Primate Evolution Primates Adapids and Omomyids Primate Relations
Primate Evolution Primates Adapids and Omomyids Primate Relations
Primate Evolution Primates Adapids and Omomyids Primate Relations
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<strong>Primate</strong> <strong>Evolution</strong><br />
Purgatorius<br />
• <strong>Primate</strong>s<br />
• A specialized group of large-brained mammals, appear in the Paleocene<br />
• Grasping forelimbs<br />
• Nails instead of claws<br />
• Large eyes with stereoscopic vision<br />
• Brains large for body size<br />
<strong>Primate</strong>s<br />
• First “true” primates<br />
appear in the Eocene<br />
11 ka<br />
1.8 Ma<br />
5.3 Ma<br />
23.8 Ma<br />
33.7 Ma<br />
Holocene<br />
Pleistocene<br />
Pliocene<br />
Miocene<br />
Oligocene<br />
Q<br />
Tertiary<br />
• Plesiadapids - earliest primate-like animals (Paleocene)<br />
• Not strongly specialized, small in size, small eyes<br />
• Looked like large rodents, with teeth adapted for cropping<br />
• May not have given rise to any living primates, but were closely related<br />
<strong>and</strong> share a common ancestor with living primate groups<br />
54.8 Ma<br />
Eocene<br />
Paleocene<br />
65 Ma<br />
<strong>Adapids</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Omomyids</strong><br />
<strong>Primate</strong> <strong>Relations</strong><br />
• Early primates of the Paleocene-Eocene looked much like modern<br />
lemurs <strong>and</strong> tarsiers<br />
Lorises<br />
Lemurs<br />
Ceboids<br />
Cercopithecoids<br />
• <strong>Adapids</strong><br />
• Diacronus (China)<br />
• Similar to a modern lemur<br />
Plesiadapids<br />
<strong>Adapids</strong><br />
Tarsiers<br />
• <strong>Omomyids</strong><br />
• Eosimias (China)<br />
• Very tarsier-like, about the<br />
size of a pygmy marmoset<br />
Tarsier<br />
Lemurs<br />
<strong>Omomyids</strong><br />
Anthropoids<br />
Hominids<br />
Marmoset
Anthropoids<br />
• More “human-like” primates<br />
• Typically have larger brain sizes (relative to body weight)<br />
• More advanced cerebral cortex development<br />
Hominoids<br />
• A subgroup of the anthropoids, including more humanoid animals<br />
• Gibbons, orangutans, apes, chimpanzees, humans<br />
• Aegyptopithecus<br />
• An early anthropoid from Egypt (Eocene-Oligocene)<br />
• 3 - 6 kg in adult weight<br />
• Tree-climbing (arboreal) animal<br />
Gibbons<br />
Orangutans<br />
Gorillas<br />
Chimps<br />
Hominids<br />
Proconsul<br />
Hominoids<br />
Hominids<br />
• By the Miocene, the earliest hominoids emerged in Africarabia<br />
• Other types of primates were uncommon at the time, but early<br />
hominoids became very abundant<br />
• An early group was the Dryomorphs<br />
• Proconsul<br />
• Ape-like animals built for arboreal life, cropping vegetation<br />
<strong>and</strong> eating fruit, occasional insects, rodents<br />
• Ranged in size from small varieties (9 kg) up to 37 kg<br />
• Dryopithecus<br />
• Larger than Proconsul, found only in Europe<br />
• More strongly adapted for swinging in branches (brachiating)<br />
• By Miocene times, climate change was gradually cooling, drying<br />
ecosystems in Asia, Europe, Africa<br />
• Hominoids adapted to climate shifts by evolving to more grassl<strong>and</strong>dwelling<br />
forms… less arboreal behavior<br />
• By 6 - 7 Ma, early true Hominids (early human ancestors) had<br />
branched away from other hominoid lines (chimps, apes)<br />
• Recent evolutionary divergence… humans (modern) share more<br />
than 95% of their genes with living apes, chimps
Australopithecenes<br />
• Lived in Africa, 4.4 - 4.3 Ma<br />
• Adapted to more bipedal locomotion<br />
• Small brains, strong jaws<br />
• Australopithecus ramidus<br />
(4.3 - 4.4 Ma, Ethiopia)<br />
• Australopithecus anamensis<br />
(4.1 - 4.2, Kenya)<br />
Homo<br />
• The appearance of our genus probably occurred around 2.3 Ma<br />
• Homo habilis<br />
• 2.33 Ma, east Africa<br />
• ~1 m tall, ~40 kg, larger brain than Australopithecus<br />
• 47% of modern human brain size<br />
• Bipedal, tool-using behavior<br />
Homo erectus<br />
• Often thought of as first “real” Homo species<br />
• Dates to ~1.5 Ma<br />
• Fully bipedal, operated with a fairly advanced set of tools<br />
• Spread throughout the old world<br />
• Found throughout Asia, Africa<br />
• May represent several related sub-species, not one species<br />
Homo sapiens, Homo ne<strong>and</strong>erthalensis<br />
• By 300,000 years ago, at least two new<br />
species of advanced hominid had arisen<br />
• Homo ne<strong>and</strong>erthalensis<br />
• Europe, Asia, robust species adapted to<br />
living in cold conditions<br />
• Physically strong, heavy build, flattened<br />
noses, brow ridges<br />
BBC<br />
Ne<strong>and</strong>erthal<br />
BBC
Homo sapiens<br />
• Homo sapiens<br />
• Physiologically modern humans<br />
• Older fossils show more “primitive” characteristics, such as heavier brow<br />
ridges<br />
• Newer fossils look more like modern humans, anatomically<br />
Human <strong>Evolution</strong>ary tree<br />
• Based on recent data, but details are<br />
likely to change as more discoveries<br />
are made…<br />
• Mitochondrian “Eve”… all living humans can be traced to a last common<br />
maternal ancestor 200,000 years ago in Africa<br />
• <strong>Evolution</strong>ary bottleneck… genetic evidence indicates that our species nearly died<br />
out about 150,000 to 200,000 years ago<br />
• Down to a few hundred individuals, at best<br />
• Unknown cause<br />
Homo floresiensis
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