Eble JN, Sauter G., Epstein JI, Sesterhenn IA - iarc

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A B Fig. 3.61 A Flat and tufting pattern of growth of high grade PIN. B High grade PIN. Expanded duct with micropapillary proliferation of enlarged secretory epithelial cells with high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio and enlarged nucleoli. genetics features with cancer {2121}. HGPIN is more strongly associated with intermediate-high grade prostatic carcinoma {708,721,995,1777,2007,2122, 2281}. There is limited data addressing the relationship between the presence and extent of HGPIN in the prostate and the pathologic stage of prostate cancer. It has been reported that the total volume of HGPIN increases with increasing pathologic stage with a significant correlation between volume of HGPIN and the number of lymph node metastases {2122}. Molecular genetic associations of HGPIN and prostate cancer There is extensive literature indicating that HGPIN demonstrates a range of genetic abnormalities and biomarker expression profile that is more closely related to prostate cancer than to benign prostatic epithelium. These studies investigated aspects ranging from cell proliferation and death, histomorphometric analysis and a host of genetic alterations, inactivation of tumour suppressor genes or overexpression of oncogenes {721,1777,2007,2121,2281}. Clinical features HGPIN does not result in any abnormalities on digital rectal examination. HGPIN may appear indistinguishable from cancer, manifesting as a hypoechoic lesion on transrectal ultrasound examination {1012}. HGPIN by itself does not appear to elevate serum PSA levels {57,2144, 2227}. Histopathology Initially, PIN was divided into three grades based on architectural and cytologic features recognizing that the changes cover a continuum. Subsequently, it has been recommended that the classification should be simplified into a two-tier system: low (previous grade I) and high (previous grades II and III) grade lesions {638}. The distinction between low and high grade PIN is based on the degree of architectural complexity and more importantly, on the extent of cytologic abnormalities. In low grade PIN, there is proliferation and "piling up" of secretory cells of the lining epithelium with irregular spacing. Some nuclei have small, usually inconspicuous nucleoli while a few may contain more prominent nucleoli. The basal cell layer A B Fig. 3.62 A Low grade PIN. B Low grade PIN. Higher magnification. 194 Tumours of the prostate
A B Fig. 3.63 A Micropapillary high grade PIN. Note more benign appearing cytology towards center of gland. B Cribriform high grade PIN. Note more benign appearing cytology towards center of gland. normally rimming ducts and acini is intact in low grade PIN. It is difficult to reproducibly distinguish low grade PIN from normal and hyperplastic epithelium {709}. High grade PIN is characterized by a more uniform morphologic alteration. Cytologically, the acini and ducts are lined by malignant cells with a variety of architectural complexity and patterns. The individual cells are almost uniformly enlarged with increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, therefore showing less variation in nuclear size than that seen in low grade PIN. Many cells of HGPIN contain prominent nucleoli and most show coarse clumping of the chromatin that is often present along the nuclear membrane. HGPIN can be readily appreciated at low power microscopic examination by virtue of the darker "blue" staining of the lining that reflects the expanded nuclear chromatin area {294}. Architectural patterns of HGPIN Four patterns of HGPIN have been described, which are flat, tufting, micropapillary, and cribrifrom: nuclear atypia without significant architectural changes (flat pattern); nuclei become more piled up, resulting in undulating mounds of cells (tufting pattern); columns of atypical epithelium that typically lack fibrovascular cores (micropapillary pattern); more complex architectural patterns appear such as Roman bridge and cribriform formation (cribriform pattern). The distinction between cribriform high grade PIN and ductal carcinoma in-situ is controversial (see duct carcinoma in-situ) {288}. In high grade PIN, nuclei towards the centre of the gland tend to have blander cytology, as compared to peripherally located nuclei. The grade of PIN is assigned based on assessment of the nuclei located up against the basement membrane. Histologic variants Signet-ring variant. High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) with signet-ring cells is exceedingly rare with only three reported cases {2181}. In all cases signet-ring cell PIN was admixed with adjacent, invasive signet-ring carcinoma. Histologically, cytoplasmic vacuoles displace and indent PIN cell nuclei. The vacuoles are mucin-negative by histochemical staining (mucicarmine, Alcian blue, PAS). A Fig. 3.64 A High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, signet ring type. Intraluminal signet ring neoplastic cells confined to a pre-existing gland, as demonstrated by positive basal cell staining (34BE12 immunostain). B High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, of mucinous type, with a flat pattern of growth. Note intraluminal filling of the gland by blue mucin. B Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia 195
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World Health Organization Classific
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This volume was produced in collabo
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Contents 1 Tumours of the kidney 9
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CHAPTER 1 Tumours of the Kidney Can
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TNM classification of renal cell ca
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one quarter of kidney cancers in bo
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Familial renal cell carcinoma M.J.
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Table 1.02 Genotype - phenotype cor
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A B Fig. 1.11 A Multiple cutaneous
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A B Fig. 1.14 Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndr
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Clear cell renal cell carcinoma D.J
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Fig. 1.20 Clear cell renal cell car
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Papillary renal cell carcinoma B. D
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A B Fig. 1.29 Papillary renal cell
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Fig. 1.33 Chromophobe RCC with sarc
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Carcinoma of the collecting ducts o
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Renal medullary carcinoma C.J. Davi
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Renal carcinomas associated with Xp
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Renal cell carcinoma associated wit
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Papillary adenoma of the kidney J.N
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of this tumour. Microscopic extensi
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A B Fig. 1.59 Metanephric adenoma.
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esults in intratumoral aneurysms. O
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peritumoural fibrous pseudocapsule.
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increases in prevalence to approxim
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Nephrogenic rests and nephroblastom
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Cystic partially differentiated nep
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A B Fig. 1.80 Clear cell sarcoma of
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A B Fig. 1.85 Rhabdoid tumour of th
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transcription factor is fused to th
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Leiomyosarcoma S.M. Bonsib Definiti
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Angiomyolipoma G. Martignoni M.B. A
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melanocytic and smooth muscle marke
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Multinucleated and enlarged ganglio
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Haemangioma P. Tamboli Definition H
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Fig. 1.107 Juxtaglomerular cell tum
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Intrarenal schwannoma I. Alvarado-C
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Mixed epithelial and stromal tumour
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Synovial sarcoma of the kidney J.Y.
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Renal carcinoid tumour L.R. Bégin
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Primitive neuroectodermal tumour (E
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Paraganglioma / Phaeochromocytoma P
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Leukaemia A. Orazi Interstitial inf
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WHO histological classification of
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TNM classification of carcinomas of
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The risk of bladder cancer goes dow
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Tumour spread and staging Urinary b
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feature in such patients undergoing
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A Fig. 2.12 Infiltrative urothelial
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A Fig. 2.15 A Infiltrating urotheli
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A B Fig. 2.19 A Infiltrative urothe
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Fig. 2.23 Infiltrative urothelial c
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ing systems have been proposed on t
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Non-invasive urothelial tumours G.
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chronically inflamed urothelium and
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Inverted papilloma G. Sauter Defini
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muscle invasive disease, but there
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Fig. 2.42 Non-invasive urothelial n
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A Fig. 2.45 Non-invasive urothelial
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for DBCCR1 silencing {984,2476}. Th
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Squamous cell carcinoma D.J. Grigno
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Fig. 2.51 Squamous cell carcinoma.
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Adenocarcinoma A.G. Ayala P. Tambol
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A B Fig. 2.61 A Adenocarcinoma in s
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A B Fig. 2.65 Intramural urachal ca
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Müllerian origin is postulated for
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A Fig. 2.69 Small cell carcinoma. A
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Carcinoid L. Cheng Definition Carci
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Leiomyosarcoma J. Cheville Definiti
Page 139 and 140: Osteosarcoma L. Guillou Definition
Page 141 and 142: Leiomyoma J. Cheville Definition A
Page 143 and 144: Haemangioma L. Cheng Definition Hae
Page 145 and 146: Metastatic tumours and secondary ex
Page 147 and 148: Tumours of the renal pelvis and ure
Page 149 and 150: nodular, ulcerative or infiltrative
Page 151 and 152: Tumours of the urethra F. Hofstädt
Page 153 and 154: usually show enteric, colloid or si
Page 155 and 156: CHAPTER 3X Tumours of of the the Pr
Page 157 and 158: TNM classification of carcinomas of
Page 159 and 160: contrast, mortality among migrants
Page 161 and 162: Fig. 3.06 Transrectal ultrasound of
Page 163 and 164: PSA-related diagnostic strategies.
Page 165 and 166: A B C Fig. 3.10 A,B Section of pros
Page 167 and 168: pale-clear, similar to benign gland
Page 169 and 170: A B Fig. 3.20 A, B Adenocarcinoma w
Page 171 and 172: prostate adenocarcinomas exhibit AR
Page 173 and 174: A Fig. 3.27 A, B Foamy gland adenoc
Page 175 and 176: A B Fig. 3.32 A Sarcomatoid carcino
Page 177 and 178: A B Fig. 3.37 A Gleason score 1+1=2
Page 179 and 180: A B Fig. 3.43 A Prostate cancer Gle
Page 181 and 182: Fig. 3.48 Heat map-nature. From S.M
Page 183 and 184: Fig. 3.51 Prostate cancer. Major su
Page 185 and 186: many stage T1b cancers. Stage T2 Mo
Page 187 and 188: Fig. 3.58 Patterns of seminal vesic
Page 189: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Page 193 and 194: A B Fig. 3.68 A Ductal carcinoma in
Page 195 and 196: Ductal adenocarcinoma X.J. Yang L.
Page 197 and 198: Papillary pattern can be seen in bo
Page 199 and 200: A B Fig. 3.74 A Inflammation withou
Page 201 and 202: Squamous neoplasms T.H. Van der Kwa
Page 203 and 204: Neuroendocrine tumours P.A. di Sant
Page 205 and 206: Mesenchymal tumours J. Cheville F.
Page 207 and 208: Fig. 3.89 Sarcoma of the prostate.
Page 209 and 210: Miscellaneous tumours P.H. Tan L. C
Page 211 and 212: A Fig. 3.96 A Adenocarcinoma of the
Page 213 and 214: WHO histological classification of
Page 215 and 216: Introduction F.K. Mostofi I.A. Sest
Page 217 and 218: wartime birth cohorts illustrate th
Page 219 and 220: Similar tumours as those of group 1
Page 221 and 222: crucial for the development of this
Page 223 and 224: A B Fig. 4.09 Spermatocytic seminom
Page 225 and 226: A B Fig. 4.14 Intratubular germ cel
Page 227 and 228: A B Fig. 4.19 Seminoma. A Typical s
Page 229 and 230: Fig. 4.24 Seminoma. Vascular invasi
Page 231 and 232: Fig. 4.28 Spermatocytic seminoma wi
Page 233 and 234: A B Fig. 4.33 Embryonal carcinoma.
Page 235 and 236: A B Fig. 4.38 Yolk sac tumour. A En
Page 237 and 238: have cytoplasmic lacunae that conta
Page 239 and 240: A Fig. 4.46 Teratoma. A Longitudina
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A B Fig. 4.51 A Cut surface of derm
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Fig. 4.54 Mixed germ cell tumour. L
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Sex cord / gonadal stromal tumours
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A B C Fig. 4.67 Malignant Leydig ce
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A Fig. 4.73 A Sertoli cell tumour.
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ICD-O codes Granulosa cell tumour 8
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ICD-O code 8592/1 Clinical features
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A B Fig. 4.83 Germ cell-sex cord/go
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A Fig. 4.85 A, B Brenner tumour of
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typical grade III follicular morpho
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testicular parenchyma and tumour te
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A B the surgical scar and adjacent
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Immunoprofile Ordóñez and associa
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often have a grey-white cut surface
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Fig. 4.111 Angiomyofibroblastoma-li
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A B Fig. 4.119 Embryonal rhabdomyos
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Table 4.05 Secondary tumours of the
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WHO histological classification of
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A Fig. 5.04 A, B Squamous cell carc
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deformed by an exophytic mass. In s
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A B C Fig. 5.12 A Warty (condylomat
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A Fig. 5.20 Bowenoid papulosis. A,
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three had been circumcized by 9 yea
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Mesenchymal tumours J.F. Fetsch M.
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Fig. 5.31 Neurofibroma of the penis
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oectodermal tumour/Ewing sarcoma [p
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Secondary tumours of the penis C.J.
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Dr John N. EBLE* Dept. of Pathology
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Dr Ricardo PANIAGUA Department of C
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Source of charts and photographs 1.
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References 1. Anon. (1955). Case re
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115. Ariel I, Sughayer M, Fellig Y,
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246. Birt AR, Hogg GR, Dube WJ (197
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374. Cardone G, Malventi M, Roffi M
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502. Corti B, Carella R, Gabusi E,
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633. Donhuijsen K, Schmidt U, Richt
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768. Fischer J, Palmedo G, von Knob
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900. Goedert JJ, Cote TR, Virgo P,
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1028. Hartmann A, Dietmaier W, Hofs
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1162. Iezzoni JC, Fechner RE, Wong
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1293. Keetch DW, Catalona WJ (1995)
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1424. Ladanyi M, Lui MY, Antonescu
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1548. Lopez-Beltran A, Croghan GA,
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2070. Phillips G, Kumari-Subaiya S,
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2450. Smith G, Elton RA, Beynon LL,
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2572. Tamboli P, Mohsin SK, Hailema
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2693. van Echten J, Timmer A, van d
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2816. Wick MR, Berg LC, Hertz MI (1
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2937. Zhuang Z, Park WS, Pack S, Sc
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CCNB, 226 CCND1, 105, 108 CCND2, 22
Page 351 and 352:
J Juvenile type granulosa cell tumo
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Promoter methylation, 21 Prostate s
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