Laser Tracking on the CD Scaled Views of a Compact Disc

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CD Storage Capacity A compact disc can store more than 6 billion bits of binary data. This is equivalent to 782 megabytes, and at 2000 characters per page this is equivalent to about 275,000 pages of text (Rossing). Because the analog-to-digital conversion for making CD's samples sound waveforms at 44.1 kHz, the amount of data involved in the recording of high-fidelity sound is very large. The 12 cm diameter compact disc can hold 74 minutes of digital audio which has a frequencies over the full audible range of 20-20,000 Hz. The signal-to-noise ratio and the dynamic range can exceed 90 decibels. Calcite Two images through calcite crystal Polarizer transmits the ordinary ray. Polarizer rotated about 90° transmits the extraordinary ray. Because of its birefringence, calcite forms two images of the arrow. Rotating a polarizer over them shows that the light which forms the two images is polarized at right angles. Calcite These three clear calcite crystals are just the beginning of the vast variety of forms in which calcite appears. Since it is soluble in acidic water, it can be dissolved and recrystallized with a large number of different inclusions. All of the samples pictured here are on display at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. The indices of refraction for the o- and e-rays are 1.6584 and 1.4864
espectively. This gives total internal reflection critical angles of 37.08° for the o- and 42.28° for the e-rays when in contact with air. This means that for any angle between these two values, the o-ray will be totally reflected but the e-ray will be partially transmitted. This gives linear polarization since only the e-ray emerges. Calcite is used in polarizing prisms such as the Nicol prism, the Glan-Foucault prism, and the Wollaston prism. Calcite, CaCO 3 , is the most abundant of the carbonate minerals. Clear calcite has many optical applications because of its large birefringence. Calcite manganoan. From Idarado Mine, Ouray, Colorado. Sample size 15-18 cm. Calcite with duftite inclusions from Tsumeb, Namibia. Sample size about 12 cm. From Tsumeb, Namibia. Sample size about 12cm
Page 1 and 2: Laser Trac
Page 3: Data Encoding on Compact Discs When
Page 7 and 8: The calcite gem above is 52.3 carat
Page 9 and 10: This huge single crystal of calcite
Page 11 and 12: of n 1 =1.5 upon a medium of n 2 =1
Page 13 and 14: For light from a medium of index =
Page 15 and 16: = and = The transmission coefficien
Page 17 and 18: Rayleigh scattering can be consider
Page 19 and 20: There are many different mixtures o
Page 21: The images above from the commercia

Laser Tracking on the CD Scaled Views of a Compact Disc

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