Fragile Lands of Latin America Strategies for ... - PART - USAID

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Contents PART FIVE RESEARCH IN PROGRESS 16 Developing the Choc6 Region of Colombia, Gerardo Budowski 1 7 Socioeconomic Analysis of Agroforestr y Systems Applied on Demonstration Farms in Central America, Carlos Reiche 280 Index 287
Foreword Although we may never know whether .the summer of 1988 was a first manifestation of the greenhouse effect or not, it gave us an arresting preview: Drought stunted harvests in the American Midwest; the nor- mally copious Mississippi dwindled to a trickle, leaving barges stranded; and the Caribbean and Mexico were devastated by Hurricane Gilbert, the worst tropical storm on record in the Western Hemisphere. The altered composition of the atmosphere is affecting the basic physics and chemistry of the planet. The message is clear: We live on a fragile planet, the capacity of which we have begun to exceed. In addition, in 1988 the report of Alberto Setzer of the Brazilian Institute of Space Research revealed that deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia was greater than anyone had feared. In 1987 some 178,000 fires, each greater than one 1 square kilometer in extent, were detected by satellite. This destruction covered 20 million hectares (ha), of which 8 million had been primary forest (rnata densa). Brazilian deforestation alone was equal to 15 halminute-a level which, just a few years ago, was widely considered to reflect the world rate of deforestation. That forest loss inevitably meant species extinctions and hence a quantum, if unmeasured, reduction in biological diversity. Biological communities, among the richest known on earth, vanished into enormous smoke plumes and a pall that hung over western Amazonia for weeks. Setzer estimates that about 620 million tons of carbon were released into the atmosphere, which is equivalent to 20 percent of the excess C02 accumulated in the atmosphere in 1987. Tropical deforestation has thus become a reality for everyone-it is no longer a matter of obscure and anonymous vanishing species in some distant place. The problems of tropical deforestation, biological impoverishment, and the greenhouse effect (which will engender further species loss) must now be seen as an enormous global problem. We are all locked in the greenhouse together. The dilemma is an ecological Gordian knot on a planetary scale, yet the reality and the difficulty of it is that it is the consequence of myriad small decisions about land use. Each decision seems utterly reasonable within its own context; the aggregate is the problem. Just
Page 2 and 3: Fragile Lands of Latin America PN-
Page 4 and 5: Fragile Lands of Latin America Stra
Page 6 and 7: Contents Foreword, Thomas E. Lovejo
Page 10 and 11: x Thomas E. Lovejoy as the genesis
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgments This book is a coll
Page 14 and 15: xvi About the Editor and Contributo
Page 16 and 17: pJ '-,, Mexico ' '-7 Research Sites
Page 18 and 19: 2 John 0. Browder opment, and all t
Page 20 and 21: 4 John 0. Browder Gow fbrther devel
Page 22 and 23: John 0. Browder Common Themes Three
Page 24 and 25: 8 John 0. Browder Hecht, Susanna, B
Page 26 and 27: The Geography of Fragde Lands in La
Page 28 and 29: Table 1 Categories of Fragile Lands
Page 30 and 31: Plate 4 Coastal desert, northern Pe
Page 32 and 33: Figure 1 Map of mountains 1,000-plu
Page 34 and 35: Figure 3 Map of tropical forests (m
Page 36 and 37: The Geography of Fragile Lands Tabl
Page 38 and 39: The Geography of Fragile Lands 23 s
Page 40 and 41: Development of Fragile Lands: An In
Page 42 and 43: Development of Fragile Lands 27 pro
Page 44 and 45: Development of Fragile Lands 29 a b
Page 46 and 47: Development of Fragile Lands 3 1 Th
Page 48 and 49: Development of Fragile Lands 33 Ind
Page 50 and 51: Development of Fragile Lands 35 fra
Page 52 and 53: Development of Fragile Lands 37 was
Page 54 and 55: Development of Fragile Lands 39 Tra
Page 56 and 57: Development of Fragile Lands 41 wer
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Development of Fragile Lands 43 Pie
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nansferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring naditional Technology
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Transfirring Traditional Technology
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Economic Prospects from Tropical Ra
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Agricultural Systems on the Floodpl
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Agricultural Systems on the Peruvia
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Table 1 Number of Riberefio Plots b
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Appendix B Soil Test Data, Selected
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Production and Profit in Agroforest
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Prodtccfion and Profit in Agrofwest
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Production and Profit in Agrofirest
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Production and ProJit in Agroforest
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Product ion and Profit in Agrofores
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Appendix A Santa Rosa Agroforeshy F
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Costs and Benejts of Floodplain For
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Costs and Benefits of Floodplain Fo
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Appendix A Species with DBH 2 5 crn
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Appendix B B. 1 Acai Fruit Output (
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Sustained Yield Management of Natur
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Cuyabeno Wildlife Production Reserv
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Cuyabeno WildlifP Production Reserv
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Extractive Reserves Extractive Rese
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Extractive Reserves 153 extraction
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Extractive Reserves Income Generati
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Extractive Reserves 157 Table 1 Are
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Extractive Reserves Table 2 Rubber
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Extractive Reserves 161 embodies th
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Extractive Reserves 163 Perspective
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Appendix A (Continued) Tree and Fru
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Indigenous Soil Management in Amazo
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An Economic Analysis oj- Huastec Fo
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An Economic Analysis 01' Huastec Fo
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Plate 1 A Huastec: farmer, walking
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An Economic Analysis of Huastec For
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Table 1 Main Characteristics of Hua
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Appendix B Value of Huastec Product
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PART THREE Strategies for Sustainab
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21 0 John M. Treacy would also curb
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John M. Treacy Land and Agriculture
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214 John M. Treacy water. In order
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John M. Treacy Terraces are invaria
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218 John M. Treacy Table 1 Crops Pl
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220 John M. Treacy ancient walls, a
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222 John M. Treacy Table 2 Per Hect
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224 John M. Treacy der population p
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226 John M. Treacy Agricultural ter
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228 John M. Treacy Morlon, P. B. Or
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Raised Fields and Sustainable Agric
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232 Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Ca
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Plate 3 Young potato plants on rais
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242 Clark L. Ericlcron and Kay L. C
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246 Clark L. Erichon and Kay L. Can
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Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Candle
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Arroyos and the Development of Agri
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 253 Plat
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 255 Plat
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 25 7 uns
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 259 lowe
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A rrqvos in Northern Mexico 261 rap
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 263 The
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 265 fami
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 26 7 Doz
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 269 Turr
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Developing the Choc6 Region of Colo
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Developing the Choc6 Region 275 and
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Developing the Chocb Region 277 sho
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Developing the Chocb Region 279 the
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Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
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Table 3 Preliminary Financial Asses
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Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
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Abaetetuba (Brazil), 119, 120(fig.)
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Index Biomass, 27, 92, 135 Birds, 1
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Costa Rica, 277 ?in forest, 61, 134
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Index Green manure, 234, 241 Green
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Index Massaranduba latex, 66(table)
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Index Podocnemis spp. See River tur
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Index Seeds, 80, 82, 85, 94, 134, 1
Page 310:
Index Ubu~u, 117 Ucayali River, 79,
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