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PS 131 - Tufts University

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Political Science <strong>131</strong><br />

DEMOCRACY AND CAPITALISM IN JAPAN<br />

<strong>Tufts</strong> <strong>University</strong><br />

Spring 2012<br />

Mon. & Wed., 7:30-8:45 p.m.<br />

Braker 001<br />

Professor Shinju Fujihira<br />

Office: Packard Hall 003<br />

Email: shin.fujhira@tufts.edu<br />

Office Hours: MW 6:30-7:15 p.m., and<br />

by appointment<br />

Objectives<br />

This course offers a survey of contemporary Japanese democracy, capitalism, and foreign<br />

policy. It aims to: (1) develop a series of arguments in order to explain the main questions and<br />

puzzles of Japan’s political trajectories; (2) place Japan’s contemporary experiences in the<br />

comparative and global context, as they relate to Asia, Europe, and the U.S.; and (3) familiarize<br />

the student with the influential writings in English by prominent scholars and practitioners<br />

dedicated to the study of political science and Japan.<br />

Reading Assignments<br />

All required readings are available on Trunk (http://trunk.tufts.edu).<br />

Requirements & Expectations<br />

1. Class attendance: presentation and discussion.<br />

Each class will consist of a student presentation, lecture, and discussion. Students are<br />

required to have completed the reading assignments before class.<br />

Each student is required to work with one or two more students to do a presentation for a<br />

particular class; the pairing will be done randomly by the instructor, to encourage students to get<br />

to know one another. The presentation should be no more than 10 minutes. The presentation<br />

should not summarize the readings in detail. Instead, it should offer a critical analysis of the main<br />

arguments and evidence in the readings, and clarify the major points of debate among different<br />

perspectives. The presentation should also raise questions which remain unanswered or demand<br />

more analysis. Any format would be fine—Powerpoint, a skit, rap song etc.—as long as the<br />

presentation is helpful to the entire class and launches a general discussion.<br />

2. Two papers, no more than 8 pages each:<br />

The papers are due on Friday, March 9, and Friday, April 27. The paper topics<br />

will be distributed one week in advance.<br />

3. Final examination:<br />

1


The final examination will take place on Wednesday, May 9, during 7-9 p.m. It will consist<br />

identifications of important terms (consisting of events, individuals, and policies) and essays. The<br />

possible questions for the essays will be distributed on the last day of class (April 30).<br />

Grading<br />

Class Participation and Presentation: 20%<br />

Paper (I): 20%<br />

Paper (II): 30%<br />

Final Examination: 30%<br />

1. Class Participation and Presentation:<br />

The student’s class participation grade will be based on her/his ability to engage the ideas in<br />

the readings, and to respond to lectures and student presentations in a constructive and thoughtful<br />

way. Frequency of speaking does not necessarily raise the student’s class participation grade. The<br />

class presentation grade will be based on its ability to present the main debates in the readings<br />

clearly and to raise an interesting debate in the discussion.<br />

2. Papers (I) & (II), and final examinations:<br />

Only health and family emergencies will exempt you from submitting the two papers on time<br />

and taking the final examination at the appointed date and time. Such emergencies include<br />

serious medical illnesses and a death in the immediate family, and must be explained in a written<br />

and signed letter by the academic dean and/or healthcare provider.<br />

For the papers, the student’s grade will be penalized by 1/3 of a letter grade for every twentyfour<br />

hours after the deadline of the paper. This means that a grade of “B+” will be “B” within the<br />

first 24 hours after the deadline, and “B-“ between the 24 to 48 hours after the deadline. With<br />

proper documentation, the student will be allowed to take the final examination during the<br />

different time and date.<br />

2


1/23. Introduction: From “Postwar” to “Post-Disaster”<br />

1/25. State-building, Democratization, and Militarism<br />

1/30. The Great East Asian War<br />

2/1. U.S. Occupation<br />

2/6. The Emperor and the Postwar Constitution<br />

2/8. Political Ideologies and Leadership<br />

Lecture & Discussion Topics<br />

Part I. Historical Background<br />

2/13. Political Parties, Elections, and Campaigns<br />

2/15. Interest Groups<br />

Part II. Japanese Democracy<br />

2/20. No class due to President’s Day<br />

2/22. Bureaucracy and Executive-Legislature Relations<br />

2/23 (Th). Judiciary and Media (substitute Monday schedule)<br />

2/27. Civil Society, Social Movements, and Minorities<br />

2/29. Electoral Reform, Coalition Governments, and LDP’s Crisis<br />

3/5. The DPJ Government and the March 11 Disasters<br />

Part III. Japanese Capitalism<br />

3/7. Industrial Policy and Technological Innovation<br />

3/9, 4:30 p.m. Paper (I) due in instructor’s mailbox in Packard Hall<br />

3/12. Monetary Policy and Financial Crisis<br />

3/14. Welfare State, Taxation, and Redistribution<br />

3/26. No class.<br />

3/28, 6:00 p.m. Firms and Corporate Governance<br />

3/28, 7:30 p.m. Labor Market and the Varieties of Inequality<br />

4/2. Climate Change and the Nuclear Disaster<br />

4/4. U.S.-Japan Alliance<br />

4/9, 6:00 p.m. The Korean Peninsula<br />

4/9, 7:30 p.m. China’s Rise<br />

4/11. No class.<br />

4/16. No class (Patriot’s Day)<br />

4/18. Globalization and Asian Regionalism<br />

Part IV. Japan in World Affairs<br />

4/23. Nationalism and Historical Reconciliation<br />

4/25. The U.S.-Japan Alliance in Crisis?<br />

4/27, 4:30 p.m. Paper (II) due in instructor’s mailbox in Packard Hall<br />

4/30. Conclusion: Decline or Renewal?<br />

5/9 (Wednesday), 7-9 p.m. Final examination.<br />

3


Reading Assignments<br />

Part I. Historical Background<br />

1/23. Introduction: From “Postwar” to “Post-Disaster”<br />

Please note the reading assignments on the first day of class.<br />

• Ezra Vogel. Japan as Number One: Lessons for America (Harper & Row, 1979), Chapters 1-2.<br />

• James Fallows. “Containing Japan.” The Atlantic (May 1989).<br />

• Fred Hiatt. “Does Japan Still Matter?” Washington Post (December 11, 2009).<br />

• Ian Miller. “Bitter Legacy, Injured Coast.” New York Times (March 19, 2011).<br />

• Eamonn Fingleton. “The Myth of Japan’s Failure.” New York Times (January 6, 2012).<br />

1/25. State-Building, Democratization, and Militarism<br />

• David Howell. “Visions of the Future in Meiji Japan.” Ch. 3 in Merle Goldman and<br />

Andrew Gordon eds., Historical Perspectives on Contemporary East Asia (Harvard,<br />

2000).<br />

• Sheldon Garon. “State and Society in Interwar Japan.” Ch. 5 in Merle Goldman and<br />

Andrew Gordon eds., Historical Perspectives on Contemporary East Asia (Harvard,<br />

2000).<br />

1/30. The Great East Asian War<br />

• Scott Sagan. “The Origins of the Pacific War.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History (Spring<br />

1988).<br />

• Ian Toll. “A Reluctant Enemy.” New York Times (December 6, 2011).<br />

• Saburo Ienaga. “The Glorification of War in Japanese Education.” International Security<br />

(Winter 1993/94).<br />

• “Past Haunts Tally of Japan’s Nuke Crisis.” Wall Street Journal (December 23, 2011).<br />

2/1. U.S. Occupation<br />

• John Dower. “The Useful War.” In Carol Gluck and Stephen Graubard eds., Showa:<br />

The Japan of Hirohito (W.W. Norton, 1992).<br />

• John Dower. “Embracing Revolution.” Chapter 7 in Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of<br />

World War II (Norton, 1999).<br />

4


• John Dower. “A Warning from History: Don’t Expect Democracy in Iraq.” Boston Review<br />

(February/March 2003).<br />

2/6. The Emperor and the Postwar Constitution<br />

• Herbert Bix. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (HarperCollins, 2000), Chs. 15-16.<br />

• “The Constitution of Japan (1947).” Hanover Historical Texts Project.<br />

2/8. Political Ideologies and Leadership<br />

• Richard Samuels. Machiavelli’s Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan<br />

(Cornell, 2003), pp. 200-11, 225-49.<br />

• Chalmers Johnson. “Tanaka Kakuei, Structural Corruption, and the Advent of Machine Politics<br />

in Japan.” Journal of Japanese Studies (Winter 1986).<br />

2/13. Political Parties, Elections, and Campaigns<br />

Part II: Japanese Democracy<br />

• Mark Ramseyer and Frances Rosenbluth. Japan’s Political Marketplace (Harvard, 1993), Ch. 2.<br />

• Ellis Krauss and Robert Pekkanen. The Rise and Fall of the LDP: Political Party Organizations<br />

as Historical Institutions (Cornell, 2010), Ch. 2.<br />

2/15. Interest Groups<br />

• “Keidanren Growth Strategy 2011.” Japan Business Federation (Keidanren) website.<br />

• Sheldon Garon and Mike Mochizuki. “Negotiating Social Contracts.” Chapter 6 in<br />

Andrew Gordon ed., Postwar Japan as History (California, 1993).<br />

• Christina Davis. Food Fights over Free Trade: How International Institutions Promote<br />

Agricultural Trade Liberalization (Princeton, 2003), Ch. 4.<br />

2/22. Bureaucracy and Executive-Legislature Relations<br />

• Jennifer Amyx. Japan’s Financial Crisis: Institutional Rigidity and Reluctant Change<br />

(Princeton, 2004), Chs. 2-3.<br />

• Tomohito Shinoda. “Japan’s Cabinet Secretariat and Its Emergence as a Core Executive.” Asian<br />

Survey (September/October 2005).<br />

5


2/23 (Thursday). Judiciary and Media<br />

• John Haley. “The Japanese Judiciary: Maintaining Autonomy, Integrity, and the Public Trust.”<br />

Ch. 5 in Daniel Foote, ed., Law in Japan: A Turning Point (<strong>University</strong> of Washington<br />

Press, 2007).<br />

• Eric Feldman. “Deconstructing the Japanese HIV Scandal.” JPRI Working Paper No.<br />

30 (February 1997).<br />

• Laurie Freeman. “Japan’s Press Clubs as Information Cartels.” JPRI Working Paper (April<br />

1996).<br />

• Helen Hardacre. “Aum Shinrikyo and the Japanese Media.” JPRI Working Paper (April 1996).<br />

2/27. Civil Society, Social Movements, and Minorities<br />

• Frank Upham. “Unplaced Persons and Movements for Place.” Chapter 12 in Andrew<br />

Gordon ed., Postwar Japan as History (California, 1993).<br />

• Robert Pekkanen. “Molding Japanese Civil Society: State-Structured Incentives and the<br />

Pattering of Civil Society.” Frank Schwartz and Susan Pharr eds., The State of Civil<br />

Society (Cambridge, 2003).<br />

• Erin Chung. “Workers or Residents? Diverging Patterns of Immigrant Incorporation in Korea<br />

and Japan.” Pacific Affairs (December 2010).<br />

2/29. Electoral Reform, Coalition Governments, and LDP’s Crisis<br />

• Steven Reed and Kay Shimizu. “Avoiding a Two-Party System: The Liberal Democratic Party<br />

and the Duverger’s Law.” In Steven Reed, Kenneth McElwain, and Kay Shimizu eds.,<br />

Political Change in Japan: Electoral Behavior, Party Realignment, and the Koizumi<br />

Reforms (Stanford APARC, 2009).<br />

• Jun Saito. “Pork Barrel Politics and Partisan Realignment in Japan.” In Steven Reed, Kenneth<br />

McElwain, and Kay Shimizu eds., Political Change in Japan: Electoral Behavior, Party<br />

Realignment, and the Koizumi Reforms (Stanford APARC, 2009).<br />

• Patricia Maclachlan. “Storming the Castle: The Battle for Postal Reform in Japan.” Social<br />

Science Japan Journal (2006).<br />

3/5. The DPJ Government and the March 11 Disasters<br />

• Yoichi Funabashi. “Tokyo’s Trials: Can the DPJ Change Japan?” Foreign Affairs<br />

(November/December 2009).<br />

• Ellis Krauss and Robert Pekkanen. “The Rise and Fall of Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party.”<br />

Journal of Asian Studies (February 2010).<br />

6


• Yukio Hatoyama. “A New Path for Japan.” New York Times (August 26, 2009).<br />

• “Floundering in the Foggy Fortress.” Economist (February 25, 2010).<br />

• “Mom Turns Activist in Japanese Crisis.” Wall Street Journal (June 17, 2011).<br />

• “Generational Warfare.” Economist (January 28, 2012).<br />

• “Japan Weighed Evacuating Tokyo in Nuclear Crisis.” New York Times (February 27, 2012).<br />

Part III. Japanese Capitalism<br />

3/7. Industrial Policy and Technological Innovation<br />

• Chalmers Johnson. MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-<br />

1975 (Stanford, 1982), Ch. 7.<br />

• Robert Dujarric and Andrei Hagiu. “Capitalizing on Innovation: The Case of Japan.” Harvard<br />

Business School Working Paper 09-114 (2009).<br />

• “Japanese Manufacturing in Search of Salvation.” Financial Times (January 4, 2012).<br />

3/12. Monetary Policy and Financial Crisis<br />

• Richard Katz. “Lessons for U.S. from Japan’s Banking Crisis.” Testimony for Congressional<br />

Oversight Panel (March 19, 2009).<br />

• Robert Feldman and Thierry Porte. “Lessons from Japan for a Troubled World: Finance,<br />

Economics, and Politics.” Transcript from the Program on U.S.-Japan Relations Seminar,<br />

Harvard <strong>University</strong> (April 14, 2009).<br />

• Paul Krugman. “Things Could Be Worse.” New York Times (September 9, 2010).<br />

3/14. Welfare State, Taxation, and Redistribution<br />

• Margarita Abe-Estevez. Welfare and Capitalism in Postwar Japan (Cambridge, 2008), Ch. 1.<br />

• Andrew DeWit and Sven Steinmo. “The Political Economy of Taxes and Redistribution in<br />

Japan.” Social Science Japan Journal (Winter 2002).<br />

• William Grimes. “Japan’s Debt Challenge.” (National Bureau of Asian Research, October 2011).<br />

3/28, 6:00 p.m. Firms and Corporate Governance<br />

• Steven Vogel. Japan Remodeled: How Government and Industry Are Reforming Japanese<br />

Capitalism (Cornell, 2006), Ch. 6<br />

7


• Ulrike Schaede, Choose and Focus: Japanese Business Strategies for the 21 st Century (Cornell,<br />

2008), Ch. 5.<br />

3/28, 7:30 p.m. Labor Market and the Varieties of Inequality<br />

• Andrew Gordon. “The End of the Japanese-Style Employment System?” (2011).<br />

• Leonard Schoppa. Race for the Exits: The Unraveling of Japan’s System of Social Protection<br />

(Cornell, 2006), Ch. 7.<br />

• “Generation Gap.” Wall Street Journal (December 29, 2005).<br />

• “Japan Tries to Face Up to Poverty Problem.” New York Times (April 21, 2010).<br />

• “Japan Keeps a High Wall for Foreign Labor.” New York Times (January 2, 2011).<br />

• “In Japan, Young Face Generational Roadblocks.” New York Times (January 27, 2011).<br />

4/2. Climate Change, Energy Security, and Nuclear Disaster<br />

• Yves Tiberghien and Miranda Schreurs. “High Noon in Japan: Embedded Symbolism and Post-<br />

Kyoto Protocol Politics.” Global Environmental Politics (November 2007).<br />

• Charles Ferguson. “Think Again: Nuclear Power.” Foreign Policy (November 2011).<br />

• Yoichi Funabashi and Kay Kitazawa. “Fukushima in Review: A Complex Disaster, A<br />

Disastrous Response.” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists (March 2012).<br />

• Paul Scalise. “Japanese Energy Policy after Fukushima.” Policy Innovations (December 21,<br />

2011).<br />

4/4. U.S.-Japan Alliance<br />

Part IV. Japan in World Affairs<br />

• Peter Katzenstein. Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan<br />

(Cornell, 1996), Ch. 5.<br />

• Richard Samuels. “Japan’s Goldilocks Strategy.” Washington Quarterly (Autumn 2007).<br />

• “Deployment of U.S. Forces in Japan.” (MOFA website).<br />

4/9, 6:00 p.m. The Korean Peninsula<br />

• Victor Cha. “Abandonment, Entrapment, and Neoclassical Realism in Asia: The United States,<br />

Japan, and Korea.” International Studies Quarterly (June 2000).<br />

8


• “Abductions of Japanese Citizens by North Korea.” (MOFA website).<br />

• David Kang and Ji-Young Lee. “Japan-Korea Relations: The New Cold War in Asia?”<br />

Comparative Connections (January 2011).<br />

4/9, 7:30 p.m. China’s Rise<br />

• Michael Green. “Japan-China Relations.” In Japan’s Reluctant Realism: Foreign Policy in an<br />

Era of Uncertain Power (Palgrave, 2001).<br />

• Shinichi Kitaoka. “Answering China’s Japan Bashers.” Japan Echo (Special Issue, 2005).<br />

• Hitoshi Tanaka. “The Senkaku Islands and Mending Japan-China Relations.” East Asia Insights<br />

(November 2010).<br />

4/18. Globalization and Asian Regionalism<br />

• Saadia Pekkanen, Mireya Solis and Saori Katada, “Trading Gains for Control: International<br />

Trade Forums and Japan’s Economic Diplomacy.” International Studies Quarterly<br />

(2007).<br />

• William Grimes. “The Future of Regional Liquidity Arrangements in East Asia: Lessons from<br />

the Global Financial Crisis.” Pacific Review (July 2011).<br />

• “Honda Revs Up Outside Japan.” Wall Street Journal (December 21, 2011).<br />

4/23. Nationalism and Historical Reconciliation<br />

• Daqing Yang. “Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of<br />

Nanjing.” American Historical Review (June 1999).<br />

• David McNeill. “History Redux: Japan’s Textbook Battle Reignites.” JPRI Working Paper (No.<br />

107, June 2005).<br />

• Kazuhiko Togo. “A Moratorium on the Yasukuni Visits.” Far Eastern Economic Review (June<br />

2006).<br />

• Jennifer Lind. “The Perils of Apology: What Germany Shouldn’t Learn from Japan.” Foreign<br />

Affairs (May/June 2009).<br />

4/25. The U.S.-Japan Alliance in Crisis?<br />

• Christopher Hughes. “How Japan Could Revise Its Constitution and What It Would Mean for<br />

Japanese Security Policy.” Orbis (Fall 2006).<br />

• Kent Calder. Embattled Garrisons: Comparative Base Politics and American Globalism<br />

(Princeton, 2007), pp. 130-8, 166-75.<br />

9


• Gavan McCormack. “Deception and Diplomacy: The U.S., Japan, and Okinawa.” Asia Pacific<br />

Journal (May 2011).<br />

• “Realignment of USFJ.” (MOFA website).<br />

4/30. Conclusion: Decline or Renewal?<br />

• David Leheny. “A Narrow Place to Cross Swords: Soft Power and the Politics of Popular<br />

Culture in East Asia.” In Peter Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi eds., Beyond Japan:<br />

The Dynamics of East Asian Regionalism (Cornell, 2006).<br />

• Glen Fukushima. “Reverse Japan’s Insularity.” JPRI Critique (April 2010).<br />

• Shuichi Wada. “Operation Tomodachi in Miyagi Prefecture: Success and Homework.” Japan<br />

Chair Platform, Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 2011).<br />

10

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