitis – non-specific<br />

papular rash Rook p.1381, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD<br />

121:187–198, 1989<br />

ONN – arbovirus; morbilliform eruption, fever, arthritis Tyring<br />

p.399, 2002<br />

Parvovirus B19<br />

Penicillium marneffei – generalized papular eruption Lancet<br />

344:110–113, 1994; Mycoses 34:245–249, 1991<br />

Picornavirus Skin and Allergy News 30:38,1999<br />

Plague (Yersinia pestis) – macular, red, petechial or purpuric<br />

eruption (black death) West J Med 142:641–646, 1985<br />

Q fever – Coxiella burnetii; red macules, morbilliform, papular,<br />

urticarial, and purpuric eruptions JAAD 49:363–392, 2003;<br />

Pediatr Inf Dis J 19:358, 2000<br />

Queensland tick typhus – Rickettsia australis<br />

Rat bite fever<br />

Roseola<br />

Rubella<br />

Scarlet fever<br />

Schistosomiasis – schistosomal dermatitis – identical to<br />

swimmer’s itch Dermatol Clin 7:291–300, 1989; Schistosoma<br />

japonicum – Katayama fever – purpura, arthralgia, systemic<br />

symptoms Dermatol Clin 7:291–300, 1989<br />

Scrub typhus (Rickettsia tsutsugamuchi ) (mites) – headache<br />

and conjunctivitis; eschar with black crust; generalized macular<br />

or morbilliform rash Clin Inf Dis 18:624, 1994; JAAD 2:359–373,<br />

1980<br />

Sepsis<br />

Sindbis – arbovirus; fever, rash, arthritis; Europe, Asia, Africa,<br />

Australia Tyring p.399, 2002<br />

Smallpox – morbilliform exanthem as initial cutaneous<br />

manifestation Cutis 71:319–321, 2003<br />

South American Arenaviruses (Junin, Machupo, Sabia,<br />

Guanarito)<br />

Stevens–Johnson syndrome<br />

Stroke<br />

Syphilis<br />

Systemic lupus erythematosus<br />

Tacaribe viruses – Argentinian, Bolivian and Venezuelan<br />

hemorrhagic fevers – erythema of face, neck, and thorax with<br />

petechiae Lancet 338:1033–1036, 1991; JAMA 273:194–196,<br />

1994<br />

Togavirus – morbilliform, maculopapular–petechial (Sindbis)<br />

Rook p.998, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 135:320–323, 1996; BJD<br />

80:67–74, 1968; chickungunya Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg<br />

49:28–32, 1955; and O’nyong-nyong fever Trans R Soc Med<br />

Hyg 55:361–373, 1961; bunyavirus fevers with joint pains; Ross<br />

River virus – morbilliform eruption and polyarthritis in Australia<br />

and Fiji Med J Aust 159:159–162, 1993; Barmah Forest virus –<br />

similar to Ross River virus Med J Aust 152:463–466, 1990<br />

Tick typhus (Boutonneuse fever, Kenya tick typhus, African and<br />

Indian tick typhus) (ixodid ticks) – small ulcer at site of tick bite<br />

(tache noire) – black necrotic center with red halo; pink<br />

morbilliform eruption of forearms, then generalizes, involving<br />

face, palms, and soles; may be hemorrhagic; recovery<br />

uneventful JAAD 2:359–373, 1980

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